 Since 1967, publications have ranked MBA programs using various methods.The "Gourman Report" (1967–1997) did not disclose criteria or ranking methods, and these reports were criticized for reporting statistically impossible data, such as no ties among schools, narrow gaps in scores with no variation in gap widths, and ranks of nonexistent departments.In 1977 "The Carter Report" ranked MBA programs based on the number of academic articles published by faculty, the "Ladd & Lipset Survey" ranked business schools based on faculty surveys, and "MBA Magazine" ranked schools based on votes cast by business school deans.