title: Nissan Skyline

text: Skylines are available in either coupé, or sedan body styles, plus station wagon, crossover, convertible and pickup/sedan delivery body styles. The later models are most commonly known by their trademark round brake and tail lights. While not distributed in the United States until its importation as the Infiniti G, the Skyline's prominence (particularly for the GT-R variant) in video games, movies and magazines resulted in many such cars being imported there, and makes up a large amount of second-hand Japanese car imports to Europe and North America. The majority of Skyline models are rear-wheel drive, with all-wheel drive being available since the eighth-generation's debut.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The eleventh-generation Skyline (V35) was another major turning point for the nameplate, as it dropped some of the previous generation Skyline's trademark characteristics such as the straight-six engine (replaced with a V6) and turbocharging (reintroduced in the thirteenth-generation/V37 model), and eventually separated the GT-R into its own line. Nissan decided to retain the Skyline for the luxury-sport market segment, while its platform-mate, the 350Z, revived the Z line of pure sports cars. The V35 was the first Skyline made for export to North America, being sold under Nissan's luxury marque Infiniti as the G35 in 2002. The Skyline (V36/J50) is sold in Europe, North America, South Korea, Taiwan, and the Middle East as the Infiniti G37 and EX respectively.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: On April 12, 2010 a Guinness Book of Records event took place with 225 Skylines taking part in a parade lap at the ISTS at Silverstone UK, which produced two world records: the most recorded Skylines at one meet at one time, and most Skylines on a track at the same time.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The first Skyline was introduced on April 24, 1957, at the Takarazuka Theater, in Hibiya, Tokyo, for Fuji Precision Industries, marketed as a luxury car. It featured a 1.5 L (1,482 cc) "GA-30" engine (also known as FG4A-30) producing 44 kW (60 hp) at 4,400 rpm, which was previously used in the prototype Subaru 1500, Subaru's first car. It used a de Dion tube rear suspension and was capable of . The car weighed around . Skylines were produced as four-door sedans and five-door station wagons. Two models were available: the ALSIS-1 standard and the ALSID-1 Deluxe. The ALSI-1's appearance seems to be influenced by 1950s American cars (the front end was similar to the 1957 Chevrolet); the car featured rear tail fins, chrome molding and two-tone paint.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The ALSIS-1 standard model featured a grille with a large center bar with 6 vertical slats above it. The side strips ran straight from the rear of the car to the front doors, where it dipped into a V-shape, widening and kicked upwards until it hit the front of the car. The side badge said "Skyline".


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The ALSID-1 Deluxe featured a different grille compared to the standard model. The large center bar was absent and instead a pair of fog lights are mounted just inside of the front turn signals. Between the fog lights "PRINCE" is spelled out in individual gold letters. A painted side strip, surrounded by a chrome strip ran horizontally the length of the car, widening from front to back. On this side strip was the side badge, which said "Skyline Deluxe".


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The Skyline also spawned the ALPE double cab pickup truck and the ALVE delivery van, both marketed as the Skyway.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The ALSI-2 series was released in October 1959 and was nearly identical to the ALSI-1 series except for the engine. Higher quality fuel allowed for an increase in compression and a power increase to . This new engine was designated the FG4A-40 (this engine was also known as the GA-4).


