title: Hillary Clinton

text: Organizations have also attempted to provide more recent assessments of Clinton after she reentered elective politics in 2015. Based on her stated positions from the 1990s to the present, On the Issues places her in the "Left Liberal" region on their two-dimensional grid of social and economic ideologies, with a social score of 80 on a scale of zero more-restrictive to 100 less-government stances, with an economic score of ten on a scale of zero more-restrictive to 100 less-government stances. Crowdpac, which does a data aggregation of campaign contributions, votes and speeches, gives her a 6.5L rating on a one-dimensional left-right scale from 10L (most liberal) to 10C (most conservative).


title: Hillary Clinton

text: In March 2016, Clinton laid out a detailed economic plan, which "The New York Times" called "optimistic" and "wide-ranging". Basing her economic philosophy on inclusive capitalism, Clinton proposed a "clawback" that would rescind tax relief and other benefits for companies that move jobs overseas; providing incentives for companies that share profits with employees, communities and the environment, rather than focusing on short-term profits to increase stock value and rewarding shareholders; increasing collective bargaining rights; and placing an "exit tax" on companies that move their headquarters out of America to pay a lower tax rate overseas.


title: Hillary Clinton

text: Accepting the scientific consensus on climate change, Clinton supports cap-and-trade, and opposed the Keystone XL pipeline. She supported "equal pay for equal work", to address current shortfalls in how much women are paid to do the same jobs men do. Clinton has explicitly focused on family issues and supports universal preschool. These programs would be funded by proposing tax increases on the wealthy, including a "fair share surcharge". Clinton supported the Affordable Care Act and would have added a "public option" that competed with private insurers and enabled people "50 or 55 and up" to buy into Medicare.


title: Hillary Clinton

text: On LGBT rights, she supports the right to same-sex marriage, a position that has changed throughout her political career. In 2000, she was against such marriages altogether. In 2006, she said only that she would support a state's decision to permit same-sex marriages, but opposed federally amending the Constitution to permit same-sex marriage. While running for president in 2007, she again reiterated her opposition to same-sex marriage, although expressed her support of civil unions. 2013 marked the first time that Clinton expressed support for a national right to same-sex marriage. In 2000, she was the first spouse of a US president to march in an LGBT pride parade. In 2016, she was the first major-party presidential candidate ever to write an op-ed for an LGBT newspaper, the "Philadelphia Gay News".


title: Hillary Clinton

text: Clinton held that allowing undocumented immigrants to have a path to citizenship "s at its heart a family issue", and expressed support for Obama's Deferred Action for Parental Accountability (DAPA) program, which would allow up to five million undocumented immigrants to gain deferral of deportation and authorization to legally work in the United States. However, in 2014, Clinton stated that unaccompanied children crossing the border "should be sent back." She opposed and criticized Trump's call to temporarily ban Muslims from entering the United States.


title: Hillary Clinton

text: On foreign affairs, Clinton voted in favor of the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq in October 2002, a vote she later "regretted". She favored arming Syria's rebel fighters in 2012 and has called for the removal of Syrian president Bashar al-Assad. She supported the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999 and the NATO-led military intervention in Libya to oust former Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi in 2011. Clinton is in favor of maintaining American influence in the Middle East. She has told the American Israel Public Affairs Committee, "America can't ever be neutral when it comes to Israel's security and survival." Clinton expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself during the 2006 Lebanon War and 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict. In a 2017 interview, after a poison gas attack in Syria, Clinton said that she had favored more aggressive action against Bashar al-Assad: "I think we should have been more willing to confront Assad. I really believe we should have and still should take out his air fields and prevent him from being able to use them to bomb innocent people and drop sarin gas on them."


title: Hillary Clinton

text: Clinton has been a lifelong Methodist, and has been part of United Methodist Church congregations throughout her life. She has publicly discussed her Christian faith on several occasions, although seldom while campaigning. Professor Paul Kengor, author of "God and Hillary Clinton: A Spiritual Life", has suggested that Clinton's political positions are rooted in her faith. She often expresses a maxim often attributed to John Wesley: "Do all the good you can, by all the means you can, in all the ways you can."


title: Hillary Clinton

text: Over a hundred books and scholarly works have been written about Clinton. A 2006 survey by the "New York Observer" found "a virtual cottage industry" of "anti-Clinton literature" put out by Regnery Publishing and other conservative imprints. Some titles include "", "Hillary's Scheme: Inside the Next Clinton's Ruthless Agenda to Take the White House" and "Can She Be Stopped?: Hillary Clinton Will Be the Next President of the United States Unless ..." Books praising Clinton did not sell nearly as well (other than her memoirs and those of her husband). When she ran for Senate in 2000, several fundraising groups such as Save Our Senate and the Emergency Committee to Stop Hillary Rodham Clinton sprang up to oppose her. Don Van Natta found that Republican and conservative groups viewed her as a reliable "bogeyman" to mention in fundraising letters, on a par with Ted Kennedy, and the equivalent of Democratic and liberal appeals mentioning Newt Gingrich.


title: Hillary Clinton

text: Clinton has also been featured in the media and popular culture in a wide spectrum of perspectives. In 1995, writer Todd S. Purdum of "The New York Times" characterized Clinton as a Rorschach test, an assessment echoed at the time by feminist writer and activist Betty Friedan, who said, "Coverage of Hillary Clinton is a massive Rorschach test of the evolution of women in our society." She has been the subject of many satirical impressions on "Saturday Night Live", beginning with her time as the first lady. She has made guest appearances on the show herself, in 2008 and in 2015, to face-off with her doppelgängers. Jonathan Mann wrote songs about her including "The Hillary Shimmy Song", which went viral.


title: Hillary Clinton

text: She has often been described in the popular media as a polarizing figure, though some argue otherwise. In the early stages of her 2008 presidential campaign, a "Time" magazine cover showed a large picture of her with two checkboxes labeled "Love Her", "Hate Her". "Mother Jones" titled its profile of her "Harpy, Hero, Heretic: Hillary". Following Clinton's "choked up moment" and related incidents in the run-up to the January 2008 New Hampshire primary, both "The New York Times" and "Newsweek" found that discussion of gender's role in the campaign had moved into the national political discourse. "Newsweek" editor Jon Meacham summed up the relationship between Clinton and the American public by saying the New Hampshire events, "brought an odd truth to light: though Hillary Rodham Clinton has been on the periphery or in the middle of national life for decades ... she is one of the most recognizable but least understood figures in American politics".


title: Hillary Clinton

text: Once she became secretary of state, Clinton's image seemed to improve dramatically among the American public and become one of a respected world figure. Her favorability ratings dropped, however, after she left office and began to be viewed in the context of partisan politics once more. By September 2015, with her 2016 presidential campaign underway and beset by continued reports regarding her private email usage at the State Department, her ratings had slumped to some of her lowest levels ever. In March 2016, she acknowledged that: "I'm not a natural politician, in case you haven't noticed."


title: Hillary Clinton

text: In September 2022, Clinton discussed the evolution of her trademark pantsuits. She noted that she began wearing them because of "suggestive" photos taken during a trip to Brazil in 1995 that showed her underwear when she was seated that ended up being used in an ad for lingerie company DuLoren. The ad was supposedly meant as a compliment but ended up being pulled once the American embassy complained.


title: Hillary Clinton

text: A controversy arose in March 2015, when the State Department's inspector general revealed that Clinton had used personal email accounts on a non-government, privately maintained server—instead of email accounts maintained on federal government servers—when conducting official business during her tenure as secretary of state. Some experts, officials, members of Congress and political opponents contended that her use of private messaging system software and a private server violated State Department protocols and procedures, and federal laws and regulations governing recordkeeping requirements. The controversy occurred against the backdrop of Clinton's 2016 presidential election campaign and hearings held by the House Select Committee on Benghazi.


title: Hillary Clinton

text: In a joint statement released on July 15, 2015, the inspector general of the State Department and the inspector general of the intelligence community said their review of the emails found information that was classified when sent, remained so at the time of their inspection and "never should have been transmitted via an unclassified personal system". They also stated unequivocally this classified information should never have been stored outside of secure government computer systems. Clinton had said over a period of months that she kept no classified information on the private server that she set up in her house. Government policy, reiterated in the nondisclosure agreement signed by Clinton as part of gaining her security clearance, is that sensitive information can be considered as classified even if not marked as such. After allegations were raised that some of the emails in question fell into the so-called "born classified" category, an FBI probe was initiated regarding how classified information was handled on the Clinton server. "The New York Times" reported in February 2016 that nearly 2,100 emails stored on Clinton's server were retroactively marked classified by the State Department. Additionally, the intelligence community's inspector general wrote Congress to say that some of the emails "contained classified State Department information when originated". In May 2016, the inspector general of the State Department criticized her use of a private email server while secretary of state, stating that she had not requested permission for this and would not have received it if she had asked.


title: Hillary Clinton

text: Clinton maintained she did not send or receive any emails from her personal server that were confidential at the time they were sent. In a Democratic debate with Bernie Sanders on February 4, 2016, Clinton said, "I never sent or received any classified material—they are retroactively classifying it." On July 2, 2016, Clinton stated: "Let me repeat what I have repeated for many months now, I never received nor sent any material that was marked classified."


title: Hillary Clinton

text: 110 e-mails in 52 e-mail chains have been determined by the owning agency to contain classified information at the time they were sent or received. Eight of those chains contained information that was Top Secret at the time they were sent; 36 chains contained Secret information at the time; and eight contained Confidential information, which is the lowest level of classification. Separate from those, about 2,000 additional e-mails were "up-classified" to make them Confidential; the information in those had not been classified at the time the e-mails were sent.


title: Hillary Clinton

text: Out of 30,000, three emails were found to be marked as classified, although they lacked classified headers and were marked only with a small "c" in parentheses, described as "portion markings" by Comey. He also said it was possible Clinton was not "technically sophisticated" enough to understand what the three classified markings meant. The probe found Clinton used her personal email extensively while outside the United States, both sending and receiving work-related emails in the territory of sophisticated adversaries. Comey acknowledged that it was "possible that hostile actors gained access to Secretary Clinton's personal email account". He added that "[although] we did not find clear evidence that Secretary Clinton or her colleagues intended to violate laws governing the handling of classified information, there is evidence that they were extremely careless in their handling of very sensitive, highly classified information". Nevertheless, Comey asserted that "no reasonable prosecutor" would bring criminal charges in this case, despite the existence of "potential violations of the statutes regarding the handling of classified information". The FBI recommended that the Justice Department decline to prosecute. On July 6, 2016, U.S. Attorney General Loretta Lynch confirmed that the probe into Clinton's use of private email servers would be closed without criminal charges.


