title: John Malkovich

text: One of his first film roles was as an extra alongside Allen, Terry Kinney, George Wendt and Laurie Metcalf in Robert Altman's film "A Wedding" (1978). He made his feature film debut as Sally Field's blind boarder Mr. Will in "Places in the Heart" (1984). For his portrayal of Mr. Will, Malkovich received his first Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor. He also portrayed Al Rockoff in "The Killing Fields" (1984).


title: John Malkovich

text: He continued to have steady work in films such as "Empire of the Sun", directed by Steven Spielberg, and the film adaptation of Tennessee Williams's "The Glass Menagerie" (both 1987) directed by Paul Newman (who appeared in the film) and Joanne Woodward. He then starred in "Making Mr. Right" (also 1987), directed by Susan Seidelman.


title: John Malkovich

text: Malkovich gained significant critical and popular acclaim when he portrayed the sinister and sensual Valmont in the film "Dangerous Liaisons" (1988), a film adaptation of the stage play "Les Liaisons Dangereuses" by Christopher Hampton, who had adapted it from the 1782 novel of the same title by Pierre Choderlos de Laclos. He later reprised this role for the music video of "Walking on Broken Glass" by Annie Lennox. He played Port Moresby in "The Sheltering Sky" (1990), directed by Bernardo Bertolucci and appeared in "Shadows and Fog" (1991), directed by Woody Allen. In 1990, he recited, in Croatian, verses of the Croatian national anthem "Lijepa naša domovino" ("Our Beautiful Homeland") in Nenad Bach's song "Can We Go Higher?"


title: John Malkovich

text: Malkovich starred in the 1992 film adaptation of John Steinbeck's novella "Of Mice and Men" as Lennie alongside Gary Sinise as George. He was nominated for another Oscar, again in the Best Supporting Actor category, for "In the Line of Fire" (1993). He was the narrator for the film "Alive" (1993).


title: John Malkovich

text: Malkovich was directed for the second time (after "Dangerous Liaisons") by Stephen Frears in "Mary Reilly" (1996), a new adaptation of the Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde tale, co-starring Julia Roberts. Malkovich also appeared in "" (1999), directed by Luc Besson, playing the French king-to-be Charles VII. Though he played the title role in the Charlie Kaufman-penned "Being John Malkovich" (1999), he played a slight variation of himself, as indicated by the character's middle name of "Horatio".


title: John Malkovich

text: Malkovich made a cameo appearance in "Adaptation" (2002) and appeared as himself during the filming of "Being John Malkovich". "The Dancer Upstairs", Malkovich's directorial film debut, was released in 2002. Around the same time, he played Patricia Highsmith's anti-hero Tom Ripley in "Ripley's Game" (also 2002), the second film adaptation of Highsmith's 1974 novel, the first being Wim Wenders' "The American Friend" (1977).


title: John Malkovich

text: Malkovich's other film roles include "The Man in the Iron Mask" (1998), "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" (2005), "Eragon" (2006), "Beowulf", "Colour Me Kubrick" (both 2007), "Changeling" (2008), "Red", "Secretariat" (both 2010), "" (2011), and "Red 2" (2013). In 2009, Malkovich was approached and then cast for the role of the Marvel Comics villain Vulture in the unproduced "Spider-Man 4". Malkovich in 2014 was the voice actor of Dave the octopus in the Penguins of Madagascar movie.


title: John Malkovich

text: Malkovich has hosted three episodes of the NBC sketch show "Saturday Night Live". The first occasion was in January 1989 with musical guest Anita Baker; the second in October 1993 with musical guest Billy Joel (and special appearance by former cast member Jan Hooks); and the third was in December 2008 with musical guest T.I. with Swizz Beatz (and special appearances by Justin Timberlake, Molly Sims and Jamie-Lynn Sigler). In 2018, Malkovich appeared in a three-part adaptation of Agatha Christie's "The A.B.C. Murders" co-starring Rupert Grint for BBC television, playing the role of fictional Belgian detective Hercule Poirot.


title: John Malkovich

text: In 2019, Malkovich performed in London's West End, starring in David Mamet’s new play "Bitter Wheat". He also starred as the title character in the HBO drama series "The New Pope" (2020). On September 26, 2019, it was announced that Malkovich had been cast as Dr. Adrian Mallory in the current Netflix comedy series, "Space Force".


title: John Malkovich

text: In 2011, he directed Julian Sands in "A Celebration of Harold Pinter" in the Pleasance Courtyard, Edinburgh for the Edinburgh Festival Fringe.


title: John Malkovich

text: In 2008, Malkovich directed in French a theater production of "Good Canary" written by Zach Helm, with Cristiana Realli and Vincent Elbaz in the leading roles. Malkovich won the Molière Award best director for it. He also directed it in Spanish in Mexico, then in English at the Rose Theater in London in 2016. Ilan Goodman, Harry Lloyd and Freya Mavor were in the cast. Malkovich won the Milton Schulman Award for the best director at the Evening Standard Theater Awards in 2016.


title: John Malkovich

text: In 2012, he directed a production of a newly adapted French-language version of "Les Liaisons Dangereuses" for the Théâtre de l'Atelier in Paris. The production had a limited engagement in July 2013 at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in New York City.


title: John Malkovich

text: Malkovich wrote and starred in a movie called "100 Years" (2016), directed by Robert Rodriguez. The movie is locked in a vault in the south of France, not to be seen before 2115.


title: John Malkovich

text: Malkovich created his own fashion company, Mrs. Mudd, in 2002. The company released its John Malkovich menswear collection, "Uncle Kimono", in 2003, which was subsequently covered in the international press, and its second clothing line, "Technobohemian", in 2010. Malkovich designed the outfits himself.


title: John Malkovich

text: Malkovich was directed many times by the Chilean director Raoul Ruiz — "Le Temps retrouvé" ("Time Regained", 1999), "Les Ames Fortes" ("Savage Souls", 2001), "Klimt" (2006) and "Lines of Wellington" (2012).


title: John Malkovich

text: In 2008, directed by Michael Sturminger, he portrayed the story of Jack Unterweger in a performance for one actor, two sopranos, and period orchestra entitled "Seduction and Despair", which premiered at Barnum Hall in Santa Monica, California. A fully staged version of the production, entitled "The Infernal Comedy" premiered in Vienna in July 2009. The show has since been performed in 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012 throughout Europe, North America and South America.


title: John Malkovich

text: Malkovich was also directed by the Austrian director Michael Sturminger in "Casanova's Variations" and its movie adaptation in 2014 (co-starring Fanny Ardant). For their third collaboration, in 2017, Michael Stürminger directed Malkovich in "Just Call me God – the final speech", in which he played a Third World dictator called Satur Dinam Cha who is about to be overthrown.


title: John Malkovich

text: Malkovich played the title role in the film "The Great Buck Howard" (2008), a role inspired by the mentalist "The Amazing Kreskin". Colin Hanks co-starred and his father, Tom Hanks, appeared as his on-screen father. In November 2009, Malkovich appeared in an advertisement for Nespresso with fellow actor George Clooney. He portrayed Quentin Turnbull in the film adaption of "Jonah Hex" (2010).


title: John Malkovich

text: In 2014, the photographer Sandro Miller recreated 35 iconic portraits of John Malkovich as the subject, in a project called "Malkovich, Malkovich, Malkovich: Homage to Photographer Master".


title: John Malkovich

text: Malkovich starred in his first video game role in "" in the "Exo Zombies" mode. In 1992 he appeared in period costume along with Hugh Laurie in the music video for "Walking on Broken Glass" by Annie Lennox. In 2015 he appeared in the music video for Eminem's single "Phenomenal". In 2017, he appeared in some humorous Super Bowl commercials portraying himself attempting to gain control of the johnmalkovich.com domain.


title: John Malkovich

text: Malkovich was married to actress Glenne Headly from 1982 to 1988, but they divorced after he had an affair with Michelle Pfeiffer. He began dating Nicoletta Peyran in 1989 after meeting her on the set of "The Sheltering Sky", on which she was the second assistant director. Malkovich and Peyran have two children, Amandine and Loewy.


title: John Malkovich

text: Malkovich has a distinctive voice, which "The Guardian" describes as "wafting, whispery, and reedy". He does not consider himself to be a method actor. He is fluent in French, having lived and worked in theater in southern France for nearly 10 years. He and his family left France in a dispute over taxes in 2003, and they have since lived in Cambridge, Massachusetts.


title: John Malkovich

text: Malkovich is the co-owner of the restaurant Bica do Sapato and Lux nightclub in Lisbon. He lost millions of dollars in the Madoff investment scandal in 2008. He has raised funds for the Steppenwolf Theater Company, his sole charity.


title: John Malkovich

text: Malkovich stated in a 2011 interview that he is not a "political person" and that he does not have "an ideology", revealing that he had not voted since George McGovern lost his presidential run in 1972. At the Cambridge Union Society in 2002, when asked whom he would most like to fight to the death, Malkovich replied that he would "rather just shoot" journalist Robert Fisk and politician George Galloway, stating that Galloway was not honest. Journalists speculated that the comment was related to criticism of Israel and the war in Iraq.


title: John Malkovich

text: When asked in an interview with the "Toronto Star" in 2008 whether it was necessary to have spiritual beliefs to portray a spiritual character, he said, "No, I'd say not... I'm an atheist. I wouldn't say I'm without spiritual belief particularly, or rather, specifically. Maybe I'm agnostic, but I'm not quite sure there's some great creator somehow controlling everything and giving us free will. I don't know; it doesn't seem to make a lot of sense to me."


title: John Malkovich

text: On June 6, 2013, Malkovich was walking in Toronto when a 77-year-old man named Jim Walpole tripped and accidentally cut his throat on a piece of scaffolding. Malkovich applied pressure to Walpole's neck to reduce bleeding before Walpole was rushed to a hospital, where he received stitches and later credited Malkovich with saving his life.


title: Gaten Matarazzo

text: Gaetano John Matarazzo III (; ; born September 8, 2002) is an American actor. He began his career on the Broadway stage as Benjamin in "Priscilla, Queen of the Desert" (2011–12) and as Gavroche in "Les Misérables" (2014–15). Matarazzo gained recognition for playing Dustin Henderson in the Netflix science-fiction-horror drama series "Stranger Things" (2016–present). He also hosted the Netflix show "Prank Encounters" (2019–2021).


title: Gaten Matarazzo

text: Gaetano John Matarazzo III was born on 8 September 2002, in New London, Connecticut, to Gaetano Jr. and Heather Matarazzo (no relation to the actress of the same name), but raised in Little Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey, and is of Italian descent. He was born with cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD). He has an older sister and a younger brother.


