 Historical records suggest that the self-immolation practices were observed by nuns in Chinese Buddhism as well.The Chinese Buddhist asceticism practices, states James Benn, were not an adaptation or import of Indian ascetic practices, but an invention of Chinese Buddhists, based on their unique interpretations of "Saddharmapuṇḍarīka" or "Lotus Sūtra".It may be an adoption of more ancient pre-Buddhist Chinese practices, or from Taoism.