 In board-level repair, the technician identifies the board (PCA) on which the fault resides and replaces it.This shift is economically efficient from a manufacturer's point of view but is also materially wasteful, as a circuit board with hundreds of good components may be discarded and replaced due to the failure of one minor and inexpensive part such as a resistor or capacitor.This practice is a significant contributor to the problem of e-waste.