title: Gaten Matarazzo

text: He pursued vocal training at Starlight Performing Arts Center in New Jersey. In 2011, he competed and won third place with his vocal solo titled “Ben” at the Starpower Talent Competition Nationals in Uncasville, Connecticut. His first professional credit was in the Broadway musical "Priscilla, Queen of the Desert", for which he was cast as a replacement in 2011. Following the production, he took part in a special "Cast of 2032" professional youth performance of "Godspell" at Circle in the Square Theatre in 2012. In 2013, he joined the "Les Misérables" 25th Anniversary Tour in the United States in the role of Gavroche; the following year, he played the same role in the Tony-nominated 2014 Broadway revival of the musical.


title: Gaten Matarazzo

text: Matarazzo made his screen acting debut in a 2015 episode of "The Blacklist". After he was cast as Dustin Henderson in "Stranger Things", the character's background was modified to have CCD as well. The show's first season premiered in July 2016 to critical acclaim. Over the next several years, Matarazzo also appeared in music videos and various reality and competition shows. On May 11, 2018, it was announced that he was cast in the animated film, "Hump".


title: Gaten Matarazzo

text: He began hosting the Netflix hidden camera series "Prank Encounters" in 2019; he also served as an executive producer. That year, he also appeared in the Hollywood Bowl production of "Into the Woods". He provided the voice of Buba in "The Angry Birds Movie 2".


title: Gaten Matarazzo

text: In May 2022, it was announced that Matarazzo would return to Broadway, joining the final cast of the musical "Dear Evan Hansen" as Jared Kleinman. He starred in the Paramount+ film "Honor Society" with Angourie Rice, which was released on July 29, 2022. He voiced as the dragon in Cartoon Saloon's film adaptation of Ruth Stiles Gannett's


title: Gaten Matarazzo

text: "My Father's Dragon" novel series. It was announced in December 2022 that Matarazzo would be returning to Broadway as Toby in Thomas Kail's revival of Sondheim and Wheeler's "," alongside Josh Groban and Annaleigh Ashford.


title: Gaten Matarazzo

text: He uses his platform to raise awareness of CCD and fundraise for CCD Smiles, an organization that helps cover costs of oral surgeries for people with CCD.


title: Gaten Matarazzo

text: In February 2020, he was as part of Andrew Barth Feldman & Adrian Dickson’s "Star Wars" musical parody fundraiser "SW: A New(sical) Hope" to help raise funding for NEXT for AUTISM. Matarazzo joined the cast of "Elf" for a virtual table reading on December 13, 2020 in support of the Democratic Party of Georgia's campaign in the 2021 Georgia runoff elections.""


title: Gaten Matarazzo

text: On April 6, 2021, Matarazzo participated in an hour-long charity "Among Us" stream on "The Tonight Show"'s Twitch account with Jimmy Fallon, Questlove, Tariq Trotter, Captain Kirk Douglas, Sykkuno, Valkyrae, Corpse Husband, and his "Stranger Things" co-star Noah Schnapp, with proceeds going towards Feeding America. In December 2021, he played Dungeons and Dragons with Jack Black and other stars in the "Lost Odyssey: Promised Gold" livestream event that benefited Extra Life and the Children’s Miracle Network Hospitals.


title: Gaten Matarazzo

text: During the first week of November 2022, he performed in the musical "Parade" to ensure that the performing arts can be enjoyed at an affordable rate for fans at the New York City Center.


title: Power Rangers

text: Power Rangers is an entertainment and merchandising franchise built around a live-action superhero television series, based on the Japanese tokusatsu franchise "Super Sentai". Produced first by Saban Entertainment, second by BVS Entertainment, later by Saban Brands, and today by SCG Power Rangers LLC and its parent company, Hasbro, the "Power Rangers" television series takes much of its footage from the "Super Sentai" television series, produced by Toei Company. The first "Power Rangers" entry, "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers", debuted on August 28, 1993, and helped launch the Fox Kids programming block of the 1990s, during which it catapulted into popular culture along with a line of action figures and other toys by Bandai. By 2001, the media franchise had generated over $6 billion in toy sales.


title: Power Rangers

text: Despite initial criticism that its action violence targeted child audiences, the franchise has been commercially successful. As of 2022, "Power Rangers" consists of 29 television seasons of 21 different themed series and three theatrical films released in 1995, 1997, and 2017.


title: Power Rangers

text: In 2010, Haim Saban, creator of the series, regained ownership of the franchise. It was previously owned for eight years by The Walt Disney Company. In 2018, Hasbro was named the new master toy licensee. Shortly afterwards, Saban Brands and Hasbro announced that the latter would acquire the franchise and the rest of the former's entertainment assets in a $522 million deal, with the first products from Hasbro becoming available in early 2019.


title: Power Rangers

text: Since "Power Rangers" derives most of its footage from the "Super Sentai" series, it features many hallmarks that distinguish it from other superhero series. Each series revolves around a team of youths recruited and trained by a mentor to morph into the eponymous Power Rangers, able to use special powers and pilot immense assault machines, called Zords, to overcome the periodic antagonists. In the original series "Mighty Morphin", the wizard Zordon recruits "teenagers with attitude" against Rita Repulsa.


title: Power Rangers

text: When "morphed," the rangers become powerful superheroes wearing color-coded skin-tight spandex suits and helmets with opaque visors; identical except in individual rangers' color, helmet design, and minor styling such as incorporating a skirt. Morphed Rangers generally possess enhanced strength, durability, agility and combat prowess. Some possess superhuman or psychic abilities such as super-speed, element manipulation, extra-sensory perception or invisibility. In addition, each individual ranger has a unique weapon, as well as common weaponry used for ground fighting. When enemies grow to incredible size (as nearly all do), Rangers use individual Zords that combine into a larger Megazord.


title: Power Rangers

text: Rangers teams operate in teams of three to five, with more Rangers joining the team later. Each team of Rangers, with a few exceptions, obeys a general set of conventions, outlined at the beginning of "Mighty Morphin" and implied by mentors throughout many of the other series: Power Rangers may not use their Ranger powers for personal gain or for escalating a fight (unless the enemy does so), nor may the Power Rangers disclose their identities to the general public. The penalty for disobeying these rules is the loss of their power.


title: Power Rangers

text: As in "Super Sentai", the color palette of each "Power Rangers" team changes every series. Only Red and Blue appear in every Ranger team, while a Yellow Ranger has been present in every series except "Power Rangers Dino Charge" and "Power Rangers Dino Fury". Other colors and designations also appear throughout the series. A Rangers' color designation also influences their wardrobe throughout the series: civilian clothing often matches Ranger color.


title: Power Rangers

text: The idea of adapting Sentai series for America emerged in the late 1970s after the agreement between Toei Company and Marvel Comics to exchange concepts to adapt them to their respective audiences. Toei, with Marvel Productions, created the Japanese "Spider-Man" television series, and produced three Super Sentai series, which had great success in Japan. Marvel and Stan Lee tried to sell the "Sun Vulcan" series to American television stations including HBO, but found no buyers and the agreement ended.


title: Power Rangers

text: Several years later, another idea to adapt "Super Sentai" began in the 80s when Haim Saban made a business trip to Japan, in which, during his stay at the hotel, the only thing that was being transmitted on his television was the Japanese series "Choudenshi Bioman". At that time, Saban was fascinated by the concept of 5 people masked in spandex suits fighting monsters, so in 1985, he produced the pilot episode of "Bio-Man", an American adaptation of "Choudenshi Bioman", which was rejected by several of the largest American television stations. His idea only took off in 1992, as Saban came to Fox Kids, whose president Margaret Loesch had previously helmed Marvel Productions and thus was familiar with "Super Sentai".


title: Power Rangers

text: Production of "Power Rangers" episodes involves extensive localization of and revision of original "Super Sentai" source material to incorporate American culture and conform to American television standards. Rather than making an English dub or translation of the Japanese footage, "Power Rangers" programs consist of scenes featuring English-speaking actors spliced with scenes featuring either Japanese actors dubbed into English or the action scenes from the Super Sentai Series featuring the Rangers fighting monsters or the giant robot (Zord and Megazord) battles with English dubbing. In some series, original fight scenes are filmed to incorporate characters or items unique to the "Power Rangers" production. Like many of Saban Entertainment previous ventures in localizing Japanese television for a Western audience, the plot, character names, and other names usually differ greatly from the source footage, though a few seasons have stayed close to the story of the original Super Sentai season. The American arm of Bandai, who co-produced the Sentai shows and manufactured its toys, worked with the adaptation of the Japanese names. A brainstorming among executives led to "Power Rangers", and for the specific show that would be made, "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers", evoking the transformation sequences. The meeting also brought up the term "Zord" for the giant robots, to invoke both the sword that the Megazord carried, and the dinosaurs that were the team's theme. Along with adapting the villains from the Super Sentai counterparts, most "Power Rangers" series also feature villains with no Sentai counterpart. Generally, the primary antagonist of a "Power Rangers" series (for example, Lord Zedd, Divatox, etc.) are not adapted from the Sentai. Exceptions to this includes "Mighty Morphin", "Zeo", "Lightspeed Rescue" and a few others which only use villains adapted from the Japanese shows.


title: Power Rangers

text: The franchise began with "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers" (an American adaptation of the 1992 Japanese Super Sentai Series, "Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger"), which began broadcasting as part of the Fox Broadcasting Company's Fox Kids programming block.


title: Power Rangers

text: In honour of "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers"'s broadcast premiere, Hasbro announced "National "Power Rangers" Day" to be celebrated annually on August 28, 2018.


title: Power Rangers

text: Saban Entertainment produced and distributed "Power Rangers" from 1993 until the end of 2001, with Fox Kids broadcasting the series in the United States until the Fall of 2002. The Walt Disney Company acquired the franchise as part of a larger buyout of Fox Family Worldwide that took place in 2001. Fox Family Worldwide subsequently became ABC Family Worldwide Inc. This buyout also saw Saban Entertainment become BVS Entertainment in 2002, from News Corporation, Fox's parent company, and Haim Saban.


title: Power Rangers

text: From September 2002, "Power Rangers" had aired on various Disney-owned networks, including the ABC Kids program block on ABC, the ABC Family and Toon Disney cable networks, and Jetix-branded outlets worldwide. Disney moved production of the franchise from Los Angeles to New Zealand after "Wild Force" ended, resulting in the closure of MMPR Productions. Several ABC affiliate broadcasting groups, including Hearst Television, declined to air the series due to the lack of FCC-compliant educational and informational content.


title: Power Rangers

text: 2008's "Power Rangers Jungle Fury" was originally set to be the final season, but due to obligations with Bandai, Disney would produce 2009's "Power Rangers RPM." An article in "The New Zealand Herald" published on March 7, 2009, identified "RPM" as the last season of the "Power Rangers" run. Production manager Sally Campbell stated in an interview, "...at this stage we will not be shooting another season." A September 1, 2009, revision to "" by Disney's head archivist Dave Smith states that "production of new episodes [of "Power Rangers"] ceased in 2009". Production of "Power Rangers" ceased and the series by BVS Entertainment, "RPM", ended on December 26, 2009.


title: Power Rangers

text: On October 1, 2009, Bandai released a press release stating that Disney would re-broadcast "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers" in January 2010 on ABC Kids in lieu of producing a new season. A new toy line accompanied the broadcast and appeared in stores in the later part of 2009.


title: Power Rangers

text: On May 12, 2010, Haim Saban bought back the "Power Rangers" franchise from Disney for $43 million and announced plans to produce a new season of the television series. Beginning with the eighteenth season, "Samurai" (using footage from the 2009 "Super Sentai" series, "Samurai Sentai Shinkenger") the series would be produced under Saban Capital Group's new Saban Brands subsidiary and premiere on Nickelodeon on February 7, 2011. Reruns of previous seasons and episodes would also begin airing on sister channel Nicktoons later that year. In addition to "Samurai", Saban announced plans to make a new "Power Rangers" movie.


title: Power Rangers

text: On July 2, 2012, Saban Brands announced that would it launch a new Saturday morning cartoon block on The CW, called Vortexx, on August 25, 2012, with reruns of "Power Rangers Lost Galaxy" to air on the block.


title: Power Rangers

text: On October 1, 2013, Saban Brands announced that it had extended agreements for the franchise with Nickelodeon and Bandai America Incorporated through 2016. In January 2016, Saban and Nickelodeon extended their broadcast partnership through 2018. In February 2018, it was announced that "Power Rangers" would continue airing on Nickelodeon through 2021. That same month, Saban Brands appointed Hasbro as the global master toy licensee for "Power Rangers" in April 2019 with a future option to purchase the franchise. On May 1, 2018, Saban would agree to sell "Power Rangers" and other entertainment assets to Hasbro for US$522 million in cash and stock. The Saban Brands subsidiary ended operations upon the closure of the deal on July 2, 2018.


title: Power Rangers

text: The twenty-sixth and twenty-seventh seasons, "Power Rangers Beast Morphers", would produced by Hasbro's Allspark studio. Beginning with the twenty-eighth season, "Power Rangers Dino Fury", the series is being produced by Entertainment One (which was acquired by Hasbro on December 30, 2019, and merged with Allspark in October 2020).


title: Power Rangers

text: In late April 2021, actor Chance Perez announced in an interview that the second season of "Power Rangers Dino Fury" (the twenty-ninth season overall) would premiere on Netflix in 2022; making it the first season of the show to air exclusively online through a streaming service. Meanwhile, new episodes of the series moved to the streaming service on June 15, 2021.


title: Power Rangers

text: On June 14, 2022, it was announced that Jenny Klein will serve as showrunner for a "Power Rangers" television series that is being developed by Entertainment One for Netflix. It has been reported that she will work alongside Jonathan Entwistle.


title: Power Rangers

text: The first six seasons (beginning with "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers" and ending with "In Space") followed an overarching, evolving storyline. The second season began the annual tradition of the Rangers acquiring new Zords to battle enemies while the core suits from the first season were used, except for that of the White Ranger. With the fourth season, "Zeo", "Power Rangers" began following the "Super Sentai" series' practice of annual Ranger suit changes.


title: Power Rangers

text: Although the seventh season, "Lost Galaxy", had ties with the preceding season, it was otherwise the first season to follow a self-contained story, as would later seasons of the show up until the seventeenth, "RPM". The season also began the tradition of team-up episodes featuring Rangers, villains, and other characters from past seasons.


title: Power Rangers

text: Beginning with the eighteenth season, "Samurai", the show returned to a multi-season format similar to "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers", with self-contained storylines told across two seasons each.


title: Power Rangers

text: The upcoming thirtieth season, "Cosmic Fury", was announced to be a continuation of "Dino Fury"'s story.


title: Power Rangers

text: "Power Rangers" has been adapted into three theatrical motion pictures. The first two are distributed by 20th Century Fox, while the third film was released in 2017 by Lionsgate.


title: Power Rangers

text: In May 2014, Saban Brands and Lionsgate announced that they are planning to produce a new "Power Rangers" feature film. The movie, titled simply "Power Rangers", was released on March 24, 2017 to mixed reviews and a low performance at the box office. A fourth "Power Rangers" film is currently in development by Entertainment One and Netflix. On July 11, 2019, during a Reddit AMA, Dacre Montgomery revealed that the studio had plans to produce a second reboot, without him and the rest of the cast and the director returning. On December 13, 2019, it was reported that Jonathan Entwistle is in early talks to direct the reboot, with Patrick Burleigh being set to write the screenplay. The plot will reportedly involve time travel and will be set in the 1990s.


title: Power Rangers

text: "Power Rangers" has long had success in international markets and continues to air in many countries. As of 2006, "Power Rangers" aired at least 65 times a week in more than 40 worldwide markets. Many markets carry or have carried the series on their respective Fox or later Jetix/Disney XD channels or have syndicated the program on regional children's channels or blocks, either dubbed into the local language or broadcast in the original English. Since the 2010 acquisition by Saban Brands, international television distribution rights for Power Rangers have been managed by MarVista Entertainment until early-2019.


title: Power Rangers

text: Broadcast in East Asian territories has been treated differently from in other international markets due to the prevalence and familiarity of 'the "Super Sentai" brand originating in Japan. "Power Rangers" was briefly banned in Malaysia for supposedly encouraging the use of drugs because it contained the word "Morphin'" in its title, which could be associated with morphine. The show eventually aired without the offending word. In Japan, many "Power Rangers" television seasons and movies were dubbed into Japanese for television and video with the voice actors often pulled from past "Super Sentai" casts, leading to the English-dubbed action sequences being "re-dubbed" or "restored" back to Japanese as well. "Power Rangers Mystic Force" is the latest season to be broadcast in Japan on Toei Channel in January 2014, with another cast voicing the American counterparts. After broadcast of "Power Rangers" ended in South Korea with "Wild Force", Bandai of Korea started airing dubbed "Super Sentai" series under the "파워레인저" "(Power Ranger)" brand on JEI TV. Some seasons of "Super Sentai" broadcast in South Korea have similarly named titles as their American counterparts, such as "Power Ranger Dino Thunder" for "Abaranger" in 2007 and "Power Ranger S.P.D." in place of "Dekaranger".


title: Power Rangers

text: Internationally, additional DVD releases have occurred (such as "Lightspeed Rescue", "Time Force" and "Wild Force" in Germany) and as free DVDs attached to the "Jetix" magazine, published in the UK. "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 1", "Season 2", and "Season 3", "Power Rangers Zeo", "Power Rangers Turbo", and "Power Rangers in Space" have been released in Germany as well in both English and German, with "Power Rangers Lost Galaxy" only in German. Additionally, "Ninja Storm", "Dino Thunder", "S.P.D.", "Mystic Force", and "Operation Overdrive" saw complete boxset releases in the UK. In France, "Mighty Morphin Season 1" and "Season 2" have been released in their entirety in 5 episode DVD volumes, and the first 25 episodes of "Season 3" were released in May 2008. In Italy, "Mighty Morphin", "Zeo", "Dino Thunder" and "S.P.D." have appeared in their entirety. "Zeo" and "S.P.D." were made available as commercial DVDs, while "Mighty Morphin" and "Dino Thunder" were issued as bi-weekly volumes at newsstands.


title: Power Rangers

text: The iTunes Store previously made "Power Rangers" episodes available: part of "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers", all of "Power Rangers S.P.D.", and the first 26 episodes of "Power Rangers Mystic Force". Subsequent seasons and episodes of the program also made their appearances in the iTunes Store, but , "" is the only Power Rangers film available. In 2012, Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 1 volumes 1 & 2 were released on iTunes to coincide with the DVD releases. As of February 2013, all 3 seasons of "MMPR" were released on iTunes.


title: Power Rangers

text: On June 15, 2011, all episodes of "Power Rangers" from "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 1" to "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers re-version" were made available for instant streaming on Netflix. In 2015, Power Rangers became available on the iTunes Store. In 2021, all episodes of "Power Rangers" (excluding "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers (season 1)" to "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers re-version" and "Power Rangers Beast Morphers") were removed from Netflix.


title: Power Rangers

text: On March 12, 2012, Shout! Factory announced a home video distribution deal with Saban, which includes the first 17 series of Power Rangers. Shout! Factory released the first seven seasons on DVD in August 2012, seasons 8–12 in November 2013, a 20-year collection in December 2013, and seasons 13–17 in April 2014.


title: Power Rangers

text: On March 22, 2012 Lionsgate Home Entertainment reached a home media distribution deal with Saban to release "Power Rangers Samurai" to DVD and Blu-ray.


title: Power Rangers

text: On February 15, 2018, Saban Brands announced that their 25-year partnership with Bandai would end in 2019. The next day, it was confirmed that Hasbro would be the new "global master toy licensee" for the franchise starting in April 2019, with a future option for Hasbro to buy the entire franchise. Hasbro paid $22.25 million upon the toy contract's closure. When they acquired the franchise as a whole later that year, that amount was credited against the purchase price paid to Saban for the series and related assets.


title: Power Rangers

text: In 2015, Boom! Studios won the Power Rangers comics license, which brought a lot of award-winning publications.


title: Power Rangers

text: In November 2018, Insight Editions released "Power Rangers: The Ultimate Visual History", detailing the various toys and television seasons over the franchise's 25-year run.


title: The Conjuring

text: The Conjuring is a 2013 American supernatural horror film directed by James Wan and written by Chad Hayes and Carey W. Hayes. It is the inaugural film in "The Conjuring" Universe franchise. Patrick Wilson and Vera Farmiga star as Ed and Lorraine Warren, paranormal investigators and authors associated with prominent cases of haunting. Their purportedly real-life reports inspired "The Amityville Horror" story and film franchise. The Warrens come to the assistance of the Perron family, who experienced increasingly disturbing events in their newly occupied farmhouse in Rhode Island in 1971.


title: The Conjuring

text: Development of the film began in January 2012, and reports confirmed Wan as the director of a film entitled "The Warren Files", later retitled "The Conjuring", centering on the alleged real-life exploits of Ed and Lorraine Warren, a married couple who investigated paranormal events. In his second collaboration with Wan, Patrick Wilson starred alongside Vera Farmiga in the main roles of Ed and Lorraine. Production commenced in Wilmington, North Carolina, in February 2012, and scenes were shot in chronological order.


title: The Conjuring

text: "The Conjuring" was released in the United States and Canada on July 19, 2013, by Warner Bros. Pictures and New Line Cinema. It received positive reviews from critics, who praised the performances, direction, screenplay, atmosphere, and musical score. It grossed over $319million worldwide against its $20million budget. A sequel, "The Conjuring 2", was released in 2016.


title: The Conjuring

text: In 1971, Roger and Carolyn Perron move into a farmhouse in Harrisville, Rhode Island, with their five daughters: Andrea, Nancy, Christine, Cindy, and April. Their dog, Sadie, refuses to enter the house and the entrance to a cellar has been boarded up. Paranormal events occur within the first few nights. Every clock in the house stops at 3:07 AM. Sadie is found dead in the morning, and Carolyn wakes up with large bruises. She and Christine both encounter a malevolent spirit.


title: The Conjuring

text: Carolyn contacts demonologists Ed and Lorraine Warren, who have recently investigated a possessed doll called Annabelle. The Warrens meet with Carolyn and agree to conduct an initial investigation, during which Lorraine, a clairvoyant, sees that dark forces have latched on to the Perron family, and leaving the house will not free them. To gather evidence, they place cameras and bells around the house with the help of their assistant Drew Thomas and police officer Brad Hamilton. Further research reveals that the house once belonged to an accused witch named Bathsheba Sherman (a relative of Mary Towne Eastey), who sacrificed her week-old baby to the devil and killed herself in 1863 at 3:07 in the morning after cursing all who take her land. There are reports of numerous murders and suicides through the years in the houses that were built on the property.


title: The Conjuring

text: One morning, Bathsheba appears to Carolyn and fully possesses her. That night, the group hears a spirit luring Cindy into the wardrobe, where she reveals a secret passage. Lorraine enters the passage and falls down to the cellar, where she sees the spirit of a woman whom Bathsheba had possessed long ago and used to kill her child. Bathsheba attacks Nancy; the incident is caught on camera. The Warrens conclude it is sufficient evidence to receive authorization from the Catholic Church to perform an exorcism but Father Gordon explains that approval would have to come directly from the Vatican because the Perron family aren't members of the church.


title: The Conjuring

text: The Warrens' daughter Judy is attacked in the Warrens' own home by Bathsheba. The Perron family take refuge at a motel but Carolyn takes Christine and April back to the house to kill them. Ed, Lorraine, and Brad find Carolyn in the cellar trying to stab Christine. Lorraine warns that if they take Carolyn outside the house, Bathsheba will kill her. They tie Carolyn to a chair and Ed attempts the exorcism himself. Though Carolyn escapes and attempts to kill April, Lorraine is able to call to her by reminding her of a special memory she shared with her family, allowing Ed to complete the exorcism and lift Bathsheba's curse. Returning home, Ed adds the haunted music box from the Perron's home to their room of cursed artifacts that they have collected from past cases.


title: The Conjuring

text: Producer Tony DeRosa-Grund wrote the original treatment and titled the project "The Conjuring". For nearly 14 years, he tried to get the movie made without any success. He landed a deal to make the movie at Gold Circle Films, the production company behind "The Haunting in Connecticut", but a contract could not be finalized and the deal was dropped.


title: The Conjuring

text: DeRosa-Grund allied with producer Peter Safran, and sibling writers Chad and Carey W. Hayes were brought on board to refine the script. Using DeRosa-Grund's treatment and the Ed Warren tape, the Hayes brothers changed the story's point of view from the Perron family to the Warrens'. The brothers interviewed Lorraine Warren many times over the phone to clarify details. By mid-2009, the property became the subject of a six-studio bidding war that landed the film at Summit Entertainment. However, DeRosa-Grund and Summit could not conclude the transaction and the film went into turnaround. DeRosa-Grund reconnected with New Line Cinema, who had lost in the original bidding war but who ultimately picked up the film. On November 11, 2009, a deal was made between New Line and DeRosa-Grund's Evergreen Media Group.


title: The Conjuring

text: Pre-production began in early 2011, with reports surfacing in early June that James Wan was in talks to direct the film. This was later confirmed by Warner Bros., which also stated that the film would be loosely based on real-life events surrounding Ed and Lorraine Warren. In January 2012, Vera Farmiga and Patrick Wilson were cast to star in the film. That month, Ron Livingston and Lili Taylor were also confirmed for roles in the film, which at that time was developing under the working title of "The Untitled Warren Files Project". The film's title was temporarily changed to "The Warren Files" based on a suggestion by Wan, but was later reverted to "The Conjuring" prior to the commencement of the film's marketing campaign.


title: The Conjuring

text: In preparation for their roles, Farmiga and Wilson traveled to Connecticut to spend time with Lorraine Warren, who also visited the set during production. Over the course of spending three days at the Warren home, both actors took in information that could not otherwise be achieved from secondary research. "I just wanted to absorb her essence. I wanted to see the details, she has such mad style. I just wanted to see – the way she communicates with her hands, these gestures, her smile, how she moves through space," said Farmiga on her observations of Warren.


title: The Conjuring

text: Principal photography began in late February 2012. Lasting for 38 days, shooting took place primarily at EUE/Screen Gems Studios as well as other locations in and around Wilmington, North Carolina. Filming also took place at the University of North Carolina Wilmington in March 2012 while the campus was on its spring break. Diana Walsh Pasulka, professor of Religious Studies at UNC-Wilmington, was the chief religious consultant for the project. Lorraine Warren spent some time observing the shoot and later recalled that she had expressed no qualms to the filmmakers with how her story was adapted. After wrapping up in Wilmington on April 20, the film concluded its principal photography on April 26, 2012. All scenes were shot in chronological order.


title: The Conjuring

text: The film was in post-production in August of the same year. Around 20 to 30 minutes of footage was removed from the first cut of the film, which initially ran at about two hours in duration. After positive test screenings, the final edit of the film was locked in December 2012 and awaited its summer release.


title: The Conjuring

text: The musical score for "The Conjuring" was composed by Joseph Bishara, who previously collaborated with director Wan on "Insidious" (2011). "James asked me early on about ["The Conjuring"] while the film was still coming together", explained Bishara on his involvement. "The studio and producers were very supportive in allowing him to bring along who he wanted, with many of his longtime crew from "Insidious" and even earlier returning." Further into the development process, Wan offered Bishara the chance to act in the film, which he had previously done in "Insidious". "We talked about music first and then James had mentioned that he might want me to play one of the entities in this. After reading the script it turned out it was Bathsheba," said Bishara. Because of his early involvement, Bishara was given more time to work out the musical palette of the film. "For whatever reason I was hearing brass clustering as an early response to the material, a quiet shimmering flutter tongue effect, and it grew from there", said Bishara on his creative process.


title: The Conjuring

text: A soundtrack album was released by La-La Land Records and WaterTower Music on July 16, 2013. In addition to Bishara's themes, the soundtrack also includes a track titled "Family Theme" by composer Mark Isham. Avant-garde musician Diamanda Galás also contributed to Bishara's score, performing raw vocal improvisation on top of the previously recorded brass instrumentation. Other songs featured in the film include: "In the Room Where you Sleep" by Dead Man's Bones, "Sleep Walk" by Betsy Brye and "Time of the Season" by The Zombies.


title: The Conjuring

text: The first promotional images were released in November 2012, introducing Farmiga and Wilson as Ed and Lorraine Warren. A teaser trailer, previously shown at the 2012 New York Comic Con, kicked off the film's marketing campaign in February 2013. Throughout the campaign, the film was promoted heavily as "based on a true story." In the weeks leading up to the film's release, trailers and TV spots began to feature the real-life Perron family. This was followed by a featurette titled "The Devil's Hour" in which Lorraine Warren and other paranormal investigators explain some of the supernatural occurrences seen in the film.


title: The Conjuring

text: Warner Bros. and New Line Cinema initially intended to release "The Conjuring" in early 2013 but decided on a summer release date after gaining a positive reception from test audiences. The film was ultimately released on July 19 in North America, and in the United Kingdom and in India on August 2. Because of this, it is one of the first horror films to receive a wide release in the United States during the months of June or July since 2006's "The Omen". A trailer and a clip from the film were shown at the 2012 New York Comic Con. In March 2013, the film was given an R-rating by the MPAA for being what Wan described as "too adult." "When we sent it [to the MPAA], they gave us the R-rating," said executive producer Walter Hamada. "When we asked them why, they basically said, 'It's just so scary. [There are] no specific scenes or tone you could take out to get it PG-13.'" The film is rated 15 by the BBFC.


title: The Conjuring

text: The world premiere took place at the closing night of the first edition of Nocturna: Madrid International Fantastic Film Festival on June 6, 2013. This was followed by two screenings of the film at the Los Angeles Film Festival on June 21 that also featured a Q&A segment with director James Wan. A red carpet premiere was then held for the film at Cinerama Dome in Los Angeles on July 15, 2013.


title: The Conjuring

text: "The Conjuring" was released in DVD and Blu-ray formats by Warner Home Video on October 22, 2013.In May 31, 2022, it was released alongside other "The Conjuring" Universe films, excluding "The Curese of Llorona", in Blu-ray format.


title: The Conjuring

text: "The Conjuring" conjured $137.4million in North America and $182.1million in other territories for a worldwide total of $319.5million, against a budget of $20million.


title: The Conjuring

text: In North America, the film opened on July 19, 2013, alongside "Red 2", "Turbo" and "R.I.P.D.", and was projected to gross $30–$35million from 2,903 theaters in its opening weekend. The film earned $3.3million from its Thursday night showings and $17million on its first day (including Thursday previews), doing slightly better than "The Purge" a month earlier. The film went on to gross $41.9million in its opening weekend, landing in first place and breaking "The Purge"s record as the biggest opening for an original R-rated horror film. For Warner Bros., "The Conjuring" surpassed the debut weekend of the distributor's big-budget film "Pacific Rim", which had opened to $37.3million the weekend prior. While horror films usually drop at least 50% in their second weekend, "The Conjuring" only dropped 47%, taking in $22.2million and placing in second behind new release "The Wolverine". After its run in theaters, the film was officially named a box office hit, grossing over fifteen times its production budget with a worldwide total of $318million. Calculating in all production and promotional expenses, "Deadline Hollywood" estimated that the film made a total profit of $161.7million.


title: The Conjuring

text: Outside North America, the film had a total gross of $180.6million from all its international markets. In Australia, it grossed $1.8million in its debut weekend, placing third at the box office behind "The Heat" and "This Is the End". Its total gross in Australia was $8.2million. In the United Kingdom, the film opened on August 6 alongside "The Smurfs 2", making £2.6million ($3.3million) in its opening weekend, and grossing $16.2million in total there. It had its biggest international gross in Mexico, opening in first place on August 23, where the film made $18.9million overall.


title: The Conjuring

text: The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports an 86% approval rating based on 226 reviews and an average rating of 7.2/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Well-crafted and gleefully creepy, "The Conjuring" ratchets up dread through a series of effective old-school scares." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 68 out of 100 based on 35 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". CinemaScore reported that audiences gave "The Conjuring" an "A−" grade on a scale of A to F; it was the first horror film to receive an A grade from the company.


