title: Rangers F.C.

text: On 25 June 2012, the Crown Office asked Strathclyde Police to investigate the purchase of Rangers and the club's subsequent financial management during Whyte's tenure.


title: Rangers F.C.

text: Charles Green agreed a deal with the administrators of The Rangers Football Club plc to purchase the company for £8.5 million if a proposed CVA was agreed or to purchase its business and assets for a £5.5million if the proposed CVA were to be rejected. On 14 June 2012, the formal rejection of the proposed CVA meant that the company would enter the liquidation process. The accountancy firm BDO was appointed to investigate the years of financial mismanagement at the club.


title: Rangers F.C.

text: On 14 June 2012, hours after the CVA's rejection, Sevco Scotland Ltd, a new company formed by Charles Green's consortium for this eventuality, completed the purchase of the business and assets of The Rangers Football Club Plc and then, on 18 June 2012, formally applied to acquire the SPL share of The Rangers Football Club plc. On 4 July, SPL clubs voted by 10–1 to reject the application with Kilmarnock abstaining and the old Rangers company voting in favour. Thereafter, an application to the Scottish Football League was successful with Rangers securing associate membership on 13 July 2012 at an SFL meeting by a vote of 29–1. The SFL member clubs voted that Rangers should enter the fourth tier of Scottish Football, Scottish Third Division for the 2012–13 season, rather than the Scottish First Division.


title: Rangers F.C.

text: An application was made for a transfer of SFA membership on 29 June 2012, with the new company applying for the transfer of the membership of The Rangers Football Club plc. Agreement was reached on the transfer with the new company accepting a number of conditions relating to the old company.


title: Rangers F.C.

text: At the end of 2012, Rangers International Football Club plc became the holding company for the group, having acquired The Rangers Football Club Ltd on the basis of a one for one share exchange. In 2013, after its first 13 months, the company reported operating losses of £14.4m. Thereafter it has continued to post annual operating losses: £9.8m in 2014 and £9.9m in 2015, £2.5m in 2016, £6.3m in 2017 and £13.2m in 2018.


title: Rangers F.C.

text: The Rangers Charity Foundation was created in 2002 and participates in a wide range of charitable work, regularly involving Rangers staff and star players. The foundation also has partnerships with UNICEF, The Prostate Cancer Charity and Erskine, and is responsible for over £2.3 million in donations. As well as fundraising, the Rangers Charity Foundation regularly bring sick, disabled and disadvantaged children to attend matches and tours at Ibrox, with the chance to meet the players.


title: Rangers F.C.

text: Through its support of the Rangers Charity Foundation, the club has helped a number of charities with support and financial donations. In 2008, the club became the first Scottish side to be selected as a partner club of UNICEF. The club's Charity Foundation has backed initiatives in Togo and India as well as funding one million vaccinations for a children's vaccination programme. The club has been a firm supporter of Erskine, a charity which provides long-term medical care for veterans of the British Armed Forces, and in 2012, donated £25,000 to fund projects within their care homes. In January 2015, Rangers hosted a charity match for the benefit of former player Fernando Ricksen who had been diagnosed with Motor neurone disease; this raised £320,000 for him and MND Scotland.


title: Rangers F.C.

text: Alongside its work with numerous charities, the club and its Charity Foundation operate various initiatives within the community including courses to help Armed Forces veterans overcome addictions, to raise awareness of social issues and help unemployed people back into work. In October 2015, the club launched its "Ready2Succeed" programme which was a ten-week course designed to develop participants confidence and employability skills by engaging with football and fitness. Rangers first-team players also visit the Royal Hospital for Children in Glasgow every year during the festive period where they hand out presents to the children and donate money to the hospital activity fund.


title: Rangers F.C.

text: In 2002, former Rangers striker Ally McCoist starred in Robert Duvall's film "A Shot at Glory" as Jackie McQuillan where he would play against Rangers in the Scottish Cup Final for "Kilnockie F.C.", a fictional side.


title: Rangers F.C.

text: In 2003, a Scottish television documentary series filmed by BBC Scotland, "Blue Heaven", followed aspiring young footballers at Rangers as they tried to forge a career in football. The series was originally broadcast in the winter of 2003 with a follow up episode in 2011.


title: Rangers F.C.

text: In 2008, celebrity chef Gordon Ramsay returned to Rangers, the club he played for as a youth, to teach them how to cook in Series 4, Episode 12 of "The F Word".


title: Rangers F.C.

text: Owing to the notoriety of the "Rangers Inter City Firm", a football firm associated with the club, Rangers have also featured in television documentaries and books about football hooliganism, including Series 1, Episode 5 of "The Real Football Factories" presented by English actor Danny Dyer on Bravo in 2006, during which he visits his first Old Firm match and meets football casuals from Rangers, Celtic, Aberdeen, Hibernian, Dundee United and Dundee.


title: Rangers F.C.

text: The club featured on BBC Scotland comedy "Scotch and Wry" in 1979 in a scene where Manager (Rikki Fulton) and Chief Scout (Gregor Fisher) unknowingly sign a young Catholic footballer (Gerard Kelly) but then try to void his contract to avoid publicly breaking the club's "No Catholic" signing policy after finding out.


title: Rangers F.C.

text: Rangers have appeared in theatre a number of times in shows such as "Follow Follow: The Rangers Story" at the King's Theatre in 1994 starring Scottish actors Barbara Rafferty, Alexander Morton, Jonathan Watson, Iain Robertson, Ronnie Letham and Stuart Bowman; "Singin' I'm No A Billy He's A Tim" at the Pavilion Theatre in 2009; "Divided City" at the Citizens Theatre in 2011; and, more recently, "Billy and Tim and the Wee Glesga Ghost" in 2015, and "Rally Roon the Rangers" in 2019 and 2022, both at the Pavilion Theatre in Glasgow.


title: Rangers F.C.

text: William Orcutt Cushing's hymn "Follow On", also known as "Down in the Valley with My Saviour I Would Go" or "I Will Follow Jesus", has been adopted as the anthem of Rangers in their club song "Follow Follow". The club has also played the Tina Turner song "The Best" when the teams exit the tunnel before kick off.


title: Rangers F.C.

text: Rangers F.C. is owned and operated by The Rangers Football Club Limited ("TRFCL"), which, in turn, is a subsidiary of the holding company Rangers International Football Club Plc ("RIFC"). The latter company, RIFC, also owns other corporations related to Rangers including Rangers Retail Ltd, Rangers Media Ltd and Garrion Security Services Ltd who are responsible for providing match day security at Ibrox Stadium.


title: Rangers F.C.

text: Eighteen men (including two repeat appointments) have been manager of Rangers during the club's history. In addition, nine men have taken charge of the side on a caretaker basis, while five served as secretaries choosing the team, prior to the appointment of the club's first full-time manager, William Wilton, in 1899.


title: Rangers F.C.

text: The longest-serving manager was Bill Struth, who served for 34 years and 26 days. Rangers have had four foreign managers during their history: Dick Advocaat, Paul Le Guen, Pedro Caixinha and Giovanni van Bronckhorst. Graeme Souness is the only player-manager during Rangers' history. There have been two repeat appointments: Jock Wallace and Walter Smith.


title: Rangers F.C.

text: The most successful manager, in terms of the number of trophies won, is Bill Struth, with eighteen League titles, ten Scottish Cups and two League Cups. Rangers' other manager with notable success was William Waddell, who won the European Cup Winners' Cup.


title: Rangers F.C.

text: The following team was voted the greatest ever Rangers team by supporters in 1999. When the vote was launched it was feared that younger voters would ignore the great service of many of the pre-war stars (notably the most successful captain and most successful manager the club has ever had, Davie Meiklejohn and Bill Struth respectively). When the ballot was launched Donald Findlay stated it would be limited to post Second World War players because "few can recall players of these earlier eras":


title: Rangers F.C.

text: As of 1 June 2020, 33 players and managers to have been involved with Rangers in their careers have entered the Scottish Football Hall of Fame:


title: Rangers F.C.

text: The Scottish FA International Roll of Honour recognises players who have gained 50 or more international caps for Scotland. As of 1 July 2021, the 10 inductees to have won caps while playing for Rangers are:


title: Rangers F.C.

text: A full list of Rangers commercial partners and sponsors can be found on the official club website and in the Rangers matchday programme, available at every home game.


title: Rachel Zegler

text: Rachel Anne Zegler (; born May 3, 2001) is an American actress and singer. She made her film debut playing Maria Vasquez in the 2021 musical drama "West Side Story", for which she won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical. She was the first actress of Colombian descent to win the award and, at 20 years old, its youngest recipient. She was included on "Forbes"' "30 Under 30" list in 2022.


title: Rachel Zegler

text: Zegler's parents are Gina and Craig Zegler. She was named after the fictional character Rachel Green from the TV show "Friends". She has an older sister. Her mother is of Colombian descent. Zegler's maternal grandmother immigrated from Colombia to the United States in the 1960s. Her father is of Polish descent.


title: Rachel Zegler

text: Zegler was born in Hackensack and raised in Clifton, New Jersey, where she attended St. Philip the Apostle Preparatory School. She then attended the Catholic all-girls college-preparatory Immaculate Conception High School. She graduated from high school on June 2, 2019.


title: Rachel Zegler

text: Zegler began her career starring in several musicals while attending the Immaculate Conception High School, including playing Belle in "Beauty and the Beast" (2016), Ariel in "The Little Mermaid" (2017), Dorothy Brock in "42nd Street" (2018), and Princess Fiona in "Shrek the Musical" (2019). For all four performances, she received Metro Award nominations in the Actress in a Leading Role category. Her other roles include Serena in "Legally Blonde", Cosette in "Les Misérables", and Millie in "Thoroughly Modern Millie."


title: Rachel Zegler

text: Zegler's YouTube channel has been active since July 2015 and has received attention. As of 2022, Zegler's video of herself singing "Shallow", from "A Star Is Born", has garnered over 12.2 million views on Twitter.


title: Rachel Zegler

text: In January 2018, director Steven Spielberg posted an open casting call via Twitter for a new film adaptation of "West Side Story". Zegler, then 16 years old, responded to the casting call tweets with videos of herself singing "Tonight" and "I Feel Pretty"; she had performed the role at the Bergen Performing Arts Center in 2017. Zegler was selected from over 30,000 applicants for the role of Maria, marking her film debut. The film was released in December 2021, and earned acclaim from critics and audiences. For her performance, she received a Critics' Choice Movie Award nomination for Best Young Performer and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical, making her the first actress of Colombian descent to win in that category as well as the youngest winner in that category at 20 years old.


title: Rachel Zegler

text: Zegler will next star in the upcoming superhero film "Shazam! Fury of the Gods" (2023). She will also be playing Snow White alongside Gal Gadot as the Evil Queen in a live-action film adaptation of the 1937 animated Disney film. Zegler will voice the lead character in animated musical film "Spellbound" (2023), directed by Vicky Jenson. She has been cast as heroine Lucy Gray Baird for the upcoming film adaptation of the "Hunger Games" prequel "."


title: Rachel Zegler

text: On September 27, 2021, Zegler was listed at number 34 on "The Ringer"s "The Big Picture" podcast's list of the top 35 actors under 35. She is included in the "Forbes" 30 Under 30 class of 2022 list. On December 14, 2021, AP Entertainment named Zegler as one of the Breakthrough Entertainers of 2021. Zegler was part of the in memoriam segment of the 64th Annual Grammy Awards in honour of Stephen Sondheim, alongside Ben Platt, Cynthia Erivo, and Leslie Odom Jr.


title: Rachel Zegler

text: On March 20, 2022, it was revealed by Zegler that she was not invited to attend the 94th Academy Awards ceremony to support her colleagues involved with "West Side Story", which received seven nominations, including Best Picture. She wrote in a comment on one of her Instagram posts: "I have tried it all but it doesn't seem to be happening ... I will root for "West Side Story" from my couch and be proud of the work we so tirelessly did 3 years ago. I hope some last minute miracle occurs and I can celebrate with our film in person." "Entertainment Weekly" noted that the studios behind the nominated films are the ones who determine the ticket allotments for those involved with the Best Picture nominees with the exception of nominees for other categories and ceremony presenters. This was followed by a response from Russ Tamblyn, who played Riff in the 1961 film adaptation, saying, "As a voting member and the original Riff, let me say: it's your duty to find Rachel a seat at the Oscars ... When they say representation matters, this is what that means. Please do right by her." The following day, the Academy invited her to be a presenter, with her shooting schedule for Disney's "Snow White" being reconfigured to allow Zegler to travel from London to Los Angeles to attend the ceremony. Zegler with Jacob Elordi presented the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects.


title: George Floyd

text: George Perry Floyd Jr. (October 14, 1973 – May 25, 2020) was an African-American man who was murdered by a police officer in Minneapolis, Minnesota, during an arrest made after a store clerk suspected Floyd may have used a counterfeit twenty-dollar bill, on May 25, 2020. Derek Chauvin, one of the four police officers who arrived on the scene, knelt on Floyd's neck and back for 9 minutes and 29 seconds which caused a lack of oxygen. After his murder, protests against police brutality, especially towards black people, quickly spread across the United States and globally. His dying words, "I can't breathe," became a rallying slogan.


title: George Floyd

text: Born in Fayetteville, North Carolina, Floyd grew up in Houston, Texas, playing American football and basketball throughout high school and college. Between 1997 and 2005, he was convicted of eight crimes. He served four years in prison after accepting a plea bargain for a 2007 aggravated robbery in a home invasion. After he was paroled in 2013, he served as a mentor in his religious community and posted anti-violence videos to social media. In 2014, he moved to the Minneapolis area, residing in the nearby suburb of St. Louis Park, and worked as a truck driver and bouncer. In 2020, he lost his job as a truck driver, and then his security job during the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: George Floyd

text: The City of Minneapolis settled a wrongful death lawsuit with Floyd's family for $27 million. Chauvin was convicted on two counts of murder and one count of manslaughter on April 20, 2021 and on June 25, 2021, was sentenced to 22.5 years in prison. The other three officers at the scene were also later convicted of violating Floyd's civil rights.


title: George Floyd

text: Floyd was born on October 14, 1973, in Fayetteville, North Carolina, to George Perry and Larcenia "Cissy" Jones Floyd. He had four siblings.


title: George Floyd

text: When he was two, after Floyd's parents separated, his mother moved with the children to the Cuney Homes public housing, known as the Bricks, in Houston's Third Ward, a historically African-American neighborhood. Floyd was called Perry as a child, but also Big Floyd; being over tall in middle school, he saw sports as a vehicle for improving his life.


title: George Floyd

text: Floyd attended Ryan Middle School, and graduated from Yates High School in 1993. While at Yates, he was co-captain of the basketball team playing as a power forward. He was also on the football team as a tight end, and in 1992, his team went to the Texas state championships.


title: George Floyd

text: The first of his siblings to go to college, Floyd attended South Florida Community College for two years on a football scholarship, and also played on the basketball team. He transferred to Texas A&M University–Kingsville in 1995, where he also played basketball before dropping out. Floyd became a friend of future NBA player Stephen Jackson, who was referred to as his "twin" because of their strong resemblance to one another, after being introduced to one another in the mid-1990s. At his tallest he was and by the time of his autopsy he was tall and weighed .


title: George Floyd

text: Floyd returned to Houston from college in Kingsville, Texas, in 1995 where he became an automotive customizer and played club basketball. Beginning in 1994, he performed as a rapper using the stage name Big Floyd in the hip-hop group Screwed Up Click. "The New York Times" described his deep-voiced rhymes as "purposeful", delivered in a slow-motion clip about choppin' blades'driving cars with oversize rimsand his Third Ward pride." The second rap group he was involved in was "Presidential Playas" and he worked on their album "Block Party" released in 2000.


title: George Floyd

text: Between 1997 and 2005, Floyd served eight jail terms on various charges, including drug possession, theft, and trespass. In one of these cases, Floyd was convicted of possessing less than half a gram of crack cocaine in 2004 based on the sole testimony of police officer Gerald Goines. Later in 2019, Goines' involvement in the Harding Street raid led to Goines being investigated for a pattern of falsifying evidence, resulting in the District Attorney of Harris County, Texas, requesting in April 2021 a posthumous pardon for this particular conviction of Floyd's due to Goines' lack of credibility. In October 2021, the Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles recommended Floyd be pardoned for this conviction, but withdrew the recommendation (and also withdrew 24 other clemency recommendations) in December 2021 citing "procedural errors and lack of compliance with board rules", while announcing that they would reconsider these recommendations.


title: George Floyd

text: In 2007, Floyd faced charges for aggravated robbery with a deadly weapon; according to investigators, he had entered an apartment by impersonating a water department worker and barging in with five other men, then held a pistol to a woman's stomach and searched for items to steal. Floyd was arrested three months later during a traffic stop, and victims of the robbery identified him from a photo array. In 2009, Floyd was sentenced to five years in prison as part of a plea deal, and was paroled in January 2013.


title: George Floyd

text: After his release, Floyd became more involved with Resurrection Houston, a Christian church and ministry, where he mentored young men and posted anti-violence videos to social media. He delivered meals to senior citizens and volunteered with other projects, such as the Angel By Nature Foundation, a charity founded by rapper Trae tha Truth. Later, Floyd became involved with a ministry that brought men from the Third Ward to Minnesota in a church-work program with drug rehabilitation and job placement services. A friend of his acknowledged that Floyd "had made some mistakes that cost him some years of his life", but that he had been turning his life around through religion.


title: George Floyd

text: In 2014, Floyd moved to Minneapolis to help rebuild his life and find work. Soon after his arrival, he completed a 90-day rehabilitation program at the Turning Point program in north Minneapolis. Floyd expressed the need for a job and took up security work at Harbor Light Center, a Salvation Army homeless shelter. He lost the job at Harbor Light and took several other jobs. Floyd hoped to earn a commercial driver's license to operate trucks. He passed the required drug test and administrators of the program felt his criminal past did not pose a problem, but he dropped out as his job at a nightclub made it difficult to attend morning classes, and he felt pressure to earn money. Floyd later moved to St. Louis Park and lived with former colleagues. Floyd continued to battle drug addiction and went through periods of use and sobriety.


title: George Floyd

text: An influential member of his community, Floyd was respected for his ability to relate with others in his environment based on a shared experience of hardships and setbacks, having served time in prison and living in a poverty-stricken project in Houston. In a video addressing the youth in his neighborhood, Floyd reminds his audience that he has his own "shortcomings" and "flaws" and that he is not better than anyone else, but also expresses his disdain for the violence that was taking place in the community, and advises his neighbors to put down their weapons and remember that they are loved by him and God.


title: George Floyd

text: In May 2019, Floyd was detained by Minneapolis police when an unlicensed car in which he was a passenger was pulled over in a traffic stop. Floyd was found with a bottle of pain pills. Officers handcuffed him and took him to the city's third police precinct station. Floyd told police he did not sell the pills and that they were related to his own addiction. When he appeared agitated, officers encouraged him to relax and helped calm him down, and they later called an ambulance as they grew worried about his condition. No charges were filed in connection with the incident.


title: George Floyd

text: In 2019, Floyd worked in security at the El Nuevo Rodeo club, where police officer Derek Chauvin also worked off-duty as a security guard. In 2020, Floyd was working part time as a security guard at the Conga Latin Bistro club, and began another job as a delivery driver. He lost the delivery driver job in January, after being cited for driving without a valid commercial license and for being involved in a minor crash. He was looking for another job when the COVID-19 pandemic hit Minnesota, and his personal financial situation worsened when the club closed in March due to pandemic rules. Also in March, Floyd was hospitalized after overdosing on drugs. In April, he contracted COVID-19, but recovered a few weeks later.


title: George Floyd

text: On May 25, 2020, police were called by a Cup Foods grocery store employee who suspected that Floyd had used a counterfeit $20 bill. Floyd was sitting in a car with two other passengers. Police officers forcibly removed Floyd from the car and handcuffed him.


