 His godfather was Pope Pius IX, whose representative, Cardinal Patrizi, officiated.His godmother was Eugène de Beauharnais's daughter, Josephine, the Queen of Sweden, who was represented by Grand Duchess Stéphanie of Baden.His education, after a false start under the academic historian Francis Monnier, was, from 1867, supervised by General Frossard, as governor, assisted by Augustin Filon, as tutor.