 The pamphlet was translated into French, German, Russian, Italian, Spanish, Dutch, Flemish, Croatian, Danish, and Polish and published both in newspapers and in pamphlet form in various countries in 1871 and 1872 .The German translation was rendered by Marx's longtime associate, Friedrich Engels, and the first German publication was serialized in the newspaper "Der Volkstaat" in June–July 1871 followed by "Der Vorbote" in August–October 1871.A separate pamphlet edition was also published by the "Volkstaat" in Leipzig in that same year.