 As the energy scale increases, the strength of the electromagnetic interaction in the Standard Model approaches that of the other two fundamental interactions, a feature important for grand unification theories.If quantum electrodynamics were an exact theory, the fine-structure constant would actually diverge at an energy known as the Landau pole—this fact undermines the consistency of quantum electrodynamics beyond perturbative expansions.Based on the precise measurement of the hydrogen atom spectrum by Michelson and Morley in 1887,