 This motivation is brought on by stress, which is affected by the presence and dominance of onlookers, and by unsuccessful recovery attempts.Domestic dogs ("Canis familiaris") show an impressive ability to use the behaviour of humans to find food and toys using behaviours such as pointing and gazing.The performance of dogs in these studies is superior to that of NHPs, however, some have stated categorically that dogs do not possess a human-like ToM.