 In the early 1970s, some studies, inventions, and development for electrically re-programmable non-volatile memories were performed by various companies and organizations.In 1971, the earliest research report was presented at "the 3rd Conference on Solid State Devices, Tokyo" in Japan by Yasuo Tarui, Yutaka Hayashi, and Kiyoko Nagai at "Electrotechnical Laboratory"; a Japanese national research institute.They fabricated an EEPROM device in 1972, and continued this study for more than 10 years.