 A narcissist may secure a sense of superiority in the face of another person's ability by using contempt to minimize the other person.Aristotle, in "Rhetoric," defined envy (φθόνος "phthonos") as "the pain caused by the good fortune of others", while Kant, in Metaphysics of Morals, defined it as "a reluctance to see our own well-being overshadowed by another's because the standard we use to see how well off we are is not the intrinsic worth of our own well-being but how it compares with that of others".In Buddhism, the term irshya is commonly translated as either envy or jealousy.