 Between 1911 and 1945, translations were made into all European languages and several languages of Asia, Africa and Oceania.In 1936, Soviet writer Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy published a reworked version of Pinocchio titled "The Golden Key, or the Adventures of Buratino" (originally a character in the commedia dell'arte), which became one of the most popular characters of Russian children's literature.The first stage adaptation was launched in 1899, written by Gattesco Gatteschi and Enrico Guidotti and directed by Luigi Rasi.