title: Black hole

text: Gravitational collapse is not the only process that could create black holes. In principle, black holes could be formed in high-energy collisions that achieve sufficient density. As of 2002, no such events have been detected, either directly or indirectly as a deficiency of the mass balance in particle accelerator experiments. This suggests that there must be a lower limit for the mass of black holes. Theoretically, this boundary is expected to lie around the Planck mass, where quantum effects are expected to invalidate the predictions of general relativity. This would put the creation of black holes firmly out of reach of any high-energy process occurring on or near the Earth. However, certain developments in quantum gravity suggest that the minimum black hole mass could be much lower: some braneworld scenarios for example put the boundary as low as . This would make it conceivable for micro black holes to be created in the high-energy collisions that occur when cosmic rays hit the Earth's atmosphere, or possibly in the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. These theories are very speculative, and the creation of black holes in these processes is deemed unlikely by many specialists. Even if micro black holes could be formed, it is expected that they would evaporate in about 10 seconds, posing no threat to the Earth.


title: Black hole

text: Once a black hole has formed, it can continue to grow by absorbing additional matter. Any black hole will continually absorb gas and interstellar dust from its surroundings. This growth process is one possible way through which some supermassive black holes may have been formed, although the formation of supermassive black holes is still an open field of research. A similar process has been suggested for the formation of intermediate-mass black holes found in globular clusters. Black holes can also merge with other objects such as stars or even other black holes. This is thought to have been important, especially in the early growth of supermassive black holes, which could have formed from the aggregation of many smaller objects. The process has also been proposed as the origin of some intermediate-mass black holes.


title: Black hole

text: In 1974, Hawking predicted that black holes are not entirely black but emit small amounts of thermal radiation at a temperature ℏ"c"/(8π"GM""k"); this effect has become known as Hawking radiation. By applying quantum field theory to a static black hole background, he determined that a black hole should emit particles that display a perfect black body spectrum. Since Hawking's publication, many others have verified the result through various approaches. If Hawking's theory of black hole radiation is correct, then black holes are expected to shrink and evaporate over time as they lose mass by the emission of photons and other particles. The temperature of this thermal spectrum (Hawking temperature) is proportional to the surface gravity of the black hole, which, for a Schwarzschild black hole, is inversely proportional to the mass. Hence, large black holes emit less radiation than small black holes.


title: Black hole

text: A stellar black hole of has a Hawking temperature of 62 nanokelvins. This is far less than the 2.7 K temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation. Stellar-mass or larger black holes receive more mass from the cosmic microwave background than they emit through Hawking radiation and thus will grow instead of shrinking. To have a Hawking temperature larger than 2.7 K (and be able to evaporate), a black hole would need a mass less than the Moon. Such a black hole would have a diameter of less than a tenth of a millimeter.


title: Black hole

text: If a black hole is very small, the radiation effects are expected to become very strong. A black hole with the mass of a car would have a diameter of about 10 m and take a nanosecond to evaporate, during which time it would briefly have a luminosity of more than 200 times that of the Sun. Lower-mass black holes are expected to evaporate even faster; for example, a black hole of mass 1 TeV/"c" would take less than 10 seconds to evaporate completely. For such a small black hole, quantum gravity effects are expected to play an important role and could hypothetically make such a small black hole stable, although current developments in quantum gravity do not indicate this is the case.


title: Black hole

text: The Hawking radiation for an astrophysical black hole is predicted to be very weak and would thus be exceedingly difficult to detect from Earth. A possible exception, however, is the burst of gamma rays emitted in the last stage of the evaporation of primordial black holes. Searches for such flashes have proven unsuccessful and provide stringent limits on the possibility of existence of low mass primordial black holes. NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope launched in 2008 will continue the search for these flashes.


title: Black hole

text: If black holes evaporate via Hawking radiation, a solar mass black hole will evaporate (beginning once the temperature of the cosmic microwave background drops below that of the black hole) over a period of 10 years. A supermassive black hole with a mass of will evaporate in around 2×10 years. Some monster black holes in the universe are predicted to continue to grow up to perhaps during the collapse of superclusters of galaxies. Even these would evaporate over a timescale of up to 10 years.


title: Black hole

text: By nature, black holes do not themselves emit any electromagnetic radiation other than the hypothetical Hawking radiation, so astrophysicists searching for black holes must generally rely on indirect observations. For example, a black hole's existence can sometimes be inferred by observing its gravitational influence on its surroundings.


title: Black hole

text: On 10 April 2019, an image was released of a black hole, which is seen magnified because the light paths near the event horizon are highly bent. The dark shadow in the middle results from light paths absorbed by the black hole. The image is in false color, as the detected light halo in this image is not in the visible spectrum, but radio waves.


title: Black hole

text: The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is an active program that directly observes the immediate environment of black holes' event horizons, such as the black hole at the centre of the Milky Way. In April 2017, EHT began observing the black hole at the centre of Messier 87. "In all, eight radio observatories on six mountains and four continents observed the galaxy in Virgo on and off for 10 days in April 2017" to provide the data yielding the image in April 2019. After two years of data processing, EHT released the first direct image of a black hole; specifically, the supermassive black hole that lies in the centre of the aforementioned galaxy. What is visible is not the black hole—which shows as black because of the loss of all light within this dark region. Instead, it is the gases at the edge of the event horizon (displayed as orange or red) that define the black hole.


title: Black hole

text: On 12 May 2022, the EHT released the first image of Sagittarius A*, the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way galaxy. The published image displayed the same ring-like structure and circular shadow as seen in the M87* black hole, and the image was created using the same techniques as for the M87 black hole. However, the imaging process for Sagittarius A*, which is more than a thousand times smaller and less massive than M87*, was significantly more complex because of the instability of its surroundings. The image of Sagittarius A* was also partially blurred by turbulent plasma on the way to the galactic centre, an effect which prevents resolution of the image at longer wavelengths.


title: Black hole

text: The brightening of this material in the 'bottom' half of the processed EHT image is thought to be caused by Doppler beaming, whereby material approaching the viewer at relativistic speeds is perceived as brighter than material moving away. In the case of a black hole, this phenomenon implies that the visible material is rotating at relativistic speeds (>), the only speeds at which it is possible to centrifugally balance the immense gravitational attraction of the singularity, and thereby remain in orbit above the event horizon. This configuration of bright material implies that the EHT observed M87* from a perspective catching the black hole's accretion disc nearly edge-on, as the whole system rotated clockwise. However, the extreme gravitational lensing associated with black holes produces the illusion of a perspective that sees the accretion disc from above. In reality, most of the ring in the EHT image was created when the light emitted by the far side of the accretion disc bent around the black hole's gravity well and escaped, meaning that most of the possible perspectives on M87* can see the entire disc, even that directly behind the "shadow".


title: Black hole

text: In 2015, the EHT detected magnetic fields just outside the event horizon of Sagittarius A* and even discerned some of their properties. The field lines that pass through the accretion disc were a complex mixture of ordered and tangled. Theoretical studies of black holes had predicted the existence of magnetic fields.


title: Black hole

text: On 14 September 2015, the LIGO gravitational wave observatory made the first-ever successful direct observation of gravitational waves. The signal was consistent with theoretical predictions for the gravitational waves produced by the merger of two black holes: one with about 36 solar masses, and the other around 29 solar masses. This observation provides the most concrete evidence for the existence of black holes to date. For instance, the gravitational wave signal suggests that the separation of the two objects before the merger was just 350 km (or roughly four times the Schwarzschild radius corresponding to the inferred masses). The objects must therefore have been extremely compact, leaving black holes as the most plausible interpretation.


title: Black hole

text: More importantly, the signal observed by LIGO also included the start of the post-merger ringdown, the signal produced as the newly formed compact object settles down to a stationary state. Arguably, the ringdown is the most direct way of observing a black hole. From the LIGO signal, it is possible to extract the frequency and damping time of the dominant mode of the ringdown. From these, it is possible to infer the mass and angular momentum of the final object, which match independent predictions from numerical simulations of the merger. The frequency and decay time of the dominant mode are determined by the geometry of the photon sphere. Hence, observation of this mode confirms the presence of a photon sphere; however, it cannot exclude possible exotic alternatives to black holes that are compact enough to have a photon sphere.


title: Black hole

text: The observation also provides the first observational evidence for the existence of stellar-mass black hole binaries. Furthermore, it is the first observational evidence of stellar-mass black holes weighing 25 solar masses or more.


title: Black hole

text: The proper motions of stars near the centre of our own Milky Way provide strong observational evidence that these stars are orbiting a supermassive black hole. Since 1995, astronomers have tracked the motions of 90 stars orbiting an invisible object coincident with the radio source Sagittarius A*. By fitting their motions to Keplerian orbits, the astronomers were able to infer, in 1998, that a object must be contained in a volume with a radius of 0.02 light-years to cause the motions of those stars. Since then, one of the stars—called S2—has completed a full orbit. From the orbital data, astronomers were able to refine the calculations of the mass to and a radius of less than 0.002 light-years for the object causing the orbital motion of those stars. The upper limit on the object's size is still too large to test whether it is smaller than its Schwarzschild radius; nevertheless, these observations strongly suggest that the central object is a supermassive black hole as there are no other plausible scenarios for confining so much invisible mass into such a small volume. Additionally, there is some observational evidence that this object might possess an event horizon, a feature unique to black holes.


title: Black hole

text: Due to conservation of angular momentum, gas falling into the gravitational well created by a massive object will typically form a disk-like structure around the object. Artists' impressions such as the accompanying representation of a black hole with corona commonly depict the black hole as if it were a flat-space body hiding the part of the disk just behind it, but in reality gravitational lensing would greatly distort the image of the accretion disk.


title: Black hole

text: Within such a disk, friction would cause angular momentum to be transported outward, allowing matter to fall farther inward, thus releasing potential energy and increasing the temperature of the gas.


