 According to a 2008 study examining the frequency of the Duffy antigen receptor for Chemokines (DARC) Single Nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), (75%) of Haitian women sampled exhibited the CC genotype (absent among women of European ancestry) at levels comparable to US African-Americans (73%), but more than Jamaican females (63%).Under colonial rule, Haitian mulattoes were generally privileged above the black majority, though they possessed fewer rights than the white population.Following the country's independence, they became the nation's social elite.