 Pre-dispersal predators differ from post-dispersal predators in most often being specialists, adapted to clustered resources (on the plant).They use specific cues like plant chemistry (volatile compounds), color, and size to locate seeds, and their short life cycles often match the production of seeds by the host plant.Insect groups containing many pre-dispersal seed predators are Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera.