 The authors also reported that at least one individual of each of the species showed (weak) evidence of ToM.In a multi-species study, it was shown that chimpanzees, bonobos and orangutans passed the False Belief Test (see above).In 2009, a summary of the ToM research, particularly emphasising an extensive comparison of humans, chimpanzees and orang-utans, concluded that great apes do not exhibit understanding of human referential intentions expressed in communicative gestures, such as pointing.