title: Christopher Reeve

text: In December 1995, Reeve moved back to his home in Pound Ridge, New York. By two years after the accident, Reeve said he was "glad to be alive, not out of obligation to others, but because life was worth living". Reeve continued to require round-the-clock care for the rest of his life, with a team of ten nurses and aides working in his home.


title: Christopher Reeve

text: In the aftermath of the accident, Reeve went through intense grief. He gradually resolved to make the best of his new life, with a busy schedule of activism, film work, writing and promoting his books, public speaking, and parenting. In 1998, he said in an interview:Who knows why an accident happens? The key is what do you do afterwards. There is a period of shock and then grieving with confusion and loss. After that, you have two choices. One is to stare out the window and gradually disintegrate. And the other is to mobilize and use all your resources, whatever they may be, to do something positive. That is the road I have taken. It comes naturally to me. I am a competitive person and right now I am competing against decay. I don't want osteoporosis or muscle atrophy or depression to beat me.In another interview, Reeve said he drew on the self-discipline he had gained in his early years in the theater:Nobody wants another actor. There's too many of them now already... To keep believing in yourself in spite of those kinds of obstacles is certainly good preparation for what I'm going through now.


title: Christopher Reeve

text: For most of his life, Reeve did not identify with any religion. He attended his stepfather's Presbyterian church as a young teenager. In 1975, he briefly explored Scientology but opted out of becoming a member. He subsequently voiced criticism of the organization.


title: Christopher Reeve

text: Reeve described his wedding in 1992 as his "first act of faith". After his accident, many well-wishers suggested that prayer would make him feel better, but he did not find it helpful. "I wondered what was wrong with me", he later wrote. "I had broken my neck and become paralyzed, possibly forever, but still hadn't found God."


title: Christopher Reeve

text: In his 2002 book "Nothing is Impossible: Reflections on a New Life", Reeve said that he and his wife had regularly attended Unitarian services, starting in his late forties. In the years following the accident, he had gradually come to believe that:Spirituality is found in the way we live our daily lives. It means spending time thinking about others. It's not so hard to imagine that there is some kind of higher power. We don't have to know what form it takes or exactly where it exists; just to honor it and try to live by it is enough... As these thoughts unfolded in the process of learning to live my new life, I had no idea that I was becoming a Unitarian.


title: Christopher Reeve

text: In the 1980s, Reeve campaigned for Senator Patrick Leahy and made speeches throughout the state. He served as a board member for the Charles Lindbergh Fund, which promotes environmentally safe technologies. He lent support to causes such as Amnesty International, the Natural Resources Defense Council, and People for the American Way. As a pilot with the Environmental Air Force he gave government officials and journalists aerial tours over areas of environmental damage.


title: Christopher Reeve

text: In late 1987, in Santiago, Chile, the country's dictator, Augusto Pinochet, threatened to execute 77 actors. Ariel Dorfman asked Reeve to help save their lives. Reeve flew to Chile and helped lead a protest march. A cartoon then ran in a newspaper showing him carrying Pinochet by the collar with the caption, "Where will you take him, Superman?" For his contribution to the protest, he was awarded the "Grand Cross of the Bernardo O'Higgins Order", the highest Chilean distinction for foreigners. He also received an Obie Award and the Annual Walter Brielh Human Rights Foundation award.


title: Christopher Reeve

text: In 1989, Reeve's friend Ron Silver started the Creative Coalition, a liberal organization aiming to teach celebrities how to speak knowledgeably about political issues. Reeve was an early member of the group, along with Susan Sarandon, Alec Baldwin, and Blythe Danner. The group's initiatives included environmental issues and defending the National Endowment of the Arts, which was under attack from conservative Republicans who objected to taxpayer-funding of art they considered offensive. Reeve was elected as a co-president of the Creative Coalition in 1994. The organization's work was noticed nationwide, and the Democratic Party asked Reeve to run for the United States Congress. He replied, "Run for Congress? And lose my influence in Washington?"


title: Christopher Reeve

text: In 1996, ten months after the injury paralyzed him, Reeve appeared at the 68th Academy Awards to a long standing ovation. He used the occasion to encourage Hollywood to make more films on social issues, saying, "Let's continue to take risks. Let's tackle the issues. In many ways our film community can do it better than anyone else."


title: Christopher Reeve

text: Reeve left the Kessler Rehabilitation Center feeling inspiration from the other patients he had met. Because the media was constantly covering him, he decided to use his name to put focus on spinal cord injuries. In 1996, he also hosted the Paralympics in Atlanta and spoke at the Democratic National Convention. He traveled across the country to make speeches. For these efforts, he was placed on the cover of "Time" on August 26, 1996.


title: Christopher Reeve

text: Reeve's first effort to change disability legislation was in supporting a 1997 bill would raise the lifetime "cap" on insurance payments from the standard $1 million to $10 million per person. For catastrophically injured people with one insurance policy, the $1 million limit often lasts just a few years. The bill was narrowly defeated. In 1999, he supported the "Work Incentives Improvement Act", which allows people to continue to receive disability benefits after they return to work. This bill passed.


title: Christopher Reeve

text: Reeve was elected chairman of the American Paralysis Association (now Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation) and vice chairman of the National Organization on Disability. With Joan Irvine Smith, he co-founded the Reeve-Irvine Research Center, which is now one of the leading spinal cord research centers in the world. In 1999, the American Paralysis Association and another foundation Reeve had founded were merged into the Christopher Reeve Foundation, which aims to speed up research through funding and to use grants to improve the quality of the lives of people with disabilities. The Foundation to date has given more than $65 million to research and more than $8.5 million in quality-of-life grants. Of Christopher Reeve, UC Irvine said, "in the years following his injury, Christopher did more to promote research on spinal cord injury and other neurological disorders than any other person before or since".


title: Christopher Reeve

text: Reeve served as a board member for several organizations aim to improve quality of life for people with disabilities.


title: Christopher Reeve

text: Reeve lobbied for expanded federal funding on embryonic stem cell research to include all embryonic stem cell lines in existence and for self-governance to make open-ended scientific inquiry of the research. President George W. Bush limited the federal funding to research only on human embryonic stem cell lines created on or before August 9, 2001, the day he announced his policy, and allotted approximately $100 million for it. Reeve initially called this "a step in the right direction", admitting he did not know about the existing lines and would look into them further. He fought against the limit when scientists revealed an early research technique involved mixing the human stem cells with mouse cells contaminated most of the old lines.


title: Christopher Reeve

text: In 2002, Reeve lobbied for the Human Cloning Prohibition Act of 2001, which would allow somatic cell nuclear transfer research, but would ban reproductive cloning. He argued stem cell implantation is unsafe unless the stem cells contain the patient's own DNA and because somatic cell nuclear transfer is done without fertilizing an egg, it can be fully regulated. In June 2004, Reeve provided a videotaped message on behalf of the Genetics Policy Institute to the delegates of the United Nations in defense of somatic cell nuclear transfer, which a world treaty was considering banning. In the final days of his life, Reeve urged California voters to vote yes on Proposition 71, which would establish the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine and would allot $3 billion of state funds to stem cell research. Proposition 71 was approved less than one month after Reeve's death.


title: Christopher Reeve

text: In July 2003, Christopher Reeve's continuing frustration with the pace of stem cell research in the U.S. led him to Israel, a country that was then, according to him, at the center of research in spinal cord injury. Israel's Ministry of Foreign Affairs invited him to seek out the best treatment for his condition. During his visit, Reeve called the experience "a privilege" and said, "Israel has very proactive rehab facilities, excellent medical schools and teaching hospitals, and an absolutely first-rate research infrastructure." Israelis were very receptive to Reeve's visit, calling him an inspiration to all and urging him never to give up hope.


title: Christopher Reeve

text: Reeve had asthma and allergies since childhood. At age 16, he began to experience alopecia areata, a condition that causes patches of hair to fall out from an otherwise healthy head of hair. Generally, he was able to comb it over and often the problem disappeared for long periods, but he wore a wig for the third and fourth "Superman" films. The condition became more noticeable after he became paralyzed, after which he started having his head shaved.


title: Christopher Reeve

text: More than once he had a severe reaction to a drug. In Kessler, he tried a drug named Sygen which was theorized to help reduce damage to the spinal cord. The drug caused him to go into anaphylactic shock, and his heart stopped. He claimed to have had an out-of-body experience and remembered saying, "I'm sorry, but I have to go now", during the event. In his autobiography, he wrote, "and then I left my body. I was up on the ceiling... I looked down and saw my body stretched out on the bed, not moving, while everybody—there were 15 or 20 people, the doctors, the EMTs, the nurses—was working on me. The noise and commotion grew quieter as though someone were gradually turning down the volume." After receiving a large dose of epinephrine, he woke up and stabilized later that night.


title: Christopher Reeve

text: In 2002 and 2004, Reeve survived several serious infections believed to have originated from his bone marrow. He recovered from three that could have been fatal.


title: Christopher Reeve

text: In early October 2004, he was being treated for an infected pressure ulcer that was causing sepsis, a complication he had experienced many times before. On October 4, 2004, he spoke at the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago on behalf of the institute's work; it was his last reported public appearance. On October 9, 2004, Reeve attended his son Will's hockey game. That night, he went into cardiac arrest after receiving an antibiotic for the infection. He fell into a coma, and was taken to Northern Westchester Hospital in Mount Kisco, New York. Eighteen hours later, on October 10, 2004, Reeve died at the age of 52. No official autopsy was performed on the actor. However, both Reeve's wife Dana and his doctor John McDonald believed that an adverse reaction to a drug caused Reeve's death.


title: Christopher Reeve

text: His remains were cremated at Ferncliff Cemetery. His ashes were sprinkled in the wind by his family. A memorial service for Reeve was held at the Unitarian Church in Westport, Connecticut, which both Reeve and Dana had attended. Another private memorial service held at the Juilliard School three weeks later was attended by more than 900 people, with speakers.


title: Christopher Reeve

text: Reeve's widow, Dana Reeve, headed the Christopher Reeve Foundation after his death. Although a non-smoker, she was diagnosed with lung cancer on August 9, 2005. She died at age 44 on March 6, 2006, and the foundation was subsequently renamed the Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation.


title: Christopher Reeve

text: Reeve's children Matthew, Alexandra, and William all serve on the board of directors for the Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation, while Will is also a reporter for ABC News. In 2015, Alexandra and her husband welcomed a son, Christopher Russel Reeve Givens.


title: Christopher Reeve

text: Google Search showed a Doodle in some countries on September 25, 2021, to celebrate Christopher Reeve's 69th birthday.


