 Due to French diplomatic pressure, Japan later deported Châu.Phan Châu Trinh, who favored a peaceful, non-violent struggle to gain independence, led a second movement, "Duy Tân" ("Modernization"), which stressed education for the masses, modernizing the country, fostering understanding and tolerance between the French and the Vietnamese, and peaceful transitions of power.The early part of the 20th century saw the growing in status of the Romanized "Quốc Ngữ" alphabet for the Vietnamese language.