 France, which had just lost Indochina, was determined not to lose the next anti-colonial war, particularly not in its oldest and nearest major colony, which was regarded as an integral part of the republic.In the early morning hours of 1 November 1954, FLN "maquisards" (guerrillas) attacked military and civilian targets throughout Algeria in what became known as the "Toussaint Rouge" (Red All-Saints' Day).From Cairo, the FLN broadcast a proclamation calling on Muslims in Algeria to join in a national struggle for the "restoration of the Algerian state – sovereign, democratic and social – within the framework of the principles of Islam."