title: Jurassic Park

text: Jurassic Park, later also referred to as Jurassic World, is an American science fiction media franchise created by Michael Crichton and centered on a disastrous attempt to create a theme park of cloned dinosaurs. It began in 1990 when Universal Pictures and Amblin Entertainment bought the rights to Crichton's novel "Jurassic Park" before it was published. The book was successful, as was Steven Spielberg's 1993 film adaptation. The film received a theatrical 3D re-release in 2013, and was selected in 2018 for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". A 1995 sequel novel, "The Lost World", was followed by in 1997. Subsequent films in the series, including "Jurassic Park III" (2001), are not based on the novels.


title: Jurassic Park

text: In 2015, a second trilogy of films began with the fourth film in the series, "Jurassic World". The film was successful, becoming the first film to gross over $500 million worldwide in its opening weekend, and grossed over $1.6 billion through the course of its theatrical run, making it the third highest-grossing film at the time. It became the second highest-grossing film of 2015, and is currently the seventh highest-grossing film of all time. When adjusted for monetary inflation, "Jurassic World" is the second highest-grossing film in the franchise after "Jurassic Park". A sequel, "" (2018) grossed over $1.3 billion worldwide, making it the third "Jurassic" film to pass the billion-dollar mark. It is the third highest-grossing film of 2018, and currently the 17th highest-grossing film of all time. The final film in the trilogy, "Jurassic World Dominion", was released in 2022. It has grossed over $1 billion worldwide and is currently the second highest-grossing film of 2022. "Jurassic World Dominion" became the fourth film in the franchise to pass the billion-dollar mark.


title: Jurassic Park

text: Numerous video games and comic books based on the franchise have been created since the release of the 1993 film, and several water rides have been opened at various Universal Studios theme parks. Lego has produced several animated projects based on the "Jurassic World" films, including "", a miniseries released in 2019. DreamWorks Animation also produced an animated series, "Jurassic World Camp Cretaceous", which ran on Netflix from September 2020 to July 2022. As of 2000, the franchise had generated $5 billion in revenue making it one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time. The "Jurassic Park" franchise is also one of the highest-grossing film series of all time, having earned over $6 billion at the worldwide box office.


title: Jurassic Park

text: The "Jurassic Park" franchise focuses on resurrected dinosaurs which wreak havoc on humans. The dinosaurs, created as theme park attractions, are cloned through genetic engineering. The process is accomplished by extracting ancient DNA from mosquitoes, which sucked the blood of dinosaurs and then became fossilized in amber, preserving the DNA. Scientists then fill gaps in the genome using frog DNA. Although the films primarily take place on islands located in the Pacific coast of Central America, "" (2018) sees the dinosaurs relocated throughout the world, including the U.S. mainland.


title: Jurassic Park

text: The film series is notable for its recreation of dinosaurs, achieved primarily through animatronics and computer-generated imagery. The first film was praised for its dinosaur effects, and created an increased interest in the field of paleontology, while changing the public perception of dinosaurs with its modern portrayal. Later films largely ignored recent paleontological findings to maintain continuity with the earlier installments, leading to criticism among paleontologists.


title: Jurassic Park

text: International Genetic Technologies, Inc. (InGen) is the fictional company responsible for cloning the dinosaurs. According to the novels, it is based in Palo Alto, California, and has one location in Europe as well. Nevertheless, most of InGen's research took place on the fictional islands of Isla Sorna and Isla Nublar, near Costa Rica. While the first novel indicated InGen was just one of any number of small 1980s genetic engineering start-ups, the events of the novel and film revealed to a select group that InGen had discovered a method for cloning dinosaurs, which would be placed in an island theme park attraction.


title: Jurassic Park

text: InGen was well established in the first novel as the entity behind the park, but for simplicity the first film emphasized the "Jurassic Park" brand. The InGen name is visible in the film — on computer screens, helicopters, etc. — but is never spoken. InGen's corporate identity is more prominent in the second film. By the time that "Jurassic World" takes place, InGen and all its intellectual property has been absorbed by the Masrani Global Corporation.


title: Jurassic Park

text: "Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction" describes InGen as comparable to other "sleazy organizations". Other sources reference the company's receiving a baby "T. rex" (in "") as an allusion to other exploitative entrepreneurs depicted in the 1933 film "King Kong". Ken Gelder describes InGen as "resolutely secretive", like the tax firm in John Grisham's 1991 novel "The Firm".


title: Jurassic Park

text: In the novels, Biosyn Corporation (or Biosyn for short) is InGen's corporate rival. The company is controversial for its industrial espionage in the genetics industry. Lewis Dodgson, an employee of Biosyn, helps the company in its theft of corporate secrets. Biosyn is interested in acquiring InGen's dinosaur DNA, believing the animals present a variety of uses such as hunting trophies and pharmaceutical test subjects.


title: Jurassic Park

text: Dodgson makes only a minor appearance in the first film, and his employer is not named. However, Biosyn is featured in several video games.


title: Jurassic Park

text: The company, as Biosyn Genetics, makes its film debut in "Jurassic World Dominion" (2022). By the time that the film takes place, Dodgson has become the company's CEO. Biosyn's employees now include geneticist Dr. Henry Wu and mathematician Dr. Ian Malcolm, the latter working as the company's in-house philosopher. With dinosaurs loose around the world and captured by governments, Biosyn has a contract to house the animals at its headquarters in the Dolomites mountain range in Italy. In addition to performing pharmaceutical research on the dinosaurs, the company has also captured 14-year-old orphan Maisie Lockwood and unleashed giant locusts to devour their rivals' crops. By the end of the film, this plot is foiled and exposed to the public. The film's director, Colin Trevorrow, described Biosyn not as an "evil" corporation but rather an entity with thousands of employees who have the best intentions in mind, only to feel betrayed by Dodgson upon learning of his actions.


title: Jurassic Park

text: Isla Nublar is a fictional Central American island that serves as a major setting in the first novel and its film adaptation, as well as the films "Jurassic World" and "". According to the novel, its name means "Cloud Island" in Spanish. The tropical island is located 120 miles west of Costa Rica and has an inactive volcano. In the first novel and film, Isla Nublar is the location of Jurassic Park, a dinosaur theme park proposed by InGen, but it fails to open after the animals escape. In the novel, the Costa Rican government declares the island unsafe and has it napalmed; in the film series, the island continues to exist until the "Jurassic World" trilogy.


title: Jurassic Park

text: In "Jurassic World", the theme park idea has been carried out successfully by Masrani Global Corporation. By the end of the film however, the island is overrun by dinosaurs once more following the "Indominus rex" incident.


title: Jurassic Park

text: In "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom", Isla Nublar is destroyed when its volcano becomes active again and erupts.


title: Jurassic Park

text: In the films, several Hawaiian islands stood in as Isla Nublar, including Oahu and Kauai. Some filming also took place on sound stages, in California for the original film, and in Louisiana for "Jurassic World".


title: Jurassic Park

text: Isla Sorna, also called Site B, is another fictional Central American island. It is 87 miles southwest of Isla Nublar, and 207 miles west of Costa Rica. It is the main setting for the second novel and , as well as the third film. Isla Sorna is where InGen conducted much of its dinosaur research. It is here that the dinosaurs were bred before being shipped off to Isla Nublar; a laboratory on the latter island was built only as a showroom for tourists. Isla Sorna is significantly larger than Isla Nublar and has various climates including tropical, highland tropical and temperate rainforest. It is part of a five-island chain known as Las Cinco Muertes (The Five Deaths), although the other islands do not play a role in the novels or films.


title: Jurassic Park

text: Isla Sorna is abandoned by InGen after the events of the first novel and film, and the dinosaurs are left to live freely and reproduce. At the end of the second film, it is stated that Isla Sorna has been set up as a biological preserve for the animals, after a failed attempt to relocate them to a new theme park in San Diego. The status of Isla Sorna is not mentioned in "Jurassic World" or "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom", but a promotional website for the latter film states that the island ecosystem suffered a breakdown after illegally-cloned animals were introduced there. The surviving dinosaurs were relocated to Isla Nublar for the opening of the Jurassic World theme park, leaving Sorna abandoned. "Jurassic World Dominion" shows the two adult "Tyrannosaurus" from Isla Sorna encountering the "Tyrannosaurus" from "Isla Nublar". In the same movie, Ramsay Cole mentions that Isla Sorna's dinosaurs have been relocated to Biosyn's valley along with those from Isla Nublar that have been rounded up. The island briefly appears in video footage from 1986 shown to Maisie Lockwood by Henry Wu.


title: Jurassic Park

text: For the second film, Humboldt County, California served as the primary location for scenes set on Isla Sorna, giving it a forest climate. Filming also took place on sound stages at Universal Studios Hollywood, and a beach scene was shot on Kauai. The third film largely uses Oahu and Kauai to represent Isla Sorna, as the original film had done for Isla Nublar. A jungle set was also built on a sound stage at Universal Studios.


title: Jurassic Park

text: In 1983, Michael Crichton originally conceived a screenplay about a pterosaur being cloned from fossil DNA. After wrestling with this idea for a while, he came up with the story of "Jurassic Park". Crichton worked on the book for several years; he decided his first draft would have a theme park for the setting (similar to his 1973 film "Westworld") and a young boy as the main character. Response was extremely negative, so Crichton rewrote the story to make it from an adult's point of view, which resulted in more positive feedback.


title: Jurassic Park

text: Steven Spielberg learned of the novel in October 1989 while he and Crichton were discussing a screenplay that would become the TV series "ER". Warner Bros. Pictures, Columbia Pictures, 20th Century Fox, and Universal Pictures bid for the rights to the novel before its publication. In May 1990, Universal acquired the rights, with the backing of Spielberg's Amblin Entertainment. Crichton put up a non-negotiable fee for $1.5 million as well as a substantial percentage of the gross. Universal further paid Crichton $500,000 to adapt his own novel (Malia Scotch Marmo, who was a writer on Spielberg's 1991 film "Hook", wrote the next draft of "Jurassic Park", but was not credited; David Koepp wrote the final draft, which left out much of the novel's exposition and violence, and made numerous changes to the characters). Universal desperately needed money to keep their company alive, and partially succeeded with "Jurassic Park", as it became a critical and commercial success.


title: Jurassic Park

text: After the film adaptation of "Jurassic Park" was released to home video, Crichton was pressured from many sources for a sequel novel. Crichton declined all offers until Spielberg himself told him that he would be keen to direct a movie adaptation of the sequel, if one were written. Crichton began work almost immediately and in 1995 published "The Lost World". Crichton confirmed that his novel had elements taken from the novel of the same name by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. The book was also an outstanding success, both with professional and amateur critics. The film adaptation, "", began production in September 1996.


