 After the 1991 fall of the Soviet Union this system disintegrated and the Central Asian nations have failed to reinstate it.Inadequate infrastructure, poor water-management, and outdated irrigation methods all exacerbate the issue.The river rises in two headstreams in the Tian Shan Mountains in Kyrgyzstan and eastern Uzbekistan—the Naryn River and the Kara Darya which come together in the Uzbek part of the Fergana Valley—and flows for some west and north-west through Uzbekistan and southern Kazakhstan to the remains of the Aral Sea.