 It existed from 1948 until 1965.The animating personality was Cornelius Castoriadis, also known as Pierre Chaulieu or Paul Cardan.Because he explicitly both rejected Leninist vanguardism and criticised spontaneism, for Castoriadis "the emancipation of the mass of people was the task of those people; however, the socialist thinker could not simply fold his or her arms".