 state that after some discussion, there is now (2018) consensus in the scientific community that "[…] the GHG balance of perennial bioenergy crop cultivation will often be favourable […]", also when considering the implicit direct and indirect land use changes.Below ground, Felten and Emmerling found that the number of earthworm species per square meter was 5.1 for miscanthus, 3 for maize, and 6.4 for fallow (totally unattended land), and state that "[…] it was clearly found that land-use intensity was the dominant regressor for earthworm abundance and total number of species.