title: Jurassic Park

text: Scott Ciencin wrote a trilogy of spin-off novels based upon "Jurassic Park III". The series contained "" and "", both released in 2001, and "", released the following year.


title: Jurassic Park

text: "The Evolution of Claire (Jurassic World)" is a young adult novel written by Tess Sharpe. It is based upon the "Jurassic World" trilogy, and was released in 2018 in conjunction with the release of "". It is a spin-off set in 2004, prior to the opening of the Jurassic World theme park. The novel is about college freshman Claire Dearing during her summer internship at the park.


title: Jurassic Park

text: John Hammond (Richard Attenborough) is the owner of Jurassic Park, a theme park located on Isla Nublar. After an incident with a velociraptor, Hammond brings in three specialists to sign off on the park to calm investors. The specialists, paleontologist Alan Grant (Sam Neill), paleobotanist Ellie Sattler (Laura Dern), and chaos theorist Ian Malcolm (Jeff Goldblum), are surprised to see that the island park's main attraction are living, breathing dinosaurs, created with a mixture of fossilized DNA and genetic cross-breeding/cloning. When lead programmer Dennis Nedry (Wayne Knight) turns off the park's power to sneak out with samples of the dinosaur embryos to sell to a corporate rival, the dinosaurs break free, and the survivors are forced to find a way to turn the power back on and make it out alive. The film also stars Bob Peck, Martin Ferrero, BD Wong, Ariana Richards, Joseph Mazzello, and Samuel L. Jackson.


title: Jurassic Park

text: Spielberg cited "Godzilla" as an inspiration for "Jurassic Park", specifically "Godzilla, King of the Monsters!" (1956), which he grew up watching. During production, Spielberg described "Godzilla" as "the most masterful of all the dinosaur movies because it made you believe it was really happening".


title: Jurassic Park

text: "Jurassic Park's" biggest impact on subsequent films was a result of its breakthrough use of computer-generated imagery. The film is regarded as a landmark for visual effects. It received positive reviews from critics, who praised the effects, though reactions to other elements of the picture, such as character development, were mixed. During its release, the film grossed more than $914 million worldwide, becoming the most successful film released up to that time (surpassing "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial" and surpassed 4 years later by "Titanic"), and it is currently the 17th highest grossing feature film (taking inflation into account, it is the 20th-highest-grossing film in North America). It is the most financially successful film for NBCUniversal and Steven Spielberg.


title: Jurassic Park

text: Recently, "Jurassic Park" has been proposed to be recognized as Intangible Geoheritage due to its cultural impact on the people's views about dinosaurs, including a change in the popular iconography of carnivorous dinosaurs.


title: Jurassic Park

text: "Jurassic Park" had two re-releases: The first on September 23, 2011, in the United Kingdom and the second in which it was converted into 3D on April 5, 2013, for its 20th anniversary, which resulted in the film passing the $1 billion mark at the worldwide box office. In 2018, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".


title: Jurassic Park

text: Before "The Lost World" was published, a film adaptation was already in pre-production, with its release occurring in May 1997. The film was a commercial success, breaking many box-office records when released. The film was released to mixed reviews, similar to its predecessor in terms of characterization. Critical response to "The Lost World" has since become more favorable, with some publications calling it the best "Jurassic Park" sequel. Much like the first film, "The Lost World: Jurassic Park" made a number of changes to the plot and characters from the book, replacing the corporate rivals with an internal power struggle and changing the roles or characterizations of several protagonists.


title: Jurassic Park

text: When a vacationing family stumbles upon the dinosaurs of Isla Sorna, a secondary island where the animals were bred "en masse" and allowed to grow before being transported to the park, Ian Malcolm (Jeff Goldblum) is called in by John Hammond (Richard Attenborough) to lead a team to document the island to turn it into a preserve, where the animals can roam free without interference from the outside world. Malcolm agrees to go when he discovers his girlfriend, paleontologist Sarah Harding (Julianne Moore) is already on the island, while at the same time Hammond's nephew, Peter Ludlow (Arliss Howard), has taken over his uncle's company and leads a team of hunters to capture the creatures and bring them back to a theme park in San Diego. The two groups clash and are ultimately forced to work together to evade the predatory creatures and survive the second island. The film also stars Pete Postlethwaite, Richard Schiff, Vince Vaughn, Vanessa Lee Chester, Peter Stormare, and a young Camilla Belle.


title: Jurassic Park

text: Joe Johnston had been interested in directing the sequel to "Jurassic Park" and approached his friend Steven Spielberg about the project. While Spielberg wanted to direct the first sequel, he agreed that if there was ever a third film, Johnston could direct. Spielberg, nevertheless, stayed involved in this film by becoming its executive producer. Production began on August 30, 2000, with filming in California, and the Hawaiian islands of Kauai, Oahu, and Molokai. It is the first "Jurassic Park" film not to be based on a novel, although it does incorporate some unused plot elements from the Crichton novels, such as the river escape and the pterosaur aviary. "Jurassic Park III" had a troubled production, and received mixed reviews from critics.


title: Jurassic Park

text: When their son Eric (Trevor Morgan) goes missing while parasailing at Isla Sorna, the Kirbys (William H. Macy and Téa Leoni) hire Alan Grant (Sam Neill) under false pretenses to help them navigate the island. Believing it to be nothing more than sight-seeing, and that he will act as a dinosaur guide from the safety of their plane, he is startled to find them landing on the ground, where they are stalked by a "Spinosaurus", which destroys their plane. As they search for the Kirbys' son, the situation grows dire as "Velociraptors" hunt their group and they must find a way off the island. The film also stars Alessandro Nivola, Michael Jeter, Mark Harelik, and Laura Dern.


title: Jurassic Park

text: Steven Spielberg devised a story idea for a fourth film in 2001, during production of "Jurassic Park III". In 2002, William Monahan was hired to write the script, with the film's release scheduled for 2005. Early aspects of the plot included dinosaurs escaping to the mainland, and an army of genetically modified dinosaur-human mercenaries. Monahan finished the first draft of the script in 2003. Sam Neill and Richard Attenborough were set to reprise their characters, while Keira Knightley was in talks for two separate roles. In 2004, John Sayles wrote two drafts of the script. Sayles' first draft involved a team of "Deinonychus" being trained for use in rescue missions.


title: Jurassic Park

text: Both drafts were scrapped, and a new script was being worked on in 2006. Laura Dern was contacted to reprise her role, with the film expected for release in 2008. The film was further delayed by the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike. Mark Protosevich wrote two film treatments in 2011, which were rejected. "Rise of the Planet of the Apes" screenwriters Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver were hired in 2012 to write an early draft of the script. In 2013, Colin Trevorrow was announced as a director and co-writer, with the film scheduled for release on June 12, 2015. The film was shot in Univisium 2.00:1. It grossed over $1.6 billion worldwide and received generally positive reviews.


title: Jurassic Park

text: The film features a new park, Jurassic World, built on the remains of the original park on Isla Nublar. The film sees the park run by Simon Masrani (Irrfan Khan) and Masrani Corp, and features the return of Dr. Henry Wu (BD Wong) from the first film. Chris Pratt, Bryce Dallas Howard, and Jake Johnson star, while Vincent D'Onofrio portrayed the main antagonist, Vic Hoskins. The cast also includes Lauren Lapkus, Ty Simpkins, Nick Robinson, Omar Sy, and Judy Greer. The primary dinosaur antagonist is "Indominus rex", a genetically-modified hybrid of "Tyrannosaurus rex" and several other species, including "Velociraptor", cuttlefish, tree frog, and pit viper. The Indominus Rex also features a chameleon-like camouflage ability, which was a plot element from the second Crichton novel unused in previous films.


title: Jurassic Park

text: A sequel to "Jurassic World" was released on June 22, 2018. The film was directed by J. A. Bayona and written by Trevorrow and Connolly, with Trevorrow and Spielberg as executive producers. The film stars Chris Pratt, Bryce Dallas Howard, Rafe Spall, Justice Smith, Daniella Pineda, James Cromwell, Toby Jones, Ted Levine, BD Wong, Isabella Sermon, and Geraldine Chaplin, with Jeff Goldblum reprising his role as Dr. Ian Malcolm.


title: Jurassic Park

text: During early conversations on "Jurassic World", Spielberg told Trevorrow that he was interested in having several more films made. In April 2014, Trevorrow announced that sequels to "Jurassic World" had been discussed: "We wanted to create something that would be a little bit less arbitrary and episodic, and something that could potentially arc into a series that would feel like a complete story". Trevorrow, who said he would direct the film if asked, later told Spielberg that he would only focus on directing one film in the series. Trevorrow believed that different directors could bring different qualities to future films. Bayona was once considered to direct "Jurassic World", but he declined as he felt there was not enough time for production. Filming took place from February to July 2017, in the United Kingdom and Hawaii.


title: Jurassic Park

text: Former Jurassic World manager Claire Dearing and "Velociraptor" handler Owen Grady join a mission to rescue Isla Nublar's dinosaurs from a volcanic eruption by relocating them to a new island sanctuary. They discover that the mission is part of a scheme to sell the captured dinosaurs on the black market in order to fund his party's genetic research. The captured dinosaurs are brought to an estate in northern California, where several of the creatures are auctioned and subsequently shipped to their new owners. A new hybrid dinosaur, the "Indoraptor" (one of the primary antagonists of the film), escapes and terrorizes people at the estate, forcing Owen and Claire to survive the chaos and rampage in the estate. A subplot about human cloning was introduced in the film. "Fallen Kingdom", similar to the second installment, "The Lost World", re-explores the themes about the aftermath of the dinosaur park's demise on Isla Nublar and dinosaurs being used for exploitation by humans. The film grossed over $1.3 billion worldwide, and received mixed reviews from critics.


title: Jurassic Park

text: "Jurassic World Dominion" was released on June 10, 2022. It was directed by Trevorrow, with a screenplay written by him and Emily Carmichael, based on a story by Trevorrow and Connolly. Trevorrow and Spielberg serve as executive producers for the film, with Frank Marshall and Patrick Crowley as producers. The film stars Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard, returning from the previous "Jurassic World" films. Sam Neill, Laura Dern and Jeff Goldblum also reprise their characters for major roles, marking the trio's first film appearance together since the original "Jurassic Park" film. In addition, Daniella Pineda, Justice Smith, Isabella Sermon, and Omar Sy reprise their roles from the previous two films. Other actors include Mamoudou Athie, DeWanda Wise, Dichen Lachman, and Scott Haze. Campbell Scott portrays the character Lewis Dodgson from the first film, originally played by Cameron Thor.


