 Schrenck-Notzing published the book "Phenomena of Materialisation" in English translation (1920), which included photographs of the ectoplasm.Critics pointed out that the photographs of the ectoplasm revealed marks of magazine cut-outs, pins and a piece of string.The psychiatrist Mathilde Ludendorff wrote that the experiments of Schrenck-Notzing were unscientific and that he had been duped by tricks of Carrière.