 Susan Bayly summarises that "Manusmriti" and other scriptures helped elevate Brahmins in the social hierarchy and these were a factor in the making of the "varna" system, but the ancient texts did not in some way "create the phenomenon of caste" in India.Jeaneane Fowler, a professor of philosophy and religious studies, states that it is impossible to determine how and why the "jatis" came in existence.Susan Bayly, on the other hand, states that "jati" system emerged because it offered a source of advantage in an era of pre-Independence poverty, lack of institutional human rights, volatile political environment, and economic insecurity.