title: Standard deviation

text: The standard deviation of a probability distribution is the same as that of a random variable having that distribution.


title: Standard deviation

text: Not all random variables have a standard deviation. If the distribution has fat tails going out to infinity, the standard deviation might not exist, because the integral might not converge. The normal distribution has tails going out to infinity, but its mean and standard deviation do exist, because the tails diminish quickly enough. The Pareto distribution with parameter formula_11 has a mean, but not a standard deviation (loosely speaking, the standard deviation is infinite). The Cauchy distribution has neither a mean nor a standard deviation.


title: Standard deviation

text: In the case where "X" takes random values from a finite data set "x", "x", …, "x", with each value having the same probability, the standard deviation is


title: Standard deviation

text: If, instead of having equal probabilities, the values have different probabilities, let "x" have probability "p", "x" have probability "p", …, "x" have probability "p". In this case, the standard deviation will be


title: Standard deviation

text: The standard deviation of a continuous real-valued random variable "X" with probability density function "p"("x") is


title: Standard deviation

text: and where the integrals are definite integrals taken for "x" ranging over the set of possible values of the random variable "X".


title: Standard deviation

text: In the case of a parametric family of distributions, the standard deviation can be expressed in terms of the parameters. For example, in the case of the log-normal distribution with parameters "μ" and "σ", the standard deviation is


title: Standard deviation

text: One can find the standard deviation of an entire population in cases (such as standardized testing) where every member of a population is sampled. In cases where that cannot be done, the standard deviation "σ" is estimated by examining a random sample taken from the population and computing a statistic of the sample, which is used as an estimate of the population standard deviation. Such a statistic is called an estimator, and the estimator (or the value of the estimator, namely the estimate) is called a sample standard deviation, and is denoted by "s" (possibly with modifiers).


title: Standard deviation

text: Unlike in the case of estimating the population mean, for which the sample mean is a simple estimator with many desirable properties (unbiased, efficient, maximum likelihood), there is no single estimator for the standard deviation with all these properties, and unbiased estimation of standard deviation is a very technically involved problem. Most often, the standard deviation is estimated using the "corrected sample standard deviation" (using "N" − 1), defined below, and this is often referred to as the "sample standard deviation", without qualifiers. However, other estimators are better in other respects: the uncorrected estimator (using "N") yields lower mean squared error, while using "N" − 1.5 (for the normal distribution) almost completely eliminates bias.


title: Standard deviation

text: The formula for the "population" standard deviation (of a finite population) can be applied to the sample, using the size of the sample as the size of the population (though the actual population size from which the sample is drawn may be much larger). This estimator, denoted by "s", is known as the "uncorrected sample standard deviation", or sometimes the "standard deviation of the sample" (considered as the entire population), and is defined as follows:


title: Standard deviation

text: where formula_18 are the observed values of the sample items, and formula_19 is the mean value of these observations, while the denominator "N" stands for the size of the sample: this is the square root of the sample variance, which is the average of the squared deviations about the sample mean.


title: Standard deviation

text: This is a consistent estimator (it converges in probability to the population value as the number of samples goes to infinity), and is the maximum-likelihood estimate when the population is normally distributed. However, this is a biased estimator, as the estimates are generally too low. The bias decreases as sample size grows, dropping off as 1/"N", and thus is most significant for small or moderate sample sizes; for formula_20 the bias is below 1%. Thus for very large sample sizes, the uncorrected sample standard deviation is generally acceptable. This estimator also has a uniformly smaller mean squared error than the corrected sample standard deviation.


title: Standard deviation

text: If the "biased sample variance" (the second central moment of the sample, which is a downward-biased estimate of the population variance) is used to compute an estimate of the population's standard deviation, the result is


title: Standard deviation

text: Here taking the square root introduces further downward bias, by Jensen's inequality, due to the square root's being a concave function. The bias in the variance is easily corrected, but the bias from the square root is more difficult to correct, and depends on the distribution in question.


title: Standard deviation

text: An unbiased estimator for the "variance" is given by applying Bessel's correction, using "N" − 1 instead of "N" to yield the "unbiased sample variance," denoted "s":


title: Standard deviation

text: This estimator is unbiased if the variance exists and the sample values are drawn independently with replacement. "N" − 1 corresponds to the number of degrees of freedom in the vector of deviations from the mean, formula_23


title: Standard deviation

text: Taking square roots reintroduces bias (because the square root is a nonlinear function which does not commute with the expectation, i.e. often formula_24), yielding the "corrected sample standard deviation," denoted by "s:"


title: Standard deviation

text: As explained above, while "s" is an unbiased estimator for the population variance, "s" is still a biased estimator for the population standard deviation, though markedly less biased than the uncorrected sample standard deviation. This estimator is commonly used and generally known simply as the "sample standard deviation". The bias may still be large for small samples ("N" less than 10). As sample size increases, the amount of bias decreases. We obtain more information and the difference between formula_26 and formula_27 becomes smaller.


title: Standard deviation

text: For unbiased estimation of standard deviation, there is no formula that works across all distributions, unlike for mean and variance. Instead, "s" is used as a basis, and is scaled by a correction factor to produce an unbiased estimate. For the normal distribution, an unbiased estimator is given by "s"/"c", where the correction factor (which depends on "N") is given in terms of the Gamma function, and equals:


title: Standard deviation

text: This arises because the sampling distribution of the sample standard deviation follows a (scaled) chi distribution, and the correction factor is the mean of the chi distribution.


title: Standard deviation

text: The error in this approximation decays quadratically (as 1/"N"), and it is suited for all but the smallest samples or highest precision: for "N" = 3 the bias is equal to 1.3%, and for "N" = 9 the bias is already less than 0.1%.


title: Standard deviation

text: For other distributions, the correct formula depends on the distribution, but a rule of thumb is to use the further refinement of the approximation:


title: Standard deviation

text: where "γ" denotes the population excess kurtosis. The excess kurtosis may be either known beforehand for certain distributions, or estimated from the data.


title: Standard deviation

text: The standard deviation we obtain by sampling a distribution is itself not absolutely accurate, both for mathematical reasons (explained here by the confidence interval) and for practical reasons of measurement (measurement error). The mathematical effect can be described by the confidence interval or CI.


title: Standard deviation

text: To show how a larger sample will make the confidence interval narrower, consider the following examples:


title: Standard deviation

text: A small population of "N" = 2 has only 1 degree of freedom for estimating the standard deviation. The result is that a 95% CI of the SD runs from 0.45 × SD to 31.9 × SD; the factors here are as follows:


title: Standard deviation

text: where formula_34 is the "p"-th quantile of the chi-square distribution with "k" degrees of freedom, and formula_35 is the confidence level. This is equivalent to the following:


title: Standard deviation

text: With "k" = 1, formula_37 and formula_38. The reciprocals of the square roots of these two numbers give us the factors 0.45 and 31.9 given above.


title: Standard deviation

text: A larger population of "N" = 10 has 9 degrees of freedom for estimating the standard deviation. The same computations as above give us in this case a 95% CI running from 0.69 × SD to 1.83 × SD. So even with a sample population of 10, the actual SD can still be almost a factor 2 higher than the sampled SD. For a sample population N=100, this is down to 0.88 × SD to 1.16 × SD. To be more certain that the sampled SD is close to the actual SD we need to sample a large number of points.


title: Standard deviation

text: These same formulae can be used to obtain confidence intervals on the variance of residuals from a least squares fit under standard normal theory, where "k" is now the number of degrees of freedom for error.


title: Standard deviation

text: For a set of "N" > 4 data spanning a range of values "R", an upper bound on the standard deviation "s" is given by "s = 0.6R".


title: Standard deviation

text: An estimate of the standard deviation for "N" > 100 data taken to be approximately normal follows from the heuristic that 95% of the area under the normal curve lies roughly two standard deviations to either side of the mean, so that, with 95% probability the total range of values "R" represents four standard deviations so that "s ≈ R/4". This so-called range rule is useful in sample size estimation, as the range of possible values is easier to estimate than the standard deviation. Other divisors "K(N)" of the range such that "s ≈ R/K(N)" are available for other values of "N" and for non-normal distributions.


title: Standard deviation

text: The standard deviation is invariant under changes in location, and scales directly with the scale of the random variable. Thus, for a constant "c" and random variables "X" and "Y":


title: Standard deviation

text: The standard deviation of the sum of two random variables can be related to their individual standard deviations and the covariance between them:


title: Standard deviation

text: The calculation of the sum of squared deviations can be related to moments calculated directly from the data. In the following formula, the letter E is interpreted to mean expected value, i.e., mean.


title: Standard deviation

text: which means that the standard deviation is equal to the square root of the difference between the average of the squares of the values and the square of the average value.


title: Standard deviation

text: See computational formula for the variance for proof, and for an analogous result for the sample standard deviation.


title: Standard deviation

text: A large standard deviation indicates that the data points can spread far from the mean and a small standard deviation indicates that they are clustered closely around the mean.


title: Standard deviation

text: For example, each of the three populations {0, 0, 14, 14}, {0, 6, 8, 14} and {6, 6, 8, 8} has a mean of 7. Their standard deviations are 7, 5, and 1, respectively. The third population has a much smaller standard deviation than the other two because its values are all close to 7. These standard deviations have the same units as the data points themselves. If, for instance, the data set {0, 6, 8, 14} represents the ages of a population of four siblings in years, the standard deviation is 5 years. As another example, the population {1000, 1006, 1008, 1014} may represent the distances traveled by four athletes, measured in meters. It has a mean of 1007 meters, and a standard deviation of 5 meters.


title: Standard deviation

text: Standard deviation may serve as a measure of uncertainty. In physical science, for example, the reported standard deviation of a group of repeated measurements gives the precision of those measurements. When deciding whether measurements agree with a theoretical prediction, the standard deviation of those measurements is of crucial importance: if the mean of the measurements is too far away from the prediction (with the distance measured in standard deviations), then the theory being tested probably needs to be revised. This makes sense since they fall outside the range of values that could reasonably be expected to occur, if the prediction were correct and the standard deviation appropriately quantified. See prediction interval.


