 MacDonald's opinion about an inhibiting impact of funding, policy and politics on scientific innovation is reflected in this 2003 quote, ”In all science there is a strong 'herd instinct', and interactions occur largely within these herds.They may argue vigorously about details, but they maintain solidarity, or close ranks, when challenged by other herds or individuals.The herd instinct is strengthened greatly if those making funding decisions are members of that herd.