 Members of the non-grammatids in this subfamily include the genera "Phlebodium" as well as "Polypodium", from which "Phlebodium" is derived and which most likely is its closest relative.Other members include "Pecluma", "Pleopeltis", "Microgramma", and "Pleurosoriopsis".A bootstrapping technique proves that, at a 90% confidence level, the polypodiaceous ferns form a sister relationship with tree ferns.