 The failure of Import-substitution Industrialization to generate sufficient growth in industrialisation and overall development led to its abandonment by the early 1980s.In response to the underdeveloped economies in the region, the IMF and the World Bank imposed a ‘neo-classical counter-revolution’ in Africa through Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) from 1981.The new economic consensus blamed the low growth rates on over-protectionism in the industrial sector, as well as a neglect of exports and low agricultural productivity.