 Other versions of kisspeptin are also able to interact with Kiss1R.Research in both rats and humans has provided evidence that the binding of kisspeptin stimulates PIP2 hydrolysis, Ca2+ mobilization, arachidonic acid release, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1 (ERK1), ERK2, and p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation.Although GnRH is located in many areas such as the pituitary gland and the GnRH neurons, research proves that GnRH is highly dependent upon GnRH neuron activation and less dependent on the pituitary gonadotropes.