title: Hillary Clinton

text: On October 28, 2016, Comey notified Congress that the FBI had begun looking into newly discovered Clinton emails. Law enforcement officials said that while investigating allegedly illicit text messages from Anthony Weiner, husband of Clinton aide Huma Abedin, to a 15-year-old girl in North Carolina, they discovered emails related to Clinton's private server on a laptop computer belonging to Weiner. On November 6, Comey notified Congress that the FBI had not changed the conclusion it had reached in July. The notification was later cited by Clinton as a factor in her loss in the 2016 presidential election. The emails controversy received more media coverage than any other topic during the 2016 presidential election.


title: Hillary Clinton

text: The State Department finished its internal review in September 2019. It found that Clinton's use of a personal email server increased the risk of information being compromised, but concluded there was no evidence of "systemic, deliberate mishandling of classified information".


title: Hillary Clinton

text: When Clinton left the State Department, she returned to private life for the first time in thirty years. She and her daughter joined her husband as named members of the Bill, Hillary & Chelsea Clinton Foundation in 2013. There she focused on early childhood development efforts, including an initiative called Too Small to Fail and a $600 million initiative to encourage the enrollment of girls in secondary schools worldwide, led by former Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard.


title: Hillary Clinton

text: In 2014, Clinton published a second memoir, "Hard Choices", which focused on her time as secretary of state. , the book has sold about 280,000 copies.


title: Hillary Clinton

text: Clinton also led the No Ceilings: The Full Participation Project, a partnership with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to gather and study data on the progress of women and girls around the world since the Beijing conference in 1995; its March 2015 report said that while "There has never been a better time in history to be born a woman ... this data shows just how far we still have to go." The foundation began accepting new donations from foreign governments, which it had stopped doing while she was secretary of state. However, even though the Clinton Foundation had stopped taking donations from foreign governments, they continued to take large donations from foreign citizens who were sometimes linked to their governments.


title: Hillary Clinton

text: She began work on another volume of memoirs and made appearances on the paid speaking circuit. There she received $200,000–225,000 per engagement, often appearing before Wall Street firms or at business conventions. She also made some unpaid speeches on behalf of the foundation. For the fifteen months ending in March 2015, Clinton earned over $11 million from her speeches. For the overall period 2007–14, the Clintons earned almost $141 million, paid some $56 million in federal and state taxes and donated about $15 million to charity. , she was estimated to be worth over $30 million on her own, or $45–53 million with her husband.


title: Hillary Clinton

text: Clinton resigned from the board of the foundation in April 2015, when she began her presidential campaign. The foundation said it would accept new foreign governmental donations from six Western nations only.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: Backstreet Boys (often abbreviated as BSB) are an American vocal group consisting of Nick Carter, Howie Dorough, AJ McLean, and cousins Brian Littrell and Kevin Richardson. Lou Pearlman formed the group in 1993 in Orlando, Florida.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: The group rose to fame with their international debut album, "Backstreet Boys" (1996). In the following year, they released their second international album "Backstreet's Back" (1997), along with their self-titled U.S. debut album, "Backstreet Boys" (1997), which continued the group's success worldwide. They rose to superstardom with their third studio album "Millennium" (1999) and its follow-up album, "Black & Blue" (2000). They also released a greatest hits album, "The Hits - Chapter One" (2001), with a new single, "Drowning." After a two-year hiatus, they regrouped and released a comeback album, "Never Gone" (2005). After the conclusion of the Never Gone Tour in 2006, Richardson left the group to pursue other interests. The group then released two albums as a quartet: "Unbreakable" (2007) and "This Is Us" (2009).


title: Backstreet Boys

text: Richardson permanently rejoined the group in 2012. In the following year, they celebrated their 20th anniversary and released their first independent album, "In a World Like This". Their follow-up album "DNA" (2019) debuted at number one, more than two decades after the group formed and 19 years after they last topped in 2000. They also became the first boy band to top the U.S. album charts in three different decades.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: The Backstreet Boys have sold over 100 million records worldwide, making them the best-selling boy band of all time, and one of the world's best-selling music artists. They are the first group since Led Zeppelin to have their first ten albums reach the top 10 on the "Billboard" 200, and the only boy band to do so. The albums "Backstreet Boys" and "Millennium" were both certified diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), making them one of the few bands to have multiple diamond albums.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: The group received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on April 22, 2013. They also released their first documentary movie, titled "" in January 2015. In March 2017, the group began a residency in Las Vegas that lasted two years, titled . They released their first Christmas album, "A Very Backstreet Christmas" in 2022.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: Howie Dorough and AJ McLean were natives of Orlando, Florida, who met each other through a mutual vocal coach and later discovered Nick Carter through auditions. The three, realizing that they could harmonize together, decided to form a trio. Cousins Kevin Richardson and Brian Littrell, both from Lexington, Kentucky, sang in local church choirs and festivals when they were children. Richardson moved to Orlando in 1990, where he worked at Walt Disney World and concentrated on music at night.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: In 1992, Lou Pearlman placed an ad in the "Orlando Sentinel" to compose a vocal group with a "New Kids on the Block" look with a "Boyz II Men Sound". McLean, who was the first to audition for Pearlman in his living room, became the group's first member. Between late 1992 and March 1993, Pearlman held open casting calls and hundreds of young performers auditioned at his blimp hangar in Kissimmee. Ultimately, Carter, Dorough, and Richardson were selected after meeting Pearlman's expectations. Littrell flew from Kentucky to Orlando to formally join the group on April 20, 1993, a day after receiving a phone call from Richardson about it. Thus, April 20 became their anniversary date. Pearlman decided to call them Backstreet Boys, after Orlando's Backstreet Market, an outdoor flea market near International Drive which was also a teen hangout.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: The Backstreet Boys had their first performance at SeaWorld Orlando on May 8, 1993. The group then continued to perform in various venues during summer 1993, from shopping malls, restaurants, to a high-profile charity gala in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. With a change in management in the fall, they began to tour schools across the U.S. (including Littrell's former school, Tates Creek High School), building a fan base while trying to get a record deal. Mercury Records nearly signed them in 1993, but the deal fell through at the last minute because longtime Mercury recording artist John Mellencamp threatened to leave the label if they got into the boy band business. However, in February 1994, Jeff Fenster (then senior VP A&R Zomba/JIVE Records) and David Renzer (then senior VP/GM of Zomba Music Publishing) saw the group performing at a high school in Cleveland and signed them to their first record deal.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: At the end of December 1994, the group flew to Sweden to record some songs with Max Martin and Denniz PoP, including "We've Got It Goin' On," which ended up being their first single and completed their work in January 1995. "We've Got It Goin' On" was sent to radio in August 1995 and released as a physical single on September 5, 1995. In North America, Mix 96 in Montreal broke the group after the programmers heard it on the radio in Europe. The song was a minor success in the U.S., peaking at only No. 69 by December 1995, but it entered the top 5 in Germany, Switzerland, Austria, France, and the Netherlands. European success sent them there on a summer tour and shifted their promotion to being mostly done in Europe.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: The group finished recording their first album "Backstreet Boys" in the spring of 1996, and it was released internationally on May 6, 1996, excluding U.S. and Canada; however, it was later released in Canada in October 1996.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: Their popularity grew in Europe. "I'll Never Break Your Heart" reached a Gold status in Germany for selling 250,000 copies<ref name="Gold/Platin-Datenbank"></ref> and they were voted the No. 1 international group there in 1996. They also earned their first platinum record in Germany in 1996 for selling 500,000 copies of their debut album. Shortly after that, they began touring Asia and Canada. They also became one of the most successful debut artists in the world, collecting awards such as (Best Newcomers) in Germany's Viva Comet Awards in 1996.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: "Anywhere for You" was released as the last single from their international debut album on February 17, 1997. "Quit Playing Games (with My Heart)", originally released in Europe as their fourth single in October 1996, was released in the U.S. in May 1997 for their upcoming self-titled U.S. debut album, "Backstreet Boys" (1997). It peaked at No. 4 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, eventually earning them a platinum award for selling over one million copies.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: The group began working on their second album, "Backstreet's Back", in October 1996. They also recorded the song "If You Stay" for the "Booty Call soundtrack" in the same year, which was released in February 1997. "Backstreet's Back" was released internationally (except in the U.S.) on August 11, 1997. Their self-titled U.S. debut album, "Backstreet Boys" (1997), which consisted of songs from their 1996 international debut album and "Backstreet's Back", was released in the U.S. a day later on August 12, 1997. The U.S. self-titled debut peaked at No. 4 on the U.S. album chart and eventually sold 14 million copies. Meanwhile, the second international release, "Backstreet's Back", peaked at No. 1 in Germany, Norway, Switzerland, Finland, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Austria, selling well over five million copies in Europe alone. The most successful singles from "Backstreet's Back" and the U.S. debut album were "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" and "As Long As You Love Me". The two self-titled albums, the international debut and the U.S. debut sold more than 28 million copies worldwide.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: In November 1997, doctors discovered that a congenital hole in Littrell's heart had enlarged to dangerous proportions. Littrell postponed the open-heart surgery twice to meet touring obligations, and he finally underwent the surgery on May 8, 1998, in the middle of the Backstreet's Back Tour. The group postponed the tour until July 1998 to give Littrell time to recover.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: Littrell brought in a lawsuit against Lou Pearlman and Trans Continental in 1998, claiming that Pearlman had not been truthful about the earnings made by the group. From 1993 to 1997, Pearlman and his company took about $10 million in revenue while the band only got $300,000. In the following year, McLean, Richardson, and Dorough joined the lawsuit which eventually resulted in a number of settlements.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: On Valentine's Day 1998, the group debuted in Latin America at the Viña del Mar International Song Festival in Chile. Later that year, on October 7, 1998, the group received the keys to the city from the mayor of Orlando in honor of the tornado relief concert the group headlined in March that raised over $250,000. The day was also declared "Backstreet Boys Day" in Orlando. They also began recording their third studio album, "Millennium", at the beginning of that month while in the middle of a lawsuit. The worldwide hit single "I Want It That Way" which topped the single-charts in over 25 countries made anticipation for "Millennium" high. "Millennium" was released on May 18, 1999, on which day the Backstreet Boys made a heavily publicized appearance on MTV's "Total Request Live".


