 Similarly, an Amnesty International report in 2009 criticized Hamas for human rights violations including launching missiles from homes, but found no evidence that Palestinian fighters "directed civilians to shield military objectives from attacks" or "forced them" to stay in buildings used by militants.A review article in "Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law" stated that Israel warned residents to leave by using warnings such as roof knocking and phone calls, and that "Israel asserted that Palestinian civilians who did not abide by the warnings were acting as 'voluntary human shields,' and were thus taking part in hostilities and could be targeted as combatants.