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The ALSI-2-1 series was released in February 1960. The Deluxe, along with the commercial variants, were updated with quad headlights (the standard model retained the twin headlights). The side strip design was changed on standard models; the V-shape in the side strip was moved from the front doors to the rear doors. On Deluxe models the side strip design remained the same. The standard model gained quad headlights in September 1960 with the release of the ALSI-2-2 series.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The BLSI-3 series was released in May 1961. The 1500 engine used in the ALSID Deluxe was dropped and instead used the 1.9L GB-4 (also known as FG4B-40) OHV four-cylinder engine from the Gloria. The BLSI series was otherwise identical to the ALSI series, except for a "1900" badge on the side. The standard model received the new engine in October 1961.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The S21 series was released in September 1962. It was in production until November 1963. The front end was redesigned in an attempt to update the look of the car. The result was rather unsuccessful as the car now looked like a 1950s body with a 1960s front end. The S21 continued to use the 1.9L GB-4 engine.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The 3-door van was dropped and replaced with a 5-door station wagon; a double cab pickup truck remained available.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The S21 Deluxe-based Skyline Sport featured hand-built Michelotti bodies in stylish coupe and convertible versions. These cars used the 1.9 L "GB-4" engine from the S21D. While only a few hundred were built, Prince Motors had a very aggressive product placement group and they can be seen (along the company's mainstream models) in many Toho films of the early 1960s. The canted headlights reflected a similar appearance on the late 1950s through early 1960s Lincoln Continental, Buick, and Chrysler 300. The appearance is similar to the 1960s Lancia Flavia and Triumph Vitesse as Michelotti did contribute to Lancia vehicles during this time; Giugiaro's design of the short-lived Gordon Keeble GT was similarly influenced. Being the first sports-focused model, the Skyline Sport foreshadowed the Skyline GT-R sub-range.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: In 1961 Fuji Precision Industries changed its name to Prince Motor Company (for the second time). Two years later, in September 1963, the S50 Skyline Deluxe (S50D-1) was launched, followed by the Skyline Standard (S50S-1) in April 1964. This was the second generation car, and became one of the more desirable cars in Japan. It was powered by the "G-1" engine, a 68 hp or version of the old GA-4. The S50 series were available with a three-speed column shift transmission, or a four-speed floor shift transmission from February 1965 (Deluxe only). A two-speed automatic option was added to the Deluxe in June 1966. The lower priced and equipped Standard model was added in April 1964; aiming at taxi operators and others it also lacked bumper overriders, making it 11 cm shorter. Three main models of the S50 were built: the S50-1 (1964–1966), the lightly facelifted S50-2 (1966–1967) and the S50-3 (1967–1968). These all used the same engine, with the later S57 receiving a more modern unit.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: Externally, the S50-1 was installed with rounded brake lights and integrated tail lights, with a centrally installed turn signal, similar in appearance to the Ford Galaxie of 1961. The significant appearance change from the previous generation seems to reflect a similar approach done by German company BMW in 1962 with the New Class series, in deciding to build a small, affordable, performance coupe and sedan.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The S50 was sold in some markets with an "A150" designation. In European markets (and other export markets), it was also marketed as the PMC-Mikado A150. The S50-2 was also sold as the S56SE A190D for export markets in Europe and Asia (such as in British Hong Kong), which was equipped with the 1.9 liter D-6 OHV diesel engine. This model had trim and equipment levels similar to the S50S-2. In Europe, period testers commented on the car's compact size (more like a 1.0 than a 1.5) and its sprightly performance, in large part due to the extremely low gearing. The car's ample lighting was also noted, offering twin headlights, a bevy of warning lamps, numerous engine room light fittings, etcetera. Also lauded were the cars road manners, as evident by the six-cylinder Skyline's competition successes.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: In August 1966, Nissan and Prince merged and the S50 also appeared with Nissan Prince Skyline badging. In October 1966, the S50-2 was introduced. This light facelift included a new grille and rectangular taillights, as well as changes to the interior, and with the addition of an extraction vent on the C-pillar. It was sold as Prince Skyline, Prince A150, or PMC A150, depending on the market. All "Prince" dealership locations were added to the existing Nissan/Datsun Japanese dealerships, while retaining the Prince name to become the "Nissan Prince Store".