title: Backstreet Boys

text: The album entered the "Billboard" 200 at No. 1 and sold 1,134,000 copies in its first week of release. Four singles were released from "Millennium": "I Want It That Way", which is widely regarded as one of the greatest pop songs of all time, "Larger than Life", "Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely", and "The One". "Millennium" became the best-selling album of 1999 in the U.S., selling 9,445,732 copies. It also holds the record for most shipments in one year, with 11 million shipments. "Millennium" remained on the "Billboard" chart for 93 weeks, eventually selling over 12 million copies in the United States and being certified 13 times platinum. , the album stands as the fourth best selling album in the U.S. of the SoundScan era.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: On June 2, 1999, the Backstreet Boys embarked on the Into the Millennium Tour, which comprised 115 sold-out shows in 84 cities, with some additional dates put due to high demand. The second leg, which was sponsored by Sears, was sold out on August 14 on its sale date and broke sales records. The concert at Georgia Dome, Atlanta, was the 5th most attended concert in American history and the most attended concert by a pop artist.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: By October 1999, the Backstreet Boys faced new problems declaring their current JIVE contract null and void, soon striking one of the largest record deals ever valued at $60 million with JIVE.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: The group members made a trip to the Bahamas in May 2000 to write songs for their fourth album. They began recording the album on July 1, 2000, in Stockholm, Sweden, and wrapped up the recording sessions in September. A song completed during the July recording sessions, "It's True", was released on August 28, 2000, in a compilation album sold exclusively at Burger King restaurants, titled "For the Fans".


title: Backstreet Boys

text: The album, "Black & Blue", was released on November 21, 2000. To promote its release, they traveled around the world in 100 hours, visiting Stockholm, Tokyo, Sydney, Cape Town, Rio de Janeiro, and New York City. Fifty-five hours were spent traveling, and 45 were spent making public appearances. A DVD of the short tour, as well as a board game, was released in 2001, titled "Around the World". The album itself recorded the best international sales in a week for an album in history by selling over 5 million copies in its first week of sales. In the United States, it sold 1.6 million discs in the first week making them the first artist since The Beatles to achieve back-to-back million plus first week sales. Three singles were released from "Black & Blue": "Shape of My Heart", "The Call", and "More than That".


title: Backstreet Boys

text: On January 28, 2001, the Backstreet Boys performed the American national anthem at the Super Bowl XXXV in Tampa, Florida. A week earlier, the group began the "Black & Blue Tour", which featured shows in five continents. The tour was put on hold in July when it was reported that McLean had entered rehab to battle alcoholism and depression after Richardson held an intervention for him at a Boston hotel. The tour resumed in August and concluded in November.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: Shortly after returning to the Black and Blue Tour, the group faced a severe loss with the occurrence of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. On the night of September 10, the band had completed a sold-out show in Boston, Massachusetts. The following morning Littrell's wife Leighanne had planned on catching a flight back to Los Angeles aboard American Airlines Flight 11, along with set carpenter Daniel Lee, who was returning home to Los Angeles to see his wife, who was due to give birth to their second child. That night, however, Leighanne canceled her flight after deciding to spend more time with her husband. Tragically, Lee was among 92 people killed when the hijacked plane crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center. The next day, during a concert on the next leg of their tour in Toronto, Littrell gave a brief speech on Lee and led the audience in a moment of silence for Lee and all the victims of the attacks.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: "The Hits – Chapter One", their first compilation album, was released on October 23, 2001. It also included a previously unreleased song, "Drowning". The album entered the top 5 in the U.S., UK, Germany, and Canada, and the top 10 in Switzerland, Austria, the Netherlands, and New Zealand. In the U.S., "The Hits: Chapter One" was certified platinum for selling over one million copies. It was also certified platinum by IFPI for selling over one million copies in Europe. "Drowning" reached top 10 in many countries and as of 2002, the album had sold almost six million worldwide.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: In 2002, the group expressed a strong desire to leave their management company, The Firm. However, Carter chose to remain with The Firm to manage his solo career. Shortly afterward, the rest of the group began recording their next album without him. The relationship with JIVE Records worsened when the Backstreet Boys filed a $75–100 million lawsuit against Zomba Music Group (JIVE's parent company), claiming breach of contract. They claimed that the label promoted Carter's solo album "Now or Never" at the expense of the group.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: In November 2003, McLean appeared on "The Oprah Winfrey Show" to talk about his addiction to alcohol and drugs and his struggles in rising to fame for the first time in public. The rest of the group surprised him by appearing in person to give him support, marking the first time the Backstreet Boys had appeared together in public in almost two years. The group began to reform and reconcile their differences, planning to start recording a comeback album at the beginning of the following year.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: The Backstreet Boys entered the studios in January 2004 to start recording the new album. They also started performing together to promote their return to the music scene. They started a small Asian tour in September, visiting Beijing, Shanghai, Tokyo, and Manila, performing some new material. Based on the success of this tour, they announced a Mexican tour, visiting Mexico City and Monterrey.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: The album's first single, "Incomplete," was released to radio stations on March 28, 2005. Following the release of the single, they embarked on their Up Close & Personal Tour in March, which served as a pre-album release tour. "Incomplete" peaked at number 13 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100 and charted within the top 10 in 13 countries. In addition, it debuted at number one in Australia, becoming their first number-one hit in the country.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: After recording for more than a year, the Backstreet Boys finally released their comeback album "Never Gone" on June 14, 2005. The album debuted at No. 3 on the U.S. chart with first-week sales of 291,000 copies. However, the drastic style change drew negative criticism from Rolling Stone. "Never Gone" was certified platinum in the U.S. and four singles were released from the album. The second single, "Just Want You to Know," hit the top 10 in the UK. The third singles were "Crawling Back to You" for the U.S. and "I Still..." for the rest of the world. "Never Gone" has sold approximately 3 million copies worldwide.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: The Backstreet Boys began the first leg of their Never Gone Tour on July 22, 2005, in West Palm Beach, Florida. After that, the first leg ran until November 2005 in Europe, and in January 2006, the second leg started in Tokyo, Japan. Finally, the tour concluded on February 2, 2006, in Melbourne, Australia.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: On June 23, 2006, it was announced that Richardson had left the Backstreet Boys to pursue other interests. Both Richardson and the rest of the group issued a statement on their official site, stating that he departed amicably and the door was always open for him to return. Following Richardson's departure, the group was suggested to change their name to Backstreet, but they decided against it. They also turned down an offer to star in a reality show to find a new member and musicians who had expressed interest in replacing Richardson, such as Sam Licata and former NSYNC members Lance Bass and Joey Fatone, stating that they were not planning to replace him.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: Two days after Richardson's departure announcement, the Backstreet Boys entered the studio to record their sixth album. The album titled "Unbreakable" was released on October 30, 2007. It received positive reviews and opened at number seven on the "Billboard" 200, selling 81,000 copies in its first week of release. It performed well in Japan, debuting at No. 1 on the Japanese Oricon weekly album charts and staying there for another week. They released two singles from the album, "Inconsolable" and "Helpless When She Smiles."


title: Backstreet Boys

text: The group went on a world tour to promote "Unbreakable", starting in Tokyo, Japan, on February 16, 2008. The tour included shows in Australia, Japan, Mexico, the UK, Europe, Asia, Canada, and the United States. The show in London's The O2 Arena was filmed and is available to watch online on MSN's website. Richardson rejoined the rest of the group on stage at the Palladium in Hollywood, Los Angeles on November 23, 2008, for the last North American stop of the tour.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: On October 6, 2009, the group released their next album, "This Is Us". On this album, their sound went back to their original dance-pop beats and contains a more R&B sound. The album debuted at No. 9 on the "Billboard" 200, selling 42,000 copies in its first week of release. It peaked at No. 2 in Japan and was certified Platinum for shipments of 250,000 copies. Two singles were released from this album: "Straight Through My Heart" and "Bigger".


title: Backstreet Boys

text: A few days after promoting the new album and filming the music video for "Bigger" in Japan, Littrell contracted swine flu, causing the group to cancel a signing at Hard Rock Café in New York for the NYC Pinktober event on October 5, 2009. The rest of the group were prescribed Tamiflu by a doctor, even though they weren't showing any symptom of the flu. The group subsequently canceled a scheduled CBS Early Show performance the next day on October 6, 2009, which was also the release day of their new album, "This Is Us". In late October 2009, the group embarked on the This Is Us Tour, which lasted over a year and consisted of 123 shows.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: The Backstreet Boys, including Richardson, filmed a segment for "The Oprah Winfrey Show" on October 22, 2010. Richardson also performed with the group in the show's studio later that day, making it the second time he had performed with the group since his departure.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: In May 2011, the group announced that they had left their longtime label JIVE Records. In the same month, they embarked on a joint tour with New Kids on the Block as NKOTBSB. Prior to the tour, they released a compilation album of their biggest hits, also titled NKOTBSB, which also includes a mash-up and two new songs. At the conclusion of 2011, the tour placed 17th on "Billboard"s annual "Top 25 Tours", earning over $40 million with 51 shows. The tour lasted until June 2012, comprising 80 shows in North America, Europe, Australia, and Asia. During the show in Staples Center, LA, in July 2011, Richardson once again joined the group on stage.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: As he had announced before on "On Air with Ryan Seacrest" in October 2011, Richardson hosted a beach party, part of the group's second annual cruise, in the Bahamas on December 3, 2011, where he performed with them. On Seacrest's radio show, he also stated that he would love to "perform with the group again on a more regular basis." The statement, along with his appearance at the cruise event, prompted speculations that he might rejoin the group for good, but both he and the group remained quiet on the matter.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: The Backstreet Boys finally announced that Richardson had rejoined them permanently during a show in London on April 29, 2012. A few days later, McLean and Littrell revealed on separate occasions that Richardson had returned since 2010, before NKOTBSB Tour started. He had been in talks to join the tour but ultimately decided not to. They supported his decision and kept his return a secret until the tour was over. The group spoke positively about Richardson's return, stating that they couldn't be happier to have him back. Richardson himself was thrilled to be back with his old bandmates, saying that they have a chemistry and a bond.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: The Backstreet Boys moved into a house together all by themselves in July 2012 as they started working on their new album with producer Martin Terefe in London. On August 31, 2012, they closed out "Good Morning America"s Summer Concert Series in Central Park, in New York. It was their first performance as a fivesome since Richardson rejoined the group. During the show, they announced they would have their third cruise in October 2013. It was the first cruise to feature all five members.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: The first single featuring Richardson's vocals in six years, a Christmas song titled "It's Christmas Time Again", was premiered on AOL Music on November 5, 2012, and officially released a day later. The song reached No. 1 on "Billboard"s Holiday Digital Songs chart.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: The Backstreet Boys celebrated their 20th anniversary, which was on April 20, 2013, with a fan celebration event in Hollywood that day. They received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame two days later, and had the day, April 22, 2013, declared as "Backstreet Boys Day" in Hollywood. In May 2013, the group embarked on their 20th-anniversary tour, officially titled as In a World Like This Tour. The tour lasted over two years, comprising over 170 shows in North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Australia, and the Middle East. The tour was the 44th highest-grossing worldwide tour in 2014 with a total gross of $32.8 million and ticket sales of 607,407, not including its 2013 and 2015 dates.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: "In a World Like This," the lead single from their eighth studio album, also titled "In a World Like This", was released digitally on June 25, 2013, and to the radio on July 22, 2013. The album was released in the US on July 30, 2013, and in other countries sometime later. It is the group's first independent album, released under their own label, K-BAHN. It reached the top 5 in the US, Canada, Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Spain, Taiwan, and Japan, and had sold 800,000 copies . They released a second single from the album, "Show 'Em (What You're Made Of)" in November 2013.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: The group made a cameo in the 2013 movie "This Is the End" as a fictional version of themselves, performing their song "Everybody (Backstreet's Back),"


