title: John Frusciante

text: In 2001, Frusciante began recording his fourth album with Red Hot Chili Peppers, "By the Way" (2002); he considered the time to be among the happiest in his life. He relished the chance the album gave him to "keep writing better songs". While working on "By the Way", he also composed most of what would become "Shadows Collide with People", as well as the songs created for the film "The Brown Bunny". His goal to improve his guitar playing on the album was largely driven by a desire to emulate guitar players such as Johnny Marr, John McGeoch and Andy Partridge. He wanted to listen to these musicians "who weren't just about technique but more about textures", or as he put it, "people who used good chords". The album marked Frusciante's shift to a more group-minded mentality within the Red Hot Chili Peppers, viewing the band as a cohesive unit rather than as four separate entities.


title: John Frusciante

text: Frusciante wrote and recorded a plethora of songs during and after the "By the Way" tour. In February 2004, he started a side project with Joe Lally of Fugazi and Josh Klinghoffer, called Ataxia. The group was together for about two weeks, during which they recorded about ninety minutes of material. After two days in the recording studio, they played two shows at the Knitting Factory in Hollywood, and spent two more days in the studio before disbanding. Later that year, five songs provided by Frusciante appeared on "The Brown Bunny" soundtrack.


title: John Frusciante

text: Frusciante released his fourth full-length solo album "Shadows Collide with People" on February 24, 2004. This featured guest appearances from some of his friends, including Klinghoffer, and bandmates Smith and Flea. In June 2004, he announced that he would be releasing six records over six months: "The Will to Death", Ataxia's "Automatic Writing", "DC EP", "Inside of Emptiness", "A Sphere in the Heart of Silence" and "Curtains". With the release of "Curtains", Frusciante debuted his only music video of 2004, for the track "The Past Recedes". He wanted to produce these records quickly and inexpensively on analog tape, avoiding modern studio and computer-assisted recording processes. Frusciante noted, "These six records were recorded in a period of six months after coming home from touring with the Chili Peppers for one-and-a-half years. I made a list of all the songs I had and they totaled about seventy. My objective was to record as many songs as I could during the break that I had. In the midst of doing that, I was writing some of my best songs, so some of these albums have as many new songs as old songs. It was definitely the most productive time of my life."


title: John Frusciante

text: In early 2005, Frusciante entered the studio to work on his fifth studio album with the Red Hot Chili Peppers, "Stadium Arcadium". His guitar playing is dominant throughout the album, and he provides backing vocals on most of the tracks. Although usually following a "less is more" style of guitar playing, he began using a full twenty-four track mixer for maximum effect. In the arrangements, he incorporates a wide array of sounds and playing styles, similar to the funk-influenced "Blood Sugar Sex Magik" or the more melodic "By the Way". He also changed his approach to his playing, opting to contribute solos and let songs form from jam sessions. In an interview from "Guitar World", Frusciante explained how he approached his guitar solos for their album "Stadium Arcadium" completely differently from those for their previous albums. On "Blood Sugar Sex Magik" and "Californication", Frusciante had a general idea how he wanted his guitar solos to sound. For Stadium Arcadium, almost every guitar solo was completely improvised by Frusciante on the spot. Several reviews have stressed that the influence of Hendrix is evident in his solos on the album, with Frusciante himself backing this up. He also expanded the use of guitar effects throughout the album, and used various other instruments such as the synthesizer and mellotron. He worked continuously with Rubin over-dubbing guitar progressions, changing harmonies and using all his technical resources.


title: John Frusciante

text: Frusciante began a series of collaborations with friend Omar Rodríguez-López and his band the Mars Volta, by contributing guitar and electronic instrumentation to song "Cicatriz ESP" off their album "De-Loused in the Comatorium". He also contributed guitar solos on their 2005 album "Frances the Mute". In 2006, he played guitar on seven of the eight tracks on The Mars Volta's “Amputechture.” In return, Rodríguez-López has played on several of Frusciante's solo albums, as well as making a guest appearance on "Stadium Arcadium".


title: John Frusciante

text: Ataxia released its second and final studio album, "AW II" in 2007. Following the "Stadium Arcadium" tour (early May 2006 to late August 2007), the Red Hot Chili Peppers agreed to a hiatus of indefinite length. In early 2008, Anthony Kiedis finally confirmed this, citing exhaustion from constant work since "Californication" as the main reason. Frusciante quit the group on July 29, 2009, but did not publicly announce his departure until December 2009, two months after the band ended their hiatus in October 2009 and began work on their next album with Josh Klinghoffer as their new guitarist.


title: John Frusciante

text: Frusciante's tenth solo album, "The Empyrean", was released on January 20, 2009, through Record Collection. The record—a concept album—was in production between December 2006 and March 2008. "The Empyrean" features an array of musicians including Frusciante's Chili Peppers bandmate Flea, friends Josh Klinghoffer and former Smiths guitarist Johnny Marr, as well as guest musicians including Sonus Quartet and New Dimension Singers. Frusciante stated: "I'm really happy with [the record] and I've listened to it a lot for the psychedelic experience it provides," suggesting the album is "to be played as loud as possible and is suited to dark living rooms late at night."


title: John Frusciante

text: After leaving the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Frusciante focused on making electronic music. He learned to program instruments associated with acid house, and wrote on his blog: "My skills at making rock music [were] playing no part in it whatsoever. I had lost interest in traditional songwriting and I was excited about finding new methods for creating music." During this time, Frusciante founded an electronic trio with Aaron Funk and Chris McDonald under the name Speed Dealer Moms. Their first EP was released in December 2010 on Planet Mu Records.


title: John Frusciante

text: Frusciante released an EP, "Letur-Lefr," on July 17, 2012. As with his previous solo releases, it was released through Record Collection Music. It marked a clear departure from the guitar-driven sound of Frusciante's previous albums, with elements of abstract electronica, pop and hip hop. On September 25, 2012, Frusciante released his ninth studio album, "PBX Funicular Intaglio Zone." Frusciante released an instrumental, "Wayne", on April 7, 2013, through his website. It was written and dedicated to the memory of his late friend, former Red Hot Chili Peppers' tour chef Wayne Forman.


title: John Frusciante

text: "Outsides", Frusciante's fifth EP, was released in August 2013. That year, he produced and featured on an album by the hip hop group Black Knights. "Medieval Chamber", released on January 14, 2014. Frusciante also became involved in Kimono Kult, a project including his wife Nicole Turley, Omar Rodríguez-López, Teri Gender Bender (Le Butcherettes, Bosnian Rainbows), string musician Laena Geronimo (Raw Geronimo) and guitarist Dante White (Dante Vs. Zombies, Starlite Desperation). Their debut EP, "Hiding in the Light" was produced by Turley and was released on her record label Neurotic Yell in March 2014. A track "Todo Menos El Dolor" was released on SoundCloud on January 16. Having released "Scratch", a single recorded during the "PBX Funicular Intaglio Zone" sessions, Frusciante released his tenth studio album, "Enclosure", on April 8, 2014. In April 2015, Frusciante released his first album under the alias of Trickfinger. The album of the same name is Frusciante's first experimenting with the acid house genre. He previously released an EP, "Sect In Sgt" under this alias in 2012.


title: John Frusciante

text: Acid Test Records announced on February 15, 2016, that Frusciante would release an EP of electronic music on April 16, 2016, entitled "Foregrow". The EP was released on the 2016 Record Store Day and comprised the title track, recorded for RZA's film "The Man with the Iron Fists", and three instrumental tracks.


title: John Frusciante

text: On November 24, 2015, Frusciante announced that he was releasing free unreleased songs dating from 2008 to 2013 on his official Bandcamp and SoundCloud pages. He also debunked the interview about him retiring from the music industry, saying that his words were taken out of context. The announcement was made via Frusciante's rarely updated website in an open letter titled "Hello audience," where Frusciante provides an in-depth response to the website that, according to him, took his words out of context. He writes, "I also must clear something up. I normally don't read my press, but I heard about this quote, recently taken out of context by some lame website and made into a headline, in which I said 'I have no audience'. This has been misinterpreted, and by no fault of the excellent journalist who interviewed me for the fine publication "Electronic Beats". ... Obviously I have a public audience. I am aware of them, and they know who they are." He continues, "Reduced to a single sentence, it would have been accurate to say that, at this point, I have no particular audience in mind while I am making music."


title: John Frusciante

text: On June 13, 2017, Frusciante, under the alias of Trickfinger, announced that he would be releasing his second studio album "Trickfinger II" on September 8, 2017, on the label Acid Test. The six songs, which were never intended to be released, were originally recorded in 2007.


title: John Frusciante

text: On December 15, 2019, the Red Hot Chili Peppers announced that Frusciante had rejoined, replacing Klinghoffer. They had been working a new album with Klinghoffer, but had made little progress; Frusciante said: "Flea had put the idea [of rejoining] in my head and I was sitting there with the guitar thinking that I hadn't written any rock music in so long. Could I still do that?" Frusciante reflected on his time with the band, and felt he had been too controlling; he said: "If I just try to let them be themselves, rather than making my own visions the center of everything. It felt like if somehow any of us died leaving it the way it was, it would be terrible." In an interview, Klinghoffer said there was no animosity around his exit: "It's absolutely John's place to be in that band ... I'm happy that he's back with them." Flea said that "artistically, in terms of being able to speak the same [musical] language, it was easier working with John".


title: John Frusciante

text: On February 8, 2020, Frusciante performed with the Chili Peppers for the first time in 13 years, at a memorial service held by the Tony Hawk Foundation for late film producer Andrew Burkle, son of billionaire Ronald Burkle. Frusciante said he had found it exciting to play guitar again after having focused on electronic music in his solo work for several years. "Unlimited Love", the Red Hot Chili Peppers' twelfth studio album and their first with Frusciante in sixteen years, was released on April 1, 2022. On June 4, the Red Hot Chili Peppers began an international stadium tour. On October 14, 2022 the Chili Peppers released their thirteenth studio album, Return of the Dream Canteen, which was recorded during the same sessions as Unlimited Love


title: John Frusciante

text: In 2020, Frusciante released the albums "Look Down, See Us" and "She Smiles Because She Presses the Button," and the instrumental electronic album "Maya". He said he had become less interested in singing and writing lyrics, and that he enjoyed "the back and forth with machines and the computer". Frusciante and Flea contributed a cover of "Not Great Men" to a 2021 tribute album to Gang of Four, "The Problem of Leisure: A Celebration of Andy Gill and Gang of Four". Frusciante will release two new albums, titled .I: and :II. jointly on February 3, 2023. Frusciante commented on the albums, saying that "after a year and a half of writing and recording rock music, I needed to clear my head."


