 The "Pactus Legis Alamannorum", an early 7th-century code of laws of the Alemanni confederation of Germanic tribes, lists witchcraft as a punishable crime on equal terms with poisoning.If a free man accuses a free woman of witchcraft or poisoning, the accused may be disculpated either by twelve people swearing an oath on her innocence or by one of her relatives defending her in a trial by combat.In this case, the accuser is required to pay a fine ("Pactus Legis Alamannorum" 13).