title: Nissan Skyline

text: In August 1967 the S50-3 was introduced. The tail lights and front side indicators were changed to a wider rectangular shape, but otherwise the car remained identical to the S50-2 series. The S50-3 was the last Prince model to use the G-1 engine. The Deluxe trim was rebranded as the S57 series.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: Prince launched racing and road version of Skyline 2000GT in May 1964. It was based on the S50D-1 and used the "G-7" engine from the Gloria S41, though the car needed a extension to the wheelbase (all forward of the cowl) to provide space in the engine bay for the inline six. It entered the second Japanese Grand Touring II (GT-II) on 3 May 1964 and they hoped to win the race. Competing against the Porsche 904, the Skyline GTs managed second through to sixth places.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: Only 100 units S54A-1 were made for homologation purpose (92 road cars and 8 racing cars) and sold out instantly due to the success of the race vehicle. The S54A-1 was available with the standard single carburetor (G7-A) 2.0-liter inline-six engine (producing and ), 4-speed manual transmission and tachometer as standard. The triple Webber carburetors, a LSD, 5-speed manual transmission, sport steering wheel and oil cooler were available as additional options.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: In February 1965, the Prince Skyline 2000GT (S54B-2) was released to the Japanese market, followed by the less powerful 2000GT-A (S54A-2) in September on the same year and S54B-2 model was renamed to 2000GT-B.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The GT-B model featured three Weber 40DCOE-18 carburetors (G7-B; producing at 5,600 rpm and at 4,400 rpm), rear torsion bar suspension, Nardi steering wheel, power brakes and front disc brakes as standard. The cheaper GT-A did not receive Nardi steering wheel, booster brakes, front disc brakes and rear wheel torque rod. Both models could get additional options such as safety belts, radio, heather, bigger fuel tank, a LSD, 5-speed close ratio manual transmission and racing suspension kits.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: In October 1966, the GT received mild facelift similar to S50D-2, but retained its original round taillights. This model was known as S54-3. Still with similar equipment as S54-2, except for seat belts and 5-speed manual transmission (GT-B only) that became standard.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The South Australian versions both used the S54B engine, the difference was in the gearbox, the GT-A had a 4-speed gearbox, and the GT-B had the European ZF 5-speed gearbox.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: In August 1967 Prince released the successor of the S50D-2 called the S57. It used a new engine of Prince's (designed before the merger with Nissan), the OHC 1.5 L (1,483 cc) G15. At , it was the most-powerful engine in the Japanese 1,500 cc class. The S57D was almost identical to the S50S-3 except for using different grille with a red "88" badge (for 88 PS) and an "OHC" badge above the right side reversing light. The trunk badge said "Prince" and the side badges said "Skyline 1500" or "Skyline 1500 Deluxe". There was a "NISSAN" badge of the left side of the grille as well as well as below the left side backup light. After the Prince name was dropped, the "NISSAN" badge under the backup light disappeared (the badge on the grille remained), and the "Prince" badges were replaced by "NISSAN", but the stylized "P" emblem on the hood remained.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The C10 series of August 1968, which began its development under Prince at the company's Ogikubo R&D centre in the suburbs of Tokyo, was marketed with a Nissan badge. By the time the C10 went on sale, the Prince nameplate had been completely phased out on cars and trucks. The dealer network selling the cars became the Prince channel of Nissan, and the marketing group stayed at the Prince headquarters in Mita instead of moving to Nissan's headquarters in Ginza. The C10 Skyline was launched with Prince's 1.5 L OHC "G15" I4 like the S57. A 1.8 L "G18" version was also available. A station wagon variant, known previously as the Prince Skyway, was offered with this generation. A hardtop coupé was introduced in October 1970.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The brake- and tail-lights were modified to square units, but now included dual units for both the left and right side of the vehicle. As the Skyline was now a Nissan product, it was repositioned above the Bluebird as a more sport-oriented sedan and coupe, while the Bluebird remained more economical. Its appearance shows some resemblance to the earlier 1961 Fiat 2300, designed by Pininfarina.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: In October 1968 the GC10 2000GT's engine power was decreased to , Nissan introduced an automatic variant in June 1970, as well as a 2-door coupe in October 1970.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: In September 1971, the KGC10 2000 GT-X received a 2.0 L (1,998 cc) L20SU straight-six engine instead of the Prince G-7 engine. The chassis was already designed to fit a straight six, to avoid the S54 extension problem. was available from this new engine. In March 1972 the lineup was expanded to include a four-door GT-X sedan.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The first GT-R Skyline appeared in February 1969. Called the PGC-10 (KPGC-10 for later coupé version) internally and "Hakosuka" (ハコスカ) by fans. "Hako" (ハコ) means "box" in Japanese, and "suka"（スカ） is short for "Skyline" (スカイライン; "Sukairain"). It used the 2.0 L (1998 cc) "S20" I6. This new DOHC engine (which was designed by the former Prince engineers) produced and of torque, and was similar to the "GR8" engine used in the Prince R380 racing car.