title: Standard deviation

text: While the standard deviation does measure how far typical values tend to be from the mean, other measures are available. An example is the mean absolute deviation, which might be considered a more direct measure of average distance, compared to the root mean square distance inherent in the standard deviation.


title: Standard deviation

text: The practical value of understanding the standard deviation of a set of values is in appreciating how much variation there is from the average (mean).


title: Standard deviation

text: For example, in industrial applications the weight of products coming off a production line may need to comply with a legally required value. By weighing some fraction of the products an average weight can be found, which will always be slightly different from the long-term average. By using standard deviations, a minimum and maximum value can be calculated that the averaged weight will be within some very high percentage of the time (99.9% or more). If it falls outside the range then the production process may need to be corrected. Statistical tests such as these are particularly important when the testing is relatively expensive. For example, if the product needs to be opened and drained and weighed, or if the product was otherwise used up by the test.


title: Standard deviation

text: In experimental science, a theoretical model of reality is used. Particle physics conventionally uses a standard of "5 sigma" for the declaration of a discovery. A five-sigma level translates to one chance in 3.5 million that a random fluctuation would yield the result. This level of certainty was required in order to assert that a particle consistent with the Higgs boson had been discovered in two independent experiments at CERN, also leading to the declaration of the first observation of gravitational waves.


title: Standard deviation

text: As a simple example, consider the average daily maximum temperatures for two cities, one inland and one on the coast. It is helpful to understand that the range of daily maximum temperatures for cities near the coast is smaller than for cities inland. Thus, while these two cities may each have the same average maximum temperature, the standard deviation of the daily maximum temperature for the coastal city will be less than that of the inland city as, on any particular day, the actual maximum temperature is more likely to be farther from the average maximum temperature for the inland city than for the coastal one.


title: Standard deviation

text: In finance, standard deviation is often used as a measure of the risk associated with price-fluctuations of a given asset (stocks, bonds, property, etc.), or the risk of a portfolio of assets (actively managed mutual funds, index mutual funds, or ETFs). Risk is an important factor in determining how to efficiently manage a portfolio of investments because it determines the variation in returns on the asset and/or portfolio and gives investors a mathematical basis for investment decisions (known as mean-variance optimization). The fundamental concept of risk is that as it increases, the expected return on an investment should increase as well, an increase known as the risk premium. In other words, investors should expect a higher return on an investment when that investment carries a higher level of risk or uncertainty. When evaluating investments, investors should estimate both the expected return and the uncertainty of future returns. Standard deviation provides a quantified estimate of the uncertainty of future returns.


title: Standard deviation

text: For example, assume an investor had to choose between two stocks. Stock A over the past 20 years had an average return of 10 percent, with a standard deviation of 20 percentage points (pp) and Stock B, over the same period, had average returns of 12 percent but a higher standard deviation of 30 pp. On the basis of risk and return, an investor may decide that Stock A is the safer choice, because Stock B's additional two percentage points of return is not worth the additional 10 pp standard deviation (greater risk or uncertainty of the expected return). Stock B is likely to fall short of the initial investment (but also to exceed the initial investment) more often than Stock A under the same circumstances, and is estimated to return only two percent more on average. In this example, Stock A is expected to earn about 10 percent, plus or minus 20 pp (a range of 30 percent to −10 percent), about two-thirds of the future year returns. When considering more extreme possible returns or outcomes in future, an investor should expect results of as much as 10 percent plus or minus 60 pp, or a range from 70 percent to −50 percent, which includes outcomes for three standard deviations from the average return (about 99.7 percent of probable returns).


title: Standard deviation

text: Calculating the average (or arithmetic mean) of the return of a security over a given period will generate the expected return of the asset. For each period, subtracting the expected return from the actual return results in the difference from the mean. Squaring the difference in each period and taking the average gives the overall variance of the return of the asset. The larger the variance, the greater risk the security carries. Finding the square root of this variance will give the standard deviation of the investment tool in question.


title: Standard deviation

text: Population standard deviation is used to set the width of Bollinger Bands, a technical analysis tool. For example, the upper Bollinger Band is given as formula_46 The most commonly used value for "n" is 2; there is about a five percent chance of going outside, assuming a normal distribution of returns.


title: Standard deviation

text: Financial time series are known to be non-stationary series, whereas the statistical calculations above, such as standard deviation, apply only to stationary series. To apply the above statistical tools to non-stationary series, the series first must be transformed to a stationary series, enabling use of statistical tools that now have a valid basis from which to work.


title: Standard deviation

text: To gain some geometric insights and clarification, we will start with a population of three values, "x", "x", "x". This defines a point "P" = ("x", "x", "x") in R. Consider the line "L" = {("r", "r", "r") : "r" ∈ R}. This is the "main diagonal" going through the origin. If our three given values were all equal, then the standard deviation would be zero and "P" would lie on "L". So it is not unreasonable to assume that the standard deviation is related to the "distance" of "P" to "L". That is indeed the case. To move orthogonally from "L" to the point "P", one begins at the point:


title: Standard deviation

text: A little algebra shows that the distance between "P" and "M" (which is the same as the orthogonal distance between "P" and the line "L") formula_56 is equal to the standard deviation of the vector ("x", "x", "x"), multiplied by the square root of the number of dimensions of the vector (3 in this case).


title: Standard deviation

text: An observation is rarely more than a few standard deviations away from the mean. Chebyshev's inequality ensures that, for all distributions for which the standard deviation is defined, the amount of data within a number of standard deviations of the mean is at least as much as given in the following table.


title: Standard deviation

text: The central limit theorem states that the distribution of an average of many independent, identically distributed random variables tends toward the famous bell-shaped normal distribution with a probability density function of


title: Standard deviation

text: where "μ" is the expected value of the random variables, "σ" equals their distribution's standard deviation divided by "n", and "n" is the number of random variables. The standard deviation therefore is simply a scaling variable that adjusts how broad the curve will be, though it also appears in the normalizing constant.


title: Standard deviation

text: If a data distribution is approximately normal, then the proportion of data values within "z" standard deviations of the mean is defined by:


title: Standard deviation

text: where formula_59 is the error function. The proportion that is less than or equal to a number, "x", is given by the cumulative distribution function:


title: Standard deviation

text: If a data distribution is approximately normal then about 68 percent of the data values are within one standard deviation of the mean (mathematically, "μ" ± "σ", where "μ" is the arithmetic mean), about 95 percent are within two standard deviations ("μ" ± 2"σ"), and about 99.7 percent lie within three standard deviations ("μ" ± 3"σ"). This is known as the "68–95–99.7 rule", or "the empirical rule".


title: Standard deviation

text: For various values of "z", the percentage of values expected to lie in and outside the symmetric interval, CI = (−"zσ", "zσ"), are as follows:


title: Standard deviation

text: The mean and the standard deviation of a set of data are descriptive statistics usually reported together. In a certain sense, the standard deviation is a "natural" measure of statistical dispersion if the center of the data is measured about the mean. This is because the standard deviation from the mean is smaller than from any other point. The precise statement is the following: suppose "x", ..., "x" are real numbers and define the function:


title: Standard deviation

text: Using calculus or by completing the square, it is possible to show that "σ"("r") has a unique minimum at the mean:


title: Standard deviation

text: Variability can also be measured by the coefficient of variation, which is the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean. It is a dimensionless number.


title: Standard deviation

text: Often, we want some information about the precision of the mean we obtained. We can obtain this by determining the standard deviation of the sampled mean. Assuming statistical independence of the values in the sample, the standard deviation of the mean is related to the standard deviation of the distribution by:


title: Standard deviation

text: where "N" is the number of observations in the sample used to estimate the mean. This can easily be proven with (see basic properties of the variance):


title: Standard deviation

text: In order to estimate the standard deviation of the mean formula_68 it is necessary to know the standard deviation of the entire population formula_69 beforehand. However, in most applications this parameter is unknown. For example, if a series of 10 measurements of a previously unknown quantity is performed in a laboratory, it is possible to calculate the resulting sample mean and sample standard deviation, but it is impossible to calculate the standard deviation of the mean. However, one can estimate the standard deviation of the entire population from the sample, and thus obtain an estimate for the standard error of the mean.


title: Standard deviation

text: The following two formulas can represent a running (repeatedly updated) standard deviation. A set of two power sums "s" and "s" are computed over a set of "N" values of "x", denoted as "x", ..., "x":


title: Standard deviation

text: Given the results of these running summations, the values "N", "s", "s" can be used at any time to compute the "current" value of the running standard deviation:


title: Standard deviation

text: In a computer implementation, as the two "s" sums become large, we need to consider round-off error, arithmetic overflow, and arithmetic underflow. The method below calculates the running sums method with reduced rounding errors. This is a "one pass" algorithm for calculating variance of "n" samples without the need to store prior data during the calculation. Applying this method to a time series will result in successive values of standard deviation corresponding to "n" data points as "n" grows larger with each new sample, rather than a constant-width sliding window calculation.


title: Standard deviation

text: When the values "x" are weighted with unequal weights "w", the power sums "s", "s", "s" are each computed as:


title: Standard deviation

text: And the standard deviation equations remain unchanged. "s" is now the sum of the weights and not the number of samples "N".


title: Standard deviation

text: The incremental method with reduced rounding errors can also be applied, with some additional complexity.


title: Standard deviation

text: The above formulas become equal to the simpler formulas given above if weights are taken as equal to one.


title: Standard deviation

text: The term "standard deviation" was first used in writing by Karl Pearson in 1894, following his use of it in lectures. This was as a replacement for earlier alternative names for the same idea: for example, Gauss used "mean error".


title: Standard deviation

text: In two dimensions, the standard deviation can be illustrated with the standard deviation ellipse (see "Multivariate normal distribution § Geometric interpretation").


title: Germany national football team

text: The Germany national football team () represents Germany in men's international football and played its first match in 1908. The team is governed by the German Football Association ("Deutscher Fußball-Bund"), founded in 1900. Between 1949 and 1990, separate German national teams were recognised by FIFA due to Allied occupation and division: the DFB's team representing the Federal Republic of Germany (commonly referred to as West Germany in English between 1949 and 1990), the Saarland team representing the Saar Protectorate (1950–1956) and the East Germany team representing the German Democratic Republic (1952–1990). The latter two were absorbed along with their records; the present team represents the reunified Federal Republic. The official name and code "Germany FR (FRG)" was shortened to "Germany (GER)" following reunification in 1990.


title: Germany national football team

text: Germany is one of the most successful national teams in international competitions, having won four World Cups (1954, 1974, 1990, 2014), three European Championships (1972, 1980, 1996), and one Confederations Cup (2017). They have also been runners-up three times in the European Championships, four times in the World Cup, and a further four third-place finishes at World Cups. East Germany won Olympic Gold in 1976. Germany is the only nation to have won both the FIFA World Cup and the FIFA Women's World Cup. At the end of the 2014 World Cup, Germany earned the second highest Elo rating of any national football team in history, with 2,223 points. Germany is also the only European nation that has won a FIFA World Cup in the Americas.


title: Germany national football team

text: On 1 August 2021, Hansi Flick became head coach of the team, after Joachim Löw announced that he would step down after UEFA Euro 2020.


title: Germany national football team

text: On 18 April 1897, an early international game on German soil was played in Hamburg when a selection team from the Danish Football Association defeated a selection team from the Hamburg-Altona Football Association, 5–0.


title: Germany national football team

text: Between 1899 and 1901, prior to the formation of a national team, there were five international matches between Germany and English selection teams, which are today not recognised as official by either nation's football association (in part because England fielded their amateur side, which was an overflow or B team). All five matches ended in large defeats for the Germany teams, including a 12–0 loss at White Hart Lane in September 1901. Eight years after the establishment of the German Football Association (DFB) in 1900, the first official match of the Germany national football team was played on 5 April 1908, against Switzerland in Basel, with the Swiss winning 5–3. A follow-up to the earlier series between England Amateurs and Germany occurred in March 1909 at Oxford's White House Ground and resulted in Germany's largest official defeat to date: 9-0 (this time, the match was recognised and recorded as official by the DFB but not by the FA, again due to the amateur side being fielded). These early confrontations formed the beginning of the rich rivalry between the two teams: one of the longest and most enduring international rivalries in football.


title: Germany national football team

text: Julius Hirsch was the first Jewish player to represent the Germany national football team, which he joined in 1911. Hirsch scored four goals for Germany against the Netherlands in 1912, becoming the first German to score four goals in a single match.


title: Germany national football team

text: Gottfried Fuchs scored a world record 10 goals for Germany in a 16–0 win against Russia at the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm on 1 July, becoming the top scorer of the tournament; his international record was not surpassed until 2001 when Australia's Archie Thompson scored 13 goals in a 31–0 defeat of American Samoa. He was Jewish, and the German Football Association erased all references to him from their records between 1933 and 1945. As of 2016, he was still the top German scorer for one match.


title: Germany national football team

text: At that time the players were selected by the DFB, as there was no dedicated coach. The first manager of the Germany national team was Otto Nerz, a school teacher from Mannheim, who served in the role from 1926 to 1936. The German FA could not afford travel to Uruguay for the first World Cup staged in 1930 during the Great Depression, but finished third in the 1934 World Cup in their first appearance in the competition. After a poor showing at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin, Sepp Herberger became coach. In 1937 he put together a squad which was soon nicknamed the "Breslau Elf" (the Breslau Eleven) in recognition of their 8–0 win over Denmark in the then German city of Breslau, Lower Silesia (now Wrocław, Poland).


title: Germany national football team

text: After Austria became part of Germany in the "Anschluss" of March 1938, the Austrian national team – one of Europe's best sides at the time due to professionalism – was disbanded despite having already qualified for the 1938 World Cup. Nazi politicians ordered five or six ex-Austrian players, from the clubs Rapid Vienna, Austria Vienna, and First Vienna FC, to join the "all-German" team on short notice in a staged show of unity for political reasons. At the 1938 World Cup in France, this "united" Germany national team managed only a 1–1 draw against Switzerland and then lost the replay 2–4 in front of a hostile crowd in Paris. That early exit stands as Germany's worst World Cup result, and one of just three occasions the team failed to progress from the group stage – the next would not occur until the 2018 tournament, and it would be repeated in 2022.


title: Germany national football team

text: During World War II, the team played over 30 international games between September 1939 and November 1942. National team games were then suspended, as most players had to join the armed forces. Many of the national team players were gathered together under coach Herberger as "Rote Jäger" through the efforts of a sympathetic air force officer trying to protect the footballers from the most dangerous wartime service.


title: Germany national football team

text: After World War II, Germany was banned from competition in most sports until 1950. The DFB was not a full member of FIFA, and none of the three new German states – West Germany, East Germany, and Saarland – entered the 1950 World Cup qualifiers.


title: Germany national football team

text: The Federal Republic of Germany, which was referred to as West Germany, continued the DFB. With recognition by FIFA and UEFA, the DFB maintained and continued the record of the pre-war team. Switzerland was the first team that played West Germany in 1950, with the latter qualifying for the 1954 World Cup and the former hosting it.


title: Germany national football team

text: The Saarland, under French control between 1946 and 1956, did not join French organisations, and was barred from participating in pan-German ones. It sent their own team to the 1952 Summer Olympics and to the 1954 World Cup qualifiers. In 1957, Saarland acceded to the Federal Republic of Germany.


title: Germany national football team

text: In 1949, the communist German Democratic Republic (East Germany) was founded. In 1952 the "Deutscher Fußball-Verband der DDR" (DFV) was established and the East Germany national football team took to the field. They were the only team to beat the 1974 FIFA World Cup winning West Germans in the only meeting of the two sides of the divided nation. East Germany won the gold medal at the 1976 Olympics. After German reunification in 1990, the eastern football competition was reintegrated into the DFB.


title: Germany national football team

text: West Germany, captained by Fritz Walter, met in the 1954 World Cup against Turkey, Yugoslavia and Austria. When playing favourites Hungary in the group stage, West Germany lost 3–8, and faced the Hungarian "Mighty Magyars" again in the final. Hungary had gone unbeaten for 32 consecutive matches, and West Germany snapped the streak by winning 3–2, with Helmut Rahn scoring the winning goal. The success is called "The Miracle of Bern" ("Das Wunder von Bern").


title: Germany national football team

text: After finishing fourth in the 1958 World Cup and reaching only the quarter-finals in the 1962 World Cup, the DFB made changes. Professionalism was introduced, and the best clubs from the various Regionalligas were assembled into the new Bundesliga. In 1964, Helmut Schön took over as coach, replacing Herberger who had been in office for 28 years.


title: Germany national football team

text: In the 1966 World Cup, West Germany reached the final after beating the USSR in the semi-final, facing hosts England. In extra time, the first goal by Geoff Hurst was one of the most contentious goals in the history of the World Cup: the linesman signalled the ball had crossed the line for a goal, after bouncing down from the crossbar, when replays showed it did not appear to have fully crossed the line. Hurst then scored another goal giving England a 4–2 win.


title: Germany national football team

text: West Germany in the 1970 World Cup knocked England out in the quarter-finals 3–2, before they suffered a 4–3 extra-time loss in the semi-final against Italy. This match with five goals in extra time is one of the most dramatic in World Cup history, and is called the "Game of the Century" in both Italy and Germany. West Germany claimed third by beating Uruguay 1–0. Gerd Müller finished as the tournament's top scorer with 10 goals.


title: Germany national football team

text: In 1971, Franz Beckenbauer became captain of the national team, and he led West Germany to victory at the European Championship at Euro 1972, defeating the Soviet Union 3–0 in the final.


title: Germany national football team

text: As hosts of the 1974 World Cup, they won their second World Cup, defeating the Netherlands 2–1 in the final in Munich.


title: Germany national football team

text: Two matches in the 1974 World Cup stood out for West Germany. The first group stage saw a politically charged match as West Germany played a game against East Germany. The East Germans won 1–0. The West Germans advanced to the final against the Johan Cruijff-led Dutch team and their brand of "Total Football". The Dutch took the lead from a penalty. However, West Germany tied the match on a penalty by Paul Breitner, and won it with Gerd Müller's fine finish soon after.


title: Germany national football team

text: West Germany failed to defend their titles in the next two major international tournaments. They lost to Czechoslovakia in the final of Euro 1976 in a penalty shootout 5–3, their last penalty shootout loss in a major tournament as of 2022.


title: Germany national football team

text: In the 1978 World Cup, Germany was eliminated in the second group stage after losing 3–2 to Austria. Schön retired as coach afterward, and the post was taken over by his assistant, Jupp Derwall.


title: Germany national football team

text: West Germany's first tournament under Derwall was successful, as they earned their second European title at Euro 1980 after defeating Belgium 2–1 in the final. West Germany started the 1982 World Cup with a 1–2 upset by newcomers Algeria in their first match, but advanced to the second round with a controversial 1–0 win over Austria. In the semi-final against France, they tied the match 3–3 and won the penalty shootout 5–4. In the final, they were defeated by Italy 1–3.


title: Germany national football team

text: During this period, West Germany's Gerd Müller racked up fourteen goals in two World Cups (1970 and 1974). His ten goals in 1970 are the third-most ever in a tournament. Müller's all-time World Cup record of 14 goals was broken by Ronaldo in 2006; this was then further broken by Miroslav Klose in 2014 with 16 goals.


