 Lithium anodes were used for the first lithium-ion batteries in the 1960s, based on the cell chemistry, but were eventually replaced due to dendrite formation which caused internal short-circuits and was a fire hazard.Replaced in commercial cell designs in the late-1970s by graphite carbon, effort continued in areas that required lithium, including charged cathodes such as manganese dioxide, vanadium pentoxide, or molybdenum oxide and some polymer electrolyte based cell designs.The interest in lithium metal anodes was re-established with the increased interest in high capacity lithium-air battery and lithium-sulfur battery systems.