 Although the majority of these businesses were operated by African Americans, it is unclear to the extent these operations were run independently of the larger criminal organizations of the time.Colloquially, black West Indian American criminal organizations may occasionally be included under the label of "African-American organized crime", but they are usually classified as culturally and ethnically separate criminal entities (and in fact often feud with established African-American crime groups).During the 1920s and 1930s, African American organized crime was centered in New York's Harlem where the numbers racket was largely controlled by Casper Holstein and the "Madam Queen of Policy", Stephanie St. Clair.