 Étienne-Jules Marey (French scientist and physiologist), Eugène-Louis Doyen (French surgeon), Bolesław Matuszewski (Polish cameraman, in France his first name was written as Boleslas), and Gheorghe Marinescu (Romanian neurologist) are some of the pioneers of medical cinematography.In 1888, Doyen had his surgeries captured on film.His films were brought into disrepute by the fact that they were copied and shown on fairgrounds.