 agri-environment schemes); (2) Many comparative studies encounter methodological problems, limiting their ability to draw quantitative conclusions; (3) Our knowledge of the impacts of organic farming in pastoral and upland agriculture is limited; (4) There remains a pressing need for longitudinal, system-level studies in order to address these issues and to fill in the gaps in our knowledge of the impacts of organic farming, before a full appraisal of its potential role in biodiversity conservation in agroecosystems can be made.Organic agriculture is often considered to be more socially just and economically sustainable for farmworkers than conventional agriculture.However, there is little social science research or consensus as to whether or not organic agriculture provides better working conditions than conventional agriculture.