title: The Conjuring

text: In her review following the Los Angeles Film Festival, Sheri Linden of "The Hollywood Reporter" said, "With its minimal use of digital effects, its strong, sympathetic performances and ace design work, the pic harks back in themes and methods to "The Exorcist" and "The Amityville Horror", not quite attaining the poignancy and depth of the former but far exceeding the latter in sheer cinematic beauty." Justin Chang of "Variety" gave the film a positive review, calling the film "a sensationally entertaining old-school freakout and one of the smartest, most viscerally effective thrillers in recent memory." Alonso Duralde of TheWrap also praised the effectiveness of the film, explaining that it "doesn't try to reinvent the tropes of horror movies, whether it's ghosts or demons or exorcisms, but Fred Astaire didn't invent tap-dancing, either." Chris Nashawaty of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the film an A−, citing the effectiveness of "mood and sound effects for shocks that never feel cheap."


title: The Conjuring

text: Some critics reacted negatively to the film's similarities with films such as "The Exorcist" and "Poltergeist". Indiewire's Eric Kohn explained that, "The Warrens may know how to handle demonic possessions, but "The Conjuring" suffers from a different invading force: the ghosts of familiarity." Andrew O'Hehir of "Salon" said the film provided "all the scream-inducing shocks you could want, right on schedule", but thought the central concept – that the innocent women accused and executed in the Salem witch trials "actually "were" witches, who slaughtered children and pledged their love to Satan and everything!" – was "reprehensible and inexcusable bullshit".


title: The Conjuring

text: Norma Sutcliffe and Gerald Helfrich, the previous owners of the house on which the film was based, sued James Wan, Warner Bros. and other producers in 2015, on the ground that their property was being vandalized constantly as a consequence of the film. "Entertainment Weekly" obtained documents in which the owners affirmed various invasions and ratified that they had found numerous objects affiliated with satanic cults. The lawsuit also revealed that the previous owners bought the house in 1987 and lived "in peace" until 2012. Both owners were seeking unspecified damages. When questioned, a spokesperson for Warner Bros. declined to comment on the issue.


title: The Conjuring

text: Gerald Brittle, the author of the 1980 book "The Demonologist" about Ed and Lorraine Warren, filed a lawsuit against Warner Bros., New Line Productions and director James Wan regarding the film. Brittle claimed the film, alongside the subsequent sequel and spin-offs, infringed upon an exclusive contract he had with the Warrens to make any works based on the subject of his book. The film rights were briefly with the original publisher Prentice Hall before reverting to Brittle. Warner Bros. refused to comment on the case. Warner Bros. settled the case with Brittle in December 2017.


title: The Conjuring

text: In June 2013, it was reported that New Line Cinema was already developing a sequel. Both Farmiga and Wilson were signed on to reprise their roles for an additional film. "The Conjuring 2" was scheduled to be released on October 23, 2015, but in October 2014, Warner Bros. moved the film's release date to an unspecified 2016 release date. On October 21, it was announced that James Wan would return to direct the sequel. On November 11, 2014, the film was set for a June 10, 2016, release. The sequel was later re-written by David Leslie Johnson, with a script from Chad and Carey W. Hayes and Wan. The film deals with the Enfield poltergeist case, which occurred in London from 1977 to 1979. It also depicts the Warrens' investigation of the Amityville haunting. Principal photography began in September 2015 in Los Angeles, and concluded in December 2015 in London.


title: The Conjuring

text: The success of "The Conjuring" has spawned several related films and sequels. Along with the original film, there is 2016's "The Conjuring 2" and "", which was released in 2021. Three films about the Annabelle doll have been made: 2014's "Annabelle", its prequel "" from 2017, and a sequel to both films "Annabelle Comes Home" from 2019. Two other films featuring supernatural threats are first seen in "The Conjuring" films which include "The Nun", released in 2018, and "The Crooked Man", which is in development.


title: Keith Richards

text: Keith Richards (born 18 December 1943), often referred to during the 1960s and 1970s as "Keith Richard", is an English musician and songwriter who has achieved international fame as the co-founder, guitarist, secondary vocalist, and co-principal songwriter of the Rolling Stones. His songwriting partnership with Mick Jagger is one of the most successful in history. His career spans over six decades, and his guitar playing style has been a trademark of the Rolling Stones throughout the band's career. Richards gained press notoriety for his romantic involvements and illicit drug use, and he was often portrayed as a countercultural figure.


title: Keith Richards

text: Richards was born in and grew up in Dartford, Kent. He studied at the Dartford Technical School and Sidcup Art College. After graduating, Richards befriended Jagger, Bill Wyman, Charlie Watts, and Brian Jones and joined the Rolling Stones. As a member of the Rolling Stones, Richards is the only member, aside from Jagger, to sing lead on some Stones songs. Richards typically sings lead on at least one song a concert, including "Happy", "Before They Make Me Run", and "Connection". Outside of his career with the Rolling Stones, Richards has also played with his own side-project, The X-Pensive Winos. He also appeared in three "Pirates of the Caribbean" films as Captain Teague, father of Jack Sparrow, whose look and characterisation was inspired by Richards himself.


title: Keith Richards

text: In 1989, Richards was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and in 2004 into the UK Music Hall of Fame with the Rolling Stones. "Rolling Stone" magazine ranked him fourth on its list of 100 best guitarists in 2011. The magazine lists fourteen songs that Richards wrote with the Rolling Stones' lead vocalist Jagger on its "500 Greatest Songs of All Time" list.


title: Keith Richards

text: Richards was born on 18 December 1943 at Livingston Hospital, in Dartford, Kent, England. He is the only child of Doris Maud Lydia (née Dupree) and Herbert William Richards. His father was a factory worker who was wounded in the Second World War during the Normandy invasion. Richards's paternal grandparents, Ernie and Eliza Richards, were socialists and civic leaders, whom he credited as "more or less creat[ing] the Walthamstow Labour Party", and both were mayors of the Municipal Borough of Walthamstow in Essex, with Eliza becoming mayor in 1941. His great-grandfather's family originated from Wales.


title: Keith Richards

text: His maternal grandfather, Augustus Theodore "Gus" Dupree, who toured Britain with a jazz big band, Gus Dupree and His Boys, fostered Richards's interest in the guitar. Richards has said that it was Dupree who gave him his first guitar. His grandfather 'teased' the young Richards with a guitar that was on a shelf that Richards couldn't reach at the time. Finally, Dupree told Richards that if Richards could reach the guitar, he could have it. Richards then devised all manner of ways of reaching the guitar, including putting books and cushions on a chair, until finally getting hold of the instrument, after which his grandfather taught him the rudiments of Richards's first tune, "Malagueña". He worked on the number 'like mad', and then his grandfather let him keep the guitar, which he called 'the prize of the century'. Richards played at home, listening to recordings by Billie Holiday, Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, and others. His father, on the other hand, disparaged his son's musical enthusiasm. One of Richards's first guitar heroes was Elvis's guitarist Scotty Moore.


title: Keith Richards

text: Richards attended Wentworth Primary School with Mick Jagger and was his neighbour until 1954 when the Richards and Jagger families both moved. From 1955 to 1959, Richards attended Dartford Technical High School for Boys. He never sat the eleven-plus due to illness. Recruited by Dartford Tech's choirmaster, R. W. "Jake" Clare, he sang in a trio of boy sopranos at, among other occasions, Westminster Abbey for Queen Elizabeth II. In 1959, Richards was expelled from Dartford Tech for truancy and transferred to Sidcup Art College, where he met Dick Taylor. At Sidcup, he was diverted from his studies proper and devoted more time to playing guitar with other students in the boys' room. At this point, Richards had learned most of Chuck Berry's solos.


title: Keith Richards

text: Richards met Jagger again by chance on a train platform when Jagger was heading for classes at the London School of Economics. The mail-order rhythm & blues albums from Chess Records by Chuck Berry and Muddy Waters that Jagger was carrying revealed a mutual interest and led to a renewal of their friendship. Along with mutual friend Dick Taylor, Jagger was singing in an amateur band, Little Boy Blue and the Blue Boys, which Richards soon joined. The Blue Boys folded when Brian Jones, after sharing thoughts on their joint interest in the blues music, invited Mick and Keith to the Bricklayers Arms pub, where they then met Ian Stewart.


title: Keith Richards

text: By mid-1962 Richards had left Sidcup Art College to devote himself to music, and moved into a London flat with Jagger and Jones. His parents divorced at about the same time, resulting in his staying close to his mother and remaining estranged from his father until 1982.


title: Keith Richards

text: After the Rolling Stones signed to Decca Records in 1963, the band's manager, Andrew Loog Oldham, dropped the "s" from Richards's surname, believing that "Keith Richard", in his words, "looked more pop". During the late 1970s, Richards re-established the "s" in his surname.


title: Keith Richards

text: Richards plays both lead and rhythm guitar parts, often in the same song; the Stones are generally known for their guitar interplay of rhythm and lead ("weaving") between him and the other guitarist in the band – Brian Jones (1962–1969), Mick Taylor (1969–1975), or Ronnie Wood (1975–present). In the recording studio Richards sometimes plays all of the guitar parts, notably on the songs "Paint It Black", "Ruby Tuesday", "Sympathy for the Devil", and "Gimme Shelter". He is also a vocalist, singing backing vocals on many Rolling Stones songs as well as occasional lead vocals, such as on the Rolling Stones' 1972 single "Happy", as well as with his side project, the X-Pensive Winos.


title: Keith Richards

text: Since the departure of Brian Jones, Richards and Mick Jagger have shared primary songwriting and production duties (credited as the Glimmer Twins) for the Stones. Former keyboardist Ian Stewart once said that Richards was the Rolling Stones' bandleader; however, Richards has said that his job is merely "oiling the machinery". Unlike many bands where the drummer sets the pace and acts as a timesetter for a song, Richards fills that role for the Rolling Stones. Both former bassist Bill Wyman and current guitarist Ronnie Wood have said that the Stones do not follow the band's long-time drummer, Charlie Watts, but rather follow Richards, as there was "no way of 'not' following" him.


title: Keith Richards

text: Chris Spedding calls Richards's guitar playing "direct, incisive and unpretentious". Richards says he focuses on chords and rhythms, avoiding flamboyant and competitive virtuosity and trying not to be the "fastest gun in the west". Richards prefers teaming with at least one other guitarist and has almost never toured without one. Chuck Berry has been an inspiration for Richards, and, with Jagger, he introduced Berry's songs to the Rolling Stones' early repertoire. In the late 1960s Brian Jones's declining contributions led Richards to record all guitar parts on many tracks, including slide guitar. Jones's replacement, Mick Taylor, played guitar with the Rolling Stones from 1969 to 1974. Taylor's virtuosity on lead guitar led to a pronounced separation between lead and rhythm guitar roles, most notably onstage. In 1975 Taylor was replaced by Wood, whose arrival marked a return to a guitar interplay Richards called "the ancient art of weaving", which he and Jones had gleaned from Chicago blues.


