 Among certain left-wing or liberal circles of Judaic cultural lineage, the word "Hebrew" is used as an alternatively secular description of the Jewish people (e.g., Bernard Avishai's "The Hebrew Republic" or left-wing wishes for a "Hebrew-Arab" joint cultural republican state).Beginning in the late 19th century, the term "Hebrew" became popular among secular Zionists; in this context the word alluded to the transformation of the Jews into a strong, independent, self-confident secular national group ("the New Jew") sought by classical Zionism.This use died out after the establishment of the state of Israel, when "Hebrew" was replaced with "Jew" or "Israeli".