 A 2015 article by Arthur Krystal agreed with Hindus's assessment that Fitzgerald's use of Jewish caricatures was not driven by malice and merely reflected commonly-held beliefs of his time.He notes the accounts of Frances Kroll, a Jewish woman and secretary to Fitzgerald, who claimed that Fitzgerald was hurt by accusations of anti-Semitism and responded to critiques of Wolfsheim by claiming that he merely "fulfilled a function in the story and had nothing to do with race or religion".This claim is further supported by evidence that Wolfsheim was based on real-life Jewish gambler Arnold Rothstein.