 Each course of study taught the "duc de Chartres" the "principles" or "elements" of a subject.Some of the best historians, genealogists, scientists and artists in the kingdom participated in this educational experiment, which started around 1689.For example, Philippe learned physics and mathematics from Joseph Sauveur; and from Étienne Loulié he learned musical notation, elementary musical theory, plus the basics of playing the viol and the recorder.