 It also contains kino red, a phlobaphene produced from kinotannic acid by oxidation.Phlobaphenes are not present in the model plant "Arabidopsis thaliana" but can be studied as the pigment responsible for the red color in some monocot cereals, including wheat, maize or sorghum.In maize, phlobaphenes are synthesized in the flavonoids synthetic pathway from polymerisation of flavan-4-ols by the expression of maize pericarp color1 (p1) gene which encodes an R2R3 myb-like transcriptional activator of the A1 gene encoding for the dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (reducing dihydroflavonols into flavan-4-ols) while another gene (Suppressor of Pericarp Pigmentation 1 or SPP1) acts as a suppressor.