title: John Frusciante

text: Frusciante played guitar on five of The Mars Volta's studio albums, as well as Rodríguez-López's solo albums "Se Dice Bisonte, No Búfalo" and "Calibration (Is Pushing Luck and Key Too Far)". He also functioned as executive producer for Rodríguez-López's directorial film debut, "The Sentimental Engine Slayer". The film debuted at the Rotterdam Film Festival in February 2010. Along with work on the film, Frusciante and Rodríguez-López have released two collaborative records in May 2010. The first is the album "Omar Rodriguez Lopez & John Frusciante", an album with just the two of them, the other a quartet record, "Sepulcros de Miel", consisting of Rodríguez-López, Frusciante, Juan Alderete and Marcel Rodríguez-López.


title: John Frusciante

text: In a 2012 interview with Blare Magazine, when asked about possible future collaborations with Frusciante, Omar Rodríguez-López stated: "Maybe in the future, but John's in a different place right now. He's in a place where he couldn't care less about putting things out or about something being a product. He's living by different standards right now with a different philosophy, so he doesn't want to be a part of anything that he knows is going to end up being a product. A Mars Volta record definitely ends up being a product".


title: John Frusciante

text: Frusciante's musical style has evolved over the course of his career. Although he received moderate recognition for his early guitar work, it was not until later in his career that music critics and guitarists alike began to fully recognize it: in October 2003, he was ranked eighteenth in "Rolling Stone"'s list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time". Frusciante attributes this recent recognition to his shift in focus, stating that he chose an approach based on rhythmic patterns inspired by the complexity of material Jimi Hendrix and Eddie Van Halen produced. On earlier records, however, much of his output was influenced by various underground punk and new wave musicians.


title: John Frusciante

text: In general, his sound is also defined by an affinity for vintage guitars. All the guitars that he owns, records, and tours with were made before 1970. Frusciante uses the specific guitar that he finds appropriate for a certain song. All of the guitars he owned before quitting the band were destroyed when his house burned down in 1993. The first guitar he bought after rejoining the Chili Peppers was a 1962 red Fender Jaguar. His most-often used guitar, however, is a 1962 Sunburst Fender Stratocaster that was given to him as a gift from Anthony Kiedis after Frusciante rejoined the Chili Peppers in 1998. He has played this guitar on every album since rejoining the Chili Peppers, and their ensuing tours. He also owns a 1955 Fender Stratocaster, his only Strat with a maple fretboard. Frusciante's most highly appraised instrument is a 1955 Gretsch White Falcon, which he used twice per show for the songs "Californication" and "Otherside". In 2006 and 2007, he only used it for the latter song, saying there was "no room for it", preferring multiple Stratocasters for the "Stadium Arcadium tour". Virtually all of Frusciante's acoustic work is played with a 1950s Martin 0–15.


title: John Frusciante

text: After leaving the Red Hot Chili Peppers, he switched to using a Yamaha SG as his primary guitar for his solo work. "With the Yamaha SG, I could play along with guitar players who were playing, say, Les Pauls, and feel like the sound matched what I was hearing on the record. ... People like Robert Fripp, Mick Ronson, Tony Iommi, and particularly John McGeoch from Siouxsie and the Banshees, who played a Yamaha SG, which is why I bought one in the first place". Frusciante has also noted his increased use of the Roland MC-202 for his electronic music, saying that he was at the point "where I thought as much like a 202ist as I did a guitarist." The MC-202 has been his primary melodic instrument in his electronic music.


title: John Frusciante

text: With the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Frusciante provided backing vocals in a falsetto tenor, a style he started on "Blood Sugar Sex Magik". He thoroughly enjoyed his role in the Chili Peppers as backing vocalist, and said that backing vocals are a "real art form". Despite his commitment to the Chili Peppers, he felt that his work with the band should remain separate from his solo projects. When he returned to the Chili Peppers in 1998, Kiedis wanted the band to record "Living in Hell", a song Frusciante had written several years before. Frusciante refused, feeling that the creative freedom he needed for his solo projects would have conflicted with his role in the band.


title: John Frusciante

text: Frusciante's guitar playing employs emphasis on appropriate melody, tone, and structure rather than virtuosity. Although virtuoso influences can be heard throughout his career, he has said that he often minimizes this. He feels that in general, guitar mastery has not evolved much since the 1960s and considers the greatest players of that decade unsurpassed. When he was growing up in the 1980s, many mainstream guitarists focused on speed. Because of this, he thinks that the skills of many defiant new wave and punk guitarists were largely overlooked. Therefore, he accentuates the melodically driven technique of players such as Matthew Ashman of Bow Wow Wow and Bernard Sumner of Joy Division as much as possible because he thinks that their style has been overlooked and consequently underexplored. Despite this, he considers himself a fan of technique-driven guitarists like Randy Rhoads and Steve Vai, but represses an urge to emulate their style: "People believe that by playing faster and creating new playing techniques you can progress forward, but then they realize that emotionally they don't progress at all. They transmit nothing to the people listening and they stay at where Hendrix was three decades ago. Something like that happened to Vai in the 80s." Believing that focusing only on "clean tones" is negative, Frusciante developed an interest in playing with what he calls a "grimy" sound. As a result, he considers it beneficial to "mistreat" his guitar and employ various forms of distortion when soloing. He also tries to break as many "stylistic boundaries" as he can to expand his musical horizons. He thinks that much of the output from today's guitarists is unoriginal and that many of his contemporaries "follow the rules with no risk".


title: John Frusciante

text: Frusciante has stated that he became serious about creating and engineering his electronic music in 2007. As he progressed in enhancing his skills with electronic instruments and techniques, he has stated that he felt comfortable with how R&B and hip hop music integrated into his work. He has noted that these and other new techniques were all influences on his EP, "Letur-Lefr". "PBX Funicular Intaglio Zone" was recorded while Frusciante looked to find new ways to play the guitar with the new forms of music and production that he had been studying. In his blog post, "My Recent History," he notes that "Aspects of PBX are the realization of combinations of styles of music I saw in my head many years ago, as potentials, but which I had no idea how to execute."


title: John Frusciante

text: Frusciante's approach to album composition has changed. On his early recordings, he welcomed sonic imperfections, noting that "even on ["To Record Only Water for Ten Days"] there are off-pitch vocals and out-of-tune guitars." However, on later albums such as "Shadows Collide With People", he pursued the opposite: "I just wanted everything to be perfect—I didn't want anything off pitch, or off time, or any unintentional this or that." Frusciante views songwriting as taking time, and does not force it: "If a song wants to come to me, I'm always ready to receive it, but I don't work at it." Much of his solo material is first written on an acoustic or unamplified electric guitar. He also prefers to record his albums on analog tapes and other relatively primitive equipment. This preference stems from his belief that older equipment can speed up the recording process, and that modern computerized recording technology gives only an illusion of efficiency. Frusciante tries to streamline the recording process as much as possible because he thinks "music comes alive when [you] are creating it fast". He also enjoys the challenge of having to record something in very few takes, and believes that when musicians are unable to handle the pressure of having to record something quickly they often get frustrated or bogged down by perfectionism. With his focus on new styles of music, Frusciante describes having worked with the computer as an instrument, and having found the ability to merge old and new production techniques. He has noted that there has been a change in how he works on an album. In the past, he would work on one song at a time, but with the new "Progressive Synth Pop" that he has been working on, he feels much more comfortable to work within the album as a whole. He currently uses the music tracker Renoise as his main digital audio workstation along with some drum machines, sequencers, and other hardware, along with his Doepfer, Arp, and other modular synthesizers.


title: John Frusciante

text: Frusciante's first major influence was Jimi Hendrix. He then saw the Red Hot Chili Peppers (at that point, "The" was part of their name) in concert in 1985, after which their then-guitarist Hillel Slovak became his second major influence, with Frusciante coming to idolize Slovak. Although Hendrix and Slovak were arguably Frusciante's most profound influences, he was also inspired by glam rock artists David Bowie, and T. Rex; as well as avant-garde acts such as Syd Barrett, Captain Beefheart, the Residents, the Velvet Underground, Neu!, Frank Zappa, and Kraftwerk. Frusciante seems to be much influenced by progressive rock acts like Genesis, King Crimson, and Yes, mentioning them in multiple interviews. Frusciante wrote an essay for the Yes box set, "The Word Is Live", released in 2005.


title: John Frusciante

text: He credits his inspiration for learning guitar to Greg Ginn, Pat Smear, and Joe Strummer, amongst others. As an adolescent, he began by focusing upon Hendrix, as well as bands like Public Image Ltd., the Smiths, and XTC. Frusciante's other major influence was John McGeoch of Magazine and Siouxsie and the Banshees. "[McGeoch] is such a guitarist I aspire to be. He has a new brilliant idea for each song. I usually play on the stuff he does on Magazine's albums and Siouxsie & the Banshees's like "Juju"". He has also mentioned Steve Howe as his favorite guitarist in his early teens.


title: John Frusciante

text: During the recording of "Blood Sugar Sex Magik", Captain Beefheart and the acoustic, one-man blues of Lead Belly and Robert Johnson, were among the most noteworthy influences. Frusciante cites R&B singer Brandy as a musical inspiration and admires her voice, calling it "multidimensional" and "inspiring." In describing her voice and signature sound, he said, "You can't hear [the elaborate harmonies] with your conscious; you have to hear her voice with your subconscious." He also mentioned that Brandy was the "main inspiration" behind the guitar work on Red Hot Chili Peppers' 2006 album, "Stadium Arcadium".


title: John Frusciante

text: On "Californication" and "By the Way", Frusciante derived the technique of creating tonal texture through chord patterns from post-punk guitarists Vini Reilly of the Durutti Column and John McGeoch, and bands such as the Smiths, Fugazi and the Cure. He originally intended "By the Way" to be made up of "these punky, rough songs", drawing inspiration from early punk artists such as the Germs and The Damned. However, this was discouraged by producer Rick Rubin, and he instead built upon "Californication"'s melodically-driven style. During the recording of "Stadium Arcadium", he moved away from his new wave influences and concentrated on emulating flashier guitar players such as Jimi Hendrix and Eddie Van Halen.


title: John Frusciante

text: Frusciante cites electronic music—in which the guitar is often completely absent—as an influence. He has used his guitar to emulate the synthesizer melodies of Depeche Mode, the Human League and Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark, drawing inspiration from how those acts "were playing in a very minimal way, where every note means something new". Frusciante's other electronic influences include Peter Rehberg, Christian Fennesz and Ekkehard Ehlers. His interests are constantly changing, as he believes that without change he will no longer have any interest in playing: "I'm always drawing inspiration from different kinds of music and playing guitar along with records, and I go into each new album project with a preconceived idea of what styles I want to combine."


