title: Machu Picchu

text: A study published in 2022 in "Ñawpa Pacha: Journal of the Institute of Andean Studies" suggests that, in the Quechua language, the abandoned Inca site was called "Huayna Picchu", after the smaller peak at the site, or perhaps, just "Picchu". Huayna means "young" in the Quechua language. The research documents that, starting in 1911, with the publications of American historian and explorer Hiram Bingham, the name Machu Picchu became associated with the ruins. Evidence of references by native Quechua speakers dating to their reports to the Spanish, early maps, and even discussions with Bingham, is cited in the new research into historical records regarding an apparently arbitrary selection of the name Bingham associated with the site—that differed from the traditional name. The name given to the abandoned settlement by its builders has not been determined by researchers.


title: Machu Picchu

text: Machu Picchu was believed (by Richard L. Burger, professor of anthropology at Yale University) to have been built in the 1450s. However, a 2021 study led by Burger used radiocarbon dating (specifically, AMS) to reveal that Machu Picchu may have been occupied from around 1420–1530 AD. Construction appears to date from two great Inca rulers, Pachacutec Inca Yupanqui (1438–1471) and Túpac Inca Yupanqui (1472–1493). There is a consensus among archaeologists that Pachacutec ordered the construction of the royal estate for his use as a retreat, most likely after a successful military campaign. Although Machu Picchu is considered to be a "royal" estate, it would not have been passed down in the line of succession. Rather it was used for 80 years before being abandoned, seemingly because of the Spanish conquests in other parts of the Inca Empire. It is possible that most of its inhabitants died from smallpox introduced by travelers before the Spanish conquistadors arrived in the area.


title: Machu Picchu

text: During its use as a royal estate, it is estimated that about 750 people lived there, with most serving as support staff ("yanaconas, yana)" who lived there permanently. Though the estate belonged to Pachacutec, religious specialists and temporary specialized workers ("mayocs") lived there as well, most likely for the ruler's well-being and enjoyment. During the harsher season, staff dropped down to around a hundred servants and a few religious specialists focused on maintenance alone.


title: Machu Picchu

text: Studies show that, according to their skeletal remains, most people who lived there were immigrants from diverse backgrounds. They lacked the chemical markers and osteological markers they would have if they had been living there their whole lives. Instead, there was bone damage from various species of water parasites indigenous to different areas of Peru. There were also varying osteological stressors and varying chemical densities suggesting varying long-term diets characteristic of specific regions that were spaced apart. These diets are composed of varying levels of maize, potatoes, grains, legumes, and fish, but the overall most recent short-term diet for these people was composed of less fish and more corn. This suggests that several of the immigrants were from more coastal areas and moved to Machu Picchu where corn was a larger portion of food intake. Most skeletal remains found at the site had lower levels of arthritis and bone fractures than those found in most sites of the Inca Empire. Inca individuals who had arthritis and bone fractures were typically those who performed heavy physical labor (such as the Mit'a) or served in the Inca military.


title: Machu Picchu

text: Animals are also suspected to have migrated to Machu Picchu, as there were several bones found that were not native to the area. Most animal bones found were from llamas and alpacas. These animals naturally live at altitudes of rather than the elevation of Machu Picchu. Most likely, these animals were brought in from the Puna region for meat consumption and for their pelts. Guinea pigs were also found at the site in special tomb caves, suggesting that they were at least used for funerary rituals, as it was common throughout the Inca Empire to use them for sacrifices and meat. Six dogs were also recovered from the site. Due to their placements among the human remains, it is believed that they served as companions of the dead.


title: Machu Picchu

text: Much of the farming done at Machu Picchu was done on its hundreds of man-made terraces. These terraces were a work of considerable engineering, built to ensure good drainage and soil fertility while also protecting the mountain itself from erosion and landslides. However, the terraces were not perfect, as studies of the land show that there were landslides that happened during the construction of Machu Picchu. Still visible are places where the terraces were shifted by landslides and then stabilized by the Inca as they continued to build around the area. Terraces constructed overlooking Urubamba River and many other springs provided fresh water for crop production and served more than 1,000 households.


title: Machu Picchu

text: It is estimated that the area around the site has received more than of rain per year since AD 1450, which was more than needed to support crop growth there. Because of the large amount of rainfall at Machu Picchu, it was found that irrigation was not needed for the terraces. The terraces received so much rain that they were built by Incan engineers specifically to allow for ample drainage of the extra water. Excavation and soil analyses done by Kenneth Wright in the 1990s showed that the terraces were built in layers, with a bottom layer of larger stones covered by loose gravel. On top of the gravel was a layer of mixed sand and gravel packed together, with rich topsoil covering all of that. It was shown that the topsoil was probably moved from the valley floor to the terraces because it was much better than the soil higher up the mountain.


title: Machu Picchu

text: However, it has been found that the terrace farming area makes up only about of land, and a study of the soil around the terraces showed that what was grown there was mostly corn and potatoes, which was not enough to support the 750+ people living at Machu Picchu. This explains why when studies were done on the food that the Inca ate at Machu Picchu, it was found that most of what they ate was imported from the surrounding valleys and farther afield.


title: Machu Picchu

text: In the late 1500s, Spaniards who recently gained control of the area documented that indigenous individuals mentioned returning to "Huayna Picchu", the name that is believed to be originally given to the site by locals. The Spanish conquistador Baltasar de Ocampo had notes of a visit during the end of the 16th century to a mountain fortress called "Pitcos" with very sumptuous and majestic buildings, erected with great skill and art, all the lintels of the doors, as well the principal as the ordinary ones, being of marble, elaborately carved.


title: Machu Picchu

text: Over the centuries, the surrounding jungle overgrew the site, and few outside the immediate area knew of its existence. The site may have been re-discovered and plundered in 1867 by a German businessman, Augusto Berns. Some evidence indicates that the German engineer J. M. von Hassel arrived earlier. Maps show references to Machu Picchu as early as 1874. A 1904 atlas designated the site as Huayna Picchu.


title: Machu Picchu

text: In 1911 American historian and explorer Hiram Bingham traveled the region looking for the old Inca capital and was led to Machu Picchu by a villager, Melchor Arteaga. Bingham found the name Agustín Lizárraga and the date 1902 written in charcoal on one of the walls. Though Bingham was not the first to visit the ruins, he was considered the scientific discoverer who brought Machu Picchu to international attention. Bingham organized another expedition in 1912 to undertake major clearing and excavation.


title: Machu Picchu

text: Bingham was a lecturer at Yale University, although not a trained archaeologist. In 1909, returning from the Pan-American Scientific Congress in Santiago, he travelled through Peru and was invited to explore the Inca ruins at Choqquequirau in the Apurímac Valley. He organized the 1911 Yale Peruvian Expedition in part to search for the Inca capital, which was thought to be the city of Vitcos. He consulted Carlos Romero, one of the chief historians in Lima who showed him helpful references and Father Antonio de la Calancha’s Chronicle of the Augustinians. In particular, Ramos thought Vitcos was "near a great white rock over a spring of fresh water." Back in Cusco again, Bingham asked planters about the places mentioned by Calancha, particularly along the Urubamba River. According to Bingham, "one old prospector said there were interesting ruins at Machu Picchu," though his statements "were given no importance by the leading citizens." Only later did Bingham learn that Charles Wiener also heard of the ruins at Huayna Picchu and Machu Picchu, but was unable to reach them.


title: Machu Picchu

text: Armed with this information the expedition went down the Urubamba River. En route, Bingham asked local people to show them Inca ruins, especially any place described as having a white rock over a spring.


title: Machu Picchu

text: At Mandor Pampa, Bingham asked farmer and innkeeper Melchor Arteaga if he knew of any nearby ruins. Arteaga said he knew of excellent ruins on the top of Huayna Picchu. The next day, 24 July, Arteaga led Bingham and Sergeant Carrasco across the river on a log bridge and up the Machu Picchu site. At the top of the mountain, they came across a small hut occupied by a couple of Quechua, Richard and Alvarez, who were farming some of the original Machu Picchu agricultural terraces that they had cleared four years earlier. Alvarez's 11-year-old son, Pablito, led Bingham along the ridge to the main ruins.


title: Machu Picchu

text: The ruins were mostly covered with vegetation except for the cleared agricultural terraces and clearings used by the farmers as vegetable gardens. Because of the vegetation, Bingham was not able to observe the full extent of the site. He took preliminary notes, measurements, and photographs, noting the fine quality of Inca stonework of several principal buildings. Bingham was unclear about the original purpose of the ruins, but decided that there was no indication that it matched the description of Vitcos.


title: Machu Picchu

text: The expedition continued down the Urubamba and up the Vilcabamba Rivers examining all the ruins they could find. Guided by locals, Bingham rediscovered and correctly identified the site of the old Inca capital, Vitcos (then called Rosaspata), and the nearby temple of Chuquipalta. He then crossed a pass and into the Pampaconas Valley where he found more ruins heavily buried in the jungle undergrowth at Espíritu Pampa, which he named "Trombone Pampa". As was the case with Machu Picchu, the site was so heavily overgrown that Bingham could only note a few of the buildings. In 1964, Gene Savoy further explored the ruins at Espiritu Pampa and revealed the full extent of the site, identifying it as Vilcabamba Viejo, where the Incas fled after the Spanish drove them from Vitcos.


title: Machu Picchu

text: Bingham returned to Machu Picchu in 1912 under the sponsorship of Yale University and National Geographic again and with the full support of Peruvian President Leguia. The expedition undertook a four-month clearing of the site with local labor, which was expedited with the support of the Prefect of Cusco. Excavation started in 1912 with further excavation undertaken in 1914 and 1915. Bingham focused on Machu Picchu because of its fine Inca stonework and well-preserved nature, which had lain undisturbed since the site was abandoned. None of Bingham's several hypotheses explaining the site held up. During his studies, he carried various artifacts back to Yale. One prominent artifact was a set of 15th-century, ceremonial Incan knives made from bismuth bronze; they are the earliest known artifact containing this alloy.


title: Machu Picchu

text: Although local institutions initially welcomed the exploration, they soon accused Bingham of legal and cultural malpractice. Rumors arose that the team was stealing artifacts and smuggling them out of Peru through Bolivia. (In fact, Bingham removed many artifacts, but openly and legally; they were deposited in the Yale University Museum. Bingham was abiding by the 1852 Civil Code of Peru; the code stated that "archaeological finds generally belonged to the discoverer, except when they had been discovered on private land." (Batievsky 100) ) Local press perpetuated the accusations, claiming that the excavation harmed the site and deprived local archaeologists of knowledge about their own history. Landowners began to demand rent from the excavators. By the time Bingham and his team left Machu Picchu, locals had formed coalitions to defend their ownership of Machu Picchu and its cultural remains, while Bingham claimed the artifacts ought to be studied by experts in American institutions.


title: Machu Picchu

text: Little information describes human sacrifices at Machu Picchu, though many sacrifices were never given a proper burial, and their skeletal remains succumbed to the elements. However, there is evidence that retainers were sacrificed to accompany a deceased noble in the afterlife. Animal, liquid and dirt sacrifices to the gods were more common, made at the Altar of the Condor. The tradition is upheld by members of the New Age Andean religion.


title: Machu Picchu

text: In 1981, Peru declared an area of surrounding Machu Picchu a "historic sanctuary". In addition to the ruins, the sanctuary includes a large portion of the adjoining region, rich with the flora and fauna of the Peruvian Yungas and Central Andean wet puna ecoregions.


title: Machu Picchu

text: In 1983, UNESCO designated Machu Picchu a World Heritage Site, describing it as "an absolute masterpiece of architecture and a unique testimony to the Inca civilization".


title: Machu Picchu

text: Along the Urubamba river, below the ruins, surrounding the train line "street", is the town of Machu Picchu, also known as Aguas Calientes (hot springs), with a post office, a train station, many inexpensive and some expensive hotels, and other services for the many tourists. The station, called Puente Ruinas (the bridge to the ruins) is the end of the line for the "tren de turismo", the tourist train, which arrives every morning from Cusco and returns every afternoon. There is a luxury hotel on the mountain, near the ruins.


title: Machu Picchu

text: Machu Picchu lies in the southern hemisphere, 13.111 degrees south of the equator. It is northwest of Cusco, on the crest of the mountain Machu Picchu, located about above mean sea level, over lower than Cusco, which has an elevation of . As such, it had a milder climate than the Inca capital. It is one of the most important archaeological sites in South America, one of the most visited tourist attractions in Latin America and the most visited in Peru.


title: Machu Picchu

text: Machu Picchu features wet humid summers and dry frosty winters, with the majority of the annual rain falling from March through to October.


title: Machu Picchu

text: Machu Picchu is situated above a bow of the Urubamba River, which surrounds the site on three sides, where cliffs drop vertically for to the river at their base. The area is subject to morning mists rising from the river. The location of the city was a military secret, and its deep precipices and steep mountains provided natural defenses. The Inca Bridge, an Inca grass rope bridge, across the Urubamba River in the Pongo de Mainique, provided a secret entrance for the Inca army. Another Inca bridge was built to the west of Machu Picchu, the tree-trunk bridge, at a location where a gap occurs in the cliff that measures .


title: Machu Picchu

text: The city sits in a saddle between the two mountains Machu Picchu and Huayna Picchu, with a commanding view down two valleys and a nearly impassable mountain at its back. It has a water supply from springs that cannot be blocked easily. The hillsides leading to it were terraced, to provide more farmland to grow crops and to steepen the slopes that invaders would have to ascend. The terraces reduced soil erosion and protected against landslides. Two high-altitude routes from Machu Picchu cross the mountains back to Cusco, one through the Sun Gate, and the other across the Inca bridge. Both could be blocked easily, should invaders approach along them.


title: Machu Picchu

text: Machu Picchu and other sites in the area are built over earthquake faults. This may not be a coincidence, according to 2019 research: "One simple answer, researchers now suggest, is that that’s where building materials for the site — large amounts of already fractured rock — were readily available."


title: Machu Picchu

text: The site is roughly divided into an urban sector and an agricultural sector, and into an upper town and a lower town. The temples are in the upper town, the warehouses in the lower.


title: Machu Picchu

text: The architecture is adapted to the mountains. Approximately 200 buildings are arranged on wide parallel terraces around an east–west central square. The various compounds, called "kanchas", are long and narrow in order to exploit the terrain. Sophisticated channeling systems provided irrigation for the fields. Stone stairways set in the walls allowed access to the different levels across the site. The eastern section of the city was probably residential. The western, separated by the square, was for religious and ceremonial purposes. This section contains the "Torreón", the massive tower which may have been used as an observatory.


title: Machu Picchu

text: Located in the first zone are the primary archaeological treasures: the "Intihuatana", the "Temple of the Sun" and the "Room of the Three Windows".


title: Machu Picchu

text: The Popular District, or Residential District, is the place where the lower-class people lived. It includes storage buildings and simple houses.


title: Machu Picchu

text: The royalty area, a sector for the nobility, is a group of houses located in rows over a slope; the residence of the "amautas" (wise people) was characterized by its reddish walls, and the zone of the "ñustas" (princesses) had trapezoid-shaped rooms. The Monumental Mausoleum is a carved statue with a vaulted interior and carved drawings. It was used for rites or sacrifices.


title: Machu Picchu

text: The Guardhouse is a three-sided building, with one of its long sides opening onto the Terrace of the Ceremonial Rock. The three-sided style of Inca architecture is known as the "wayrona" style.


title: Machu Picchu

text: In 2005 and 2009, the University of Arkansas made detailed laser scans of the entire site and of the ruins at the top of the adjacent Huayna Picchu mountain. The scan data is available online for research purposes.


title: Machu Picchu

text: This semicircular temple is built on the same rock overlying Bingham's "Royal Mausoleum", and is similar to the Temple of the Sun found in Cusco and the Temple of the Sun found in Pisac, in having what Bingham described as a "parabolic enclosure wall". The stonework is of ashlar quality. Within the temple is a 1.2 m by 2.7 m rock platform, smooth on top except for a small platform on its southwest quadrant. A "Serpent's Door" faces 340°, or just west of north, opening onto a series of 16 pools, and affording a view of Huayna Picchu. The temple also has two trapezoidal windows, one facing 65°, called the "Solstice Window", and the other facing 132°, called the "Qullqa Window". The northwest edge of the rock platform points out the Solstice Window to within 2’ of the 15th century June solstice rising Sun. For comparison, the angular diameter of the Sun is 32'. The Inca constellation Qullca, storehouse, can be viewed out the Qullqa Window at sunset during the 15th-century June Solstice, hence the window's name. At the same time, the Pleaides are at the opposite end of the sky. Also seen through this window on this night are the constellations Llamacnawin, Llama, Unallamacha, Machacuay, and the star Pachapacariq Chaska (Canopus).


title: Machu Picchu

text: The "Intihuatana" stone is one of many ritual stones in South America. These stones are arranged to point directly at the sun during the winter solstice. The name of the stone (perhaps coined by Bingham) derives from Quechua language: "inti" means "sun", and "wata-", "to tie, hitch (up)". The suffix "-na" derives nouns for tools or places. Hence "Intihuatana" is literally an instrument or place to "tie up the sun", often expressed in English as "The Hitching Post of the Sun". The Inca believed the stone held the sun in its place along its annual path in the sky. The stone is situated at 13°9'48" S. At midday on 11 November and 30 January, the sun stands almost exactly above the pillar, casting no shadow. On 21 June, the stone casts the longest shadow on its southern side, and on 21 December a much shorter shadow on its northern side.


title: Machu Picchu

text: Inti Mach'ay is a special cave used to observe the Royal Feast of the Sun. This festival was celebrated during the Incan month of "Qhapaq Raymi". It began earlier in the month and concluded on the December solstice. On this day, noble boys were initiated into manhood by an ear-piercing ritual as they stood inside the cave and watched the sunrise.


title: Machu Picchu

text: Architecturally, Inti Mach'ay is the most significant structure at Machu Picchu. Its entrances, walls, steps, and windows are some of the finest masonry in the Incan Empire. The cave also includes a tunnel-like window unique among Incan structures, which was constructed to allow sunlight into the cave only during several days around the December solstice. For this reason, the cave was inaccessible for much of the year. Inti Mach'ay is located on the eastern side of Machu Picchu, just north of the "Condor Stone." Many of the caves surrounding this area were prehistorically used as tombs, yet there is no evidence that Mach'ay was a burial ground.


title: Machu Picchu

text: The central buildings use the classical Inca architectural style of polished dry-stone walls of regular shape. The Incas were masters of this technique, called ashlar, in which blocks of stone are cut to fit together tightly without mortar.


title: Machu Picchu

text: The site itself may have been intentionally built on fault lines to afford better drainage and a ready supply of fractured stone. "Machu Picchu clearly shows us that the Incan civilization was an empire of fractured rocks".


title: Machu Picchu

text: The section of the mountain where Machu Picchu was built provided various challenges that the Incas solved with local materials. One issue was the seismic activity due to two fault lines. It made mortar and similar building methods nearly useless. Instead, the Inca mined stones from the quarry at the site, lined them up and shaped them to fit together perfectly, stabilizing the structures. Inca walls have many stabilizing features: doors and windows are trapezoidal, narrowing from bottom to top; corners usually are rounded; inside corners often incline slightly into the rooms, and outside corners were often tied together by "L"-shaped blocks; walls are offset slightly from row to row rather than rising straight from bottom to top.


title: Machu Picchu

text: Heavy rainfall required terraces and stone chips to drain rain water and prevent mudslides, landslides, erosion, and flooding. Terraces were layered with stone chips, sand, dirt, and topsoil, to absorb water and prevent it from running down the mountain. Similar layering protected the large city center from flooding. Multiple canals and reserves throughout the city provided water that could be supplied to the terraces for irrigation and to prevent erosion and flooding.


title: Machu Picchu

text: The Incas never used wheels in a practical way, although their use in toys shows that they knew the principle. The use of wheels in engineering may have been limited due to the lack of strong draft animals, combined with steep terrain and dense vegetation. The approach to moving and placing the enormous stones remains uncertain, probably involving hundreds of men to push the stones up inclines. A few stones have knobs that could have been used to lever them into position; the knobs were generally sanded away, with a few overlooked.


title: Machu Picchu

text: The Inca road system included a route to the Machu Picchu region. The people of Machu Picchu were connected to long-distance trade, as shown by non-local artifacts found at the site. For example, Bingham found unmodified obsidian nodules at the entrance gateway. In the 1970s, Burger and Asaro determined that these obsidian samples were from the "Titicaca" or Chivay obsidian source, and that the samples from Machu Picchu showed long-distance transport of this obsidian type in pre-Hispanic Peru.


title: Machu Picchu

text: Thousands of tourists walk the Inca Trail to visit Machu Picchu each year. They congregate at Cusco before starting on the one-, two-, four- or five-day journey on foot from kilometer 82 (or 77 or 85, four/five-day trip) or kilometer 104 (one/two-day trip) near the town of Ollantaytambo in the Urubamba valley, walking up through the Andes to the isolated city.


title: Machu Picchu

text: The closest access point to Machu Picchu is the village of Machupicchu, also known as Aguas Calientes.


title: Machu Picchu

text: Machu Picchu is both a cultural and natural UNESCO World Heritage Site. Since its rediscovery in 1911, growing numbers of tourists have visited the site each year, with numbers exceeding 1.4 million in 2017. As Peru's most visited tourist attraction, and a major revenue generator, it is continually exposed to economic and commercial forces. In the late 1990s, the Peruvian government granted concessions to allow the construction of a cable car and a luxury hotel, including a tourist complex with boutiques and restaurants and a bridge to the site. Many people protested the plans, including Peruvians and foreign scientists, saying that more visitors would pose a physical burden on the ruins. In 2018, plans were restarted to again construct a cable car to encourage Peruvians to visit Machu Picchu and boost domestic tourism. A no-fly zone exists above the area. UNESCO is considering putting Machu Picchu on its List of World Heritage in Danger.


title: Machu Picchu

text: During the 1980s, a large rock from Machu Picchu's central plaza was moved to a different location to create a helicopter landing zone. In the 1990s, the government prohibited helicopter landings. In 2006, a Cusco-based company, Helicusco, sought approval for tourist flights over Machu Picchu. The resulting license was soon rescinded.


title: Machu Picchu

text: Tourist deaths have been linked to altitude sickness, floods and hiking accidents. UNESCO received criticism for allowing tourists at the location given high risks of landslides, earthquakes and injury due to decaying structures.


title: Machu Picchu

text: In 2014, nude tourism was a trend at Machu Picchu and Peru's Ministry of Culture denounced the activity. Cusco's Regional Director of Culture increased surveillance to end the practice.


title: Machu Picchu

text: From 1994 to 2019, the Chief of the National Archaeological Park of Machu Picchu was Fernando Astete, a Peruvian anthropologist and archaeologist, who worked for more than thirty years on the preservation, conservation and research of the site. As a result of his research as director of the Park, the construction processes and functions of the sanctuary were acknowledged by the scientific community and a better understanding of the Inca landscape was given to the general public, who increasingly started to implement more sustainable tourism in the area, as a sign of respect for the site.


title: Machu Picchu

text: In January 2010, heavy rain caused flooding that buried or washed away roads and railways to Machu Picchu, trapping more than 2,000 locals and more than 2,000 tourists, later airlifted out to safety. Machu Picchu was temporarily closed, reopening on 1 April 2010.


title: Machu Picchu

text: In July 2011, the Dirección Regional de Cultura Cusco (DRC) introduced new entrance rules to the citadel of Machu Picchu. The tougher entrance rules attempted to reduce the effects of tourism. Entrance was limited to 2,500 visitors per day, and entrance to Huayna Picchu (within the citadel) was further restricted to 400 visitors per day. In 2018, additional restrictions were placed on entrance. Three entrance phases will be implemented, increased from two phases previously, to further help the flow of traffic and reduce degradation of the site due to tourism.


title: Machu Picchu

text: In May 2012, a team of UNESCO conservation experts called upon Peruvian authorities to take "emergency measures" to further stabilize the site's buffer zone and protect it from damage, particularly in the nearby town of Aguas Calientes, which had grown rapidly.


title: Machu Picchu

text: In 1912, 1914 and 1915, Bingham removed thousands of artifacts from Machu Picchu—ceramic vessels, silver statues, jewelry, and human bones—and took them to Yale University for further study, supposedly for 18 months. Yale instead kept the artifacts until 2012, arguing that Peru lacked the infrastructure and systems to care for them. Eliane Karp, an anthropologist and wife of former Peruvian President Alejandro Toledo, accused Yale of profiting from Peru's cultural heritage. Many of the articles were exhibited at Yale's Peabody Museum.


title: Machu Picchu

text: In 2006, Yale returned some pieces but kept the rest, claiming this was supported by federal case law of Peruvian antiquities. In 2007, Peru and Yale had agreed on a joint traveling exhibition and construction of a new museum and research center in Cusco advised by Yale. Yale acknowledged Peru's title to all the objects, but would share rights with Peru in the research collection, part of which would remain at Yale for continuing study. In November 2010, Yale agreed to return the disputed artifacts. The third and final batch of artifacts was delivered in November 2012. The artifacts are permanently exhibited at the Museo Machu Picchu, La Casa Concha ("The Shell House"), close to Cusco's colonial center. Owned by the National University of San Antonio Abad del Cusco, La Casa Concha also features a study area for local and foreign students.


title: Machu Picchu

text: The Paramount Pictures film "Secret of the Incas" (1954), with Charlton Heston and Ima Sumac, was filmed on location at Cusco and Machu Picchu, the first time that a major Hollywood studio filmed on site. Five hundred indigenous people were hired as extras in the film.


title: Machu Picchu

text: The opening sequence of the film "Aguirre, the Wrath of God" (1972) was shot in the Machu Picchu area and on the stone stairway of Huayna Picchu.


title: Machu Picchu

text: Machu Picchu was featured prominently in the film "The Motorcycle Diaries" (2004), a biopic based on the 1952 youthful travel memoir of Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara.


title: Machu Picchu

text: The "NOVA" television documentary "Ghosts of Machu Picchu" presents an elaborate documentary on the mysteries of Machu Picchu.


title: Machu Picchu

text: Multimedia artist Kimsooja used footage shot near Machu Picchu in the first episode of her film series "Thread Routes", shot in 2010.


title: Machu Picchu

text: The song "Kilimanjaro", from the Indian Tamil language film "Enthiran" (2010), was filmed in Machu Picchu. The sanction for filming was granted only after direct intervention from the Indian government.


title: For All Mankind (TV series)

text: For All Mankind is an American science fiction drama television series created by Ronald D. Moore, Matt Wolpert and Ben Nedivi and produced for Apple TV+. The series dramatizes an alternate history depicting "what would have happened if the global space race had never ended" after the Soviet Union succeeds in the first crewed Moon landing ahead of the United States. The title is inspired by the lunar plaque left on the moon by the crew of Apollo 11, which reads in part "We Came In Peace For All Mankind".


title: For All Mankind (TV series)

text: The series stars an ensemble cast including Joel Kinnaman, Michael Dorman, Sarah Jones, Shantel VanSanten, Jodi Balfour, and Wrenn Schmidt. Sonya Walger, Krys Marshall, Cynthy Wu, Casey W. Johnson and Coral Peña joined the main cast for the second season, while Edi Gathegi joined in the third. The series features historical figures including Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins, Mercury Seven astronaut Deke Slayton, rocket scientist Wernher von Braun, NASA Administrator Thomas Paine, NASA flight director Gene Kranz, U.S. senator Ted Kennedy, and U.S. presidents Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton.


title: For All Mankind (TV series)

text: "For All Mankind" premiered on November 1, 2019, and was renewed by Apple TV+ in October 2019 for a second season, which premiered on February 19, 2021. The second season was critically acclaimed, and nominated for the TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Drama. In December 2020, ahead of the second-season premiere, the series was renewed for a third season, which premiered on June 10, 2022. In July 2022, the series was renewed for a fourth season.


title: For All Mankind (TV series)

text: In an alternate timeline in 1969, Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov becomes the first human to land on the Moon. This outcome devastates morale at NASA, but also catalyzes an American effort to catch up. With the Soviet Union emphasizing diversity by including a woman in subsequent landings, the United States is forced to match pace, training women and minorities who were largely excluded from the initial decades of U.S. space exploration. Each subsequent season takes place ten years later, with season 2 taking place in the 1980s, season 3 taking place in the 1990s, (and as revealed in the season 3 finale) season 4 taking place in the 2000s.


title: For All Mankind (TV series)

text: Ronald D. Moore explained how history had been different in the series: "Sergei Korolev was the father of the Soviet space program; in our reality, he died during an operation in Moscow (in 1965) ... And after that point, their Moon program really never pulled together... Our point of divergence was that Korolev lives, ... and he made their Moon landing happen."


title: For All Mankind (TV series)

text: According to Ronald D. Moore, the idea of the show came about during lunch with former NASA astronaut Garrett Reisman, when they discussed the possibility of an alternate history in which the Soviets reached the Moon before the Americans. On December 15, 2017, it was announced that Apple had given the production a one-season series order. The series was created by Ronald D. Moore, Matt Wolpert, and Ben Nedivi. Maril Davis serves as executive producer alongside Moore, Wolpert, and Nedivi. Production companies involved with the series include Sony Pictures Television and Tall Ship Productions. On October 5, 2018, it was announced that the series had been officially titled "For All Mankind". The series was renewed for a second season in October 2019. On November 19, 2020, it was announced that the second season would premiere on February 19, 2021. On December 8, 2020, ahead of the second-season premiere, Apple TV+ renewed the series for a third season. On July 22, 2022, Apple TV+ renewed the series for a fourth season.


title: For All Mankind (TV series)

text: In August 2018, it was announced that Joel Kinnaman, Michael Dorman, Sarah Jones, Shantel VanSanten, and Wrenn Schmidt had been cast in main roles and that Eric Ladin, Arturo Del Puerto, and Rebecca Wisocky would appear in a recurring capacity. On October 5, 2018, it was reported that Jodi Balfour had been cast in a series regular role.


title: For All Mankind (TV series)

text: On November 19, 2020, Cynthy Wu, Coral Peña and Casey W. Johnson had been cast in main roles for the second season. Also, Krys Marshall and Sonya Walger were promoted to the main cast for the second season. On December 16, 2020, Michaela Conlin joined the cast in a supporting role for the second season.


title: For All Mankind (TV series)

text: In August 2022, it was reported that Daniel Stern joined the cast as a series regular for the fourth season. In September 2022, Toby Kebbell and Tyner Rushing joined the cast as series regulars for the fourth season. In November 2022, Svetlana Efremova joined the cast as a series regular for the fourth season.


title: For All Mankind (TV series)

text: Principal photography for the series commenced in August 2018 in Los Angeles, California. In March 2019, "The New York Times" reported that filming had concluded. The filming for the second season began on December 24, 2019. On August 17, 2020, production on second season resumed after the COVID-19 halt, and the final two episodes were filmed. Filming for the third season began on February 25, 2021 and concluded in mid-September 2021. Filming for the fourth season began in August 2022.


title: For All Mankind (TV series)

text: The first season of "For All Mankind" premiered on Apple TV+ on November 1, 2019, and consisted of 10 episodes, releasing weekly until December 20, 2019. The second season premiered on February 19, 2021, and consisted of 10 episodes, releasing weekly until April 23, 2021. The third season premiered on June 10, 2022, and consisted of 10 episodes, releasing weekly until August 12, 2022.


title: For All Mankind (TV series)

text: On February 11, 2021, ahead of the season two premiere, Apple released an augmented reality iOS application on the App Store called "For All Mankind: Time Capsule". The application walks users through the decade-long gap between seasons one and two, showing the relationship between astronauts Gordo and Tracy Stevens, and their son Danny Stevens. At the 73rd Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards, "For All Mankind: Time Capsule" won an award for Outstanding Innovation in Interactive Programming.


title: For All Mankind (TV series)

text: For season two, Apple released a podcast titled "For All Mankind: The Official Podcast", produced in partnership with At Will Media, releasing every two weeks starting February 19, 2021. It is hosted by Krys Marshall, who plays Danielle Poole, and features behind-the-scenes looks and interviews with scientists, former astronauts, and the cast and crew of "For All Mankind".


title: For All Mankind (TV series)

text: For season three, Apple released a companion video series titled "The Science behind For All Mankind" for corresponding episodes from season 3. It is hosted by Wrenn Schmidt, who plays Margo Madison, and has her explain and breakdown the scientific topics shown on the series.


title: For All Mankind (TV series)

text: The first season of "For All Mankind" received generally positive reviews. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 74% approval rating with an average rating of 7/10, based on 54 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Though it shoots for the Moon and falls somewhere in orbit, "For All Mankind"s impressive vision of history has the potential for real liftoff if it leans into the things that set it apart instead of settling for more of the same." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 65 out of 100 based on 22 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: For All Mankind (TV series)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the second season has a 100% approval rating with an average rating of 7.5/10, based on 22 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, ""For All Mankind"s sophomore flight isn't without its hiccups, but compelling character work and a renewed sense of wonder make for thrilling viewing." On Metacritic, it has a weighted score of 75 out of 100 based on 7 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: For All Mankind (TV series)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the third season has an 100% approval rating with an average rating of 8.2/10, based on 30 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, ""For All Mankind"s third season goes as far as Mars while maintaining a homey focus on its original ensemble, delivering another epic adventure with an intimate focus." On Metacritic, it has a weighted score of 84 out of 100 based on 15 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".


title: Jonah Hill

text: Jonah Hill Feldstein (born December 20, 1983) is an American actor, comedian, and filmmaker. He is known for his comedic roles in films including "Superbad" (2007), "Knocked Up" (2007), "21 Jump Street" (2012), "This Is the End" (2013), and "22 Jump Street" (2014). For his performances in "Moneyball" (2011) and "The Wolf of Wall Street" (2013), he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.


title: Jonah Hill

text: Hill ranked 28th on "Forbes" magazine's list of highest-paid actors from June 2014 to June 2015, at $16million. In 2020, he was found to have sworn on film more than any other actor. As a screenwriter, he contributed to the stories of "21 Jump Street", "22 Jump Street", "Sausage Party" and "Why Him?" In 2018, he starred in the Netflix dark comedy miniseries "Maniac" and made his directorial debut with the film "Mid90s," for which he also wrote the screenplay.


title: Jonah Hill

text: Hill has provided voices for the animated films "Horton Hears a Who!" (2008), "Megamind" (2010), "How to Train Your Dragon" (2010–2019), "The Lego Movie" (2014) and "" (2019).


title: Jonah Hill

text: Hill was born on December 20, 1983, in Los Angeles to Sharon Lyn (), a costume designer and fashion stylist, and Richard Feldstein, a tour accountant for Guns N' Roses. He has a younger sister, actress Beanie Feldstein (born 1993); their older brother, Jordan Feldstein (1977–2017), was a music manager for Robin Thicke and Maroon 5 until his sudden death at age 40 from a DVT/pulmonary embolism. Their parents were originally from Long Island, New York, and the family vacationed in the Catskill Mountains.


title: Jonah Hill

text: Hill and his siblings were raised in the wealthy Los Angeles neighborhood of Cheviot Hills, where he continues to reside, and attended the Center for Early Education, Brentwood School, and then Crossroads School in Santa Monica. He worked at Hot Rod Skateboard Shop on Westwood Boulevard in Los Angeles. After graduating from high school in 2002, he attended The New School and the University of Colorado Boulder, but did not earn a degree.


title: Jonah Hill

text: In college, Hill began writing his own plays and performing them in the "Black and White" bar in the East Village neighborhood of New York City. His plays developed a small following and helped him realize that his true desire was to act in films. He was befriended by Dustin Hoffman's children, Rebecca and Jake, who introduced him to their father. The elder Hoffman asked him to audition for a role in "I Heart Huckabees", in which Hill made his film debut.


title: Jonah Hill

text: Hill then made a brief appearance in Judd Apatow's directorial debut, "The 40-Year-Old Virgin", which led to his appearing in the role of a virgin video game tester in the comedy "Grandma's Boy" (2006), and roles in the comedies "Accepted" and "Click", playing Adam Sandler's character's son in the latter. He had a larger supporting role in the Apatow-directed "Knocked Up" (2007). On television he played the "RA Guy" on the first season of the Oxygen Network sitcom "Campus Ladies, and" guest-starred in an episode of "Clark and Michael".


title: Jonah Hill

text: His first leading role was in the Apatow-produced comedy "Superbad," where he appeared with Michael Cera, in roles based on the teen years of the film's writers, Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg. It is often cited as the film that launched Hill's and Cera's careers. He followed it with an uncredited role as Dewey Cox's brother Nate in "" in December 2007. He hosted "Saturday Night Live" on March 15, 2008, featuring musical guest Mariah Carey.


title: Jonah Hill

text: He next starred in Judd Apatow's third directorial feature, "Funny People" (2009) which also starred Adam Sandler, Eric Bana and Seth Rogen. He played Cooker in Fred Wolf's "Strange Wilderness". He was an associate producer of the 2009 Sacha Baron Cohen mockumentary "Brüno". He guest starred in "The Simpsons" episode "Pranks and Greens", portraying an immature man named Andy Hamilton who was hailed the best prankster in Springfield Elementary School history.


title: Jonah Hill

text: Seeking more work in independent film, Hill turned down a role as one of the three principals in "The Hangover" to work with directors Jay Duplass and Mark Duplass in "Cyrus" (2010).


title: Jonah Hill

text: In July 2011, he appeared at ESPN's ESPY Awards sporting a much slimmer physique, stating he had lost . In November 2011, along with Sam Worthington and Dwight Howard, he starred in commercials for the video game "", making his first appearance with his new look. Also in 2011, he created the Fox animated series "Allen Gregory" with Andrew Mogel and Jarrad Paul. It received very negative reviews and was canceled by Fox on January 8, 2012.


title: Jonah Hill

text: In 2011, Hill starred in Bennett Miller's feature film "Moneyball" with Brad Pitt and Philip Seymour Hoffman. It garnered favorable reviews. Critics noted Hill's performance as a departure from his usual comedy roles. He received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture; and in late January 2012, received his first Oscar nomination for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for the role.


title: Jonah Hill

text: In 2012, Hill co-starred with Channing Tatum in the film "21 Jump Street". It received an 84% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.


title: Jonah Hill

text: In 2011, it was announced that Hill was in talks to appear in Quentin Tarantino's film "Django Unchained". Citing a possible conflict with his commitment to "The Watch", Hill lamented that to act in a Tarantino movie was "the perfect next step" in his career. He was able to join the "Django Unchained" cast in a minor role, and it was released in 2012. He was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in June 2012.


title: Jonah Hill

text: In 2013, Hill appeared in "This Is the End" as himself, and in the biographical film "The Wolf of Wall Street," and received his second Academy Award nomination for his work on the latter. In an interview with Howard Stern on January 21, 2014, Hill said he had accepted SAG's minimum wage of 60,000 for "Wolf of Wall Street."


title: Jonah Hill

text: He voiced the Green Lantern in the adventure comedy "The Lego Movie" in February 2014, which blends computer animation and live action. He reprised his role as Morton Schmidt in "22 Jump Street" (2014), the sequel to "21 Jump Street". His next performance was as Michael Finkel in the mystery thriller "True Story" (2015), with James Franco. In 2016, he played a surety agent for a production company in the Coen brothers' period comedy "Hail, Caesar!" and starred alongside Miles Teller in the biographical crime war comedy-drama "War Dogs" (2016) playing arms dealer Efraim Diveroli. In "The Guardian", Wendy Ide wrote of his performance: "Jonah Hill is so repellent — all swagger, sweat and unapologetic sexism — in "War Dogs", that for a while, you don't immediately realise what a blitzkrieg of a performance he delivers." That month, Hill also co-starred as a sausage named Carl in adult computer-animated comedy film "Sausage Party", with Seth Rogen, Kristen Wiig, Bill Hader, Michael Cera, and James Franco.


title: Jonah Hill

text: Hill starred with Joaquin Phoenix, Rooney Mara, and Jack Black in "Don't Worry, He Won't Get Far on Foot" directed by Gus Van Sant. He directed the music video for Danny Brown's song "Ain't It Funny" in 2017, featuring Van Sant. Hill made his directorial debut from a screenplay he wrote with the film "Mid90s" (2018) starring Sunny Suljic, Lucas Hedges, and Katherine Waterston. which premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 9, 2018, and was positively received. It was theatrically released in the United States on October 19, 2018. Also in 2018, Hill starred as Owen Milgrim in the Netflix dark comedy miniseries "Maniac" alongside Emma Stone. In the October 2018 issue of Vanity Fair, he was named to the magazine's best dressed list. In 2019, Hill played Lewis, a heavily Southern-accented book agent, in the comedy "The Beach Bum".


title: Jonah Hill

text: On September 23, 2019, it was reported that Hill was in final negotiations to play the villain in Matt Reeves's "The Batman". However, an agreement was not reached and Hill eventually departed the project.


title: Jonah Hill

text: In 2020, Hill appeared alongside director Martin Scorsese in a commercial for Coca-Cola Energy, titled "Show Up" which aired during Super Bowl LIV.


title: Jonah Hill

text: It was announced in October 2020 that Hill was cast in Adam McKay's political comedy satire "Don't Look Up" alongside Meryl Streep, Leonardo DiCaprio, Cate Blanchett, and Jennifer Lawrence. Streep said on "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert" that she would be playing the President of the United States, with Hill playing the role of her son and Chief of Staff. The film is set around a global catastrophe and is described by Streep as a "Dr. Strangelove" type of satirical film and a "metaphor for global warming". The film was filmed in Massachusetts during the COVID-19 pandemic and was released on Netflix in December 2021.


title: Jonah Hill

text: In November 2021, Hill was cast as Jerry Garcia in the biopic feature of the Grateful Dead directed by Martin Scorsese. He will also produce the project under his Strong Baby banner along with Matt Dines.


title: Jonah Hill

text: Hill wanted to be a writer since he was young and dreamed of joining the writing teams of "The Simpsons", "Saturday Night Live", and "The Larry Sanders Show". At one point, Hill was writing a screenplay with close friend and "I Heart Huckabees" co-star Jason Schwartzman. He wrote "Pure Imagination", a comedy for Sony about a man who develops an imaginary friend after a traumatic experience. Filming was expected to begin in 2008 but it has been in development since then. Hill was a co-producer on the movie "Brüno" and did some writing for Sacha Baron Cohen, who "taught him how to become a better writer". Hill co-wrote the treatment for the 2012 film "21 Jump Street" with screenwriter Michael Bacall.


title: Jonah Hill

text: Hill directed the music videos for the Sara Bareilles song "Gonna Get Over You" from her 2010 album "Kaleidoscope Heart", the Danny Brown song "Ain't it Funny" from his 2016 album "Atrocity Exhibition", Travis Scott's song "Wake Up" from his 2018 album "Astroworld", and the Vampire Weekend song "Sunflower" from their 2019 album "Father of the Bride".


title: Jonah Hill

text: Hill wrote and directed (but did not appear in) the 2018 coming-of-age film "Mid90s". Hill directed (and appears in) "Stutz", a 2022 Netflix documentary.


title: Jonah Hill

text: In July 2011, Hill appeared at the 2011 ESPN ESPY Awards having lost a significant amount of weight; he later said he had done so to seek more serious roles. He explained that he consulted with a trainer and a nutritionist, and had changed his diet to mainly sushi. He is also known to train Brazilian jiu jitsu and described it as "humbling". In October 2019, he and Gianna Santos were engaged; they ended the engagement in October 2020. Hill says: "TM (Transcendental Meditation) along with surfing, I'd say that those two things have changed my happiness level and my ability to cope with stress, anxiety and depression… [they've] really helped."


title: Jonah Hill

text: In 2016, "Architectural Digest" reported that Hill bought a four-bedroom loft in the Noho neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City.


title: Jonah Hill

text: In October 2021, Hill asked fans to stop making comments about his physical appearance, stating: "I know you mean well but I kindly ask that you not comment on my body, good or bad I want to politely let you know it's not helpful and doesn't feel good. Much respect."


title: Jonah Hill

text: In November 2022, he filed a petition to legally change his name from Jonah Hill Feldstein to Jonah Hill, matching his professional name.


title: Star Trek

text: Star Trek is an American science fiction media franchise created by Gene Roddenberry, which began with the and quickly became a worldwide pop-culture phenomenon. The franchise has expanded into various films, television series, video games, novels, and comic books. With an estimated $10.6 billion in revenue, it is one of the most recognizable and highest-grossing media franchises of all time.


title: Star Trek

text: The franchise began with "", which debuted in the US on September 8, 1966 and aired for three seasons on NBC. It was first broadcast on September 6, 1966 on Canada's CTV network. It followed the voyages of the crew of the starship USS "Enterprise", a space exploration vessel built by the United Federation of Planets in the 23rd century, on a mission "to explore strange new worlds, to seek out new life and new civilizations, to boldly go where no man has gone before". In creating "Star Trek", Roddenberry was inspired by C. S. Forester's Horatio Hornblower series of novels, Jonathan Swift 1726 novel "Gulliver's Travels", the 1956 film "Forbidden Planet", and television westerns such as "Wagon Train".


title: Star Trek

text: The "Star Trek" canon includes the "Original Series", nine spin-off television series, and a film franchise; further adaptations also exist in several media. After the conclusion of the "Original Series", the adventures of its characters continued in the 22-episode "" and six feature films. A television revival beginning in the 1980s saw three sequel series and a prequel: "", following the crew of a new starship "Enterprise" a century after the original series; "" and "", set in the same era as the "Next Generation"; and "", set before the original series in the early days of human interstellar travel. The adventures of the "Next Generation" crew continued in four additional feature films. In 2009, the film franchise underwent a reboot, creating an alternate continuity known as the "Kelvin" timeline; three films have been set in this continuity. The newest "Star Trek" television revival, beginning in 2017, includes the series "", "", "", "", "", and "", streaming exclusively on digital platforms.


title: Star Trek

text: "Star Trek" has been a cult phenomenon for decades. Fans of the franchise are called "Trekkies" or "Trekkers". The franchise spans a wide range of spin-offs including games, figurines, novels, toys, and comics. From 1998 to 2008, there was in Las Vegas. At least two museum exhibits of props travel the world. The constructed language Klingon was created for the franchise. Several "Star Trek" parodies have been made, and viewers have produced several fan productions.


title: Star Trek

text: "Star Trek" is noted for its cultural influence beyond works of science fiction. The franchise is also notable for its progressive civil-rights stances. "The Original Series" included one of the first multiracial casts on US television.


title: Star Trek

text: As early as 1964, Gene Roddenberry drafted a proposal for the science fiction series that would become "Star Trek". Although he publicly marketed it as a Western in outer space—a so-called ""Wagon Train" to the stars"—he privately told friends that he was modeling it on Jonathan Swift's "Gulliver's Travels", intending each episode to act on two levels: as a suspenseful adventure story and as a morality tale.


title: Star Trek

text: Most "Star Trek" stories depict the adventures of humans and aliens who serve in Starfleet, the space-borne humanitarian and peacekeeping armada of the United Federation of Planets. The protagonists have altruistic values, and must apply these ideals to difficult dilemmas.


title: Star Trek

text: Many of the conflicts and political dimensions of "Star Trek" are allegories of contemporary cultural realities. "The Original Series" addressed issues of the 1960s, just as later spin-offs have tackled issues of their respective decades. Issues depicted in the various series include war and peace, the value of personal loyalty, authoritarianism, imperialism, class warfare, economics, racism, religion, human rights, sexism, feminism, and the role of technology. Roddenberry stated: "[By creating] a new world with new rules, I could make statements about sex, religion, Vietnam, politics, and intercontinental missiles. Indeed, we did make them on "Star Trek": we were sending messages and fortunately they all got by the network. If you talked about purple people on a far off planet, they (the television network) never really caught on. They were more concerned about cleavage. They actually would send a censor down to the set to measure a woman's cleavage to make sure too much of her breast wasn't showing."


title: Star Trek

text: Roddenberry intended the show to have a progressive political agenda reflective of the emerging counter-culture of the youth movement, though he was not fully forthcoming to the networks about this. He wanted "Star Trek" to show what humanity might develop into, if it would learn from the lessons of the past, most specifically by ending violence. An extreme example is the alien species known as the Vulcans, who had a violent past but learned to control their emotions. Roddenberry also gave "Star Trek" an anti-war message and depicted the United Federation of Planets as an ideal, optimistic version of the United Nations. His efforts were opposed by the network because of concerns over marketability, e.g., they opposed Roddenberry's insistence that "Enterprise" have a racially diverse crew.


title: Star Trek

text: In early 1964, Roddenberry presented a brief treatment for a television series to Desilu Productions, calling it "a "Wagon Train" to the stars." Desilu studio head Lucille Ball was instrumental in approving production of the series. The studio worked with Roddenberry to develop the treatment into a script, which was then pitched to NBC.


title: Star Trek

text: NBC paid to make a pilot, "", starring Jeffrey Hunter as "Enterprise" Captain Christopher Pike. NBC rejected "The Cage", but the executives were still impressed with the concept, and made the unusual decision to commission a second pilot: "Where No Man Has Gone Before".


title: Star Trek

text: While the show initially enjoyed high ratings, the average rating of the show at the end of its first season dropped to 52nd out of 94 programs. Unhappy with the show's ratings, NBC threatened to cancel the show during its second season. The show's fan base, led by Bjo Trimble, conducted an unprecedented letter-writing campaign, petitioning the network to keep the show on the air. NBC renewed the show, but moved it from primetime to the "Friday night death slot", and substantially reduced its budget. In protest, Roddenberry resigned as producer and reduced his direct involvement in "Star Trek", which led to Fred Freiberger becoming producer for the show's third and final season. Despite another letter-writing campaign, NBC canceled the series after three seasons and 79 episodes.


title: Star Trek

text: After the original series was canceled, Desilu, which by then had been renamed Paramount Television, licensed the broadcast syndication rights to help recoup the production losses. Reruns began in late 1969, and by the late 1970s the series aired in over 150 domestic and 60 international markets. This helped "Star Trek" develop a cult following greater than its popularity during its original run.


title: Star Trek

text: One sign of the series' growing popularity was the first "Star Trek" convention, which occurred on January 21–23, 1972 in New York City. Although the original expectation was that only a few hundred fans would attend, several thousand turned up. "Star Trek" fans continue to attend similar conventions worldwide.


title: Star Trek

text: The series' newfound success led to the idea of reviving the franchise. Filmation with Paramount Television produced the first post–original series show, "", featuring the cast of the original series reprising their roles. It ran on NBC for 22 half-hour episodes over two seasons on Saturday mornings from 1973 to 1974. Although short-lived, typical for animated productions in that time slot during that period, the series garnered the franchise's only Emmy Award in a "Best Series" category—specifically Outstanding Entertainment Children's Series; later Emmy awards for the franchise would be in technical categories. Paramount Pictures and Roddenberry began developing a new series, "", in May 1975 in response to the franchise's newfound popularity. Work on the series ended when the proposed Paramount Television Service folded.


title: Star Trek

text: Following the success of the science fiction movies "Star Wars" and "Close Encounters of the Third Kind", Paramount adapted the planned pilot episode of "Phase II" into the feature film "". The film opened in North America on December 7, 1979, with mixed reviews from critics. The film earned $139 million worldwide, below expectations but enough for Paramount to create a sequel. The studio forced Roddenberry to relinquish creative control of future sequels.


title: Star Trek

text: The success of the sequel, "", reversed the fortunes of the franchise. While the sequel grossed less than the first movie, "The Wrath of Khan"s lower production costs made it net more profit. Paramount produced six "Star Trek" feature films between 1979 and 1991, each featuring the "Original Series" cast in their original roles.


title: Star Trek

text: In response to the popularity of "Star Trek" feature films, the franchise returned to television with "" in 1987. Paramount chose to distribute it as a first-run syndication show rather than a network show. "The Next Generation" was set a century after the original series, following the adventures of a new starship "Enterprise" with a new crew.


title: Star Trek

text: Following "Star Trek: The Motion Picture", Roddenberry's role was changed from producer to creative consultant with minimal input to the films while being heavily involved with the creation of "". Roddenberry died on October 24, 1991, giving executive producer Rick Berman control of the franchise. "Star Trek" had become known to those within Paramount as "the franchise", because of its great success and recurring role as a tent pole for the studio when other projects failed. "The Next Generation" had the highest ratings of any "Star Trek" series and became the most syndicated show during the last years of its original seven-season run. In response to the "Next Generation" success, Paramount released a spin-off series, "", in 1993. While never as popular as the "Next Generation", the series had sufficient ratings for it to last seven seasons.


title: Star Trek

text: In January 1995, a few months after the "Next Generation" ended, Paramount released a fourth television series, "". "Star Trek" production reached a peak in the mid-1990s with "Deep Space Nine" and "Voyager" airing concurrently and three of the four "Next Generation"-based feature films released in 1994, 1996, and 1998. By 1998, "Star Trek" was Paramount's most important property and the profits of "the franchise" funded a significant portion of the studio's operations. "Voyager" became the flagship show of the new United Paramount Network (UPN) and thus the first major network "Star Trek" series since the original.


title: Star Trek

text: After "Voyager" ended, UPN produced "", a prequel series. "Enterprise" did not enjoy the high ratings of its predecessors and UPN threatened to cancel it after the series' third season. Fans launched a campaign reminiscent of the one that saved the third season of the "Original Series". Paramount renewed "Enterprise" for a fourth season, but moved it to the Friday night death slot. Like the "Original Series", "Enterprise"s ratings dropped during this time slot, and UPN cancelled "Enterprise" at the end of its fourth season. "Enterprise" aired its final episode on May 13, 2005. A fan group, "Save "Enterprise"", attempted to save the series and tried to raise $30 million to privately finance a fifth season of "Enterprise". Though the effort garnered considerable press, the fan drive failed to save the series. The cancellation of "Enterprise" ended an eighteen-year continuous production run of "Star Trek" programming on television. The poor box office performance in 2002 of the film "" cast an uncertain light upon the future of the franchise. Paramount relieved Berman, the franchise producer, of control of "Star Trek".


title: Star Trek

text: Paramount hired a new creative team, in 2007, to reinvigorate the franchise on the big screen. Writers Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman and producer J. J. Abrams had the freedom to reinvent the feel of the franchise. The team created the franchise's eleventh film, "Star Trek", releasing it in May 2009. The film featured a new cast portraying the crew of the original show. "Star Trek" was a prequel of the original series set in an alternate timeline, later named the "Kelvin" Timeline. This gave the film and sequels freedom from the need to conform to the franchise's canonical timeline and minimized the impact these films would have on CBS's portion of the franchise. The eleventh "Star Trek" film's marketing campaign targeted non-fans, stating in the film's advertisements that "this is not your father's "Star Trek"".


title: Star Trek

text: The film earned considerable critical and financial success, grossing (in inflation-adjusted dollars) more box office sales than any previous "Star Trek" film. The plaudits include the franchise's first Academy Award (for makeup). Two sequels were released. The first sequel, "Star Trek Into Darkness", premiered in the spring of 2013. While the film did not earn as much in the North American box office as its predecessor, internationally, in terms of box office receipts, "Into Darkness" is the most successful of the franchise. The thirteenth film, "Star Trek Beyond", was released on July 22, 2016. The film had many pre-production problems and its script went through several rewrites. While receiving positive reviews, "Star Trek Beyond" disappointed in the box office.


title: Star Trek

text: CBS turned down several proposals in the mid-2000s to restart the franchise on the small screen. Proposals included pitches from film director Bryan Singer, "Babylon 5" creator J. Michael Straczynski, and "Trek" actors Jonathan Frakes and William Shatner. While CBS was not creating new "Star Trek" for network television, the ease of access to "Star Trek" content on new streaming services such as Netflix and Amazon Prime Video introduced a new set of fans to the franchise. CBS eventually sought to capitalize on this trend, and brought the franchise back to the small screen with the series "" to help launch and draw subscribers to its streaming service CBS All Access. "Discovery's" premiered on September 24, 2017. While "Discovery" is shown in the United States exclusively on Paramount+ (formerly CBS All Access), for its first three seasons, Netflix, in exchange for funding the production costs of the show, owned the international screening rights for the show. This Netflix distribution and production deal ended right before the fourth season premiere of "Discovery" in November 2021. "Discovery" has since been exclusive to Paramount Global owned platforms.


title: Star Trek

text: In June 2018, after becoming sole showrunner of "Discovery", Kurtzman signed a five-year overall deal with CBS Television Studios to expand the "Star Trek" franchise beyond "Discovery" to several new series, miniseries, and animated series. Kurtzman wanted to "open this world up" and create multiple series set in the same universe but with their own "unique storytelling and distinct cinematic feel", an approach that he compared to the Marvel Cinematic Universe. However, the franchise would not tell a single story across multiple series, allowing audiences to watch each series without having to see all of the others. CBS and Kurtzman refer to this expanded franchise as the "Star Trek" Universe. In October 2020, Kurtzman stated that "Star Trek" series have been planned through 2027. Kurtzman cautioned that this was a preliminary plan, but it was necessary to plan so far out due to the long production schedules for each series.


title: Star Trek

text: The second series of the expansion of the "Star Trek" Universe, "", features Patrick Stewart reprising the character Jean-Luc Picard from "The Next Generation". "Picard" premiered on CBS All Access on January 23, 2020. Unlike "Discovery", Amazon Prime Video streams "Picard" internationally. CBS has also released two seasons of "", a series of standalone mini-episodes which air between "Discovery" and "Picard" seasons. A new live-action series, "", a spinoff of the second season of "Discovery" and prequel to the original series, premiered on May 5, 2022. "", an animated adult comedy series, was released on August 6, 2020 on CBS All Access. Another animated series, "", premiered on the rebranded service Paramount+ first on October 28, 2021, and on December 17, 2021 on Nickelodeon. "Prodigy" is the first Star Trek series to specifically target younger audiences, and is the franchise's first fully computer animated series.


title: Star Trek

text: Paramount Global announced in February 2021 that the "Star Trek" Universe would be available on Paramount+, including "Discovery", "Picard", "Lower Decks", "Prodigy", and "Strange New Worlds". The service's Executive Vice President of Development and Programming, Julie McNamara, said they were unlikely to expand the slate of Star Trek series until one of these five shows ended, which could happen when a series' story runs its course or a lead actor's contract expires. McNamara hoped to release a new season of "Star Trek" each quarter. Discussing the next phase of the franchise, Kurtzman said several projects were in development and the success of "Prodigy" could lead to more young audience-focused series. He added that future live-action series would likely explore new parts of the "Star Trek" franchise's timeline in a similar way to "Discovery"s jump to the far future in its . Kurtzman also felt there would be opportunities for future series to be associated to other Paramount Global brands such as BET and Showtime, similar to "Prodigy" being developed for Nickelodeon. Monthly meetings with the showrunners of each new series are held to allow coordination between the different series and ensure that "they're not stepping on each other's toes" by using the same elements of the universe, according to Kurtzman.


title: Star Trek

text: Eight live-action television series, three animated series and one short-form companion series make up the bulk of the "Star Trek" mythos: "The Original Series", "The Animated Series", "The Next Generation", "Deep Space Nine", "Voyager", "Enterprise", "Discovery", "Short Treks", "Picard", "Lower Decks", "Prodigy" and "Strange New Worlds". All the series in total amount to episodes across seasons of television.


title: Star Trek

text: Star Trek: The Original Series, frequently abbreviated as TOS, debuted on NBC on September 8, 1966. The show tells the tale of the crew of the starship and its five-year mission "to boldly go where no man has gone before", under the command of Captain James T. Kirk. During the series's initial run, it was nominated for Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation multiple times, and won twice. Cast included:


title: Star Trek

text: NBC canceled the show after three seasons; the last original episode aired on June 3, 1969. A petition near the end of the second season to save the show signed by many Caltech students and its multiple Hugo nominations would, however, indicate that despite low Nielsen ratings, it was highly popular with science fiction fans and engineering students. The series later became popular in reruns and found a cult following.


title: Star Trek

text: Star Trek: The Animated Series, produced by Filmation, ran for two seasons from 1973 to 1974. Most of the original cast performed the voices of their characters from the "Original Series", and some of the writers who worked on the "Original Series" returned. While the animated format allowed the producers to create more exotic alien landscapes and life forms, animation errors and liberal reuse of shots and musical cues have tarnished the series' reputation. Gene Roddenberry often spoke of it as non-canon, though more recent productions have treated it as canonical. The cast included:


title: Star Trek

text: "The Animated Series" won "Star Trek"s first Emmy Award on May 15, 1975. The series briefly returned to television in the mid-1980s on the children's cable network Nickelodeon, and again on Sci-Fi Channel in the mid-90s. The complete series was released on LaserDisc during the 1980s. The complete series was first released in the U.S. on eleven volumes of VHS tapes in 1989. All 22 episodes were released on DVD in 2006.


title: Star Trek

text: Star Trek: The Next Generation, frequently abbreviated as TNG, takes place about a century after the "Original Series" (2364–2370). It features a new starship, , and a new crew:


title: Star Trek

text: The series premiered on September 28, 1987, and ran for seven seasons. It had the highest ratings of any of the "Star Trek" series and became the highest rated syndicated show near the end of its run, allowing it to act as a springboard for other series. Many relationships and races introduced in the "Next Generation" became the basis for episodes in "Deep Space Nine" and "Voyager". The series earned several Emmy awards and nominations—including Best Dramatic Series for its final season—two Hugo Awards, and a Peabody Award for Outstanding Television Programming for one episode.


title: Star Trek

text: Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, frequently abbreviated as DS9, takes place during the last years of and immediately after the "Next Generation" (2369–2375). It debuted the week of January 3, 1993, and ran for seven seasons. Unlike the other "Star Trek" series, "Deep Space Nine" was set primarily on a space station of the same name rather than aboard a starship. The cast included:


title: Star Trek

text: The show begins after the conclusion of the brutal Cardassian occupation of the planet Bajor, introduced in "The Next Generation". The liberated Bajoran people ask the United Federation of Planets to help run a space station near Bajor. After the Federation takes control of the station, the protagonists of the show discover a uniquely stable wormhole that provides immediate access to the distant Gamma Quadrant, making Bajor and the station a strategically important location. The show chronicles the events of the station's crew, led by Commander Benjamin Sisko (Avery Brooks), and Major Kira Nerys (Nana Visitor).


title: Star Trek

text: "Deep Space Nine" stands apart from earlier "Trek" series for its lengthy serialized storytelling, character conflicts, and religious themes—all elements praised by critics and audiences, but which Roddenberry had forbidden as a producer of the original series and the "Next Generation".


title: Star Trek

text: Star Trek: Voyager ran for seven seasons, airing from January 16, 1995 to May 23, 2001. It features Kate Mulgrew as Captain Kathryn Janeway, the first female commanding officer in a leading role of a "Star Trek" series. Cast included:


title: Star Trek

text: "Voyager" takes place during the same time period as "Deep Space Nine" and the years immediately following (2371–2378). The militant renegade movement known as the Maquis, introduced on "Deep Space Nine", is part of the premise of "Voyager". The premiere episode has the USS "Voyager" and its crew pursuing a Maquis ship; both ships become stranded in the Delta Quadrant about 70,000 light-years from Earth. Faced with a 75-year voyage to Earth, the crews must work together to overcome challenges and shorten the voyage on their long and perilous journey home.


title: Star Trek

text: Like "Deep Space Nine", early seasons of "Voyager" feature more conflict between its crew members than seen in "The Next Generation". Such conflict often arose from friction between "by-the-book" Starfleet crew and rebellious Maquis fugitives forced by circumstance to work together. The starship "Voyager", isolated from its home, faced new cultures and dilemmas not possible in shows based in the Alpha Quadrant. Later seasons brought in an influx of characters and cultures from prior shows, such as the Borg, Q, the Ferengi, Romulans, Klingons, Cardassians and cast members of the "Next Generation".


title: Star Trek

text: Star Trek: Enterprise, originally titled Enterprise, is a prequel to the original "Star Trek" series. It aired from September 26, 2001 to May 13, 2005 on UPN. "Enterprise" is set about a century earlier than "The Original Series", early in the fictional history of humanity's space exploration and shortly before the creation of the United Federation of Planets. The show follows the crew of an earlier starship on Earth's first deep-space exploration mission. The cast included:


title: Star Trek

text: Initially, "Enterprise" featured self-contained episodes, much like the "Original Series", "Next Generation" and "Voyager". The comprised a single narrative arc. The fourth and final season consisted of several three- and four-episode arcs, which explored the origins of some elements of previous series, and resolved some continuity errors with "The Original Series".


title: Star Trek

text: Ratings for "Enterprise" started strong but declined rapidly. Although critics received the fourth season well, both fans and the cast reviled the series finale, partly because of the episode's focus on the guest appearance of members of the "Next Generation" cast. The cancellation of "Enterprise" ended an 18-year run of new "Star Trek" series, which began with the "Next Generation" in 1987.


title: Star Trek

text: Star Trek: Discovery is the first series of the streaming television "Star Trek" revival; it begins as a prequel to the "Original Series", set roughly ten years prior. It premiered September 24, 2017 in the United States and Canada on CBS. The series is shown on Paramount+ in the United States; elsewhere, Netflix distributes the series worldwide, except for Canada. The cast includes:


title: Star Trek

text: "Discovery" is a serialized drama in which each season follows a single overarching narrative. In a departure from previous "Star Trek" series, the primary protagonist, Michael Burnham (portrayed by Martin-Green), is not the captain of the titular ship for the first few seasons. The first season follows a war between the United Federation of Planets and the Klingon Empire, instigated by Burnham, who is court-martialed, demoted, and assigned to the starship "Discovery"; later seasons follow the crew of "Discovery" on other adventures.


title: Star Trek

text: Star Trek: Short Treks is a short film anthology companion series initially exploring settings and characters from "Discovery". Later episodes feature the crew of the "Enterprise" under the command of Christopher Pike. The final episode of the second season serves as a teaser for "."


title: Star Trek

text: Star Trek: Picard, like "Discovery", is a serialized drama created for CBS All Access; it premiered on January 23, 2020. Set about 30 years after "The Next Generation", the series sees Patrick Stewart reprise his "TNG" role of Jean-Luc Picard. The first season follows Picard in his retirement, seeking redemption for what he sees as his past failings, as he goes on an adventure to save the daughter of his late crewmate Data. The cast includes:


title: Star Trek

text: Star Trek: Lower Decks is an animated adult comedy series created by the "Rick and Morty" writer Mike McMahan. The series follows the support crew of "one of Starfleet's least important ships." The series premiered on August 6, 2020 on CBS All Access. The cast includes:


title: Star Trek

text: Star Trek: Prodigy is an animated series created by Kevin and Dan Hageman for Paramount+, and the cable channel Nickelodeon. The series follows a group of teenagers who use an abandoned starship to search for adventure. The series premiered on October 28, 2021. The cast includes:


title: Star Trek

text: Star Trek: Strange New Worlds is a spinoff of "Discovery" and a prequel to the Original Series, created by Akiva Goldsman, Alex Kurtzman, and Jenny Lumet for Paramount+. It premiered in May 2022. It portrays the adventures of the U.S.S. "Enterprise" prior to James Kirk's captaincy, and focuses on episodic storytelling in contrast to the serialized narratives of "Discovery". The "Enterprise"'s crew in this series features several characters who were first introduced in the Original Series, now played by new actors, including Ethan Peck, Anson Mount and Rebecca Romijn reprising their roles as Spock, Captain Pike and Number One respectively. The cast includes:


title: Star Trek

text: CBS and "Star Trek" producers Alex Kurtzman and Heather Kadin have announced that further animated and live-action television series are currently in development.


title: Star Trek

text: In February 2021, it was announced that further series would only move forward once at least one of the current slate of series ("Discovery", "Picard", "Lower Decks", "Prodigy", and "Strange New Worlds") concludes its run. One such series includes Michelle Yeoh reprising her role as the mirror universe's Philippa Georgiou of Section 31 from "Discovery". The expanded franchise reportedly also includes several series, including a series being developed by Stephanie Savage and Josh Schwartz that is set at Starfleet Academy, as well as "Ceti Alpha V", a limited series based on the character Khan Noonien Singh and his "The Wrath of Khan" storyline, written by Nicholas Meyer.


title: Star Trek

text: Paramount Pictures has produced thirteen "Star Trek" feature films, the most recent being released in July 2016. The first six films continue the adventures of the cast of the "Original Series"; the seventh film, "Generations", was intended as a transition from original cast to the cast of the "Next Generation"; the next three films focused completely on the "Next Generation" cast.


title: Star Trek

text: The eleventh film and its sequels occur in an alternate timeline with a new cast portraying the "Original Series" characters. Leonard Nimoy portrayed an elderly Spock in the films, providing a narrative link to what became known as the Prime Timeline. The alternate timeline was named "The "Kelvin" Timeline" by "Star Trek Encyclopedia" writers Michael and Denise Okuda, in honor of the starship USS "Kelvin" which was first seen in the 2009 film.


title: Star Trek

text: Though initially reported as being placed on hold, Paramount confirmed in September 2020 that they haven't cancelled any of the "Star Trek" films that are currently in development. This includes the Tarantino film, "Star Trek 4" with the "Kelvin" Timeline cast, and Noah Hawley's film


title: Star Trek

text: Many licensed products are based on the "Star Trek" franchise. Merchandising is very lucrative for both studio and actors; by 1986 Nimoy had earned more than $500,000 from royalties. Products include novels, comic books, video games, and other materials, which are generally considered non-canon. "Star Trek" merchandise generated $4 billion for Paramount by 2002.


title: Star Trek

text: Since 1967, hundreds of original novels, short stories, and television and movie adaptations have been published. The first original "Star Trek" novel was "Mission to Horatius" by Mack Reynolds, which was published in hardcover by Whitman Books in 1968.


title: Star Trek

text: In 1968, Gene Roddenberry cooperated with Stephen Edward Poe, writing as Stephen Whitfield, on the nonfiction book "The Making of Star Trek" for Ballantine Books.


title: Star Trek

text: Among the most recent is the Star Trek Collection of Little Golden Books. Three titles were published by Random House in 2019, a fourth is scheduled for July 2020.


title: Star Trek

text: The first publisher of "Star Trek" fiction aimed at adult readers was Bantam Books. James Blish wrote adaptations of episodes of the original series in twelve volumes from 1967 to 1977; in 1970, he wrote the first original Star Trek novel published by Bantam, "Spock Must Die!".


title: Star Trek

text: Pocket Books published subsequent "Star Trek" novels. Prolific "Star Trek" novelists include Peter David, Diane Carey, Keith DeCandido, J.M. Dillard, Diane Duane, Michael Jan Friedman, and Judith and Garfield Reeves-Stevens. Several actors from the television series have also written or co-written books featuring their respective characters: William Shatner, John de Lancie, Andrew J. Robinson, J. G. Hertzler and Armin Shimerman. "Voyager" producer Jeri Taylor wrote two novels detailing the personal histories of "Voyager" characters. Screenplay writers David Gerrold, D. C. Fontana, and Melinda Snodgrass have also penned books.


title: Star Trek

text: A 2014 scholarly work Newton Lee discussed the actualization of "Star Trek's" holodeck in the future by making extensive use of artificial intelligence and cyborgs.


title: Star Trek

text: "Star Trek"-based comics have been issued almost continuously since 1967, published by Marvel, DC, Malibu, Wildstorm, and Gold Key, among others. In 2009, Tokyopop produced an anthology of "Next Generation"-based stories presented in the style of Japanese manga. In 2006, IDW Publishing secured publishing rights to "Star Trek" comics and issued a prequel to the 2009 film, "". In 2012, IDW published the first volume of "Star Trek – The Newspaper Strip", featuring the work of Thomas Warkentin. As of 2020, IDS continues to produce new titles.


title: Star Trek

text: The "Star Trek" franchise has numerous games in many formats. Beginning in 1967 with a board game based on the original series and continuing through today with online and DVD games, "Star Trek" games continue to be popular among fans.


title: Star Trek

text: Video games based on the series include "" and "". An MMORPG based on "Star Trek" called "Star Trek Online" was developed by Cryptic Studios and published by Perfect World. It is set during the "Next Generation" era, about 30 years after the events of "". The most recent video game was set in the alternate timeline from Abrams's "Star Trek".


title: Star Trek

text: On June 8, 2010, WizKids announced the development of a "Star Trek" collectible miniatures game using the HeroClix game system.


title: Star Trek

text: On December 9, 2021, "Star Trek: Resurgence", a narrative adventure video game set in the "Next Generation" era, was announced by Dramatic Labs.


title: Star Trek

text: "Star Trek" has led directly or indirectly to the creation of a number of magazines which focus either on science fiction or specifically on "Star Trek". "Starlog" was a magazine which was founded in the 1970s. Initially, its focus was on "Star Trek" actors, but then it expanded its scope. "" was a magazine published in the U.S. that ceased publication in 2003. "Star Trek Magazine", originally published as Star Trek Monthly by Titan Magazines for the United Kingdom market, began in February 1995. The magazine has since expanded to worldwide distribution.


title: Star Trek

text: Other magazines through the years included professional, as well as magazines published by fans, or fanzines.


title: Star Trek

text: The "Star Trek" media franchise is a multibillion-dollar industry, owned by Paramount Global. Gene Roddenberry sold "Star Trek" to NBC as a classic adventure drama; he pitched the show as ""Wagon Train" to the Stars" and as "Horatio Hornblower in Space". The opening line, "to boldly go where no man has gone before," was taken almost verbatim from a U.S. White House booklet on space produced after the Sputnik flight in 1957.


title: Star Trek

text: "Star Trek" and its spin-offs have proven highly popular in syndication and was broadcast worldwide. The show's cultural impact goes far beyond its longevity and profitability. "Star Trek" conventions have become popular among its fans, who call themselves "trekkie or "trekkers". An entire subculture has grown up around the franchise, which was documented in the film "Trekkies". "Star Trek" was ranked most popular cult show by "TV Guide". The franchise has also garnered many comparisons of the "Star Wars" franchise being rivals in the science fiction genre with many fans and scholars.


title: Star Trek

text: The "Star Trek" franchise inspired some designers of technologies, the Palm PDA and the handheld mobile phone. Michael Jones, Chief technologist of Google Earth, has cited the tricorder's mapping capability as one inspiration in the development of Keyhole/Google Earth. The Tricorder X Prize, a contest to build a medical tricorder device was announced in 2012. Ten finalists were selected in 2014, and the winner was to be selected in January 2016. However, no team managed to reach the required criteria. "Star Trek" also brought teleportation to popular attention with its depiction of "matter-energy transport", with the famously misquoted phrase "Beam me up, Scotty" entering the vernacular. The "Star Trek" replicator is credited in the scientific literature with inspiring the field of diatom nanotechnology. In 1976, following a letter-writing campaign, NASA named its prototype space shuttle "Enterprise", after the fictional starship. Later, the introductory sequence to "Star Trek: Enterprise" included footage of this shuttle which, along with images of a naval sailing vessel called "Enterprise", depicted the advancement of human transportation technology.


title: Star Trek

text: Beyond "Star Trek" fictional innovations, its contributions to television history included a multicultural and multiracial cast. While more common in subsequent years, in the 1960s it was controversial to feature an Enterprise crew that included a Japanese helmsman, a Russian navigator, and a black female communications officer. Captain Kirk's and Lt. Uhura's kiss, in the episode "Plato's Stepchildren", was also daring, and is often mis-cited as being American television's first scripted, interracial kiss, even though several other interracial kisses predated this one. Nichelle Nichols, who played the communications officer, said that the day after she told Roddenberry of her plan to leave the series, she was told a big fan wanted to meet her while attending a NAACP dinner party:


title: Star Trek

text: After the show, Nichols used this public standing to speak for women and people of color and against their exclusion from the US human space program; NASA reacted by asking her to find people for its future Space Shuttle program. Nichols proceeded and successfully brought the first non-white people and women into the US space program, working in this quality for NASA from the late 1970s until the late 1980s.


title: Star Trek

text: In 2020, the US effort to develop a vaccine to protect against COVID-19 was named Operation Warp Speed, which was suggested by a "Star Trek" fan, Dr. Peter Marks. Dr. Peters leads the unit at the Food and Drug Administration which approves vaccines and therapies.


title: Star Trek

text: Early parodies of "Star Trek" included a famous sketch on "Saturday Night Live" titled "The Last Voyage of the Starship "Enterprise"", with John Belushi as Kirk, Chevy Chase as Spock and Dan Aykroyd as McCoy. In the 1980s, "Saturday Night Live" did a sketch with William Shatner reprising his Captain Kirk role in "The Restaurant Enterprise", preceded by a sketch in which he played himself at a "Trek" convention angrily telling fans to "Get a Life", a phrase that has become part of "Trek" folklore. "In Living Color" continued the tradition in a sketch where Captain Kirk is played by a fellow Canadian Jim Carrey.


title: Star Trek

text: A feature-length film that indirectly parodies "Star Trek" is "Galaxy Quest". This film is based on the premise that aliens monitoring the broadcast of an Earth-based television series called "Galaxy Quest", modeled heavily on "Star Trek", believe that what they are seeing is real. Many "Star Trek" actors have been quoted saying that "Galaxy Quest" was a brilliant parody.


title: Star Trek

text: "Star Trek" has been blended with Gilbert and Sullivan at least twice. The North Toronto Players presented a "Star Trek" adaptation of Gilbert & Sullivan titled "H.M.S. Starship Pinafore: The Next Generation" in 1991 and an adaptation by Jon Mullich of Gilbert and Sullivan's "H.M.S. Pinafore" that sets the operetta in the world of "Star Trek" has played in Los Angeles and was attended by series luminaries Nichelle Nichols, D.C. Fontana and David Gerrold. A similar blend of Gilbert and Sullivan and "Star Trek" was presented as a benefit concert in San Francisco by the Lamplighters in 2009. The show was titled "Star Drek: The Generation After That". It presented an original story with Gilbert and Sullivan melodies.


title: Star Trek

text: "The Simpsons" and "Futurama" television series and others have had many individual episodes parodying "Star Trek" or with "Trek" allusions. "Black Mirror's" "Star Trek" parody episode, "USS Callister", won four Emmy Awards, including the Outstanding Television Movie and Writing for a Limited Series, Movie or Drama, and was nominated for three more.


title: Star Trek

text: In August 2010, the members of the Internal Revenue Service created a "Star Trek" themed training video for a conference. Revealed to the public in 2013, the spoof along with parodies of other media franchises was cited as an example of the misuse of taxpayer funds in a congressional investigation.


title: Star Trek

text: "Star Trek" has been parodied in several non-English movies, including the German "Traumschiff Surprise – Periode 1" which features a gay version of the "Original Series" bridge crew and a Turkish film that spoofs that same series' episode "The Man Trap" in one of the series of films based on the character Turist Ömer. An entire series of films and novel parodies titled "Star Wreck" has been created in Finnish.


title: Star Trek

text: "The Orville" is a comedy-drama science fiction television series created by Seth MacFarlane that premiered on September 10, 2017, on Fox. MacFarlane, a longtime fan of the franchise who previously guest-starred on an episode of "Enterprise", created the series with a similar look and feel as the "Star Trek" series. MacFarlane has made references to "Star Trek" on his animated series "Family Guy", where the "Next Generation" cast guest-starred in the episode "Not All Dogs Go to Heaven".


title: Star Trek

text: "Other Space" is a science fiction comedy streaming series which premiered on Yahoo! Screen on April 14, 2015. Created by Paul Feig, it is set in the 22nd century and follows the dysfunctional crew of an exploratory spaceship who become trapped in an unknown universe.


title: Star Trek

text: Until 2016, Paramount Pictures and CBS permitted fan-produced films and episode-like clips to be produced. Several veteran "Star Trek" actors and writers participated in many of these productions. Several producers turned to crowdfunding, such as Kickstarter, to help with production and other costs.


title: Star Trek

text: Popular productions include: (2004–2016) and "Star Trek Continues" (2013–2017). Additional productions include: (2008), originally released as a three-part web series, and "Prelude to Axanar". Audio dramatizations such as "The Continuing Mission" (2007–2016) have also been published by fans.


title: Star Trek

text: In 2016, CBS published guidelines which restricted the scope of fan productions, such as limiting the length of episodes or films to fifteen minutes, limiting production budgets to $50,000, and preventing actors and technicians from previous "Star Trek" productions from participating. A number of highly publicized productions have since been cancelled or have gone abeyant.


title: Star Trek

text: Star Trek has been a popular subject for documentaries reviewing the history of the franchise. Some examples include:


title: Star Trek

text: Some documentaries have been funded by the community by money raised by crowdfunding. "What We Left Behind" raised nearly $650,000 in this way, and a planned Voyager documentary raised $450,000 in 24 hours.


title: Star Trek

text: Of the various science fiction awards for drama, only the Hugo Award dates back as far as the original series. In 1968, all five nominees for a Hugo Award were individual episodes of "Star Trek", as were three of the five nominees in 1967. The only "Star Trek" series not to receive a Hugo Award nomination are the "Animated Series" and "Voyager", though only the "Original Series" and "Next Generation" won in any nominated category. No "Star Trek" feature film has ever won a Hugo Award. In 2008, the fan-made "" episode "World Enough and Time" was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Short Drama.


title: Star Trek

text: One of the most successful films was "Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home", which grossed a global total of $133 million against a $21 million budget."The Voyage Home" garnered 11 nominations at the 14th annual Saturn Awards, tying "Aliens" for number of nominations. Nimoy and Shatner were nominated for best actor for their roles, and Catherine Hicks was nominated for best supporting actress. At the 59th Academy Awards, "The Voyage Home" was nominated for Best Cinematography, Sound (Terry Porter, David J. Hudson, Mel Metcalfe and Gene Cantamessa), Sound Effects Editing, and Original Score.


title: Star Trek

text: The episode "The Big Goodbye" in the first season of "Star Trek: The Next Generation", in recognition of its "new standard of quality for first-run syndication", the episode was honored with a Peabody Award in 1987. "The Big Goodbye" was also nominated for two Emmy Awards in the categories of Outstanding Cinematography for a Series and Outstanding Costumes for a Series, with costume designer William Ware Theiss winning the award in the latter category.


title: Star Trek

text: "Star Trek" (2009) won the Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling, the franchise's first Academy Award. In 2016, the franchise was listed in the Guinness World Records as the most successful science fiction television franchise in the world.


title: Star Trek

text: In 1996, "TV Guide" published the following as the ten best "Star Trek" episodes for the franchise's 30th anniversary: