 Nanoengineered porous electrodes have the advantage of short diffusion distances, room for expansion and contraction, and high activity.In 2006 an example of a three dimensional engineered ceramic oxide based on lithium titante was reported that had dramatic rate enhancement over the non-porous analogue.Later work by Vaughey et al., highlighted the utility of electrodeposition of electroactive metals on copper foams to create thin film intermetallic anodes.