 Average cost for the Summer Games from 1960 to 2016 is 5.2 billion 2015 US dollars, average cost overrun is 176%.Much of the cost overruns were caused by the "Conseil des métiers de la construction" union whose leader was André "Dede" Desjardins, and who kept the construction site in "anarchic disorder" as part of a shakedown.The French architect Roger Taillibert who designed the Olympic stadium recounted in his 2000 book "Notre Cher Stade Olympique" that he and Montreal mayor Jean Drapeau tried hard to buy off Desjardins, even taking him to a lunch at the exclusive Ritz-Carlton hotel in a vain attempt to end the "delays".