title: Backstreet Boys

text: which earned them an award for "Best Musical Moment" at 2014 MTV Movie Awards. In December 2013, the Backstreet Boys performed their two original Christmas songs as marquee performers in the annual "Christmas in Washington" TV special which was also attended by the President of the United States Barack Obama and his family.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: The Backstreet Boys members were due in court on March 24, 2014, over a claim they filed against their former manager Lou Pearlman. The group alleged that Pearlman still owed them $3,451,456.04, and they asked for $87,728.58 in legal fees for having to fight him in court for years. But earlier that month the group stated that they have a scheduling conflict and discussed postponing the hearing by 90 days. On October 21, 2014, the group received a settlement of $99,000 in cash, 34 audio tape reels, 26 CDs, seven studio mastering audio tapes, six sealed posters, three audio cassettes, and one VHS tape. The recordings include some unreleased mixes, demos, and original materials. The seven master recordings they received included "I'll Never Break Your Heart" and a few lesser-known songs.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: Their documentary movie, titled "", was released in theaters and online on January 30, 2015, in the U.S., on February 26, 2015, in UK and Europe, and on March 28 worldwide. The movie chronicles their entire career journey up to the making of their 2013 album "In A World Like This".


title: Backstreet Boys

text: On April 10, 2015, band members Richardson and Littrell were inducted into Kentucky Music Hall of Fame.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: In August 2015, band members Carter, Dorough, and McLean filmed a movie that Carter wrote entitled "Dead 7". The film centers around a ragtag band of gunslingers operating during a post-apocalyptic zombie plague. The movie premiered on April 1, 2016, on Syfy channel. A free copy of the theme song "In the End" was released on March 28, performed by band members Nick Carter, AJ McLean and Howie Dorough; Joey Fatone and Chris Kirkpatrick from NSYNC; Jeff Timmons from 98 Degrees; and Erik-Michael Estrada from O-Town. The official physical DVD was released on June 7, 2016.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: In October 2015, McLean revealed that the group was working on their ninth studio album. McLean said the band is working with producer Jacob Kasher, who has worked with Maroon 5 and Britney Spears. The band hoped to finish the album before the next Backstreet Boys cruise in May 2016. On January 29, 2016, the Backstreet Boys were the musical guests in the series finale of NBC comedy series "Undateable".


title: Backstreet Boys

text: On April 1, 2016, Carter told "Entertainment Tonight" the group signed a deal with Live Nation for a nine-show "test residency" in Las Vegas. McLean confirmed the deal, telling Us Magazine that the residency would begin in January 2017.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: In July 2016, the group appeared and performed on ABC's "Greatest Hits". On August 19, 2016, the group released "God, Your Mama, and Me", with country duo Florida Georgia Line, which was taken from their third studio album "Dig Your Roots". The song entered the Hot 100 at No. 92 for the chart dated March 18, 2017, which was the group's first return to the chart since 2007.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: On September 15, 2016, McLean and Carter confirmed that the band would be done with the album the following year, along with a new headlining tour. On September 23, the Backstreet Boys confirmed their Vegas residency show happening in 2017, titled . The residency played 80 shows between March 1, 2017, and April 27, 2019.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: The Backstreet Boys released their new song titled "Don't Go Breaking My Heart" on May 17, 2018, as their lead single for their new album. The album is co-produced under RCA Records and the group's own label, K-BAHN, and distributed by RCA's parent company, Sony Music. On November 9, they released the single "Chances" and announced the title of their ninth studio album, "DNA", which was released on January 25, 2019. On January 4, 2019, "DNA" third single, "No Place", was released. The Backstreet Boys embarked on the DNA World Tour in support of the album on May 11, 2019. Unfortunately, the group had to postpone the tour on March 15, 2020, due to coronavirus pandemic. They initially rescheduled the remaining dates for 2021, but eventually had to reschedule again for 2022.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: On April 8, 2019, the band released their exhibit at the Grammy Museum before it was opened to the public two days later, showcasing tour outfits and memorabilia from their childhoods. That same month, the group announced that they would be releasing their first Christmas album. At their Las Vegas residency, they received keys to the Vegas strip as the mayor declared the 10th Backstreet Boys Day, and during the 20th anniversary of "I Want It That Way", the group participated in a handprint ceremony to commemorate the ending of their two-year residency at Planet Hollywood and were also presented with a check donation to the Boys & Girls Club of Southern Nevada. On February 9, 2020, the band announced the second North America leg of the DNA World Tour on social media and Good Morning America. During an interview, Littrell confirmed that they're going to sign for another Las Vegas residency soon as the DNA tour is over in 2022. In December 2020 it was announced that the group is about to be featured on a track called "Matches" on the reissue of American recording and labelmate Britney Spears's "Glory" album.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: With their tour postponed due to the pandemic, the Backstreet Boys started working on their first Christmas album in March 2021. On July 12, they officially announced their return to Las Vegas for a holiday residency scheduled for November and December 2021. On August 14, Carter revealed that they had finished recording the album and had done photo shoot for the album cover. Unfortunately, due to the pandemic the album failed to meet the deadline to finish production, forcing them to reschedule the album release to late 2022 and cancel their 2021 holiday residency.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: The Backstreet Boys resumed their DNA tour in June 2022 in North America and will finish in March 2023 in New Zealand. On February 23, 2022, the group announced their return to Las Vegas with four shows to kick off the DNA world tour.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: On June 17, 2022, before the concert in Rogers, Arkansas, during their DNA tour, an advertisement for their upcoming Christmas album was shown on screen, with a link to pre-order the album on their website. Since that show, the advertisement has consistently been shown on every concert date. The album, "A Very Backstreet Christmas", was released on October 14, 2022.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: On June 24, 2022, American luxury carmaker Lincoln teamed up with Backstreet Boys to hold a virtual concert from Philadelphia to WeChat (Weixin) users mostly in China, which was broadcast by Tencent's WeChat channel. A total of 44.2 million viewers watched the live broadcast, and 25.5 million cheers were received during the performance, according to Tencent. This marked the third-highest attendance for live-stream concerts on the WeChat channel and the highest audience record for such by international artists. The day after the show aired, the online hashtag of the group's 1997 hit As Long As You Love Me trended No. 1 on China's Twitter-like platform Weibo.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: On July 27, the band took part in Dave & Jimmy's Celebrity Softball Classic in Columbus, Ohio, for charity benefitting On Our Sleeves, the movement for children’s mental health, powered by behavioral health experts at Nationwide Children’s Hospital.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: After the release of their first holiday album "A Very Backstreet Christmas", it reached number 17 on the "Billboard" charts and number 1 on the "Billboard" Holiday charts, and their singles, "Last Christmas" hit number 1 on the Billboard AC charts since "I Want It That Way", and "Christmas in New York" is currently rising, reaching number 19, and the group will be hosting their holiday special, "A Very Backstreet Holiday", coming December 14 on ABC and Disney+.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: The Backstreet Boys have prided themselves as a vocal harmony group, not a boy band. In order to fight the boy band stereotype and the backlash from New Kids on the Block's lip-sync scandal in the beginning, they would sing a cappella every chance they could get. The ad they answered in 1993 was for a singing group with "New Kids on the Block look with a Boyz II Men sound", and they aimed to have a white version of Boyz II Men. "We were fans of New Kids, but were we really modeled after them? No. We looked at ourselves as Shai, Jodeci, and Boyz II Men, the true vocal groups. That's who we listened to and who we really wanted to be like," Littrell stated in 2011. The Backstreet Boys often employ polyphonic harmony, which sets them apart from many other singing groups. Littrell, Carter, and McLean usually sing the melody in choruses, with Dorough harmonizing above the melody and Richardson covering the bass parts. During Richardson's absence, McLean and Carter together covered his part in choruses while Dorough took his solo parts, although McLean sang Richardson's verse in "Drowning".


