 These materials, for instance spinels, vanadium pentoxide, molybdenum oxide or LiV3O8, typically are tested in cell configurations with a lithium metal anode as they need a source of lithium to function.While not as common in secondary cell designs, this class is commonly seen in primary batteries that do not require recharging, such as implantable medical device batteries.The second variety are discharged cathodes where the cathode typically in a discharged state (cation in a stable reduced oxidation state), has electrochemically active lithium, and when charged, crystallographic vacancies are created.