 Scholars rank the New Culture and May Fourth Movements as significant turning points, along with the abolition of the civil service system in 1905 and the overthrow of the monarchy in 1911.Participants at the time, such as Hu Shih, referred to this era as the Chinese Renaissance because there was an intense focus on science and experimentation.In Chinese literature, the May Fourth Movement is regarded as the watershed after which the use of the vernacular language ("baihua") gained currency over and eventually replaced the use of Literary Chinese in literary works.