 Virtually all of the biological studies on hepoxilins have been conducted in animals or in vitro on animal and human tissues, However, these studies give species-specific different results which complicate their relevancy to humans.The useful translation of these studies to human physiology, pathology, and clinical medicine and therapies requires much further study.HxA3 and HxB3 possess pro-inflammatory actions in, for example, stimulating human neutrophil chemotaxis and increasing the permeability of skin capillaries.