 Jewish self-governing "Kehillah" were abolished by Tsar Nicholas I in 1844.The first in 20th-century Russia was the Kishinev pogrom of 1903 in which 49 Jews were killed, hundreds wounded, 700 homes destroyed and 600 businesses pillaged.In the same year, pogroms took place in Gomel (Belarus), Smela, Feodosiya and Melitopol (Ukraine).