 On first charge, noted by its long plateau around 4.5V (vs Li), the activation step creates a structure that gradually equilibrates to a more stable materials by cation re-positioning from high energy points to lower energy points in the lattice.The intellectual property surrounding these materials has been licensed to several manufacturers including BASF, General Motors for the Chevy Volt and Chevy Bolt, and Toda.The mechanism for the high capacity and the gradual voltage fade has been extensively examined.