 Black ministers provided much of the black political leadership, together with newcomers who had been free blacks in the North before the Civil War.Many cities had black newspapers that explained the issues and rallied the community.In state after state across the South, a polarization emerged inside the Republican Party, with the blacks and their carpetbagger allies forming the Black-and-tan faction, which faced the all-white "lily-white" faction of local white scalawag Republicans.