title: Keith Richards

text: A break in touring during 1967–1968 allowed Richards to experiment with open tunings. He primarily used open tunings for fingered chording, developing a distinctive style of syncopated and ringing I–IV chording heard on "Street Fighting Man" and "Start Me Up". Richards's favouredbut not exclusively usedopen tuning is a five-string open G tuning: GDGBD. Richards often removes the lowest string from his guitar, playing with only five strings, as the lower string just "gets in the way" of Richards's playing, letting the band's bass player pick up those notes. Several of his Telecasters are tuned this way. This tuning is prominent on Rolling Stones recordings, including "Honky Tonk Women", "Brown Sugar", and "Start Me Up". Richards has stated that banjo tuning was the inspiration for this tuning.


title: Keith Richards

text: Richards regards acoustic guitar as the basis for his playing, believing that the limitations of electric guitar would cause him to "lose that touch" if he stopped playing an acoustic. Richards plays acoustic guitar on many Rolling Stones tracks, including "Play with Fire", "Brown Sugar", and "Angie". All guitars on the studio versions of "Street Fighting Man" and "Jumpin' Jack Flash" feature acoustic guitars overloaded to a cassette recorder, then re-amped through a loudspeaker in the studio.


title: Keith Richards

text: Richards sang in a school choirmost notably for Queen Elizabeth IIuntil adolescence's effect on his voice forced him out of it. He has sung backing vocals on every Rolling Stones album. Since "Between the Buttons" (1967), he has sung lead or co-lead on at least one track (see list below) of every Rolling Stones studio album except "Their Satanic Majesties Request", "Sticky Fingers", "It's Only Rock 'n Roll", and "Blue & Lonesome".


title: Keith Richards

text: Richards is the only band member of the Stones, aside from Jagger, to ever share or have a lead vocal role in concert and on official releases. He has sung lead on more than ten Rolling Stones songs, including "Happy", "You Got the Silver", and "Connection". During the Rolling Stones' 1972 tour, the Richards-sung "Happy" entered into their concert repertoire, and since then he has sung lead vocals on one or two songs each concert in order to give Jagger time to change his outfit. Keith usually starts with Max Miller routines such as "It's nice to be hereit's nice to be anywhere", in order to give the audience a moment to catch its proverbial breath. During the 2006 and 2007 Rolling Stones' tours, Richards sang "You Got the Silver" (1969) without playing any instrument.


title: Keith Richards

text: Richards and Jagger began their songwriting partnership in 1963 at the insistence of manager Andrew Loog Oldham, who saw no long career for them in playing cover songs. The earliest Jagger/Richards collaborations were recorded by other artists, including Gene Pitney, whose rendition of "That Girl Belongs to Yesterday" was their first top ten single in the UK. They scored another top ten hit in 1964 with the debut single written for Marianne Faithfull, "As Tears Go By".


title: Keith Richards

text: The first top-ten hit for the Rolling Stones with a Jagger and Richards original was "The Last Time" in early 1965; "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" (also 1965) was their first international number one recording. Richards has stated that the "Satisfaction" riff came to him in his sleep; he woke up just long enough to record it on a cassette player by his bed. Since "Aftermath" (1966) most Rolling Stones albums have consisted mainly of Jagger and Richards originals. Their songs reflect the influence of blues, R&B, rock & roll, pop, soul, gospel, and country, as well as forays into psychedelia and Dylanesque social commentary. Their work in the 1970s and beyond has incorporated elements of funk, disco, reggae, and punk. Richards has also written and recorded slow torchy ballads, such as "You Got the Silver" (1969), "Coming Down Again" (1973), "All About You" (1980) and "Slipping Away" (1989). His songwriting partnership with Mick Jagger is one of the most successful in history.


title: Keith Richards

text: In his solo career, Richards has often shared co-writing credits with drummer and co-producer, Steve Jordan. Richards has stated, "I've always thought songs written by two people are better than those written by one. You get another angle on it."


title: Keith Richards

text: Richards has frequently expressed that he feels less like a creator than a conduit when writing songs: "I don't have that God aspect about it. I prefer to think of myself as an antenna. There's only one song, and Adam and Eve wrote it; the rest is a variation on a theme." Richards was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1993.


title: Keith Richards

text: Richards has been active as a music producer since the 1960s. He was credited as producer and musical director on the 1966 album "Today's Pop Symphony", one of manager Andrew Loog Oldham's side projects, although there are doubts about how much Richards was actually involved with it. On the Rolling Stones' 1967 album "Their Satanic Majesties Request", the entire band was credited as producer, but since 1974, Richards and Mick Jagger have frequently co-produced both Rolling Stones records and those by other artists under the name "the Glimmer Twins", often in collaboration with other producers.


title: Keith Richards

text: In early 1973, Jagger and Richards developed an interest in the band Kracker, resulting in a deal whereby the band's second album was licensed for distribution outside America by Rolling Stones Records, making Kracker the first band on that label.


title: Keith Richards

text: Since the 1980s Richards has chalked up numerous production and co-production credits on projects with other artists including Aretha Franklin, Johnnie Johnson, and Ronnie Spector, as well as on his own albums with the X-Pensive Winos (see below). In the 1990s Richards co-produced and added guitar and vocals to a recording of nyabinghi Rastafarian chanting and drumming entitled "Wingless Angels", released on Richards's own record label, Mindless Records, in 1997.


title: Keith Richards

text: Richards has released few solo recordings. His first solo single, released in 1978, was a cover of Chuck Berry's "Run Rudolph Run", backed with his version of Jimmy Cliff's "The Harder They Come". In 1987, after Jagger pursued a solo recording and touring career, Richards formed the "X-Pensive Winos" with co-songwriter and co-producer Steve Jordan, whom Richards assembled for his Chuck Berry documentary "Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll".


title: Keith Richards

text: Additional members of the X-Pensive Winos included guitarist Waddy Wachtel, saxophonist Bobby Keys, keyboardist Ivan Neville, and Charley Drayton on bass. The first Winos' record, "Talk Is Cheap", also featured Bernie Worrell, Bootsy Collins, and Maceo Parker. Since its release, "Talk Is Cheap" has gone gold and has sold consistently. Its release was followed by the first of the two US tours Richards has done as a solo artist. "Live at the Hollywood Palladium, 15 December 1988" documents the first of these tours. In 1992 the Winos' second studio record, "Main Offender", was released, also followed by a tour. Although the Winos featured on both albums, the albums were credited to Richards as a solo artist.


title: Keith Richards

text: During the 1960s most of Richards's recordings with artists other than the Rolling Stones were sessions for Andrew Loog Oldham's Immediate Records label. Notable exceptions were when Richards, along with Mick Jagger and numerous other guests, sang on the Beatles' 1967 TV broadcast of "All You Need Is Love", and when he played bass with John Lennon, Eric Clapton, Mitch Mitchell, Ivry Gitlis, and Yoko Ono as the Dirty Mac for "The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus" TV special filmed in 1968.


title: Keith Richards

text: In the 1970s Richards worked outside the Rolling Stones with Ronnie Wood on several occasions, contributing guitar, piano, and vocals to Wood's first two solo albums and joining him on stage for two July 1974 concerts to promote "I've Got My Own Album to Do". In December 1974 Richards also made a guest appearance at a Faces concert. During 1976 and 1977, Richards both co-produced and played on John Phillips's solo recording "Pay Pack & Follow" (released in 2001). In 1979 he toured the US with the New Barbarians, the band that Wood put together to promote his album "Gimme Some Neck"; he and Wood also contributed guitar and backing vocals to "Truly" on Ian McLagan's 1979 album "Troublemaker" (re-released in 2005 as "Here Comes Trouble").


title: Keith Richards

text: Since the 1980s Richards has made more frequent guest appearances. In 1981 he played on reggae singer Max Romeo's album "Holding Out My Love to You". He has worked with Tom Waits on three occasions: adding guitar and backing vocals to Waits's album "Rain Dogs" (1985); co-writing, playing on, and sharing the lead vocal on "That Feel" on "Bone Machine" (1992); and adding guitar and vocals to "Bad As Me" (2011). In 1986 Richards produced and played on Aretha Franklin's rendition of "Jumpin' Jack Flash" and served as musical producer and band leader (or, as he phrased it, "S&M director") for the Chuck Berry film "Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll".


title: Keith Richards

text: In the 1990s and 2000s Richards continued to contribute to a wide range of musical projects as a guest artist. A few of the notable sessions he has done include guitar and vocals on Johnnie Johnson's 1991 release "Johnnie B. Bad", which he also co-produced; and lead vocals and guitar on "Oh Lord, Don't Let Them Drop That Atomic Bomb on Me" on the 1992 Charles Mingus tribute album "Weird Nightmare". He duetted with country legend George Jones on "Say It's Not You" on the "Bradley Barn Sessions" (1994); a second duet from the same sessions, "Burn Your Playhouse Down", appeared on Jones's 2008 release "Burn Your Playhouse Down – The Unreleased Duets". He partnered with Levon Helm on "Deuce and a Quarter" for Scotty Moore's album "All the King's Men" (1997). His guitar and lead vocals are featured on the Hank Williams tribute album "Timeless" (2001) and on veteran blues guitarist Hubert Sumlin's album "About Them Shoes" (2005). Richards also added guitar and vocals to Toots & the Maytals' recording of "Careless Ethiopians" for their 2004 album "True Love", which won the Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album. Additionally, in December 2007 Richards released a download-only Christmas single via iTunes of "Run Rudolph Run"; and the B-side was a 2003 recorded version of the famous reggae song "Pressure Drop" featuring Toots Hibbert singing with Richards backed by original Maytals band members Jackie Jackson and Paul Douglas.


title: Keith Richards

text: In 2005 the Rolling Stones released "Rarities 1971–2003", which includes some rare and limited-issue recordings, but Richards has described the band's released output as the "tip of the iceberg". Many of the band's unreleased songs and studio jam sessions are widely bootlegged, as are numerous Richards solo recordings, including his 1977 Toronto studio sessions, some 1981 studio sessions, and tapes made during his 1983 wedding trip to Mexico.


