 Shepard's notes 'history' as affirmed, modified, reversed, same case, Superseded, or vacated; and 'treatment' as criticised, distinguished, explained, j dissenting opinion, ~ consenting opinion, Limited, overruled, or questioned.Although originally distributed only as printed and bound volumes, citators are now typically on-line services such as LexisNexis's online "Shepard's Citations", Justis Publishing's provider-neutral JustCite, Westlaw's KeyCite, Bloomberg Law's BCite, and the Oxford Law Citator of Oxford University Press.Citation indexes to the Bible date to the 13th century.