 Impacts should be seen in regard to the effectiveness of health and education institutions of the country.In South Africa unconditional cash transfer and social assistance spending amounts to approximately US$20-billion per annum or 15.2% of its total Governmental expenditure (while the country has a GDP of only USD368-billion)    .The number of individual programme beneficiaries totalled 17.5-million in 2018 (76.1% of its total labour force) , compared to Bolsa Família in Brazil which has 12-million families as beneficiary 

The impact on the country's labour force participation has been found to be "ambiguous and dependent on a number of factors", according to the Southern African Labour and Development Research Unit, while "education and health-care conditions attached to many transfers can also increase human capital formation and therefore create a long-term positive impact on labour market participation" .