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The GT-R began as a sedan, but a 2-door coupé version was debuted in October 1970 and introduced in March 1971. The cars were stripped of unnecessary equipment to be as light as possible for racing, and performed well at the track. The sedan racked up 33 victories in less than two years, and the coupé stretched this to 50 through 1972.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The C10 raced against many cars including the Toyota 1600GT, Isuzu Bellett GTR, Mazda Familia (R100) & Capella (RX-2) – even Porsche. In late 1971 the new Mazda RX-3 became the GT-R's main rival. The GT-R managed a few more victories before the RX-3 ended the GT-R's winning streak.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The C110 generation was produced from September 1972 through August 1977. For export in the 1970s, the C110 and GC110 Skyline was sold as the Datsun K-series, with models such as the Datsun 160K, 180K and Datsun 240K.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The body styles were, once again, four-door sedan, two-door hardtop coupé, and five-door station wagon. The C110 was more fussy in its styling than its predecessor, particularly so in wagon form, where unusually for a wagon design, no windows were fitted between the C and D pillars. Its appearance seems to be influenced by the 1970–1975 Citroën SM. The C110 was the first version to return to the round rear tail and brake lights introduced in 1963 albeit with dual units from the previous generation, and the appearance has become a traditional Skyline feature. The styling also influenced a smaller, more affordable two-door coupe, called the Silvia, introduced in 1975. Nissan introduced its emission control technology, primarily consisting of fuel injection on trim packages ending with an "E", using the moniker Nissan NAPS also in 1975. In February 1976, the model was facelifted and became C111 model.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The C110 Skyline was better known as the "Ken & Mary" or "Kenmeri" (ケンメリ) Skyline, stemming from the advertisement campaign in Japan at the time which featured a young couple (Ken and Mary) who relaxed and enjoyed the countryside in "Ken and Mary's Skyline" (ケンとメリーのスカイライン). The ads were highly successful and perhaps as a result the C110 was sold in very large numbers in Japan. Kenmeri was also a play on the term "Meriken" (メリケン) an old Japanese slang term for "American" due to the new Skyline's resemblance of American muscle cars of the time.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: It sold just as well in Australia (in a 2.4L 6-cylinder form, badged as "Datsun 240K"). There, the 240K was about the same price as a Ford Falcon GT or BMW 5 Series, around AUD$5000.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The Skyline GT-R hardtop arrived in September 1972 but only lasted until March 1973, when Nissan ceased its production. The oil crisis saw many people preferring economy cars and high-performance sports cars were looked down upon. Nissan pulled out of Motor Racing, so there was no purpose to the GT-R. It was not officially exported anywhere, although Nissan contemplated exporting to Australia. Only 197 KPGC110 GT-Rs were ever sold in Japan, through specialist Nissan Performance shops (before it was called NISMO). This was the last GT-R for 16 years until the BNR32 in 1989.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The succeeding C210 series of August 1977 continued to split the Skyline range into basic four-cylinder and six-cylinder models, the latter with a longer wheelbase and front end. This line continued through August 1981. A rare variant would be the wagon version, which had a unique styling treatment behind the rear doors, of a much smaller window than usual between the C and D pillars. The Skyline received an internal and external facelift in late 1978, which led to a change of the model code from 210 to 211. This was also when the Skyline first appeared in several European export markets, such as Germany.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The GT-EX replaced the discontinued GT-R with a turbocharged engine, the L20ET. As installed in the recently renewed Nissan Cedric/Gloria, this had been the first turbo engine to power a Japanese production vehicle. One notable aspect of the turbo versions was that they were not intercooled and there was no form of blowoff valve, only an emergency pressure release valve. As usual with Japanese cars of this period, there were four- or five-speed manuals and a three-speed automatic, with a column-shifted three-speed manual available on lower end cars and vans. The lowest powered option was the 2-liter LD20 diesel fitted to the Skyline Van 200D (VSC211D); it produces at 4600 rpm.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The "T" designation on the L16T and L18T does not signify a turbocharger was included; it denotes that those engines came with twin carburetors. The L-series engines were all switched to the cross-flow Z-series in late 1978, although the L16 soldiered on a little longer in the commercial versions. The larger 2.4-liter inline-six was never offered in the domestic Japanese market; having been reserved for export. Export engines were rated in DIN horsepower, so while a Japanese-spec L24 promised , European market cars with the same engine only claimed . On the other hand, European buyers could also get the fuel injected L24E with DIN, about on par with what the turbocharged GT-EX offered. Originally marketed as the Datsun 240K-GT in Europe, the fuel injected version was sold as the Datsun Skyline in most markets where it was available. It has a claimed top speed of .