title: Black hole

text: When the accreting object is a neutron star or a black hole, the gas in the inner accretion disk orbits at very high speeds because of its proximity to the compact object. The resulting friction is so significant that it heats the inner disk to temperatures at which it emits vast amounts of electromagnetic radiation (mainly X-rays). These bright X-ray sources may be detected by telescopes. This process of accretion is one of the most efficient energy-producing processes known; up to 40% of the rest mass of the accreted material can be emitted as radiation. (In nuclear fusion only about 0.7% of the rest mass will be emitted as energy.) In many cases, accretion disks are accompanied by relativistic jets that are emitted along the poles, which carry away much of the energy. The mechanism for the creation of these jets is currently not well understood, in part due to insufficient data.


title: Black hole

text: As such, many of the universe's more energetic phenomena have been attributed to the accretion of matter on black holes. In particular, active galactic nuclei and quasars are believed to be the accretion disks of supermassive black holes. Similarly, X-ray binaries are generally accepted to be binary star systems in which one of the two stars is a compact object accreting matter from its companion. It has also been suggested that some ultraluminous X-ray sources may be the accretion disks of intermediate-mass black holes.


title: Black hole

text: In November 2011 the first direct observation of a quasar accretion disk around a supermassive black hole was reported.


title: Black hole

text: X-ray binaries are binary star systems that emit a majority of their radiation in the X-ray part of the spectrum. These X-ray emissions are generally thought to result when one of the stars (compact object) accretes matter from another (regular) star. The presence of an ordinary star in such a system provides an opportunity for studying the central object and to determine if it might be a black hole.


title: Black hole

text: If such a system emits signals that can be directly traced back to the compact object, it cannot be a black hole. The absence of such a signal does, however, not exclude the possibility that the compact object is a neutron star. By studying the companion star it is often possible to obtain the orbital parameters of the system and to obtain an estimate for the mass of the compact object. If this is much larger than the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit (the maximum mass a star can have without collapsing) then the object cannot be a neutron star and is generally expected to be a black hole.


title: Black hole

text: The first strong candidate for a black hole, Cygnus X-1, was discovered in this way by Charles Thomas Bolton, Louise Webster, and Paul Murdin in 1972. Some doubt, however, remained due to the uncertainties that result from the companion star being much heavier than the candidate black hole. Currently, better candidates for black holes are found in a class of X-ray binaries called soft X-ray transients. In this class of system, the companion star is of relatively low mass allowing for more accurate estimates of the black hole mass. Moreover, these systems actively emit X-rays for only several months once every 10–50 years. During the period of low X-ray emission (called quiescence), the accretion disk is extremely faint allowing detailed observation of the companion star during this period. One of the best such candidates is V404 Cygni.


title: Black hole

text: The X-ray emissions from accretion disks sometimes flicker at certain frequencies. These signals are called quasi-periodic oscillations and are thought to be caused by material moving along the inner edge of the accretion disk (the innermost stable circular orbit). As such their frequency is linked to the mass of the compact object. They can thus be used as an alternative way to determine the mass of candidate black holes.


title: Black hole

text: Astronomers use the term "active galaxy" to describe galaxies with unusual characteristics, such as unusual spectral line emission and very strong radio emission. Theoretical and observational studies have shown that the activity in these active galactic nuclei (AGN) may be explained by the presence of supermassive black holes, which can be millions of times more massive than stellar ones. The models of these AGN consist of a central black hole that may be millions or billions of times more massive than the Sun; a disk of interstellar gas and dust called an accretion disk; and two jets perpendicular to the accretion disk.


title: Black hole

text: Although supermassive black holes are expected to be found in most AGN, only some galaxies' nuclei have been more carefully studied in attempts to both identify and measure the actual masses of the central supermassive black hole candidates. Some of the most notable galaxies with supermassive black hole candidates include the Andromeda Galaxy, M32, M87, NGC 3115, NGC 3377, NGC 4258, NGC 4889, NGC 1277, OJ 287, APM 08279+5255 and the Sombrero Galaxy.


title: Black hole

text: It is now widely accepted that the centre of nearly every galaxy, not just active ones, contains a supermassive black hole. The close observational correlation between the mass of this hole and the velocity dispersion of the host galaxy's bulge, known as the M–sigma relation, strongly suggests a connection between the formation of the black hole and that of the galaxy itself.


title: Black hole

text: Another way the black hole nature of an object may be tested is through observation of effects caused by a strong gravitational field in their vicinity. One such effect is gravitational lensing: The deformation of spacetime around a massive object causes light rays to be deflected, such as light passing through an optic lens. Observations have been made of weak gravitational lensing, in which light rays are deflected by only a few arcseconds. Microlensing occurs when the sources are unresolved and the observer sees a small brightening. In January 2022, astronomers reported the first possible detection of a microlensing event from an isolated black hole.


title: Black hole

text: Another possibility for observing gravitational lensing by a black hole would be to observe stars orbiting the black hole. There are several candidates for such an observation in orbit around Sagittarius A*.


title: Black hole

text: The evidence for stellar black holes strongly relies on the existence of an upper limit for the mass of a neutron star. The size of this limit heavily depends on the assumptions made about the properties of dense matter. New exotic phases of matter could push up this bound. A phase of free quarks at high density might allow the existence of dense quark stars, and some supersymmetric models predict the existence of Q stars. Some extensions of the standard model posit the existence of preons as fundamental building blocks of quarks and leptons, which could hypothetically form preon stars. These hypothetical models could potentially explain a number of observations of stellar black hole candidates. However, it can be shown from arguments in general relativity that any such object will have a maximum mass.


title: Black hole

text: Since the average density of a black hole inside its Schwarzschild radius is inversely proportional to the square of its mass, supermassive black holes are much less dense than stellar black holes (the average density of a black hole is comparable to that of water). Consequently, the physics of matter forming a supermassive black hole is much better understood and the possible alternative explanations for supermassive black hole observations are much more mundane. For example, a supermassive black hole could be modelled by a large cluster of very dark objects. However, such alternatives are typically not stable enough to explain the supermassive black hole candidates.


title: Black hole

text: The evidence for the existence of stellar and supermassive black holes implies that in order for black holes to not form, general relativity must fail as a theory of gravity, perhaps due to the onset of quantum mechanical corrections. A much anticipated feature of a theory of quantum gravity is that it will not feature singularities or event horizons and thus black holes would not be real artifacts. For example, in the fuzzball model based on string theory, the individual states of a black hole solution do not generally have an event horizon or singularity, but for a classical/semi-classical observer the statistical average of such states appears just as an ordinary black hole as deduced from general relativity.


title: Black hole

text: A few theoretical objects have been conjectured to match observations of astronomical black hole candidates identically or near-identically, but which function via a different mechanism. These include the gravastar, the black star, and the dark-energy star.


title: Black hole

text: In 1971, Hawking showed under general conditions that the total area of the event horizons of any collection of classical black holes can never decrease, even if they collide and merge. This result, now known as the second law of black hole mechanics, is remarkably similar to the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease. As with classical objects at absolute zero temperature, it was assumed that black holes had zero entropy. If this were the case, the second law of thermodynamics would be violated by entropy-laden matter entering a black hole, resulting in a decrease in the total entropy of the universe. Therefore, Bekenstein proposed that a black hole should have an entropy, and that it should be proportional to its horizon area.


title: Black hole

text: The link with the laws of thermodynamics was further strengthened by Hawking's discovery in 1974 that quantum field theory predicts that a black hole radiates blackbody radiation at a constant temperature. This seemingly causes a violation of the second law of black hole mechanics, since the radiation will carry away energy from the black hole causing it to shrink. The radiation, however also carries away entropy, and it can be proven under general assumptions that the sum of the entropy of the matter surrounding a black hole and one quarter of the area of the horizon as measured in Planck units is in fact always increasing. This allows the formulation of the first law of black hole mechanics as an analogue of the first law of thermodynamics, with the mass acting as energy, the surface gravity as temperature and the area as entropy.


title: Black hole

text: One puzzling feature is that the entropy of a black hole scales with its area rather than with its volume, since entropy is normally an extensive quantity that scales linearly with the volume of the system. This odd property led Gerard 't Hooft and Leonard Susskind to propose the holographic principle, which suggests that anything that happens in a volume of spacetime can be described by data on the boundary of that volume.


title: Black hole

text: Although general relativity can be used to perform a semi-classical calculation of black hole entropy, this situation is theoretically unsatisfying. In statistical mechanics, entropy is understood as counting the number of microscopic configurations of a system that have the same macroscopic qualities (such as mass, charge, pressure, etc.). Without a satisfactory theory of quantum gravity, one cannot perform such a computation for black holes. Some progress has been made in various approaches to quantum gravity. In 1995, Andrew Strominger and Cumrun Vafa showed that counting the microstates of a specific supersymmetric black hole in string theory reproduced the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy. Since then, similar results have been reported for different black holes both in string theory and in other approaches to quantum gravity like loop quantum gravity.


title: Black hole

text: Another promising approach is constituted by treating gravity as an effective field theory. One first computes the quantum gravitational corrections to the radius of the event horizon of the black hole, then integrates over it to find the quantum gravitational corrections to the entropy as given by the Wald formula. The method was applied for Schwarzschild black holes by Calmet and Kuipers, then successfully generalised for charged black holes by Campos Delgado.


title: Black hole

text: Because a black hole has only a few internal parameters, most of the information about the matter that went into forming the black hole is lost. Regardless of the type of matter which goes into a black hole, it appears that only information concerning the total mass, charge, and angular momentum are conserved. As long as black holes were thought to persist forever this information loss is not that problematic, as the information can be thought of as existing inside the black hole, inaccessible from the outside, but represented on the event horizon in accordance with the holographic principle. However, black holes slowly evaporate by emitting Hawking radiation. This radiation does not appear to carry any additional information about the matter that formed the black hole, meaning that this information appears to be gone forever.


title: Black hole

text: The question whether information is truly lost in black holes (the black hole information paradox) has divided the theoretical physics community (see Thorne–Hawking–Preskill bet). In quantum mechanics, loss of information corresponds to the violation of a property called unitarity, and it has been argued that loss of unitarity would also imply violation of conservation of energy, though this has also been disputed. Over recent years evidence has been building that indeed information and unitarity are preserved in a full quantum gravitational treatment of the problem.


