 Jean-Pierre Chartier's essay, from November 1946, appeared in the conservative-leaning "Revue du cinema", titled "Les Américains aussi font des films 'noirs'" ("the Americans also make 'black' films"), and criticized what he deemed the common thread of film noir, the "pessimism and disgust for humanity".Frank and Chartier's use of the term "film noir" may have been inspired by Gallimard's series of "hard-boiled" detective and crime fiction books called the "Série Noire", which included both translated works by American writers and books authored by French writers that were modeled on the US crime novel style.French writers Thomas Narcejac and Pierre Boileau, who wrote several novels that were adapted into films, may also deserve some credit for developing the term "film noir".