 The tritone substitution, chord progression ii-subV-I on C (Dm-Db7-C), results in an upper leading-note.\new Staff «
\new Voice \relative c' {
\new Voice \relative c' {


According to Ernst the major and minor thirds contain "latent" tendencies towards the perfect fourth and whole tone, respectively, and thus establish tonality.However, Carl contests Kurth's position, holding that this drive is in fact created through or with harmonic function, a root progression in another voice by a whole-tone or fifth, or melodically (monophonically) by the context of the scale.