title: George Floyd

text: Floyd was murdered by Derek Chauvin, a white Minneapolis police officer, who pressed his knee to Floyd's neck for 9 minutes and 29 seconds


title: George Floyd

text: but Chauvin kept his knee on Floyd's neck and back even as emergency medical technicians arrived to treat Floyd.


title: George Floyd

text: The medical examiner found that Floyd's heart stopped while he was being restrained and that his death was a homicide, caused by "cardiopulmonary arrest complicating law enforcement subdual, restraint, and neck compression", though fentanyl intoxication and recent methamphetamine use may have increased the likelihood of death.


title: George Floyd

text: also found his death to be a homicide, specifically citing asphyxia due to neck and back compression;


title: George Floyd

text: On March 12, 2021, the Minneapolis city council approved a settlement of $27 million to the Floyd family following a wrongful death lawsuit.


title: George Floyd

text: Chauvin was fired and charged with second-degree murder, third-degree murder and second-degree manslaughter. Chauvin was found guilty on all three murder and manslaughter charges on April 20, 2021. On May 12, 2021, Hennepin County District Judge Peter Cahill allowed for the prosecution to seek a greater prison sentence for Chauvin after finding that he treated Floyd "with particular cruelty". On June 25, Judge Cahill sentenced Chauvin to twenty-two and a half years in prison.


title: George Floyd

text: After Floyd's murder, protests were held globally against the use of excessive force by police officers against black suspects and lack of police accountability. Protests began in Minneapolis the day after his murder and developed in cities throughout all 50 U.S. states and internationally. "The New York Times" described the events in the wake of Floyd's murder and video that circulated of it as "the largest protests in the United States since the Civil Rights era." Calls to both defund and abolish the police were widespread.


title: George Floyd

text: Several memorial services were held. On June 4, 2020, a memorial service for Floyd took place in Minneapolis with Al Sharpton delivering the eulogy. Services were held in North Carolina with a public viewing and private service on June 6 and in Houston on June 8 and 9. Floyd was buried next to his mother in Pearland, Texas.


title: George Floyd

text: Colleges and universities which have created scholarships in Floyd's name included North Central University (which hosted a memorial service for Floyd), Alabama State, Oakwood University, Missouri State University, Southeast Missouri State, Ohio University, Buffalo State College, Copper Mountain College, and others. Amid nationwide protests over Floyd's murder, Netflix CEO Reed Hastings and his wife Patty Quillin made a $120 million donation to be split equally among Morehouse College, Spelman College and the United Negro College Fund. The donation was the largest ever made to historically black colleges and universities.


title: George Floyd

text: In 2020, social media-based artist and activists posted tributes to Floyd, and one of the more popular tributes was a digital illustration created by Shirien Damra which had more than 3.4 million "likes" on instagram. Damra's work was later turned into painted murals in many communities and other re-uses. Other viral social media-based tributes to Floyd were made by Nikkolas Smith, Stormy Nesbit, Dani Coke, Robin Hilkey, and Miriam Mosqueda.


title: George Floyd

text: Street artists globally created murals honoring Floyd. Depictions included Floyd as a ghost in Minneapolis, as an angel in Houston, and as a saint weeping blood in Naples. A mural on the International Wall in Belfast commissioned by Festival of the People ("Féile an Phobail") and Visit West Belfast ("Fáilte Feirste Thiar") featured a large portrait of Floyd above a tableau showing Chauvin kneeling on Floyd's neck while the three other officers turn their backs and each covers his eyes, ears, or mouth in the manner of the Three Wise Monkeys ("See no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil"). One Houston mural is on the side of Scott Food Mart in the Third Ward, while the other is on the property of The Breakfast Klub restaurant in Midtown. A childhood friend of Floyd's said that Floyd would never "have imagined that this is the tragic way people would know his name."


title: George Floyd

text: A GoFundMe account to support Floyd's funeral costs and benefit his family broke the site's record for number of individual donations.


title: George Floyd

text: By June 6, murals had been created in many cities, including Manchester, Dallas, Miami, Idlib, Los Angeles, Nairobi, Oakland, Strombeek-Bever, Berlin, Pensacola, and La Mesa. The mural in Manchester was defaced with graffiti, resulting in a Greater Manchester Police investigation into the incident. Beyond the creation of the mural, Floyd's murder has also brought attention to the presence of institutional racism within the United Kingdom. Protest graffiti has also been put up throughout Los Angeles, offering phrases such as "I Can't Breathe", "Say Their Names", and others. The phrase "Black Lives Matter" has also been used often in the outpouring of protest regarding Floyd's murder. The phrase has been especially popular on social media platforms. Since Floyd's murder, there has also been a global outcry for memorials commemorating bigoted individuals to be demolished.


title: George Floyd

text: A bill proposed by US Representative Sheila Jackson Lee, the George Floyd Law Enforcement Trust and Integrity Act, was designed to reduce police brutality and establish national policing standards and accreditations. In addition to the work of lawmakers, there has been an outcry from leaders in varieties of fields. Researcher Temitope Oriola, author of 'How police departments can identify and oust killer cops', wrote the piece intending to prevent more deaths mirroring Floyd's. Oxiris Barbot, former New York City Health Commissioner, wrote an article describing Floyd's murder as "collective moral injury" and compared it to "the sustained acuity of health inequities playing out in horrifying details through the COVID-19 pandemic." Religious leaders have also been called upon to address violence taking place against black Americans.


title: George Floyd

text: The length of time that Chauvin was initially believed to have had his knee on Floyd's neck, eight minutes 46 seconds, was widely commemorated as a "moment of silence" to honor Floyd.


title: George Floyd

text: Floyd's murder was featured prominently in "The Economist", with the magazine running an obituary, multiple articles, and numerous reader letters, ultimately making Floyd's legacy its June 13 cover story. It wrote that his legacy "[is] the rich promise of social reform."


title: George Floyd

text: In August 2020, musician John Mellencamp released the song "A Pawn in the White Man's Game" which was a re-working of Bob Dylan's 1964 song "Only a Pawn in Their Game" that reflected on the killing of Civil Rights activist Medger Evers. Mellencamp's version featured new lyrics that reflected the racial conflicts in the U.S. that followed in the wake of Floyd's murder. Mellencamp also released a video to YouTube which included a warning that it might be seen as "inappropriate for some viewers". The video featured footage of protesters and police clashing violently in 2020 and 1968. YouTube eventually removed the video claiming it violated their community guidelines.


title: George Floyd

text: On September 18, 2020, the Minneapolis City Council approved designating the section of Chicago Avenue between 37th and 39th Streets as George Perry Floyd Jr. Place, with a marker at the intersection with 38th Street where the incident took place. The intersection had been the location of a makeshift memorial that emerged the day after his murder.


title: George Floyd

text: On October 6, 2020, Amnesty International delivered a letter with one million signatures from around the world to the US Attorney General William Barr to demand justice for George Floyd. The human rights advocacy group demanded that the police officers involved in the murder of George Floyd be held accountable. The NAACP, which has already published a criminal justice fact sheet, issued a statement voicing their support for the protests taking place demanding justice for George Floyd.


title: George Floyd

text: On May 21, 2021, Bridgett Floyd gave a $25,000 check from the George Floyd Memorial Foundation to Fayetteville State University in Fayetteville, North Carolina to be used for scholarships. On the same day, the city declared May 25 George Floyd Jr. Day.


title: George Floyd

text: After Floyd's murder, a petition was started on the public benefit corporation website, change.org asking for "Justice for George Floyd." The petition quickly gathered more signatures than any other petition that had ever been pushed on the site, amounting to roughly five million in the first few days. The petition was considered a "success" with the sentencing of Derek Chauvin. At the time that the petition was closed to new signers, it had attained close to twenty million signatures.


title: George Floyd

text: In 2022, Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles declined to issue a posthumous pardon for the 2004 drug raid that led to Floyd's criminal conviction. The matter can be re-reviewed in 2024.


title: George Floyd

text: Floyd was the oldest of five siblings and had five children, including two daughters (aged 6 and 22 at the time of his murder) and an adult son. He also had two grandchildren.


title: George Floyd

text: In August 2017, Floyd met his girlfriend Courteney Ross in Minneapolis. In early 2020, the two separated.


title: 2022 United States gubernatorial elections

text: United States gubernatorial elections were held on November 8, 2022 in 36 states and three territories. As most governors serve four-year terms, the last regular gubernatorial elections for all but two of the seats took place in 2018 U.S. gubernatorial elections. The gubernatorial elections took place concurrently with several other federal, state, and local elections, as part of the 2022 midterm elections.


text: Democrats performed better than expected, including in closely-watched races in Kansas, Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, and the party picked up the governorships of Arizona, Maryland, and Massachusetts. Republicans picked up the governorship of Nevada, making incumbent Democrat Steve Sisolak the only incumbent to lose his seat, the first Democrat since the 2014 Illinois gubernatorial election, and the first of any party since the 2019 Kentucky gubernatorial election.


text: This is the first midterm cycle since the 1998 gubernatorial elections in which the non-incumbent party suffered net losses, the first since the 1986 gubernatorial elections in which the incumbent party gained seats overall, and the first midterm cycle since the 1934 gubernatorial elections in which the president's party made net gains in both Senate seats and governorships.


text: Going into the election, there are 28 Republican governors and 22 Democratic governors in the United States. This class of governors is made up of 20 Republicans and 16 Democrats. In contrast to 2018, where Republicans were defending eight seats in states won by Hillary Clinton in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, Republicans hold six seats in states won by Joe Biden in the 2020 U.S. presidential election. Meanwhile, Democrats were defending three governorships in states Trump won in 2016 (Pennsylvania, Michigan, and Wisconsin) and one governorship in a state that Trump won in 2020 (Kansas).


text: Several sites and individuals publish predictions of competitive seats. These predictions look at factors such as the strength of the incumbent (if the incumbent is running for re-election), the strength of the candidates, and the partisan leanings of the state (reflected in part by the state's Cook Partisan Voting Index rating). The predictions assign ratings to each state, with the rating indicating the predicted advantage that a party has in winning that seat.


