 The novelty of the proceedings of Charles II and James II lay in using the weapon of the "quo warranto" systematically to ensure a general revocation of charters.The new charters which were then granted required the king's consent for the more important appointments, and gave him power to remove officers without reason given.Under James II in 1687 six commissioners were appointed to "regulate" the corporations and remove from them all persons who were opposed to the abolition of the penal laws against Catholics.