 There are also bachelor's, associate, and certificate programs in library science, which provide formal training of paraprofessional library workers, library technicians, and clerks—as well as preparation for graduate study in library science.Until the 19th century, the librarian in charge of an academic collection was normally a scholar, often a university professor with a special interest in the library.There were no training programs, and the new librarian was expected to follow the practices of other similar libraries.