 Besides the discovery of new genes for the use of pollen and nectar, researchers found that, in comparison with other insects, "Apis mellifera" has fewer genes for immunity, detoxification and the development of the cuticula.The population genetic analysis showed Africa as the origin and hypothesized that the spread into Europe happened in at least two independent waves.Data from the scientific collaboration is made available on Beebase led by Texas A&M University.