title: John Carpenter

text: John Howard Carpenter (born January 16, 1948) is an American filmmaker, actor, and composer. Although he worked in various film genres, he is most commonly associated with horror, action, and science fiction films of the 1970s and 1980s. He is generally recognized as one of the greatest masters of the horror genre. At the 2019 Cannes Film Festival, the French Directors' Guild gave him the Golden Coach Award, lauding him as "a creative genius of raw, fantastic, and spectacular emotions".


title: John Carpenter

text: Carpenter's early films included box office and critical successes like "Halloween" (1978), "The Fog" (1980), "Escape from New York" (1981), and "Starman" (1984). His other productions from the 1970s and the 1980s only later came to be considered cult classics, and he has been acknowledged as an influential filmmaker. These include "Dark Star" (1974), "Assault on Precinct 13" (1976), "The Thing" (1982), "Christine" (1983), "Big Trouble in Little China" (1986), "Prince of Darkness" (1987), "They Live" (1988), "In the Mouth of Madness" (1994), and "Escape from L.A." (1996).


title: John Carpenter

text: He returned to the "Halloween" franchise as composer and executive producer of the sequel "Halloween" (2018), doing so with the sequels "Halloween Kills" (2021) and "Halloween Ends" (2022).


title: John Carpenter

text: Carpenter composed or co-composed most of his films' music. He won a Saturn Award for Best Music for the film "Vampires" (1998). He released four studio albums, titled "Lost Themes" (2015), "Lost Themes II" (2016), "" (2017), and "" (2021).


title: John Carpenter

text: Carpenter was born on January 16, 1948, in Carthage, New York, the son of Milton Jean ("née" Carter) and Howard Ralph Carpenter, a music professor. He and his family relocated to Bowling Green, Kentucky, during 1953. He was interested in films from an early age, particularly the westerns of Howard Hawks and John Ford, as well as 1950s low-budget horror films such as "The Thing from Another World" and high-budget science fiction like "Forbidden Planet", and began filming horror short films with 8 mm film even before starting high school. He attended Western Kentucky University, where his father chaired the music department, then transferred to the University of Southern California's School of Cinematic Arts during 1968, but quit to make his first feature film.


title: John Carpenter

text: In a beginning film course at USC Cinema during 1969, Carpenter wrote and directed an 8-minute short film, "Captain Voyeur". The film was rediscovered in the USC archives in 2011 and proved interesting because it revealed elements that would appear in his later film, "Halloween" (1978).


title: John Carpenter

text: The next year he collaborated with producer John Longenecker as co-writer, film editor, and music composer for "The Resurrection of Broncho Billy" (1970), which won an Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film. The short film was enlarged to 35 mm, sixty prints were made, and the film was released theatrically by Universal Studios for two years in the United States and Canada.


title: John Carpenter

text: Carpenter's first major film as director, "Dark Star" (1974), was a science-fiction comedy that he co-wrote with Dan O'Bannon (who later went on to write "Alien", borrowing freely from much of "Dark Star"). The film reportedly cost only $60,000 and was difficult to make as both Carpenter and O'Bannon completed the film by multitasking, with Carpenter doing the musical score as well as the writing, producing, and directing, while O'Bannon acted in the film and did the special effects (which caught the attention of George Lucas who hired him to work with the special effects for the film "Star Wars"). Carpenter received praise for his ability to make low-budget films.


title: John Carpenter

text: Carpenter's next film was "Assault on Precinct 13" (1976), a low-budget thriller influenced by the films of Howard Hawks, particularly "Rio Bravo". As with "Dark Star", Carpenter was responsible for many aspects of the film's creation. He not only wrote, directed, and scored it, but also edited the film using the pseudonym "John T. Chance" (the name of John Wayne's character in "Rio Bravo"). Carpenter has said that he considers "Assault on Precinct 13" to have been his first real film because it was the first film that he filmed on a schedule. The film was the first time Carpenter worked with Debra Hill, who would collaborate with Carpenter on some of his most well-known films.


title: John Carpenter

text: Carpenter assembled a main cast that consisted of experienced but relatively obscure actors. The two main actors were Austin Stoker, who had appeared previously in science fiction, disaster, and blaxploitation films, and Darwin Joston, who had worked primarily for television and had once been Carpenter's next-door neighbor.


title: John Carpenter

text: The film received a critical reassessment in the United States, where it is now generally regarded as one of the best exploitation films of the 1970s.


title: John Carpenter

text: Carpenter both wrote and directed the Lauren Hutton thriller "Someone's Watching Me!". This television film is the tale of a single, working woman who, soon after arriving in L.A., discovers that she is being stalked.


title: John Carpenter

text: "Eyes of Laura Mars", a 1978 thriller featuring Faye Dunaway and Tommy Lee Jones and directed by Irvin Kershner, was adapted (in collaboration with David Zelag Goodman) from a spec script titled "Eyes", written by Carpenter, and would become Carpenter's first major studio film of his career.


title: John Carpenter

text: "Halloween" (1978) was a commercial success and helped develop the slasher genre. Originally an idea suggested by producer Irwin Yablans (titled "The Babysitter Murders"), who thought of a film about babysitters being menaced by a stalker, Carpenter took the idea and another suggestion from Yablans that it occur during Halloween and developed a story. Carpenter said of the basic concept: "Halloween night. It has never been the theme in a film. My idea was to do an old haunted house film."


title: John Carpenter

text: Film director Bob Clark suggested in an interview released in 2005 that Carpenter had asked him for his own ideas for a sequel to his 1974 film "Black Christmas" (written by Roy Moore) that featured an unseen and motiveless killer murdering students in a university sorority house. As also stated in the 2009 documentary "Clarkworld" (written and directed by Clark's former production designer Deren Abram after Clark's tragic death in 2007), Carpenter directly asked Clark about his thoughts on developing the anonymous slasher in " Black Christmas":


title: John Carpenter

text: The film was written by Carpenter and Debra Hill with Carpenter admitting that the music was inspired by both Dario Argento's "Suspiria" (which also influenced the film's slightly surreal color scheme) and William Friedkin's "The Exorcist".


title: John Carpenter

text: Carpenter again worked with a relatively small budget, $300,000. The film grossed more than $65 million initially, making it one of the most successful independent films of all time.


title: John Carpenter

text: Carpenter has described "Halloween" as: "True crass exploitation. I decided to make a film I would love to have seen as a kid, full of cheap tricks like a haunted house at a fair where you walk down the corridor and things jump out at you." The film has often been cited as an allegory on the virtue of sexual purity and the danger of casual sex, although Carpenter has explained that this was not his intent: "It has been suggested that I was making some kind of moral statement. Believe me, I'm not. In "Halloween", I viewed the characters as simply normal teenagers."


title: John Carpenter

text: In addition to the film's critical and commercial success, Carpenter's self-composed "Halloween Theme" became recognizable apart from the film.


title: John Carpenter

text: In 1979, Carpenter began what was to be the first of several collaborations with actor Kurt Russell when he directed the television film "Elvis".


title: John Carpenter

text: Carpenter followed up the success of "Halloween" with "The Fog" (1980), a ghostly revenge tale (co-written by Hill) inspired by horror comics such as "Tales from the Crypt" and by "The Crawling Eye", a 1958 film about monsters hiding in clouds.


title: John Carpenter

text: Completing "The Fog" was an unusually difficult process for Carpenter. After viewing a rough cut of the film, he was dissatisfied with the result. For the only time in his filmmaking career, he had to devise a way to salvage a nearly finished film that did not meet his standards. In order to make the film more coherent and frightening, Carpenter filmed additional footage that included a number of new scenes.


title: John Carpenter

text: Despite production problems and mostly negative critical reception, "The Fog" was another commercial success for Carpenter. The film was made on a budget of $1,000,000, but it grossed over $21,000,000 in the United States alone. Carpenter has said that "The Fog" is not his favorite film, although he considers it a "minor horror classic".


title: John Carpenter

text: Carpenter immediately followed "The Fog" with the science-fiction adventure "Escape from New York" (1981). Featuring several actors that Carpenter had collaborated with (Kurt Russell, Donald Pleasence, Adrienne Barbeau, Tom Atkins, Charles Cyphers, and Frank Doubleday) or would collaborate with again (Harry Dean Stanton), as well as several notable actors (Lee Van Cleef and Ernest Borgnine), it became both commercially successful (grossing more than $25 million) and critically acclaimed (with an 85% on Rotten Tomatoes).


title: John Carpenter

text: His next film, "The Thing" (1982), is notable for its high production values, including innovative special effects by Rob Bottin, special visual effects by matte artist Albert Whitlock, a score by Ennio Morricone and a cast including Russell and respected character actors such as Wilford Brimley, Richard Dysart, Charles Hallahan, Keith David, and Richard Masur. "The Thing" was distributed by Universal Pictures. Although Carpenter's film used the same source material as the 1951 Howard Hawks film, "The Thing from Another World", it is more faithful to the John W. Campbell, Jr. novella, "Who Goes There?", upon which both films were based. Moreover, unlike the Hawks film, "The Thing" was part of what Carpenter later called his "Apocalypse Trilogy," a trio of films ("The Thing", "Prince of Darkness", and "In the Mouth of Madness") with bleak endings for the film's characters.


title: John Carpenter

text: Being a graphic, sinister horror film, "The Thing" did not appeal to audiences during the summer of 1982. Since its release, cultural historians and critics have attempted to understand what led to "The Thing"s initial failure to connect with audiences. In a 1999 interview, Carpenter said audiences rejected "The Thing" for its nihilistic, depressing viewpoint at a time when the United States was in the midst of a recession. When it opened, it was competing against the critically and commercially successful "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial" ($619million), a family-friendly film released two weeks earlier that offered a more optimistic take on alien visitation.


title: John Carpenter

text: The impact on Carpenter was immediatehe lost the job of directing the 1984 science fiction horror film "Firestarter" because of "The Thing"s poor performance. His previous success had gained him a multiple-film contract at Universal, but the studio opted to buy him out of it instead. He continued making films afterward but lost confidence, and did not openly talk about "The Thing"s failure until a 1985 interview with "Starlog", where he said, "I was called 'a pornographer of violence'... I had no idea it would be received that way... "The Thing" was just too strong for that time. I knew it was going to be strong, but I didn't think it would be too strong... I didn't take the public's taste into consideration."


title: John Carpenter

text: While "The Thing" was not initially successful, it was able to find new audiences and appreciation on home video, and later on television.


title: John Carpenter

text: In the years following its release, critics and fans have reevaluated "The Thing" as a milestone of the horror genre. A prescient review by Peter Nicholls in 1992, called "The Thing" "a black, memorable film [that] may yet be seen as a classic". It has been called one of the best films directed by Carpenter. John Kenneth Muir called it "Carpenter's most accomplished and underrated directorial effort", and critic Matt Zoller Seitz said it "is one of the greatest and most elegantly constructed B-movies ever made".


title: John Carpenter

text: Trace Thurman described it as one of the best films ever, and in 2008, "Empire" magazine selected it as one of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time, at number 289, calling it "a peerless masterpiece of relentless suspense, retina-wrecking visual excess and outright, nihilistic terror". It is now considered to be one of the greatest horror films ever made, and a classic of the genre.


title: John Carpenter

text: Carpenter's next film, "Christine", was the 1983 adaptation of the Stephen King novel of the same name. The story concerns a high-school nerd named Arnie Cunningham (Keith Gordon) who buys a junked 1958 Plymouth Fury which turns out to have supernatural powers. As Cunningham restores and rebuilds the car, he becomes unnaturally obsessed with it, with deadly consequences. "Christine" did respectable business upon its release and was received well by critics. He said he directed it because it was the only thing offered to him at the time.


title: John Carpenter

text: "Starman" (1984) was produced by Michael Douglas, the script was well received by Columbia Pictures, which chose it in preference to the script for "E.T." and prompted Steven Spielberg to go to Universal Pictures. Douglas chose Carpenter to be the director because of his reputation as an action director who could also convey strong emotion. "Starman" was reviewed favorably by the "Los Angeles Times", "New York Times", and "LA Weekly", and described by Carpenter as a film he envisioned as a romantic comedy similar to "It Happened One Night" only with a space alien. The film received Oscar and Golden Globe nominations for Jeff Bridges' portrayal of Starman and received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Musical Score for Jack Nitzsche.


title: John Carpenter

text: After seeing footage of "Starman", the executive producer of the Superman film series, Ilya Salkind, offered Carpenter the chance to direct the latest Alexander–Ilya Salkind fantasy epic "". Salkind made the offer to Carpenter during lunch at The Ritz, and while he loved the idea of differing from his normal traditions and directing a children's fantasy film, he requested 24 hours to think about the offer. The next day he had made a list of requirements should he direct the film; they were: 100 percent creative control, the right to assume scriptwriting duties, being able to co-compose the film's musical score, total editorial control, the casting of Brian Dennehy as Santa Claus and a $5 million signing-on fee (the same amount that the film's star Dudley Moore was receiving). Salkind withdrew his offer for him to direct.


title: John Carpenter

text: After the financial failure of his big-budget action–comedy "Big Trouble in Little China" (1986), Carpenter struggled to get films financed. He resumed making lower budget films such as "Prince of Darkness" (1987), a film influenced by the BBC series "Quatermass". Although some of the films from this time, such as "They Live" (1988) did develop a cult audience, he never again realized mass-market potential.


title: John Carpenter

text: Carpenter's 1990s career is characterized by a number of notable failures including "Memoirs of an Invisible Man" (1992) and "Village of the Damned" (1995). Also notable from this decade are "Body Bags", a television horror anthology film that was made in collaboration with Tobe Hooper, "In the Mouth of Madness" (1995), a Lovecraftian homage which did not do well either commercially nor with critics but now has a cult following, "Escape from L.A." (1996), the sequel of the cult classic "Escape from New York", which received mixed reviews but gained a cult following since then and "Vampires" (1998), which featured James Woods as the leader of a band of vampire hunters in league with the Catholic Church.


title: John Carpenter

text: During 1998, Carpenter composed the soundtrack (titled "Earth/Air") for the video game "Sentinel Returns", published for PC and PlayStation.


title: John Carpenter

text: In 2001, his film "Ghosts of Mars" was released and was also unsuccessful. During 2005, there were remakes of "Assault on Precinct 13" and "The Fog", the latter being produced by Carpenter himself, though in an interview he defined his involvement as, "I come in and say hello to everybody. Go home."


title: John Carpenter

text: Carpenter worked as director during 2005 for an episode of Showtime's "Masters of Horror" television series as one of the thirteen filmmakers involved in the first season. His episode, "Cigarette Burns", received generally positive reviews from critics and praise from Carpenter's fans. He later directed another original episode for the show's second season in 2006 titled "Pro-Life", about a young girl who is raped and impregnated by a demon and wants to have an abortion, but whose efforts are halted by her fanatically religious, gun-toting father and her three brothers.


title: John Carpenter

text: "The Ward", Carpenter's first film since "Ghosts of Mars", premiered at Toronto International Film Festival on September 13, 2010, before a limited release in the United States in July 2011. It received generally poor reviews from critics and grossed only $5.3 million worldwide against an estimated $10 million budget. As of 2022, it is his most recent directorial effort.


title: John Carpenter

text: Carpenter narrated the video game "F.E.A.R. 3," while also consulting on its storyline. On October 10, 2010, Carpenter received the Lifetime Award from the Freak Show Horror Film Festival.


title: John Carpenter

text: On February 3, 2015, the indie label Sacred Bones Records released his album "Lost Themes". On October 19, 2015, All Tomorrow's Parties announced that Carpenter will be performing old and new compositions in London and Manchester, England. In February 2016, Carpenter announced a sequel to "Lost Themes" titled "Lost Themes II", which was released on April 15 that year. He then released his third studio album, titled "", on October 20, 2017.


title: John Carpenter

text: Carpenter returned, as executive producer, co-composer, and creative consultant, on the eleventh entry in the "Halloween" film series, simply titled "Halloween", released in October 2018. The film is a direct sequel to Carpenter's original film, ignoring the continuity of all other subsequent films. It was his first direct involvement with the franchise since 1982's "". Carpenter also worked as a composer and executive producer on the 2021 sequel "Halloween Kills" and 2022's follow-up "Halloween Ends".


title: John Carpenter

text: Carpenter's films are characterized by minimalist lighting and photography, panoramic shot compositions, use of steadicam, and distinctive synthesized scores (usually self-composed).


title: John Carpenter

text: With the exception of "Someone's Watching Me!", "Elvis", "The Thing", "Starman", "Memoirs of an Invisible Man", and "The Ward", he has scored all of his films (though some are collaborations), most famously the themes from "Halloween" and "Assault on Precinct 13". His music is generally synthesized with accompaniment from piano and atmospherics.


title: John Carpenter

text: Carpenter is known for his widescreen shot compositions, and is an outspoken proponent of anamorphic cinematography. All of his theatrical films (with the exception of "Dark Star" and "The Ward") were filmed anamorphic with a 2.35:1 aspect ratio, generally favoring wider focal lengths. "The Ward" was filmed in Super 35, the first time Carpenter has ever used that system. Carpenter has stated he feels that the 35mm Panavision anamorphic format is "the best movie system there is", preferring it to both digital and 3D.


title: John Carpenter

text: In a 2016 interview, Carpenter stated that it was his father's work, as a music teacher, which first sparked an interest in him to make music. This interest was to play a major role in his later career: he composed the music to most of his films, and the soundtrack to many of those became "cult" items for record collectors. A 21st-Century revival of his music is due in no small amount to the Death Waltz record company, which reissued several of his soundtracks, including "Escape from New York", "Halloween II", "", "Assault on Precinct 13", "They Live", "Prince of Darkness", and "The Fog".


title: John Carpenter

text: Carpenter was an early adopter of synthesizers, since his film debut "Dark Star", when he used an EMS VCS3 synth. His soundtracks went on to influence electronic artists who followed, but Carpenter himself admitted he had no particular interest in synthesizers other than that they provided a means to "sound big with just a keyboard". For many years he worked in partnership with musician Alan Howarth, who would realize his vision by working on the more technical aspects of recording, allowing Carpenter to focus on writing the music.


title: John Carpenter

text: The renewed interest in John Carpenter's music thanks to the Death Waltz reissues and "Lost Themes" albums caused him to, for the first time ever, tour as a musician. , Carpenter was more focused on his music career than filmmaking, although he was involved in 2018's "Halloween" reboot, and its sequels.


title: John Carpenter

text: Carpenter narrates the documentary film "The Rise of the Synths", which explores the origins and growth of the synthwave genre, and features numerous interviews with synthwave artists who cite him and other electronic pioneers such as Vangelis, Giorgio Moroder and Tangerine Dream as significant influences. The retro-1980s synthwave band Gunship are featured in the film; Carpenter narrated the opening to their track entitled "Tech Noir".


title: John Carpenter

text: Carpenter is featured on the track "Destructive Field" on his godson Daniel Davies' album "Signals", released February 28, 2020.


title: John Carpenter

text: His third solo album "Lost Themes 3: Alive after Death" was launched on February 2, 2021. A new (digital) single was released on October 27, 2020, titled "Weeping Ghost", followed in December 2020 by another new track from the forthcoming album, titled "The Dead Walk". Two tracks that also appear on the album, "Skeleton" and "Unclear Spirit", were released in July 2020. On the album, Carpenter collaborated again with his son Cody and his godson Daniel Davies.


title: John Carpenter

text: Carpenter met his future wife, actress Adrienne Barbeau, on the set of his 1978 television film "Someone's Watching Me!". They married on January 1, 1979, and divorced in 1984. During this time, she starred in "The Fog" and appeared in "Escape from New York". They have one son, John Cody Carpenter (born May 7, 1984).


title: John Carpenter

text: Carpenter has been married to producer Sandy King since 1990. She produced his films "In the Mouth of Madness", "Village of the Damned", "Vampires", and "Ghosts of Mars". She was earlier the script supervisor for "Starman", "Big Trouble in Little China", "Prince of Darkness", and "They Live". Of the latter, she was also associate producer. She co-created the comic book series "Asylum", with which Carpenter is involved.


title: John Carpenter

text: In an episode of Animal Planet's "Animal Icons" titled "It Came from Japan", he discusses his admiration for the original "Godzilla" film.


title: John Carpenter

text: Carpenter appreciates video games as art, and particularly likes the "Sonic the Hedgehog" franchise—including the games "Sonic Unleashed" and "Sonic Mania"—and the "F.E.A.R." series. He offered to narrate and help direct the cinematics for "F.E.A.R. 3". Other games Carpenter has spoken about his fondness of include "" and "Fallout 76". He has also expressed an interest in making a film based on "Dead Space".


title: John Carpenter

text: Carpenter holds a commercial pilot's license, flying rotorcraft-helicopters. He has included helicopters in his films, many times doing a cameo as a pilot.


