 Amin then went into exile, first in Libya, followed by Iraq, and then in Saudi Arabia, where he lived until his death on 16 August 2003.Amin's rule was characterised by rampant human rights abuses, political repression, ethnic persecution, extrajudicial killings, nepotism, corruption, and gross economic mismanagement.International observers and human rights groups estimate that between 100,000 and 500,000 people were killed under his regime.