title: Keith Richards

text: Richards was romantically involved with Italian-born actress Anita Pallenberg (d. 13 June 2017), from 1967 to 1979, after which they remained cordial. Together they have a son, Marlon Leon Sundeep (named after the actor Marlon Brando), born in 1969, and a daughter, Angela (originally named Dandelion), born in 1972. Their third child, a son named Tara Jo Jo Gunne—after Richards's and Pallenberg's friend, Guinness heir Tara Browne—died aged just over two months, of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), on 6 June 1976. Richards was away on tour at the time, something he said has haunted him since. He was criticised at the time for performing that night after learning of the death, but he later said it was the only way he could cope. Before they became romantically linked, Pallenberg had been involved with his fellow Rolling Stones bandmate and close friend Brian Jones. The two became a couple on a trip to Morocco that Jones had to abandon when he fell ill; the subsequent relationship between Richards and Pallenberg weighed heavily on Jones, and strained his relationship with the rest of the Rolling Stones.


title: Keith Richards

text: Richards met his wife, model Patti Hansen, in 1979. They married on 18 December 1983, Richards's 40th birthday, and have two daughters, Theodora Dupree and Alexandra Nicole, born in 1985 and 1986, respectively. In September 2014 Richards published a children's book with Theodora, "Gus and Me: The Story of My Granddad and My First Guitar". Theodora was reported as contributing pen and ink illustrations for the book, which was inspired by the man she was named after (Richards's grandfather Theodore Augustus Dupree).


title: Keith Richards

text: Richards's relationship with bandmate Mick Jagger is frequently described as "love/hate" by the media. Richards himself said in a 1998 interview: "I think of our differences as a family squabble. If I shout and scream at him, it's because no one else has the guts to do it or else they're paid not to do it. At the same time I'd hope Mick realises that I'm a friend who is just trying to bring him into line and do what needs to be done." Richards, along with Johnny Depp, tried unsuccessfully to persuade Jagger to appear in "", alongside Depp and Richards.


title: Keith Richards

text: Richards's autobiography, "Life", was published on 26 October 2010. Eleven days prior to its release, the Associated Press published an article stating that in the book Richards refers to Jagger as "unbearable" and notes that their relationship has been strained "for decades". His opinion softening by 2015, Richards still said Jagger could come off as a "snob" but added, "I still love him dearly... your friends don't have to be perfect."


title: Keith Richards

text: Music journalist Nick Kent attached to Richards Lord Byron's epithet of "mad, bad, and dangerous to know". Jagger thought that Richards's image had "contributed to him becoming a junkie". In 1994, Richards said his image was "like a long shadow ... Even though that was nearly twenty years ago, you cannot convince some people that I'm not a mad drug addict."


title: Keith Richards

text: Richards's notoriety for illicit drug use stems in part from several drug busts during the late 1960s and 1970s and his candour about using heroin and other substances. Richards has been tried on drug-related charges five times: in 1967, twice in 1973, in 1977, and in 1978. The first trialthe only one culminating in a prison sentence – resulted from a February 1967 police raid on Redlands, Richards's Sussex estate, where he and some friends, including Jagger, were spending the weekend. The subsequent arrest of Richards and Jagger put them on trial before the British courts, whilst also trying them in the court of public opinion. On 29 June 1967, Jagger was sentenced to three months' imprisonment for possession of four amphetamine tablets. Richards was found guilty of allowing cannabis to be smoked on his property and sentenced to one year in prison. Both Jagger and Richards were imprisoned at that point: Jagger was taken to Brixton Prison in south London, and Richards to Wormwood Scrubs Prison in west London. Both were released on bail the next day pending appeal. On 1 July, "The Times" ran an editorial entitled "Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel?", portraying Jagger's sentence as persecution, and public sentiment against the convictions increased. A month later the appeals court overturned Richards's conviction for lack of evidence, and gave Jagger a conditional discharge.


title: Keith Richards

text: On 27 February 1977, while Richards was staying in a Toronto hotel, then known as the Harbour Castle Hilton on Queen's Quay East, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police found heroin in his room and charged him with "possession of heroin for the purpose of trafficking"an offence that at that time could result in prison sentences of seven years to life under the Narcotic Control Act. His passport was confiscated, and Richards and his family remained in Toronto until 1 April, when Richards was allowed to enter the United States on a medical visa for treatment of heroin addiction. The charge against him was later reduced to "simple possession of heroin".


title: Keith Richards

text: For the next two years, Richards lived under threat of criminal sanction. Throughout this period he remained active with the Rolling Stones, recording their biggest-selling studio album, "Some Girls", and touring North America. Richards was tried in October 1978, pleading guilty to possession of heroin. He was given a suspended sentence and put on probation for one year, with orders to continue treatment for heroin addiction and to perform a benefit concert on behalf of the Canadian National Institute for the Blind after a blind fan testified on his behalf. Although the prosecution had filed an appeal of the sentence, Richards performed two CNIB benefit concerts at Oshawa Civic Auditorium on 22 April 1979; both shows featured the Rolling Stones and the New Barbarians. In September 1979, the Ontario Court of Appeal upheld the original sentence.


title: Keith Richards

text: Richards owns Redlands, a Sussex estate he purchased in 1966, as well as homes in Weston, Connecticut and in the private resort island of Parrot Cay, Turks & Caicos. His primary home is in Weston. In June 2013, Richards said that he would retire with his family to Parrot Cay or Jamaica if he knew his death was coming. However, in November 2016, he said, "I'd like to croak magnificently, onstage." Richards is an avid reader with a strong interest in history, and owns an extensive library. An April 2010 article revealed that Richards yearns to be a librarian.


title: Keith Richards

text: Richards is a keen fan of shepherd's pie, a British traditional dish. Stuart Cable recollected that while drummer for the Stereophonics, he was confronted by Richards because he had served himself a piece of the shepherd's pie meant for Richards. The dish was also mentioned by Richards in his autobiography, advising readers to add more onions after cooking the meat filling to enhance the pie's flavour.


title: Keith Richards

text: On 27 April 2006, while in Fiji, Richards slipped off the branch of a dead tree (erroneously reported by the international press as a coconut tree) and suffered a head injury. He subsequently underwent cranial surgery at a New Zealand hospital. The incident delayed the Rolling Stones' 2006 European tour for six weeks and forced the band to reschedule several shows. The revised tour schedule included a brief statement from Richards apologising for "falling off my perch". The band made up most of the postponed dates in 2006, and toured Europe in 2007 to make up the remainder. In a video message in late 2013 as part of the On Fire tour, Richards gave his thanks to the surgeons in New Zealand who treated him, remarking, "I left half my brain there."


title: Keith Richards

text: In August 2006, Richards was granted a pardon by Arkansas governor Mike Huckabee for a 1975 reckless driving citation. Actor Johnny Depp has stated that his character in the movie franchise "Pirates of the Caribbean" is loosely based on Richards and the Warner Bros. cartoon character Pepe Le Pew, with both serving as the inspiration for the manner of the character. This combination of influences originally raised concerns with Disney corporate executives, who feared that Depp was "drunk and gay", with Michael Eisner fearing that he was "ruining the movie". In the third installment of the "Pirates of the Caribbean" series, "", Richards played Captain Edward Teague, later reprising the role in "", the fourth film in the series (2011).


title: Keith Richards

text: In 2012, Richards joined the 11th annual Independent Music Awards judging panel to assist independent musicians' careers. In a 2015 interview with the New York "Daily News", Richards expressed his dislike for rap and hip hop, deeming them for "tone deaf" people and consisting of "a drum beat and somebody yelling over it". In the same interview he called Metallica and Black Sabbath "great jokes" and bemoaned the lack of syncopation in most rock and roll, claiming it "sounds like a dull thud to me". He also said he stopped being a Beatles fan in 1967 when they visited the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, but this did not prevent him from playing bass in John Lennon's pickup band The Dirty Mac for a performance of the Beatles' song "Yer Blues" in the Stones' "Rock and Roll Circus" in December 1968.


title: Keith Richards

text: For the weekend of 23 September 2016, Richards, together with director Julien Temple, curated and hosted a three-night programme on BBC Four titled "Lost Weekend". Richards's choices consisted of his favourite 1960s comedy shows, cartoons and thrillers, interspersed with interviews, rare musical performances and night imagery. This 'televisual journey' was the first of its kind on British TV. Temple also directed a documentary, "The Origin of the Species", about Richards's childhood in post-war England and his musical roots.


title: Keith Richards

text: From the start of his career, Richards has made appearances to pay tribute to those artists with whom he has formed friendships and those who have inspired and encouraged him. After the earliest success of the band, who played cover songs of American blues artists, while he and Jagger were just beginning their own songwriting, the Rolling Stones visited the States to pay back, in his words, "that's where that fame bit comes in handy". Since that time, he has performed on many occasions to show appreciation toward them. Among these, he has appeared with Norah Jones in a tribute concert for Gram Parsons in 2006, playing guitar and singing a duet, "Love Hurts". On 12 March 2007 Richards attended the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame ceremony to induct the Ronettes; he also played guitar during the ceremony's all-star jam session. On 26 February 2012 Richards paid tribute to fellow musicians Chuck Berry and Leonard Cohen, who were the recipients of the first annual PEN Awards for songwriting excellence at the JFK Presidential Library in Boston, Massachusetts.


title: Keith Richards

text: Richards is interviewed on screen and appears in performance footage in the 2005 documentary film "Make It Funky!", which presents a history of New Orleans music and its influence on rhythm and blues, rock and roll, funk and jazz. In the film, Richards said that New Orleans musicians "put the roll into rock". He also performed the Fats Domino song "I'm Ready" with the house band.


title: Keith Richards

text: In an April 2007 interview for "NME" magazine, music journalist Mark Beaumont asked Richards what the strangest thing he ever snorted was, and quoted him as replying: "My father. I snorted my father. He was cremated and I couldn't resist grinding him up with a little bit of blow. My dad wouldn't have cared ... It went down pretty well, and I'm still alive." In the media uproar that followed, Richards's manager said that the anecdote had been meant as a joke; Beaumont told "Uncut" magazine that the interview had been conducted by international telephone and that he had misquoted Richards at one point (reporting that Richards had said he listens to Motörhead, when what he had said was Mozart), but that he believed the ash-snorting anecdote was true. Musician Jay Farrar from the band Son Volt wrote a song titled 'Cocaine And Ashes', which was inspired by Richards's drug habits. The incident was also referenced in the 2017 song "Mr Charisma" by The Waterboys, featuring the lyrics: "Hey Mr Charisma, what will your next trick be? Slagging Sgt Pepper, snorting your old man's bones, or falling out of a tree?"


title: Keith Richards

text: Doris Richards, his mother, died of cancer at the age of 91 in England on 21 April 2007. An official statement released by a family representative stated that Richards kept a vigil by her bedside during her last days.


title: Keith Richards

text: Richards made a cameo appearance as Captain Teague, the father of Captain Jack Sparrow (played by Johnny Depp), in "", released in May 2007, and won the Best Celebrity Cameo award at the 2007 Spike Horror Awards for the role.


title: Keith Richards

text: Depp has stated that he based many of Sparrow's mannerisms on Richards. Richards reprised his role in "", released in May 2011.


