title: West Side Story (2021 film)

text: The locations where some of the songs take place, as well as some of their contexts, are also changed for this version. "America" now takes place the day after the neighborhood dance, on the streets of the Sharks' community in New York City, rather than on the rooftop of Maria and Bernardo's apartment on the same night of the dance, as seen in the stage show and 1961 film. It also uses more of the 1961 film's lyrics than the original stage show version and speaks of Puerto Rico in a more positive light while still conveying the message that Anita prefers to stay in America. "I Feel Pretty" takes place at the Gimbels department store in this version, instead of Maria's bedroom in the stage show and the bridal shop in the 1961 film. In addition, the song appears after the rumble, like in the stage show, whereas in the 1961 film, it is sung before the rumble. This recontextualization resolved Sondheim's often-stated misgivings about the suitability of this song within the show. In this version, the rumble itself takes place in a salt warehouse instead of under a highway.


title: West Side Story (2021 film)

text: Whereas the stage show and 1961 film both located "Gee, Officer Krupke" outdoors in an alley, this version moves the hijinks to the 21st Precinct of the New York City Police Department, allowing the Jets to wreck the place during the song. Instead of the bridal shop, Maria and Tony sing "One Hand, One Heart" in the Church of the Intercession, as part of their date, which also involves visiting The Cloisters. The context of "Something's Coming" is slightly changed to reflect the character background change for Tony. In the stage show and 1961 film, Tony has the feeling that "something great" is just around the corner, like he tells Riff. In the 2021 film, however, Valentina tries to get Tony to pick himself up and start again despite his past difficulties. She gives him the confidence that launches him into singing the song. The dream ballet associated with "Somewhere" is omitted, as in the 1961 film. Still, the orchestration of its music, called "Scherzo", follows the balcony scene inside Maria's bedroom where she reacts to the joy of her romance. Later, "Somewhere" is sung by Valentina. As Tony dies in the finale, Maria sings a brief reprise of "Tonight" in this version, instead of "Somewhere".


title: Nina Dobrev

text: Nikolina Kamenova Dobreva (, ; born January 9, 1989), credited professionally as Nina Dobrev ( ), is a Canadian actress. She is best known for portraying Elena Gilbert and Katherine Pierce on The CW's supernatural drama series "The Vampire Diaries" (2009–2015).


title: Nina Dobrev

text: Born in Sofia and raised in Toronto, Dobrev made her screen debut playing minor roles in various films, before landing her breakout role as Mia Jones in the drama series "" (2006–2009). She later rose to prominence with her role in "The Vampire Diaries", and appeared in several feature films, including the 2012 coming-of-age drama "The Perks of Being a Wallflower", the comedies "Let's Be Cops" and "The Final Girls" (2014), and the 2017 science-fiction drama "Flatliners". Her biggest commercial success came with "" (2017). She also starred in the rom-coms "Dog Days" (2018), "Then Came You" (2018) and "Love Hard" (2021), and had a leading role in the sitcom "Fam" (2019).


title: Nina Dobrev

text: Dobrev was born as Nikolina Kamenova Dobreva on January 9, 1989, in Sofia, Bulgaria, to Kamen Dobrev, a computer specialist, and Michaela Dobreva (née Radeva), an artist. She has an older brother. When she was two, her family relocated to Canada, where she was raised in Scarborough, Toronto. At age 10, she moved back to Bulgaria with her mother for two years.


title: Nina Dobrev

text: Dobrev attended Vradenburg Junior Public School and J. B. Tyrrell Sr. Public School, where she started ballet and jazz classes and competed in rhythmic gymnastics. She took acting classes at Armstrong Acting Studios in Toronto. Dobrev subsequently attended the arts program at Wexford Collegiate School for the Arts in Scarborough until her graduating year.


title: Nina Dobrev

text: Dobrev entered post-secondary studies at Ryerson University (now Toronto Metropolitan University) in Toronto, majoring in sociology, though her pursuit of an acting career prevented her from graduating.


title: Nina Dobrev

text: Dobrev's first major acting role was as Mia on the teen drama television series "", a role she played for three seasons starting in 2006. She appeared in several feature films in the mid-2000s, including "Fugitive Pieces" (2007) and "Away from Her" (2007). Dobrev also headlined a number of television films, including Sci Fi Channel's "Never Cry Werewolf" (2008), MTV's "The American Mall" (2008), and two Lifetime original movies.


title: Nina Dobrev

text: Dobrev left "Degrassi" in 2009 to star in The CW's supernatural drama series "The Vampire Diaries", a television adaptation of the book series of the same name, playing the lead role of Elena Gilbert. Dobrev recurrently played a 500-year-old doppelgänger vampire named Katherine Pierce. She played the Petrova doppelgänger progenitor Amara, also known as the world's first immortal, in season 5. She crossed over to "The Vampire Diaries" spinoff "The Originals", as doppelgänger character Tatia, in an episode in 2014. In April 2015, Dobrev announced via Instagram that she would be leaving "The Vampire Diaries" after portraying Elena for six seasons. In January 2017, it was announced that Dobrev would return as Elena and Katherine in "The Vampire Diaries" series finale.


title: Nina Dobrev

text: Dobrev had a minor role in Atom Egoyan's erotic thriller "Chloe", theatrically released by Sony Pictures Classics on March 26, 2010. Dobrev also had a small role in the 2011 film "The Roommate".


title: Nina Dobrev

text: In April 2011, Dobrev was cast as Candace Kelmeckis in the film adaptation of "The Perks of Being a Wallflower". In August 2014, she starred in the 20th Century Fox comedy "Let's Be Cops".


title: Nina Dobrev

text: Dobrev played the role of Vicki Summers in the 2015 horror comedy film "The Final Girls". In September 2015, she was cast in the film "Arrivals" as flight attendant Izzy; the film was later retitled "Departures" and was scheduled to go into production in April 2017. That year, she was also cast in the romantic comedy "Crash Pad", which began filming in Vancouver in fall 2015.


title: Nina Dobrev

text: In 2017, Dobrev co-starred as weapons specialist Becky Clearidge in the action film sequel "". It grossed $346 million worldwide, becoming Dobrev's most successful film. The same year, she co-starred as Marlo in the remake of "Flatliners".


title: Nina Dobrev

text: In March 2018, Dobrev was cast as Clem in the comedy "Fam", a CBS sitcom pilot that was picked up to series in May 2018. It premiered January 10, 2019. It was canceled on May 10, 2019 after one season. Dobrev starred as Chloe in the Roger Avary thriller "Lucky Day", released 2019. She also joined the cast of the film "Run This Town", which was released in March 2020. In July 2020, it was announced that Dobrev would star in and serve as an executive producer for a television adaptation of the "Woman 99" book series.


title: Nina Dobrev

text: Dobrev supports multiple charitable causes, including Puma's 2011 non-profit Project Pink, which supports numerous breast cancer charities, and Hunger Bites, an organization that is dedicated to reducing hunger in 27 districts across Pennsylvania. She is also recognized for her long-term involvement with the WE movement, a Canadian-based charity that empowers youth as agents of change. She took part in a Me to We volunteer trip to Kenya to help build a school. She hosted the We Day event in Toronto in 2011 and made an appearance on stage at WE Day California 2019. Other social and charity issues with which she has been involved include the Elton John AIDS Foundation.


title: Nina Dobrev

text: Dobrev is a dual citizen of Bulgaria and Canada. She speaks fluent English and Bulgarian, and is conversant in French. While filming "The Vampire Diaries", she lived in Atlanta but moved to Los Angeles after leaving the series in 2015.


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: Aileen Carol Wuornos (; born Pittman; February 29, 1956 – October 9, 2002) was an American serial killer. In 1989–1990, while engaging in street prostitution along highways in Florida, she shot dead and robbed seven of her male clients. Wuornos claimed that her clients had either raped or attempted to rape her, and that all of the homicides were committed in self-defense. Wuornos was sentenced to death for six of the murders and on October 9, 2002, after 12 years on Florida's death row, was executed by lethal injection.


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: In the biographical film "Monster" (2003), Wuornos' story is described from her first murder until her execution. For her portrayal of Wuornos, Charlize Theron won the Academy Award for Best Actress.


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: Wuornos was born Aileen Carol Pittman in Rochester, Michigan, on February 29, 1956. Her mother, Diane Wuornos (born 1939), was 14 years old when she married Aileen's father, 18-year-old Leo Dale Pittman (1936–1969), on June 3, 1954. On March 14, 1955, Diane gave birth to Aileen's older brother Keith. After less than two years of marriage, and two months before Aileen was born, Diane filed for divorce. She gave birth to Aileen at the age of 16.


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: Wuornos never met her father, as he was incarcerated at the time of her birth. Leo Dale Pittman was diagnosed with schizophrenia. He was later convicted for raping a 7-year-old girl; he committed suicide by hanging in prison on January 30, 1969. In January 1960, when Wuornos was almost four years old, Diane abandoned her children, leaving them with their maternal grandparents, Lauri and Britta Wuornos, both alcoholics, who legally adopted Keith and Aileen on March 18, 1960.


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: By the age of 11, Wuornos began engaging in sexual activities in school in exchange for cigarettes, drugs, and food. She had also engaged in sexual activities with her brother. Wuornos said that her alcoholic grandfather had sexually assaulted and beaten her when she was a child. Before beating her, he would force her to strip out of her clothes. In 1970, at age 14, she became pregnant, having been raped by a friend of her grandfather.


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: Wuornos gave birth to a boy at a home for unwed mothers on March 23, 1971, and the child was placed for adoption. A few months after her son was born, she dropped out of school at about the same time that her grandmother died of liver failure. When Wuornos was 15, her grandfather threw her out of the house, and she began supporting herself through prostitution and living in the woods near her old home.


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: On May 27, 1974, at age 18, Wuornos was arrested in Jefferson County, Colorado, for driving under the influence (DUI), disorderly conduct, and firing a .22-caliber pistol from a moving vehicle. She was later charged with failure to appear.


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: In 1976, Wuornos hitchhiked to Florida, where she met 69-year-old yacht club president Lewis Gratz Fell. They married quickly and the announcement of their nuptials was printed in the local newspaper's society pages. Wuornos continually involved herself in confrontations at their local bar and went to jail briefly for assault. She also hit Fell with his own cane, leading him to gain a restraining order against her within weeks of the marriage. She returned to Michigan where, on July 14, 1976, she was arrested at Bernie's Club, in Mancelona, in Antrim County and charged with assault and disturbing the peace for throwing a cue ball at a bartender's head.