title: Germany national football team

text: After West Germany were eliminated in the first round of Euro 1984, Franz Beckenbauer returned to the national team to replace Derwall as manager. At the 1986 World Cup in Mexico, West Germany finished as runners-up for the second consecutive tournament after beating France 2–0 in the semi-finals, but losing to the Diego Maradona-led Argentina in the final, 2–3. In Euro 1988, after drawing Italy 1–1 and beating both Denmark and Spain 2–0 in the group stage, West Germany's hopes of winning the tournament on home soil were spoiled by the Netherlands, as the Dutch beat them 2–1 in the semi-finals.


title: Germany national football team

text: At the 1990 World Cup in Italy, West Germany won their third World Cup title, in its unprecedented third consecutive final appearance. Captained by Lothar Matthäus, they defeated Yugoslavia (4–1), UAE (5–1), the Netherlands (2–1), Czechoslovakia (1–0), and England (1–1, 4–3 on penalty kicks) on the way to a final rematch against Argentina in Rome. West Germany won 1–0, with the only goal being a penalty scored in the 85th minute by Andreas Brehme. Beckenbauer, who won the World Cup as the national team's captain in 1974, thus became the first person to win the World Cup as both captain and manager, and the second to win as player and manager, after Mario Zagallo of Brazil.


title: Germany national football team

text: Prior to 1984, Olympic football was an amateur event, meaning that only non-professional players could participate due to this, West Germany was never able to achieve the same degree of success at the Olympics as at the World Cup. The first medal coming in the 1988 Olympics, when they won the bronze medal after beating Italy 3–0 in the 3rd place match. West Germany also reached the second round in both 1972 and 1984. On the other hand, due to having an ability to field its top-level players who were classified as amateurs on a technicality East Germany did better, winning a gold, a silver and two bronze medals (one representing the United Team of Germany).


title: Germany national football team

text: In February 1990, months after the fall of the Berlin Wall, East Germany and West Germany were drawn together in UEFA Euro 1992 qualifying Group 5. In November 1990, the East German association Deutscher Fußball-Verband integrated into the DFB, by which time the East Germany team had ceased operations, playing its last match on 12 September 1990. The unified Germany national team completed the European Championship qualifying group. The East German 1990–91 league continued, with a restructuring of German leagues in 1991–92. The first game with a unified Germany national team was against Switzerland on 19 December.


title: Germany national football team

text: After the 1990 World Cup, assistant Berti Vogts took over as the national team coach from the retiring Beckenbauer. In Euro 1992, Germany reached the final, but lost 0–2 to underdogs Denmark.


title: Germany national football team

text: Reunified Germany won its first major international title at Euro 1996, becoming European champions for the third time. They defeated hosts England in the semi-finals, and the Czech Republic 2–1 in the final on a golden goal in extra time.


title: Germany national football team

text: However, in the 1998 World Cup, Germany were eliminated in the quarterfinals in a 0–3 defeat to Croatia, all goals being scored after defender Christian Wörns received a straight red card. Vogts stepped down afterwards and was replaced by Erich Ribbeck.


title: Germany national football team

text: In Euro 2000, the team went out in the first round, drawing with Romania, then suffering a 1–0 defeat to England and were routed 3–0 by Portugal (which fielded their backup players, having already advanced). Ribbeck resigned, and was replaced by Rudi Völler.


title: Germany national football team

text: Coming into the 2002 World Cup, expectations of Germany were low due to poor results in the qualifiers, and not directly qualifying for the finals for the first time. The team advanced through group play, and in the knockout stages they produced three consecutive 1–0 wins against Paraguay, the United States, and co-hosts South Korea. Oliver Neuville scored two minutes from time against Paraguay and Michael Ballack scored both goals in the US and South Korea games, although he picked up a second yellow card against South Korea for a tactical foul and was suspended for the subsequent match. This set up a final against Brazil, the first World Cup meeting between the two. Germany lost 0–2 thanks to two Ronaldo goals. Nevertheless, German captain and goalkeeper Oliver Kahn won the Golden Ball, the first time in the World Cup that a goalkeeper was named the best player of the tournament.


title: Germany national football team

text: Germany again exited in the first round of Euro 2004, drawing their first two matches and losing the third to the Czech Republic (who had fielded a second-string team). Völler resigned afterwards, and Jürgen Klinsmann was appointed head coach.


title: Germany national football team

text: Klinsmann's main task was to lead the national team to a good showing at the 2006 World Cup in Germany. He relieved goalkeeper Kahn of the captaincy and announced that Kahn and longtime backup Jens Lehmann would be competing for the position of starting goaltender, a decision that angered Kahn and Lehmann eventually won that contest. Expectations for the team were low, which was not helped by veteran defender Christian Wörns being dropped (after Wörns criticised Klinsmann for designating him only as a backup player on the squad), a choice roundly panned in Germany. Italy routed Germany 4–1 in a March 2006 exhibition game, and Klinsmann bore the brunt of the criticism as the team was ranked only 22nd in the world entering the 2006 World Cup.


title: Germany national football team

text: As World Cup hosts, Germany won all three group stage matches to finish top of their group. The team defeated Sweden 2–0 in the round of 16,


title: Germany national football team

text: and Argentina in the quarter-finals in a penalty shootout. The semi-final against Italy was scoreless until near the end of extra time when Germany conceded two goals.


title: Germany national football team

text: Germany's entry into the Euro 2008 qualifying round was marked by the promotion of Joachim Löw to head coach, since Klinsmann resigned.


title: Germany national football team

text: At UEFA Euro 2008, Germany won two out of three matches in group play to advance to the knockout round.


title: Germany national football team

text: In the 2010 World Cup, Germany won the group and advanced to the knockout stage. In the round of 16, Germany defeated England 4–1. The game controversially had a valid goal by Frank Lampard disallowed. In the quarter-finals, Germany defeated Argentina 4–0, and Miroslav Klose tied German Gerd Müller's record of 14 World Cup goals.


title: Germany national football team

text: In the semi-final, Germany lost 1–0 to Spain. Germany defeated Uruguay 3–2 to take third place (their second third place after 2006). German Thomas Müller won the Golden Boot and the Best Young Player Award.


title: Germany national football team

text: In Euro 2012, Germany was placed in group B along with Portugal, Netherlands, and Denmark. Germany won all three group matches. Germany defeated Greece in the quarter-final and set a record of 15 consecutive wins in all competitive matches. In the semi-finals, Germany lost to Italy, 1–2.


title: Germany national football team

text: Germany were placed in Group G of the 2014 World Cup, with Portugal, Ghana, and the United States. They first faced Portugal in a match billed by some as the "team of all the talents against the team of The Talent (Cristiano Ronaldo)", routing the Portuguese 4–0 thanks to a hat-trick by Thomas Müller. In their match with Ghana, they led the game with Götze's second half goal, but then conceded two consecutive goals. Klose scored a goal to level Germany 2–2, his 15th World Cup goal to join former Brazil striker Ronaldo at the pinnacle of World Cup Finals scorers. They then went on to defeat the Klinsmann-led United States 1–0, securing them a spot in the round of sixteen against Algeria.


title: Germany national football team

text: The round of sixteen knockout match against Algeria remained goalless after regulation time, resulting in extra time. In the 92nd minute, André Schürrle scored a goal from a Thomas Müller pass. Mesut Özil scored Germany's second goal in the 120th minute. Algeria managed to score one goal in injury time and the match ended 2–1. Germany secured a place in the quarter-final, where they would face France.


title: Germany national football team

text: In the quarter-final match against France, Mats Hummels scored in the 13th minute. Germany won the game 1–0 to advance to a record fourth consecutive semi-finals.


title: Germany national football team

text: The 7–1 semi-final win against Brazil was one of the most memorable games in World Cup history; Germany scored four goals in just less than seven minutes and were 5–0 up by the 30th minute with goals from Thomas Müller, Miroslav Klose, Sami Khedira and two from Toni Kroos. Germany's 7–0 in the second half was the highest score against Brazil in a single game. Germany conceded a late goal to Brazil's Oscar. It was Brazil's worst ever World Cup defeat, whilst Germany broke multiple World Cup records with the win, including the record broken by Klose, the first team to reach four consecutive World Cup semi-finals, the first team to score seven goals in a World Cup Finals knockout phase game, the fastest five consecutive goals in World Cup history (four of which in just 400 seconds), and the first team to score five goals in the first half in a World Cup semi-final.


title: Germany national football team

text: The World Cup Final was held at the Maracana in Rio de Janeiro on 13 July, and billed as the world's best player (Lionel Messi) versus the world's best team (Germany). Mario Götze's 113th-minute goal helped Germany beat Argentina 1–0, becoming the first-ever European team to win a FIFA World Cup in the Americas and the second European team to win the title outside Europe.


title: Germany national football team

text: After several players retired from the team following the 2014 World Cup win, including Philipp Lahm, Per Mertesacker and Miroslav Klose, the team had a disappointing start in the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifiers. They defeated Scotland 2–1 at home, then suffered a 2–0 loss at Poland (the first in their history), a 1–1 draw against the Republic of Ireland, and a 4–0 win over Gibraltar. The year ended with an away 0–1 friendly win against Spain.


title: Germany national football team

text: Troubles during qualifying for the 2016 European Championship continued, drawing at home, as well as losing away, to Ireland; the team also only narrowly defeated Scotland on two occasions, but handily won the return against Poland and both games against Gibraltar (who competed for the first time). They would eventually win their group and qualify for the tournament through a 2–1 victory against Georgia on 11 October 2015.


title: Germany national football team

text: On 13 November 2015, Germany played a friendly against France in Paris when a series of terrorist attacks took place in the city, some in the direct vicinity of the Stade de France, where the game was held. For security reasons, the team spent the night inside the stadium, accompanied by the French squad who stayed behind in an act of comradery. Four days later, Germany was scheduled to face the Netherlands at Hanover's HDI-Arena, in another friendly. After initial security reservations, the DFB decided to play the match on 15 November. After reports about a concrete threat to the stadium, the match was cancelled 90 minutes before kickoff.


title: Germany national football team

text: Germany began their campaign for a fourth European title with a 2–0 win against Ukraine on 12 June 2016. Against Poland, Germany was held to a 0–0 draw but concluded Group C play with a 1–0 win against Northern Ireland. In the Round of 16, Germany faced Slovakia and earned a comfortable 3–0 win. Germany then faced off against rivals Italy in the quarter-finals. Mesut Özil opened the scoring in the 65th minute for Germany, before Leonardo Bonucci drew even after converting a penalty in the 78th minute. The score remained 1–1 after extra time, and Germany beat Italy 6–5 in a penalty shootout. It was the first time Germany had overcome Italy in a major tournament. The Germans lost to hosts France 2–0 in the semi-finals, their first competitive win against Germany in 58 years.


title: Germany national football team

text: Germany qualified for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup after winning the 2014 World Cup, and won the last version of the Confederations Cup after a 1–0 win against Chile in the final at the Krestovsky Stadium in Saint Petersburg, Russia.


title: Germany national football team

text: After winning all their qualifying matches and the Confederations Cup the previous year, Germany started their 2018 World Cup campaign with a defeat to Mexico, their first loss in an opening match since the 1982 World Cup. Germany defeated Sweden 2–1 in their second game via an injury-time winner from Toni Kroos, but was subsequently eliminated following a 2–0 loss to South Korea, their first exit in the first round since 1938 and first ever in the group stage since the format had been reintroduced in 1950.


title: Germany national football team

text: Following the World Cup, Germany's struggles continued into the inaugural UEFA Nations League. After a 0–0 draw at home against France, they lost 3–0 against the Netherlands and 1–2 in the rematch against France three days later; the latter result being their fourth loss in six competitive matches. These results meant that Germany could not advance to the 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals and faced the prospect of possible relegation to League B in the next Nations League.


title: Germany national football team

text: After the Netherlands' win against France, the relegation to League B was originally confirmed, but due to the overhaul of the format for the 2020–21 UEFA Nations League, Germany was spared from relegation to League B.


title: Germany national football team

text: In March 2021, the DFB announced that Löw would step down as Germany's manager after Euro 2021. Later that month, Germany lost 1–2 at home to North Macedonia in the 2022 World Cup qualifiers, their first World Cup qualification defeat since losing 5–1 to England in the 2002 World Cup qualifiers and only their third in history. On 25 May 2021, the DFB announced that former assistant manager Hansi Flick will replace Löw as head coach.


title: Germany national football team

text: At Euro 2020 (delayed until 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic), Germany were drawn with World Cup champions France (to whom they lost 1–0) and reigning European champions Portugal (whom they defeated 4–2, albeit with the help of two Portuguese own goals), with each group having only two guaranteed qualifiers for the next phase, plus a chance for the third-placed team. In the final group match, the Hungarians who took the lead twice, only to draw. Germany then lost 2–0 to England in the round of 16, their first round of 16 exit in a major tournament.


title: Germany national football team

text: Following Germany's disappointment at Euro 2020, Hansi Flick, former Bayern Munich manager, took over as coach of the national team. Success only followed from there, as Germany went on to beat Liechtenstein, Armenia, Iceland, Romania and North Macedonia in a month's succession. On 11 October 2021, Germany beat North Macedonia 4–0 to become the first team to qualify for the 2022 World Cup in Qatar.


title: Germany national football team

text: In the 2022–23 Nations League, Germany recorded their first-ever competitive win against Italy as the Germans beat the visitors 5–2. This was Germany's fourth game and first win in the league, however the Germans finished third in the group.


title: Germany national football team

text: In the 2022 World Cup, Germany were drawn into Group E with Spain, Japan and Costa Rica. The campaign started with a shock 2–1 defeat to Japan. Germany drew 1–1 with Spain, and then were knocked out of the World Cup in the group stage for the second consecutive tournament, despite a 4–2 win over Costa Rica, missing out on a place in the knockout stages on goal difference.


title: Germany national football team

text: The national team's home kit has been traditionally a white shirt, black shorts, and white socks. The colours are derived from the 19th-century flag of the North German State of Prussia. Since 1988, many of the home kit's designs incorporate details patterned after the modern German flag. For the 2014 World Cup, Germany's kit was white shorts rather than the traditional black due to FIFA's kit clashing rule for the tournament. The away shirt colour has changed several times. Historically, a green shirt with white shorts is the most often used alternative colour combination, derived from the DFB colours – though it is often erroneously reported that the choice is in recognition of the fact that Ireland, whose home shirts are green, were the first nation to play Germany in a friendly game after World War II. However, the first team to play Germany after WWII, as stated above, was actually Switzerland. Other colours such as red, grey and black have also been used.


title: Germany national football team

text: A change from black to red came in 2005 on the request of Jürgen Klinsmann, but Germany played every game at the 2006 World Cup in its home white colours. In 2010, the away colours then changed back to a black shirt and white shorts, but at the World Cup, the team dressed up in the black shorts from the home kit. The kit used by Germany returned to a green shirt on its away kit, but then changed again to red-and-black striped shirts with white stripes and letters and black shorts.


title: Germany national football team

text: Adidas AG is the longstanding kit provider to the national team, a sponsorship that began in 1954 and is contracted to continue until at least 2022. In the 70s, Germany wore Erima kits (a German brand, formerly a subsidiary of Adidas).


title: Germany national football team

text: Germany plays its home matches among various stadiums, in rotation, around the country. They have played home matches in 43 different cities so far, including venues that were German at the time of the match, such as Vienna, Austria, which staged three games between 1938 and 1942.


title: Germany national football team

text: National team matches have been held most often in Berlin (46 matches), which was the venue of Germany's first home match (in 1908 against England). Other common host cities include Hamburg (34 matches), Stuttgart (32), Hanover (28) and Dortmund. Munich also hosted noteworthy matches including the 1974 World Cup final.


title: Germany national football team

text: Germany's qualifying and friendly matches are televised by privately owned RTL; Nations League by public broadcasters ARD and ZDF. World Cup & European Championships matches featuring the Germany national team are among the most-watched events in the history of television in Germany.


title: Germany national football team

text: Germany has won the FIFA World Cup four times, behind only Brazil's five. It has finished as runners-up four times. In terms of semi-final appearances, Germany leads with 13, two more than Brazil's 11, who have participated in every single tournament. From 1954 to 2014 (16 tournaments), Germany reached at least the stage of the last eight teams, before being eliminated in the group stage in 2018. Germany has also qualified for every one of the 19 World Cups for which it has entered – it did not enter the inaugural competition in Uruguay of 1930 for economic reasons, and were banned from the 1950 World Cup as the DFB was reinstated as a FIFA member only two months after this tournament.


title: Germany national football team

text: Germany has also won the European Championship three times, the joint-most with Spain. France and Italy, with two titles each, are the only other multiple winners. Germany finished as runners-up three times. The Germans have qualified for every European Championship tournament except for the first European Championship they entered in 1968. For that tournament, Germany was in the only group of three teams and thus only played four qualifying games. The deciding game was a scoreless draw in Albania which gave Yugoslavia the edge, having won in their neighbour country. The team finished outside the top eight in only three occasions: group stage eliminations in 2000 and 2004 alongside a round of 16 exit in 2020. In the other editions Germany participated in they reached nine times at least the semi-finals, an unparalleled record in Europe.


title: Germany national football team

text: "See also East Germany and Saarland for the results of these separate Germany teams, and Austria for the team that was merged into the Germany national team from 1938 to 1945."


title: CODA (2021 film)

text: CODA is a 2021 coming-of-age comedy-drama film written and directed by Sian Heder. An English-language remake of the 2014 French-Belgian film "La Famille Bélier", it stars Emilia Jones as Ruby Rossi, the titular child of deaf adults (CODA) and only hearing member of her family, a teenager who attempts to help her family's struggling fishing business while pursuing her own aspirations of being a singer. The movie uses deaf actors to play the deaf characters, who, along with Jones, communicate using American Sign Language. Eugenio Derbez, Troy Kotsur, Ferdia Walsh-Peelo, Daniel Durant, and Marlee Matlin are featured in supporting roles. An international co-production between the United States and France, with Philippe Rousselet of "La Famille Bélier" reprising his role as producer, it was filmed on location in Gloucester, Massachusetts, in the United States.


title: CODA (2021 film)

text: "CODA" had its world premiere on , 2021, at the 2021 Sundance Film Festival, where Apple acquired its distribution rights for a festival-record $25 million. The film was released in theaters and through the Apple TV+ streaming service on August 13, 2021. It received positive reviews from critics, although feedback from deaf viewers was polarized. It was named one of the top 10 films of 2021 by the American Film Institute.


title: CODA (2021 film)

text: "CODA" won numerous awards, including the three nominations it received at the 94th Academy Awards – Best Picture, Best Supporting Actor for Kotsur, and Best Adapted Screenplay – becoming the first film both distributed by a streaming service and the first film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival to win Best Picture. The film also won the Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture and the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, while the cast won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture.


title: CODA (2021 film)

text: In Gloucester, on the northeast coast of Massachusetts, Ruby Rossi is the only hearing member of her family; her parents, Frank and Jackie, and older brother, Leo, are all deaf. She assists with the family fishing business and plans to join it full-time after high school. One day Ruby impulsively signs up for choir at her school. The music teacher, Mr. Bernardo "Mr. V" Villalobos, encourages Ruby to sing. He assigns her to sing a duet with Miles, a boy she likes.


title: CODA (2021 film)

text: Meanwhile, Frank and Leo struggle to make ends meet with the fishing business as new fees and sanctions are imposed by the local board. At a board meeting, everyone is angry about the fact that more boats are disappearing from the harbor despite the fact that the counsel is trying to help. During the yelling Frank stands and announces that he is going to start his own company to get around the new restrictions and intends to sell his fish on his own, inviting other local fishermen to join him. The family struggles to get the new business off the ground, relying on Ruby to spread the word.


title: CODA (2021 film)

text: Mr. V encourages Ruby to audition for Berklee College of Music, his alma mater. He offers her private lessons to prepare, as he is already privately tutoring Miles. Ruby agrees, but her increasing commitments to the family business—her parents are dependent upon her to interpret for them—cause her to be late to their lessons. Mr. V grows irritated with Ruby's constant tardiness and chastises her for wasting his time and not caring enough about music.


title: CODA (2021 film)

text: While fishing one day, when Ruby is off swimming with Miles, Frank and Leo sail with a federal fishing observer on board, who does not know in advance that Frank and Leo are deaf. The boat is intercepted by the Coast Guard, after failing to respond to ship horns and radio calls. Frank and Leo are fined and have their fishing licenses suspended for negligence. When they tell Ruby that she should have been on the boat with them, she tells them she can't always interpret for them and this was not her fault at all. Frank and Leo appeal and manage to get their license back, on the condition that they have a hearing person on board at all times. Ruby announces to the family that she is forgoing college and will join the business full-time. Her parents are supportive, but Leo reacts angrily, insisting that they can manage without Ruby as she truly has talent. He and Ruby later have an argument where he tells her that she will regret not going to college forever if she doesn't go.


title: CODA (2021 film)

text: Ruby's family attends her choir recital, and while they cannot hear her sing, they notice the positive reception from the surrounding audience. That night, Frank asks Ruby to sing for him while he feels her vocal cords, growing emotional. The entire family then drives to Boston with Ruby for her Berklee audition. Before her audition, she sees Miles, who reveals that he failed at his audition and wishes her luck. Ruby's family sneak up to the balcony while Mr. V comes to accompany her on piano, in spite of the general prohibition on outside attendees for auditions. Ruby is nervous and unprepared at first, but after Mr. V deliberately makes a mistake on his accompaniment, she's allowed to start again and gains confidence when she sees her family. Ruby signs along while singing "Both Sides, Now" by Joni Mitchell, so they can understand what she is singing. The adjudicators notice the family, and surmise the particular family situation.


title: CODA (2021 film)

text: Some time later, Ruby is accepted to Berklee. Her family and Mr. V are delighted with the news. She invites Miles to visit her in Boston. Meanwhile, the hearing workers in the family's fishing business have been learning sign language, enabling them to communicate with and interpret for the family. Ruby's friend Gertie drives her to Boston for college as her family sees them off; Ruby signs, "I love you so much" (literal translation: "I really love you") to them as they drive away.


title: CODA (2021 film)

text: "CODA", written and directed by Sian Heder, is an English-language remake of the French-language film "La Famille Bélier", which was released in 2014 and was successful at the French box office. Philippe Rousselet was one of the original film's producers, and he had the rights to do a remake. He and producer Patrick Wachsberger approached Heder to direct a remake for a United States audience. Heder said, "They were interested in adapting the film, but they wanted someone to make it unique and take the premise from the original and, also, reinvent it." By May 2019, the companies Pathé Films and Vendôme Group had formed a film production partnership to develop and produce English-language films, with the first being "CODA".


title: CODA (2021 film)

text: "CODA" is set in Gloucester, Massachusetts. While its predecessor "La Famille Bélier" was set on a rural dairy farm in France, Heder chose to set "CODA" in Gloucester, being familiar with the city from visiting the North Shore in the summer when growing up. Heder explained, "For me, it has the combination of being very picturesque and quintessentially New England but also with a working-class grit to it." Heder learned American Sign Language in the process of writing the script, with 40% of it ultimately being in ASL. The director was helped by two deaf collaborators whom she called "ASL masters", Alexandria Wailes and Anne Tomasetti.


title: CODA (2021 film)

text: To prepare for the film, Heder observed a fish processing plant and consulted the local harbormaster about how authorities would raid a boat. She received feedback from director Kenneth Lonergan—who directed the 2016 film "Manchester by the Sea", which was set in Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts—and members of the fishing-industry nonprofit Gloucester Fishermen's Wives Association. Several consultants and a fisherman educated Heder in local fishing practices.


title: CODA (2021 film)

text: Heder first cast Marlee Matlin in "CODA". During the development process, the film's financiers resisted casting deaf actors for the remaining deaf characters. Matlin threatened to drop out unless deaf actors were cast, and the financiers ultimately relented.


title: CODA (2021 film)

text: Heder described the casting as an opportunity for Matlin to play against type, her previous roles having been "'put-together' and classy characters". Heder said, "Marlee, in real life, is much more funny, and she has a dirty sense of humor. This (role) was a working-class fisherman's wife, and she has a lot of elements of her personality that were very right for this character." Matlin used her connections with Deaf West Theatre in Los Angeles, California, to help Heder find additional deaf actors. Heder saw Troy Kotsur in a Deaf West production and cast him as the fisherman and father. She cast Daniel Durant after finding him through auditions. Matlin, Kotsur, and Durant were already familiar with one other through their collaboration on the Deaf West production of the musical "Spring Awakening".


title: CODA (2021 film)

text: Matlin described her interest in getting "CODA" made, "I felt that audiences would really see deaf people in a film ... There are so many levels for people to identify with and, for people with no connection, who have never met a deaf person, to see sign language, to see deaf people in normal, day-to-day settings ... People think that deaf people are monolithic in how they approach life. And this film bursts that myth ... But to burst that myth, it had to be told as authentically as possible. And it's strange because studios clearly have the ability to greenlight a film and cast whomever they want, and there continues to be a lack of awareness that you can tell universal stories with deaf characters." Kotsur said, "You have to think a little bit outside the box and present more opportunities, instead of just having two options ... You know, you write this script because somebody's deaf, or I'm writing it because it's a character that happens to be deaf. There's a distinction there."


title: CODA (2021 film)

text: For the deaf actors, Heder hired a rotating group of ASL interpreters that facilitated communication with signing and speaking among the cast and crew. She connected with the deaf community in nearby Boston to secure the interpreters for on-set communication. Matlin said, "[Heder] really immersed herself into our culture and made every attempt to learn and to work with us and having two directors of sign language on the set, plus interpreters, plus the crew who learned our language, everyone working together, it was working like on any other set, but the sign language aspect made it extra special."


title: CODA (2021 film)

text: The director also auditioned hundreds of teenage girls before casting Emilia Jones as the hearing member of the deaf family. Jones took voice lessons and learned ASL for nine months before filming started. Heder also chose to cast Eugenio Derbez as the girl's choirmaster, seeing him as a fit for her "amalgamation of Heder's college rhythm teacher and her high school drama and English teachers".


title: CODA (2021 film)

text: In the film, the family lives in what WBUR's "The ARTery" described as a "creaky clapboard cottage [with] a yard jammed with boats, traps and nets". During location scouting, Heder came across what she found to be the ideal house for the family home and received permission from its residents to use it as a filming location. The choirmaster's home was a Victorian-style house on the sea, where Heder had visited family friends multiple times in her childhood, and they allowed her to film there.


title: CODA (2021 film)

text: A fisherman who educated Heder in local fishing practices allowed his fishing trawler to be used as a film set. Scenes set in a flooded quarry were filmed at the Steel Derrick quarry in Rockport, Massachusetts.


title: CODA (2021 film)

text: Marius de Vries composed the film's soundtrack and had compiled and co-produced the album with Nicholai Baxter, featuring original score and incorporated songs. Speaking on creating music for the film, which had predominantly deaf characters playing the leading roles, he called it as his "biggest challenge" and added that the music should be strong to connect with the emotions. Most of the incorporated songs in the film, were recorded live and sung by the lead actors Emilia Jones and Ferdia Walsh-Peelo, accompanied by the "CODA" choir, who are students at Berklee College of Music and Gloucester High School. The soundtrack also featured an original song sung by Jones, titled "Beyond the Shore" which is played during the end credits of the film. The soundtrack album was released by Republic Records on August 13, 2021, coinciding with the film's release.


title: CODA (2021 film)

text: "CODA" had its world premiere on , 2021, at the 2021 Sundance Film Festival as one of the opening-day films. It screened as part of the festival's US Dramatic Competition. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States at the time, "CODA" was screened virtually.


title: CODA (2021 film)

text: The film received "immediate rave reviews", according to Agence France Presse, which highlighted the positive comments from "Variety" and "Deadline Hollywood". "IndieWire" wrote, has reportedly crafted a crowd-pleasing tearjerker whose commercial promise will easily spark a bidding war between theatrical distributors and deep-pocketed streamers." "USA Today" summarized the reception, "Propelled by its powerful inclusivity of the deaf community, it's a refreshing reboot of the traditional teen romance and coming-of-age story."


title: CODA (2021 film)

text: Two days after "CODA"s premiere, Apple acquired distribution rights to the film for a festival-record $25 million. At Sundance, "CODA" won the U.S. Grand Jury Prize, U.S. Dramatic Audience Award, and a Special Jury Ensemble Cast Award. The film's director Sian Heder won Best Director in the U.S. Dramatic section.


title: CODA (2021 film)

text: The film was released in theaters and through the streaming service Apple TV+ in selected countries on August 13, 2021. IndieWire estimated the film grossed around $100,000 in its domestic opening weekend.


title: CODA (2021 film)

text: Apple spent about $10 million on the film's award campaign. Free screenings in select theaters were also held February 25–27, 2022. By March 20, 2022, the film had been streamed in 973,000 households in the United States, including 375,000 since the Oscar nomination announcements on February 8. In the three days following its Best Picture win, the film saw a 300% increase in views from the previous week and was the most-streamed program on Apple TV+. It was also re-released into 600 theaters the following Friday.


title: CODA (2021 film)

text: According to Kotsur, the film was initially rated R "for language," as displayed in the subtitles during the deaf characters' dialogue in some scenes, but after several "back-and-forths" and fights with the MPA, it was ultimately reduced to PG-13 "for strong sexual content and language, and drug use" months before its official release. Kotsur added "...vulgar sign language is just a part of our culture. But are you hearing people ready? That's why it was so cool. It's fascinating to see that in the script".


title: CODA (2021 film)

text: Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 94% of 292 reviews of the film were positive, with an average rating of 7.8/10. The site's critics consensus reads, ""CODA"s story offers few surprises, but strong representation and a terrific cast—led by Emilia Jones' brilliant performance—bring this coming-of-age story vividly to life." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 72 out of 100, based on 46 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: CODA (2021 film)

text: "The Guardian"-based Benjamin Lee's 3-star review summarised "Coda is a mostly likable concoction, but one that's just too formulaic and ultimately rather calculated to secure the emotional response it so desperately wants by the big finale." Writing for "The New York Times", editor Jeannette Catsoulis summarised it as "An openhearted embrace of deaf culture elevates this otherwise conventional tale of a talented teenager caught between ambition and loyalty". "Variety" Owen Gilberman stated that Sian Heder got the gift, "the holy essence of how to shape and craft a drama that spins and burbles and flows". He claimed that the film "brings this all off with such sincerity and precision" and is so "enthrallingly well-acted, that you may come away feeling grateful that this kind of mainstream dramatic craftsmanship still exists", and also praised Jones and Kotsur's performances.


title: CODA (2021 film)

text: "The Hollywood Reporter" Jon Frosch opined ""CODA" faithfully works its way through a checklist of tropes from high school comedies, disability dramas, musical-prodigy and inspiring-teacher narratives, coming-of-age tales about young people struggling to declare independence from overbearing families and indie chronicles of blue-collar America." Ann Hornaday of "The Washington Post" called it as "an old-fashioned movie that adheres to admittedly familiar principles of storytelling and emotional stakes, but by way of such a winning cast, evocative atmosphere and genuine tone that its impossible not to love". "RogerEbert.com" based critic Tomris Laffly wrote "It's not that Heder doesn't embrace the aforesaid conventions for all their comforting worth—she does. But by twisting the formula and placing this recognizable story inside a new, perhaps even groundbreaking setting with such loving, acutely observed specificity, she pulls off nothing short of a heartwarming miracle with her film." Brian Lowry of CNN wrote it as "small movie that hits all the right notes".


title: CODA (2021 film)

text: In contrast, Tim Robey, writing for "The Telegraph", criticised it as "dramedy that have taken more risks", and added "Heder's script makes every easy and rigged choice available, reducing far too many of the family dynamics to the level of a bickering sitcom." Comparing it with the Darius Marder-directed "Sound of Metal" (2020), which was "a genuinely adventurous, formally experimental take on deaf issues", he wrote "CODA" "feels too cute by half".


title: CODA (2021 film)

text: Deaf viewers had varied reactions to the film. On the positive side, they praised the casting and performances of deaf actors, and found the depiction of deaf characters as self-sufficient and sexually active people to be in welcome contrast to previous depictions on screen. Delbert Whetter, vice chair of nonprofit RespectAbility, said, "After seeing so many stories where people with disabilities are depicted as helpless, forlorn souls needing to be rescued, it is so refreshing to see a story with Deaf characters that are small business owners and leaders in their fishing community, with depth and nuance that rival and even exceed that of their hearing counterparts in the story." Deaf writer Sara Nović also said, "I liked that these characters were sexual beings—deaf and disabled people are often neutered or virginal in movies and books, and that's extremely boring and inaccurate."


title: CODA (2021 film)

text: On the more critical side, Jenna Beacom, a sensitivity reader and young adult author, found much of the film "misrepresented, especially deaf people's competence and ability to thrive in 2021", and said that, while "thrilled that the movie exists, in the sense of contributing to more deaf representation and hopefully more opportunities for even better representation", she was "very disturbed by how negatively the movie portrays the deaf and CODA experiences." A deaf parent of a singer herself, Beacom found the film's assumption "that being deaf means that you can't enjoy music, or understand anyone else's enjoyment" to be unfounded. Nović also said, "I actually think the story of a first-gen college student, just without the music—she could have been studying anything—is more compelling, anyway ... I don't think that we needed the music part for this to be an interesting story." Other viewers also criticized the portrayal of deaf characters' inability to appreciate music as a trope common in films featuring deaf characters, such as "Mr. Holland's Opus", "Beyond Silence", and "Sound of Metal". Lennard Davis, a CODA and disability scholar, wrote, "this genre of films is glued to a different reality: it is as if birds were obsessed with making movies in which humans were miserable about their inability to fly."


title: CODA (2021 film)

text: The film's depiction of the hearing child interpreting for her parents even in settings where professional interpreters would be required by the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, such as a court hearing and medical appointments, received widespread criticism as being misrepresentative.


title: CODA (2021 film)

text: At the 94th Academy Awards, the film won all three awards that it was nominated for: Best Picture, Best Supporting Actor (Kotsur), and Best Adapted Screenplay. It is the first film produced and/or distributed by a streaming service, the first Sundance film, and the first film featuring predominantly deaf actors in leading roles to win the Academy Award for Best Picture. "CODA" is also the sixth film and the first since 2018's "Green Book" to win Best Picture without a director nomination, and the Best Picture winner with the fewest nominations since 1932's "Grand Hotel".


title: CODA (2021 film)

text: "CODA" was nominated for Best Motion Picture - Drama and Best Supporting Actor (for Kotsur) at the 79th Golden Globe Awards. It received three nominations at the 75th British Academy Film Awards, winning two, including Best Supporting Actor for Kotsur, making him the first deaf person to ever win a BAFTA, and Best Adapted Screenplay for Heder. At the 28th Screen Actors Guild Awards, the film made history with Kotsur, Matlin and Durant becoming the first deaf/non-hearing performers to win, along with Jones, Derbez and Walsh-Peelo, for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. At the 33rd Producers Guild of America Awards, the film was also awarded the Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture.


title: CODA (2021 film)

text: "CODA" was one of 28 films that received the ReFrame Stamp for 2021, awarded by the gender equity coalition ReFrame for films that are proven to have gender-balanced hiring. The film was also given the Seal of Authentic Representation from the Ruderman Family Foundation for Matlin's and Durant's roles as Ruby's mother and brother. The seal is given to films and series that feature actors with disabilities who have at least five lines of dialogue.


title: CODA (2021 film)

text: On March 23, 2022, it was reported by "The New York Times" that in order to keep the film's relevance going after awards season, the film's producers will team up with Deaf West Theatre to develop a stage musical adaptation of the film, with a creative team and production calendar yet to be announced. DJ Kurs, Deaf West's artistic director, expressed excitement for the project by saying "As a Deaf person, I knew from the start that "CODA" would make a perfect musical: It addresses our relationship with music and how we move through the world of sound like immigrants in a foreign country, learning new, seemingly arbitrary rules on the fly." Like Deaf West's production of "Spring Awakening", the musical will incorporate both signing in American Sign Language and live singing.


title: CODA (2021 film)

text: The report also revealed that Rousselet was originally asked in 2014 about making a stage version of "La Famille Bélier" prior to this incarnation, but that he and the producers wanted to prioritize making "CODA" and forging a relationship with Deaf West first before pursuing a stage version. Rousselet further remarked "It's going to be a new adventure for us. But I think it has everything — the characters, the music, the wonderful environment — to make a beautiful musical." Kotsur revealed that he hopes the musical will have its initial staging within two years, possibly hinting at his return to reprise his role as Frank in the production. Kurs also revealed his desire to have Matlin and Durant also come back to reprise their roles as Jackie and Leo, respectively, along with Kotsur.


title: Dove Cameron

text: Dove Olivia Cameron (born Chloe Celeste Hosterman; January 15, 1996) is an American singer and actress. She became famous for her double role of the eponymous characters in the Disney Channel comedy series "Liv and Maddie", for which she won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in Children's Programming. Cameron continued her work with the Disney Channel and portrayed Mal in the "Descendants franchise" (2015-2021). In 2016, Cameron starred in the NBC live television musical "Hairspray Live!". On stage, from 2018 to 2019, she played the role of Cher Horowitz in an off-Broadway rendition of the 1995 film "Clueless", and in 2019, she debuted on the London stage with her portrayal of Clara Johnson in the musical "The Light in the Piazza". Cameron further starred in the comedy thriller "Vengeance" (2022).


title: Dove Cameron

text: As a singer, Cameron made her debut with (2015). In the same year, she released her debut single, "If Only", which was included in "the soundtrack album for Descendants", the album topped the U.S. "Billboard" 200 and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), she also participated in two more album for "Descendants": "Descendants 2", "Descendants 3" (2017-2019). Her debut musical release, "Bloodshot / Waste", was released in 2019. In 2022, she released the single "Boyfriend", the song received commercial and critical success, hit the top 20 of the "Billboard" Hot 100 and was certified platinum by the RIAA.


title: Dove Cameron

text: She has various accolades including American Music Awards and MTV Video Music Awards, and her acting has earned her Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards and Daytime Emmy Awards. She also has a large following on social media, her Instagram has 48 million followers, and TikTok has more than 12 million.


title: Dove Cameron

text: Cameron was born Chloe Celeste Hosterman on January 15, 1996, in Bainbridge Island, Washington to Philip Alan Hosterman and Bonnie Wallace, who later divorced. She has an older sister, Claire Hosterman. During her childhood, Cameron attended Sakai Intermediate School. At age eight, she began acting in community theater at Bainbridge Performing Arts. Six years later, her family moved to Los Angeles, California, where she sang in Burbank High School's National Championship Show Choir.


title: Dove Cameron

text: Cameron has stated that she is of French descent and speaks some French. She also has Russian, Slovak and Hungarian ancestry. She has said she was bullied throughout her entire school experience, from fifth grade through the end of high school. Regardless of the pressure at school and fitting in, Cameron stayed focused on her dreams of achieving success in entertainment: "I became very passionate about [becoming an actress and singer]. I fully immersed myself". Her father died in 2011 when she was 15. Following his death, Cameron changed her legal name to Dove in honor of her father who called her by that nickname.


title: Dove Cameron

text: In 2007, Cameron portrayed the role of Young Cosette in the Bainbridge Performing Arts (BPA) stage production of "Les Misérables", and in 2008, she had the lead role of Mary in "The Secret Garden", again with BPA. In 2012, Cameron was cast in a Disney Channel comedy series that was to be titled "Bits and Pieces" in which she would play the role of Alanna. Shortly after filming the pilot, "Bits and Pieces" was retooled into "Liv and Maddie", which saw Cameron starring in the dual lead role of Liv and Maddie Rooney. The preview of the series debuted on , and the series premiered on September 15, 2013. The pilot episode gained 5.8 million viewers, which was the most-watched in total viewers in 2.5 years since the series "Shake It Up!" Disney Channel renewed "Liv and Maddie" for a 13-episode second season slated to premiere in Fall 2014, which was later expanded to 24 episodes.


title: Dove Cameron

text: On August 27, 2013, Cameron released a cover of "On Top of the World" by Imagine Dragons as a promotional single. Her cover peaked on the "Billboard" Kid Digital Songs chart at 17 and spent three weeks on the chart. On October 15, 2013, "Better In Stereo" was released as a single under Walt Disney Records. "Better In Stereo" made its debut on the "Billboard" Kid Digital Songs chart at No. 21 before peaking at No. 1, becoming Cameron's first No. 1 hit. In February 2014, Cameron confirmed reports that recording had begun for her debut studio album. Her next single, "Count Me In", was released on June 3, 2014. The song peaked at number one on the Billboard Kids Digital Songs chart. In 2015, Cameron played Liz Larson in her first non-Disney film, "Barely Lethal", which was theatrically released by A24 Films.


title: Dove Cameron

text: Cameron starred in the television film "Descendants" which premiered on July 31, 2015. The film was viewed by 6.6 million people and spawned Cameron's two first "Billboard" Hot 100 songs, "Rotten to the Core" at number 38 and a solo song, "If Only", at number 94. Other songs from the film featuring Cameron such as "Set It Off" and "Evil Like Me" charted at number 6 and 12 respectively on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart. The soundtrack for the movie peaked atop the "Billboard" 200 chart, becoming the first soundtrack from a Disney Channel Original Movie since "High School Musical 2" to do so. As part of the "Descendants" franchise, Cameron released a cover of the Christina Aguilera's song "Genie in a Bottle". The music video premiered on Disney Channel on March 18, 2016. The single received 22 million views on YouTube in less than a month.


title: Dove Cameron

text: In 2015, Cameron and Ryan McCartan formed a band called The Girl and the Dreamcatcher. On October 2, 2015, they released their first single, "Written in the Stars". The band released their second single, "Glowing in the Dark", on January 29, 2016. The Girl and the Dreamcatcher released their third single, "Someone You Like", on April 8, 2016. They released their fourth single, "Make You Stay", on June 17, 2016. On July 29, 2016, the band released their first EP, "Negatives", featuring their singles "Make You Stay" and "Glowing in the Dark" and four new songs. In October 2016, as a result of Cameron's and McCartan's breakup, the musical duo disbanded. On December 22, 2015, "Liv and Maddie" was renewed for a fourth season, becoming the ninth live-action Disney Channel series in history to achieve this. Cameron began filming the season, renamed to "Liv and Maddie: Cali Style" in early 2016. It was later announced that this would be the final season of the series. The series finale of "Liv and Maddie" later aired on March 24, 2017.


title: Dove Cameron

text: Cameron played the role of Amber Von Tussle in the NBC live television presentation of "Hairspray Live!", which aired on December 7, 2016. Reception was generally positive, and Cameron's performance was praised. Cameron reprised her role as Mal in "Descendants 2", the sequel to "Descendants", in 2017. The film premiered on July 21, 2017. The "Descendants 2" soundtrack debuted at number six on the "Billboard" 200, with "It's Goin' Down" from the soundtrack debuting at number 81. Cameron then played the role of Sophie in the Hollywood Bowl live production of "Mamma Mia!". The production took place from July 28, 2017, to July 30, 2017.


title: Dove Cameron

text: On August 21, 2017, Cameron was cast in the Netflix film "Dumplin'", alongside Jennifer Aniston. Cameron played Bekah Cotter in the comedy. In November 2017, Cameron signed on to appear in a recurring role in the fifth season of "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D." by Marvel. This role was later revealed to be Ruby, the daughter of General Hale (Catherine Dent). In December 2017, Cameron was cast in an animated Marvel project, "Marvel Rising", as the voice of Gwen Stacy / Ghost-Spider. On August 13, 2018, "Marvel Rising: Initiation", a series of six shorts, was released on Disney XD. The series focused on Cameron's character as she was on the run after being framed for her best friend's murder. Though her character did not appear in the next "Marvel Rising" installment, "", Cameron did perform the film's theme song, "Born Ready". In 2019, Cameron reprised the role in "Marvel Rising: Chasing Ghosts".


title: Dove Cameron

text: On March 21, 2018, she announced that she had signed with Columbia's Disruptor Records label, and that she would begin to release music following the release of "Descendants 3". In September 2019, Cameron released two covers on her YouTube channel: "Slow Burn" and "Hymn for the Weekend". It was announced on October 8, 2018, that Cameron will play the role of Cher Horowitz in the stage adaptation of the 1995 film "Clueless". In 2019, Cameron starred alongside Renée Fleming in "The Light in the Piazza" in London. On September 27, 2019, Cameron released her debut double A-side, "Bloodshot / Waste". Then on November 1, 2019, she released her followup single, "So Good". Later that month, she collaborated with Privé Revaux on a range of sunglasses. Cameron continued her focus on music by releasing singles "Out of Touch" and "Remember Me", the latter of which features American rapper Bia. On July 24, 2020, she released her next single, "We Belong". This was followed by the release of "LazyBaby" on April 2, 2021. Later that year, Cameron joined the main cast of the Apple TV+ musical series "Schmigadoon!", which premiered on July 16, 2021. Also in 2021, Cameron reprised her role as Mal for the animated special "". She has also been cast in the upcoming CW series "The Powerpuff Girls" as Bubbles, as well as the upcoming film "Field Notes on Love" alongside "Liv and Maddie" co-star Jordan Fisher.


title: Dove Cameron

text: On February 11, 2022, Cameron released her first solo non-soundtrack song "Boyfriend". This song went viral in TikTok, more than 500 000 clips were shot under this sound in TikTok. The song entered the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100, chart at number 16, and at number 9 in the UK Singles Chart, and also and was certified platinum by the RIAA. Cameron voiced Ellen Wright, Nate's older teenage sister in the Paramount+ Nicktoon "Big Nate", based on the comic strip and book series of the same name, which premiered on February 17. On June 24, Cameron released the song "Breakfast". On August 28, 2022, at the MTV Video Music Awards, she won the award as the Best New Artist and performed at the pre-show with two songs "Boyfriend" and "Breakfast". On October 28, Cameron released the song "Bad Idea". On November 20, she performed for first time on the stage of the American Music Awards with the song "Boyfriend" and received the award New Artist of the Year, Rania Aniftos of "Billboard" called this performance one of the most solid vocal performances of the 26-year-old singer and placed it on the 4th place of the favorite performances of this ceremony.


title: Dove Cameron

text: Cameron has stated that she is bisexual, but in May 2021, said that she feels queer is the most accurate way to describe her sexuality. She also identifies as a feminist. She was in a relationship with her "Liv and Maddie" co-star Ryan McCartan from August 2013 until 2016. They announced their engagement on April 14, 2016, but the relationship ended in October 2016. From 2017 until 2020 Cameron was in a relationship with "Descendants 2" co-star Thomas Doherty.


title: Hilary Duff

text: Hilary Erhard Duff (born September 28, 1987) is an American actress and singer. She is the recipient of various accolades, including seven Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards, four Teen Choice Awards and two Young Artist Awards. She began her acting career at a young age, quickly being labeled a teen idol, as the title character of the television series, "Lizzie McGuire" (2001–2004), and in the film based on the series, "The Lizzie McGuire Movie" (2003).


title: Hilary Duff

text: Thereafter, she appeared in numerous mainstream films such as "Cadet Kelly" (2002), "Agent Cody Banks" (2003), "Cheaper by the Dozen" (2003) and "A Cinderella Story" (2004). She later appeared in independent films playing a wider range of adult-themed roles, such as "War, Inc." (2008), "According to Greta" (2009), and "The Haunting of Sharon Tate" (2019), inspired by the real-life Tate–LaBianca murders. From 2015 to 2021, Duff starred as Kelsey Peters in TV Land’s longest-running original series "Younger", for which she received two People's Choice Awards nominations. As of 2022, she produces and stars in "How I Met Your Father" as the lead role, Sophie.


title: Hilary Duff

text: Duff first came to prominence in the music industry after releasing her debut studio album, the Christmas-themed "Santa Claus Lane" (2002), through Buena Vista Records. Her second album, "Metamorphosis" (2003), was hugely successful, topping the "Billboard" 200 chart and earning a 3× Platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). She enjoyed significant commercial success with her subsequent Platinum and Gold-certified albums released through Hollywood Records; "Hilary Duff" (2004), "Most Wanted" (2005) and "Dignity" (2007). Following a hiatus from music, Duff signed with RCA Records for her fifth album, "Breathe In. Breathe Out." (2015). Duff has been hailed as an inspiration by subsequent Disney teen stars such as Miley Cyrus, Demi Lovato, Bridgit Mendler and Selena Gomez, and has sold an estimated 15 million records worldwide.


title: Hilary Duff

text: In addition to music and acting, she has also co-authored a trilogy of novels, beginning with "Elixir" (2010), which became a "New York Times" best seller, and followed by the sequels "Devoted" (2011) and "True" (2013). Duff's success in the entertainment industry led her to venture into business with fashion lines of her own such as Stuff by Hilary Duff, Femme for DKNY, and the "Muse x Hilary Duff" collection, a collaborative effort with GlassesUSA which was credited to have boosted GlassesUSA's sales for its premium brands. She has also invested in a number of businesses ranging from cosmetics to children's products.