 In 260, during his third campaign, he defeated and captured the Roman emperor, Valerian, at the Battle of Edessa.However, he was less successful in his later endeavours and suffered setbacks by the king of Palmyra, Odaenathus.Shapur was the first Iranian monarch to use the title of "King of Kings of Iranians and non-Iranians"; beforehand the royal titulary had been "King of Kings of Iranians".