 Under his management, the conditions of the working classes deteriorated, and the income gap widened considerably.An industrial and agricultural depression in 1846 led to the 1848 Revolutions, and Louis Philippe's abdication.The dissonance between his positive early reputation and his late unpopularity was epitomized by Victor Hugo in "Les Misérables" as an oxymoron describing his reign as "Prince Equality", in which Hugo states