text: Governor Kay Ivey took office on April 10, 2017, upon the resignation of Robert J. Bentley and was elected to a full term in her own right in 2018 with 59.5% of the vote. She is running for reelection to a second term. Ivey won the Republican primary outright on May 24, 2022, against 8 opponents; the Democratic nominee is Yolanda Flowers.


text: Governor Mike Dunleavy was elected in 2018 with 51.4% of the vote. He announced on August 13, 2021, that he will run for re-election. Dunleavy's 2018 opponent, former Governor Bill Walker, filed paperwork on August 17, 2021, declaring his candidacy for governor.


text: Governor Doug Ducey was re-elected to a second term in 2018 with 56% of the vote. He will be term-limited by the Arizona Constitution in 2022, and cannot seek re-election to a third consecutive term.


text: The first Republican candidate to declare was State Treasurer of Arizona Kimberly Yee, who announced her intention to seek the Republican nomination for governor on May 17, 2021. However, on January 15, 2022, Yee announced that she would be withdrawing from the race to instead run for reelection. Former Fox 10 television anchor Kari Lake announced on June 1 that she is running for governor. Former 5th district Congressman and 2002 Republican gubernatorial nominee Matt Salmon announced his bid for governor on June 16. On June 25, Karrin Taylor Robson, member of the Arizona Board of Regents, entered the race and Steve Gaynor, 2018 Republican Secretary of State nominee, also declared his candidacy.


text: U.S. Representative David Schweikert was considered a possible candidate, however, Schweikert declined to run and endorsed Salmon.


text: Former Nogales mayor Marco A. López Jr. was the first Democrat to announce running for governor. On June 2, Democratic Secretary of State of Arizona Katie Hobbs announced that she would run for governor. On June 29, Arizona State Representative for the 28th district Aaron Lieberman announced his intention to seek the Democratic nomination.


text: Governor Asa Hutchinson was re-elected to a second term in 2018 with 65.3% of the vote. He will be term-limited by the Arkansas Constitution in 2022 and cannot seek re-election for a third term. Lieutenant Governor Tim Griffin, former White House Press Secretary and the daughter of former Arkansas governor Mike Huckabee, Sarah Huckabee Sanders, and Attorney General Leslie Rutledge announced campaigns, although Griffin eventually dropped out of the race and decided to run for Attorney General instead while Rutledge also dropped out and decided to run for Lieutenant Governor instead.


text: Governor Gavin Newsom was elected in 2018 with 61.9% of the vote and is running for re-election for a second term. On September 14, 2021, a recall election was held. Newsom defeated the recall, being allowed to complete his full term in office and become eligible to run for re-election.


text: Newsom and Republican state senator Brian Dahle advanced from the "top two" primary to the general election.


text: Governor Jared Polis was elected in 2018 with 53.4% of the vote and is running for reelection for a second term.


text: Governor Ned Lamont was elected in 2018 with 49.4% of the vote and is running for reelection for a second term. Republican nominee for governor in 2018, Bob Stefanowski declared his intent to run for governor on January 19, 2022. Lamont and Stefanowski won their respective primaries, setting up a rematch of the 2018 election.


text: Governor Ron DeSantis was elected in 2018 with 49.6% of the vote and ran for reelection to a second term. Andrew Gillum, former mayor of Tallahassee and Democratic nominee for governor in 2018, did not run against DeSantis again.


text: U.S. Representative and former Republican governor of Florida Charlie Crist was the Democratic nominee. Also seeking the Democratic nomination was Florida Agriculture Commissioner Nikki Fried.


text: DeSantis won reelection by a sizable margin due to the state as a whole swinging further Republican than it voted in the 2020 United States presidential election and continuing the state's rightward shift since the 2008 United States presidential election. County flips by DeSantis were Miami-Dade, Palm Beach, Hillsborough, and Osceola counties, all of which were previous Democratic party strongholds; these counties, notably, have relatively high Latino populations, for which their growth in support for the Republican Party was further cemented. This election was seen by many to more firmly assert Florida's status as a red state and not a swing state.


text: Governor Brian Kemp was elected in 2018 with 50.2% of the vote and is running for reelection to a second term.


text: Former U.S. Senator David Perdue announced on December 6, 2021, that he would challenge Kemp in the Republican primary. Perdue's candidacy was later endorsed by former President Donald Trump. Former state representative, and Democrat turned Republican, Vernon Jones announced he would also challenge Kemp in the primary. Former U.S. representative and 2020 Senate candidate Doug Collins had considered challenging Kemp, but on April 26, he announced that he would not do so. Kemp won the primary with 73.7% of the vote on May 24.


text: On December 1, 2021, Fair Fight Action founder and former Minority Leader of the Georgia House of Representatives Stacey Abrams confirmed that she would run for governor after suffering a narrow defeat in the 2018 Georgia gubernatorial election. She was unopposed in the Democratic primary.


text: Governor David Ige was re-elected to a second term in 2018 with 62.7% of the vote. He will be term-limited by the Hawaii Constitution in 2022 and cannot seek re-election for a third consecutive term. Democratic candidates included Lieutenant Governor Josh Green, former First Lady of Hawaii Vicky Cayetano, and U.S. Representative Kai Kahele.


text: Governor Brad Little was elected in 2018 with 59.8% of the vote and is running for reelection to a second term. Incumbent lieutenant governor Janice McGeachin announced a primary challenge to Little, but Little won the Republican primary. Anti-government activist Ammon Bundy also announced a run for the Republican nomination, but switched to an Independent on February 17, 2022.


text: Governor J. B. Pritzker was elected in 2018 with 54.5% of the vote and is running for reelection to a second term.


text: Republican candidates who announced their candidacy included Richard Irvin, Darren Bailey, Gary Rabine, Paul Schimpf, and Jesse Sullivan. Bailey won the primary on June 28.


text: Governor Kim Reynolds took office on May 24, 2017, upon the resignation of Terry Branstad and was elected to a full term in her own right in 2018 with 50.3% of the vote. She is running for reelection to a second full term.


text: Governor Laura Kelly, a Democrat, was elected in 2018 with 48% of the vote and is running for reelection to a second term. On the Republican side, Kansas Attorney General Derek Schmidt is running against her.


text: Kelly narrowly won re-election, defeating Schmidt by 49.4% of the vote to 47.4% and by a margin of 20,614 votes in a minor upset.


text: Governor Janet Mills, a Democrat, was elected in 2018 with 50.9% of the vote and is running for reelection to a second term. Former Republican governor Paul LePage has announced that he will run again. Both candidates won their primaries uncontested.


text: Mills easily won re-election, soundly defeating LePage by over 13 points, 55.7%–42.4%. Hunkler took 1.9%. Mills's margin of victory was the largest for any Maine gubernatorial candidate since Angus King won re-election in 1998, and the largest victory for a statewide Democratic candidate since George J. Mitchell won re-election to the US Senate in 1988.


text: Governor Larry Hogan, a Republican, was re-elected to a second term in 2018 with 55.4% of the vote. He will be term-limited by the Maryland Constitution in 2022 and cannot seek re-election for a third consecutive term.


text: Despite previous speculation, lieutenant governor Boyd Rutherford announced in April 2021 that he would not run for governor in 2022. Seeking the Republican nomination were state delegate Dan Cox, former state delegate and perennial candidate Robin Ficker, Maryland Secretary of Commerce Kelly M. Schulz, and the Democratic nominee in the 2016 House of Representatives election in Maryland's first district Joe Werner. Cox's candidacy was later endorsed by former President Donald Trump. Former Republican National Committee chairman Michael Steele launched an exploratory committee into running for governor, but decided against running in January 2022.


text: Seeking the Democratic nomination were former nonprofit executive Jon Baron, Comptroller Peter Franchot, former Attorney General of Maryland Doug Gansler (who also ran in the 2014 Maryland gubernatorial election), perennial candidate Ralph Jaffe, former Obama administration official Ashwani Jain, former United States Secretary of Education John King Jr., author Wes Moore, former Democratic National Committee chairman Tom Perez, and former Bread and Roses Party chair Jerome Segal. Other candidates who entered the race and suspended their campaigns before the primary elections included businessman Mike Rosenbaum, former Prince George's County executive Rushern Baker (who also ran in the 2018 Maryland gubernatorial election), and former Republican Anne Arundel County executive Laura Neuman.


text: Cox and Moore won their respective primaries on July 19, 2022. Also running is the Libertarian nominee David Lashar, Green nominee Nancy Wallace, and Working Class Party nominee David Harding.


text: Governor Charlie Baker was re-elected to a second term in 2018 with 66.6% of the vote. Because Massachusetts does not have gubernatorial term limits in its Constitution, he was eligible to run for re-election for a third term. However, in December 2021, Baker announced he would not be running for re-election.


text: Geoff Diehl, a former state representative and Chris Doughty were running for the Republican nomination. Massachusetts attorney general Maura Healey and state senator Sonia Chang-Díaz were running for the Democratic nomination.


text: Democratic Governor Gretchen Whitmer was elected in 2018 with 53.3% of the vote and is running for reelection to a second term.


text: Republican candidates included Tudor Dixon, conservative commentator who declared on May 20, and businessman Kevin Rinke who declared on November 22. Former Detroit police chief James E. Craig was previously a candidate, but was disqualified due to submitting fraudulent signatures.


text: Governor Tim Walz was elected in 2018 with 53.8% of the vote and is running for reelection to a second term. Physician and former state senator Scott Jensen won the Republican convention and will challenge Walz in November.


text: Governor Pete Ricketts was re-elected to a second term in 2018 with 59% of the vote. He will be term-limited by the Nebraska Constitution in 2022 and cannot seek re-election for a third consecutive term.


text: In the Republican primary, a variety of candidates sought to succeed Ricketts, including state senator Brett Lindstrom, UNL Board of Regents member Jim Pillen, business executive Charles Herbster, and former Douglas County GOP chair Theresa Thibodeau. Although Herbster received the endorsement of former President Trump, he came in second to Pillen, who won the Republican nomination with a little over a third of the vote. Pillen's running mate is Joseph P. Kelly, a former U.S. Attorney.


text: State senator Carol Blood is running as the Democratic nominee. Her running mate is former state senator Al Davis. Also running is the Libertarian nominee Scott Zimmerman, a businessman and comedian.


text: Governor Steve Sisolak, a Democrat, was elected in 2018 with 49.4% of the vote and was running for reelection to a second term. Former Senator Dean Heller ran for the Republican Nomination as did North Las Vegas Mayor John Lee, and Clark County Sheriff Joe Lombardo. Lombardo won the Republican primary and faced Sisolak in November. Sisolak lost re-election to a second term.


text: Incumbent Republican Governor Chris Sununu was re-elected in 2020 with 65.1% of the vote and is running for reelection to a fourth term. Physician Tom Sherman is challenging Sununu as a Democrat.


text: Governor Michelle Lujan Grisham was elected in 2018 with 57.2% of the vote and is running for reelection to a second term. The Republican nominee is former meteorologist Mark Ronchetti.


text: Governor Andrew Cuomo was re-elected to a third term in 2018 with 59.6% of the vote. Because New York does not have gubernatorial term limits in its Constitution, he was eligible to run for re-election for a fourth term. On May 28, 2019, Cuomo announced that he would run for re-election for a fourth term in 2022.


text: Cuomo was expected to face a primary challenge for the Democratic nomination as a result of allegations of sexual harassment involving Cuomo and a simultaneous investigation into his administration's cover-up of nursing home deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cuomo resigned as governor at the end of August 23, 2021, upon which Lieutenant Governor Kathy Hochul became governor. Hochul has said she is running for a full gubernatorial term. Current New York Attorney General Letitia James was previously running against Hochul in the primary, but later changed her mind to run for re-election. Current New York City Public Advocate Jumaane Williams announced he would run against Hochul in the primary, as did current U.S representative Thomas Suozzi. Hochul won the primary on June 28.


text: Republicans running for the gubernatorial nomination included former Westchester County executive Rob Astorino, Andrew Giuliani (the son of former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani), businessman and former Obama administration official Harry Wilson, and congressman and former state senator Lee Zeldin. Zeldin is the official designee of both the New York Republican Party and the New York Conservative Party. Zeldin won the primary on June 28.


text: Larry Shape is the Libertarian nominee for governor. He was also the Libertarian nominee in the 2018 election.


text: Governor Mike DeWine was elected in 2018 with 50.4% of the vote and is running for reelection to a second term.


text: DeWine faced a primary challenge from former US Representative and 2018 Ohio Republican Senate Nominee Jim Renacci and farmer Joe Blystone.


text: Former Dayton Mayor Nan Whaley and former Cincinnati Mayor John Cranley ran for the Democratic nomination.


text: Governor Kevin Stitt was elected in 2018 with 54.3% of the vote and is running for reelection to a second term. Former state senator and physician Ervin Yen filed paperwork to challenge Stitt in the Republican Primary. Stitt won the primary on June 28.


text: On October 7, 2021, Oklahoma Superintendent of Public Instruction Joy Hofmeister announced she would be switching to the Democratic Party and subsequently announced her campaign for the Democratic nomination for Governor. Hofmeister won the nomination on June 28, defeating former state senator Connie Johnson in the primary.


text: Natalie Bruno has filed to run for the Libertarian Party's nomination. Paul Tay has filed with the state ethics commission to run as an independent.


text: Governor Kate Brown took office on February 18, 2015, upon the resignation of John Kitzhaber. She was subsequently elected in the gubernatorial special election in 2016 and was re-elected to a full term in 2018 with 50.1% of the vote. She will be term-limited by the Oregon Constitution in 2022 and cannot seek re-election for a second consecutive full term.


text: Governor Tom Wolf was re-elected in 2018 with 57.8% of the vote. He is term-limited in 2022 by the Pennsylvania Constitution and was therefore ineligible to seek election to a third consecutive term. Primary elections were held on May 17. State Attorney General Josh Shapiro won the Democratic nomination unopposed. State Senator Doug Mastriano won the crowded Republican primary in a landslide, with the support of former president Donald Trump. State representatives Austin Davis and Carrie DelRosso won competitive lieutenant gubernatorial primaries of the Democratic and Republican parties, respectively, and will appear on tickets with their parties' gubernatorial nominees in the general election. Shapiro had endorsed Davis in the primary and Mastriano had endorsed Teddy Daniels.


text: The Libertarian Party nominated Matt Hackenburg and Tim McMaster, the Green Party nominated Christina DiGiulio and Michael Bagdes-Canning, and the newly formed Keystone Party nominated Joe Soloski and Nicole Shultz for governor and lieutenant governor, respectively.


text: Governor Daniel McKee took office on March 2, 2021, after the resignation of two-term Democratic governor Gina Raimondo. Raimondo, who was term-limited by the Rhode Island Constitution from running for a third consecutive term, took President Joe Biden's offer to become his secretary of commerce, and resigned the day of her confirmation by the Senate. McKee has stated that he intends on running for a full term. Also running for the Democratic nomination were Rhode Island Secretary of State Nellie Gorbea and perennial candidate Luis Daniel Muñoz.


text: Governor Henry McMaster took office on January 24, 2017, upon the resignation of Nikki Haley, and was elected to a full term in his own right in 2018, with 54% of the vote. He is running for re-election for a second full term.


text: Democratic challengers who announced their campaigns included Former U.S. Representative Joe Cunningham; South Carolina State Senator Mia McLeod; and health care and social justice advocate Gary Votour. Votour switched to the Labor Party in February. Joe Cunningham won the Democratic nomination.


text: Governor Kristi Noem was elected in 2018 with 51% of the vote, and is running for re-election to a second term. The Democratic nominee is state representative Jamie Smith.


text: Governor Bill Lee was elected in 2018 with 59.6% of the vote and is running for reelection to a second term. The Democratic nominee is pulmonologist Jason Martin. There were also a number of independent candidates.


text: Governor Greg Abbott was re-elected to a second term in 2018 with 55.8% of the vote. Because Texas does not have gubernatorial term limits in its Constitution, he is eligible to run for re-election for a third term and has announced he will do so. On July 2, 2020, comedian and talk show host Chad Prather confirmed his gubernatorial challenge to incumbent Greg Abbott, claiming his mandates and actions during the COVID-19 pandemic had been unconstitutional. Former 2020 presidential, former U.S. representative, and Democratic nominee for U.S. Senate in 2018 Beto O'Rourke declared his candidacy. Actor and producer Matthew McConaughey was subject to some speculation on running for governor, but officially stated on his Instagram account he would not do so.


text: Incumbent Republican Governor Phil Scott was re-elected in 2020 with 68.5% of the vote and is running for reelection to a fourth term. Activist Brenda Siegel is challenging Scott as a Democrat.


text: Incumbent Democrat Governor Tony Evers was elected in 2018 with 49.5% of the vote and is running for reelection to a second term. Former Republican Lieutenant Governor Rebecca Kleefisch was running.


text: Governor Mark Gordon was elected in 2018 with 67.1% of the vote and is running for reelection to a second term. Perennial candidate Rex Rammell and truck driver Aaron Nab were primary challenging Gordon.


text: Gordon and Livingston won their primaries on August 16, 2022. Livingston's 17% of the vote was the worst performance that year in a gubernatorial or senate race, doing worse than Leslie Petersen's 22.9% in 2010 and Brenda Siegel's 26.2% in 2022, and the worst performance by a Democrat in gubernatorial race in Wyoming history.


text: Mayor Muriel Bowser was re-elected in 2018 with 76.4% of the vote and ran for a third term. She was renominated, defeating city councilors Robert White and Trayon White in the primary. She defeated Republican nominee Stacia Hall and independent Rodney "Red" Grant. D.C. Statehood Green nominee Corren Brown did not appear in the general election ballot.


text: Governor Lou Leon Guerrero was elected in 2018 with 50.8% of the vote and is running for reelection to a second term. She was being challenged in the Democratic primary by U.S. House delegate Michael San Nicolas.


text: On November 8, Guerrero won re-election, winning by an 11-point margin (a 13-point shift right since 2018).


text: Governor Ralph Torres became governor on December 29, 2015, upon the death of incumbent governor Eloy Inos. He was elected to his first full term in 2018 with 62.2% of the vote. Torres was challenged by his lieutenant governor, Arnold Palacios, a career Republican who ran as an independent, and by Democratic representative Tina Sablan. Torres earned 38.8% of the votes in the general election, ahead of Palacios and Sablan, but since no candidate won a clear majority a runoff between Torres and Palacios was held on November 25. Palacios, who gained the backing of Sablan, won the runoff handily, earning 54.05% of the vote.


text: Governor Albert Bryan was elected in 2018 with 54.5% of the vote and is running for reelection to a second term. St. Croix Democratic Senator Kurt Vialet is running as an independent.


title: Rape

text: Rape is a type of sexual assault usually involving sexual intercourse or other forms of sexual penetration carried out against a person without their consent. The act may be carried out by physical force, coercion, abuse of authority, or against a person who is incapable of giving valid consent, such as one who is unconscious, incapacitated, has an intellectual disability, or is below the legal age of consent. The term "rape" is sometimes used interchangeably with the term "sexual assault."


title: Rape

text: The rate of reporting, prosecuting and convicting for rape varies between jurisdictions. Internationally, the incidence of rapes recorded by the police during 2008 ranged, per 100,000 people, from 0.2 in Azerbaijan to 92.9 in Botswana with 6.3 in Lithuania as the median. Worldwide, sexual violence, including rape, is primarily committed by males against females. Rape by strangers is usually less common than rape by people the victim knows, and male-on-male and female-on-female prison rapes are common and may be the least reported forms of rape.


title: Rape

text: Widespread and systematic rape (e.g., war rape) and sexual slavery can occur during international conflict. These practices are crimes against humanity and war crimes. Rape is also recognized as an element of the crime of genocide when committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a targeted ethnic group.


title: Rape

text: People who have been raped can be traumatized and develop post-traumatic stress disorder. Serious injuries can result along with the risk of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. A person may face violence or threats from the rapist, and, sometimes, from the victim's family and relatives.