title: Backstreet Boys

text: The Backstreet Boys' musical style has evolved over the years. On their debut and second album, they sang a hybrid of R&B and dance club pop mixed with new jack balladry and hip-hop. With "Millennium" and "Black & Blue", they started to abandon R&B and shift more toward pop and pop rock, as demonstrated on songs like "I Want It That Way", "Shape of My Heart", "Larger than Life", and "Not For Me". The group drastically changed their style in 2005 with their comeback album "Never Gone", an adult contemporary record featuring only live instruments, a departure from their previous pop sound that features a lot of synthesizers. Compared to their previous albums, "Never Gone" is "more organic, more stripped-down, less harmonies, more instrumentation". Their first album without Richardson, "Unbreakable", is similar to "Never Gone". It leans toward adult contemporary and contemporary pop music and features interwoven choral harmonies, piano, strings, guitar, and drums, with a little bit of hip-hop and reggae elements on some tracks, such as "One in a Million". With their seventh studio album, "This Is Us", they went back to their original dance-pop beats combined with electropop. It also contains a more R&B sound compared to "Unbreakable". The group's first independent album, "In a World Like This", which is also their first album back with Richardson, is a mixture of modern pop, adult contemporary, and dance music, with a hint of singer-songwriter genre as demonstrated on "Try", "Madeleine", and "Trust Me". On "DNA", they combined their harmony-driven contemporary pop sound with R&B, country, funk, and EDM.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: The second leg of Into the Millennium Tour, which was also the first North American leg, was sponsored by Sears and was officially titled "Sears Presents Backstreet Boys Into The Millennium." The sponsorship was a part of Sears' new integrated marketing campaign that exclusively featured the Backstreet Boys. The campaign included a 30-second advertisement featuring the group, which was aired from August 1 to 15, 1999. The advertising promoted back-to-school sweepstakes, which gave each of the five fans the chance to win a $2,000 Sears shopping spree with their favorite Backstreet Boys member and a trip for four to the group's concert on December 1, 1999, in Tampa, Florida.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: Carter, who was a comic fan, met comic book writer Stan Lee through his manager from The Firm in February 2000. Carter subsequently told Lee about his original concept of a six-issue series of comic books featuring members of the Backstreet Boys as superheroes called "Cyber Crusaders." Lee was interested in the concept; however, they ultimately decided to make it into only one issue. The comic book, titled "Backstreet Project", was released in 2000 and was available for purchase at their concerts and online stores in 2000–2001. In addition to the book, a series of flash-based webisodes was also published in 2000.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: In January 2000, the Backstreet Boys signed a deal with Burger King. The deal included an exclusive compilation set available only at Burger King restaurants. The compilation consisted of three CDs featuring a new song called "It's True," live songs from the group's previous tours, and a VHS tape featuring backstage footage and interviews. In August 2000, it was announced that the deal would also include three TV commercials featuring the Backstreet Boys, and a promotion, which was the inclusion of an exclusive "Backstreet Project" Cyber Crusader toy in each Burger King Big Kids Meal and Kids Meal.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: In August 2012, it was revealed that the Backstreet Boys would be starring in an Old Navy commercial. The commercial featuring the group started airing on September 19, 2012. "It was a great way to show people that we're back," Richardson said regarding the commercial. The group also performed at an Old Navy event "Fit For Fall Fashion Show for All" in Bryant Park, New York on September 14, 2012.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: On March 12, 2014, the group filmed a series of commercials for Swedish warehouse company NetOnNet in Sweden while the group was on tour in Europe. The commercials started airing in May 2014. For the purpose of these commercials, the group recorded a song called "Lager Than Life", which is a remake of their song "Larger Than Life" with different instrumentation. The song was also released as a single on iTunes by the company in several countries.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: The group has received nine Grammy Award nominations , including four nominations in 2000. The group has also received two American Music Awards, five Billboard Music Awards, two MTV Video Music Awards, a Juno Award, and many others.


title: Backstreet Boys

text: The group has supported multiple charities over the years including Children's Miracle Network, City of Hope, Kids Wish, Live Together, and Lupus LA. On April 6, 2022, they surprised Kelly Clarkson and young band First Day of School (band) with a donation of $25,000 to the FDOS charities including Toys for Tots and Heal the Bay. Individually they have given to charities, for example, Nick Carter hosted a sing-a-long holiday dinner for Home for the Holidays.


title: Javier Bardem

text: Javier Ángel Encinas Bardem (; born 1 March 1969) is a Spanish actor. Known for his roles in blockbusters and foreign films, he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance as the psychopathic assassin Anton Chigurh in the Coen Brothers' modern western drama film "No Country for Old Men" (2007). He also received critical acclaim for his roles in films such as "Jamón jamón" (1992), "Boca a boca" (1995), "Carne trémula" (1997), "Los lunes al sol" (2002), and "Mar adentro" (2004). Bardem also starred in Woody Allen's romantic drama "Vicky Cristina Barcelona" (2008), Sam Mendes's James Bond spy film "Skyfall" (2012), Terrence Malick's drama "To the Wonder" (2013), Darren Aronofsky's psychological horror film "mother!" (2017), Asghar Farhadi's mystery drama "Everybody Knows" (2018) and Denis Villeneuve's science fiction drama "Dune" (2021).


title: Javier Bardem

text: Bardem has been nominated for three additional Academy Awards; Julian Schnabel's "Before Night Falls" (2000), Alejandro González Iñárritu's "Biutiful" (2010), and Aaron Sorkin's "Being the Ricardos" (2021). Bardem is the first Spanish actor to be nominated for an Academy Award (Best Actor for "Before Night Falls" in 2001) as well as the first, and to date, only Spanish actor to win one (Best Supporting Actor for "No Country for Old Men" in 2008). Additionally, he has received various other accolades, including two Screen Actors Guild Awards, a British Academy Film Award, a Golden Globe Award, five Goya Awards, two European Film Awards, two Volpi Cups for Best Actor at Venice Film Festival and a Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor.


title: Javier Bardem

text: Bardem has been married to actress Penélope Cruz since 2010. In January 2018, Bardem became ambassador of Greenpeace for the protection of Antarctica.


title: Javier Bardem

text: Bardem was born on 1 March 1969 in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, in the Canary Islands, Spain. His mother, Pilar Bardem (1939–2021), was an actress, and his father, José Carlos Encinas Doussinague (1931–1995), was the son of a cattle rancher. According to Pilar's memoirs, José had a "capricious and violent will," and shot up the front door. He changed jobs more than 10 times, leading to evictions and the children going hungry. The two separated shortly after Javier's birth, and his mother raised him and his elder siblings, Carlos and Mónica, alone (another sibling died shortly after birth), both of whom have also pursued an acting career. His father died of leukemia in 1995.


title: Javier Bardem

text: Bardem comes from a long line of filmmakers and actors dating back to the earliest days of Spanish cinema; he is a grandson of actors Rafael Bardem and Matilde Muñoz Sampedro (sister of actresses Mercedes and Guadalupe), and a nephew of screenwriter and director Juan Antonio Bardem. On the latter's side, he is a cousin of filmmaker Miguel Bardem. He also comes from a political background, as his uncle Juan Antonio was imprisoned by Franco for his anti-fascist films. Bardem was brought up in the Roman Catholic faith by his grandmother.


title: Javier Bardem

text: As a child, he spent time at theatres and on film sets. At age six, he made his first film appearance, in Fernando Fernán Gómez's "El Pícaro" ("The Scoundrel"). He also played rugby for the junior Spanish National Team. Though he grew up in a family full of actors, Bardem did not see himself going into the family business, and painting was his preferred medium. He went on to study painting for four years at Madrid's Escuela de Artes y oficios. In need of money he took acting jobs to support his painting, but felt he was a bad painter and eventually abandoned it as a career.


title: Javier Bardem

text: In 1989, for the Spanish comedy show "El Día Por Delante" ("The Day Ahead"), he had to wear a Superman costume for a comedic sketch, a job that made him question whether he wanted to be an actor at all. Bardem also worked as a stripper (for one day) during his struggling acting career.


title: Javier Bardem

text: Bardem came to notice in a small role in his first major motion picture, "The Ages of Lulu", when he was 21, in which he appeared along with his mother, Pilar Bardem. He also appeared in minor roles in "Amo tu cama rica" and "High Heels". Bigas Luna, the director of "Lulu", was sufficiently impressed to give him the leading male role in his next film, "Jamón Jamón" in 1992, in which Bardem played a would-be underwear model and bullfighter. The film, which also starred his eventual wife Penélope Cruz, was a major international success. Bardem featured in Sancho Gracia's "Huidos", and starred in Bigas Luna's next film "Golden Balls" (1993).


title: Javier Bardem

text: Bardem's talent did not go unnoticed in the English-speaking world. In 1997, John Malkovich was the first to approach him, then a 27-year-old, for a role in English, but the Spanish actor turned down the offer because his English was still poor. His first English-speaking role came that same year, in with director Álex de la Iglesia's "Perdita Durango", playing a santería-practicing bank robber.


title: Javier Bardem

text: After starring in about two dozen films in his native country, he gained international recognition in Julian Schnabel's "Before Night Falls" in 2000, portraying Cuban poet Reinaldo Arenas. He received praise from his idol Al Pacino; the message Pacino left on Bardem's answering machine was something he considers one of the most beautiful gifts he has ever received. For that role, he received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor, the first for a Spaniard. Immediately after, he turned down the role of Danny Witwer in "Minority Report" which eventually went to Colin Farrell. Instead, in 2002, Bardem starred in Malkovich's directorial debut, "The Dancer Upstairs". Malkovich originally had Bardem in mind for the role of the detective's assistant, but the movie's time trying to find financing gave Bardem time to learn English and take on the lead role of the detective. "I will always be grateful to him because he really gave me my very first chance to work in English", Bardem has said of Malkovich.


title: Javier Bardem

text: Bardem won Best Actor at the Venice Film Festival for his role in "Mar Adentro" (2004), released in the United States as "The Sea Inside", in which he portrayed the quadriplegic turned assisted suicide activist Ramón Sampedro. He made his Hollywood debut in a brief appearance as a crime lord who summons Tom Cruise's hitman to do the dirty work of dispatching witnesses in the crime drama "Collateral". He stars in Miloš Forman's 2006 film "Goya's Ghosts" opposite Natalie Portman, where he plays a twisted monk during the Spanish Inquisition.


title: Javier Bardem

text: In 2007, Bardem acted in two film adaptations: the Coen brothers' "No Country for Old Men", and the adaptation of the Colombian novel "Love in the Time of Cholera" with Giovanna Mezzogiorno by Gabriel García Márquez. In "No Country for Old Men", he played a sociopathic assassin, Anton Chigurh. For that role, he became the first Spaniard to win an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He also won a Golden Globe Award and Screen Actors Guild (SAG) Award for Best Supporting Actor, the Critics' Choice Award for Best Supporting Actor, and the 2008 British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) Award for Best Supporting Actor. Bardem's rendition of Chigurh's trademark word, "What business is it of yours where I'm from, friendo?" (in response to the convenience store owner's query, "Y'all gettin' any rain up your way?"), was named Top HollyWORDIE of 2007 in the annual survey by the Global Language Monitor. Chigurh was named No. 26 in "Entertainment Weekly" magazine's 2008 "50 Most Vile Villains in Movie History" list. Bardem's life's work was honored at the 2007 Gotham Awards, produced by Independent Feature Project.