title: Jurassic Park

text: Planning for the film dates to 2014. Trevorrow and Carmichael were writing the script as of April 2018. Trevorrow said the film would focus on the dinosaurs that went open source after being sold and spread around the world in "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom", allowing people other than Dr. Henry Wu to create their own dinosaurs. Trevorrow stated that the film would be set around the world, and said that the idea of Henry Wu being the only person who knows how to create a dinosaur was far-fetched "after 30 years of this technology existing" within the films' universe. Additionally, the film would focus on the dinosaurs that were freed at the end of "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom", but it would not depict dinosaurs terrorizing cities and going to war against humans; Trevorrow considered such ideas unrealistic. Instead, Trevorrow was interested in a world where "dinosaur interaction is unlikely but possible—the same way we watch out for bears or sharks". Certain scenes and ideas regarding the integration of dinosaurs into the world were ultimately removed from the "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom" script to be saved for the third film.


title: Jurassic Park

text: Filming locations included Canada, England's Pinewood Studios, and the country of Malta. "Jurassic World Dominion" began filming in February 2020, but was put on hiatus several weeks later as a safety precaution due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Production later resumed that July, with numerous health precautions in place, including COVID-19 testing and social distancing. Filming wrapped four months later. "Jurassic World Dominion" uses more animatronics than the previous films. The animatronic dinosaurs were created by John Nolan and his team. It is also the first film in the series to feature feathered dinosaurs. The film is set four years after the events of "Fallen Kingdom", with dinosaurs now living alongside humans around the world. It follows Owen Grady and Claire Dearing as they embark on a rescue mission, while Alan Grant and Ellie Sattler reunite with Ian Malcolm to expose a conspiracy by the genomics corporation Biosyn, a once rival of the defunct InGen. "Jurassic World Dominion" has grossed over $1 billion worldwide but received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics. An extended version of "Jurassic World Dominion" was released on 4K Ultra HD, Blu-ray and DVD on August 16, 2022. The extended edition received more favorable reviews and is considered an improvement over the theatrical cut.


title: Jurassic Park

text: "Jurassic World Dominion" concludes the second film trilogy as well as the storyline that began in the original trilogy, although future films in the franchise have not been ruled out. Marshall said in May 2020 that "Jurassic World Dominion" would mark "the start of a new era", in which humans have to adjust to dinosaurs being on the mainland. Marshall reiterated in January 2022 that there could be more films: "We're going to sit down, and we're going to see what the future is".


title: Jurassic Park

text: Trevorrow, noting that he spent nine years working on the "Jurassic World" trilogy, said in May 2022 that he would likely not return for another film, except in a possible advisory role. He expressed interest in having Howard direct a future film. He also suggested that several characters introduced in "Dominion" could return for future installments, including Kayla Watts (portrayed by DeWanda Wise), Ramsay Cole (Mamoudou Athie), and Soyona Santos (Dichen Lachman). Pratt and Howard do not expect to reprise their roles again, and Neill said "Dominion" would be the last film for Dern, Goldblum and himself.


title: Jurassic Park

text: As of 2022, two short films have been released. Both take place between "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom" and "Jurassic World Dominion", and are considered canon with the film series.


title: Jurassic Park

text: "Battle at Big Rock" is the first live-action short film in the franchise, and was released on September 15, 2019. The eight-minute film was directed by Colin Trevorrow, and was co-written by him and Emily Carmichael. The film stars André Holland, Natalie Martinez, Melody Hurd, and Pierson Salvador.


title: Jurassic Park

text: The film is set one year after the events of "". In the film, a family goes on a camping trip at the fictional Big Rock National Park in northern California, approximately 20 miles from where dinosaurs from "Fallen Kingdom" were let loose. The film chronicles the first major confrontation between humans and the dinosaurs.


title: Jurassic Park

text: A five-minute "Jurassic World Dominion" prologue was released in 2021, serving as the franchise's second live-action short film. It was originally intended as the film's opening sequence before being removed from the final cut. It features a prehistoric segment showcasing dinosaurs in their natural habitats, then cuts to the present day as a "T. rex" wreaks havoc at a drive-in theater. The prologue is used as the opening sequence in the extended edition of "Jurassic World Dominion".


title: Jurassic Park

text: Lego produced various CGI-animated projects, including the two-part television special "", which aired on NBC on November 29, 2018. A 13-episode miniseries, "", premiered in 2019. It was broadcast on Family Channel in Canada and on Nickelodeon in the U.S.


title: Jurassic Park

text: "Jurassic World Camp Cretaceous" is a CGI-animated series that debuted on Netflix in 2020. It is a joint project between Netflix, Universal Studios, Amblin Entertainment and DreamWorks Animation. Scott Kreamer and Lane Lueras are the showrunners, and executive produce the series with Spielberg, Marshall, and Trevorrow, while Zack Stentz serves as consulting producer. The series is set during the events of the "Jurassic World" trilogy, and is about a group of six teenagers attending an adventure camp on Isla Nublar. When the park's dinosaurs escape, the teenagers are stranded and must work together to escape the island. The series premiered globally on Netflix on September 18, 2020 and ran for five seasons, concluding on July 21, 2022. It consists of 49 episodes. The voice cast includes Paul-Mikél Williams, Jenna Ortega, Ryan Potter, Raini Rodriguez, Sean Giambrone, Kausar Mohammed, Jameela Jamil, and Glen Powell.


title: Jurassic Park

text: A live-action television series based on the "Jurassic World" films was reportedly in development as of March 2020. However, Marshall said two years later that such a series had not been discussed, and that his focus was on the films. Speaking about "Camp Cretaceous", Marshall said: "I think that's plenty for now".


title: Jurassic Park

text: In June 1993, after the theatrical release of "Jurassic Park", spokesmen for Amblin and MCA confirmed that an animated series based on the film was in development and awaiting Spielberg's final approval. The series, titled "Escape from Jurassic Park", would have consisted of 23 episodes for its first season. The series would have centered on John Hammond's attempts to finish Jurassic Park and open it to the public, while InGen's corporate rival Biosyn is simultaneously planning to open their own dinosaur theme park in Brazil, which ultimately ends with their dinosaurs escaping into the jungles.


title: Jurassic Park

text: If produced, it was believed that the project would be the most expensive animated series up to that time. Jeff Segal, president of Universal Cartoon Studios, said: "We are developing a TV series that we anticipate would be computer animated and very sophisticated. However, Spielberg has not had a chance yet to look at either the material or the format for the series". Segal said Universal was considering the possibility of developing the series for prime time, also commenting about the series' storyline: "It would essentially pick up from the closing moments of the movie and it would continue the story in a very dramatic way. The intention would be to continue with the primary characters and also introduce new characters". Segal also said the series would be aimed specifically at the same target audience as the film, while hoping that it would also appeal to young children.


title: Jurassic Park

text: Animation veteran and comic artist Will Meugniot (then working at Universal Cartoon Studios for various projects, including "Exosquad") contacted artist William Stout to ask if he would be interested in designing the animated series. According to Stout: "This was not going to be a kiddy show (although kids of all ages, including myself, could enjoy it). They wanted the show to be a mature prime time series with top writers and state-of-the-art television animation augmented with quite a bit of CG animation". Universal Animation Studios wanted the show to have the look of a graphic novel.


title: Jurassic Park

text: Stout was hired to work on the series and subsequently made a trailer to demonstrate how the series would look, and how it would combine traditional animation with computer animation. The series required Spielberg's final approval before it could go into production. However, Spielberg had grown tired of the massive promotion and merchandise revolving around the film, and never watched the trailer. On July 13, 1993, Margaret Loesch, president of the Fox Children's Network, confirmed that discussions had been held with Spielberg about an animated version of the film. Loesch also said: "At least for now and in the foreseeable future, there will not be an animated "Jurassic Park". That's Steven Spielberg's decision, and we respect that decision".


title: Jurassic Park

text: Part three of the four-part comic adaptation of "The Lost World: Jurassic Park", published by Topps Comics in July 1997, confirmed to readers that a cartoon series based on the film was in development. It was commissioned by Spielberg and would be developed by DreamWorks Animation. In November 1997, it was reported that the cartoon would be accompanied by "Jurassic Park: Chaos Effect", a series of dinosaur toys produced by Kenner and based on a premise that scientists had created dinosaur hybrids consisting of DNA from different creatures. The new toys were based on the upcoming cartoon. It was also reported that the cartoon could be ready by March 1998, as a mid-season replacement. The Chaos Effect toyline was released in June 1998, but the animated series was never produced, for unknown reasons.


title: Jurassic Park

text: For the 1993 film, Kenner produced a line of action figures and dinosaurs, marketed with the slogan, "If it's not 'Jurassic Park', it's extinct". Paleontologist Jack Horner, who offered his advice for the film's dinosaurs, was also hired as a scientific advisor for the dinosaur toys. Kenner had two years to develop the toys, which sold successfully. Dakin also produced stuffed dinosaurs based on the film.


title: Jurassic Park

text: Kenner produced another toy line for the 1997 sequel. The company also released Jurassic Park: Chaos Effect a year later. The toy line's premise involved scientists who had created new dinosaur species by combining the DNA of existing dinosaurs.


title: Jurassic Park

text: Kenner's parent company, Hasbro, took over toy production for "Jurassic Park III", released in 2001. At that time, Playskool also released a toy line aimed at young children, under the name Jurassic Park Junior. "Jurassic Park III" toys were also released under the Lego Studios brand. Hasbro also created a toy line for "Jurassic World". Some of the toy dinosaurs had been referred to on packaging as males, despite being females in the film. This drew some criticism which accused Hasbro of catering solely to a male demographic. Hasbro updated the pronouns shortly after the toy line's release. The Lego Jurassic World line was also released in 2015.


title: Jurassic Park

text: In 2016, Mattel took the toy license from Hasbro, in a deal which started one year later. Mattel produced various toys for "", including dinosaurs, action figures, and Barbie dolls. Mattel's dinosaur toys included symbols which could be scanned with a cell phone, providing facts about each animal through a mobile app known as "Jurassic World Facts". Lego and Funko also created toys based on the film. In addition, Mattel released the Jurassic World Legacy Collection, which included toys based on characters and dinosaurs from the "Jurassic Park" trilogy.


title: Jurassic Park

text: In 2019, Mattel unveiled the Amber Collection, a toy line of posable characters and dinosaurs that had been featured in the first film. A year later, the company released toys based on "Jurassic World Camp Cretaceous". In February 2021, Mattel and Target partnered to sell a line of toys custom-made by the fan site Jurassic Outpost. The Amber Collection continued into 2021, and a new series of toys, known as the Hammond Collection, was released in 2022.


title: Jurassic Park

text: Board games were released by Milton Bradley for the first two "Jurassic Park" films. Hasbro and Milton Bradley also released two board games for "Jurassic Park III".


title: Jurassic Park

text: "Jurassic Park: Danger!", released by Ravensburger in 2018, pits humans and dinosaurs against each other. Meanwhile, Mondo was working on a board game to be known as "Jurassic Park: The Chaos Gene", although it was canceled during development. In 2019, Mondo announced that characters and dinosaurs from the "Jurassic Park" franchise would be released as playable characters for its "Unmatched" board game. The first set of characters was released in 2020.


title: Jurassic Park

text: In 2021, Hasbro released a version of "Monopoly" based on the original "Jurassic Park" film. "" is a legacy board game released in 2022. It was designed by Funko's design studio, Prospero Hall.


title: Jurassic Park

text: From June 1993 to August 1997, the now-defunct Topps Comics published comic adaptations of "Jurassic Park" and "The Lost World: Jurassic Park", as well as several tie-in series.


title: Jurassic Park

text: Beginning in June 2010, IDW Publishing began publishing "Jurassic Park" comics. They also acquired the rights to reprint the issues published by Topps in the 1990s, which they began to do in trade paperback format starting in November 2010. After a four-year hiatus, IDW announced a comic series based on "Jurassic World" that was to be released in 2017.


title: Jurassic Park

text: In late 2019, a "Jurassic World" motion comic series was released by Universal on YouTube. The four-part series is set after the events of "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom" and explores various dinosaur attacks throughout the world.


title: Jurassic Park

text: Since 1993, numerous "Jurassic Park" video games have been produced. To accompany the release of the first film, Sega and Ocean Software published several different games for various consoles, including the NES and Sega Genesis. In 1994, Ocean produced a game sequel titled "", while Sega released "". In addition, Universal Interactive Studios produced "Jurassic Park Interactive" for the 3DO system.


title: Jurassic Park

text: In 1997, several games were released for the second film in the franchise, including some by DreamWorks Interactive. A subsequent game, "Trespasser", was released as a "digital sequel" to "The Lost World: Jurassic Park". The player assumes the role of Anne, who is the sole survivor of a plane crash on InGen's "Site B" one year after the events of the film. It was released for Microsoft Windows in 1998. The third film spawned six video games for PC and Game Boy Advance. A number of lightgun arcade games were also released for all three films.


title: Jurassic Park

text: "" is an episodic video game that takes place during and after the events of the original film. It follows a new group of survivors trying to escape Isla Nublar. It was developed by Telltale Games in a deal with Universal and was released in 2011.


title: Jurassic Park

text: "Lego Jurassic World" is a 2015 action-adventure video game developed by Traveller's Tales and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. It follows the plots of the series' first four films.


title: Jurassic Park

text: Several park-building games have been released, including "" (2003), "" (2015), "Jurassic World Evolution" (2018), and "Jurassic World Evolution 2" (2021).


title: Jurassic Park

text: Several water rides based on the series have opened at Universal's theme parks. On June 21, 1996, Universal Studios Hollywood opened . Universal Studios Japan later opened this attraction, and Universal's Islands of Adventure opened . The rides are heavily themed on the first three films. Another ride based on the series has also been opened at Universal Studios Singapore (Jurassic Park Rapids Adventure). In 2018, Jurassic Park: The Ride at Universal Studios Hollywood closed for preparations to become , which opened on July 12, 2019. A roller coaster, known as VelociCoaster, opened at Universal's Islands of Adventure in June 2021.


title: Jurassic Park

text: In June 1993, the American Museum of Natural History in New York debuted The Dinosaurs of Jurassic Park, an exhibition featuring dinosaurs that were created for use in the first film. The exhibition opening coincided with the film. Other museums were threatened with legal action for using the word "Jurassic" in exhibit titles.


title: Jurassic Park

text: A travelling exhibition, The Lost World: The Life and Death of Dinosaurs, went on tour in 1997. The exhibit was produced in connection with the second film, and its centerpiece was a 70-foot-long recreation of a "Mamenchisaurus", a dinosaur featured in the film.


title: Jurassic Park

text: Another travelling exhibit, The Dinosaurs of Jurassic Park and The Lost World, went on tour in 1998. It was created by Don Lessem, and featured dinosaurs that were made for the first two films, as well as sets and props, and a video narrated by Jeff Goldblum. It also featured the 70-foot "Mamenchisaurus". The exhibit was ongoing as of 2001.


title: Jurassic Park

text: Jurassic Park: The Life and Death of Dinosaurs was an exhibition that traveled around the United States during 2002. It was also created by Lessem and included dinosaur sculptures from the films, as well as cast skeletons and fossils.


title: Jurassic Park

text: In 2001, Universal Studios and Amblin Entertainment created the Jurassic Park Institute, an educational program that included a website, as well as travelling dinosaur exhibits in later years. The exhibit toured in Japan under the name Jurassic Park Institute Tour, and a video game, "", was released to accompany it. The tour, designed by Thinkwell Design & Production, won a Thea award in 2005 for Outstanding Achievement.


title: Jurassic Park

text: Jurassic World: The Exhibition was located at the Melbourne Museum in Australia for six months during 2016. The travelling exhibition was also held in 2017, at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, and at the Field Museum in Chicago. A new North American tour was launched in 2021, starting in Texas.


title: Resident Evil

text: Resident Evil, known in Japan as is a Japanese horror game series and media franchise created by Capcom. It consists of survival horror, third-person shooter and first-person shooter games, with players typically surviving in environments filled with zombies and other creatures. The franchise has expanded into a live-action film series, animated films, television series, comic books, novels, audio dramas, and other media and merchandise. "Resident Evil" is the highest-grossing horror franchise.


title: Resident Evil

text: The first "Resident Evil" was created by Shinji Mikami and Tokuro Fujiwara and released for the PlayStation in 1996. It is credited for defining the survival horror genre and returning zombies to popular culture. With "Resident Evil 4" (2005), the franchise shifted to more dynamic shooting action; it influenced the evolution of the survival horror and third-person genres, popularizing the "over-the-shoulder" third-person view. "" (2017) moved the series to a first-person perspective. Capcom has also released three "Resident Evil" remakes: "Resident Evil" (2002), "Resident Evil 2" (2019) and "Resident Evil 3" (2020), with the upcoming "Resident Evil 4" scheduled for 2023. "Resident Evil" is Capcom's best-selling franchise, with copies sold worldwide as of October 2022, and is the best-selling horror game series.


title: Resident Evil

text: The first "Resident Evil" film was released in 2002, followed by five sequels and a 2021 reboot, "Welcome to Raccoon City". The films have received mixed-to-negative reviews, but have grossed more than $1.2 billion, making "Resident Evil" the second highest-grossing video game film series.


title: Resident Evil

text: The development of the first "Resident Evil", released as "Biohazard" in Japan, began in 1993 when Capcom's Tokuro Fujiwara told Shinji Mikami and other co-workers to create a game using elements from Fujiwara's 1989 game "Sweet Home". When in late 1994 marketing executives were setting up to release "Biohazard" in the United States, it was pointed out that securing the rights to the name "Biohazard" would be very difficult as a DOS game had been registered under that name, as well as a New York hardcore punk band called Biohazard. A contest was held among company personnel to choose a new name; this competition turned up "Resident Evil", the name under which it was released in the west. "Resident Evil" made its debut on the PlayStation in 1996 and was later ported to the Sega Saturn.


title: Resident Evil

text: The first entry in the series was the first game to be dubbed a "survival horror", a term coined for the new genre it initiated, and its critical and commercial success led to the production of two sequels, "Resident Evil 2" in 1998 and "" in 1999, both for the PlayStation. A port of "Resident Evil 2" was released for the Nintendo 64. In addition, ports of all three were released for Windows. The fourth game in the series, "", was developed for the Dreamcast and released in 2000, followed by ports of "Resident Evil 2" and "Resident Evil 3: Nemesis". "Resident Evil – Code: Veronica" was later re-released for Dreamcast in Japan in an updated form as "Code: Veronica Complete", which included slight changes, many of which revolved around story cutscenes. This updated version was later ported to the PlayStation 2 and GameCube under the title "Code: Veronica X".


title: Resident Evil

text: Despite earlier announcements that the next game in the series would be released for the PlayStation 2, which resulted in the creation of an unrelated game titled "Devil May Cry", series' creator and producer Shinji Mikami decided to make the series exclusively for the GameCube. The next three games in the series—a remake of the original "Resident Evil" and the prequel "Resident Evil Zero", both released in 2002, as well as "Resident Evil 4" (2005)—were all released initially as GameCube exclusives. "Resident Evil 4" was later released for Windows, PlayStation 2, and Wii.


title: Resident Evil

text: A trilogy of GunCon-compatible light gun games known as the "Gun Survivor" series featured first-person gameplay. The first, "Resident Evil Survivor", was released in 2000 for the PlayStation and PC but received mediocre reviews. The subsequent games, "" and "", fared somewhat better. "Dead Aim" is the fourth "Gun Survivor" game in Japan, with "Gun Survivor 3" being the "Dino Crisis" spin-off "Dino Stalker". In a similar vein, the "Chronicles" series features first-person gameplay, albeit on an on-rails path. "" was released in 2007 for the Wii, with a sequel, "" released in 2009 (both were later ported to the PlayStation 3 in 2012). Also in 2009, "Resident Evil 5" was released for PlayStation 3, Windows and Xbox 360, becoming the best selling game of the franchise despite mixed fan reception.


title: Resident Evil

text: "Resident Evil Outbreak" is an online game for the PlayStation 2, released in 2003, depicting a series of episodic storylines in Raccoon City set during the same period as "Resident Evil 2" and "Resident Evil 3: Nemesis". It was the first in the series and the first survival horror title to feature cooperative gameplay. It was followed by a sequel, "". Raccoon City is a metropolis located in the Arklay Mountains of the Midwestern United States that succumbed to the deadly T-virus outbreak and was consequently destroyed via a nuclear missile attack issued by the United States government. The town served as a critical junction for the series' progression as one of the main catalysts to Umbrella's downfall and the entry point for some of the series' most notable characters.


title: Resident Evil

text: "Resident Evil Gaiden" is an action-adventure game for the Game Boy Color featuring a role-playing-style combat system. There have been several downloadable mobile games based on the "Resident Evil" series in Japan. Some of these mobile games have been released in North America and Europe through T-Mobile. At the Sony press conference during E3 2009, "Resident Evil Portable" was announced for the PlayStation Portable, described as an all-new title being developed with "the PSP Go in mind" and "totally different for a "Resident Evil" game". No further announcements have been made, and the game is considered to have been canceled.


title: Resident Evil

text: Capcom revealed the third-person shooter "", which was developed by Slant Six Games for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and Windows and released in March 2012. A survival horror game for the Nintendo 3DS, "", was released in February 2012. In October of the same year, the next numbered entry in the main series, "Resident Evil 6", was released to mixed reviews, but enthusiastic pre-order sales.


title: Resident Evil

text: In 2013, producer Masachika Kawata said the "Resident Evil" franchise would return to focus on elements of horror and suspense over action, adding that "survival horror as a genre is never going to be on the same level, financially, as shooters and much more popular, mainstream games. At the same time, I think we need to have the confidence to put money behind these projects, and it doesn't mean we can't focus on what we need to do as a survival horror game to meet fan's needs." "", an episodic game set between "Resident Evil 5" and "Resident Evil 6", was released in March 2015. A series of team-based multiplayer games were developed beginning with the poorly-received "Umbrella Corps", which was released in June 2016. "" was released in April 2020, followed by "Resident Evil Re:Verse" in October 2022, with both being available for free to those who bought "Resident Evil 3" and "Village" respectively.


title: Resident Evil

text: Using the new RE Engine, which would develop the next generation of "Resident Evil" games, the series continued to shift back towards more horror elements. The next mainline game, "" was released for Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in January 2017. Set in a dilapidated mansion in Louisiana, the game uses a first-person perspective and emphasizes horror and exploration over action, unlike previous installments. The first-person perspective continued in the eighth mainline game "Resident Evil Village." Released in May 2021, the game, set in a mysterious European village, is a direct sequel to "Resident Evil 7: Biohazard" although it incorporates more action elements inspired from "Resident Evil 4". The game also marked the franchise's debut on PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S


title: Resident Evil

text: A new generation of remakes of older entries began in 2019 with a remake of "Resident Evil 2", being released for the PlayStation 4, Windows, and Xbox One. The remake outsold the original game within a year, selling over five million copies. Following in the success of the "Resident Evil 2" remake, Capcom revealed a remake of "Resident Evil 3: Nemesis" in December 2019, known as "Resident Evil 3". It was released in April 2020. In June 2022, a remake of "Resident Evil 4" was announced and is expected to be released on March 24, 2023 for PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox Series X/S, and PC.


title: Resident Evil

text: Earlier installments in the franchise primarily concerns a group of people who battle against the Umbrella Corporation, a pharmaceutical company which develops the T-virus and other mutagens for their secret "bio-organic weapons" research. The mutagens can transform humans into zombies as well as mutate other animals and plants into horrifying monsters.


title: Resident Evil

text: The original game and many franchise entries are set in and around Raccoon City, a fictional midwestern American city. The city and its outlying areas house several bioengineering laboratories belonging to the Umbrella Corporation, which develop viruses intended for use in biological warfare. One of the laboratories, unnamed throughout the video game series and referred to as "The Hive" in the film adaptations, is located underneath Raccoon City and is where the T-virus is developed. As Umbrella's mutagen testing grows in scale and the virus has leaked into Raccoon City, STARS officers and other characters fight through the monsters ravaging the city to investigate Umbrella's involvement in the disaster. Raccoon City is ultimately destroyed by a thermobaric missile strike initiated by the United States government to contain the viral outbreak. An ensuing government investigation leads to Umbrella's downfall. However, the proliferation of Umbrella's biological weapons and viruses leads to other outbreaks across the world. The protagonists of each subsequent entry continue to fight new factions that engage in bio-terrorism and also face new types of creatures.


title: Resident Evil

text: Several major characters are members of Raccoon City's police tactical unit, STARS, including Chris Redfield, Jill Valentine, and Rebecca Chambers. The head of the STARS department is Albert Wesker, who also secretly works for Umbrella and is a primary antagonist in the series. Other notable characters of the franchise include police officer and later US special agent Leon S. Kennedy, Chris' sister Claire Redfield, corporate spy Ada Wong, and systems engineer Ethan Winters with his daughter Rose Winters.


title: Resident Evil

text: The "Resident Evil" franchise has had a variety of control schemes and gameplay mechanics throughout its history. Puzzle-solving has figured prominently throughout the series.


title: Resident Evil

text: The first game introduced a control scheme that the player community has come to refer to as "tank controls" to the series. In a game with tank controls, players control movement relative to the position of the player character, rather than relative to the fixed virtual camera from which the player views the current scene. Pressing up (for example on a D-pad, analog stick, or cursor movement keys) on the game controller moves the character in the direction being faced, pressing down backpedals, and left and right rotates the character. This can feel counter-intuitive when the character is facing the camera, as the controls are essentially reversed in this state. This differs from many 3D games, in which characters move in the direction the player pushes the controls from the perspective of the camera. Some critics have posited that the control scheme is intentionally clumsy, meant to enhance stress and exacerbate difficulty.


title: Resident Evil

text: While the first three entries in the series featured this control scheme, the third, "Resident Evil 3: Nemesis", saw some action-oriented additions. These included a 180 degree turn and dodge command that, according to "GameSpot", "hinted at a new direction that the series would go in." Later games in the series, like "Resident Evil 4", would feature a more fluid over-the-shoulder third-person camera instead of a fixed camera for each room, while "Resident Evil 7" and "Resident Evil Village" are played from the first-person perspective.


title: Resident Evil

text: "Resident Evil 4" saw significant changes to the established gameplay, including switching from fixed camera perspectives to a tracking camera, and more action-oriented gameplay and mechanics. This was complemented by an abundance of ammunition and revised aiming and melee mechanics. Some critics claimed that this overhauled control scheme "made the game less scary." The next two games in the franchise furthered the action-oriented mechanics: "Resident Evil 5" featured cooperative play and added strafing, while "Resident Evil 6" allowed players to move while aiming and shooting for the first time, fully abandoning the series' signature tank controls.


title: Resident Evil

text: "Resident Evil 7" is the first main "Resident Evil" game to use the first-person perspective and to use virtual reality. It drew comparisons to modern survival horror games such as "Outlast" and "PT". The eighth main-series game, "Resident Evil Village", also features a first-person perspective. A VR version of "Resident Evil 4" was released on the Oculus Quest 2 on October 21, 2021.


title: Resident Evil

text: The "Resident Evil" franchise features video games and tie-in merchandise and products, including various live-action and animated films, comic books, and novels.


title: Resident Evil

text: From 2002 to 2016, six live-action "Resident Evil" films were produced, all written and produced by Paul W. S. Anderson. The films do not follow the games' premise but feature some game characters. The series' protagonist is Alice, an original character created for the films portrayed by Milla Jovovich. Despite a negative reaction from critics, the live-action film series has made over $1 billion worldwide. They are, to date, the only video game adaptations to increase the amount of money made with each successive film. The series holds the record for the "Most Live-Action Film Adaptations of a Video Game" in the 2012 "Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition", which also described it as "the most successful movie series to be based on a video game."


title: Resident Evil

text: The first computer animated film for the franchise was "Biohazard 4D-Executer". It was a short 3D film produced for Japanese theme parks and did not feature any characters from the game.


title: Resident Evil

text: Starting in 2008, a series of feature-length computer animated films have been released. These films take place in the same continuity with the games of the series, and feature characters such as Leon Kennedy, Claire Redfield, Ada Wong, Chris Redfield and Rebecca Chambers.


title: Resident Evil

text: "", a four-part CG anime series, premiered on July 8, 2021, on Netflix. Starring the "Resident Evil 2" protagonists Leon S. Kennedy and Claire Redfield, the series features both uncovering a worldwide plot. The series released on July 8, 2021 on Netflix.


title: Resident Evil

text: "Resident Evil" premiered on July 14, 2022, on Netflix. An eight episode live-action series, two plotlines set in 2022 and 2036 follow Albert Wesker and his daughters navigating Umbrella's experiments in New Raccoon City.


title: Resident Evil

text: Over the years, various toy companies have acquired the "Resident Evil" license, with each producing their own unique line of "Resident Evil" action figures or models. These include, but are not limited to, Toy Biz, Palisades Toys, NECA, and Hot Toys.


title: Resident Evil

text: Tokyo Marui also produced replicas of the guns used in the "Resident Evil" series in the form of gas blow-back airsoft guns. Some models included the STARS Beretta featured in "Resident Evil 3", and the Desert Eagle in a limited edition that came with other memorabilia in a wooden case, along with the Gold Lugers from "Code: Veronica" and the "Samurai Edge" pistol from the "Resident Evil" remake. Other merchandise includes an energy drink called "T-virus Antidote."


title: Resident Evil

text: "Resident Evil Archives" is a reference guide of the "Resident Evil" series written by staff members of Capcom. It was translated into English and published by BradyGames. The guide describes and summarizes all of the key events that occur in "Resident Evil Zero", "Resident Evil", "Resident Evil 2", "Resident Evil 3: Nemesis", and "Code: Veronica". The main plot analysis also contains character relationship charts, artwork, item descriptions, and file transcripts for all five games. A second Archives book was later released in December 2011 and covers "Resident Evil 4", "Resident Evil 5", the new scenarios detailed in "Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles" and "Resident Evil: The Darkside Chronicles", and the 2008 CGI movie, "Resident Evil: Degeneration". The second Archives volume was also translated by Capcom and published by BradyGames.


title: Resident Evil

text: A "Resident Evil" theme restaurant called Biohazard Cafe & Grill S.T.A.R.S. opened in Tokyo in 2012. Halloween Horror Nights 2013, held at Universal Orlando, featured a haunted house titled "Resident Evil: Escape from Raccoon City", based on "Resident Evil 2" and "Resident Evil 3: Nemesis".


title: Resident Evil

text: The first "Resident Evil" novel was Hiroyuki Ariga's novella "Biohazard: The Beginning", published in 1997 as a portion of the book "The True Story of Biohazard", which was given away as a pre-order bonus with the Sega Saturn version of "Biohazard". The story serves as a prelude to the original "Resident Evil", in which Chris investigates the disappearance of his missing friend, Billy Rabbitson.


title: Resident Evil

text: S. D. Perry has written novelizations of the first five games, as well as two original novels taking place between games. The novels often take liberties with the games' plot by exploring events occurring outside and beyond the games. This often meant that the games would later contradict the books on a few occasions. One notable addition from the novels is the original character Trent, who often served as a mysterious behind-the-scenes string-puller who aided the main characters. Perry's novels were translated and released in Japan with new cover arts by Wolfina. Perry's novels, particularly "The Umbrella Conspiracy", also alluded to events in "Biohazard: The Beginning", such as the disappearance of Billy Rabbitson and Brian Irons' bid to run for Mayor. A reprinting of Perry's novels with new cover artwork began in 2012 to coincide with the release of "" and its respective novelization.


title: Resident Evil

text: There are a trilogy of original "Biohazard" novels in Japan. was published in 1998 and was written by Kyū Asakura and the staff of Flagship. Two additional novels were published in 2002, "To the Liberty" by Sudan Kimura and "Rose Blank" by Tadashi Aizawa. While no official English translation of these novels has been published yet, the last two books were translated into German and published in 2006.


title: Resident Evil

text: Novelizations of three of the six Paul Anderson films; "Genesis", "Apocalypse", and "Extinction", were written by Keith DeCandido. "Afterlife" did not receive a novelization due to Capcom's decision to discontinue working with Pocket Books, who had been their primary source of publishing books up to that point, Capcom would later make Titan Books their primary publisher going forth. "Retribution" was written by John Shirley, while "The Final Chapter" was written by Tim Waggoner. "Genesis" was published over two years after that film's release and coincided with the publication of "Apocalypse", "Genesis" being marketed as a prequel to "Apocalypse", while the "Extinction" novel was released in late July 2007, two months before the film's release. "The Final Chapter" was published in December 2016 alongside the film's theatrical release. There was also a Japanese novelization of the first film, unrelated to DeCandido's version, written by Osamu Makino. Makino also wrote two novels based on the game "Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles". The books are a two-part direct novelization of the game and are published in Japanese and German only. The first novel, titled "Biohazard: The Umbrella Chronicles Side A" in Japan and "Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles 1" in Germany, was released on December 22, 2007. The second novel, titled "Biohazard: The Umbrella Chronicles Side B" in Japan and "Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles 2" in Germany, was published in January 2008.


title: Resident Evil

text: In 1997, Marvel Comics published a single-issue prologue comic based on the original "Resident Evil", released through a promotional giveaway alongside the original PlayStation game.


title: Resident Evil

text: In 1998, WildStorm began producing a monthly comic book series based on the first two games, titled "Resident Evil: The Official Comic Magazine", which lasted five issues. The first four issues were published by Image, while Wildstorm themselves published the fifth and final issue. Each issue was a compilation of short stories that were both adaptations of events from the games and related side stories. Like the Perry novels, the comics also explored events occurring beyond "Resident Evil 2" (the latest game during the series' publication) and thus were contradicted by later games. Wildstorm also published a four-issue miniseries titled "Resident Evil: Fire & Ice", which depicted the ordeal of Charlie Team, a third STARS team created specifically for the comic. In 2009, Wildstorm reprinted "Fire & Ice" in a trade paperback collection.


title: Resident Evil

text: In Hong Kong, there has been officially licensed "Biohazard" manhua adaptations of "Biohazard 0" by publisher Yulang Group, "Biohazard 2" by Kings Fountain, "Biohazard 3 Supplemental Edition" by Cao Zhihao and, "Biohazard 3 The Last Escape", and "Biohazard Code: Veronica" by Lee Chung Hing published by Tinhangse Publishing. The Code: Veronica manhua was translated into English, formatted to look like an American comic and distributed by WildStorm as a series of four graphic novel collections.


title: Resident Evil

text: In 2009, Wildstorm began publishing a comic book prequel to "Resident Evil 5", titled "Resident Evil", which centers around two original members of the BSAA named Mina Gere and Holiday Sugarman. Written by Ricardo Sanchez and illustrated by Kevin Sharpe and Jim Clark, the first issue was published on March 11, 2009. On November 11, 2009, the third issue was released, and the fourth was released March 24, 2010. The sixth and final book was finally published in February 2011.


title: Resident Evil

text: In the summer of 2000, "Bioroid: Year Zero" was performed in Japan. It was a musical horror-comedy but took the perspective of the infected. Super Eccentric Theater put on the production under the direction of Osamu Yagihashi. The stage play was performed from early July to late August.


title: Resident Evil

text: "Biohazard The Stage" was released in Japan in 2015. The play focused on iconic characters, Chris Redfield and Rebecca Chambers, as Philosophy University in Australia is experiencing a bioterrorist attack. The production was handled by Avex Live Creative and Ace Crew Entertainment, under supervision from Capcom.


title: Resident Evil

text: The following year, "Musical Biohazard ~Voice of Gaia~" was released in September. It was produced by Umeda Arts Theater by director G2 and composer, Shunsuke Wada.


title: Resident Evil

text: "Biohazard the Experience" was the second "Resident Evil" play produced by Avex Live Creative and Ace Crew Entertainment. The story is set in 2015 and follows a cast of thirteen survivors who were abducted and woke up in a mansion during an outbreak.


title: Resident Evil

text: Most of the games in the prominent "Resident Evil" series have been released to positive reviews. Some of the games, most notably "Resident Evil", "Resident Evil 2" and "Resident Evil 4", have been bestowed with multiple Game of the Year honors and often placed on lists of the best video games ever made.


title: Resident Evil

text: In 1999, "Next Generation" listed the "Resident Evil" series as number 13 on their "Top 50 Games of All Time", commenting that, "Flawless graphics, excellent music, and a top-notch storyline all combined to make a game of unparalleled atmosphere and suspense." In 2012, "Complex" ranked "Resident Evil" at number 22 on the list of the best video game franchises. That same year, G4tv called it "one of the most successful series in gaming history."


title: Resident Evil

text: As of September 30, 2021, the series has sold units worldwide. The first two "Resident Evil" games had collectively sold approximately units worldwide by March 1999. By early 2001, the series had sold units worldwide, earning more than . By 2011, it had sold about units and was estimated to have grossed at least more than in video game sales. It is recognized by "Guinness World Records" as the best-selling survival horror series, with "Resident Evil 5" the best-selling survival horror game, . Seven of the top ten best-selling horror games in North America are "Resident Evil" titles, with "Resident Evil 5" the best-selling horror game, .


title: Resident Evil

text: The "Resident Evil" film adaptations also went on to become the highest-grossing film series based on video games by 2012. By 2011, the films had grossed over at the box office, bringing the franchise's estimated revenue to at least more than in combined video game sales and box office gross up until then. , the films have grossed more than in box office and home video sales. The success of the video games and films have made "Resident Evil" the highest-grossing franchise in the horror and zombie genres.


title: Resident Evil

text: GameSpot listed the original "Resident Evil" as one of the fifteen most influential video games of all time. It is credited with defining and popularizing the survival horror genre of games. It is also credited with taking video games in a cinematic direction with its B-movie style cut-scenes, including live-action full-motion video (FMV) footage. Its live-action opening, however, was controversial; it became one of the first action games to receive the "Mature 17+" (M) rating from the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB), despite the opening cutscene being censored in North America.


title: Resident Evil

text: The "Resident Evil" franchise is credited with sparking a revival of the zombie genre in popular culture, leading to a renewed interest in zombie films during the 2000s. "Resident Evil" also helped redefine the zombie genre, playing an important role in its shift from supernatural themes to scientific themes by using science to explain the origins of zombies. According to Kim Newman in the book "Nightmare Movies" (2011), "the zombie revival began in the Far East" mainly due to the 1996 Japanese zombie games "Resident Evil" and "The House of the Dead". George Romero, in 2013, said it was the video games "Resident Evil" and "House of the Dead" "more than anything else" that popularised his zombie concept in early 21st-century popular culture. In a 2015 interview with "Huffington Post", screenwriter-director Alex Garland credited the "Resident Evil" series as a primary influence on his script for the horror film "28 Days Later" (2002), and credited the first "Resident Evil" game for revitalizing the zombie genre. Screenwriter Edgar Wright cited "Resident Evil 2" as a primary influence on his zombie comedy film "Shaun of the Dead" (2004), with the film's star and co-writer Simon Pegg also crediting the first game with starting the zombie revival in popular culture. "The Walking Dead" comic book creator Robert Kirkman cited "Resident Evil" as his favorite zombie game, while "The Walking Dead" television series director Greg Nicotero credited "Resident Evil" and "The House of the Dead" with introducing the zombie genre "to a whole generation of younger people who didn’t grow up watching "Night of the Living Dead" and "Dawn of the Dead"."


title: Resident Evil

text: The "Resident Evil" Apocalypse zombies were conceptualized and choreographed by Sharon B. Moore and Derek Aasland. Through script analysis and movement research a “scientific logic” was devised for the T-Virus accounting for each Zombie behaviour envisioned in Wes Anderson script. Sharon B. Moore and Derek Aasland then wrote the so-called Undead Bible - a Handbook for the Undead - used as the guide for the nearly 1000 cast under the choreographic department (stunt performers, actors, dancers, extras) to ensure the Undead physicality was performed in a unified way across the picture.  The Stunt and Core teams participated in the “Undead Bootcamp”.  See also 2007 Documentary "Undead Bootcamp" starring producer Jeremy Bolt, director Alexander Witt, and choreographers Sharon B. Moore and Derek Aasland.


title: Resident Evil

text: On the DVD Featurette ‘"Resident Evil; Game Over"’ RE2 Apocalypse director Alexander Witt said the zombies needed to be "more aggressive and more dangerous" than the original film, so they were created by the film’s choreographers Sharon B. Moore and Derek Aasland as "liquid zombie[s]’ in terms of their relentless forward motion: unstoppable, flowing around any kind of resistance, and then rushing in on the final attack. This is also detailed in the University of Liverpool book Biopunk Dystopias Genetic Engineering, Society, and Science Fiction (Lars Schmeink, 2016, p.214)


title: Resident Evil

text: Additionally, the first "Resident Evil" film adaptation also contributed to the revival of zombie films, with the success of the film and the games resulting in zombies achieving greater mainstream prominence and several zombie films being greenlit, such as the video game film adaptation "House of the Dead" (2003), the remake "Dawn of the Dead" (2004) and Romero's "Land of the Dead" (2004). The "Resident Evil" films, "28 Days Later" and the "Dawn of the Dead" remake all set box office records for the zombie genre, reaching levels of commercial success not seen since the original "Dawn of the Dead" (1978). They were followed by other zombie films such as "28 Weeks Later" (2007), "Zombieland" (2009), "Cockneys vs Zombies" (2012), and "World War Z" (2013), as well as zombie-themed graphic novels and television shows such as "The Walking Dead" and "The Returned", and books such as "World War Z" (2006), "Pride and Prejudice and Zombies" (2009) and "Warm Bodies" (2010). The zombie revival trend was popular across different media up until the mid-2010s. Since then, zombie films have declined in popularity during the late 2010s, but zombie video games have remained popular, as seen with the commercial success of the "Resident Evil 2" remake and "Days Gone" in 2019.


title: Bella Hadid

text: Isabella Khairiah Hadid (born October 9, 1996) is an American model. In 2016, she was voted "Model of the Year" by industry professionals for Models.com. Over the span of four years, Hadid has made twenty-seven appearances on international "Vogue" magazine covers.


title: Bella Hadid

text: Born in Washington, D.C. and raised in Santa Barbara, California, Hadid began her modeling career at the age of 16. She was signed to IMG Models in August 2014, and made her New York Fashion Week debut the following month. In 2017, Hadid broke Doutzen Kroes's record for the most "Vogue" September covers in one year by appearing in five international editions (China, Spain, Brazil, Australia and Arabia).


title: Bella Hadid

text: Isabella Khairiah Hadid was born on October 9, 1996, in Washington, D.C. Her father, Mohamed Hadid, is a Palestinian Jordanian real estate developer, while her mother, Yolanda Hadid (née van den Herik), is a Dutch former model. Through her father, Hadid claims descent from Daher Al Omer, Prince of Nazareth and Sheik of Galilee. She has an older sister, Gigi, and a younger brother, Anwar, both of whom are also models. She also has two older paternal half-sisters; Marielle and Alana. Hadid and her siblings were raised on a ranch in Santa Barbara, California. The family moved to Beverly Hills after ten years.


title: Bella Hadid

text: As a teenager, Hadid was an equestrian and dreamed of competing at the 2016 Summer Olympics, although she competed in equitation, which is not an Olympic discipline. She was diagnosed, along with her mother and brother, with chronic lyme disease in 2012.


title: Bella Hadid

text: After graduating from Malibu High School in 2014, Hadid moved to New York City to study photography at the Parsons School of Design. She suspended her studies to focus on her modeling career, but has expressed an interest in returning to school once she's done modeling to branch out into fashion photography. Hadid has also expressed an interest in acting.


title: Bella Hadid

text: Hadid's modeling career began when she was sixteen years old with a commercial project for Flynn Skye. She also appeared in modeling projects such as Lesa Amoore's "The Swan Settings", alongside actor Ben Barnes, and Holly Copeland's "Smoking Hot". Hadid also modeled for Hanna Hayes' Fall/Winter 2013 Collection, and did campaign work for Chrome Hearts, the family brand of her best friend, Jesse Jo Stark.


title: Bella Hadid

text: Hadid signed to IMG Models on August 21, 2014. She made her New York Fashion Week debut in September, walking for Desigual. In December, Hadid made her first cover appearance on "Jalouse Magazine," and was featured on day 27 of "LOVE Magazine" Love Advent Calendar.


title: Bella Hadid

text: In February 2015, Hadid made her runway debut, walking for Tom Ford's Fall/Winter 2015 collection. In April, she was featured in two editions of Carine Roitfeld's "CR Fashion Book" – "Body By Bella" and "Fantasy Campaigns". In May, she walked for amfAR's 22nd Cinema Against AIDS Gala.


title: Bella Hadid

text: In the spring, she was featured in a campaign for Botkier Bags. In August, she starred in Victoria's Secret Pink Holiday campaign, alongside models Rachel Hilbert and Devon Windsor. In the fall, she was featured in a campaign for Boghossian Jewelry. In late 2015, at New York Fashion Week, Hadid walked for Diane von Fürstenberg, Tommy Hilfiger, Marc Jacobs, and closed Jeremy Scott's show. At London Fashion Week, she walked for Topshop Unique and Giles. At Milan Fashion Week, she walked for Philipp Plein, Moschino, Missoni, and Bottega Veneta. At Paris Fashion Week, she walked for Balmain. In December 2015, she made her Chanel debut, walking for the first time for Métiers d'Art in Rome.


title: Bella Hadid

text: She appeared on the November 2015 cover of "Seventeen." She also starred in Topshop's Holiday campaign, along with eight models, and was featured again on days 14 and 15 of "LOVE Magazine" Love Advent Calendar. She and her sister, Gigi, appeared in Balmain's Fall 2015 campaign. and the Fall 2015 ad campaign for Ralph Lauren Denim & Supply. She co-starred in Samsung's Fall/Winter Look Book with Xiao Wen Ju, which incorporated both technology and fashion.


title: Bella Hadid

text: During 2015, Hadid shot editorials for several magazines, including "Vogue" Australia, "Vogue Girl" Japan, "Harper's Bazaar," "GQ", "W Magazine," "Town and Country", "Pop Magazine", "Glamour Magazine", and "Elle". She also appeared on the covers of "Unconditional Magazine", "Grey Magazine", "V" Magazine (with sister, Gigi), "Editorialist", "Wonderland" 10th Birthday Issue, "S Moda", "Evening Standard", "Teen Vogue", and "Twin Magazine" Fall/Winter Issue.


title: Bella Hadid

text: In January 2016, Hadid made her Chanel Couture debut during Paris Haute Couture Spring/Summer Fashion Week. She also starred in Marc Jacobs' campaign, "My America". In February, she walked for Fenty x Puma at New York Fashion Week. She walked exclusively for Givenchy, Chanel, and Miu Miu at their shows at Paris Fashion Week in March. She also starred in Joe's Jeans Spring 2016 campaign. In May, she made her Australian Fashion Debut at Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week, exclusively opening and closing the Misha Collection Resort 17 show. She also walked for amfAR's 23rd Cinema Against AIDS Gala and Dior Cruise 2017 in London.


title: Bella Hadid

text: On May 31, 2016, Hadid became an ambassador for Dior Makeup. She starred in a web series from the fashion house called "Dior Makeup with Bella Hadid", and did a tutorial using their makeup for "American Vogue" YouTube channel. In June, she walked Givenchy's Menswear Fall 2016 campaign in Haute Couture during Paris Fashion Week. In July, she walked for Versace, Dior, and closed the show for Alexandre Vauthier. She then closed the show for Fendi's Haute Couture campaign in Rome.


title: Bella Hadid

text: Hadid started off the Spring/Summer 2017 season during New York Fashion Week, opening for DKNY and walking for Michael Kors, Anna Sui, Ralph Lauren, and Marc Jacobs.


title: Bella Hadid

text: During London Fashion Week, she exclusively opened for Versus (Versace). During Milan Fashion Week, she opened shows for Alberta Ferretti and Fendi, walked for Max Mara, Moschino, Versace and Bottega Veneta, and closed for Philosophy di Lorenzo Serafini. She also starred in Topshop's Denim campaign. In June, she was featured in Givenchy's Fall/Winter campaign. In July, alongside Frank Ocean, Kate Moss, and others, she was featured in the Calvin Klein Fall/Winter campaign. In August, she starred in J.W. Anderson's Fall/Winter campaign. She also photographed her close friends, the Stark family, for "W Magazine". In October, she starred in Misha Collection's campaign, "Gold by Misha". On November 30, she made her Victoria's Secret Fashion Show debut. On December 13, she announced her first clothing line with longtime friend and partner, Chrome Hearts.


title: Bella Hadid

text: During 2016, she appeared on the covers of "Seventeen" "Mexico", "Self Service Magazine", "CR Fashion Book" "#CRGirls", "V Magazine", "Harper's Bazaar" (Spain, Japan, Australia and Russia), "Elle" (Brazil, United States, United Kingdom, Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia), "Allure", "Double Magazine", "Glamour" (Germany, United States, Russia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey and Iceland), "Exit Magazine", "W Magazine" Korea, "L'Officiel" Russia, "Sunday Times Style", "British GQ", "Flare," and "Paper Magazine". In May, Hadid scored her first "Vogue" cover for "Vogue Turkey", and made her short film debut in Tyler Ford's film, "Private". In August, she appeared on the cover of "Vogue Me" with Korean rapper G-Dragon. In September, she appeared in three more "Vogue" covers for Japan, Italia, and Paris, alongside model Taylor Hill. She was also the star of "LOVE Magazine" 2016 Advent Calendar.


title: Bella Hadid

text: In January 2017, Hadid walked in Givenchy's Fall/Winter Menswear campaign in Paris. She also walked for Chanel and opened the show for Alexandre Vauthier. In February, she became an ambassador for Bulgari's accessory line and TAG Heuer. She walked in her sister, Gigi's, Tommy Hilfiger collaboration show, "Tommy x Gigi", in Los Angeles, and closed the H&M Studio show in Paris. Both appearances were last minute additions to the season. During New York Fashion Week, she opened shows for Prabal Gurung and Zadig & Voltaire, walked for Alexander Wang, Sies Marjan, Carolina Herrera, Brandon Maxwell, Michael Kors, Anna Sue and Ralph Lauren, and closed for Oscar de la Renta. During London Fashion Week, she was exclusively opened the show for Versace Versus.


title: Bella Hadid

text: In Milan, she walked for Alberta Ferretti, Fendi, Moschino, and Versace. To close out the season, in Paris, she walked for Lanvin, Chanel, Alexandre Vauthier, and opened the show for Off-White. While appearing at the Cannes Film Festival, she walked for Naomi Campbell's Fashion for Relief show and for amfAR's Cinema Against AIDS Gala. For Haute Couture week, she opened for Alexandre Vauthier, and walked for Miu Miu Resort, Maison Margiela and Fendi.


title: Bella Hadid

text: Hadid and her sister, Gigi, started off the Spring/Summer season together by starring in Fendi and Moschino campaigns. She also shot a campaign for Zadig & Voltaire with her younger brother, Anwar. She appeared solo for DKNY, TAG Heuer, and Boghossian campaigns. She also starred in Ochirly's Spring and Summer campaign and in Zayn x Versus' collection campaign. She starred in her first beauty campaign for Dior Makeup's "Pump N' Volume" mascara. She shot her first campaign with Nike for the Nike Cortez. She starred as the face of Bulgari's Goldea Roman Night fragrance and the Serpiniti collection. She shot a second accessories campaign for Max Mara, and starred in Penshoppe's "Generation" campaign. During the season, she starred alongside Miles McMillan in Giuseppe Zanotti, Justin Grossman in NARS Cosmetics, and Kendall Jenner in Ochirly's Fall campaign.