 Known as 'Papa Doc' and initially popular, Duvalier remained President until his death in 1971.He advanced black interests in the public sector, where over time, people of color had predominated as the educated urban elite.Not trusting the army, despite his frequent purges of officers deemed disloyal, Duvalier created a private militia known as "Tontons Macoutes" ("Bogeymen"), which maintained order by terrorizing the populace and political opponents.