title: Nissan Skyline

text: In June 1980 the two-liter, fuel injected inline-four Z20E engine was added to the lineup, as was the 2.8 liter straight-six GT-Diesel with .


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The names were brought into line with the home Japanese and worldwide markets with the launch of the R30 series in August 1981, which was built on a C31 Laurel platform. Unlike preceding generations, four- and six-cylinder versions now shared a front end of the same length. The R30 was available as a two-door hardtop coupé, a four-door sedan, a five-door Liftback (available only in the R30 generation), or a four-door station wagon. In all, there were 26 variations of the R30 Skyline available.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: All versions with the exception of the wagon were usually fitted with the four round tail lights that had become a regular feature to the Skyline's design. The wagon had different tail lights, headlights, and no turbo or six-cylinder versions available. It more closely resembled a Nissan Sunny than a Skyline. The two-door coupé had a hardtop, pillarless design, and featured roll-down quarter windows for the rear seat passengers (a styling feature of the previous C10, C110, and C211 coupés), while four-door versions had a traditional sedan body style with framed windows. The crease that appeared over the rear wheels beginning with the second generation, referred to as the "surf line", no longer appeared starting with this generation.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: Various engine configurations were available, initially ranging from the top-of-the-line 103 kW SOHC 6-cylinder turbo "L20ET" to the 4-cylinder Z18S and 6-cylinder LD28 diesel versions at the other end of the scale. The all-new 16-valve DOHC "FJ20" engine debuted in late 1981, and was the first four-cylinder engine from any Japanese manufacturer to employ more than two valves per cylinder (see below). Some of the top spec models featured adjustable suspension dampers that could be adjusted while driving, this was another first for mass-produced JDM vehicles. Nissan Glorias and Laurels also used the L series engines, as well as some diesel (Laurel only) variants.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The R30 range was facelifted in August 1983 with various changes across the board; for example four-wheel disc brakes were now standard issue, instead of being optional for lower-spec models. Trim specifications were revised and the 4-cylinder Z18S engine was replaced with the newer CA18E. Features included upgraded interior trim, new front and rear bumpers, door-mounted wing mirrors (replacing the old 'hockey stick' fender mirrors), and smoked tail lights.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: During 1983 the "Paul Newman Version" R30 was released to commemorate the association between Nissan and the actor Paul Newman, who used to appear in promotional material, as well as race for the company during the late-1970s and early-1980s. The Newman Skyline was simply a top spec GT-ES turbo with signature embroidery and decals.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: Export markets also received some larger (albeit less powerful) engines, in the form of 2.4 and 2.8 liter inline-sixes with Hitachi double carburetors, producing or . The 2.8 was added in September 1982.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: Nissan Australia launched the R30 sedan in November 1981, with standard air conditioning, AM/FM radio cassette stereo, digital clock, intermittent wipers, five-speed manual or optional three-speed automatic. This was fully imported from Japan. The Liftbacks were released to the market in August 1982. The facelift model launched in Australia during November 1983. Notably, configurations of the R30 sold in Australia and New Zealand were missing the traditional hotplate tail lights, instead opting for more conventional styling.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: When entering the South African market in late 1982, Skylines were still sold as Datsuns. About a year after being introduced, the Nissan changeover took place. In addition to 2-liter models (sedans and liftbacks), the R30 Datsun Skyline was also available with the 2.8-liter "six" in the GTX Hardtop (the only coupé on offer). Along with the Nissan nameplate the four-door 2.8 GLX was added, using a two-barrel Hitachi carburetor. There was also a GL version, and in May 1984 the four-door GT version arrived. This was sportier than the GLX, benefitting from the GTX suspension and a Weber carburetor, but cost less than the GTX due to less equipment and having drums at the rear. The South African range was lightly facelifted for the 1986 model year, with a luxurious 2.8 SGL replacing the GLX and with the GT discontinued. Automatic transmission became available in the GTX Hardtop and also in the top-of-the-line SGLi sedan (which was not offered with a manual). The R30 was replaced by the R31 Skyline in mid-1987.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: 2-liter cars have the four-cylinder L20B engine; equipment levels include GL, and GLE-X, and there was also the Skyline 1800 L at the bottom of the ladder.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: Although making about the same power as the L20ET-powered "GT-ES" models, the version of the Skyline initially known as the "2000RS" was released on October 2, 1981 as more of a stripped-down lightweight racer, without as many luxury extras included (quoted curb weight was only ). These were equipped with the naturally aspirated 4-valve-per-cylinder DOHC FJ20E engine generating of power at 6,000 rpm and of torque at 4,800 rpm. The official Nissan chassis designation for all FJ20-powered models was "DR30".


