 For example, input formula_6 and output formula_5 are also independent until input formula_10 is fixed, at which time they are totally dependent (obviously), and we have the same negative interaction information as before, formula_49.This situation is an instance where fixing the "common effect" formula_5 of causes formula_6 and formula_10 induces a dependency among the causes that did not formerly exist.This behavior is colloquially referred to as "explaining away" and is thoroughly discussed in the Bayesian Network literature (e.g., Pearl 1988).