 They are focused on individual managerial competencies such as vision, execution, and perseverance.They usually measure from 60 to over 100 individual competencies.Their intellectual heritage is the intersection of vocational guidance—which aims to show how individuals will perform in a particular job function—and a political backlash to intelligence/ability testing—following former Harvard president and entrepreneur, David McClelland's classic article, "Testing for competence rather than intelligence."