title: Nissan Skyline

text: In February 1983 the DR30 range received a significant boost in performance with the introduction of the turbocharged FJ20ET engine in the "2000RS-Turbo". Front brakes were also significantly upgraded to cope with the power increase. Now with of power at 6,400 rpm (measured on a gross basis) and of torque at 4,800 rpm on tap, the FJ20ET enjoyed new-found prestige as the most powerful Japanese production engine of its era.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: Nissan sought to elevate the status of the DR30 Skyline as their new flagship model in light of this success, and it received a generous amount of changes to distinguish it from lesser Skyline models in August 1983. Interior equipment was significantly upgraded to now include electric windows, air conditioning and power steering as standard in the new "RS-X" model (for Extra) with an increased curb weight of around it also included a driver's seat with multi-way power lumbar adjustment, anti-skid control, fog lamps, rear deck spoiler and other features such as dimmable instrument cluster lighting; gone were the days of the spartan, stripped-out race interior, although this could still be specified at time of purchase. But by far the most striking change to the RS was the new unique front end treatment, nicknamed "Tekkamen" () or "Iron Mask" by fans for its distinctive look. The headlights were considerably slimmer, and instead of a conventional grille the hood now sloped down to two narrow slits above a facelifted front bumper and airdam.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: Further enhancements were made for 1984, most notably the addition of an air-to-air intercooler allowing the compression ratio to be increased from 8.0:1 to 8.5:1 with revised turbocharger exhaust housing to the FJ20ET powered model increasing output to of power at 6,400 rpm (gross) and of torque at 4,400 rpm. The intercooled model was nicknamed the "Turbo C". The "Turbo C" formed the basis for the Super Silhouette race car built by GT-R Works and sponsored by Tomica and run in the All Japan Sports Prototype Championship under FIA Group C regulations.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: An automatic transmission option was also added 1984. Changes to the "Plasma Spark" ignition system followed in early 1985 towards the end of R30 production.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: To this day the FJ20-powered R30 Skyline remains a cult car both at home and overseas (there are still dedicated "one make" drag racing events for this model in Japan), and is credited with rejuvenating the Skyline brand in the early 1980s. It also paved the way for the eventual re-introduction of the legendary GT-R badge, markedly absent since the end of C110 Skyline production in 1973.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The DR30 achieved success in Australian touring car racing during the mid-1980s. The factory backed Peter Jackson Nissan Team made its Group A debut in the opening round of the 1986 Australian Touring Car Championship, and over the 10 round series, lead driver George Fury would win four of the rounds and it was only unreliability in the first two rounds that cost Fury the title, finishing only 5 points behind the Volvo 240T of Robbie Francevic. Fury then went on to finish second to the BMW of Jim Richards in the 1986 Australian Endurance Championship, winning four of the six rounds, though failures to finish in the opening round at Amaroo Park in Sydney, as well as a DNF at the James Hardie 1000 at Bathurst cost him the title. Team driver Garry Scott put the DR30 on pole for the James Hardie 1000 before going on to finish third with young charger Glenn Seton. Despite missing out on the drivers' title, Nissan won the 1986 Australian Manufacturers' Championship from BMW. Fury finished off 1986 by finishing second to the V8 Holden Commodore of Allan Grice in the Group A support race for the Australian Grand Prix in Adelaide.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: Fury was joined in 1987 Australian Touring Car Championship by Glenn Seton. While Fury had a frustrating first half of the championship, Seton battled it out with the BMW M3 of Richards for the title. The series came down to the last race at Sydney's Oran Park Raceway where Richards used the nimble M3 to defeat Seton and win his second ATCC in three years. With Fury finishing third in the championship, this saw Nissan sharing victory with BMW in the 1987 Australian Manufacturers' Championship. The final competitive race for the Peter Jackson Nissan DR30s came in the Group A support race for the 1987 Australian Grand Prix in Adelaide where Fury again finished second behind the Ford Sierra RS500 of Dick Johnson.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The R31 Skyline of 1985 was a natural evolution on the R30 shape, and also this one was loosely based on the Laurel platform (C32). The design was slightly larger and squarer than previous Skylines. It was available as a Sedan, Hardtop sedan, Coupé and station wagon. Affectionately known as the "Seventhsu" or simply "7th Sukairain" by owners, due to it being the 7th-generation Skyline.