title: Javier Bardem

text: Francis Ford Coppola singled out Bardem as an heir to, and even improvement on, Al Pacino, Jack Nicholson and Robert De Niro, referring to Bardem as ambitious, hungry, unwilling to rest on his laurels and always "excited to do something good." Bardem was attached to play the role of Tetro's mentor in Coppola's film "Tetro", but the director felt the character should be female, so he was replaced by fellow Spaniard Carmen Maura. Bardem was originally cast to play fictional filmmaker Guido Contini in the film adaptation of the Broadway musical "Nine", but dropped out due to exhaustion. The part eventually went to Daniel Day-Lewis. He went on to star alongside Penélope Cruz and Scarlett Johansson in Woody Allen's "Vicky Cristina Barcelona" (2008) where he earned his fourth Golden Globe Award nomination.


title: Javier Bardem

text: In 2010, he was awarded Best Actor at the Cannes Film Festival for his performance in "Biutiful" directed by Alejandro González Iñárritu, who specifically wrote the film with Bardem in mind. After being overlooked by the Globes and SAG, Bardem was the unexpected Oscar nominee on 25 January 2011, becoming the first all Spanish-language Best Actor nominee ever. He won his 5th Goya Award, this time for Best Actor in "Biutiful", dedicating the win to his wife, Penélope Cruz, and newborn son. Around this same time he was offered the lead role of "Gunslinger" Roland Deschain in Ron Howard's adaptation of Stephen King's Dark Tower novels. If he had signed, he would have starred in the TV series as well. Then Eon Productions offered him a role as villain Raoul Silva in the James Bond film "Skyfall". With Universal deciding not to go forward with the ultra-ambitious adaptation of the 7-novel Stephen King series, and to end months of speculation, Bardem officially confirmed his role in "Skyfall" during an interview with Christiane Amanpour for ABC's "Nightline".


title: Javier Bardem

text: Bardem received the 2,484th star of the Hollywood Walk of Fame on 8 November 2012. The star is located outside the El Capitan Theatre.


title: Javier Bardem

text: With his movie "Sons of the Clouds: The Last Colony" (2012), he demonstrated the suffering of the Sahrawi people in refugee camps. He publicly denounced the UN as unwilling to definitively resolve the human crisis there.


title: Javier Bardem

text: Bardem portrayed the main antagonist, Armando Salazar, in 2017's "", the fifth film in the series. In September 2017, Bardem starred with Jennifer Lawrence, Michelle Pfeiffer, and Ed Harris in the horror film "Mother!" from director Darren Aronofsky, which focuses on a couple whose lives are disrupted by the arrival of unexpected guests. In 2018, Bardem once again appeared on screen alongside his spouse Penélope Cruz in Asghar Farhadi's feature film "Everybody Knows".


title: Javier Bardem

text: In 2021, he portrayed Stilgar in Denis Villeneuve's science fiction drama "Dune". That same year, he starred as Julio Blanco in Fernando León de Aranoa's workplace satire "The Good Boss". His leading performance portraying a manipulative factory boss was considered among the finest of his career by critics, and clinched him a Goya Award. Also in 2021, he starred as Desi Arnaz, alongside Nicole Kidman as his on-screen wife Lucille Ball, in Amazon Studios' and Aaron Sorkin's "Being the Ricardos". Despite unfavorable reactions in response to his casting as Arnaz, Bardem's portrayal received praise. For his performance, he received nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role, as well as his third Academy Award nomination for Best Actor, his fourth nomination overall.


title: Javier Bardem

text: Bardem was set to play Frankenstein's Monster in the upcoming remake of the "Bride of Frankenstein", directed by Bill Condon. He appeared in the 2022 film "Lyle, Lyle, Crocodile" and is set to play King Triton in Disney's live-action/CGI movie, "The Little Mermaid", directed by Rob Marshall. Bardem will also work once again with Kidman in the upcoming Apple TV+ and Skydance Animation film, "Spellbound".


title: Javier Bardem

text: Bardem's native language is Spanish, and he is also fluent in English. He is a fan of heavy metal music, and credits the band AC/DC for helping him learn to speak English, in some respects. He is also a fan of Pearl Jam. Bardem does not drive, only getting behind the wheel for film roles, and he refers to himself as a "worker" or "entertainer," not an actor.


title: Javier Bardem

text: Although Bardem was raised as a Catholic, he is now agnostic. Following the legalization of same-sex marriage in Spain in 2005, Bardem stated that if he were gay, he would get married "right away tomorrow, just to fuck with the Church" ("mañana mismo, sólo para joder a la Iglesia"). He has later said that while he does not believe strongly in the supernatural, he does not deny it. "We are just this little tiny spot in the whole universe, so of course there must be other things, other people, other creatures, other lives and other dimensions. Sure, I believe in it". In the same interview, Bardem stated that he thinks science and belief "should go together".


title: Javier Bardem

text: Despite the villainous characters he has played throughout his acting career, Bardem has a self-confessed “hatred” of violence which stems from a fight in a nightclub in his early twenties which left him with a broken nose.


title: Javier Bardem

text: In May 2011 Bardem teamed up with The Enough Project's co-founder John Prendergast to raise awareness about conflict minerals in eastern Congo.


title: Javier Bardem

text: In 2007, Bardem began dating Penélope Cruz, his co-star in "Vicky Cristina Barcelona". Bardem and Cruz have maintained a low public profile, refusing to discuss their personal lives. The couple married in July 2010 in The Bahamas. They have two children: a son, named Leo Encinas Cruz, born on 23 January 2011, in Los Angeles; and a daughter, named Luna Encinas Cruz, born on 22 July 2013, in Madrid.


title: Javier Bardem

text: During the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, Bardem and Cruz signed an open letter denouncing Israel's actions as a genocide.


title: Javier Bardem

text: In September 2018, at the Toronto Film Festival premiere of "Everybody Knows", Bardem told "Ikon London Magazine" about acting together with his spouse: "I find it very easy. In a sense that we play what we are supposed to play and then we go back to our daily life which is way more interesting than any fiction. And it is real."


title: Javier Bardem

text: In July 2019, Bardem signed a manifesto urging PSOE and Podemos parties to reach an agreement to form government after the April 2019 elections in Spain.


title: Javier Bardem

text: In Madrid, in November 2019 during March for Climate, Bardem gave a speech on stage where he called both the mayor of Madrid José Luis Martínez-Almeida and the US president "stupid". He later apologized, declaring that "the insult illegitimates any speech and conversation."


title: Javier Bardem

text: Over his career, he has been recognized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for the following performances:


title: Jayne Mansfield

text: Jayne Mansfield (born Vera Jayne Palmer; April 19, 1933 – June 29, 1967) was an American actress, singer, nightclub entertainer, and "Playboy" Playmate. A sex symbol of the 1950s and early 1960s while under contract at 20th Century Fox, Mansfield was known for her well-publicized personal life and publicity stunts. Her film career was short-lived, but she had several box-office successes and won a Theatre World Award and a Golden Globe Award.


title: Jayne Mansfield

text: Mansfield enjoyed success in the role of fictional actress Rita Marlowe in the Broadway play "Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?" (1955–1956), which she reprised in the film adaptation of the same name (1957). Her other film roles include the musical comedy "The Girl Can't Help It" (1956), the drama "The Wayward Bus" (1957), the neo-noir "Too Hot to Handle" (1960), and the sex comedy "Promises! Promises!" (1963); the latter established Mansfield as the first major American actress to perform in a nude scene in a post-silent era film.


title: Jayne Mansfield

text: Mansfield took her professional name from her first husband, public relations professional Paul Mansfield. She married three times, each marriage ending in divorce, and had five children. She was allegedly intimately involved with numerous men, including Robert and John F. Kennedy, her attorney Samuel S. Brody, and Las Vegas entertainer Nelson Sardelli. On June 29, 1967, she died in an automobile crash in New Orleans at the age of 34.


title: Jayne Mansfield

text: Jayne Mansfield was born Vera Jayne Palmer on April 19, 1933, in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania the only child of Herbert William Palmer, of English and German ancestry, and Vera Jeffrey (née Palmer) Palmer, of English and Cornish descent. She inherited more than $90,000 from her maternal grandfather, Thomas ($ in dollars), and more than $36,000 from her maternal grandmother, Beatrice Mary Palmer, in 1958 ($ in dollars).


title: Jayne Mansfield

text: Palmer spent her early childhood in Phillipsburg, New Jersey, where her father was an attorney practicing with future New Jersey governor Robert B. Meyner. In 1936, her father died of a heart attack. In 1939, Palmer's mother married sales engineer Harry Lawrence Peers and the family moved to Dallas, Texas, where she was known as Vera Jayne Peers. As a child, she wanted to be a Hollywood star like Shirley Temple. At age 12, Palmer took ballroom dance lessons. She graduated from Highland Park High School in 1950. While in high school, Palmer took violin, piano, and viola lessons. She also studied Spanish and German. Palmer received grades in the high Bs in all subjects consistently.


title: Jayne Mansfield

text: At age 19, she married Paul Mansfield on May 6, 1950. Their daughter, Jayne Marie Mansfield, was born six months later, on November 8, 1950. Jayne and her husband enrolled in Southern Methodist University to study acting. In 1951, Jayne moved to Los Angeles and attended a summer semester at UCLA. She entered the Miss California contest but Paul found out and forced her to withdraw from the competition. She then moved to Austin, Texas, with her husband, and studied dramatics at the University of Texas at Austin. There, Mansfield worked as a nude art model, sold books door-to-door, and worked as a receptionist at a dance studio. She also joined the Curtain Club, a campus theatrical society that included lyricist Tom Jones, composer Harvey Schmidt, and actors Rip Torn and Pat Hingle among its members. Mansfield then spent a year at Camp Gordon, Georgia (a US Army training facility), when Paul Mansfield served in the United States Army Reserve in the Korean War.


title: Jayne Mansfield

text: In 1953, she moved back to Dallas and studied acting for several months under Baruch Lumet, the father of director Sidney Lumet and founder of the Dallas Institute of Performing Arts. Lumet gave Mansfield private lessons and called Mansfield and Rip Torn his "kids". Eventually, Lumet helped Jayne get her first screen test at Paramount in April 1954. Paul, Jayne, and Jayne Marie moved to Los Angeles in 1954. Jayne worked at a variety of odd jobs including: selling popcorn at the Stanley Warner Theatre, teaching dance, selling candy at a movie theater, modeling part-time at the Blue Book Model Agency, and working as a photographer at Esther Williams' Trails Restaurant.