title: Black hole

text: One attempt to resolve the black hole information paradox is known as black hole complementarity. In 2012, the "firewall paradox" was introduced with the goal of demonstrating that black hole complementarity fails to solve the information paradox. According to quantum field theory in curved spacetime, a single emission of Hawking radiation involves two mutually entangled particles. The outgoing particle escapes and is emitted as a quantum of Hawking radiation; the infalling particle is swallowed by the black hole. Assume a black hole formed a finite time in the past and will fully evaporate away in some finite time in the future. Then, it will emit only a finite amount of information encoded within its Hawking radiation. According to research by physicists like Don Page and Leonard Susskind, there will eventually be a time by which an outgoing particle must be entangled with all the Hawking radiation the black hole has previously emitted. This seemingly creates a paradox: a principle called "monogamy of entanglement" requires that, like any quantum system, the outgoing particle cannot be fully entangled with two other systems at the same time; yet here the outgoing particle appears to be entangled both with the infalling particle and, independently, with past Hawking radiation. In order to resolve this contradiction, physicists may eventually be forced to give up one of three time-tested principles: Einstein's equivalence principle, unitarity, or local quantum field theory. One possible solution, which violates the equivalence principle, is that a "firewall" destroys incoming particles at the event horizon. In general, which—if any—of these assumptions should be abandoned remains a topic of debate.


title: Nick Jonas

text: Nicholas Jerry Jonas (born September 16, 1992) is an American singer, songwriter and actor. Jonas began acting on Broadway at the age of seven, and released his debut single in 2002; this caught the attention of Columbia Records, where Jonas formed a band with his older brothers, Kevin and Joe, known as the Jonas Brothers. The group released their debut studio album, "It's About Time," through the Columbia label in 2006. After leaving Columbia Records and signing with Hollywood Records, the group released their self-titled second studio album in 2007, which became their breakthrough record. The band became prominent figures on the Disney Channel during this time, gaining a large following through the network, and appeared in the widely successful musical television film "Camp Rock" (2008) and its sequel "" (2010), as well as two of their own series, "" (2008–2010) and "Jonas" (2009–2010).


title: Nick Jonas

text: The band's third studio album, "A Little Bit Longer" (2008), saw continued commercial success for the group; the album's lead single "Burnin' Up" hit the top five on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. Following the release of their fourth studio album, "Lines, Vines and Trying Times" (2009), the Jonas Brothers confirmed a hiatus. Jonas formed a new band known as Nick Jonas & the Administration, who released the album "Who I Am" in 2010. Afterward, Jonas shifted his focus to acting and had a recurring role on the television series "Smash" and some Broadway shows roles.


title: Nick Jonas

text: After the group's official disbandment in 2013, Jonas began work on his second solo studio album, signing with Island Records and releasing "Nick Jonas" through the label in 2014, which saw the commercial success of the single "Jealous". Jonas later co-founded Safehouse Records, a record label in conjunction with the Island and Hollywood labels. His third studio album "Last Year Was Complicated" (2016) peaked at number two on the "Billboard" 200 chart in the United States. Following the release, Jonas won the Songwriters Hall of Fame's Hal David Starlight Award in 2016. In 2017, Jonas appeared in the adventure comedy film "", which became the fifth highest-grossing film of the year. The Jonas Brothers reformed in early 2019, and released the album "Happiness Begins" in June of that year. Jonas' third solo studio album, "Spaceman", was released on March 12, 2021.


title: Nick Jonas

text: Jonas was born in Dallas, Texas, the third son of Denise ("née" Miller) and Paul Kevin Jonas. Jonas' father is a songwriter, musician, and former ordained minister at an Assemblies of God church, while his mother is a former sign language teacher and singer. Nick has a younger brother, Frankie, and two older brothers, Joe and Kevin. Jonas was raised in Wyckoff, New Jersey and homeschooled by his mother. Jonas' career started when he was discovered at the age of six in a barber shop, where his mother was getting her hair cut, and was referred to a professional show business manager. He began performing on Broadway at the age of seven, portraying characters such as Tiny Tim, Chip Potts, Little Jake, and Gavroche among other roles. Jonas wrote a song titled "Joy to the World (A Christmas Prayer)" with his father while performing in "Beauty and the Beast" (2002), featuring background vocals from Jonas' fellow cast members, which was featured on the compilation album "Broadway's Greatest Gifts: Carols for a Cure, Vol. 4". The song was later released through INO Records to Christian Radio in 2003, serving as Jonas' debut single.


title: Nick Jonas

text: The single caught the attention of Columbia Records, leading to Jonas signing with Columbia and INO to release his debut studio effort. "Dear God" (2004) was released as the lead single from the project, followed by a re-recorded version of "Joy to the World (A Christmas Prayer)". Jonas co-wrote songs for the album with his two older brothers, who also provided background vocals for the release. "Nicholas Jonas" (2004) received a limited release on September 5, 2004. The project was scheduled for a wide release in December, but was pushed back before ultimately being cancelled altogether. The new president of Columbia Records, Steve Greenberg, liked Jonas' voice on the record, but did not like the album. Upon hearing the song "Please Be Mine", he decided to sign Jonas and his brothers as a group. After being signed to Columbia, the brothers considered naming their group Sons of Jonas before settling on the name Jonas Brothers. In 2005, Jonas was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes at the age of 13.


title: Nick Jonas

text: While working on their debut studio album, the band toured throughout 2005 with artists such as Jump5, Kelly Clarkson, Jesse McCartney, the Backstreet Boys, and The Click Five, among others. The band's debut single, "Mandy", was released in December 2005. The album was initially scheduled for a February 2006 release date, but executive changes at Columbia's parent company Sony led to numerous delays on the project's release. It was during this time that the group began making appearances on various Disney Channel-related soundtracks, and toured with Aly & AJ throughout 2006. The band's debut album, "It's About Time" (2006), was released on August 8, 2006. The album received little backing from the label, who had no further interest in promoting the band. During its initial run, the album only received a limited release of 50,000 copies. Unhappy with how the release of the record was handled, the band hoped to depart from Columbia Records and find a new label; it was later confirmed in 2007 that the group had been dropped by the label. The album went on to sell a total of 1,750,000 copies.


title: Nick Jonas

text: Shortly following their departure from Columbia Records, it was confirmed that the Jonas Brothers had signed with Hollywood Records. While working on their new album, the group continued to gain popularity from soundtrack appearances and promotional appearances. The group released their self-titled second studio album through Hollywood Records on August 7, 2007. The album entered the top five of the "Billboard" 200 in the United States, going on to sell over two million copies in the country. The group's single "S.O.S" became their first top twenty hit on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and has sold over 1.5 million copies in the country. Nick and his brothers made their acting debut on an August 17 episode of the Disney series "Hannah Montana" titled "Me and Mr. Jonas and Mr. Jonas and Mr. Jonas". The band performed the collaboration "We Got the Party" with lead actress Miley Cyrus, with the episode garnering over ten million viewers and becoming basic cable's most watched series telecast ever. In May 2008, he and the band began starring in their own Disney series "".


title: Nick Jonas

text: Jonas made his film debut along with his brothers in the Disney Channel film "Camp Rock" (2008), starring alongside Demi Lovato. The film's soundtrack was released on June 17, 2008, and sold 188,000 copies in its first week of release in the United States. The movie went on to become a major hit for the network, receiving 8.86 million viewers. The band achieved further success with their third studio album, "A Little Bit Longer" (2008), which became their first to debut at number one on the "Billboard" 200 chart; the project sold over 525,000 in its first week of release. The album went on to sell over two million copies in the United States, making it their second multi-platinum album. "A Little Bit Longer" remains the band's highest-selling effort to date. "Burnin' Up" (2008) served as the album's lead single, becoming the band's first top five hit in the United States.


title: Nick Jonas

text: The band starred in the 3D biopic "", which received a theatrical release on February 27, 2009. The film was a financial success, and is the sixth highest-grossing concert film. Jonas starred with all three of his brothers in their second Disney Channel series, "Jonas", which made its debut on May 2, 2009. The band released their fourth studio album, titled "Lines, Vines and Trying Times", on June 16, 2009. The project debuted at the top spot on the "Billboard" 200, boasting first week sales of 247,000 copies.


title: Nick Jonas

text: Following the release of their fourth studio album, the Jonas Brothers confirmed that they would be taking a hiatus to focus on solo projects. While Joe chose to record a solo record, Nick opted to form the band Nick Jonas & the Administration, signing with Hollywood Records to release the project and later doing a tour. On June 21, Jonas made his West End debut performing in Les Misérables for the second time, this time in the role of Marius Pontmercy. Jonas was originally supposed to play the role for only three weeks, but was able to extend his run until July 24, 2010 because of changes in the Jonas Brothers touring schedule. He also appeared in the at The O2 Arena on October 3, 2010, again playing the role of Marius Pontmercy. He starred in How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying on Broadway. From August 5–7, Jonas performed in the musical Hairspray as Link Larkin at the Hollywood Bowl. He also starred in the sequel "" (2010), which was a commercial success. Jonas later appeared in the 2011 series "Mr. Sunshine"; he played Eli Cutler, an up-and-coming singer who wants everything his way before he performs at the Sunshine Center. He also played the role of Ryan on an episode of the sitcom "Last Man Standing".


title: Nick Jonas

text: Jonas guest-starred on an episode of "Smash" as Lyle West, a young musician and television star backing a promising Broadway musical; Jonas would later reprise the role in the show's season finale on May 14. Jonas had a cameo appearance in the last episode of the second season of the comedy web series "Submissions Only". Jonas was to perform in the musical "How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying" as J. Pierrepont Finch from January 24 to July 1, 2012. Despite this, the musical ended its run on May 20. Jonas recorded five songs for the project, which were released as an extended play in 2012. The Jonas Brothers confirmed in March that work had begun on their fifth studio album. The band officially parted ways with Hollywood Records in May 2012; they purchased the rights to all of their music from the label. Despite claims that Jonas would be signing on as a judge for the twelfth season of the singing competition "American Idol", Jonas opted to appear instead as a mentor with Demi Lovato on "The X Factor". Jonas made guest appearances on the television series "Married to Jonas", starring his older brother Kevin and his wife. The television show also documented their return to music and the process of working on their fifth album.


