 The unaffordability of industrial products and increased tensions between managers and settlers of these villages contributed to a ‘colossal failure’ of ISI in Tanzania, leading them to abandon the villagization project and focus on agricultural development.While ISI under African Socialism was purported to be an anti-western development model, Scholars such as Anthony Smith argued that its ideological roots came from Rostow's modernization theory.This theory maintains that commitment to economic growth and free-market capitalism is the most efficient means of state development.