title: John Carpenter

text: Many of Carpenter's films have been re-released on DVD as special editions with numerous bonus features. Examples of such are: the collector's editions of "Halloween", "Escape from New York", "Christine", "The Thing", "Assault on Precinct 13", "Big Trouble In Little China", and "The Fog". Some were re-issued with a new anamorphic widescreen transfer. In the UK, several of Carpenter's films have been released as DVD with audio commentary by Carpenter and his actors ("They Live", with actor/wrestler Roddy Piper, "Starman" with actor Jeff Bridges, and "Prince of Darkness" with actor Peter Jason).


title: John Carpenter

text: Carpenter has been the subject of the documentary film "John Carpenter: The Man and His Movies", and American Cinematheque's 2002 retrospective of his films. Moreover, during 2006, the United States Library of Congress deemed "Halloween" to be "culturally significant" and selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry.


title: John Carpenter

text: During 2010, writer and actor Mark Gatiss interviewed Carpenter about his career and films for his BBC documentary series "A History of Horror". Carpenter appears in all three episodes of the series. He was also interviewed by Robert Rodriguez for his "The Director's Chair" series on El Rey Network.


title: John Carpenter

text: Filmmakers that have been influenced by Carpenter include James Cameron, Quentin Tarantino, Guillermo del Toro, Robert Rodriguez, James Wan, Edgar Wright, Danny Boyle, Nicolas Winding Refn, Adam Wingard, Neil Marshall, Michael Dougherty, Ben Wheatley, Jeff Nichols, Bong Joon-ho, James Gunn, Mike Flanagan, David Robert Mitchell, The Duffer Brothers, Jeremy Saulnier, Trey Edward Shults, Drew Goddard, David F. Sandberg, James DeMonaco, Adam Green, Ted Geoghegan, Keith Gordon, Brian Patrick Butler, Jack Thomas Smith, and Marvin Kren. The video game "Dead Space 3" is said to be influenced by Carpenter's "The Thing", "The Fog", and "Halloween", and Carpenter has stated that he would be enthusiastic to adapt that series into a feature film. Specific films influenced by Carpenter's include Sean S. Cunningham's "Friday the 13th", which was inspired by the success of "Halloween", Tarantino's "The Hateful Eight", which was heavily influenced by "The Thing", Wingard's "The Guest", which was inspired by Michael Myers and influenced by ""'s music, Nichols' "Midnight Special", which is said to have used "Starman" as a reference point, and Kren's "Blood Glacier", which is said to be a homage to or recreation of "The Thing".


title: John Carpenter

text: Hans Zimmer also cited Carpenter as an influence on his compositions. The 2016 film "The Void" is considered by many critics and fans to be heavily influenced by several of Carpenter's films.


title: Oskar Schindler

text: Oskar Schindler (; 28 April 1908 – 9 October 1974) was a German industrialist, humanitarian and a member of the Nazi Party who is credited with saving the lives of 1,200 Jews during the Holocaust by employing them in his enamelware and ammunitions factories in occupied Poland and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. He is the subject of the 1982 novel "Schindler's Ark" and its 1993 film adaptation, "Schindler's List", which reflected his life as an opportunist initially motivated by profit, who came to show extraordinary initiative, tenacity, courage, and dedication in saving the lives of his Jewish employees.


title: Oskar Schindler

text: Schindler grew up in Zwittau, Moravia, and worked in several trades until he joined the "Abwehr", the military intelligence service of Nazi Germany, in 1936. He joined the Nazi Party in 1939. Prior to the beginning of German occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1938, he collected information on railways and troop movements for the German government. He was arrested for espionage by the Czechoslovak government but was released under the terms of the Munich Agreement that year. He continued to collect information for the Nazis, working in Poland in 1939 before the invasion of Poland at the start of World War II. In 1939, he acquired an enamelware factory in Kraków, Poland, which employed, at its peak in 1944, about 1,750 workers, of whom 1,000 were Jews. His "Abwehr" connections helped him protect his Jewish workers from deportation and death in the Nazi concentration camps. As time went on, he had to give Nazi officials ever larger bribes and gifts of luxury items obtainable only on the black market to keep his workers safe.


title: Oskar Schindler

text: By July 1944, Germany was losing the war; the SS began closing down the easternmost concentration camps and deporting the remaining prisoners westward. Many were murdered in Auschwitz and the Gross-Rosen concentration camp. Schindler convinced SS-"Hauptsturmführer" Amon Göth, commandant of the nearby Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp, to allow him to move his factory to Brněnec in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, thus sparing his workers from almost certain death in the gas chambers. Using names provided by Jewish Ghetto Police officer Marcel Goldberg, Göth's secretary Mietek Pemper compiled and typed the list of 1,200 Jews who travelled to Brünnlitz in October 1944. Schindler continued to bribe SS officials to prevent the execution of his workers until the end of World War II in Europe in May 1945, by which time he had spent his entire fortune on bribes and black market purchases of supplies for his workers.


title: Oskar Schindler

text: Schindler moved to West Germany after the war, where he was supported by assistance payments from Jewish relief organisations. After receiving a partial reimbursement for his wartime expenses, he moved with his wife Emilie to Argentina, where they took up farming. When he went bankrupt in 1958, Schindler left his wife and returned to Germany, where he failed at several business ventures and relied on financial support from "Schindlerjuden" ("Schindler Jews")—the people whose lives he had saved during the war. He died on 9 October 1974 in Hildesheim, Germany, and was buried in Jerusalem on Mount Zion, the only former member of the Nazi Party to be honoured in this way. He and his wife Emilie were named Righteous Among the Nations by the Israeli government in 1993.


title: Oskar Schindler

text: Schindler was born on 28 April 1908, into a Sudeten German family in Zwittau, Moravia, Austria-Hungary. His father was Johann "Hans" Schindler, the owner of a farm machinery business, and his mother was Franziska "Fanny" Schindler (née Luser). His sister, Elfriede, was born in 1915. After attending primary and secondary school, Schindler enrolled in a technical school, from which he was expelled in 1924 for forging his report card. He later graduated, but did not take the "Abitur" exams that would have enabled him to go to college or university. Instead, he took courses in Brno in several trades, including chauffeuring and machinery, and worked for his father for three years. A motorcycle fan since his youth, he bought a 250-cc Moto Guzzi racing motorcycle and competed recreationally in mountain races for the next few years.


title: Oskar Schindler

text: On 6 March 1928, Schindler married Emilie Pelzl (1907–2001), daughter of a prosperous Sudeten German farmer from Maletein. They moved in with Oskar's parents and occupied the upstairs rooms, where they lived for seven years.


title: Oskar Schindler

text: Soon after his marriage, Schindler quit working for his father and took a series of jobs, including a position at Moravian Electrotechnic and the management of a driving school. After an 18-month stint in the Czech army, where he rose to the rank of lance corporal in the Tenth Infantry Regiment of the 31st Army, he returned to Moravian Electrotechnic, which went bankrupt shortly afterwards. His father's farm machinery business closed around the same time, leaving Schindler unemployed for a year. He took a job with Jaroslav Šimek Bank of Prague in 1931, where he worked until 1938.


title: Oskar Schindler

text: Schindler was arrested several times in 1931 and 1932 for public drunkenness. Also around this time, he had an affair with Aurelie Schlegel, a school friend. They had a daughter, Emily, in 1933, and a son, Oskar Jr, in 1935. Schindler later claimed the boy was not his son. Schindler's father, an alcoholic, abandoned his wife in 1935. She died a few months later after a lengthy illness.


title: Oskar Schindler

text: Schindler joined the separatist Sudeten German Party in 1935. Although he was a citizen of Czechoslovakia, Schindler became a spy for the "Abwehr," the military intelligence service of Nazi Germany, in 1936. He was assigned to "Abwehrstelle II Commando VIII", based in Breslau. He later told Czech police that he did it because he needed the money; by this time Schindler had a drinking problem and was chronically in debt.


title: Oskar Schindler

text: His tasks for the "Abwehr" included collecting information on railways, military installations and troop movements, as well as recruiting other spies within Czechoslovakia in advance of the planned invasion by Nazi Germany. He was arrested by the Czech government for espionage on 18 July 1938 and immediately imprisoned, but was released as a political prisoner under the terms of the Munich Agreement, the instrument under which the Czech Sudetenland was annexed into Germany on 1 October. Schindler applied for membership in the Nazi Party on 1 November and was accepted the following year.


title: Oskar Schindler

text: After some time off to recover in Zwittau, Schindler was promoted to second in command of his "Abwehr" unit and relocated with his wife to Ostrava (Ostrau), on the Czech-Polish border, in January 1939. He was involved in espionage in the months leading up to Hitler's seizure of the remainder of Czechoslovakia in March. Emilie helped him with paperwork, processing and hiding secret documents in their apartment for the "Abwehr" office. As Schindler frequently travelled to Poland on business, he and his 25 agents were in a position to collect information about Polish military activities and railways for the planned invasion of Poland. One assignment called for his unit to monitor and provide information about the railway line and tunnel in the Jablunkov Pass, deemed critical for the movement of German troops. Schindler continued to work for the "Abwehr" until as late as fall 1940, when he was sent to Turkey to investigate corruption among the "Abwehr" officers assigned to the German embassy there.


title: Oskar Schindler

text: Schindler first arrived in Kraków (Krakau) in October 1939, on "Abwehr" business, and took an apartment the following month. Emilie maintained the apartment in Ostrava and visited Oskar in Kraków at least once a week. In November 1939, he contacted interior decorator Mila Pfefferberg to decorate his new apartment. Her son, Leopold "Poldek" Pfefferberg, soon became one of his contacts for black market trading. They eventually became lifelong friends.


title: Oskar Schindler

text: The same month, Schindler was introduced to Itzhak Stern, an accountant for Schindler's fellow "Abwehr" agent Josef "Sepp" Aue, who had taken over Stern's formerly Jewish-owned place of employment as a "Treuhänder" (trustee). Property belonging to Polish Jews, including their possessions, places of business, and homes were seized by the Germans beginning immediately after the invasion, and Jewish citizens were stripped of their civil rights. Schindler showed Stern the balance sheet of a company he was thinking of acquiring, an enamelware factory called Rekord Ltd owned by a consortium of Jewish businessmen that had filed for bankruptcy earlier that year. Stern advised him that rather than running the company as a trusteeship under the auspices of the "Haupttreuhandstelle Ost" (Main Trustee Office for the East), he should buy or lease the business, as that would give him more freedom from the dictates of the Nazis, including the freedom to hire more Jews.


