 Many in the Chinese intellectual community believed that the United States had done little to convince the imperialist powers (especially Britain, France, and Japan) to adhere to the Fourteen Points, and observed that the United States itself had declined to join the League of Nations; as a result they turned away from the Western liberal democratic model.Marxism began to take hold in Chinese intellectual thought, particularly among those already on the Left.It was during this time that communism was studied seriously by some Chinese intellectuals such as Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao.