 The new economic difficulties of smallholder farmers and landless farm workers led to increased rural-urban migration.The increase in food production led to a cheaper food for urban dwellers, and the increase in urban population increased the potential for industrialization.According to a 2018 paper, a 10 percent increase in the use of high-yielding crop varieties in developing countries in the period 1960–2000 led to increases in GDP per capita of approximately 15 percent.