 A complete rewrite of the Penal Procedure Code in 1853 eliminated judicial independence and, partially, the separation of powers.The hierarchy of trial and appellate courts in general and the Supreme Court of Cassation at its top in particular, however, survived.The court then also survived the gradual return to constitutional rule between 1860 and 1868, although it lost jurisdiction over the eastern half of the Empire when the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen gained legal independence in the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867.