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: On July 17, her brother Keith died of esophageal cancer and Wuornos received $10,000 from his life insurance. Wuornos and Fell annulled their marriage on July 21 after only nine weeks. In August 1976, Wuornos was given a $105 fine for drunk driving. She used the money inherited from her brother to pay the fine and spent the rest within two months buying luxuries including a new car, which she wrecked shortly afterwards.


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: In 1978, at the age of 22, she attempted suicide by shooting herself in the stomach. Between the ages of 14 and 22, she attempted suicide six times. On May 20, 1981, Wuornos was arrested in Edgewater, Florida, for the armed robbery of a convenience store, where she stole $35 and two packs of cigarettes. She was sentenced to prison on May 4, 1982, and released on June 30, 1983. On May 1, 1984, Wuornos was arrested for attempting to pass forged checks at a bank in Key West. On November 30, 1985, she was named as a suspect in the theft of a revolver and ammunition in Pasco County.


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: On January 4, 1986, Wuornos was arrested in Miami and charged with car theft, resisting arrest, and obstruction of justice for providing identification bearing her aunt's name. Miami police officers found a .38-caliber revolver and a box of ammunition in the stolen car. On June 2, 1986, Volusia County deputy sheriffs detained Wuornos for questioning after a male companion accused her of pulling a gun in his car and demanding $200. Wuornos was found to be carrying spare ammunition, and police discovered a .22 pistol under the passenger seat she had occupied.


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: In 1986, 30-year-old Wuornos met 24-year-old Tyria Moore, a hotel maid, at a Daytona Beach gay bar called Zodiac. They moved in together, and Wuornos supported them with her earnings as a prostitute. On July 4, 1987, Daytona Beach police detained Wuornos and Moore at a bar for questioning regarding an incident in which they were accused of assault and battery with a beer bottle.


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: On March 12, 1988, Wuornos accused a Daytona Beach bus driver of assault. She claimed that he pushed her off the bus following a confrontation. Moore was listed as a witness to the incident. Later, at her trial, Wuornos stated: "It was love beyond imaginable. Earthly words cannot describe how I felt about Tyria." Before her execution, Wuornos claimed to still be in love with Moore.


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: Wuornos murdered seven men within a period of 12 months. All the men were drivers between the ages of 40 to 65.


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: On July 4, 1990, Wuornos and Tyria Moore abandoned victim Peter Siems' car after they were involved in an accident. Rhonda Bailey, who witnessed the accident, provided police with a description of two women, resulting in a media campaign to locate them. Police also found some of the victims' belongings in pawnshops. Wuornos' fingerprint that was found on a receipt at one of the pawnshops matched the print that was left in Siems' car. Wuornos had a criminal record in Florida, and samples of her prints were in a database.


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: On January 9, 1991, Wuornos was arrested on an outstanding warrant at The Last Resort biker bar in Volusia County. Police located Moore the next day in Scranton, Pennsylvania. Moore agreed to elicit a confession from Wuornos in exchange for immunity from prosecution. Moore returned with the police to Florida, where she was put up in a motel. Under police guidance, she made numerous telephone calls to Wuornos, pleading for help in clearing her name. Three days later, on January 16, 1991, Wuornos confessed to the murders. She claimed the men had tried to rape her and she killed them in self-defense. In November 1991, Wuornos was legally adopted by 44-year-old Arlene Pralle who saw her photo in a newspaper.


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: On January 14, 1992, Wuornos went to trial for the murder of Richard Charles Mallory. Although previous convictions are normally inadmissible in criminal trials, under Florida's Williams Rule, the prosecution was allowed to introduce evidence related to her other crimes to show a pattern of illegal activity. On January 27, 1992, Wuornos was convicted of Mallory's murder with help from Moore's testimony. At her sentencing, psychiatrists for the defense testified that Wuornos was mentally unstable and diagnosed her with borderline personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder. Four days later, she was sentenced to death.


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: Wuornos' defense made efforts during the trial to introduce evidence that Mallory was previously convicted for attempted rape in Maryland and served a sentence in a maximum security correctional facility providing remediation to sexual offenders. Records obtained from the correctional institution showed that from 1958 to 1962, Mallory was committed for treatment and observation resulting from a criminal charge of assault with intent to rape and received an overall eight years of treatment from the facility. In 1961, "it was observed of Mr. Mallory that he possessed strong sociopathic trends". However, the judge refused to allow the records to be admitted in court as evidence and denied Wuornos' request for a retrial.


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: On March 31, 1992, Wuornos pleaded no contest to the murders of Charles Richard Humphreys, Troy Eugene Burress, and David Andrew Spears, saying she wanted to "get right with God". In her statement to the court, she said, in part, "I wanted to confess to you that Richard Mallory did violently rape me as I've told you; but these others did not. [They] only began to start to." On May 15, 1992, Wuornos was given three more death sentences. In June 1992, Wuornos pleaded guilty to the murder of Charles Edmund Carskaddon. In November 1992, she received her fifth death sentence. In February 1993, Wuornos pleaded guilty to the murder of Walter Jeno Antonio and was sentenced to death again. No charges were brought against her for the murder of Peter Abraham Siems, as his body was never found. In all, Wuornos received six death sentences.


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: Wuornos told several inconsistent stories about the killings. She claimed initially that all seven men had raped her while she was working as a prostitute but later recanted the claim of self-defense, citing robbery and a desire to leave no witnesses as the reason for murder. During an interview with filmmaker Nick Broomfield, when Wuornos thought the cameras were off, she told him that it was, in fact, self-defense, but she could not stand being on death row—where she had been for ten years at that point—and wanted to die.


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: Assessed using the Psychopathy Checklist, Wuornos scored 32/40 with the cutoff score of 30 for determining psychopathy. The checklist evaluates individuals on a 20-item list of antisocial and interpersonal behaviors, with each item being scored as zero, one, or two, with a maximum score of 40.


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: Wuornos was incarcerated at the Florida Department of Corrections Broward Correctional Institution (BCI) death row for women, then transferred to the Florida State Prison for execution. Her appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court was denied in 1996. In a 2001 petition to the Florida Supreme Court, she stated her intention to dismiss her legal counsel and terminate all pending appeals. "I killed those men," she wrote, "robbed them as cold as ice. And I'd do it again, too. There's no chance in keeping me alive or anything, because I'd kill again. I have hate crawling through my system...I am so sick of hearing this 'she's crazy' stuff. I've been evaluated so many times. I'm competent, sane, and I'm trying to tell the truth. I'm one who seriously hates human life and would kill again." While her attorneys argued that she was not mentally competent to make such a request, Wuornos insisted that she knew what she was doing, and a court-appointed panel of psychiatrists agreed.


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: In 2002, Wuornos began accusing prison matrons of tainting her food with dirt, saliva, and urine. She said she had overheard conversations among prison personnel "trying to get me so pushed over the brink by them I'd wind up committing suicide before the execution" and "wishing to rape me before execution". She also complained of strip searches, tight handcuffing, door kicking, frequent window checks, low water pressure, mildew on her mattress, and "cat calling ... in distaste and a pure hatred towards me". Wuornos threatened to boycott showers and food trays when certain officers were on duty. "In the meantime, my stomach's growling away and I'm taking showers through the sink of my cell." Her attorney stated that "Ms. Wuornos really just wants to have proper treatment, humane treatment until the day she's executed." He added, "She believes what she's written."


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: In the weeks before her execution, Wuornos gave a series of interviews to Broomfield and talked about "being taken away to meet God and Jesus and the angels and whatever is beyond the beyond". In her final interview, she once again charged that her mind was "tortured" at BCI, and her head crushed by "sonic pressure". Food poisonings and other abuses worsened, she said, each time she complained, with the goal of making her appear insane, or to drive her insane. She also turned on her interviewer: "You sabotaged my ass! Society, and the cops, and the system! A raped woman got executed, and was used for books and movies and shit!" Her final on-camera words were "Thanks a lot, society, for railroading my ass." Dawn Botkins, a childhood friend of Wuornos, later told Broomfield that her verbal abuse was directed at society and the media in general, not at him specifically.


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: Wuornos's execution by lethal injection took place on October 9, 2002. She declined her last meal which could have been anything under $20 and opted for a cup of coffee instead. Her last words were, "Yes, I would just like to say I'm sailing with the rock, and I'll be back, like "Independence Day", with Jesus. June 6, like the movie. Big mother ship and all, I'll be back, I'll be back." She died at 9:47 a.m. EDT. She was the second woman in Florida and the tenth in the United States to be executed since the 1976 United States Supreme Court decision restoring capital punishment.


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: After her death, Wuornos' body was cremated. Wuornos' ashes were scattered beneath a tree in her native Michigan by Wuornos' childhood friend Dawn Botkins. At Wuornos' request, Natalie Merchant's song "Carnival" from her album "Tigerlily" was played at her funeral: Wuornos spent many hours listening to this album on death row. When Merchant found out about this, she gave permission to use the song in the closing credits of Nick Broomfield's documentary "":


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: According to some specialists, Wuornos's crimes have been related to her psychopathic personality and her psychotraumatic past. Using the Psychopathy Checklist, Wuornos was found to have a psychopathic personality with a PCL-R score of 32 with the cutoff score for psychopathy being 30 in the United States. Wuornos was also known to meet the relevant criteria for determining both borderline personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder.


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: Much of Wuornos' childhood sexual abuse and career in sex work are said to have irrevocably damaged her, and it could be seen that traumatic experiences throughout most of her young life could play a part in Wuornos's psychological state, including her biological mother's departure as well as her grandmother ignoring the abuse she endured from her grandfather, thus leading to the lack of development of a mother–daughter bond for Wuornos as a young girl. The damage was then made worse because both Wuornos and her brother believed that their grandparents were their biological parents, but at the age of 11 they learned that this was not the case, which further damaged the relationship between Wuornos and her adoptive parents.


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: Wuornos was also known to have early behavioral problems such as having an explosive temper which limited her ability to make friends, as well as making it increasingly difficult for her to maintain relationships. Her traumatic upbringing, including her physical and sexual abuse, have been partially linked to the development of her borderline personality disorder. Such severe trauma can also disrupt the structuralization of the mind at various developmental points and result in "primitive, dissociative, and splitting defenses to ward off the intensity of emotional and sexual stimulation that cannot be integrated as a child."


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: FBI profiler Robert K. Ressler briefly mentions Wuornos in his autobiographical history of his 20 years with the FBI. Writing in 1992, he said he often does not discuss female serial killers because they tend to kill in sprees instead of in a sequential fashion. He noted Wuornos as the sole exception. Ressler, who allegedly coined the phrase "serial killer" to describe murderers seeking personal gratification, does not apply it to women killing in postpartum psychosis or to any murderer acting solely for financial gain, such as women who have killed a series of boarders or spouses.


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: Wuornos was the subject of episodes of the documentary TV series "American Justice", "Biography" and "Deadly Women". She was also featured in an episode of the TV series "The New Detectives" (season 3, episode 1: "Fatal Compulsion").


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: An episode of "Murder Made Me Famous" on the Reelz television network, airing December 1, 2018, chronicled the case. In February 2020, the series "Very Scary People" was shown on the Crime & Investigation; episodes 3 and 4 describes how the investigation into Wuornos was conducted. A 2021 episode of "Catching Killers" from Netflix is centered around Wuornos: the 40-minute episode is titled, "Manhunter: Aileen Wuornos."


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: The biographical drama film "Monster" (2003), written and directed by Patty Jenkins, stars Charlize Theron as Wuornos and Christina Ricci as Tyria Moore (named Selby Wall in the film). It chronicles Wuornos' life and her relationship with her girlfriend, Moore, who testified against Wuornos. Theron won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in the film.


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: The horror-thriller film "" was released as Video-on-demand on October 8, 2021, and on DVD on October 15, 2021. It stars Peyton List as a young Wuornos.


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: The TV movie "Overkill: The Aileen Wuornos Story" (1992) starred Jean Smart as Wuornos. The antagonist of the 2002 "" episode "Chameleon"—Maggie Peterson (Sharon Lawrence), a sex worker who murders her johns—is based on Wuornos.


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: In 2014, in a "Saturday Night Live" sketch, Charlize Theron made a self-reference to her role from "Monster" and played a cat lady, whose image and behavior are based on Aileen Wuornos.


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: In 2015, Lily Rabe portrayed a fictionalized version of Wuornos as part of a Halloween storyline in "" in the fourth episode of the show's fifth season, and later in the season finale.


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: An operatic adaptation of Wuornos' life premiered at San Francisco, California's Yerba Buena Center for the Arts on June 22, 2001. Entitled "Wuornos", the opera was written by composer/librettist Carla Lucero, conducted by Mary Chun, and produced by the Jon Sims Center for the Performing Arts.


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: Several musicians have written songs about Wuornos, including Jewel ("Nicotine Love"), the New York-based metalcore band It Dies Today ("Sixth of June"), and Pablo Hasél ("Inéditas por culpa de Aileen Wuornos").


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: The singer Diamanda Galás recorded a live cover of the Phil Ochs song "Iron Lady", which she would often perform as a tribute to Wuornos, for her performance album "Malediction and Prayer".


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: Samples of interviews with Wuornos feature prominently throughout Dragged into Sunlight's 2009 album "Hatred for Mankind", and Lingua Ignota's 2017 album "All Bitches Die" at the beginning of the songs "For I Am the Light (and Mine is the Only Way)" and "Holy is the Name (Of My Ruthless Axe)".


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: The song "Poor Aileen" by Superheaven, which is the final track from the 2015 album "Ours Is Chrome", is written about Aileen Wuornos.


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: A parody cover version of Dolly Parton's song "Jolene" called "Aileen", dedicated by Wuornos, is featured on Willam Belli's third album. The music video, featuring Gigi Gorgeous portraying Wuornos, was released on November 1, 2018.


title: Aileen Wuornos

text: In 2019, rapper Cardi B recreated Wuornos' famous mugshot for her single "Press". In 2020, rapper Sadistik released the song "Aileen Wuornos", dedicated to the serial killer, on his "Delirium" EP.


title: Olivia Colman

text: Sarah Caroline Sinclair ( Colman; born 30 January 1974), known professionally as Olivia Colman, is an English actress. Known for her comedic and dramatic roles in film and television, she has received various accolades, including an Academy Award, a British Academy Film Award, two Emmy Awards, three British Academy Television Awards, and three Golden Globe Awards.


title: Olivia Colman

text: A graduate of the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School, Colman's breakthrough came in the Channel 4 sitcom "Peep Show" (2003–2015). Her other comedic roles on television include "Green Wing" (2004–2006), "That Mitchell and Webb Look" (2006–2008), "Beautiful People" (2008–2009), "Rev." (2010–2014), "Flowers" (2016–2018), "Fleabag" (2016–2019), and "Heartstopper" (2022). Colman received the BAFTA Award for Best Female Comedy Performance for the comedy programme "Twenty Twelve" (2011–2012) and Best Supporting Actress for the crime programme "Accused" (2012).


title: Olivia Colman

text: She was acclaimed for her performance in the ITV crime-drama series "Broadchurch" (2013–2017), for which she received a British Academy Television Award for Best Actress. Colman also appeared in the BBC One thriller miniseries "The Night Manager" (2016), for which she received a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film. She played Queen Elizabeth II from 2019 to 2020 in the Netflix period-drama series "The Crown", for which she received a Golden Globe Award and a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series. Other dramatic roles on television include "Les Misérables" (2019) and "Landscapers" (2021).


title: Olivia Colman

text: For her portrayal of Anne, Queen of Great Britain in the period black-comedy film "The Favourite" (2018), Colman received the Academy Award for Best Actress. She received additional Academy Award nominations for her performances in "The Father" (2020) and "The Lost Daughter" (2021). Other notable film credits include "Hot Fuzz" (2007), "Tyrannosaur" (2011), "The Iron Lady" (2011), "Hyde Park on Hudson" (2012), "Locke" (2013), "The Lobster" (2015), "Murder on the Orient Express" (2017), "The Mitchells vs. the Machines" (2021), and "Empire of Light" (2022).


title: Olivia Colman

text: Colman was born in Norwich on 30 January 1974, the daughter of nurse Mary (née Leakey) and chartered surveyor Keith Colman. She was privately educated at Norwich High School for Girls and Gresham's School in Holt, Norfolk. Colman's first role was Jean Brodie in a school production of "The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie" at age 16. She cites her mother's interrupted career as a ballet dancer as an inspiration to pursue acting professionally. Colman spent a term studying primary education at Homerton College, Cambridge before studying drama at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School, from which she graduated in 1999. During her time at Cambridge, she appeared in the Channel 4 series "The Word" in 1995 under her nickname "Colly", auditioned for the Cambridge University Footlights Dramatic Club and met future co-stars David Mitchell and Robert Webb.


title: Olivia Colman

text: Colman had to adopt a different stage name when she began working professionally, because Equity (the UK actors' union) already had an actress named Sarah Colman. "One of my best friends at university was called Olivia and I always loved her name," Colman told "The Independent" in 2013. "I was never Sarah; I was always called by my nickname, Colly, so it didn't seem so awful not to be called Sarah."


title: Olivia Colman

text: Colman was a subject of the UK genealogy programme "Who Do You Think You Are?" in July 2018. Although she expected that her family tree would mainly relate to Norfolk, it was discovered that her fourth great-grandfather Richard Campbell Bazett was born on the island of Saint Helena and worked in London for the East India Company. Bazett's son, Colman's third great-grandfather Charles Bazett, married Harriot Slessor. Researchers discovered that she was born in the Indian city of Kishanganj, lost her British father at age three, and made the journey to England alone. Slessor's passage was paid for by her paternal grandmother. The episode speculated that Slessor's mother might have been Indian, but did not present proof. After the episode aired, the Berkshire Record Office published the will of Slessor's mother; her name was Seraphina Donclere (evidently of European origin), and she died in 1810.


title: Olivia Colman

text: Colman made her professional acting debut in 2000 at age 26 as part of the BBC Two comedy sketch show, "Bruiser". She has appeared in a number of BBC, ITV and Channel 4 television series, such as "People Like Us", "Look Around You", "Black Books", "The Office" and "The Time of Your Life". Colman provided the voice-over for Channel 5's poll for "Britain's Funniest Comedy Character".


title: Olivia Colman

text: She regularly appeared on BBC Radio 4 comedies, such as "Concrete Cow", "Think the Unthinkable", "The House of Milton Jones" and "Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency". Colman was the voice of Minka, the Polish secretary in the Radio 4 comedy "Hut 33" set in a fictional code-breaking hut at Bletchley Park during World War II. Colman appeared as Bev, with Mark Burdis as Kev, in a series of television advertisements for AA car insurance. She provided voices for the Andrex "be kind to your behind" and Glade fragrance advertisements (playing a gorilla).


title: Olivia Colman

text: On several projects, Colman has worked with the comedians Mitchell and Webb. She joined them in 2003 to play Sophie in the Channel 4 comedy "Peep Show". Other joint ventures have included radio's "That Mitchell and Webb Sound" and its television version, "That Mitchell and Webb Look". She decided to leave the programme after her agent suggested that she was becoming too closely associated with their work and needed to widen her horizons, a decision which was made "with tears". Colman continued to appear on "Peep Show" less often until it ended in 2015.


title: Olivia Colman

text: She had a recurring role in the surrealist comedy "Green Wing" from 2004 to 2006. One of her earliest film credits is naturist Joanna Roberts in the 2006 mockumentary film "Confetti", a role she has described as "the worst experience of my life".


title: Olivia Colman

text: In 2007, Colman starred as Alice in the comedy "Grow Your Own" and as PC Doris Thatcher in the action comedy "Hot Fuzz", and played a lead role in Paddy Considine's short film "Dog Altogether". She appeared in October and November 2008 in the BBC sitcom "Beautiful People" (based on the life of Simon Doonan) as Debbie Doonan, Simon's mother. Colman made a guest appearance in the episode "Naomi" of the series "Skins" as Naomi's mother, Gina.


title: Olivia Colman

text: Colman had a lead role in 2010 as Alex Smallbone, the wife of an inner-city vicar, in the BBC sitcom "Rev." starring Tom Hollander; the series ran from 2010 to 2014. She guest-starred that year in "The Eleventh Hour" episode of "Doctor Who", Matt Smith's debut as the Eleventh Doctor. Colman appeared the following year in the BBC drama "Exile", written by Danny Brocklehurst and starring John Simm and Jim Broadbent. From 2011 to 2012 she played Ian Fletcher's (Hugh Bonneville) lovelorn secretary Sally Owen in "Twenty Twelve", a comedy series about planning for the 2012 Olympic Games in London.


title: Olivia Colman

text: Colman rejoined Considine in 2011 for his feature-film directorial debut, "Tyrannosaur", receiving the BIFA Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a British Independent Film and the Empire Award for Best Actress. She played Carol Thatcher that year in the Academy Award-winning drama "The Iron Lady", with Meryl Streep and Jim Broadbent, for which she received the London Film Critics' Circle Award for British Actress of the Year.


title: Olivia Colman

text: In 2013, Colman began playing DS Ellie Miller in ITV's "Broadchurch". The crime-drama series, set in the fictional Dorset town of Broadchurch, follows the residents of a tightly-knit community after a young boy is found dead on a beach under suspicious circumstances. She was nominated for an International Emmy Award for Best Actress, and received a BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress for her performance. Colman starred (with Vanessa Redgrave) that year as Margaret Lea in the BBC television film, "The Thirteenth Tale".


title: Olivia Colman

text: She starred in Yorgos Lanthimos' 2015 absurdist dystopian film, "The Lobster", with Rachel Weisz and Colin Farrell. The film premiered at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival, where it competed for the Palme d'Or and received the Jury Prize. Colman was nominated for the London Film Critics' Circle Award for Supporting Actress of the Year, and received the BIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress.


title: Olivia Colman

text: Colman was praised for her performance as Angela Burr in the 2016 AMC-BBC miniseries "The Night Manager", for which she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award and received a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film. She starred as Deborah Flowers that year in the Channel 4 black-comedy series, "Flowers". Colman voiced Strawberry in the Netflix-BBC animated miniseries, "Watership Down". She played Hildegarde Schmidt, Princess Dragomiroff's lady's maid, in Kenneth Branagh's 2017 remake of Agatha Christie's "Murder on the Orient Express".


title: Olivia Colman

text: In 2018, Colman starred as Queen Anne in Lanthimos' film "The Favourite" with Emma Stone and Rachel Weisz. In preparation for the role, she gained 2 st 7 lbs (35 lb, or 16 kg). For her performance, Colman received the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical, the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role, and the Academy Award for Best Actress. Her awestruck, humorous Academy Award acceptance speech was widely covered by the media.


title: Olivia Colman

text: Colman received positive reviews for her supporting role as Madame Thénardier in the 2018 BBC miniseries "Les Misérables", an adaptation of the novel of the same name. In August 2019, she was confirmed as a guest star (as Lily) in the thirty-second season of the animated comedy series "The Simpsons".


title: Olivia Colman

text: In October 2017, Colman was cast as Queen Elizabeth II for the third and fourth seasons of the Netflix historical drama series "The Crown"; the third season was released in November 2019. For her performance, she received two Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series, a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama, and a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series. The fourth season was released on 15 November 2020, to critical acclaim.


title: Olivia Colman

text: Colman starred with Anthony Hopkins in Florian Zeller's 2020 film adaptation of his stage play, "The Father", which focuses on an elderly man dealing with memory loss. The film premiered to critical acclaim at the Sundance Film Festival, and was picked up for distribution by Sony Pictures Classics. It began a limited release on 26 February 2021, after originally being scheduled for release on 18 December 2020. Hopkins and Colman received widespread praise for their performances, as did the film for its accurate depiction of dementia. It received six Academy Award nominations (including Best Picture), and Colman was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.


title: Olivia Colman

text: In 2021, she had roles in the drama films "Mothering Sunday" and "The Electrical Life of Louis Wain" and in the science-fiction animated films "The Mitchells vs. the Machines" and "Ron's Gone Wrong". Colman was executive producer and starred with David Thewlis in the HBO true-crime miniseries "Landscapers" created by her husband, Ed Sinclair. The series, and Colman's performance, were critically praised.


title: Olivia Colman

text: Colman also starred that year in Maggie Gyllenhaal's psychological drama "The Lost Daughter", an adaptation of the novel of the same name by Elena Ferrante. Her performance was critically praised, and she was nominated for the Golden Globe Award, Screen Actors Guild Award, and Academy Award for Best Actress. In 2022 Colman appeared as Sarah Nelson in the Netflix coming-of-age series "Heartstopper" and received the inaugural Children's and Family Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Performance for her performance in the first season.


title: Olivia Colman

text: Colman was cast in the lead role in April 2021 in the romantic drama film "Empire of Light", directed by Sam Mendes. That month she joined the cast of the Disney+ miniseries "Secret Invasion", set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, which is scheduled to premiere in 2023. She was cast in September in the musical "Wonka", which explores Willy Wonka's origins as a prequel to the Roald Dahl novel "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory". The film is scheduled for release on 15 December 2023. Colman has been signed to star in the coming-of-age comedy film "Joyride" and as Miss Havisham in the FX and BBC series "Great Expectations", based on Charles Dickens' novel of the same name. She has a starring voice in the DreamWorks animated film "" and in Netflix's "Scrooge: A Christmas Carol".


title: Olivia Colman

text: While performing in a late-1990s Footlights production of Sir Alan Ayckbourn's "Table Manners", Colman met Ed Sinclair, a third-year law student who had become disillusioned with law and preferred to write. Colman and Sinclair married in August 2001 and have three children. They live in South London.


title: Olivia Colman

text: Since 2013, Colman has been a judge of the Norwich Film Festival. In August 2014, she was one of 200 public figures who signed a letter to "The Guardian" opposing Scottish independence in the run-up to the September 2014 referendum on the issue. She signed an open letter in November 2020 condemning violence and discrimination against trans women.


title: Olivia Colman

text: Colman presented two of the 2013 Mind Media Awards, which celebrate accurate, responsible and sensitive portrayals of mental health across the media. Colman believes that "the media industry has huge influence and with that comes a responsibility to contest the stigma that sadly still exists, through accurate representation". She has spoken openly to the "Big Issue" about her experience of postnatal depression after the birth of her first child.


title: Olivia Colman

text: Inspired by her research for the film "Tyrannosaur", in 2014 Colman became the patron of the UK charity Tender, which uses theatre and the arts to educate young people about preventing violence and sexual abuse. Colman has said that domestic-violence prevention can make a difference in the lives of young people. Other charity work included participating in the Alzheimer's Society's Holkham Hall Memory Walk in September 2013. Colman's great-grandmother suffered from dementia, and her mother was involved in running a nursing home for patients. She has also supported charity campaigns for the Marie Curie Great Daffodil Appeal for the terminally ill. Colman became patron of the Anthony Nolan blood-cancer charity in 2018, which she said helped a friend of hers.


title: Olivia Colman

text: In December 2014, Colman was involved in a BBC Radio documentary about the plight of women in Afghanistan for Amnesty International UK. Several women who told their stories to journalist Lyse Doucet were unable to appear because their lives might have been at risk; Colman read their stories as part of the documentary, and said that the UK must not abandon Afghan women to the Taliban. An ambassador for UNICEF UK since 2015, she became its president in 2020.


title: Olivia Colman

text: Colman has received a number of awards, including an Academy Award, three British Academy Television Awards, a British Academy Film Award, four British Independent Film Awards, three Golden Globe Awards, two Critics' Choice Movie Awards, five Satellite Awards, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, a Primetime Emmy Award, a Volpi Cup, and a BFI Fellowship. For her performance in the miniseries "The Night Manager" (2016), she received a Golden Globe Award and was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award. Colman received another Primetime Emmy Award nomination for the comedy series "Fleabag" (2016–2019). For her portrayal of Queen Elizabeth II in the Netflix period drama series "The Crown" (2019–2020), she received two Screen Actors Guild Awards, a Golden Globe Award, and a Primetime Emmy Award.


title: Olivia Colman

text: For her portrayal of Anne, Queen of Great Britain in the period black-comedy film "The Favourite" (2018), she received the Academy Award for Best Actress, the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical, and the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role. For her performance in the drama film "The Father" (2020), she was nominated for the Golden Globe Award, the Screen Actors Guild Award, the Critics' Choice Movie Award, and the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. For her performance in the psychological drama film "The Lost Daughter" (2021), Colman was nominated for the Golden Globe Award, the Screen Actors Guild Award, and the Academy Award for Best Actress. She was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2019 Birthday Honours for her services to drama.


title: Dune (novel)

text: Dune is a 1965 epic science fiction novel by American author Frank Herbert, originally published as two separate serials in "Analog" magazine. It tied with Roger Zelazny's "This Immortal" for the Hugo Award in 1966 and it won the inaugural Nebula Award for Best Novel. It is the first installment of the "Dune" saga. In 2003, it was described as the world's best-selling science fiction novel.


title: Dune (novel)

text: "Dune" is set in the distant future amidst a feudal interstellar society in which various noble houses control planetary fiefs. It tells the story of young Paul Atreides, whose family accepts the stewardship of the planet Arrakis. While the planet is an inhospitable and sparsely populated desert wasteland, it is the only source of melange, or "spice", a drug that extends life and enhances mental abilities. Melange is also necessary for space navigation, which requires a kind of multidimensional awareness and foresight that only the drug provides. As melange can only be produced on Arrakis, control of the planet is a coveted and dangerous undertaking. The story explores the multilayered interactions of politics, religion, ecology, technology, and human emotion, as the factions of the empire confront each other in a struggle for the control of Arrakis and its spice.


title: Dune (novel)

text: Herbert wrote five sequels: "Dune Messiah", "Children of Dune", "God Emperor of Dune", "Heretics of Dune", and "". Following Herbert's death in 1986, his son Brian Herbert and author Kevin J. Anderson continued the series in over a dozen additional novels since 1999.


title: Dune (novel)

text: Adaptations of the novel to cinema have been notoriously difficult and complicated. In the 1970s, cult filmmaker Alejandro Jodorowsky attempted to make a film based on the novel. After three years of development, the project was canceled due to a constantly growing budget. In 1984, a film adaptation directed by David Lynch was released to a mostly negative response from critics and failed at the box office. The book was also adapted into the 2000 Sci-Fi Channel miniseries "Frank Herbert's Dune" and its 2003 sequel "Frank Herbert's Children of Dune" (which combines the events of "Dune Messiah" and "Children of Dune"). A second film adaptation directed by Denis Villeneuve was released on October 21, 2021, to generally positive reviews from critics and grossed $401 million worldwide. It also went on to win six Academy Awards. Villeneuve's film was essentially the first half of the original novel, and a , which will cover the remaining story, has begun production and is set for release in 2023. The series has been used as the basis for several board, role-playing, and video games.


title: Dune (novel)

text: Since 2009, the names of planets from the "Dune" novels have been adopted for the real-life nomenclature of plains and other features on Saturn's moon Titan.


title: Dune (novel)

text: After his novel "The Dragon in the Sea" was published in 1957, Herbert traveled to Florence, Oregon, at the north end of the Oregon Dunes. Here, the United States Department of Agriculture was attempting to use poverty grasses to stabilize the sand dunes. Herbert claimed in a letter to his literary agent, Lurton Blassingame, that the moving dunes could "swallow whole cities, lakes, rivers, highways." Herbert's article on the dunes, "They Stopped the Moving Sands", was never completed (and only published decades later in "The Road to Dune"), but its research sparked Herbert's interest in ecology and deserts.


title: Dune (novel)

text: Herbert further drew inspiration from Native American mentors like “Indian Henry” (as Herbert referred to the man to his son; likely a Henry Martin of the Hoh tribe) and Howard Hansen. Both Martin and Hansen grew up on the Quileute reservation near Herbert's hometown. According to historian Daniel Immerwahr, Hansen regularly shared his writing with Herbert. "White men are eating the earth,” Hansen told Herbert in 1958, after sharing a piece on the effect of logging on the Quileute reservation. “They’re gonna turn this whole planet into a wasteland, just like North Africa.” The world could become a “big dune," Herbert responded in agreement.


title: Dune (novel)

text: Herbert was also interested in the idea of the superhero mystique and messiahs. He believed that feudalism was a natural condition humans fell into, where some led and others gave up the responsibility of making decisions and just followed orders. He found that desert environments have historically given birth to several major religions with messianic impulses. He decided to join his interests together so he could play religious and ecological ideas against each other. In addition, he was influenced by the story of T. E. Lawrence and the “messianic overtones” in Lawrence's involvement in the Arab Revolt during World War I. In an early version of "Dune", the hero was actually very similar to Lawrence of Arabia, but Herbert decided the plot was too straightforward and added more layers to his story.


title: Dune (novel)

text: Herbert drew heavy inspiration also from Lesley Blanch's "The Sabres of Paradise" (1960), a narrative history recounting a mid-19th century conflict in the Caucasus, between rugged Islamized Turkic tribes and the expansive Russian Empire. Language used on both sides of that conflict become terms in Herbert's world—"chakobsa", a Caucasian hunting language, becomes a battle language of humans spread across the galaxy; "kanly", a word for blood feud in the 19th century Caucasus, represents a feud between Dune's noble Houses; "sietch" and "tabir" are both words for camp borrowed from Ukrainian Cossacks (of the Pontic–Caspian steppe).


title: Dune (novel)

text: Herbert also borrowed some lines which Blanch stated were Caucasian proverbs. ""To kill with the point lacked artistry"", used by Blanch to describe the Caucasus peoples' love of swordsmanship, becomes in Dune ""Killing with the tip lacks artistry"", a piece of advice given to a young Paul during his training. ""Polish comes from the city, wisdom from the hills"", a Caucasian aphorism, turns into a desert expression: ""Polish comes from the cities, wisdom from the desert"."


title: Dune (novel)

text: Another significant source of inspiration for "Dune" was Herbert's experiences with psilocybin and his hobby of cultivating mushrooms, according to mycologist Paul Stamets's account of meeting Herbert in the 1980s:Frank went on to tell me that much of the premise of "Dune"—the magic spice (spores) that allowed the bending of space (tripping), the giant sand worms (maggots digesting mushrooms), the eyes of the Fremen (the cerulean blue of "Psilocybe" mushrooms), the mysticism of the female spiritual warriors, the Bene Gesserits (influenced by the tales of Maria Sabina and the sacred mushroom cults of Mexico)—came from his perception of the fungal life cycle, and his imagination was stimulated through his experiences with the use of magic mushrooms.Herbert spent the next five years researching, writing, and revising. He published a three-part serial "Dune World" in the monthly "Analog", from December 1963 to February 1964. The serial was accompanied by several illustrations that were not published again. After an interval of a year, he published the much slower-paced five-part "The Prophet of Dune" in the January–May 1965 issues. The first serial became "Book 1: Dune" in the final published "Dune" novel, and the second serial was divided into "Book Two: Muad'dib" and "Book Three: The Prophet". The serialized version was expanded, reworked, and submitted to more than twenty publishers, each of whom rejected it. The novel, "Dune", was finally accepted and published in August 1965 by Chilton Books, a printing house better known for publishing auto repair manuals. Sterling Lanier, an editor at Chilton, had seen Herbert's manuscript and had urged his company to take a risk in publishing the book. However, the first printing, priced at , did not sell well and was poorly received by critics as being atypical of science fiction at the time. Chilton considered the publication of "Dune" a write-off and Lanier was fired. Over the course of time, the book gained critical acclaim, and its popularity spread by word-of-mouth to allow Herbert to start working full time on developing the sequels to "Dune", elements of which were already written alongside "Dune".


title: Dune (novel)

text: At first Herbert considered using Mars as setting for his novel, but eventually decided to use a fictional planet instead. His son Brian said that "Readers would have too many preconceived ideas about that planet, due to the number of stories that had been written about it."


title: Dune (novel)

text: Herbert dedicated his work "to the people whose labors go beyond ideas into the realm of 'real materials'—to the dry-land ecologists, wherever they may be, in whatever time they work, this effort at prediction is dedicated in humility and admiration."


title: Dune (novel)

text: Duke Leto Atreides of House Atreides, ruler of the ocean planet Caladan, is assigned by the Padishah Emperor Shaddam IV to serve as fief ruler of the planet Arrakis. Although Arrakis is a harsh and inhospitable desert planet, it is of enormous importance because it is the only planetary source of melange, or the "spice", a unique and incredibly valuable substance that extends human youth, vitality and lifespan. It is also through the consumption of spice that Spacing Guild Navigators are able to effect safe interstellar travel. Shaddam sees House Atreides as a potential future rival and threat, and conspires with House Harkonnen, the former stewards of Arrakis and the longstanding enemies of House Atreides, to destroy Leto and his family after their arrival. Leto is aware his assignment is a trap of some kind, but is compelled to obey the Emperor’s orders anyway.


title: Dune (novel)

text: Leto's concubine Lady Jessica is an acolyte of the Bene Gesserit, an exclusively female group that pursues mysterious political aims and wields seemingly superhuman physical and mental abilities, such as the ability to decide the gender of their children. Though Jessica was instructed by the Bene Gesserit to bear a daughter as part of their breeding program, out of love for Leto she bore a son, Paul. From a young age, Paul has been trained in warfare by Leto's aides, the elite soldiers Duncan Idaho and Gurney Halleck. Thufir Hawat, the Duke's Mentat (people with superhuman intelligence), has instructed Paul in the ways of political intrigue. Jessica has also trained her son in what Bene Gesserit disciplines she can. His prophetic dreams interest Jessica's superior, the Reverend Mother Gaius Helen Mohiam. She subjects Paul to the gom jabbar, a deadly test that causes blinding pain as part of an assessment of the subject's self-control. To her surprise, Paul passes despite being exposed to more pain than any others before him.


title: Dune (novel)

text: Leto, Jessica, and Paul travel with their household to occupy Arrakeen, the capital on Arrakis formerly held by House Harkonnen. Leto learns of the dangers involved in harvesting the spice, which is protected by giant sandworms, and negotiates with the planet's native Fremen people, seeing them as a valuable ally rather than foes. Soon after the Atreides' arrival, Harkonnen forces attack, joined by the Emperor's ferocious Sardaukar troops in disguise. Leto is betrayed by his personal physician, the Suk doctor Wellington Yueh, who delivers a drugged Leto to the Baron Vladimir Harkonnen and his twisted Mentat, Piter De Vries. Yueh, however, arranges for Jessica and Paul to escape into the desert, where they are presumed dead by the Harkonnens. Yueh replaces one of Leto's teeth with a poison gas capsule, hoping Leto can kill the Baron during their encounter. The Baron narrowly avoids the gas due to his shield, which instead kills Leto, De Vries, and others. The Baron forces Hawat to take over De Vries' position by dosing him with a long-lasting, fatal poison and threatening to withhold the regular antidote doses unless he obeys. While he follows the Baron's orders, Hawat works secretly to undermine the Harkonnens.


title: Dune (novel)

text: After fleeing into the desert, Paul realizes he has significant powers as a result of the Bene Gesserit breeding scheme, inadvertently caused by Jessica bearing a son and his exposure to high concentrations of spice. In visions, he foresees futures in which he lives among the planet's native Fremen, and is also informed of the addictive qualities of the spice. It is revealed Jessica is the daughter of Baron Harkonnen, a secret kept from her by the Bene Gesserit. After being captured by Fremen, Paul and Jessica are accepted into the Fremen community of Sietch Tabr, and teach them the Bene Gesserit fighting technique known as the "weirding way". Paul proves his manhood by killing a Fremen named Jamis in a ritualistic crysknife fight and chooses the Fremen name Muad'Dib, while Jessica opts to undergo a ritual to become a Reverend Mother by drinking the poisonous Water of Life. Pregnant with Leto's daughter, she inadvertently causes the unborn child, Alia, to become infused with the same powers in the womb. Paul takes a Fremen lover, Chani, and has a son with her, Leto II.


title: Dune (novel)

text: Two years pass and Paul's powerful prescience manifests, which confirms for the Fremen that he is their prophesied messiah, a legend planted by the Bene Gesserit's Missionaria Protectiva. Paul embraces his father's belief that the Fremen could be a powerful fighting force to take back Arrakis, but also sees that if he does not control them, their jihad could consume the entire universe. Word of the new Fremen leader reaches both Baron Harkonnen and the Emperor as spice production falls due to their increasingly destructive raids. The Baron encourages his brutish nephew Glossu Rabban to rule with an iron fist, hoping the contrast with his shrewder nephew Feyd-Rautha will make the latter popular among the people of Arrakis when he eventually replaces Rabban. The Emperor, suspecting the Baron of trying to create troops more powerful than the Sardaukar to seize power, sends spies to monitor activity on Arrakis. Hawat uses the opportunity to sow seeds of doubt in the Baron about the Emperor's true plans, putting further strain on their alliance.


title: Dune (novel)

text: Gurney, having survived the Harkonnen coup to become a smuggler, reunites with Paul and Jessica after a Fremen raid on his harvester. Believing Jessica to be the traitor, Gurney threatens to kill her, but is stopped by Paul. Paul did not foresee Gurney's attack, and concludes he must increase his prescience by drinking the Water of Life, which is traditionally fatal to males. Paul falls into unconsciousness for several weeks after drinking the poison, but when he wakes, he has clairvoyance across time and space: he is the Kwisatz Haderach, the ultimate goal of the Bene Gesserit breeding program.


title: Dune (novel)

text: Paul senses the Emperor and Baron are amassing fleets around Arrakis to quell the Fremen rebellion, and prepares the Fremen for a major offensive against the Harkonnen troops. The Emperor arrives with the Baron on Arrakis. The Emperor’s troops seize a Fremen outpost, killing many including young Leto II, while Alia is captured and taken to the Emperor. Under cover of an electric storm, which shorts out the Emperor's troops' defensive shields, Paul and the Fremen, riding giant sandworms, assault the capital while Alia assassinates the Baron and escapes. The Fremen quickly defeat both the Harkonnen and Sardaukar troops.


title: Dune (novel)

text: Paul faces the Emperor, threatening to destroy spice production forever unless Shaddam abdicates the throne. Feyd-Rautha attempts to stop Paul by challenging him to a ritualistic knife fight, during which he attempts to cheat and kill Paul with a poison spur in his belt. Paul gains the upper hand and kills him. The Emperor reluctantly cedes the throne to Paul and promises his daughter Princess Irulan's hand in marriage. As Paul takes control of the Empire, he realizes that while he has achieved his goal, he is no longer able to stop the Fremen jihad, as their belief in him is too powerful to restrain.


title: Dune (novel)

text: The "Dune" series is a landmark of science fiction. Herbert deliberately suppressed technology in his "Dune" universe so he could address the politics of humanity, rather than the future of humanity's technology. For example, a key pre-history event to the novel's present is the "Butlerian Jihad", in which all robots and computers were destroyed, eliminating these common elements to science fiction from the novel as to allow focus on humanity. "Dune" considers the way humans and their institutions might change over time. Director John Harrison, who adapted "Dune" for Syfy's 2000 miniseries, called the novel a universal and timeless reflection of "the human condition and its moral dilemmas", and said:


title: Dune (novel)

text: But "Dune" has also been called a mix of soft and hard science fiction since "the attention to ecology is hard, the anthropology and the psychic abilities are soft." Hard elements include the ecology of Arrakis, suspensor technology, weapon systems, and ornithopters, while soft elements include issues relating to religion, physical and mental training, cultures, politics, and psychology.


title: Dune (novel)

text: Herbert said Paul's messiah figure was inspired by the Arthurian legend, and that the scarcity of water on Arrakis was a metaphor for oil, as well as air and water itself, and for the shortages of resources caused by overpopulation. Novelist Brian Herbert, his son and biographer, wrote:


title: Dune (novel)

text: Each chapter of "Dune" begins with an epigraph excerpted from the fictional writings of the character Princess Irulan. In forms such as diary entries, historical commentary, biography, quotations and philosophy, these writings set tone and provide exposition, context and other details intended to enhance understanding of Herbert's complex fictional universe and themes. They act as foreshadowing and invite the reader to keep reading to close the gap between what the epigraph says and what is happening in the main narrative. The epigraphs also give the reader the feeling that the world they are reading about is epically distanced, since Irulan writes about an idealized image of Paul as if he had already passed into memory. Brian Herbert wrote: "Dad told me that you could follow any of the novel's layers as you read it, and then start the book all over again, focusing on an entirely different layer. At the end of the book, he intentionally left loose ends and said he did this to send the readers spinning out of the story with bits and pieces of it still clinging to them, so that they would want to go back and read it again."


title: Dune (novel)

text: Due to the similarities between some of Herbert's terms and ideas and actual words and concepts in the Arabic language, as well as the series' "Islamic undertones" and themes, a Middle-Eastern influence on Herbert's works has been noted repeatedly. In his descriptions of the Fremen culture and language, Herbert uses both authentic Arabic words and Arabic-sounding words. For example, one of the names for the sandworm, Shai-hulud, is derived from or . The title of the Fremen housekeeper, the Shadout Mapes, is borrowed from the , the Egyptian term for a device used to raise water. In particular, words related to the messianic religion of the Fremen, first implanted by the Bene Gesserit, are taken from Arabic, including Muad'Dib (from ), Usul (from ), Shari-a (from ), Shaitan (from , and jinn (from ). It is likely Herbert relied on second-hand resources such as phrasebooks and desert adventure stories to find these Arabic words and phrases for the Fremen. They are meaningful and carefully chosen, and help create an "imagined desert culture that resonates with exotic sounds, enigmas, and pseudo-Islamic references" and has a distinctly Bedouin aesthetic.


title: Dune (novel)

text: As a foreigner who adopts the ways of a desert-dwelling people and then leads them in a military capacity, Paul Atreides bears many similarities to the historical T. E. Lawrence. His 1962 biopic "Lawrence of Arabia" has also been identified as a potential influence. "The Sabres of Paradise" (1960) has also been identified as a potential influence upon "Dune", with its depiction of Imam Shamil and the Islamic culture of the Caucasus inspiring some of the themes, characters, events and terminology of "Dune".


title: Dune (novel)

text: The environment of the desert planet Arrakis was primarily inspired by the environments of the Middle East. Similarly Arrakis as a bioregion is presented as a particular kind of political site. Herbert has made it resemble a desertified petrostate area. The Fremen people of Arrakis were influenced by the Bedouin tribes of Arabia, and the Mahdi prophecy originates from Islamic eschatology. Inspiration is also adopted from medieval historian Ibn Khaldun's cyclical history and his dynastic concept in North Africa, hinted at by Herbert's reference to Khaldun's book Kitāb al-ʿibar ("The Book of Lessons"). The fictionalized version of the "Kitab al-ibar" in "Dune" is a combination of a Fremen religious manual and a desert survival book.


title: Dune (novel)

text: In addition to Arabic, "Dune" derives words and names from a variety of other languages, including Hebrew, Navajo, Latin, Dutch (“"Landsraad"”), Chakobsa, the Nahuatl language of the Aztecs, Greek, Persian, Sanskrit (“prana bindu”, “prajna”), Russian, Turkish, Finnish, and Old English. "Bene Gesserit" is derived from the Latin meaning "it will have been well borne" symbolizing their doctrine in the story.


title: Dune (novel)

text: Through the inspiration from "The Sabres of Paradise", there are also allusions to the tsarist-era Russian nobility and Cossacks. Frank Herbert stated that bureaucracy that lasted long enough would become a hereditary nobility, and a significant theme behind the aristocratic families in "Dune" was "aristocratic bureaucracy" which he saw as analogous to the Soviet Union.


title: Dune (novel)

text: "Dune" has been called the "first planetary ecology novel on a grand scale". Herbert hoped it would be seen as an "environmental awareness handbook" and said the title was meant to "echo the sound of 'doom'". It was reviewed in the best selling countercultural Whole Earth Catalog in 1968 as a "rich re-readable fantasy with clear portrayal of the fierce environment it takes to cohere a community”.


title: Dune (novel)

text: After the publication of "Silent Spring" by Rachel Carson in 1962, science fiction writers began treating the subject of ecological change and its consequences. "Dune" responded in 1965 with its complex descriptions of Arrakis life, from giant sandworms (for whom water is deadly) to smaller, mouse-like life forms adapted to live with limited water. "Dune" was followed in its creation of complex and unique ecologies by other science fiction books such as "A Door into Ocean" (1986) and "Red Mars" (1992). Environmentalists have pointed out that "Dune" popularity as a novel depicting a planet as a complex—almost living—thing, in combination with the first images of Earth from space being published in the same time period, strongly influenced environmental movements such as the establishment of the international Earth Day.


title: Dune (novel)

text: While the genre of climate fiction was popularized in the 2010s in response to real global climate change, "Dune" as well as other early science fiction works from authors like J. G. Ballard ("The Drowned World") and Kim Stanley Robinson (the "Mars" trilogy) have retroactively been considered pioneering examples of the genre.


title: Dune (novel)

text: The Imperium in "Dune" contains features of various empires in Europe and the near East, including the Roman Empire, Holy Roman Empire, and Ottoman Empire. Lorenzo DiTommaso compared "Dune" portrayal of the downfall of a galactic empire to Edward Gibbon's "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire," which argues that Christianity allied with the profligacy of the Roman elite led to the fall of Ancient Rome. In "The Articulation of Imperial Decadence and Decline in Epic Science Fiction" (2007), DiTommaso outlines similarities between the two works by highlighting the excesses of the Emperor on his home planet of Kaitain and of the Baron Harkonnen in his palace. The Emperor loses his effectiveness as a ruler through an excess of ceremony and pomp. The hairdressers and attendants he brings with him to Arrakis are even referred to as "parasites". The Baron Harkonnen is similarly corrupt and materially indulgent. Gibbon's "Decline and Fall" partly blames the fall of Rome on the rise of Christianity. Gibbon claimed that this exotic import from a conquered province weakened the soldiers of Rome and left it open to attack. The Emperor's Sardaukar fighters are little match for the Fremen of Dune not only because of the Sardaukar's overconfidence and the fact that Jessica and Paul have trained the Fremen in their battle tactics, but because of the Fremen's capacity for self-sacrifice. The Fremen put the community before themselves in every instance, while the world outside wallows in luxury at the expense of others.


title: Dune (novel)

text: The decline and long peace of the Empire sets the stage for revolution and renewal by genetic mixing of successful and unsuccessful groups through war, a process culminating in the Jihad led by Paul Atreides, described by Frank Herbert as depicting "war as a collective orgasm" (drawing on Norman Walter's 1950 "The Sexual Cycle of Human Warfare"), themes that would reappear in "God Emperor of Dune" Scattering and Leto II's all-female Fish Speaker army.


title: Dune (novel)

text: Gender dynamics are complex in "Dune". Within the Fremen sietch communities, women have almost full equality. They carry weapons and travel in raiding parties with men, fighting when necessary alongside the men. They can take positions of leadership as a Sayyadina or as a Reverend Mother (if she can survive the ritual of ingesting the Water of Life.) Both of these sietch religious leaders are routinely consulted by the all-male Council and can have a decisive voice in all matters of sietch life, security and internal politics. They are also protected by the entire community. Due to the high mortality rate among their men, women outnumber men in most sietches. Polygamy is common, and sexual relationships are voluntary and consensual; as Stilgar says to Jessica, “women among us are not taken against their will.”


title: Dune (novel)

text: In contrast, the Imperial aristocracy leaves young women of noble birth very little agency. Frequently trained by the Bene Gesserit, they are raised to eventually marry other aristocrats. Marriages between Major and Minor Houses are political tools to forge alliances or heal old feuds; women are given very little say in the matter. Many such marriages are quietly maneuvered by the Bene Gesserit to produce offspring with some genetic characteristics needed by the sisterhood’s human-breeding program. In addition, such highly-placed sisters were in a position to subtly influence their husbands’ actions in ways that could move the politics of the Imperium toward Bene Gesserit goals.


title: Dune (novel)

text: The gom jabbar test of humanity is administered by the female Bene Gesserit order but rarely to males. The Bene Gesserit have seemingly mastered the unconscious and can play on the unconscious weaknesses of others using the Voice, yet their breeding program seeks after a male Kwisatz Haderach. Their plan is to produce a male who can “possess complete racial memory, both male and female,” and look into the black hole in the collective unconscious that they fear. A central theme of the book is the connection, in Jessica's son, of this female aspect with his male aspect. This aligns with concepts in Jungian psychology, which features conscious/unconscious and taking/giving roles associated with males and females, as well as the idea of the collective unconscious. Paul's approach to power consistently requires his upbringing under the matriarchal Bene Gesserit, who operate as a long-dominating shadow government behind all of the great houses and their marriages or divisions. He is trained by Jessica in the Bene Gesserit Way, which includes prana-bindu training in nerve and muscle control and precise perception. Paul also receives Mentat training, thus helping prepare him to be a type of androgynous Kwisatz Haderach, a male Reverend Mother.


title: Dune (novel)

text: In a Bene Gesserit test early in the book, it is implied that people are generally "inhuman" in that they irrationally place desire over self-interest and reason. This applies Herbert's philosophy that humans are not created equal, while equal justice and equal opportunity are higher ideals than mental, physical, or moral equality.


title: Dune (novel)

text: Throughout Paul's rise to superhuman status, he follows a plotline common to many stories describing the birth of a hero. He has unfortunate circumstances forced onto him. After a long period of hardship and exile, he confronts and defeats the source of evil in his tale. As such, "Dune" is representative of a general trend beginning in 1960s American science fiction in that it features a character who attains godlike status through scientific means. Eventually, Paul Atreides gains a level of omniscience which allows him to take over the planet and the galaxy, and causes the Fremen of Arrakis to worship him like a god. Author Frank Herbert said in 1979, "The bottom line of the "Dune" trilogy is: beware of heroes. Much better [to] rely on your own judgment, and your own mistakes." He wrote in 1985, ""Dune" was aimed at this whole idea of the infallible leader because my view of history says that mistakes made by a leader (or made in a leader's name) are amplified by the numbers who follow without question."


title: Dune (novel)

text: Juan A. Prieto-Pablos says Herbert achieves a new typology with Paul's superpowers, differentiating the heroes of "Dune" from earlier heroes such as Superman, van Vogt's Gilbert Gosseyn and Henry Kuttner's telepaths. Unlike previous superheroes who acquire their powers suddenly and accidentally, Paul's are the result of "painful and slow personal progress." And unlike other superheroes of the 1960s—who are the exception among ordinary people in their respective worlds—Herbert's characters grow their powers through "the application of mystical philosophies and techniques." For Herbert, the ordinary person can develop incredible fighting skills (Fremen, Ginaz swordsmen and Sardaukar) or mental abilities (Bene Gesserit, Mentats, Spacing Guild Navigators).


title: Dune (novel)

text: Early in his newspaper career, Herbert was introduced to Zen by two Jungian psychologists, Ralph and Irene Slattery, who "gave a crucial boost to his thinking". Zen teachings ultimately had "a profound and continuing influence on [Herbert's] work". Throughout the "Dune" series and particularly in "Dune", Herbert employs concepts and forms borrowed from Zen Buddhism. The Fremen are Zensunni adherents, and many of Herbert's epigraphs are Zen-spirited. In ""Dune" Genesis", Frank Herbert wrote:


title: Dune (novel)

text: Brian Herbert called the "Dune" universe "a spiritual melting pot", noting that his father incorporated elements of a variety of religions, including Buddhism, Sufi mysticism and other Islamic belief systems, Catholicism, Protestantism, Judaism, and Hinduism. He added that Frank Herbert's fictional future in which "religious beliefs have combined into interesting forms" represents the author's solution to eliminating arguments between religions, each of which claimed to have "the one and only revelation."


title: Dune (novel)

text: Tim O'Reilly suggests that Herbert also wrote "Dune" as a counterpoint to Isaac Asimov's "Foundation" series. In his monograph on Frank Herbert, O'Reilly wrote that ""Dune" is clearly a commentary on the "Foundation" trilogy. Herbert has taken a look at the same imaginative situation that provoked Asimov's classic—the decay of a galactic empire—and restated it in a way that draws on different assumptions and suggests radically different conclusions. The twist he has introduced into "Dune" is that the Mule, not the Foundation, is his hero." According to O'Reilly, Herbert bases the Bene Gesserit on the scientific shamans of the Foundation, though they use biological rather than statistical science. In contrast to the "Foundation" series and its praise of science and rationality, "Dune" proposes that the unconscious and unexpected are actually what are needed for humanity.


title: Dune (novel)

text: However, both works contain a similar theme of the restoration of civilization and seem to make the fundamental assumption that “political maneuvering, the need to control material resources, and friendship or mating bonds will be fundamentally the same in the future as they are now.”


title: Dune (novel)

text: "Dune" tied with Roger Zelazny's "This Immortal" for the Hugo Award in 1966 and won the inaugural Nebula Award for Best Novel. Reviews of the novel have been largely positive, and "Dune" is considered by some critics to be the best science fiction book ever written. The novel has been translated into dozens of languages, and has sold almost 20 million copies. "Dune" has been regularly cited as one of the world's best-selling science fiction novels.


title: Dune (novel)

text: Arthur C. Clarke described "Dune" as "unique" and wrote, "I know nothing comparable to it except "The Lord of the Rings"." Robert A. Heinlein described the novel as "powerful, convincing, and most ingenious." It was described as "one of the monuments of modern science fiction" by the "Chicago Tribune", and P. Schuyler Miller called "Dune" "one of the landmarks of modern science fiction ... an amazing feat of creation." "The Washington Post" described it as "a portrayal of an alien society more complete and deeply detailed than any other author in the field has managed ... a story absorbing equally for its action and philosophical vistas ... An astonishing science fiction phenomenon." Algis Budrys praised "Dune" for the vividness of its imagined setting, saying "The time lives. It breathes, it speaks, and Herbert has smelt it in his nostrils". He found that the novel, however, "turns flat and tails off at the end. ... [T]ruly effective villains simply simper and melt; fierce men and cunning statesmen and seeresses all bend before this new Messiah". Budrys faulted in particular Herbert's decision to kill Paul's infant son offstage, with no apparent emotional impact, saying "you cannot be so busy saving a world that you cannot hear an infant shriek". After criticizing unrealistic science fiction, Carl Sagan in 1978 listed "Dune" as among stories "that are so tautly constructed, so rich in the accommodating details of an unfamiliar society that they sweep me along before I have even a chance to be critical".


title: Dune (novel)

text: "The Louisville Times" wrote, "Herbert's creation of this universe, with its intricate development and analysis of ecology, religion, politics, and philosophy, remains one of the supreme and seminal achievements in science fiction." Writing for "The New Yorker", Jon Michaud praises Herbert's "clever authorial decision" to exclude robots and computers ("two staples of the genre") from his fictional universe, but suggests that this may be one explanation why "Dune" lacks "true fandom among science-fiction fans" to the extent that it "has not penetrated popular culture in the way that "The Lord of the Rings" and "Star Wars" have". Tamara I. Hladik wrote that the story "crafts a universe where lesser novels promulgate excuses for sequels. All its rich elements are in balance and plausible—not the patchwork confederacy of made-up languages, contrived customs, and meaningless histories that are the hallmark of so many other, lesser novels."


title: Dune (novel)

text: J. R. R. Tolkien refused to review "Dune", on the grounds that he disliked it "with some intensity" and thus felt it would be unfair to Herbert, another working author, if he gave an honest review of the book.


title: Dune (novel)

text: The first edition of "Dune" is one of the most valuable in science fiction book collecting. Copies have been sold for more than $10,000 at auction. The Chilton first edition of the novel is tall, with bluish green boards and a price of $5.95 on the dust jacket, and notes Toronto as the Canadian publisher on the copyright page. Up to this point, Chilton had been publishing only automobile repair manuals.


title: Dune (novel)

text: California State University, Fullerton's Pollack Library has several of Herbert's draft manuscripts of "Dune" and other works, with the author's notes, in their Frank Herbert Archives.


title: Dune (novel)

text: After "Dune" proved to be a critical and financial success for Herbert, he was able to devote himself full time to writing additional novels in the series. He had already drafted parts of the second and third while writing "Dune". The series included "Dune Messiah" (1969), "Children of Dune" (1976), "God Emperor of Dune" (1981), "Heretics of Dune" (1984), and "" (1985), each sequentially continuing on the narrative from "Dune". Herbert died on February 11, 1986.


title: Dune (novel)

text: Herbert's son, Brian Herbert, had found several thousand pages of notes left by his father that outlined ideas for other narratives related to "Dune". Brian Herbert enlisted author Kevin J. Anderson to help build out prequel novels to the events of "Dune". Brian Herbert's and Anderson's "Dune" prequels first started publication in 1999, and have led to additional stories that take place between those of Frank Herbert's books. The notes for what would have been "Dune 7" also enabled them to publish "Hunters of Dune" (2006) and "Sandworms of Dune" (2007), sequels to Frank Herbert's final novel "Chapterhouse: Dune", which complete the chronological progression of his original series, and wrap up storylines that began in "Heretics of Dune".


title: Dune (novel)

text: "Dune" has been considered as an "unfilmable" and "uncontainable" work to adapt from novel to film or other visual medium. Described by "Wired", "It has four appendices and a glossary of its own gibberish, and its action takes place on two planets, one of which is a desert overrun by worms the size of airport runways. Lots of important people die or try to kill each other, and they're all tethered to about eight entangled subplots." There have been several attempts to achieve this difficult conversion with various degrees of success.


title: Dune (novel)

text: In 1971, the production company Apjac International (APJ) (headed by Arthur P. Jacobs) optioned the rights to film "Dune". As Jacobs was busy with other projects, such as the sequel to "Planet of the Apes", "Dune" was delayed for another year. Jacobs' first choice for director was David Lean, but he turned down the offer. Charles Jarrott was also considered to direct. Work was also under way on a script while the hunt for a director continued. Initially, the first treatment had been handled by Robert Greenhut, the producer who had lobbied Jacobs to make the movie in the first place, but subsequently Rospo Pallenberg was approached to write the script, with shooting scheduled to begin in 1974. However, Jacobs died in 1973.


title: Dune (novel)

text: In December 1974, a French consortium led by Jean-Paul Gibon purchased the film rights from APJ, with Alejandro Jodorowsky set to direct. In 1975, Jodorowsky planned to film the story as a 10-hour feature, set to star his own son Brontis Jodorowsky in the lead role of Paul Atreides, Salvador Dalí as Shaddam IV, Padishah Emperor, Amanda Lear as Princess Irulan, Orson Welles as Baron Vladimir Harkonnen, Gloria Swanson as Reverend Mother Gaius Helen Mohiam, David Carradine as Duke Leto Atreides, Geraldine Chaplin as Lady Jessica, Alain Delon as Duncan Idaho, Hervé Villechaize as Gurney Halleck, Udo Kier as Piter De Vries, and Mick Jagger as Feyd-Rautha. It was at first proposed to score the film with original music by Karlheinz Stockhausen, Henry Cow, and Magma; later on, the soundtrack was to be provided by Pink Floyd. Jodorowsky set up a pre-production unit in Paris consisting of Chris Foss, a British artist who designed covers for science fiction periodicals, Jean Giraud (Moebius), a French illustrator who created and also wrote and drew for "Metal Hurlant" magazine, and H. R. Giger. Moebius began designing creatures and characters for the film, while Foss was brought in to design the film's space ships and hardware. Giger began designing the Harkonnen Castle based on Moebius's storyboards. Dan O'Bannon was to head the special effects department.


title: Dune (novel)

text: Dalí was cast as the Emperor. Dalí later demanded to be paid $100,000 per hour; Jodorowsky agreed, but tailored Dalí's part to be filmed in one hour, drafting plans for other scenes of the emperor to use a mechanical mannequin as substitute for Dalí. According to Giger, Dalí was "later invited to leave the film because of his pro-Franco statements". Just as the storyboards, designs, and script were finished, the financial backing dried up. Frank Herbert traveled to Europe in 1976 to find that $2 million of the $9.5 million budget had already been spent in pre-production, and that Jodorowsky's script would result in a 14-hour movie ("It was the size of a phone book", Herbert later recalled). Jodorowsky took creative liberties with the source material, but Herbert said that he and Jodorowsky had an amicable relationship. Jodorowsky said in 1985 that he found the "Dune" story mythical and had intended to recreate it rather than adapt the novel; though he had an "enthusiastic admiration" for Herbert, Jodorowsky said he had done everything possible to distance the author and his input from the project. Although Jodorowsky was embittered by the experience, he said the "Dune" project changed his life, and some of the ideas were used in his and Moebius's "The Incal". O'Bannon entered a psychiatric hospital after the production failed, then worked on 13 scripts, the last of which became "Alien". A 2013 documentary, "Jodorowsky's Dune", was made about Jodorowsky's failed attempt at an adaptation.


title: Dune (novel)

text: In 1976, Dino De Laurentiis acquired the rights from Gibon's consortium. De Laurentiis commissioned Herbert to write a new screenplay in 1978; the script Herbert turned in was 175 pages long, the equivalent of nearly three hours of screen time. De Laurentiis then hired director Ridley Scott in 1979, with Rudy Wurlitzer writing the screenplay and H. R. Giger retained from the Jodorowsky production; Scott and Giger had also just worked together on the film "Alien", after O'Bannon recommended the artist. Scott intended to split the novel into two movies. He worked on three drafts of the script, using "The Battle of Algiers" as a point of reference, before moving on to direct another science fiction film, "Blade Runner" (1982). As he recalls, the pre-production process was slow, and finishing the project would have been even more time-intensive:


title: Dune (novel)

text: But after seven months I dropped out of "Dune", by then Rudy Wurlitzer had come up with a first-draft script which I felt was a decent distillation of Frank Herbert's. But I also realised "Dune" was going to take a lot more work—at least two and a half years' worth. And I didn't have the heart to attack that because my older brother Frank unexpectedly died of cancer while I was prepping the De Laurentiis picture. Frankly, that freaked me out. So I went to Dino and told him the "Dune" script was his.


title: Dune (novel)

text: In 1981, the nine-year film rights were set to expire. De Laurentiis re-negotiated the rights from the author, adding to them the rights to the "Dune" sequels (written and unwritten). After seeing "The Elephant Man", De Laurentiis' daughter Raffaella decided that David Lynch should direct the movie. Around that time Lynch received several other directing offers, including "Return of the Jedi". He agreed to direct "Dune" and write the screenplay even though he had not read the book, was not familiar with the story, or even been interested in science fiction. Lynch worked on the script for six months with Eric Bergren and Christopher De Vore. The team yielded two drafts of the script before it split over creative differences. Lynch would subsequently work on five more drafts. Production of the work was troubled by problems at the Mexican studio and hampering the film's timeline. Lynch ended up producing a nearly three-hour long film, but at demands from Universal Pictures, the film's distributor, he cut it back to about two hours, hastily filming additional scenes to make up for some of the cut footage.


title: Dune (novel)

text: This first film of "Dune", directed by Lynch, was released in 1984, nearly 20 years after the book's publication. Though Herbert said the book's depth and symbolism seemed to intimidate many filmmakers, he was pleased with the film, saying that "They've got it. It begins as "Dune" does. And I hear my dialogue all the way through. There are some interpretations and liberties, but you're gonna come out knowing you've seen "Dune"." Reviews of the film were negative, saying that it was incomprehensible to those unfamiliar with the book, and that fans would be disappointed by the way it strayed from the book's plot. Upon release for television and other forms of home media, Universal opted to reintroduce much of the footage that Lynch had cut, creating an over-three-hour long version with extensive monologue exposition. Lynch was extremely displeased with this move, and demanded that Universal replace his name on these cuts with the pseudonym "Alan Smithee", and has generally distanced himself from the film since.


title: Dune (novel)

text: In 2000, John Harrison adapted the novel into "Frank Herbert's Dune", a miniseries which premiered on American Sci-Fi Channel. As of 2004, the miniseries was one of the three highest-rated programs broadcast on the Sci-Fi Channel.


title: Dune (novel)

text: In 2008, Paramount Pictures announced that they would produce a new film based on the book, with Peter Berg attached to direct. Producer Kevin Misher, who spent a year securing the rights from the Herbert estate, was to be joined by Richard Rubinstein and John Harrison (of both Sci Fi Channel miniseries) as well as Sarah Aubrey and Mike Messina. The producers stated that they were going for a "faithful adaptation" of the novel, and considered "its theme of finite ecological resources particularly timely." Science fiction author Kevin J. Anderson and Frank Herbert's son Brian Herbert, who had together written multiple "Dune" sequels and prequels since 1999, were attached to the project as technical advisors. In October 2009, Berg dropped out of the project, later saying that it "for a variety of reasons wasn't the right thing" for him. Subsequently, with a script draft by Joshua Zetumer, Paramount reportedly sought a new director who could do the film for under $175 million. In 2010, Pierre Morel was signed on to direct, with screenwriter Chase Palmer incorporating Morel's vision of the project into Zetumer's original draft. By November 2010, Morel left the project. Paramount finally dropped plans for a remake in March 2011.


title: Dune (novel)

text: In November 2016, Legendary Entertainment acquired the film and TV rights for "Dune". "Variety" reported in December 2016 that Denis Villeneuve was in negotiations to direct the project, which was confirmed in February 2017. In April 2017, Legendary announced that Eric Roth would write the screenplay. Villeneuve explained in March 2018 that his adaptation will be split into two films, with the first installment scheduled to begin production in 2019. Casting includes Timothée Chalamet as Paul Atreides, Dave Bautista as Rabban, Stellan Skarsgård as Baron Harkonnen, Rebecca Ferguson as Lady Jessica, Charlotte Rampling as Reverend Mother Mohiam, Oscar Isaac as Duke Leto Atreides, Zendaya as Chani, Javier Bardem as Stilgar, Josh Brolin as Gurney Halleck, Jason Momoa as Duncan Idaho, David Dastmalchian as Piter De Vries, Chang Chen as Dr. Yueh, and Stephen Henderson as Thufir Hawat. Warner Bros. Pictures distributed the film, which had its initial premiere on September 3, 2021, at the Venice Film Festival, and wide release in both theaters and streaming on HBO Max on October 21, 2021, as part of Warner Bros.'s approach to handling the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the film industry. The film received "generally favorable reviews" on Metacritic. It has gone on to win multiple awards and was named by the National Board of Review as one of the 10 best films of 2021, as well as the American Film Institute in their annual top 10 list. The film went on to be nominated for ten Academy Awards, winning six, the most wins of the night for any film in contention.


title: Dune (novel)

text: In 1993, Recorded Books Inc. released a 20-disc audiobook narrated by George Guidall. In 2007, Audio Renaissance released an audio book narrated by Simon Vance with some parts performed by Scott Brick, Orlagh Cassidy, Euan Morton, and other performers.


title: Dune (novel)

text: "Dune" has been widely influential, inspiring numerous novels, music, films, television, games, and comic books. It is considered one of the greatest and most influential science fiction novels of all time, with numerous modern science fiction works such as "Star Wars" owing their existence to " Dune". " Dune" has also been referenced in numerous other works of popular culture, including "Star Trek", "Chronicles of Riddick", "The Kingkiller Chronicle" and "Futurama". "Dune" was cited as a source of inspiration for Hayao Miyazaki's anime film "Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind" (1984) for its post-apocalyptic world.


title: Dune (novel)

text: "Dune" was parodied in 1984's "National Lampoon's Doon" by Ellis Weiner, which William F. Touponce called "something of a tribute to Herbert's success on college campuses", noting that "the only other book to have been so honored is Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings"," which was parodied by "The Harvard Lampoon" in 1969.


title: Dune (novel)

text: There have been a number of games based on the book, starting with the strategyadventure game "Dune" (1992). The most important game adaptation is "Dune II" (1992), which established the conventions of modern real-time strategy games and is considered to be among the most influential video games of all time.


title: Dune (novel)

text: The online game "Lost Souls" includes "Dune"-derived elements, including sandworms and melange—addiction to which can produce psychic talents. The 2016 game "Enter the Gungeon" features the spice melange as a random item which gives the player progressively stronger abilities and penalties with repeated uses, mirroring the long-term effects melange has on users.


title: Dune (novel)

text: The Apollo 15 astronauts named a small crater on Earth's Moon after the novel during the 1971 mission, and the name was formally adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1973. Since 2009, the names of planets from the "Dune" novels have been adopted for the real-world nomenclature of plains and other features on Saturn's moon Titan, like Arrakis Planitia.


title: George Lucas

text: George Walton Lucas Jr. (born May 14, 1944) is an American filmmaker. Lucas is best known for creating the "Star Wars" and "Indiana Jones" franchises and founding Lucasfilm, LucasArts, Industrial Light & Magic and THX. He served as chairman of Lucasfilm before selling it to The Walt Disney Company in 2012. Lucas is one of history's most financially successful filmmakers and has been nominated for four Academy Awards. His films are among the 100 highest-grossing movies at the North American box office, adjusted for ticket-price inflation. Lucas is considered to be one of the most significant figures of the 20th-century New Hollywood movement, and a pioneer of the modern blockbuster.