 Connecticut, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Vermont, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Alaska, Hawaii, and the federal District of Columbia did not pass anti-miscegenation laws.In 1883, the constitutionality of anti-miscegenation laws was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in "Pace v. Alabama".In 1948, the California Supreme Court in "Perez v. Sharp" effectively repealed the California anti-miscegenation statutes, thereby making California the first state in the twentieth century to do so.