title: Rape

text: The term "rape" originates from the Latin "rapere" (supine stem "raptum"), "to snatch, to grab, to carry off". In Roman law, the carrying off of a woman by force, with or without intercourse, constituted "raptus". In Medieval English law the same term could refer to either kidnapping or rape in the modern sense of "sexual violation". The original meaning of "carry off by force" is still found in some phrases, such as "rape and pillage", or in titles, such as the stories of the Rape of the Sabine Women and The Rape of Europa or the poem "The Rape of the Lock", which is about the theft of a lock of hair.


title: Rape

text: Rape is defined in most jurisdictions as sexual intercourse, or other forms of sexual penetration, committed by a perpetrator against a victim without their consent. The definition of rape is inconsistent between governmental health organizations, law enforcement, health providers, and legal professions. It has varied historically and culturally. Originally, "rape" had no sexual connotation and is still used in other contexts in English. In Roman law, it or "raptus" was classified as a form of "crimen vis", "crime of assault". "Raptus" referred to the abduction of a woman against the will of the man under whose authority she lived, and sexual intercourse was not a necessary element. Other definitions of rape have changed over time. The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia considered rape as a crime that required coercion or force or threat of force against the victim or a third person.


title: Rape

text: Until 2012, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) considered rape a crime solely committed by men against women. In 2012, they changed their definition from "The carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will" to "The penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim." The previous definition, which had remained unchanged since 1927, was considered outdated and narrow. The updated definition includes recognizing any gender of victim and perpetrator and that rape with an object can be as traumatic as penile/vaginal rape. The bureau further describes instances when the victim is unable to give consent because of mental or physical incapacity. It recognizes that a victim can be incapacitated by drugs and alcohol and unable to give valid consent. The definition does not change federal or state criminal codes or impact charging and prosecution on the federal, state, or local level; it rather means that rape will be more accurately reported nationwide.


title: Rape

text: Health organizations and agencies have also expanded rape beyond traditional definitions. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines rape as a form of sexual assault, while the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) includes rape in their definition of sexual assault; they term rape a form of sexual violence. The CDC lists other acts of coercive, non-consensual sexual activity that may or may not include rape, including drug-facilitated sexual assault, acts in which a victim is made to penetrate a perpetrator or someone else, intoxication where the victim is unable to consent (due to incapacitation or being unconscious), non-physically forced penetration which occurs after a person is pressured verbally (by intimidation or misuse of authority to force to consent), or completed or attempted forced penetration of a victim via unwanted physical force (including using a weapon or threatening to use a weapon). The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) has implemented universal screening for what has been termed "military sexual trauma" (MST) and provides medical and mental health services free of charge to enrolled veterans who report MST (Title 38 United States Code 1720D; Public Law 108–422).


title: Rape

text: Some countries or jurisdictions differentiate between rape and sexual assault by defining rape as involving penile penetration of the vagina, or solely penetration involving the penis, while other types of non-consensual sexual activity are called sexual assault. Scotland, for example, emphasizes penile penetration, requiring that the sexual assault must have been committed by use of a penis to qualify as rape. The 1998 International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda defines rape as "a physical invasion of a sexual nature committed on a person under circumstances which are coercive". In other cases, the term "rape" has been phased out of legal use in favor of terms such as "sexual assault" or "criminal sexual conduct".


title: Rape

text: Victims of rape or sexual assault come from a wide range of genders, ages, sexual orientations, ethnicities, geographical locations, cultures, and degrees of impairment or disability. Incidences of rape are classified into a number of categories, and they may describe the relationship of the perpetrator to the victim and the context of the sexual assault. These include date rape, gang rape, marital rape, incestual rape, child sexual abuse, prison rape, acquaintance rape, war rape and statutory rape. Forced sexual activity can be committed over a long period of time with little to no physical injury.


title: Rape

text: Lack of consent is key to the definition of rape. Consent is affirmative "informed approval, indicating a freely given agreement" to sexual activity. It is not necessarily expressed verbally, and may instead be overtly implied from actions, but the absence of objection does not constitute consent. Lack of consent may result from either forcible compulsion by the perpetrator or an inability to consent on the part of the victim (such as people who are asleep, intoxicated or otherwise mentally compromised). Sexual intercourse with a person below the age of consent, i.e., the age at which legal competence is established, is referred to as statutory rape. In India, consensual sex given on the false promise of marriage constitutes rape.


title: Rape

text: Duress is the situation when the person is threatened by force or violence and may result in the absence of an objection to sexual activity. This can lead to the presumption of consent. Duress may be actual or threatened force or violence against the victim or someone close to the victim. Even blackmail may constitute duress. Abuse of power may constitute duress. For instance, in the Philippines, a man commits rape if he engages in sexual intercourse with a woman ""By means of fraudulent machination or grave abuse of authority"". The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in its landmark 1998 judgment used a definition of rape that did not use the word 'consent': "a physical invasion of a sexual nature committed on a person "under circumstances which are coercive"."


title: Rape

text: Marital rape, or spousal rape, is non-consensual sex in which the perpetrator is the victim's spouse. It is a form of partner rape, domestic violence, and sexual abuse. Once widely accepted or ignored by law, marital rape is now denounced by international conventions and is increasingly criminalized. Still, in many countries, marital rape either remains legal or is illegal but widely tolerated and accepted as a husband's prerogative. In 2006, the UN Secretary-General's "In-depth study on all forms of violence against women" stated that (pg 113): "Marital rape may be prosecuted in at least 104 states. Of these, 32 have made marital rape a specific criminal offense, while the remaining 74 do not exempt marital rape from general rape provisions. Marital rape is not a prosecutable offense in at least 53 States. Four States criminalize marital rape only when the spouses are judicially separated. Four States are considering legislation that would allow marital rape to be prosecuted." Since 2006, several other states have outlawed marital rape (for example Thailand in 2007).


title: Rape

text: In the US, the criminalization of marital rape started in the mid-1970s, and in 1993 North Carolina became the last state to make marital rape illegal. In many countries, it is not clear if marital rape may or may not be prosecuted under ordinary rape laws. In the absence of a marital rape law, it may be possible to bring prosecution for acts of forced sexual intercourse inside marriage by prosecuting, through the use of other criminal offenses (such as assault based offenses), the acts of violence or criminal threat that were used to obtain submission.


title: Rape

text: Consent may be complicated by law, language, context, culture and sexual orientation. Studies have shown that men consistently perceive women's actions as more sexual than they intend. In addition, verbalized 'no' to sex may be interpreted as 'keep trying', or even 'yes' by offenders. Some may believe that when injuries are not visible, the woman must have consented. If a man solicits sex from another man, the pursuer may be regarded as virile.


title: Rape

text: The WHO states that the principal factors that lead to the perpetration of sexual violence against women, including rape, are:


title: Rape

text: No single facet explains the motivation for rape; the underlying motives of rapists can be multi-faceted. Several factors have been proposed: anger, power, sadism, sexual gratification, or evolutionary proclivities. However, some factors have significant causal evidence supporting them. American clinical psychologist David Lisak, co-author of a 2002 study of undetected rapists, says that compared with non-rapists, both undetected and convicted rapists are measurably more angry at women and more motivated by a desire to dominate and control them, are more impulsive, disinhibited, anti-social, hypermasculine, and less empathic.


title: Rape

text: Sexual aggression is often considered a masculine identity characteristic of manhood in some male groups and is significantly correlated to the desire to be held higher in esteem among male peers. Sexually aggressive behavior among young men has been correlated with gang or group membership as well as having other delinquent peers.


title: Rape

text: Gang rape is often perceived by male perpetrators as a justified method of discouraging or punishing what they consider as immoral behavior among women for example wearing short skirts or visiting bars. In some areas in Papua New Guinea, women can be punished by public gang rape, usually through permission by elders.


title: Rape

text: Gang rape and mass rape are often used as a means of male bonding. This is particularly evident among soldiers, as gang rape accounts for about three quarters or more of war rape, while gang rape accounts for less than a quarter of rapes during peacetime. Commanders sometimes push recruits to rape, as committing rape can be taboo and illegal and so builds loyalty among those involved. Rebel groups who have forced recruitment as opposed to volunteer recruits are more involved in rape, as it is believed the recruits start with less loyalty to the group. In Papua New Guinea, urban gangs such as Raskol gangs often require raping women for initiation reasons.


title: Rape

text: Perpetrators of sex trafficking and cybersex trafficking allow or carry out rape for financial gain and or sexual gratification. Rape pornography, including child pornography, is created for profit and other reasons. There have been instances of child sexual abuse and child rape videos on Pornhub.


title: Rape

text: One metric used by the WHO to determine the severity of global rates of coercive, forced sexual activity was the question "Have you ever


title: Rape

text: been forced to have sexual intercourse against your will?" Asking this question produced higher positive response rates than being asked, whether they had ever been abused or raped.


title: Rape

text: Frequently, victims may not recognize what happened to them was rape. Some may remain in denial for years afterwards. Confusion over whether or not their experience constitutes rape is typical, especially for victims of psychologically coerced rape. Women may not identify their victimization as rape for many reasons such as feelings of shame, embarrassment, non-uniform legal definitions, reluctance to define the friend/partner as a rapist, or because they have internalized victim-blaming attitudes. The public often perceives these behaviors as 'counterintuitive' and, therefore, as evidence of a dishonest woman.


title: Rape

text: Victims may react in ways they did not anticipate. After the rape, they may be uncomfortable/frustrated with and not understand their reactions. Most victims respond by 'freezing up' or becoming compliant and cooperative during the rape. These are common survival responses of all mammals. This can cause confusion for others and the person assaulted. An assumption is that someone being raped would call for help or struggle. A struggle would result in torn clothes or injuries.


title: Rape

text: Dissociation can occur during the assault. Memories may be fragmented especially immediately afterwards. They may consolidate with time and sleep. A man or boy who is raped may be stimulated and even ejaculate during the experience of the rape. A woman or girl may orgasm during a sexual assault. This may become a source of shame and confusion for those assaulted along with those who were around them.


