 Fluorescent imaging techniques, as well as electron microscopy, X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and small-angle scattering (SAS) both with X-rays and neutrons (SAXS/SANS) are often used to visualize structures of biological significance.Protein dynamics can be observed by neutron spin echo spectroscopy.Conformational change in structure can be measured using techniques such as dual polarisation interferometry, circular dichroism, SAXS and SANS.