 Subsequently, a clinical study in patients with multiple myeloma conducted by June et al., demonstrated that a standard vaccination against pneumonia could induce a T-cell-mediated response to the vaccine and that re-infusing these T cells after an extremely lymphodepletive therapy –autologous stem cell transplant – could significantly enhance that response.To expand this immunotransplant concept to the amplification of anti-cancer immunity, researchers at Stanford University developed a pre-clinical lymphoma model using a in situ, CpG-base vaccine to induce anti-tumor immunity and demonstrated that this immunity was enhanced 10-40 fold by immunotransplant.The above studies by Levitsky et al., were an important precedent for this work.