title: Rape

text: Trauma symptoms may not show until years after the sexual assault occurred. Immediately following a rape, the survivor may react outwardly in a wide range of ways, from expressive to closed down; common emotions include distress, anxiety, shame, revulsion, helplessness, and guilt. Denial is not uncommon.


title: Rape

text: In the weeks following the rape, the survivor may develop symptoms of post-traumatic stress syndrome and may develop a wide array of psychosomatic complaints. PTSD symptoms include re-experiencing of the rape, avoiding things associated with the rape, numbness, and increased anxiety and startle response. The likelihood of sustained severe symptoms is higher if the rapist confined or restrained the person, if the person being raped believed the rapist would kill them, the person who was raped was very young or very old, and if the rapist was someone they knew. The likelihood of sustained severe symptoms is also higher if people around the survivor ignore (or are ignorant of) the rape or blame the rape survivor.


title: Rape

text: Most people recover from rape in three to four months, but many have persistent PTSD that may manifest in anxiety, depression, substance abuse, irritability, anger, flashbacks, or nightmares. In addition, rape survivors may have long-term generalised anxiety disorder, may develop one or more specific phobias, major depressive disorder, and may experience difficulties with resuming their social life and with sexual functioning. People who have been raped are at higher risk of suicide.


title: Rape

text: Men experience similar psychological effects of being raped, but they are less likely to seek counseling.


title: Rape

text: Another effect of rape and sexual assault is the stress created in those who study rape or counsel the survivors. This is called vicarious traumatization.


title: Rape

text: The presence or absence of physical injury may be used to determine whether a rape has occurred. Those who have experienced sexual assault yet have no physical trauma may be less inclined to report to the authorities or to seek health care.


title: Rape

text: While penetrative rape generally does not involve the use of a condom, in some cases a condom is used. The use of a condom significantly reduces the likelihood of pregnancy and disease transmission, both to the victim and the rapist. Rationales for condom use include: avoiding contracting infections or diseases (particularly HIV), especially in cases of rape of sex workers or in gang rape (to avoid contracting infections or diseases from fellow rapists); eliminating evidence, making prosecution more difficult (and giving a sense of invulnerability); giving the appearance of consent (in cases of acquaintance rape); and thrill from planning and the use of the condom as an added prop. Concern for the victim is generally not considered a factor.


title: Rape

text: Those who have been raped have relatively more reproductive tract infections than those who have not been raped. HIV can be transmitted through rape. Acquiring AIDS through rape puts people at increased risk for psychological problems. Acquiring HIV through rape may lead to behaviors that create a risk of injecting drugs. Acquiring sexually transmitted infections increases the risk of acquiring HIV.


title: Rape

text: The belief that having sex with a virgin can cure HIV/AIDS exists in parts of Africa. This leads to the rape of girls and women. The claim that the myth drives either HIV infection or child sexual abuse in South Africa is disputed by researchers Rachel Jewkes and Helen Epstein.


title: Rape

text: Society's treatment of victims has the potential to exacerbate their trauma. People who have been raped or sexually assaulted are sometimes blamed and considered responsible for the crime. This refers to the just world fallacy and rape myth acceptance that certain victim behaviors (such as being intoxicated, flirting or wearing sexually provocative clothing) may encourage rape. In many cases, victims are said to have "asked for it" because of not resisting their assault or violating female gender expectations. A global survey of attitudes toward sexual violence by the Global Forum for Health Research shows that victim-blaming concepts are at least partially accepted in many countries. Women who have been raped are sometimes deemed to have behaved improperly. Usually, these are cultures where there is a significant social divide between the freedoms and status afforded to men and women.


title: Rape

text: Commentators state: "individuals may endorse rape myths and at the same time recognize the negative effects of rape." A number of gender role stereotypes can play a role in rationalization of rape. These include the idea that power is reserved to men whereas women are meant for sex and objectified, that women want forced sex and to be pushed around, and that male sexual impulses and behaviors are uncontrollable and must be satisfied.


title: Rape

text: For females, victim-blaming correlates with fear. Many rape victims blame themselves. Female jurors might look at the woman on the witness stand and believe she had done something to entice the defendant. In Chinese culture, victim-blaming is often associated with the crime of rape, as women are expected to resist rape using physical force. Thus, if rape occurs, it is considered to be at least partly the woman's fault, and her virtue is called into question.


title: Rape

text: In many cultures, those who are raped have a high risk of suffering additional violence or threats of violence after the rape. This can be perpetrated by the rapist, friends, or relatives of the rapist. The intent can be to prevent the victim from reporting the rape. Other reasons for threats against those assaulted is to punish them for reporting it, or of forcing them to withdraw the complaint. The relatives of the person who has been raped may wish to prevent "bringing shame" to the family and may also threaten them. This is especially the case in cultures where female virginity is highly valued and considered mandatory before marriage; in extreme cases, rape victims are killed in honor killings.


title: Rape

text: In the US, victims' rights include the right to have a victims advocate preside over every step of the medical/legal exam to ensure sensitivity towards victims, provide emotional support, and minimize the risk of re-traumatization. Victims are to be informed of this immediately by law enforcement or medical service providers. Emergency rooms of many hospitals employ sexual assault nurse/forensic examiners (SAN/FEs) with specific training to care for those who have experienced a rape or sexual assault. They are able to conduct a focused medical-legal exam. If such a trained clinician is not available, the emergency department has a sexual assault protocol that has been established for treatment and the collection of evidence. Staff are also trained to explain the examinations in detail, the documentation and the rights associated with the requirement for informed consent. Emphasis is placed on performing the examinations at a pace that is appropriate for the person, their family, their age, and their level of understanding. Privacy is recommended to prevent self-harm.


title: Rape

text: Many rapes do not result in serious physical injury. The first medical response to sexual assault is a complete assessment. This general assessment will prioritize the treatment of injuries by the emergency room staff. Medical personnel involved are trained to assess and treat those assaulted or follow protocols established to ensure privacy and best treatment practices. Informed consent is always required prior to treatment unless the person who was assaulted is unconscious, intoxicated or does not have the mental capacity to give consent. Priorities governing the physical exam are the treatment of serious life-threatening emergencies and then a general and complete assessment. Some physical injuries are readily apparent such as, bites, broken teeth, swelling, bruising, lacerations and scratches. In more violent cases, the victim may need to have gunshot wounds or stab wounds treated. The loss of consciousness is relevant to the medical history. If abrasions are found, immunization against tetanus is offered if 5 years have elapsed since the last immunization.


title: Rape

text: After the general assessment and treatment of serious injuries, further evaluation may include the use of additional diagnostic testing such as x-rays, CT or MRI image studies and blood work. The presence of infection is determined by sampling of body fluids from the mouth, throat, vagina, perineum, and anus.


title: Rape

text: Victims have the right to refuse any evidence collection. Victims advocates ensure the victims' wishes are respected by hospital staff. After the physical injuries are addressed and treatment has begun, then forensic examination proceeds along with the gathering of evidence that can be used to identify and document the injuries. Such evidence-gathering is only done with the complete consent of the patient or the caregivers of the patient. Photographs of the injuries may be requested by staff. At this point in the treatment, if a victims' advocate had not been requested earlier, experienced social support staff are made available to the patient and family.


title: Rape

text: If the patient or the caregivers (typically parents) agree, the medical team utilizes standardized sampling and testing usually referred to as a forensic evidence kit or "rape kit". The patient is informed that submitting to the use of the rape kit does not obligate them to file criminal charges against the perpetrator. The patient is discouraged from bathing or showering to obtain samples from their hair. Evidence gathered within the past 72 hours is more likely to be valid. The sooner that samples are obtained after the assault, the more likely that evidence is present in the sample and provides valid results. Once the injuries of the patient have been treated and she or he is stabilized, the sample gathering will begin. Staff will encourage the presence of a rape/sexual assault counselor to provide an advocate and reassurance.


title: Rape

text: During the medical exam, evidence of bodily secretions is assessed. Dried semen that is on clothing and skin can be detected with a fluorescent lamp. Notes will be attached to those items on which semen has been found. These specimens are marked, placed in a paper bag, and are marked for later analysis for the presence of seminal vesicle-specific antigen.


title: Rape

text: Though technically, medical staff are not part of the legal system, only trained medical personnel can obtain evidence that is admissible during a trial. The procedures have been standardized. Evidence is collected, signed, and locked in a secure place to guarantee that legal evidence procedures are maintained. This carefully monitored procedure of evidence collection and preservation is known as the chain of evidence. Maintaining the chain of evidence from the medical examination, testing, and tissue sampling from its origin of collection to court allows the results of the sampling to be admitted as evidence. Photography is often used for documentation.


title: Rape

text: Some physical effects of the rape are not immediately apparent. Follow up examinations also assess the patient for tension headaches, fatigue, sleep pattern disturbances, gastrointestinal irritability, chronic pelvic pain, menstrual pain or irregularity, pelvic inflammatory disease, sexual dysfunction, premenstrual distress, fibromyalgia, vaginal discharge, vaginal itching, burning during urination, and generalized vaginal pain.


title: Rape

text: The World Health Organization recommends offering prompt access to emergency contraceptive medications which can significantly reduce risk of an undesired pregnancy if used within 5 days of rape; it is estimated that about 5% of male-on-female rapes result in pregnancy. When rape results in pregnancy, abortion pills can be safely and effectively used to end a pregnancy up to 10 weeks from the last menstrual period. In the US, federal funding is available to cover the cost of abortion services for pregnancies that occur as a result of rape, even in states that do not offer public-funding for abortion services.


title: Rape

text: An internal pelvic exam is not recommended for sexually immature or prepubescent girls due to the probability that internal injuries do not exist in this age group. However, an internal exam may be recommended if significant bloody discharge is observed. A complete pelvic exam for rape (anal or vaginal) is conducted. An oral exam is done if there have been injuries to the mouth, teeth, gums, or pharynx. Though the patient may have no complaints about genital pain signs of trauma can still be assessed. Before the complete bodily and genital exam, the patient is asked to undress, standing on a white sheet that collects any debris that may be in the clothing. The clothing and sheet are properly bagged and labeled along with other samples that can be removed from the body or clothing of the patient. Samples of fibers, mud, hair, or leaves are gathered if present. Samples of fluids are collected to determine the presence of the perpetrator's saliva and semen that may be present in the patients mouth, vagina or rectum. Sometimes the victim has scratched the perpetrator in defense and fingernail scrapings can be collected.