title: Jayne Mansfield

text: While attending the University of Texas at Austin, Mansfield won several beauty contests, including Miss Photoflash, Miss Magnesium Lamp, and Miss Fire Prevention Week. By her own account, the only title she refused was Miss Roquefort Cheese, because she believed it "just didn't sound right". Jayne later also rejected "Miss Prime Rib" in 1957. In 1952, while in Dallas, she and Paul Mansfield participated in small local-theater productions of "The Slaves of Demon Rum" and "Ten Nights in a Barroom", and "Anything Goes" in Camp Gordon, Georgia. After he left for military service, she made her first significant stage appearance in a production of Arthur Miller's "Death of a Salesman" on October 22, 1953, with the players of the Knox Street Theater, headed by Lumet. While at UCLA, she entered the Miss California contest (hiding her marital status), and won the local round before withdrawing.


title: Jayne Mansfield

text: Early in her career, some advertisers considered her prominent breasts undesirable, which led to her losing her first professional assignment – a commercial for General Electric that depicted young women in bathing suits relaxing around a pool. Emmeline Snively, head of the Blue Book Model Agency, had sent her to photographer Gene Lester, which led to her short-lived assignment in the General Electric commercial. In 1954, she auditioned at both Paramount Pictures and Warner Bros. At Paramount, Jayne performed a sketch she had worked out with Lumet from "Joan of Arc" for casting director Milton Lewis. Lewis informed her that she was wasting her "obvious talents" and had her come back a week later to perform the piano scene from "The Seven Year Itch". Jayne failed to impress but learned she would have to go blonde. She then performed the piano scene for Warner Brothers, but, again, failed to impress. She landed her first acting assignment in "Lux Video Theatre", a series on CBS in the episode "An Angel Went AWOL", aired on October 21, 1954. In it, she sat at a piano and delivered a few lines of dialogue for $300 ($ in dollars).


title: Jayne Mansfield

text: In December 1953, Hugh Hefner began publishing "Playboy". The magazine became a success, in part, because of early appearances from Mansfield, Marilyn Monroe, Bettie Page, and Anita Ekberg. In February 1955, Mansfield was the "Playboy" Playmate of the Month, and appeared in the magazine several times. Her February appearance increased the magazine's circulation and helped boost Mansfield's career. Shortly afterward, she posed for the "Playboy" calendar, covering her breasts with her hands. "Playboy" featured Mansfield each February from 1955 to 1958, and again in 1960.


title: Jayne Mansfield

text: In August 1956, Paul Mansfield sought custody of his daughter, alleging that Jayne was an unfit mother because she appeared nude in "Playboy". In 1964, the magazine repeated the 1955 pictorial. "Playboy" reprinted photos from that pictorial issue, with titles such as December 1965's "The "Playboy" Portfolio of Sex Stars", and January 2000s "Centerfolds of the Century".


title: Jayne Mansfield

text: Mansfield's first film part was a supporting role in "Female Jungle", a low-budget drama completed in ten days. Her part was filmed over a few days, and she was paid $150 ($ in dollars). It was released unofficially in early 1955. In February 1955, James Byron, her manager and publicist, negotiated a seven-year contract with Warner Brothers, who were intrigued by her publicity antics. The contract initially paid her $250 a week ($ in dollars) and landed her two films – one with an insignificant role and another unreleased for two years. She filed for separation from Paul Mansfield that January. Mansfield was given bit parts in "Pete Kelly's Blues" (1955), starring Jack Webb, and "Hell on Frisco Bay" (1955), starring Alan Ladd. She acted in one more movie for Warner Brothers – another small but significant role opposite Edward G. Robinson in the courtroom drama "Illegal" (1955).


title: Jayne Mansfield

text: Mansfield's agent, William Shiffrin, signed her to play fictional film star Rita Marlowe in the Broadway play "Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?" with Orson Bean and Walter Matthau. She accepted the part while working in producer Louis W. Kellman's "The Burglar" (1957), director Paul Wendkos's film adaptation of David Goodis' novel, made in film noir style. Mansfield appeared alongside Dan Duryea and Martha Vickers. It was released two years later, when Mansfield's fame was at its peak. She was successful in this straight dramatic role, though most of her subsequent film appearances were comedic or capitalized on her sex appeal. It was Kellman's first major venture, and he claimed to have "discovered" Mansfield. She was announced for "Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?" in mid-July 1955 and was dropped by Warner Brothers on July 31.Twentieth Century-Fox signed Mansfield to a six-year contract on May 3, 1956, in its New York office to mold her as a successor to the increasingly difficult Marilyn Monroe, their resident blonde sex symbol, who had just completed the very difficult "Bus Stop." Mansfield was still under contract to Broadway and continued playing "Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?" on stage until September 15, 1956. She undertook her first starring film role as Jerri Jordan in Frank Tashlin's "The Girl Can't Help It" (1956). Originally titled "Do-Re-Mi", it featured a high-profile cast of contemporary rock and roll and R&B artists including Gene Vincent, Eddie Cochran, Fats Domino, The Platters and Little Richard. Released in December 1956, "The Girl Can't Help It" became one of the year's biggest successes, both critically and financially, earning more than "Gentlemen Prefer Blondes" had three years before. Soon afterward, Fox started promoting Mansfield as "Marilyn Monroe king-sized", attempting to coerce Monroe to return to the studio and complete her contract. Mansfield next played a dramatic role in "The Wayward Bus" (1957), an adaptation of John Steinbeck's novel of the same name. With this film, she attempted to move away from her "blonde bombshell" image and establish herself as a serious actress. The film enjoyed moderate box-office success, and Mansfield won a Golden Globe in 1957 for New Star of the Year, beating Carroll Baker and Natalie Wood for her performance as a "wistful derelict". It was "generally conceded to have been her best acting", according to "The New York Times", in a fitful career hampered by her flamboyant image, distinctive voice ("a soft-voiced coo punctuated with squeals"), voluptuous figure and limited acting range. Tashlin cast Mansfield in the film version of the Broadway show "Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?", released in 1957, reprising her role of Rita Marlowe alongside costars Tony Randall and Joan Blondell. Fox launched its new blonde bombshell with a North American tour and a 40-day, 16-country tour of Europe. She attended the premiere of the film (released as "Oh! For a Man" in the UK) in London, and met Queen Elizabeth II.


title: Jayne Mansfield

text: Mansfield's fourth starring role in a Hollywood film was in "Kiss Them for Me" (also 1957), for which she received prominent billing alongside Cary Grant. However, in the film itself she is little more than comic relief; Grant's character relates to a redhead played by fashion model Suzy Parker. The film, described as "vapid" and "ill-advised", was a critical and box-office flop, and marked one of the last attempts by 20th Century-Fox to publicize Mansfield. The continuing publicity surrounding Mansfield's physical appearance failed to sustain her career. Fox gave her a leading role opposite Kenneth More in "The Sheriff of Fractured Jaw" (1958), a western comedy filmed on location in Spain. In the film, Mansfield's three songs were dubbed by singer Connie Francis. Fox released the film in the United States in 1959, and it was Mansfield's last mainstream film success. Columbia Pictures offered her a part opposite James Stewart and Jack Lemmon in the romantic comedy "Bell, Book and Candle" (1958), but she turned it down because she was pregnant. Fox then attempted to cast Mansfield opposite Paul Newman in "Rally 'Round the Flag, Boys!" (1958), his ill-fated first attempt at comedy.


title: Jayne Mansfield

text: With a decreased demand for big-breasted, blonde bombshells and an increasing negative backlash against her excessive publicity, Mansfield became a box-office has-been by the early 1960s, yet she remained a celebrity, still able to attract large crowds outside the United States by way of lucrative and successful nightclub acts.


title: Jayne Mansfield

text: Mansfield gained no major star role in film roles after 1959. She was unable to fulfill a third of her contract with Fox due to her reported "repeated pregnancies". Fox stopped viewing her as a major Hollywood star and started loaning her and her likeness out to foreign productions in England and Italy, respectively, until the end of her contract in 1962. Many of her English/Italian films are regarded obscure and some considered lost.


title: Jayne Mansfield

text: In 1959, Fox cast her in two independent gangster films shot in the United Kingdom: "The Challenge" and "Too Hot to Handle", both released the following year. Both films were low-budget, and their American releases were delayed. "Too Hot to Handle" was not released in the United States until 1961 as "Playgirl After Dark". "The Challenge" was released in 1963 as "It Takes a Thief". In the United States, censors objected to a scene in "Too Hot to Handle" in which Mansfield, wearing silver netting with sequins painted over her nipples, appears nearly nude.


title: Jayne Mansfield

text: When Mansfield returned to Hollywood in mid-1960, 20th Century Fox cast her in "It Happened in Athens" (1962) with Trax Colton, a handsome newcomer Fox was trying to mold into a heartthrob. She received first billing above the title but appeared in only a supporting role. The Olympic Games-based film was shot in Greece in the fall of 1960 but was not released until June 1962. It was a box-office failure, and 20th Century Fox dropped Mansfield's contract. In 1961, Mansfield signed on for a minor role but above-the-title billing in "The George Raft Story", released the following year. Starring Ray Danton as Raft, the film showcased Mansfield in a small part as a glamorous film star. Soon after the film's release, she returned to European films, appearing in low-budget foreign films such as "Heimweh nach St. Pauli" (1963, Germany), "L'Amore Primitivo" (1964, Italy), "Panic Button" (1964, Italy) and "Einer frisst den anderen" (1964, Germany).


title: Jayne Mansfield

text: Tommy Noonan persuaded Mansfield to become the first mainstream American actress to appear nude in a starring role, in the film "Promises! Promises!" (1963). "Playboy" published nude photographs of Mansfield on the set in its June 1963 issue, resulting in obscenity charges against Hugh Hefner in a Chicago court. "Promises! Promises!" was banned in Cleveland, Ohio, but enjoyed box-office success elsewhere. As a result of the film's success, Mansfield landed on the Top 10 list of box-office attractions for that year. Soon after her success in "Promises! Promises!", Mansfield was chosen from many other actresses to replace the recently deceased Marilyn Monroe in "Kiss Me, Stupid" (1964), a romantic comedy also starring Dean Martin. She turned down the role because of her pregnancy with daughter Mariska Hargitay, and was replaced by Kim Novak. That same year, Mansfield appeared in a pinup book called "Jayne Mansfield for President: the White House or Bust," which was promoted on billboards; David Attie, a commercial and fine art photographer, took the photographs.


