 The crux of IEC 61968 standards is the Interface Reference Model (IRM) that defines various standard interfaces for each class of applications.Abstract (Logical) components are listed to represent concrete (physical) applications.For example, a business function like Network Operation (NO) could be represented by various business sub-functions like Network Operation Monitoring (NMON), which in turn will be represented by abstract components like Substation state supervision, Network state supervision, and Alarm supervision.