 There are many indications of Protestant and Catholic disapproval of racial persecution; for example, anti-Nazi Protestants adopted the Barmen Declaration in 1934, and the Catholic church had already distributed Pastoral letters critical of Nazi racial ideology, and the Nazi regime expected to encounter organised resistance from it following Kristallnacht.The Catholic leadership however, just as the various Protestant churches, refrained from responding with organised action.While individual Catholics and Protestants took action, the churches as a whole chose silence publicly.