title: Oskar Schindler

text: With the financial backing of several Jewish investors, including one of the owners, Abraham Bankier, Schindler signed an informal lease agreement on the factory on 13 November 1939 and formalised the arrangement on 15 January 1940. He renamed it "Deutsche Emailwarenfabrik" (German Enamelware Factory) or DEF, and it soon became known by the nickname "Emalia". He initially acquired a staff of seven Jewish workers (including Abraham Bankier, who helped him manage the company) and 250 non-Jewish Poles. At its peak in 1944, the business employed around 1,750 workers, a thousand of whom were Jews. Schindler also helped run Schlomo Wiener Ltd, a wholesale outfit that sold his enamelware, and was leaseholder of Prokosziner Glashütte, a glass factory.


title: Oskar Schindler

text: Schindler's ties with the "Abwehr" and his connections in the "Wehrmacht" and its Armaments Inspectorate enabled him to obtain contracts to produce enamel cookware for the military. These connections also later helped him protect his Jewish workers from deportation and death. As time went on, Schindler had to give Nazi officials ever larger bribes and gifts of luxury items obtainable only on the black market to keep his workers safe. Bankier, a key black market connection, obtained goods for bribes as well as extra materials for use in the factory. Schindler himself enjoyed a lavish lifestyle and pursued extramarital relationships with his secretary, Viktoria Klonowska, and Eva Kisch Scheuer, a merchant specialising in enamelware from DEF. Emilie Schindler visited for a few months in 1940 and moved to Kraków to live with Oskar in 1941.


title: Oskar Schindler

text: Initially, Schindler was mostly interested in the money-making potential of the business and hired Jews because they were cheaper than Poles—the wages were set by the occupying Nazi regime. Later he began shielding his workers without regard for cost. The status of his factory as a business essential to the war effort became a decisive factor in enabling him to protect his Jewish workers. Whenever "Schindlerjuden" (Schindler Jews) were threatened with deportation, he claimed exemptions for them. He claimed wives, children, and even people with disabilities were necessary mechanics and metalworkers. On one occasion, the Gestapo came to Schindler demanding that he hand over a family that possessed forged identity papers. "Three hours after they walked in," Schindler said, "two drunk Gestapo men reeled out of my office without their prisoners and without the incriminating documents they had demanded."


title: Oskar Schindler

text: On 1 August 1940, Governor-General Hans Frank issued a decree requiring all Kraków Jews to leave the city within two weeks. Only those who had jobs directly related to the German war effort would be allowed to stay. Of the 60,000 to 80,000 Jews then living in the city, only 15,000 remained by March 1941. These Jews were then forced to leave their traditional neighbourhood of Kazimierz and relocate to the walled Kraków Ghetto, established in the industrial Podgórze district. Schindler's workers travelled on foot to and from the ghetto each day to their jobs at the factory. Enlargements to the facility in the four years Schindler was in charge included the addition of an outpatient clinic, co-op, kitchen, and dining room for the workers, in addition to expansion of the factory and its related office space.


title: Oskar Schindler

text: In fall 1941, the Nazis began transporting Jews out of the ghetto. Most of them were sent to the Bełżec extermination camp and murdered. On 13 March 1943, the ghetto was liquidated and those still fit for work were sent to the new concentration camp at Płaszów. Several thousand not deemed fit for work were sent to extermination camps and murdered; hundreds more were murdered on the streets by the Nazis as they cleared out the ghetto. Schindler, aware of the plans because of his "Wehrmacht" contacts, had his workers stay at the factory overnight to protect them from harm. Schindler witnessed the liquidation of the ghetto and was appalled. From that point forward, says "Schindlerjude" Sol Urbach, Schindler "changed his mind about the Nazis. He decided to get out and to save as many Jews as he could."


title: Oskar Schindler

text: The Płaszów concentration camp opened in March 1943 on the former site of two Jewish cemeteries on Jerozilimska Street, about from the DEF factory. In charge of the camp was SS-"Hauptsturmführer" Amon Göth, a sadist who shot inmates of the camp at random. Płaszów's inmates lived in constant fear for their lives. Emilie Schindler called Göth "the most despicable man I have ever met."


title: Oskar Schindler

text: Initially Göth's plan was that all the factories, including Schindler's, should be moved inside the camp gates. However, Schindler, with a combination of diplomacy, flattery, and bribery, not only prevented his factory from being moved, but convinced Göth to allow him to build (at Schindler's own expense) a subcamp at Emalia to house his workers plus 450 Jews from other nearby factories. There they were safe from the threat of random execution, well fed and housed, and permitted to undertake religious observances.


title: Oskar Schindler

text: Schindler was arrested twice on suspicion of black market activities and once for breaking the Nuremberg Laws by kissing a Jewish girl, an action forbidden by the Race and Resettlement Act. The first arrest, in late 1941, led to him being kept overnight. His secretary arranged for his release through Schindler's influential contacts in the Nazi Party. His second arrest, on 29 April 1942, was the result of his kissing a Jewish girl on the cheek at his birthday party at the factory the previous day. He remained in jail five days before his influential Nazi contacts were able to obtain his release. In October 1944, he was arrested again, accused of black marketeering and bribing Göth and others to improve the conditions of the Jewish workers. He was held for most of a week and released. Göth had been arrested on 13 September 1944 for corruption and other abuses of power, and Schindler's arrest was part of the ongoing investigation into Göth's activities. Göth was never convicted on those charges.


title: Oskar Schindler

text: In 1943, Schindler was contacted by Zionist leaders in Budapest via members of the Jewish resistance movement. Schindler travelled to Budapest several times to report in person on Nazi mistreatment of the Jews. He brought back funding provided by the Jewish Agency for Israel and turned it over to the Jewish underground.


title: Oskar Schindler

text: As the Red Army drew nearer in July 1944, the SS began closing down the easternmost concentration camps and evacuating the remaining prisoners westward to Auschwitz and Gross-Rosen concentration camp. Göth's personal secretary, Mietek Pemper, alerted Schindler to the Nazis' plans to close all factories not directly involved in the war effort, including Schindler's enamelware facility. Pemper suggested to Schindler that production should be switched from cookware to anti-tank grenades in an effort to save the lives of the Jewish workers. Using bribery and his powers of persuasion, Schindler convinced Göth and the officials in Berlin to allow him to move his factory and his workers to Brünnlitz (Czech: "Brněnec"), in the Sudetenland, thus sparing them from certain death in the gas chambers. Using names provided by Jewish Ghetto Police officer Marcel Goldberg, Pemper compiled and typed the list of 1,200 Jews—1,000 of Schindler's workers and 200 inmates from Julius Madritsch's textiles factory—who were sent to Brünnlitz in October 1944.


title: Oskar Schindler

text: On 15 October 1944 a train carrying 700 men on Schindler's list was initially sent to the concentration camp at Gross-Rosen, where the men spent about a week before being re-routed to the factory in Brünnlitz. Three hundred female "Schindlerjuden" were similarly sent to Auschwitz, where they were in imminent danger of being sent to the gas chambers. Schindler's usual connections and bribes failed to obtain their release. Finally after he sent his secretary, Hilde Albrecht, with bribes of black market goods, food and diamonds, the women were sent to Brünnlitz after several harrowing weeks in Auschwitz.


title: Oskar Schindler

text: In addition to workers, Schindler moved 250 wagon loads of machinery and raw materials to the new factory. Few if any useful artillery shells were produced at the plant. When officials from the Armaments Ministry questioned the factory's low output, Schindler bought finished goods on the black market and resold them as his own. The rations provided by the SS were insufficient to meet the needs of the workers, so Schindler spent most of his time in Kraków, obtaining food, armaments, and other materials. His wife Emilie remained in Brünnlitz, surreptitiously obtaining additional rations and caring for the workers' health and other basic needs. Schindler also arranged for the transfer of as many as 3,000 Jewish women out of Auschwitz to small textiles plants in the Sudetenland in an effort to increase their chances of surviving the war.


title: Oskar Schindler

text: In January 1945 a trainload of 250 Jews who had been rejected as workers at a German mine in Goleschau in occupied Poland arrived at Brünnlitz. The boxcars were frozen shut when they arrived, and Emilie Schindler waited while an engineer from the factory opened the cars using a soldering iron. Twelve people were dead in the cars, and the remainder were too ill and feeble to work. Emilie took the survivors into the factory and cared for them in a makeshift hospital until the end of the war. Schindler continued to bribe SS officials to prevent the slaughter of his workers as the Red Army approached. On 7 May 1945 he and his workers gathered on the factory floor to listen to British prime minister Winston Churchill announce over the radio that Germany had surrendered and that the war in Europe was over.


title: Oskar Schindler

text: As a member of the Nazi Party and the "Abwehr" intelligence service, Schindler was in danger of being arrested as a war criminal. Bankier, Stern, and several others prepared a statement he could present to the Americans attesting to his role in saving Jewish lives. He was also given a ring, made using gold from dental work taken out of the mouth of "Schindlerjude" Simon Jeret. The ring was inscribed "Whoever saves one life saves the world entire." To escape being captured by the Soviets, Schindler and his wife departed westward in their vehicle, a two-seater Horch, initially with several fleeing German soldiers riding on the running boards. A truck containing Schindler's mistress Marta, several Jewish workers, and a load of black market trade goods followed behind. The Horch was confiscated by Soviet troops at the town of Budweis, which had already been captured by Soviet troops. The Schindlers were unable to recover a diamond that Oskar had hidden under the seat. They continued by train and on foot until they reached the American lines at the town of Lenora, and then travelled to Passau, where an American Jewish officer arranged for them to travel to Switzerland by train. They moved to Bavaria in Germany in the fall of 1945.


title: Oskar Schindler

text: By the end of the war, Schindler had spent his entire fortune on bribes and black market purchases of supplies for his workers. Virtually destitute, he moved briefly to Regensburg and later Munich, but did not prosper in postwar Germany. He was reduced to receiving assistance from Jewish organisations. In 1948 he presented a claim for reimbursement of his wartime expenses to the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, and received $15,000. He estimated his expenditures at over $1,056,000, including the costs of camp construction, bribes, and expenditures for black market goods, including food.


title: Oskar Schindler

text: Schindler emigrated to Argentina in 1949, where he tried raising chickens and then nutria (coypu), a small animal raised for its fur. When the business went bankrupt in 1958, he left his wife and returned to Germany, where he had a series of unsuccessful business ventures, including a cement factory. He declared bankruptcy in 1963 and suffered a heart attack the next year, which led to a month-long stay in hospital. Remaining in contact with many of the Jews he had met during the war, including Stern and Pfefferberg, Schindler survived on donations sent by "Schindlerjuden" from all over the world.


title: Oskar Schindler

text: Schindler died of liver failure on 9 October 1974. He is buried in Jerusalem on Mount Zion, the only member of the Nazi Party to be honoured in this way.


title: Oskar Schindler

text: For his work during the war, on 8 May 1962, Yad Vashem invited Schindler to a ceremony in which a carob tree was planted in his honor on the Avenue of the Righteous. He and his wife Emilie were named Righteous Among the Nations, an award bestowed by the State of Israel on non-Jews who took an active role in rescuing Jews during the Holocaust, on 24 June 1993. Schindler, along with Karl Plagge, Georg Ferdinand Duckwitz, Helmut Kleinicke, and Hans Walz are among the few Nazi Party members to be given this award. Schindler received other awards, including the German Order of Merit in 1966.


title: Oskar Schindler

text: Writer Herbert Steinhouse, who interviewed Schindler in 1948, wrote: "Schindler's exceptional deeds stemmed from just that elementary sense of decency and humanity that our sophisticated age seldom sincerely believes in. A repentant opportunist saw the light and rebelled against the sadism and vile criminality all around him." In a 1983 television documentary, Schindler said: "I felt that the Jews were being destroyed. I had to help them; there was no choice."


title: Oskar Schindler

text: In 1951, Poldek Pfefferberg approached director Fritz Lang and asked him to consider making a film about Schindler. Also on Pfefferberg's initiative, in 1964 Schindler received a $20,000 () advance from MGM for a proposed film treatment titled "To the Last Hour". Neither film was made, and Schindler quickly spent the money he received from MGM. He was also approached in the 1960s by MCA of Germany and Walt Disney Productions in Vienna, but again nothing came of these projects.


title: Oskar Schindler

text: In 1980, Australian author Thomas Keneally by chance visited Pfefferberg's luggage store in Beverly Hills while en route home from a film festival in Europe, and Pfefferberg told him the story of Oskar Schindler. He gave Keneally copies of some materials he had on file, and Keneally soon decided to make a fictionalised treatment of the story. After extensive research and interviews with surviving "Schindlerjuden", he wrote his historical novel "Schindler's Ark" (published in the United States as "Schindler's List") which was released in 1982.


title: Oskar Schindler

text: The novel was adapted as the 1993 movie "Schindler's List" by director Steven Spielberg. Although Spielberg had acquired the film rights ten years earlier, he did not feel he was emotionally or professionally ready to tackle it, and offered the project to several other directors. Later, after reading a script for the project prepared by Steven Zaillian for Martin Scorsese, he decided to trade him "Cape Fear" for the opportunity to do the Schindler biography. In the film, the character of Itzhak Stern (played by Ben Kingsley) is a composite of Stern, Bankier and Pemper. Liam Neeson was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Schindler, and the film won seven Oscars, including Best Picture.


title: Oskar Schindler

text: Other film treatments include a 1983 British television documentary produced by Jon Blair for Thames Television, entitled "Schindler: His Story as Told by the Actual People He Saved" (released in the US in 1994 as "Schindler: The Real Story"), and a 1998 A&E Biography special, "Oskar Schindler: The Man Behind the List".


title: Oskar Schindler

text: In 1997 a suitcase belonging to Schindler containing historic photographs and documents was discovered in the attic of the apartment of Ami and Heinrich Staehr in Hildesheim. Schindler had stayed with the couple for a few days shortly before his death in 1974. Staehr's son Chris took the suitcase to Stuttgart, where the documents were examined in detail in 1999 by Dr. Wolfgang Borgmann, science editor of the "Stuttgarter Zeitung". Borgmann wrote a series of seven articles, which appeared in the paper from 16 to 26 October 1999 and were eventually published in book form as "Schindlers Koffer: Berichte aus dem Leben eines Lebensretters; eine Dokumentation der Stuttgarter Zeitung" ("Schindler's Suitcase: Reports from the Life of a Lifesaver"). The documents and suitcase were sent to the Holocaust museum at Yad Vashem in Israel for safekeeping in December 1999.


title: Oskar Schindler

text: In early April 2009, a carbon copy of one version of the list was discovered at the State Library of New South Wales by workers combing through boxes of materials collected by author Thomas Keneally. The 13-page document, yellow and fragile, was filed among research notes and original newspaper clippings. The document was given to Keneally in 1980 by Pfefferberg when he was persuading him to write Schindler's story. This version of the list contains 801 names and is dated 18 April 1945; Pfefferberg is listed as worker number 173. Several authentic versions of the list exist, because the names were re-typed several times as conditions changed in the hectic days at the end of the war.


title: Oskar Schindler

text: One of four existing copies of the list was offered at a ten-day auction starting on 19 July 2013 on eBay at a reserve price of $3 million. It received no bids.


title: Oskar Schindler

text: In August 2013, a one-page letter signed by Schindler on 22 August 1944 sold in an online auction for $59,135. The letter noted Schindler's permission for a factory supervisor to move machinery to Czechoslovakia. The same unknown auction buyer had previously purchased 1943 construction documents for Schindler's Kraków factory for $63,426.


title: Garrett Hedlund

text: Garrett John Hedlund (born September 3, 1984) is an American actor. His films include "Troy" (2004), "Friday Night Lights" (2004), "Four Brothers" (2005), "Eragon" (2006), "Death Sentence" (2007), "" (2010), "Country Strong" (2010), "On the Road" (2012), "Inside Llewyn Davis" (2013), "Unbroken" (2014), "Pan" (2015), "Mudbound" (2017) and "Triple Frontier" (2019).


title: Garrett Hedlund

text: Garrett John Hedlund was born on September 3, 1984, in Roseau, Minnesota, to Kristine Anne ("née" Yanish) and Robert Martin Hedlund. His father is of Swedish descent and his mother is of Norwegian and German descent. He is the youngest of three children, with a brother, Nathaniel, and a sister, Amanda.


title: Garrett Hedlund

text: Hedlund was raised on a remote beef cattle farm near the small town of Wannaska, Minnesota in the Scandinavian diaspora.


title: Garrett Hedlund

text: In the 9th grade, he moved to live with his mother in Arizona. From an early age, he has had a great fondness for reading. During his school years he participated in ice hockey, track and field, melee fight and American football. In Arizona he saved his tips from working as a waiter to pay for lessons with acting coach Jean Fowler, with whom he worked on speeches and script material.


title: Garrett Hedlund

text: In 2003, Hedlund moved to Los Angeles to pursue his acting career. As a teenager, Hedlund modeled for L.L. Bean and Teen Magazine.


title: Garrett Hedlund

text: At the age of nineteen, Hedlund made his debut in his first feature film playing Patroclus who was the younger cousin of Achilles played by Brad Pitt in the mythological epic adventure war drama "Troy", directed by Wolfgang Petersen. The film was released on May 14, 2004.


title: Garrett Hedlund

text: That same year, he also co-starred with Billy Bob Thornton, Amber Heard and Tim McGraw as Don Billingsley in the 2004 sports drama "Friday Night Lights", where McGraw played his abusive father. In 2005, he co-starred with Mark Wahlberg, Tyrese Gibson and André Benjamin in the crime drama "Four Brothers" as Jack Mercer.


title: Garrett Hedlund

text: He co-starred with Ed Speleers, Jeremy Irons, Djimon Hounsou and John Malkovich in the fantasy-adventure film "Eragon" as Murtagh Morzansson. This 20th Century Fox film is an international co-production between United States, United Kingdom and Hungary. In October 2006, it was announced that the actors from the Eragon film would lend their voices to the game adaptation. Hedlund lends his image and voice to his character Murtagh in the video game "Eragon".


title: Garrett Hedlund

text: In 2007, he co-starred with Lindsay Lohan, Jane Fonda and Felicity Huffman in the comedy "Georgia Rule", directed by Garry Marshall. That same year, he co-starred with Kevin Bacon in the crime thriller "Death Sentence", directed by James Wan. In this film Hedlund plays the main villain Billy Darley.


title: Garrett Hedlund

text: In 2010, Hedlund plays Sam Flynn the main protagonist in the science fiction/action film "", acting alongside Jeff Bridges and Olivia Wilde. Hedlund won a "Darwinian casting process" which tested hundreds of actors, being chosen for having the "unique combination of intelligence, wit, humor, look and physicality" that the producers were looking for in Flynn's son. Hedlund trained hard to do his own stunts, which included jumping over cars and copious wire and harness work. The film was released on December 17, 2010, and directed by Joseph Kosinski. It is a sequel to the 1982 film "Tron", whose director Steven Lisberger returned to produce. Like its predecessor, "Tron: Legacy" has also been described as a cult film. Hedlund was also considered by Disney to play Captain America / Steve Rogers in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, but had to abandon the project because his film schedule got in the way of "Tron: Legacy".


title: Garrett Hedlund

text: Hedlund co-starred with Gwyneth Paltrow, Leighton Meester and his "Friday Night Lights" co-star, country musician Tim McGraw in the musical drama "Country Strong", which was released on December 22, 2010. He recorded a number of songs for the film including "Chances Are" which appeared on "Country Strong: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack". His performance was well received by critics. Noting voice similarities between Hedlund and Charlie Robison, "Roughstock" said "the best song on this album belongs to him" and "Country Weekly" wrote that of all the songs performed by actors in this film, his was "the most convincing". Six other songs, including a duet with Meester, were featured on a second soundtrack titled "Country Strong: More Music from the Motion Picture".


title: Garrett Hedlund

text: He also co-starred with Kristen Stewart, Sam Riley, Kirsten Dunst and Viggo Mortensen as Dean Moriarty in the 2012 adventure drama "On the Road", produced by Francis Ford Coppola. The film was directed by Walter Salles and based on Jack Kerouac's novel of same name. That same year, he was an advertising and catwalk model for the Italian fashion firm Prada.


title: Garrett Hedlund

text: Hedlund was cast as Kaneda Shotaro in the live-action version of "Akira" but production of the film was cancelled. Hedlund reportedly turned down the roles of Christian Grey in the film adaptation of E. L. James' best-selling novel "Fifty Shades of Grey" and Finnick Odair in the sequel to the dystopian science fiction/adventure film "The Hunger Games" titled "".


title: Garrett Hedlund

text: In 2013, Hedlund co-starred with Oscar Isaac, Justin Timberlake and Adam Driver in the French-American black comedy-drama film "Inside Llewyn Davis", directed by Joel and Ethan Coen. Hedlund pays homage to a fallen cowboy whose name is Lane Frost in the music video of the song Beautiful War by American rock band Kings of Leon. Also in 2013, he was the image of Yves Saint Laurent Beauté's French men's fragrance "La Nuit de l'Homme".


title: Garrett Hedlund

text: He starred in the drama film "Lullaby" in 2014, directed by Andrew Levitas. In this film Hedlund sings the main musical theme. That same year, he co-starred with Jack O'Connell and Domhnall Gleeson in the historical drama "Unbroken", directed by Angelina Jolie.


