 The wars of Louis XIV that began in 1667 led to a number of anti-French coalitions, the most significant being the so-called Grand Alliance formed on 20 December 1689 by England, the Dutch Republic and Emperor Leopold.This took part in the 1688-97 Nine Years' War with Spain joining in 1690 and Savoy in 1691.The 1697 Treaty of Ryswick ended the war but failed to resolve the issue of who would succeed Charles II of Spain.