 These offences attracted much criticism for their complexity and difficulty in proving at court.Much of the Theft Act 1978 has been repealed, but the offence of making off without payment, defined under section 3 has not been affected.In all three classes of fraud, it requires that for an offence to have occurred, the person must have acted dishonestly, and that they had to have acted with the intent of making a gain for themselves or anyone else, or inflicting a loss (or a risk of loss) on another.