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The R31 Skyline introduced many new technologies and features. The HR31 was the first Skyline to be equipped with the new RB-series of engines. The HR31 RB engines are often referred to as "Red Top" engines because of the red cam covers. There were three variants. The earliest series of DOHC, 24-valve, RB engines used the NICS (Nissan Induction Control System) injection system with 12 very small intake runners, and a butterfly system to divide the intake ports in half for better low RPM performance. Later versions used ECCS (Electronically Concentrated Control System) engine management, discarded the twelve tiny runners for six much larger ones (though the cylinder heads still retained twelve individual intake ports separated by casting), and received a slightly larger turbocharger. Nissan's "RD28", a 2.8 straight-six engine, featured for a diesel option. Another technological first for the R31 was the introduction of Nissan's proprietary four-wheel steering system, dubbed HICAS (High Capacity Active Steering). The R31 series were also the only models in the Skyline family to feature a four-door hardtop variation. These models were generally badged as the "Passage GT".


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The R31 Skyline was also produced in Australia, with a 3.0 L motor (RB30E) available in sedan or wagon form, as well as a four-cylinder version called the Nissan Pintara. The wagon had the same front style as the coupe and sedan—the only difference being that it lacked the four round brake lights that had been a consistent element of Skyline design (except for the R31 series one/two which had rectangular taillights with a solid bar through the centre which was also shared by the Pintara). These cars were manufactured in Australia due to the heavy import laws which made it expensive to bring cars into Australia and are affectionally called "Dards" by their owners.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: 29,305 R31 Skylines were also manufactured and sold in South Africa in four-door sedan form between 1987 and 1992. These were the last Skylines seen in South Africa. Power came from either the RB30E 3.0 straight-six engine, RB20E 2.0 straight-six, or the CA20S four-cylinder powerplant.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The ultimate version of the R31 was the RB20DET-R powered HR31 GTS-R Coupe of which 823 units were built to allow homologation for Group A Touring Car racing. Introduced in late 1987, it had a reworked version of the normal RB20DET with a much larger turbocharger on a tubular steel exhaust manifold, as well as a much larger front-mounted intercooler boosting power to a factory claimed , with racing versions making over in Group A trim, though this was still at least less than the leading Group A car of the time, the Ford Sierra RS500 (which had approximately the same weight as the Nissan), and around less than the heavier (by around ) V8 Holden Commodore.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: Jim Richards and Mark Skaife drove a Gibson Motor Sport prepared Skyline GTS-R to win the 1989 Sandown 500 in Australia. Richards also used the GTS-R in 6 of the 8 races to win the 1990 Australian Touring Car Championship (he used the R32 GT-R in the final two rounds of the series). It was the first Australian Touring Car Championship victory for a Nissan driver after George Fury placed second in 1983 and 1986 and Glenn Seton gained second position in 1987.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The R32 Skyline debuted in 1989. It was available as either a 2-door coupe or 4-door hardtop sedan, all other bodystyles were dropped. The R32 featured several versions of the RB-series straight-6 engines, which had improved heads (the twelve port inlet was gone) and used the ECCS (Electronically Concentrated Control System) injection system. Also available was an 1,800 cc 4-cylinder "GXi" model. Most models had HICAS four-wheel steering, with the rear wheels being hydraulically linked to the front steering. The 2.5-liter GTS-25 became one of the first Japanese production cars to feature a 5-speed automatic transmission. The GTS-t came in standard and Type M configurations, with the Type M having larger five-stud 16-inch wheels, four piston front calipers and twin piston rears plus other minor differences. ABS was optional (except for the GT-R and GTS-4), mechanical LSD was standard on the GT-R and viscous LSD was standard on all turbo models and optional on all but the GXi. Nissan also produced 100 Australian models of the R32. In addition, there was a 4WD version of the GTS-t Type M, called the GTS-4.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: This generation was considered a "compact" under Japanese legislation that determined the amount of tax liability based on exterior dimensions. The smaller engines were offered so as to provide Japanese buyers the ability to choose which annual road tax obligation they were willing to pay. The station wagon body style was discontinued, and would not see a replacement (the Stagea) until 1996, by which point the R33 had arrived.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: Type-Nismo/N1/V-Spec I/V-Spec I N1/V-Spec II/V-Spec II N1 (Race engine for Nismo (normal output) and N1, no info from nissan (but no 24U stamp like the later once but most likely the same)


