 The congresses serve as an educational forum as well as the opportunity for the various commissions, committees, and working groups to conduct business in person.Past congresses have been held in Copenhagen (1928), Leningrad (1932), Vienna (1936), Rome (1953), Madrid (1957), Warsaw (1961), Boulder (1965), Paris (1969), Christchurch (1973), Birmingham (1977), Moscow (1982), Ottawa (1987), Beijing (1991), Berlin (1995), Durban (1999), Reno (2003), Cairns (2007), Bern (2011) and Nagoya (2015).The most recent INQUA Congress (XIX) was held in Dublin, Ireland, in July 2019.