 In 2014, researchers at the School of Engineering at the University of Tokyo and Nippon Shokubai discovered that adding cobalt to the lithium oxide crystal structure gave it seven times the energy density.In 2017, researchers at University of Virginia reported a scalable method to produce sub-micrometer scale lithium cobalt oxide.Iron fluoride, a potential intercalation-conversion cathode, presents a high theoretical energy density of 1922 Wh kg−1.