title: Jayne Mansfield

text: In 1966, Mansfield was cast in "Single Room Furnished", directed by husband Matt Cimber. The film required Mansfield to portray three different characters, and was her first starring, dramatic role in several years. It was released briefly in 1966, but did not enjoy a full release until 1968, almost a year after her death. After "Single Room Furnished" wrapped, Mansfield was cast opposite Mamie Van Doren and Ferlin Husky in "The Las Vegas Hillbillys" (1966), a low-budget comedy from Woolner Brothers. It was her first country and western film, and she promoted it through a 29-day tour of major U.S. cities, accompanied by Husky, Don Bowman and other country musicians. Before filming began, Mansfield said she would not "share any screen time with the drive-in's answer to Marilyn Monroe", meaning Van Doren. Though their characters did share one scene, Mansfield and Van Doren filmed their parts at different times to be edited together later.


title: Jayne Mansfield

text: Mansfield's wardr≤obe relied on the shapeless styles of the 1960s to hide her weight gain after the birth of her fifth child. Despite career setbacks, she remained a highly visible celebrity during the early 1960s through her publicity antics and stage performances. In early 1967, Mansfield filmed her last role, a cameo in "A Guide for the Married Man", a comedy starring Walter Matthau, Robert Morse and Inger Stevens. The opening credits listed Mansfield as one of the technical advisers, along with other star names.


title: Jayne Mansfield

text: Mansfield played her first leading role on television in 1956 on NBC's "The Bachelor". In her first appearance on British television in 1957, she recited from Shakespeare (including a line from "Hamlet") and played piano and violin. Her notable performances in television dramas included episodes of "Burke's Law", "Alfred Hitchcock Presents", "The Red Skelton Hour" (three episodes), "Kraft Mystery Theater" and "Follow the Sun". Mansfield's performance in her first series "Follow the Sun" ("The Dumbest Blonde"; Season 1, Episode 21; February 4, 1962; produced by 20th Century Fox Television) was hailed as the advent of "a new and dramatic Jayne Mansfield". She appeared on a number of game shows including "Talk it up," "Down You Go" (as a regular panelist), "The Match Game" (one rare episode has her as a team captain), and "What's My Line?" (as a special mystery guest).


title: Jayne Mansfield

text: She performed in a number of variety shows including "The Jack Benny Program" (on which she played violin), "The Steve Allen Show" and "The Jackie Gleason Show" (during the mid-1960s, when the show was the second-highest-rated program in the U.S.). In November 1957, in a special episode of NBC's "The Perry Como Show" ("Holiday in Las Vegas"), one of her nightclub acts was featured, something quite scandalous for the audience according to the broadcaster. She was a member of the headlining guests for three of "The Bob Hope Special"s. In 1957, she toured United States Pacific Command areas in Hawaii, Okinawa, Guam, Tokyo and Korea with Bob Hope for the United Service Organizations for 13 days appearing as a comedian; and in 1961, toured Newfoundland, Labrador and Baffin Island in Canada for a Christmas special. Her talk show career includes a large number of appearances which she appreciated for the publicity. One of her more notable appearances on a variety show was on "The Ed Sullivan Show" (Season 10, Episode 35; May 26, 1957) right after her success with "Rock Hunter", where she played violin with a six-person backup band. After the show she exclaimed, "Now I am really national. Momma and Dallas see the Ed Sullivan show!"


title: Jayne Mansfield

text: By 1958, she earned $20,000 per episode for television performances ($ in dollars). In 1964, Mansfield turned down the role of Ginger Grant on the up-and-coming television sitcom "Gilligan's Island". Although her acting roles were becoming marginalized, Mansfield rejected the part as it epitomized the stereotype she wished to rid herself of. The part eventually went to Tina Louise. A widespread rumor that Mansfield had a breast-flashing dress mishap at the 1957 Academy Awards was found baseless by Academy researchers. Ten days before her death, she read "To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time", a poem by Robert Herrick about early death on "The Joey Bishop Show" – her last television appearance.


title: Jayne Mansfield

text: As late as the mid-1980s, Mansfield remained one of the biggest television draws. In 1980, "The Jayne Mansfield Story" aired on CBS starring Loni Anderson in the title role and Arnold Schwarzenegger as Mickey Hargitay. It was nominated for three Emmy Awards. A+E Networks TV series Biography featured her in an episode titled "Jayne Mansfield: Blonde Ambition". The TV series won an Emmy Award in the outstanding non-fiction TV series category in 2001. A&E again featured her life in another TV serial, "Dangerous Curves", in 1999. In 1988, her story and archival footage was a part of the TV documentary "Hollywood Sex Symbols".


title: Jayne Mansfield

text: Between 1951 and 1953 she acted in "The Slaves of Demon Rum", "Ten Nights in a Barroom", "Macbeth", and "Anything Goes". Her performance in an October 1953 production of Arthur Miller's "Death of a Salesman" attracted Paramount Pictures to audition her. Lumet trained her for the audition. In 1955, she went to New York and appeared in the Broadway production of George Axelrod's comedy "Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?", also featuring Orson Bean and Walter Matthau. It was her first major stage performance, garnering her critical attention which was not always positive. She starred as Rita Marlowe (a wild, blonde Hollywood starlet à la Monroe) in the musical spoofing Hollywood in general and Marilyn Monroe in particular. Her wardrobe, namely a bath-towel, caused a sensation. She received a Theatre World Award (Promising Personality) for her performance in 1956, as well as a Golden Globe Award (New Star of the year, Actress) in 1957. Brooks Atkinson of the "New York Times" described the "commendable abandon" of her scantily clad rendition of Rita Marlowe in the play as "a platinum-pated movie siren with the wavy contours of Marilyn Monroe". She performed in about 450 shows between 1955 and 1956. At the time, she was considered one of the biggest Broadway-to-Hollywood success stories.


title: Jayne Mansfield

text: In 1964, she performed in stage productions of "Gentlemen Prefer Blondes" at Carousel Theater, and "Bus Stop" at Yonkers Playhouse. Both co-starred Mickey Hargitay and were well-reviewed. Mansfield toured small U.S. towns alternating between the two plays. In 1965, she performed in another pair of plays – "Rabbit Habit" at the Latin Quarter and "Champagne Complex", directed by Matt Cimber, at the Pabst Theater; both received poor reviews.


title: Jayne Mansfield

text: In February 1958, the Tropicana Las Vegas launched Mansfield's striptease revue "The Tropicana Holiday" (produced by Monte Proser, co-starring Mickey Hargitay) under a four-week contract that was extended to eight. The opening night raised $20,000 for March of Dimes ($ in dollars). She received $25,000 per week for her performance as Trixie Divoon in the show ($ in dollars), while her contract with 20th Century Fox was paying her $2,500 per week ($ in dollars). She had a million-dollar policy with Lloyd's of London in case Hargitay dropped her as he whirled her around for the show. In 1959, Jayne returned to the Tropicana and made $30,000 per week, with her show being extended twice. In December 1960, the Dunes hotel and casino launched Mansfield's revue "The House of Love" (produced by Jack Cole, co-starring Hargitay). She received a salary of $35,000 a week ($ in dollars) – the highest in her career.


title: Jayne Mansfield

text: Her wardrobe for the shows at Tropicana and Dunes featured a gold mesh dress with sequins to cover her nipples and pubic region. That controversial sheer dress was referred to as "Jayne Mansfield and a few sequins". In early 1963, she performed in her first club engagement outside Las Vegas, at the Plantation Supper Club in Greensboro, North Carolina, earning $23,000 in a week ($ in dollars), and then at Iroquois Gardens in Louisville, Kentucky. She returned to Las Vegas in 1966, but her show was staged on Fremont Street, away from the Strip where the Tropicana and Dunes were. Her last nightclub act "French Dressing" was at the Latin Quarter in New York in 1966, also repeated at the Tropicana. It was a modified version of the Tropicana show, and ran for six weeks with fair success.


title: Jayne Mansfield

text: Her nightclub career became inspirations for films, documentaries, and a musical album. 20th Century Fox Records recorded "The House of Love" for an album entitled "Jayne Mansfield Busts Up Las Vegas" in 1962. She played the roles of burlesque entertainer Midnight Franklin in "Too Hot to Handle" (1960) and Las Vegas show girl Tawni Downs in "The Las Vegas Hillbillys" (1966). In 1967, an independent documentary "Spree" (alternative title "Las Vegas by Night") on the antics of Las Vegas entertainers was released. The film, narrated as a part of a travelogue of Vic Damone and Juliet Prowse, featured Mansfield, Hargitay, Constance Moore and Clara Ward as guest stars. Mansfield strips and sings "Promise Her Anything" from the film "Promises! Promises!". A court order prohibited using any of the guest stars to promote the film.


title: Jayne Mansfield

text: In her later career she was busier on stage, performing and making appearances with her nightclub acts, club engagements, and performance tours. By 1960, she made personal appearances for everything from supermarket promotions to drug store openings, at $10,000 per appearance ($ in dollars).


title: Jayne Mansfield

text: Mansfield had classical training in piano and violin. She sang in film soundtracks, on stage for her theatrical and nightclub performances, and had singles and albums released. After her death, Mansfield became an inspiration for punk-rock musicians.


title: Jayne Mansfield

text: Mansfield sang in English and German for a number of her films, including "The Girl Can't Help It" ("Ev'rytime" and "Rock Around the Rock Pile"), "Illegal" ("Too Marvelous for Words"), "The Las Vegas Hillbillys" ("That Makes It"), "Too Hot to Handle" ("Too Hot To Handle", "You Were Made For Me", "Monsoon" and "Midnight"), "Homesick for St. Pauli" ("Wo Ist Der Mann" and "Snicksnack Snuckelchen"), "The Challenge" ("The Challenge of Love"), "The Sheriff of Fractured Jaw" ("Strolling Down The Lane With Billy" and "If The San Francisco Hills Could Only Talk"), and "Promises! Promises!" ("I'm in Love", alternative title "Lullaby of Love").