title: Nick Jonas

text: The Jonas Brothers released a new single, "Pom Poms" (2013), on April 2 through their own record label. The music video for the song was filmed in February 2013 in New Orleans, Louisiana and premiered on E! on April 2, 2013. Nick was the co-host of the Miss USA 2013 competition on NBC; Jonas and his brothers performed during the event. The band released "First Time" as the second single from their forthcoming album. The band cancelled their highly anticipated tour in October only days before it was set to begin, citing a "deep rift within the band" over "creative differences", leading to speculation that the brothers would be parting ways musically. They officially confirmed on October 29 that the band had split up for good. The split led to the cancellation of their comeback album, though Nick confirmed that some of the songs recorded for the project would become available for fans through an upcoming release; the band released a live album featuring five songs from their unreleased fifth studio album. Around this time, Jonas guest starred as a computer hacker on an episode of "Hawaii Five-0".


title: Nick Jonas

text: With the Jonas Brothers officially broken up, Jonas began working on material for his second studio album. In 2014, he worked as the musical and creative director on Demi Lovato's Neon Lights Tour, overseeing video content, wardrobe, lighting and staging, and song arrangement. He joined Lovato on stage for select shows of the concert, performing three of her songs with her. Jonas went on to appear in two more episodes of "Hawaii Five-O", and was cast in a starring role as Nate Kulina in the drama series "Kingdom". The series premiered on DirecTV's Audience Network, and was renewed for two more seasons only two weeks later. Jonas made his return to music with the release of "Chains", the lead single to his second studio album. "Jealous" was later released as the album's second single, going on to become Jonas' first top ten hit as a solo artist on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Nick Jonas

text: Jonas released his second studio album, "Nick Jonas", though Island Records on November 10, 2014. The album debuted at number six on the "Billboard" 200, selling over 37,000 copies in its first week of release. Following the success of "Jealous" and the album, "Chains" was re-released as the next single from the album. The single achieved commercial success, reaching the top twenty of the "Billboard" Hot 100 and becoming his second multi-platinum single. Jonas served as a guest mentor for Christina Aguilera on the eighth season of "The Voice". He also starred in the film "Careful What You Wish For", which was filmed in 2013. In 2015, Jonas released a new single, "Levels", as the lead single to the re-released version of his debut album, "Nick Jonas X2". Jonas had a recurring role as Boone Clemens in the comedy horror series "Scream Queens"; he is credited for five episodes of the first season.


title: Nick Jonas

text: Work on Jonas' third studio album began as early as 2014, prior to the release of "Nick Jonas". The album was initially set to be titled "Unhinged", but was changed to "Last Year Was Complicated" prior to its release. "Close", a collaboration with Tove Lo, was released as the album's lead single. The project was a commercial success, reaching the top twenty of the "Billboard" Hot 100 and becoming his third top ten hit on the Mainstream Top 40 chart. "Last Year Was Complicated" was released on June 10 to a generally positive reception. The album sold a total of 66,000 equivalent album units in its first week of release, entering the "Billboard" 200 chart at number two. This marks his highest peaking effort as a solo artist to date. "Bacon" has been serviced as the second single from the album. Jonas's contributions as a songwriter led to him receiving the Hal David Starlight Award in the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Jonas embarked on the co-headlining Future Now Tour (2016) alongside Demi Lovato on June 29, and continued on the tour until the final concert on September 17. In May 2015, "Billboard" revealed that Jonas was in the process of starting an "artist-centric" new record label, Safehouse Records, of which he would be co-founder and co-owner. The label would be a partnership between Jonas, Demi Lovato, and Lovato then-manager Phil McIntyre, and will form part of a new collaborative arrangement with record label Island. Jonas also starred in the drama film "Goat" alongside James Franco, which was released on September 23, 2016. He participated in a rap battle with Kevin Hart on October 27.


title: Nick Jonas

text: On May 26, 2017, Jonas released the single "Remember I Told You" which features British singer-songwriter Anne-Marie and American singer and producer Mike Posner. Jonas released the song "Find You" on September 14, 2017. Jonas contributed to the "Ferdinand" soundtrack with the songs "Home" and "Watch Me", released on October 20. "Home" was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song. In May 2018, Jonas released the single "Anywhere", a collaboration with DJ/Producer Mustard. Jonas and Mustard performed the song live, along with "Jealous", with contestant Jurnee during the finale of "American Idol" season 16 on May 21. They also performed the song during the 2018 MTV Movie & TV Awards on June 18. In an August 2018 interview with "Teen Vogue", Jonas announced the impending release of a collaboration with Robin Schulz titled "Right Now", which he co-wrote with Skylar Grey. In August 2018, it was announced that Jonas had joined the cast of the animated film "UglyDolls" alongside Kelly Clarkson and Pitbull, which was released on May 3, 2019. Jonas also performs the song "The Ugly Truth" for the film, which appears on the soundtrack album.


title: Nick Jonas

text: Starting in late January, rumors were swirling online that the three brothers were going to reform the Jonas Brothers. On February 28, 2019, the Jonas Brothers officially announced their return along with a new single, "Sucker", which released the next day, March 1. The group's fifth album, "Happiness Begins" was released on June 7. In October 2019, it was announced that Jonas would join "The Voice" as a coach for its eighteenth season and later for its twentieth season. Jonas had a role in Roland Emmerich's World War II blockbuster movie "Midway", which was released on November 8, 2019.


title: Nick Jonas

text: On February 20, 2021, it was announced that Jonas would host "Saturday Night Live" for the first time on February 27. He was "SNL"s musical guest for the fourth time, performing his single, "Spaceman", from his fourth studio album, also titled "Spaceman". The second single, titled "This Is Heaven", was released on March 4, 2021.


title: Nick Jonas

text: On March 15, 2021, Jonas and his wife Priyanka Chopra announced the nominees for the 93rd Academy Awards. On April 30, 2021, it was announced that Jonas would host the 2021 "Billboard" Music Awards.


title: Nick Jonas

text: Outside of his acting and music career, Jonas ventured in various directions. In 2014, he signed a contract with modeling agency Wilhelmina Models.


title: Nick Jonas

text: In 2017, he released his shoe collection 1410, a collaboration with versatile sneaker company Creative Recreation. In 2018, he released a spring clothing line with John Varvatos, labeled JV x NJ. Later in the year, they also released a fragrance, also labeled JV x NJ. In 2019, they released two more fragrances: JVXNJ Red and JVxNJ Silver. In October 2022 it was annmounced that Nick collaborated with PGX on a capsule collection for the golfsport. The PXG x NJ collection includes apparel and accessories, from hats and bags to shirts, pants, socks.


title: Nick Jonas

text: In September 2019, Jonas announced that he had collaborated with John Varvatos and the spirits giant Stoli Group on an ultra-premium tequila named Villa One. The tequila, which was rolled out in the U.S. in September, came in Silver, Reposado and Añejo expressions. At the end of 2020, the tequila was made available for purchase in the United Kingdom. In May 2021, it was made available in Canada.


title: Nick Jonas

text: On March 15, 2022 it was announced that Jonas teamed up with his tequila brand’s co-founder John Varvatos to launch the Villa One™ Tequila Garden in Spring 2022 in San Diego. Located at the Theatre Box in the Gaslamp Quarter, the rooftop venue will serve as a bar, restaurant and nightlife destination. There are also plans for 2023 to expand the Tequila Gardens in Miami, Las Vegas, New York City, Los Angeles and Dallas.


title: Nick Jonas

text: On September 29, 2021, it was announced that Nick Jonas and Priyanka Chopra Jonas had joined the producing team of Douglas Lyons’ Broadway comedy Chicken & Biscuits, currently in previews at Circle in the Square Theatre.


title: Nick Jonas

text: Jonas was an executive producer for the show "Dash & Lily," with "Stranger Things" producer Shawn Levy. Levy produced the series with Josh Barry via his 21 Laps banner. The series was released on November 10, 2020, on Netflix. Jonas was involved on casting, filming, and music. He also made a cameo in the series, giving love advice and performing the single "Like It's Christmas" with his brothers.


title: Nick Jonas

text: In 2020, Amazon Studios greenlit an unscripted series following engaged couples as they prepare for their sangeet, an Indian pre-wedding tradition. Jonas was announced as an executive producer through Image 32, and Chopra Jonas would executive produce through Purple Pebble Productions.


title: Nick Jonas

text: In July 2022, Jonas and Chopra announced an investment in "Perfect Moment", a 1979-founded company dedicated mainly to womenswear. The company said that the couple will play a "substantial role" in the marketplaces of Asia and the Middle East.


title: Nick Jonas

text: During the early stages of their career, the Jonas Brothers were seen as role models and teen idols by their fans, and they drew much media attention when they made the decision to begin wearing purity rings during their time on the Disney Channel. Though he has stated that the rings helped "shape [his] view of sex", Nick felt that his faith became more about his personal relationship with God. He claimed in 2016 that all of the youth at their church had been asked to wear them, and he didn't have a "full understanding" of what the ring meant. Jonas has more recently earned the title of a sex symbol following a string of provocative photo shoots. He has often rejected the title, stating that: "I don't really consider myself [a sex symbol]. If someone wants to give me that title, that's fine, but I don't say these words about myself. I just try to be humble, make sexy music and push the envelope a little bit."


title: Nick Jonas

text: Jonas was featured on "OK!"'s list of 2014's Sexiest Men Alive, while his photo shoot for "Flaunt" was listed on their Most Memorable Naked Moments list. He was ranked at number ten on "People"s Sexiest Men Alive list in 2015. He was ranked in sixth place on Capital FM's list of Sexiest Men in Pop during 2016. Jonas' new public image has led to him receiving a large fan following in the LGBT community, a fact he claims to be "thrilled" about. Some of Jonas' interviews and comments have drawn criticism for being "gay pandering", though Jonas has denied these claims. He was deemed Sexiest Reality Show Judge in the 2020 "People"s Sexiest Men Alive poll. That same year, he was also nominated alongside Joe and Kevin for Sexiest Brothers.


title: Nick Jonas

text: Jonas was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes at the age of thirteen and uses an insulin pump to help him manage his condition. He has developed the Change for the Children Foundation; partnering with five different charities, their goal is to raise money and awareness for diabetes. He also developed a public service announcement with the Washington Nationals to support diabetes care at Children's National Medical Center in Washington, D.C. Since August 6, 2008, Bayer Diabetes Care has partnered with Jonas as a diabetes ambassador to encourage young people to manage their diabetes. Jonas testified in the U.S. Senate to promote more research funding for the condition.


title: Nick Jonas

text: On May 15, 2021, Jonas suffered an accident while biking and cracked a rib. He also suffered bumps and bruises and had to be transported in an ambulance to a hospital, from which he was discharged a day later. On May 17, he returned to the show "The Voice" after the accident. In an interview on May 19, Jonas said that he was feeling better and that his accident would not interfere with his hosting of the "Billboard Music Awards".


title: Nick Jonas

text: Jonas dated fellow Disney star Miley Cyrus from June 2006 to December 2007. He dated another Disney star Selena Gomez from 2008 to 2010, she appeared in his band music video for "Burnin' Up". In May 2011, Jonas started dating Australian singer Delta Goodrem. They broke up in February 2012. Jonas started dating fashion influencer Olivia Culpo in 2013. They ended their relationship in 2015 after nearly two years of dating.


title: Nick Jonas

text: In May 2018, Jonas started dating Indian actress Priyanka Chopra. Jonas proposed to her on July 19, 2018, a day after her birthday in Crete, Greece. Jonas and Chopra got engaged in August 2018 in a Punjabi Roka ceremony in Mumbai. In December 2018, the couple married at Umaid Bhawan Palace, Jodhpur, in traditional Hindu and Christian ceremonies. In January 2022, Jonas revealed he and his wife had welcomed their first child, a daughter, via surrogacy.


title: Nick Jonas

text: In 2009, Jonas was involved in "Disney's Friends for Change", an organization which promoted "environmentally-friendly behavior", alongside his brothers. Jonas Brothers, Demi Lovato, Miley Cyrus, and Selena Gomez, as the ad hoc musical team "Disney's Friends For Change", recorded the charity single "Send It On", all of the proceeds of which were accepted into the Disney Worldwide Conservation Fund. It debuted on the "Billboard" Hot 100 at No. 20.


title: Nick Jonas

text: In January 2010, Jonas donated $25,000 from his family foundation to the North Texas Food Bank. He made the visit as part of a joint effort with the television program "The Biggest Loser" and Feeding America, a national network of food banks. In the same year, Jonas further volunteered his efforts for Do Something by offering his time as a prize to teens who donated jeans to Do Something and Aeropostale's "Teens for Jeans" campaign. Further, Jonas filmed another PSA, this one in support of Do Something's "Battle of the Bands" campaign, for the advancement of music education in schools. Jonas is also a member of the National Youth Leadership Committee for the Ronald Reagan Centennial Celebration, along with Jordin Sparks, Genevieve Ryan, and Brodi Conover. In 2017, Jonas, alongside Demi Lovato and DNCE, began a Crowd Rise campaign to raise money to support Hurricane Harvey relief.


title: Nick Jonas

text: In March 2020, Jonas and his wife, Priyanka Chopra, announced they have donated to several organizations, including UNICEF, Feeding America, Goonj, Doctors Without Borders, No Kid Hungry, GiveIndia, PM CARES Fund, and others to help fight the outbreak of COVID-19. They also made donations to the Equal Justice Initiative and American Civil Liberties Union, amid the widespread protests over the murder of George Floyd in June 2020. The next month, they made donations to Bihar and Assam flood relief organizations following the Assam flood and asked their fans to provide help and support as well.


title: Nick Jonas

text: In April 2021, Jonas and Chopra urged fans to donate to the GiveIndia NGO through their fundraiser "Together for India" during the resurgence of the COVID-19 pandemic in India. By 13 May 2021, the fundraiser had reached their initial target of $1 million, and they subsequently raised the target to $3 million.


title: Allu Arjun

text: Allu Arjun (born 8 April 1982) is an Indian actor who works in Telugu films. One of the highest paid actors in India, Arjun is also known for his extraordinary dancing skills. He is a recipient of several awards, including six Filmfare Awards and three Nandi Awards.


title: Allu Arjun

text: Allu Arjun made his debut with "Gangotri" in 2003. He rose to prominence starring in Sukumar's cult classic" Arya" (2004), for which he earned a Nandi Special Jury Award. He consolidated his reputation with the action films "Bunny" (2005) and "Desamuduru" (2007). In 2008, he starred in the romantic drama "Parugu", for which he won his first Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu.


title: Allu Arjun

text: Allu Arjun went on to star in notable films such as "Arya 2" (2009), "Vedam" (2010), "Julayi" (2012), "Race Gurram" (2014), "S/O Satyamurthy" (2015), ""Rudhramadevi"" (2015), "Sarrainodu" (2016), "" (2017), "Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo" (2020), and "" (2021). His performances as a lower class cable operator in "Vedam" and as a carefree street smart man in "Race Gurram" won him two more Filmfare Awards for Best Actor – Telugu. He also won the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of prince Gona Ganna Reddy in "Rudhramadevi". He received huge acclaim for his performance in "," which emerged as the highest-grossing Indian film in 2021, and ranks among the highest-grossing Telugu films of all time.


title: Allu Arjun

text: Allu Arjun endorses a number of brands and products, and is a celebrity brand ambassador for the Pro Kabaddi League and for the streaming service Aha.


title: Allu Arjun

text: Allu Arjun was born on 8 April 1982 in a Telugu family in Madras (present-day Chennai) to film producer Allu Aravind and Nirmala. His paternal grandfather was the noted film comedian Allu Ramalingaiah who appeared in over 1000 films. Their native place is Palakollu of West Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh. Allu Arjun grew up in Chennai before their family moved to Hyderabad in his 20s.


title: Allu Arjun

text: He is the second of three children. His elder brother Venkatesh is a businessman while his younger brother Sirish is an actor. His paternal aunt is married to Chiranjeevi. His cousins, namely, Ram Charan, Varun Tej, Sai Dharam Tej, and Niharika Konidela are also actors.


title: Allu Arjun

text: After playing as a child artist in "Vijetha" (1985) and as a dancer in "Daddy" (2001), he made his adult debut in "Gangotri". The film was directed by K. Raghavendra Rao with his father Allu Aravind producing, along with C. Ashwini Dutt. Praising his acting performance, Jeevi of "Idlebrain" criticized his looks in the film and added that "Arjun should choose roles that amplify his strength and nullify his weaknesses." He then appeared in Sukumar's "Arya". He plays "Arya", an outgoing and free-spirited boy falling in love with Geetha (Anu Mehta), an introverted girl who is on the shield of another person Ajay (Siva Balaji). The film was his breakthrough, earning a first Filmfare Best Telugu Actor Award nomination and winning a Nandi Special Jury Award at the Nandi Awards of 2008 ceremony, two CineMAA Awards for Best Actor and Best Actor Jury. The film was a critical and commercial success, grossing over ₹30 crore, with a production budget of ₹4 crore. In 2006, the film was dubbed and released in Malayalam in Kerala. Owing to the film's success, he received wide acclaim across the region and the Malayali people.


title: Allu Arjun

text: He next starred in V. V. Vinayak's "Bunny" playing "Bunny", a college student. Being successful at the box office, critics praised his efforts, mannerisms and dancing. His next film was A. Karunakaran's musical love story "Happy". The film had done well at the box-office especially in the overseas market. A critic appreciated his dancing skills and performance, but felt that his character is a typical happy-go-lucky guy.


title: Allu Arjun

text: He then starred in Puri Jagannadh's action film "Desamuduru" in which he played the role of Bala Govindam, a fearless journalist who falls for a woman with a darker past. The film was a commercial hit, fetching him a Santosham Film Award, a CineMAA Award and a nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu. The same year, he made his second cameo appearance alongside Chiranjeevi, in the song "Jagadeka Veerudiki" from the film "Shankar Dada Zindabad".


title: Allu Arjun

text: His next film was Bhaskar's "Parugu", where he played the role of Krishna, a happy-go-lucky man from Hyderabad who helps his friend to elope with his love, only to experience the wrath of the woman's father and the emotional struggle he felt. "Idlebrain" wrote: "Allu Arjun is pretty excellent in the first half as the characterization in the first half is vibrant and needs loads of energy. He carried the entire first half on his shoulders. He excelled in the emotional scenes in the second half." Writing for "Rediff.com", Radhikha Rajamani stated that "Arjun performs well though he is rather subdued." Allu Arjun won his first Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu and second Nandi Special Jury Award.


title: Allu Arjun

text: Allu Arjun next starred in Sukumar's action comedy "Arya 2". A spiritual sequel to the romantic action film "Arya" (2004), he played the role of Arya, an orphan who is behaviourally sick in that he is consumed with possessiveness for his friend Ajay (Navdeep), who never accepts him. The film features the complex love–hate relationship and a triangular love story. His character in the film has the qualities of a psychotic. "Sify" wrote that "Allu Arjun is full of energy as the guy caught in the powerful current of love. Though he plays the part with negative shades, his characterization could evoke a lot of sympathy from the audiences. His dances are mind-blowing and he excels in emotional scenes." "Oneindia" appreciated his dance moves and acting performances, especially the comedy scenes.


title: Allu Arjun

text: He had two releases in 2010. The first was Gunasekhar's "Varudu," in which he starred alongside Arya and Bhanu Sri Mehra. The film was a box-office bomb and received mixed reviews from the critics. His next film was Krish's "Vedam". A critic stated commented that "He's a good dancer and does justice to his role." Another critic wrote that "Allu Arjun is excellent as the groom who goes all out to get his bride back. His mass dialogues are good in the second half." His second release of the year was the highly acclaimed hyperlink anthology film "Vedam". It his first A-rated film in India. He played the role of Anand "Cable" Raju, a cable operator hailing from Jubilee Hills (Hyderabad) slum. The film also features Anushka Shetty, Manchu Manoj and Manoj Bajpayee in other prominent roles. the story takes an inspiration from 26/11 Mumbai blasts in Taj Mahal Palace Hotel, Mumbai. His performance received appreciation from the critics, with "The Times of India" calling it "scintillating" and "Idlebrain.com" calling it as "best in his career". He achieved his second Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu at the 58th Filmfare Awards South.


title: Allu Arjun

text: He next appeared in V. V. Vinayak's action film "Badrinath" (2011), in which he played the role of Badri, a modern-day Indian samurai who is assigned to protect the Badrinath Temple by his Guru (Prakash Raj), to whom he is very loyal. Allu Arjun undertook intensive martial arts and sword fighting training in Vietnam and marks his first pairing with Tamannaah. He grew his hair out for his look as a warrior in the film. It his second A-rated film in India after "Vedam" (2010), on the account of graphic action violence. The film completed a 50-day run in 187 movie theaters. His performance and character received mixed reviews. A critic of "The Times of India" wrote that "Arjun hardly has any scope to emote as he was mostly pushed into action scenes and song sequences."


title: Allu Arjun

text: After "Badrinath", he signed Trivikram Srinivas's action comedy film "Julayi" in 2011. It was released in 2012, in which he played the role of Ravindra Narayan, a street-smart yet spoilt brat whose life takes a drastic turn after he becomes the witness of a huge bank robbery. A critic wrote that "Allu Arjun puts in a confident performance as the loveable rogue. It's a role that is right up his alley and he carries it off with a characteristic panache. He lights up the screen with his dancing in particular, pulling off some pretty challenging dance moves." Riya Chakravarty of "NDTV", in her review, stated that "Arjun has delivered an outstanding performance." He was nominated for the SIIMA Award for Best Actor (Telugu), for his performance in the film.


title: Allu Arjun

text: The next year, he starred in Puri Jagannadh's action thriller "Iddarammayilatho", playing Sanju Reddy, a guitarist with a dark past, alongside Amala Paul and Catherine Tresa. Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of "The Hindu" praised his performance in the action sequences and dance moves in various songs in the film, adding "Allu Arjun uses his agility to his advantage in dances and stunt episodes". Another critic wrote that "True to his tag of "stylish star", Allu Arjun looks trendier than ever before. His character of a guitarist, who is a street performer in Barcelona, was at its best sketchy, and looks completely different from his previous films. He once again proves that he is a good actor and probably because of the action director's meticulous planning, he makes perfect expressions in all the fight scenes." The film marks his second and last collaboration, with Puri Jagannadh after "Desamuduru" (2007).


title: Allu Arjun

text: In 2014, he appeared in a cameo role in Vamsi Paidipally's action thriller film "Yevadu," alongside Kajal Aggarwal. Y. Sunita Chowdary of "The Hindu," in her review, wrote that "Allu Arjun shows what an actor can do even in a short role, in the few minutes he packs his experience, internalises the character and makes an impressive exit even as he loses his identity." His next film was Surender Reddy's "Race Gurram", in which he played Allu Lakshman "Lucky" Prasad, a carefree guy. He joined the production of the film in May 2013. The film was successful at the box office, with the film being Allu's first 100 crore grosser. Writing to "Deccan Chronicle", Suresh Kavirayani felt that Allu Arjun steals the show with his energetic performance and also praised his dancing skills in the film. Ranjani Rajendra too praised his dance moves, comic acting and performance in the action sequences, but felt that the story is predictable and routine. He won his third Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu and was nominated for SIIMA Award for Best Actor (Telugu) for the second time after "Julayi". Allu Arjun produced and acted in a short film "I Am That Change," which was released in August 2014. The film was directed by Sukumar, to spread awareness on individual social responsibility. Upon its release, the short film received viral response online and was acclaimed by many including celebrities for its concept and execution. It was screened in movie theaters across Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.


title: Allu Arjun

text: Allu Arjun next appeared in Trivikram Srinivas's "S/O Satyamurthy" (2015), which was released on 9 April 2015. The film was a commercial success, with critics praising his performance. Following the film, he next played Gona Ganna Reddy in Guna Sekhar's biographical action film "Rudhramadevi" (2015). The film based on the life of Rudrama Devi, is the first Indian 3D historical film. He has learned and was seen speaking in the Telangana Telugu, for the character in the film. "The Times of India" called his performance "impeccable" and "whistle-worthy". Due to the wide response and popularity for the character 'Gona Ganna Reddy', in 2021 director Guna Sekhar said that he will be directing a film solely based on the character, with Allu Arjun in the lead role, after "Shaakuntalam". For "Rudhramadevi", he won the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu and became the only actor to win both the Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu and the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu. He also won three other awards for his performance, including Nandi Award for Best Character Actor.


title: Allu Arjun

text: In 2016, he acted in "Sarrainodu", directed by Boyapati Srinu. Although the film received negative reviews for the screenplay and story, it was a major commercial success at the box office, grossing over ₹127.6 crore. Allu Arjun called it as a "landmark film" in his career. His performance in the action scenes and dance numbers was praised. The same year, in June, he announced his next film with producer Dil Raju for the third time for "". Released in 2017, the film directed by Harish Shankar, in which he played the role of Duvvada Jagannadham "DJ" Shastri, alongside Pooja Hegde, Rao Ramesh and Subbaraju. He appears as a caterer, who is an undercover cop. "Firstpost"'s Hemanth Kumar praised his dance and wrote that "look beyond Allu Arjun’s classy moves in Seeti Maar and Asmaika Yoga, all you find is a story that struggles to find its rhythm." "India Today" too lauded his dance but criticized the film's screenplay and called it "Boring-ah, bore-asya, bore-obiah".


title: Allu Arjun

text: The next year, in May, his film under the direction of writer turned director Vakkantham Vamsi, "Naa Peru Surya, Naa Illu India" was released. He played Surya, an Indian Army soldier who has anger management issues. Allu Arjun spent considerable time learning the tricks and stunt sequences from professionals, especially for the dance numbers and action sequences. Upon release, the film received mixed reviews and was successful at the box office. A critic called his performance as Allu Arjun's "career-best" and cited it as the "biggest strength to the film". Vyas of "The Hans India" stated that "Allu Arjun is supremely talented and has delivered an energetic performance in the movie." "Hindustan Times"'s Priyanka Sundar opined that "Allu Arjun tries to do his best in the shoes of a soldier, but at places we see that it looks forced."


title: Allu Arjun

text: In December 2018, his next project "Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo" was announced, with Trivikram Srinivas as the director. Pooja Hegde was selected to play the female lead role, thus marking his second collaboration with Hegde after "". He joined the production of the film in April 2019. Produced jointly by Allu Aravind and S. Radha Krishna, the film marks the third collaboration of Allu Arjun and Trivikram after "Julayi" (2012) and "S/O Satyamurthy" (2015). The film was released in January 2020. Allu Arjun's performance received highly positive reviews. A review posted by Rohit Mohan on "Koimoi" said that "Be it comedy, action, emotions, style and of course dance, the star actor nails it in the film, as ‘Bunny’ made to audience groove to his tunes with his act." "Film Companion" felt that Allu Arjun's performance in the board-room scene was the highlight of the film. Bhavana Sharma of "International Business Times", opined that Allu Arjun went into the skin of the character. The film his career's highest grosser and stands among the highest-grossing Telugu films. Allu Arjun's dance performance in the song "Butta Bomma" received wide response.


title: Allu Arjun

text: In 2021, he re-united with Sukumar, after nearly a decade for "". The film is based on the red sanders smuggling in the Seshachalam Hills in Andhra Pradesh and Allu Arjun plays Pushpa Raj, a coolie-turned-smuggler, alongside Fahadh Faasil and Rashmika Mandanna. The film was released in December 2021 to mixed response but his performance was praised. A reviewer from "The Indian Express" wrote, "Allu Arjun walks away with the film with his strong performance. He embraces his deglamorized look and delivers a memorable performance." "The Times of India" critic Neeshita Nyayapati stated: ""Pushpa: The Rise" is Allu Arjun’s show all the way. He shines in playing this rustic character that is hard on the surface but vulnerable in ways that others don’t see." "The Rise" is commercially successful, grossing over billion and emerged as the highest grossing Indian film in 2021. A sequel titled "Pushpa: The Rule" is also in production.


title: Allu Arjun

text: His popularity was documented in two Telugu music videos. The first one is a rap song, composed by S. Thaman and performed by Roll Rida and Harika Narayan with the lyrics written by Roll Rida and The Hyderabad Nawabs. The music video titled "Allu Arjun Rap Song" was released in January 2021, through Aditya Music label. The other one is titled "Thaggedhe Le" was performed and written by Roll Rida, with the music composed by Pravin Lakkaraju. It was released in April 2021 with the title being adapted from Allu Arjun's popular dialogue from his film "."


title: Allu Arjun

text: Allu Arjun was featured in the "GQ" in their listing of the most influential young Indians of 2020. He has appeared in "Forbes India"'s Celebrity 100 list since 2014. He is the 'Most Searched Male Celebrity' in 2020 on Yahoo! India. Allu Arjun was the most searched Telugu film actor on Google Search, for several times. Arjun became the 19th most searched Asian on Google Mid Year 2022.


title: Allu Arjun

text: He is popularly referred to as "Stylish Star", "Icon Star", or as "Bunny", in the media. Post the continuous success of his films in Kerala, since "Arya" (2004), he has been called as "Mallu Arjun". Even, the media in Kerala, mostly refers him with the same name. In 2021, the Kerala Police used few scenes featuring him from the film "Race Gurram" (2014), in their advertisement, to raise awareness about SOS and promote their newly launched app.


title: Allu Arjun

text: Allu Arjun is the celebrity endorser for a number of brands and products, including Hero MotoCorp, RedBus, Hotstar, Frooti, OLX, Colgate, 7 Up, Joyalukkas and Lot Mobiles. He has been as a celebrity ambassador for India's premier Kabaddi tournament Pro Kabaddi League. He is an active promoter and a celebrity brand ambassador for his father Allu Aravind-founded over-the-top media service, Aha. In 2021, he played the role of Guru in the Dream Vault Media-produced advertising campaign video, for Rapido. On being part of the ad film, Allu Arjun said that "I like to consider myself as a person who knows how to tackle a situation with the best possible solution. That’s why I was excited when they approached me for the role of Guru, which resembles me". Following the release of the ad film, the Telangana State Road Transport Corporation sent a legal notice to both the actor and the Rapido company, for showing TSRTC in a bad-light. Soon after, the company has edited the video (ad film).


title: Allu Arjun

text: Allu Arjun is also a charcoal artist. He started a campaign against the smoking of tobacco, in 2021. He said that "I wanted to draw people’s attention towards the ill-effects of smoking. We have constructed very incorrect notions of what’s cool and hep. I want to effect a change, no matter how small it is."


title: Allu Arjun

text: On 6 March 2011, Allu Arjun married Sneha Reddy in Hyderabad. They have two children—a son, Ayaan and a daughter, Arha. Allu Arha is set to make her debut in the upcoming film "Shaakuntalam" in the role of Prince Bharata. In 2016, he started a nightclub named 800 Jubilee in collaboration with M Kitchens and Buffalo Wild Wings.


title: Allu Arjun

text: In 2019, Allu Arjun celebrated Sankranthi in his native town Palakollu, Andhra Pradesh and announced 20 lakh for the development and renovation works of the Ksheera Ramalingeswara Temple, one of the five Pancharama Kshetras. The temple management has constructed Rathasala, Vahanasala, Gosala, and renovated the temple chariot with the funds provided. He also campaigned for his uncle Pawan Kalyan's Jana Sena Party in Palakollu in the 2019 general elections.


title: Edmund Kemper

text: Edmund Emil Kemper III (born December 18, 1948) is an American serial killer who murdered a total of 10 people, including a 15-year-old girl, as well as his own mother and her best friend, from May 1972 to April 1973, following his parole for murdering his paternal grandparents. Kemper was nicknamed the Co-ed Killer, as most of his victims were female college students hitchhiking in the vicinity of Santa Cruz County, California. He stands at a height of . Most of his murders included necrophilia, with some incidents of rape.


title: Edmund Kemper

text: Born in Burbank, California, Kemper had a troubled upbringing. His parents divorced in early life; as a child, he moved to Montana with his mother Clarnell, who kept Kemper locked in their basement which had been frequented by rats. He ran away to reunite with his father, but he had remarried and around Christmas of 1963 sent Edmund to his paternal grandparents in North Fork, California. It was there, in August 1964 at the age of 15, that he murdered them. Following the murders, Kemper was briefly diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia by court psychiatrists and sentenced to the Atascadero State Hospital as a criminally insane juvenile.


title: Edmund Kemper

text: Released at the age of 21 after convincing psychiatrists he was rehabilitated, the 6'9" Kemper was reportedly regarded as non-threatening by his future victims. He targeted young female hitchhikers during his killing spree, luring them into his vehicle and driving them to secluded areas where he would murder them before taking their corpses back to his home to be decapitated, dismembered, and violated. Kemper then murdered his mother and one of her friends before turning himself in to the authorities.


title: Edmund Kemper

text: Found sane and guilty at his trial in 1973, Kemper requested the death penalty for his crimes. Capital punishment was suspended in California at the time, and he instead received eight concurrent life sentences. Since then, he has been incarcerated in the California Medical Facility in Vacaville.


title: Edmund Kemper

text: Notably, Kemper and Herbert Mullin overlapped in their 1972 to 1973 murder sprees, adding confusion to the police investigations and ending with both being arrested, within a few weeks of each other, after the deaths of 21 people.


title: Edmund Kemper

text: Edmund Emil Kemper III was born in Burbank, California, on December 18, 1948. He was the middle child and only son born to Clarnell Elizabeth Kemper (née Stage, 1921–1973) and Edmund Emil Kemper Jr. (1919–1985). Edmund Jr. was a World War II veteran who, after the war, tested nuclear weapons at the Pacific Proving Grounds before returning to California, where he worked as an electrician. Clarnell often complained about her husband's "menial" electrician job. Edmund Jr. later stated that "suicide missions in wartime and the atomic bomb testings were nothing compared to living with [Clarnell]" and that she affected him "more than three hundred and ninety-six days and nights of fighting on the front did."


title: Edmund Kemper

text: Weighing as a newborn, Kemper was a head taller than his peers by the age of four. Early on, he exhibited antisocial behavior such as torture of insects and cruelty to animals: at the age of 10, he buried a pet cat alive; once it died, he dug it up, decapitated it, and mounted its head on a spike. Kemper later stated that he derived pleasure from successfully lying to his family about killing the cat. At the age of 13, he killed another family cat when he perceived it to be favoring his younger sister, Allyn Lee Kemper (b. 1951), over him; he kept pieces of it in his closet until his mother found them.


title: Edmund Kemper

text: Kemper had a dark fantasy life. He performed rites with his younger sister's dolls that culminated in his removing their heads and hands; on one occasion, when his elder sister, Susan Hughey Kemper (1943–2014), teased him and asked why he did not try to kiss his teacher, he replied, "If I kiss her, I'd have to kill her first." He also recalled that as a young boy, he would sneak out of his house and, armed with his father's bayonet, go to his second-grade teacher's house to watch her through the windows. He stated in later interviews that some of his favorite games to play as a child were "Gas Chamber" and "Electric Chair", in which he asked his younger sister to tie him up and flip an imaginary switch; he would then tumble over and writhe on the floor, pretending that he was being executed by gas inhalation or electric shock. He also had close-to-death experiences as a child: once, when his elder sister tried to push him in front of a train and another time when she successfully pushed him into the deep end of a swimming pool, where he almost drowned.


title: Edmund Kemper

text: Kemper had a close relationship with his father and was notably devastated when his parents divorced in 1957, causing him to be raised by Clarnell in Helena, Montana. He had a severely dysfunctional relationship with his mother, a neurotic, domineering alcoholic who frequently belittled, humiliated, and abused him. Clarnell often made her son sleep in a locked basement because she feared that he would harm his sisters, regularly mocked him for his large size — he stood by the age of 15 — and derided him as "a real weirdo" in a phone conversation to Kemper's father, unaware that her son had been eavesdropping. She also refused to show him affection out of fear that she would "turn him gay" and told the young Kemper that he reminded her of his father and that no woman would ever love him. Kemper later described her as a "sick angry woman," and it has been postulated that she had borderline personality disorder.


title: Edmund Kemper

text: At the age of 14, Kemper ran away from home in an attempt to reconcile with his father in Van Nuys, California. Once there, he learned that his father had remarried and had a stepson. Kemper stayed with his father for a short while until the elder Kemper sent him to live with his paternal grandparents, who lived on a ranch in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada on Road 224, about two miles west of the town of North Fork. Kemper hated living in North Fork; he described his grandfather as "senile" and said that his grandmother "was constantly emasculating me and my grandfather."


title: Edmund Kemper

text: On August 27, 1964, at the age of 15, Kemper was sitting at the kitchen table with his grandmother Maude Matilda (Hughey) Kemper (b. 1897) when they had an argument. Enraged, Kemper stormed off and retrieved a rifle that his grandfather had given him for hunting; the rifle had been confiscated because he used it to needlessly shoot animals. He then re-entered the kitchen and fatally shot his grandmother in the head before firing twice more into her back. His grandmother's last words reportedly were, "Oh, you'd better not be shooting the birds again." Some accounts mention that she also suffered multiple post-mortem stab wounds with a kitchen knife. When Kemper's grandfather, Edmund Emil Kemper Sr. (b. 1892), returned from grocery shopping, Kemper went outside and fatally shot him in the driveway next to his car. He was unsure of what to do next, so he phoned his mother, who told him to contact the local police. Kemper did so and waited to be taken into custody.


title: Edmund Kemper

text: After his arrest, Kemper said that he "just wanted to see what it felt like to kill Grandma", and testified that he killed his grandfather so he would not have to find out that his wife was dead, and that he would be angry with Kemper for what he'd done. Psychiatrist Donald Lunde, who interviewed Kemper during adulthood, wrote, "In his way, he had avenged the rejection of both his father and his mother." Kemper's crimes were deemed incomprehensible for a 15-year-old to commit, and court psychiatrists diagnosed him with paranoid schizophrenia. He was sent to Atascadero State Hospital, a maximum-security facility in San Luis Obispo County that houses mentally-ill convicts.


title: Edmund Kemper

text: At Atascadero, California Youth Authority psychiatrists and social workers disagreed with the court psychiatrists' diagnoses. Their reports stated that Kemper showed "no flight of ideas, no interference with thought, no expression of delusions or hallucinations, and no evidence of bizarre thinking." They also observed him to be intelligent and introspective. Initial testing measured his IQ at 136, over two standard deviations above average. Kemper was re-diagnosed with a less severe condition, a "personality trait disturbance, passive-aggressive type." Later on in his time at Atascadero, he was given another IQ test, which gave a higher result of 145.


title: Edmund Kemper

text: Kemper endeared himself to his psychiatrists by being a model prisoner, and he was trained to administer psychiatric tests to other inmates. A psychiatrist later said, "He was a very good worker[,] and this is not typical of a sociopath. He really took pride in his work." Kemper also became a member of the Jaycees while in Atascadero and claimed to have developed "some new tests and some new scales on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory," specifically an "Overt Hostility Scale", during his work with Atascadero psychiatrists. After his second arrest, Kemper said that being able to understand how these tests functioned allowed him to manipulate his psychiatrists, admitting that he learned a lot from the sex offenders to whom he administered tests; for example, they told him that to avoid leaving witnesses, it was best to kill a woman after raping her.


title: Edmund Kemper

text: On December 18, 1969, his 21st birthday, Kemper was released on parole from Atascadero. Against the recommendations of psychiatrists at the hospital, he was released into the care of his mother Clarnell —who had remarried, taken the surname Strandberg, and then divorced again— in Aptos, California, a short drive from where she worked as an administrative assistant at the University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC). Kemper later demonstrated further to his psychiatrists that he was rehabilitated and on November 29, 1972, his juvenile records were permanently expunged. The last report from his probation psychiatrists read:


title: Edmund Kemper

text: While staying with his mother, Kemper attended community college in accordance with his parole requirements and had hoped to become a police officer, though he was rejected because of his size—at the time of his release from Atascadero, Kemper stood tall—which led to his nickname, "Big Ed". Kemper maintained relationships with Santa Cruz police officers despite his rejection from joining the force and became a self-described "friendly nuisance" at a bar called the Jury Room, a popular hangout for local cops.


title: Edmund Kemper

text: Kemper worked a series of menial jobs before gaining employment with the State of California Division of Highways. During this time, his relationship with Clarnell remained toxic and hostile, the two having frequent arguments that their neighbors often overheard. Kemper later described the arguments he had with his mother around this time, stating the following:


title: Edmund Kemper

text: When he had saved enough money, Kemper moved out to live with a friend in Alameda. There, he still complained of being unable to get away from his mother because she regularly phoned him and paid him surprise visits. He often had financial difficulties, which resulted in his frequently returning to his mother's apartment in Aptos. At a Santa Cruz beach, Kemper met a student from Turlock High School to whom he became engaged in March 1973. The engagement was broken off after Kemper's second arrest, and his fiancée's parents requested her name not be revealed to the public.


title: Edmund Kemper

text: The same year that he began working for the Highway Division, Kemper was hit by a car while riding a motorcycle that he had recently purchased. His arm was badly injured in the crash, and he received a $15,000 () settlement in the civil suit he filed against the car's driver. As he was driving around in the 1969 Ford Galaxie he bought with part of his settlement money, he noticed a large number of young women hitchhiking and began storing plastic bags, knives, blankets and handcuffs in his car. He then began picking up young women and peacefully letting them go. According to Kemper, he picked up around 150 such hitchhikers before he felt homicidal sexual urges, which he called his "little zapples," and began acting on them.


title: Edmund Kemper

text: Between May 1972 and April 1973, Kemper killed eight people — all women. He would pick up female students who were hitchhiking and take them to isolated areas where he would shoot, stab, smother, or strangle them. He would then take their bodies back to his home, where he decapitated them, performed irrumatio on their severed heads, had sexual intercourse with their corpses, and then dismembered them.


title: Edmund Kemper

text: During this 11-month murder spree, Kemper killed five college students, one high school student, his mother, and his mother's best friend. Kemper has stated in interviews that he often searched for victims after having arguments with his mother and that she refused to introduce him to women attending the university where she worked. He recalled: "She would say, 'You're just like your father. You don't deserve to get to know them'." Psychiatrists, and Kemper himself, have espoused the belief that the young women were surrogates for his ultimate target: his mother.


title: Edmund Kemper

text: On May 7, 1972, Kemper was driving in Berkeley, when he picked up two 18-year-old hitchhiking students from Fresno State University, Mary Ann Pesce and Anita Mary Luchessa, with the pretense of taking them to Stanford University. After driving for an hour, he managed to reach a secluded wooded area near Alameda, with which he was familiar from his work at the Highway Department, without alerting his passengers that he had changed directions from where they wanted to go. It was there that he handcuffed Pesce and locked Luchessa in the trunk, then stabbed and strangled Pesce to death, subsequently killing Luchessa in a similar manner. Kemper later confessed that while handcuffing Pesce, he "brushed the back of [his] hand against one of her breasts and it embarrassed [him]", adding that he said, "'Whoops, I'm sorry' or something like that" after grazing her breast, despite murdering her minutes later.


title: Edmund Kemper

text: Kemper put both of the women's bodies in the trunk of his Ford Galaxie and returned to his apartment. He was stopped on the way by a police officer for having a broken taillight, but the officer did not detect the corpses in the car. Kemper's roommate was not at home, so he took the bodies into his apartment, where he photographed and had sexual intercourse with the naked corpses before dismembering them. He then put the body parts into plastic bags, which he later abandoned near Loma Prieta Mountain. Before disposing of Pesce's and Luchessa's severed heads in a ravine, Kemper engaged in irrumatio with both of them. In August of that year, Pesce's skull was found on Loma Prieta Mountain. An extensive search failed to turn up the rest of Pesce's remains or a trace of Luchessa.


title: Edmund Kemper

text: On the evening of September 14, 1972, Kemper picked up a 15-year-old dance student named Aiko Koo, who had decided to hitchhike to a dance class after missing her bus. He again drove to a remote area, where he pulled a gun on Koo before accidentally locking himself out of his car. However, Koo let him back inside, despite the fact that the gun was still in the car. Back inside the car, he proceeded to choke her unconscious, rape her, and kill her.


title: Edmund Kemper

text: Kemper subsequently packed Koo's body into the trunk of his car and went to a nearby bar to have a few drinks, then returned to his apartment. He later confessed that after exiting the bar, he opened the trunk of his car, "admiring [his] catch like a fisherman." Back at his apartment, he had sexual intercourse with the corpse, then dismembered and disposed of the remains in a similar manner as his previous two victims. Koo's mother called the police to report the disappearance of her daughter and put up hundreds of flyers asking for information, but she did not receive any responses regarding her daughter's location or status.


title: Edmund Kemper

text: On January 7, 1973, Kemper, who had moved back in with his mother, was driving around the Cabrillo College campus when he picked up 17-year-old student Cynthia Anne "Cindy" Schall (b. 09/07/1955). He drove to a wooded area and fatally shot her with a .22 caliber pistol. He then placed her body in the trunk of his car and drove to his mother's house, where he kept her body hidden in a closet in his room overnight. When his mother left for work the next morning, he had sexual intercourse with and removed the bullet from Schall's corpse, then dismembered and decapitated her in his mother's bathtub.


title: Edmund Kemper

text: Kemper kept Schall's severed head for several days, regularly engaging in irrumatio with it, then buried it in his mother's garden facing upward toward her bedroom. After his arrest, he stated that he did this because his mother "always wanted people to look up to her." He discarded the rest of Schall's remains by throwing them off a cliff. Over the course of the following few weeks, all except Schall's head and right hand were discovered and "pieced together like a macabre jigsaw puzzle." A pathologist determined that Schall had been cut into pieces with a power saw.


title: Edmund Kemper

text: On February 5, 1973, after a heated argument with his mother, Kemper left his house in search of possible victims. With heightened suspicion of a serial killer preying on hitchhikers in the Santa Cruz area, students had been advised to accept rides only from cars with university stickers on them. Kemper was able to obtain a sticker, as his mother worked at UCSC. He encountered 23-year-old Rosalind Heather Thorpe and 20-year-old Alice Helen "Allison" Liu on the UCSC campus. According to Kemper, Thorpe entered his car first, reassuring Liu to also enter. He first fatally shot Thorpe and then Liu with his pistol and wrapped their bodies in blankets.


title: Edmund Kemper

text: Kemper again brought his victims back to his mother's house; this time he beheaded them in his car and carried the headless corpses into his mother's house to have sexual intercourse with them. He then dismembered the bodies, removed the bullets to prevent identification, and discarded their remains the next morning. Some remains were found at Eden Canyon a week later, and more were found near Route 1 in March.


title: Edmund Kemper

text: When questioned in an interview as to why he decapitated his victims, he explained: "The head trip fantasies were a bit like a trophy. You know, the head is where everything is at, the brain, eyes, mouth. That's the person. I remember being told as a kid, you cut off the head and the body dies. The body is nothing after the head is cut off ... well, that's not quite true, there's a lot left in the girl's body without the head."


title: Edmund Kemper

text: On April 20, 1973, after coming home from a party, 52-year-old Clarnell Strandberg awakened her son with her arrival. While sitting in her bed reading a book, she noticed Kemper enter her room and said to him, "I suppose you're going to want to sit up all night and talk now." Kemper replied, "No, good night." He then waited for her to fall asleep, then he sneaked back into her room to bludgeon her with a claw hammer and slit her throat with a penknife. He then decapitated her and engaged in irrumatio with her severed head, then used it as a dart board. Kemper stated that he "put [her head] on a shelf and screamed at it for an hour ... threw darts at it," and, ultimately, "smashed her face in." He also cut out her tongue and larynx and put them in the garbage disposal. However, the garbage disposal could not break down the tough vocal cords and ejected the tissue back into the sink. "That seemed appropriate, as much as she'd bitched and screamed and yelled at me over so many years", Kemper later said.


title: Edmund Kemper

text: Kemper hid his mother's corpse in a closet and went to drink at a nearby bar. Upon his return, he invited his mother's best friend, 59-year-old Sara Taylor "Sally" Hallett, over to the house to have dinner and watch a movie. When Hallett arrived, Kemper strangled her to death to create a cover story that his mother and Hallett had gone away together on vacation. He subsequently put Hallett's corpse in a closet, obscured any outward signs of a disturbance, and left a note to the police. It read:


title: Edmund Kemper

text: Afterward, Kemper fled the scene. He drove non-stop to Pueblo, Colorado, taking caffeine pills to stay awake for the over 1,000-mile (about 1,600 km) journey. He had three guns and hundreds of rounds of ammunition in his car, and he believed he was the target of an active manhunt. After not hearing any news on the radio about the murders of his mother and Hallett when he arrived in Pueblo, he found a phone booth and called the police. He confessed to the murders of his mother and Hallett, but the police did not take his call seriously and told him to call back at a later time. Several hours later, Kemper called again, asking to speak to an officer he personally knew. He confessed to that officer of killing his mother and Hallett, then waited for the police to arrive and take him into custody. Upon his capture, Kemper also confessed to the murders of the six students.


title: Edmund Kemper

text: When asked in a later interview why he turned himself in, Kemper said: "The original purpose was gone ... It wasn't serving any physical or real or emotional purpose. It was just a pure waste of time ... Emotionally, I couldn't handle it much longer. Toward the end there, I started feeling the folly of the whole damn thing, and at the point of near exhaustion, near collapse, I just said to hell with it and called it all off."


title: Edmund Kemper

text: Kemper was indicted on eight counts of first-degree murder on May 7, 1973. He was assigned the Chief Public Defender of Santa Cruz County, attorney Jim Jackson. Due to Kemper's explicit and detailed confession, his counsel's only option was to plead not guilty by reason of insanity to the charges. Kemper twice tried to commit suicide in custody. His trial went ahead on October 23, 1973.


title: Edmund Kemper

text: Three court-appointed psychiatrists found Kemper to be legally sane. One of the psychiatrists, Dr. Joel Fort, investigated his juvenile records and the diagnosis that he was once psychotic. Fort also interviewed Kemper, including under truth serum, and relayed to the court that Kemper had engaged in cannibalism, alleging that he sliced flesh from the legs of his victims, then cooked and consumed these strips of flesh in a casserole. Nevertheless, Fort determined that Kemper was fully cognizant in each case and stated that Kemper enjoyed the prospect of the infamy associated with being labeled a murderer. Kemper later recanted the confession of cannibalism.