title: Garrett Hedlund

text: Hedlund played James Hook (future Captain Hook) in the film "Pan" in 2015, co-starring alongside Hugh Jackman, Rooney Mara and Levi Miller, directed by Joe Wright. In September of that same year, Hedlund wrote the book "The Art of Pan" with Joe Wright and Christopher Grove.


title: Garrett Hedlund

text: He co-starred with Joe Alwyn and Vin Diesel in the 2016 film war drama film "Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk", directed by Ang Lee.


title: Garrett Hedlund

text: In 2017, he co-starred with Carey Mulligan in the film "Mudbound", directed by Dee Rees. Also that same year, he co-starred with Sharon Stone as an aspiring artist in Steven Soderbergh's HBO murder mystery drama series "Mosaic". It was released in two forms: as an iOS/Android mobile app and as a television drama. In 2018, Hedlund produced and starred alongside Juno Temple in the short film "Tocsin" filmed in Cayman Islands and directed by Frank E. Flowers. That same year, he co-starred with Forest Whitaker and Usher in the drama film "Burden", inspired by true events.


title: Garrett Hedlund

text: He co-starred with Ben Affleck, Oscar Isaac, Charlie Hunnam, and Pedro Pascal in the action-adventure film, released by Netflix in 2019 and directed by J. C. Chandor, "Triple Frontier" recorded between Soacha and Bogotá, where he plays a former Special Forces Soldier in a particular mercenary operation in South America. That same year, he co-stars with Kelly Macdonald in the romantic drama film "Dirt Music", directed by Gregor Jordan. This film is a United Kingdom / Australian co-production and is based on the novel of the same name by Tim Winton; Hedlund recorded a number of songs for the film. In August 2020, a "Dirt Music" soundtrack album (featuring music from the film) was released as a digital download.


title: Garrett Hedlund

text: Hedlund portrayed controversial U.S. government official Harry J. Anslinger in the biographical film "The United States vs. Billie Holiday" in 2021, directed by Lee Daniels; Anslinger was actually in his mid 50s to 60s during the setting of the film. In September 2021, he stars in the first Stephen King podcast titled "Strawberry Spring". Hedlund's first single not associated with an acting role, "The Road", was digitally released on January 21, 2022. This same year, he co-starred with Sylvester Stallone in the Paramount+ series "Tulsa King", playing bartender and ex-bull rider Mitch Keller.


title: Garrett Hedlund

text: Hedlund is a skilled guitarist and violinist. During the filming of "Eragon" in Slovakia, his co-star Jeremy Irons was his personal instructor in the development of alternative violin techniques.


title: Garrett Hedlund

text: Hedlund was in a relationship with his "On the Road" co-star Kirsten Dunst from 2012 to 2016, they were briefly engaged before eventually breaking up.


title: Garrett Hedlund

text: In March 2019, Hedlund began a relationship with actress Emma Roberts. In August 2020, it was announced that the couple were expecting their first child, a son. On December 27, 2020, in Los Angeles, Roberts gave birth to a boy. Country singer and actor Tim McGraw is godfather to Hedlund's son. In January 2022, it was announced that Hedlund and Roberts had split.


title: Garrett Hedlund

text: Hedlund's duet with Meester—"Give in to Me"— was the only song to chart as a single, reaching No. 79 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and No. 96 on the Canadian Hot 100.


title: National Hockey League

text: The National Hockey League (NHL; , ) is a professional ice hockey league in North America comprising 32 teams—25 in the United States and 7 in Canada. It is considered to be the top ranked professional ice hockey league in the world, and is one of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. The Stanley Cup, the oldest professional sports trophy in North America, is awarded annually to the league playoff champion at the end of each season. The NHL is the fifth-wealthiest professional sport league in the world by revenue, after the National Football League (NFL), Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Basketball Association (NBA), and the English Premier League (EPL).


title: National Hockey League

text: The National Hockey League was organized at the Windsor Hotel in Montreal on November 26, 1917, after the suspension of operations of its predecessor organization, the National Hockey Association (NHA), which had been founded in 1909 in Renfrew, Ontario. The NHL immediately took the NHA's place as one of the leagues that contested for the Stanley Cup in an annual interleague competition before a series of league mergers and foldings left the NHL as the only league left competing for the Stanley Cup in 1926.


title: National Hockey League

text: At its inception, the NHL had four teams, all in Canada, thus the adjective "National" in the league's name. The league expanded to the United States in 1924, when the Boston Bruins joined, and has since consisted of both American and Canadian teams. From 1942 to 1967, the league had only six teams, collectively (if not contemporaneously) nicknamed the "Original Six". The NHL added six new teams to double its size at the 1967 NHL expansion. The league then increased to 18 teams by 1974 and 21 teams in 1979. Between 1991 and 2000 the NHL further expanded to 30 teams. It added its 31st and 32nd teams in 2017 and 2021, respectively.


title: National Hockey League

text: The league's headquarters have been in Midtown Manhattan since 1989, when the head office moved from Montreal. There have been four league-wide work stoppages in NHL history, all occurring after 1992. The International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) considers the Stanley Cup to be one of the "most important championships available to the sport". The NHL draws many highly skilled players from all over the world and currently has players from approximately 20 countries. Canadians have historically constituted the majority of the players in the league, with an increasing percentage of American and European players in recent seasons.


title: National Hockey League

text: The Montreal Canadiens have the most NHL titles with 24 (including 23 Stanley Cup championships since entering the league). Entering the 2022–23 season, the Colorado Avalanche, who defeated the Tampa Bay Lightning 4–2 in the 2022 Stanley Cup Finals, are the reigning league champions.


title: National Hockey League

text: The National Hockey League was established in 1917 as the successor to the National Hockey Association (NHA). Founded in 1909, the NHA began play in 1910 with seven teams in Ontario and Quebec, and was one of the first major leagues in professional ice hockey. However, by its eighth season, a series of disputes with Toronto Blueshirts owner Eddie Livingstone led team owners of the Montreal Canadiens, the Montreal Wanderers, the Ottawa Senators, and the Quebec Bulldogs to hold a meeting to discuss the league's future. Realizing the NHA constitution left them unable to force Livingstone out, the four teams voted instead to suspend the NHA, and on November 26, 1917, formed the National Hockey League. Frank Calder was chosen as the NHL's first president, serving until his death in 1943.


title: National Hockey League

text: The Bulldogs were unable to play in the NHL, and the remaining owners founded the Toronto Arenas to compete with the Canadiens, Wanderers and Senators. The first games were played on December 19, 1917. The Montreal Arena burned down in January 1918, causing the Wanderers to cease operations, and the NHL continued on as a three-team league until the Bulldogs returned in 1919.


title: National Hockey League

text: The NHL replaced the NHA as one of the leagues that competed for the Stanley Cup, an interleague competition at the time. Toronto won the first NHL title, and then defeated the Vancouver Millionaires of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA) for the 1918 Stanley Cup. The Canadiens won the league title in 1919, but the series in the Stanley Cup Finals against the PCHA's Seattle Metropolitans was abandoned due to the Spanish Flu epidemic. In 1924, Montreal won their first Stanley Cup as a member of the NHL. The Hamilton Tigers won the regular season title in 1924–25, but refused to play in the championship series unless they were given a C$200 bonus. The league refused and declared the Canadiens the league champion after they defeated the Toronto St. Patricks (formerly the Arenas) in the semi-final. Montreal was then defeated by the Victoria Cougars of the Western Canada Hockey League (WCHL) in 1925. It was the last time a non-NHL team won the trophy, as the Stanley Cup became the "de facto" NHL championship in 1926, after the WCHL ceased operation.


title: National Hockey League

text: The National Hockey League embarked on a rapid expansion in the 1920s, adding the Montreal Maroons and the Boston Bruins in 1924, the latter being the first American team to join the league. The New York Americans began play in 1925 after purchasing the assets of the Hamilton Tigers, and were joined by the Pittsburgh Pirates. The New York Rangers were added in 1926, and the Chicago Black Hawks and Detroit Cougars (later the Red Wings) were added after the league purchased the assets of the defunct WCHL. A group purchased the Toronto St. Patricks in 1927 and immediately renamed them the Toronto Maple Leafs.


title: National Hockey League

text: In 1934, the first NHL All-Star Game was held to benefit Ace Bailey, whose career ended on a vicious hit by Eddie Shore. The second was held in 1937 in support of Howie Morenz's family when he died of a coronary embolism after breaking his leg during a game.


title: National Hockey League

text: The Great Depression and the onset of World War II took a toll on the league. The Pirates became the Philadelphia Quakers in 1930, then folded a year later. The Senators likewise became the St. Louis Eagles in 1934, also lasting only a year. The Maroons did not survive, as they suspended operations in 1938. The Americans were suspended in 1942 due to a lack of available players, and were never reactivated.


title: National Hockey League

text: For the 1942–43 season, the NHL was reduced to six teams: the Boston Bruins, the Chicago Black Hawks, the Detroit Red Wings, the Montreal Canadiens, the New York Rangers, and the Toronto Maple Leafs, a line-up, often referred to as the "Original Six", which would remain constant for the next 25 years. In 1947, the league reached an agreement with the Stanley Cup trustees to take full control of the trophy, allowing it to reject challenges from other leagues that wished to play for the Cup.


title: National Hockey League

text: In 1945, Maurice "Rocket" Richard became the first player to score 50 goals, doing so in a 50-game season. Richard later led the Canadiens to five consecutive titles between 1956 and 1960, a record no team has matched.


title: National Hockey League

text: On March 13, 1948, Asian Canadian Larry Kwong became the first non-white player in the NHL and broke the league's colour barrier by playing for the New York Rangers. On January 18, 1958, Willie O'Ree became the first Black player in the league's history when he made his debut with the Boston Bruins.


title: National Hockey League

text: By the mid-1960s, the desire for a network television contract in the United States, coupled with concerns that the Western Hockey League was planning to declare itself a major league and challenge for the Stanley Cup, spurred the NHL to undertake its first expansion since the 1920s. The league doubled in size to 12 teams for the 1967–68 season, adding the Los Angeles Kings, the Minnesota North Stars, the Philadelphia Flyers, the Pittsburgh Penguins, the California Seals, and the St. Louis Blues. However, Canadian fans were outraged that all six teams were placed in the United States, so the league responded by adding the Vancouver Canucks in 1970, along with the Buffalo Sabres, both located on the Canada–United States border. Two years later, the emergence of the newly founded World Hockey Association (WHA) led the league to add the New York Islanders and the Atlanta Flames to keep the rival league out of those markets. In 1974, the Washington Capitals and the Kansas City Scouts were added, bringing the league up to 18 teams.