 The second phase involved active work upon the trauma, fostered by that secure base, and employing any of a range of psychological techniques.The final stage was represented by an advance to a new post-traumatic life, possibly broadened by the experience of surviving the trauma and all it involved.Herman was interviewed by Harry Kreisler, Executive Director of the Institute of International Studies at the University of California at Berkeley, for his ongoing series "Conversations with History" at the Institute of International Studies, UC Berkeley.