title: Rape

text: Injuries to the genital areas can include swelling, lacerations, and bruising. Common genital injuries are anal injury, labial abrasions, hymenal bruising, and tears of the posterior fourchette and fossa. Bruises, tears, abrasions, inflammation and lacerations may be visible. If a foreign object was used during the assault, x-ray visualization will identify retained fragments. Genital injuries are more prevalent in post-menopausal women and prepubescent girls. Internal injuries to the cervix and vagina can be visualized using colposcopy. Using colposcopy has increased the detection of internal trauma from six percent to fifty-three percent. Genital injuries to children who have been raped or sexually assaulted differ in that the abuse may be on-going or may have happened in the past after the injuries heal. Scarring is one sign of the sexual abuse of children.


title: Rape

text: Several studies have explored the association between skin color and genital injury among rape victims. Many studies found a difference in rape-related injury based on race, with more injuries being reported for white females and males than for black females and males. This may be because the dark skin color of some victims obscures bruising. Examiners paying attention to victims with darker skin, especially the thighs, labia majora, posterior fourchette, and fossa navicularis, can help remedy this.


title: Rape

text: The presence of a sexually contracted infection can not be confirmed after rape because it cannot be detected until 72 hours afterwards.


title: Rape

text: The person who was raped may already have a sexually transmitted infection and if diagnosed, it is treated. Prophylactic antibiotic treatment for vaginitis, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis and chlamydia may be performed. Chlamydial and gonococcal infections in women are of particular concern due to the possibility of ascending infection. Immunization against hepatitis B is often considered. After prophylactic treatment is initiated, further testing is done to determine what other treatments may be necessary for other infections transmitted during the assault. These are:


title: Rape

text: Treatment may include the administration of zidovudine/lamivudine, tenofovir/emtricitabine, or ritonavir/lopinavir. Information regarding other treatment options is available from the CDC.


title: Rape

text: The transmission of HIV is frequently a major concern of the patient. Prophylactic treatment for HIV is not necessarily administered. Routine treatment for HIV after rape or sexual assault is controversial due to the low risk of infection after one sexual assault. Transmission of HIV after one exposure to penetrative anal sex is estimated to be 0.5 to 3.2 percent. Transmission of HIV after one exposure to penetrative vaginal intercourse is 0.05 to 0.15 percent. HIV can also be contracted through the oral route but this is considered rare. Other recommendations are that the patient be treated prophylactically for HIV if the perpetrator is found to be infected.


title: Rape

text: Testing at the time of the initial exam does not typically have forensic value if patients are sexually active and have an STI since it could have been acquired before the assault. Rape shield laws protect the person who was raped and who has positive test results. These laws prevent having such evidence used against someone who was raped. Someone who was raped may be concerned that a prior infection may suggest sexual promiscuity. There may, however, be situations in which testing has a legal purpose, as in cases where the threat of transmission or actual transmission of an STI was part of the crime. In nonsexually active patients, an initial, baseline negative test that is followed by a subsequent STI could be used as evidence, if the perpetrator also had an STI.


title: Rape

text: Psychiatric and emotional consequences can be apparent immediately after the rape and it may be necessary to treat these very early in the evaluation and treatment. Other treatable emotional and psychiatric disorders may not become evident until some time after the rape. These can be Eating disorders, anxiety, fear, intrusive thoughts, fear of crowds, avoidance, anger, depression, humiliation, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) hyperarousal, sexual disorders (including fear of engaging in sexual activity), mood disorders, suicidal ideation, borderline personality disorder, nightmares, fear of situations that remind the patient of the rape and fear of being alone, agitation, numbness and emotional distance. Victims are able to receive help by using a telephone hotline, counseling, or shelters. Recovery from sexual assault is a complicated and controversial concept, but support groups, usually accessed by organizations are available to help in recovery. Professional counseling and ongoing treatment by trained health care providers are often sought by the victim.


title: Rape

text: Some clinicians are specially trained in the treatment of those who have experienced rape and sexual assault/abuse. Treatment can be lengthy and challenging for both the counselor and the patient. Several treatment options exist and vary by accessibility, cost, or whether or not insurance coverage exists for the treatment. Treatment also varies depending upon the expertise of the counselor—some have more experience and or have specialized in the treatment of sexual trauma and rape. To be the most effective, a treatment plan should be developed based upon the struggles of the patient and not necessarily based upon the traumatic experience. An effective treatment plan will consider the following: current stressors, coping skills, physical health, interpersonal conflicts, self-esteem, family issues, involvement of the guardian, and the presence of mental health symptoms.


title: Rape

text: The degree of success for emotional and psychiatric treatments is often dependent upon the terminology used in the treatment, i.e. redefining the event and experience. Labels used like "rape victim" and "rape survivor" to describe the new identities of women who have been raped suggest that the event is the dominant and controlling influence on her life. These may affect supportive personnel. The consequences of using these labels need to be assessed. Positive outcomes of emotional and psychiatric treatment for rape exist; these can be an improved self-concept, the recognition of growth, and implementing new coping styles.


title: Rape

text: A perpetrator found guilty by the court is often required to receive treatment. There are many options for treatment, some more successful than others. The psychological factors that motivated the convicted perpetrator are complex but treatment can still be effective. A counselor will typically evaluate disorders that are currently present in the offender. Investigating the developmental background of the offender can help explain the origins of the abusive behavior that occurred in the first place. Emotional and psychological treatment has the purpose of identifying predictors of recidivism, or the potential that the offender will commit rape again. In some instances, neurological abnormalities have been identified in the perpetrators, and in some cases they have themselves experienced past trauma. Adolescents and other children can be the perpetrators of rape, although this is uncommon. In this instance, appropriate counseling and evaluation are usually conducted.


title: Rape

text: Short-term treatment with a benzodiazepine may help with anxiety (although caution is recommended with the use of these medications as people can become addicted and develop withdrawal symptoms after regular use) and antidepressants may be helpful for symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder, depression and panic attacks.


title: Rape

text: As sexual violence affects all parts of society, the response to sexual violence is comprehensive. The responses can be categorized as individual approaches, healthcare responses, community-based efforts, and actions to prevent other forms of sexual violence.


title: Rape

text: Sexual assault may be prevented by secondary school, college, and workplace education programs. At least one program for fraternity men produced "sustained behavioral change." With regard to campus sexual assault, nearly two thirds of students reported knowing victims of rape, and in one study over half reported knowing perpetrators of sexual assault; one in ten reported knowing a victim of rape; and nearly one in four reported knowing a victim of alcohol-facilitated rape.


title: Rape

text: International Crime on Statistics and Justice by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) find that worldwide, most victims of rape are women and most perpetrators male. Rapes against women are rarely reported to the police and the number of female rape victims is significantly underestimated. Southern Africa, Oceania, and North America report the highest numbers of rape.


title: Rape

text: Most rape is committed by someone the victim knows. By contrast, rape committed by strangers is relatively uncommon. Statistics reported by the Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network (RAINN) indicate that 7 out of 10 cases of sexual assault involved a perpetrator known to the victim.


title: Rape

text: The humanitarian news organization IRIN claims that an estimated "500,000 rapes are committed annually in South Africa once called 'the world's rape capital.' The country has some of the highest incidences of child sexual abuse in the world with more than 67,000 cases of rape and sexual assaults against children reported in 2000, with welfare groups believing that unreported incidents could be up to 10 times higher. Current data suggest that the incidence of rape has risen significantly in India.


title: Rape

text: Most rape research and reports of rape are limited to male–female forms of rape. Research on male-on-male and female-on-male rape is rare. Fewer than one in ten male–male rapes are reported. As a group, males who have been raped by either gender often get little services and support, and legal systems are often ill-equipped to deal with this type of crime. Instances in which the perpetrator is female may not be clear and can lead to dismissing women as sexual aggressors, which can obscure the dimensions of the problem. Research also suggests that men with sexually aggressive peers have a higher chance of reporting coercive or forced sexual intercourse outside gang circles than men without such sexually aggressive peers.


title: Rape

text: Risk factors vary among different ethnicities in the United States. About one third of African American adolescent females report encountering some form of sexual assault including rape. One in three Native American women will experience sexual assault, more than twice the national average for American women.


title: Rape

text: In 2005, sexual violence, and rape in particular, was considered the most under-reported violent crime in Great Britain. The number of reported rapes in Great Britain is lower than both incidence and prevalence rates. Victims who do not act in an expected or stereotypical way may not be believed, as happened in the case of a Washington state woman raped in 2008 who withdrew her report after facing police skepticism. Her rapist went on to assault several more women before being identified.


title: Rape

text: The legal requirements for reporting rape vary by jurisdiction—each US state may have different requirements. New Zealand has less stringent limits.


title: Rape

text: In Italy, a 2006 National Statistic Institute survey on sexual violence against women found that 91.6% of women who suffered this did not report it to the police.


title: Rape

text: In the United Kingdom, in 1970, there was a 33% rate of conviction, while by 1985 there was a 24% conviction rate for rape trials in the UK; by 2004, the conviction rate reached 5%. At that time the government report has expressed documented the year-on-year increase in attrition of reported rape cases, and pledged to address this "justice gap". According to Amnesty International Ireland had the lowest rate of conviction for rape, (1%) among 21 European states, in 2003. In America as of 2012, there exists a noticeable discrepancy in conviction rates among women of various ethnic identities; an arrest was made in just 13% of the sexual assaults reported by American Indian women, compared with 35% for black women and 32% for whites.


title: Rape

text: Judicial bias due to rape myths and preconceived notions about rape is a salient issue in rape conviction, but "voir dire" intervention may be used to curb such bias.


title: Rape

text: A false accusation of rape is the reporting of a rape where no rape has occurred. It is difficult to assess the true prevalence of false rape allegations, but it is generally agreed by scholars that rape accusations are false about 2% to 10% of the time. In most cases, a false accusation will not name a specific suspect.