 It was in Crimea that the White Russians led by General Wrangel made their last stand against Nestor Makhno and the Red Army in 1920.When resistance was crushed, many of the anti-Bolshevik fighters and civilians escaped by ship to Istanbul.Approximately 50,000 White prisoners of war and civilians were summarily executed by shooting or hanging after the defeat of General Wrangel at the end of 1920.