 It became a discipline of its own in the 1970s with parallel developments in several scientific and technological fields.Over the years, it has been applied in statistics, but also in operations research,electrical engineering, control theory, finance, portfolio management logistics, manufacturing engineering, chemical engineering, medicine, and computer science.In engineering problems, these formulations often take the name of "Robust Design Optimization", RDO or "Reliability Based Design Optimization", RBDO.