title: Keith Richards

text: In March 2008, the fashion house Louis Vuitton unveiled an advertising campaign featuring a photo of Richards with his ebony Gibson ES-355, taken by photographer Annie Leibovitz. Richards donated the fee for his involvement to the Climate Project, an organisation for raising environmental awareness.


title: Keith Richards

text: On 28 October 2008, Richards appeared at the Musicians' Hall of Fame induction ceremony in Nashville, Tennessee, joining the newly inducted the Crickets on stage for performances of "Peggy Sue", "Not Fade Away", and "That'll Be the Day".


title: Keith Richards

text: In August 2009, Richards was ranked at No. 4 in "Time" magazine's list of the 10 best electric guitar players of all time. In September 2009 Richards told "Rolling Stone" magazine that in addition to anticipating a new Rolling Stones album, he had done some recording with Jack White: "I enjoy working with Jack", he said. "We've done a couple of tracks." On 17 October 2009 Richards received the Rock Immortal Award at Spike TV's Scream 2009 awards ceremony at the Greek Theatre, Los Angeles; the award was presented by Johnny Depp. "I liked the living legend, that was all right", Richards said, referring to an award he received in 1989, "but immortal is even better."


title: Keith Richards

text: In 2009, a book of Richards's quotations was published, titled "What Would Keith Richards Do?: Daily Affirmations from a Rock 'n' Roll Survivor".


title: Keith Richards

text: In August 2007, Richards signed a publishing deal for his autobiography, "Life", which was released on 26 October 2010.


title: Keith Richards

text: Richards appeared in the 2011 documentary "Toots and the Maytals: Reggae Got Soul", which was featured on BBC and described as "The untold story of one of the most influential artists ever to come out of Jamaica".


title: Keith Richards

text: In 2011, "Rolling Stone" magazine referred to Richards as the creator of "rock's greatest single body of riffs" on guitar, ranking him fourth on its list of the top 100 best guitarists. "Rolling Stone" also lists fourteen songs he co-wrote with Jagger on its "500 Greatest Songs of All Time" list.


title: Keith Richards

text: Richards has a collection of approximately 3,000 guitars. Even though he has used many different guitar models, in a 1986 "Guitar World" interview Richards joked that no matter what model he plays, "[G]ive me five minutes and I'll make 'em all sound the same." Richards has often thanked Leo Fender, and other guitar manufacturers for making the instruments, as he did during the induction ceremony of the Rolling Stones into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.


title: Keith Richards

text: Richards's amplifier preferences have changed repeatedly, but he is a long-time proponent of using low-powered amps in the studio, getting clarity plus distortion by using two amps, a larger one such as a Fender Twin run clean, along with a Fender Champ, which is overdriven. To record "Crosseyed Heart", Richards used a stock tweed Fender Champ with 8" speaker coupled with a modified Fender Harvard.


title: Keith Richards

text: In 1965, Richards used a Gibson Maestro fuzzbox to achieve the distinctive tone of his riff on "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction"; the success of the resulting single boosted the sales of the device to the extent that all available stock had sold out by the end of 1965. In the 1970s and early 1980s Richards frequently used guitar effects such as a wah-wah pedal, a phaser, and a Leslie speaker, but he has mainly relied on combining "the right amp with the right guitar" to achieve the sound he wants.


title: Bhagavad Gita

text: The Bhagavad Gita (; ;), often referred to as the Gita (), is a 700-verse Hindu scripture that is part of the epic "Mahabharata" (chapters 23–40 of book 6 of the Mahabharata called the Bhishma Parva), dated to the second half of the first millennium BCE and is typical of the Hindu synthesis. It is considered to be one of the holy scriptures for Hinduism.


title: Bhagavad Gita

text: The Gita is set in a narrative framework of a dialogue between Pandava prince Arjuna and his guide and charioteer Krishna. At the start of the dharma yuddha (or the "righteous war") between the Pandavas and the Kauravas, Arjuna is preoccupied by a moral and emotional dilemma and despairs about the violence and death the war will cause in the battle against his kin. Wondering if he should renounce the war, he seeks Krishna's counsel, whose answers and discourse constitute the Gita. Krishna counsels Arjuna to "fulfil his Kshatriya (warrior) duty to uphold the dharma" through Karma ("selfless action"). The Krishna–Arjuna dialogues cover a broad range of spiritual topics, touching upon ethical dilemmas and philosophical issues that go far beyond the war that Arjuna faces.


title: Bhagavad Gita

text: Numerous commentaries have been written on the Bhagavad Gita with widely differing views on the essentials. According to some, the Bhagavad Gita was written by the god Ganesha, as told to him by Veda Vyasa. Vedanta commentators read varying relationships between the Self and Brahman in the text: Advaita Vedanta sees the non-dualism of Atman (Self) and Brahman (universal Self) as its essence'; Bhedabheda and Vishishtadvaita see Atman and Brahman as both different and not different; while Dvaita Vedanta sees the dualism of Atman (Self) and Brahman as its essence. The setting of the Gita in a battlefield has been interpreted as an allegory for the ethical and moral struggles of human life.


title: Bhagavad Gita

text: The Bhagavad Gita presents a synthesis of Hindu ideas about dharma, theistic bhakti, and the yogic ideals of moksha. The text covers Jñāna, Bhakti, Karma, and Rāja yogas (spoken of in the 6th chapter), incorporating ideas from the Samkhya-Yoga philosophy.


title: Bhagavad Gita

text: The Bhagavad Gita is the most revered of all the Hindu texts, and has a unique pan-Hindu influence. The Gitas call for selfless action inspired many leaders of the Indian independence movement including Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Mahatma Gandhi, the latter referring to it as his "spiritual dictionary".


title: Bhagavad Gita

text: The "gita" in the title of the Bhagavad Gita means "song." Religious leaders and scholars interpret the word "Bhagavad" in a number of ways. Accordingly, the title has been interpreted as "the word of God" by the theistic schools, "the words of the Lord", "the Divine Song", and "Celestial Song" by others.


title: Bhagavad Gita

text: In India, its Sanskrit name is often written as Shrimad Bhagavad Gita, श्रीमद् भगवद् गीता (the latter two words often written as a single word भगवद्गीता), where the Shrimad prefix is used to denote a high degree of respect. This is not to be confused with the Shrimad Bhagavatam, which is a Purana dealing with the life of the Hindu God Krishna and various avatars of Vishnu.


title: Bhagavad Gita

text: The work is also known as the "Iswara Gita", the "Ananta Gita", the "Hari Gita", the "Vyasa Gita", or the Gita.


title: Bhagavad Gita

text: In the Indian tradition, the Bhagavad Gita, as well as the epic "Mahabharata" of which it is a part, is attributed to the sage Vyasa, whose full name was Krishna Dvaipayana, also called Veda-Vyasa. Another Hindu legend states that Vyasa narrated it when the lord Ganesha broke one of his tusks and wrote down the Mahabharata along with the Bhagavad Gita.


title: Bhagavad Gita

text: Scholars consider Vyasa to be a mythical or symbolic author, in part because Vyasa is also the traditional compiler of the Vedas and the Puranas, texts dated to be from different millennia. The word "Vyasa" literally means "arranger, compiler", and is a surname in India. According to Kashi Nath Upadhyaya, a Gita scholar, it is possible that a number of different individuals with the same name compiled different texts.


title: Bhagavad Gita

text: Swami Vivekananda, the 19th-century Hindu monk and Vedantist, stated that the Bhagavad Gita may be old but it was mostly unknown in Indian history till the early 8th century when Adi Shankara (Shankaracharya) made it famous by writing his much-followed commentary on it. Some infer, states Vivekananda, that "Shankaracharya was the author of Gita, and that it was he who foisted it into the body of the "Mahabharata"." This attribution to Adi Shankara is unlikely in part because Shankara himself refers to the earlier commentaries on the Bhagavad Gita, and because other Hindu texts and traditions that compete with the ideas of Shankara refer to much older literature referencing the Bhagavad Gita, though much of this ancient secondary literature has not survived into the modern era.


title: Bhagavad Gita

text: According to J. A. B. van Buitenen, an Indologist known for his translations and scholarship on "Mahabharata", the Gita is so contextually and philosophically well knit with the "Mahabharata" that it was not an independent text that "somehow wandered into the epic". The Gita, states van Buitenen, was conceived and developed by the "Mahabharata" authors to "bring to a climax and solution the dharmic dilemma of a war".


title: Bhagavad Gita

text: According to Alexus McLeod, a scholar of Philosophy and Asian Studies, it is "impossible to link the Bhagavad Gita to a single author", and it may be the work of many authors. This view is shared by the Indologist Arthur Basham, who states that there were three or more authors or compilers of Bhagavad Gita. This is evidenced by the discontinuous intermixing of philosophical verses with theistic or passionately theistic verses, according to Basham.


title: Bhagavad Gita

text: Theories on the date of the composition of the Gita vary considerably. Some scholars accept dates from the 5th century to the 2nd century BCE as the probable range, the latter likely. The Hinduism scholar Jeaneane Fowler, in her commentary on the Gita, considers second century BCE to be the probable date of composition.


title: Bhagavad Gita

text: Kashi Nath Upadhyaya, in contrast, dates it a bit earlier. He states that the Gita was always a part of the "Mahabharata", and dating the latter suffices in dating the Gita. On the basis of the estimated dates of "Mahabharata" as evidenced by exact quotes of it in the Buddhist literature by Asvaghosa (c. 100 CE), Upadhyaya states that the "Mahabharata", and therefore the Gita, must have been well known by then for a Buddhist to be quoting it. This suggests a "terminus ante quem" (latest date) of the Gita to be sometime prior to the 1st century CE. He cites similar quotes in the dharmasutra texts, the "Brahma sutras", and other literature to conclude that the Bhagavad Gita was composed in the fifth or fourth century BCE.


title: Bhagavad Gita

text: According to Arthur Basham, the context of the Bhagavad Gita suggests that it was composed in an era when the ethics of war were being questioned and renunciation to monastic life was becoming popular. Such an era emerged after the rise of Buddhism and Jainism in the 5th century BCE, and particularly after the semi-legendary life of Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. Thus, the first version of the Bhagavad Gita may have been composed in or after the 3rd century BCE.


title: Bhagavad Gita

text: Linguistically, the Bhagavad Gita is in classical Sanskrit of the early variety, states the Gita scholar Winthrop Sargeant. The text has occasional pre-classical elements of the Sanskrit language, such as the aorist and the prohibitive "mā" instead of the expected "na" (not) of classical Sanskrit. This suggests that the text was composed after the Pāṇini era, but before the long compounds of classical Sanskrit became the norm. This would date the text as transmitted by the oral tradition to the later centuries of the 1st-millennium BCE, and the first written version probably to the 2nd or 3rd century CE.