 Lithium-ion battery anodes have traditionally been made of graphite.At this time, significant other classes of lithium-ion battery anode materials have been proposed and evaluated as alternatives to graphite, especially in cases where niche applications require novel approaches.Several types of metal oxides and sulfides can reversibly intercalate lithium cations at voltages between 1 and 2V against lithium metal with little difference between the charge and discharge steps.