 Shapur consolidated and expanded the empire of Ardashir I, waged war against the Roman Empire and seized its cities of Nisibis and Carrhae while he was advancing as far as Roman Syria.He was defeated at the Battle of Resaena in 243 but won the Battle of Misiche in 244 and forced Roman Emperor Philip the Arab to sign a favorable peace treaty the following year that was regarded by the Romans as "a most shameful treaty".He took advantage of the political turmoil within the Roman Empire by undertaking a second expedition against it in 252/3–256 and sacking the cities of Antioch and Dura-Europos.