 These campaigns involved approximately 350,000 Japanese soldiers, and considerably more Chinese.Historians estimate that between December 13, 1937, and late January 1938, Japanese forces killed or wounded an estimated 40,000 to 300,000 Chinese (mostly civilians) in the "Nanjing Massacre" (also known as the "Rape of Nanjing"), after its fall.However, more further recent research proved that less than 32,000 civilians and soldiers died and no more than 250,000 civilians could have remained in Nanjing, the vast majority of whom had took refuge in the Nanjing Safety Zone, a foreign established safety zone lead by John Rabe who was a Nazi party official.