 proposed that this observation could result from the fact that there is a fitness cost to traits that increase so-called "competitive ability".Under this assumption, invasive populations of "Alliaria petiolata" had evolved a higher fitness (similar to "Lythrum Salicaria") in their introduced ranges at the cost of certain defense mechanisms "and" at the cost of certain aspects of growth and development (dissimilar to "Lythrum Salicaria").It could be, therefore, that the EICA Hypothesis is too narrow in scope, and should be reworded to place an emphasis on an invasive species' ability to reallocate its resources in order to procure a fitness advantage that may or may not involve more vigorous growth and development.