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The R32 GT-R was first produced in 1988 including prototype cars. The first six Nismos were built in 1989. The other 554 NISMO GT-Rs were all built in 1990 and were all Gunmetal Grey in color.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The RB26DETT engine actually produced ~320 PS (316 hp), but it was understated due to the Japanese car makers' "gentlemen's agreement" not to exceed 280 PS (276 hp). The engine was designed for ~500 hp in racing trim, and then muzzled by the exhaust, boost restriction, and ECU.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: After this increase the car would put out ~310 hp (~230 kW) and could do 0–100 km/h (62 mph) in 4.7 seconds and the quarter mile in 12.8 seconds.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The GT-R had a significantly larger intercooler, larger brakes, and aluminum front guards and hood. Other distinguishing features include flared front and rear wheel arches. More supportive seats were fitted, and the turbo boost gauge and digital clock were removed from inside the instrument cluster. The clock was replaced with a torque meter that indicated how much torque was being delivered to the front wheels (0%–50%). Oil temp, voltage, and turbo boost gauges were fitted just above the climate control.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The Porsche 959 was Nissan's target when designing the GT-R. The chief engineer, Naganori Ito, intended to use the car for Group A racing, so the design specification was drawn up in conjunction with a copy of the Group A rules. The Nordschleife production car record at the time of development was 8'45" – set by a Porsche 944. Nissan test driver Hiroyoshi Katoh reset the record with a time of 8'20". Best Motoring managed 8'22"38.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The R32 GT-R dominated Japanese Touring Car Championship (JTCC), winning 29 races from 29 starts, taking the series title every year from 1989 to 1993. It took 50 races from 50 starts from 1991 to 1997 (latterly R33) in the N1 Super Taikyu.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The R32 GT-R was introduced into the Australian Touring Car Championship in 1990 and promptly ended the reign of the previously all-conquering Ford Sierra Cosworth, winning Bathurst 1000 classic in 1991 and 1992. This success led to the Australian motoring press nicknaming the car Godzilla due to it being a "monster from Japan". As Australia was the first export market for the car the name quickly spread. Such was the GT-R's dominance that it was a significant factor in the demise of Group A Touring Car racing, the formula being scrapped soon after. JTCC was similarly blighted by the R32 GT-R, and splintered soon after, leading to the switch to the Supertouring category and also indirectly to the GT500 category of today.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: When originally designed, the homologation rulebook mandated 16-inch wheels, so that's what the GT-R got. This limited the size of the brakes, and the four-piston calipers used by Nissan were not competitive. After the rules changed to allow 17-inch wheels, the GT-R V-spec (for Victory) emerged in February 1993 wearing 17" BBS mesh wheels (225/50/17) covering larger Brembo calipers. The clutch actuation changed from a push to a pull system and the car had a standard mechanical rear differential (the electronic rear differential did not show up until the R33 V-Spec). A year later, the V-Spec II appeared with a new sticker and wider tires (245/45 17).


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The Nismo Skyline GT-R is a limited (500 street, 60 racing) version of Nissan Skyline with Nissan RB engine with twin steel turbochargers rated at 6,800 rpm and at 4,400 rpm, all-wheel steering, electronically controlled all-wheel drive.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: In August 2014, the first R32 Skyline GT-Rs became eligible for US import under the NHTSA "25 year" rule, which allows vehicles that are at least 25 years old (to the month of manufacture) to be imported. These vehicles, due to their age do not have to comply with federal emissions or with federal motor vehicle safety standards.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The R33 Skyline was introduced in August 1993. Slightly heavier than the R32, it was available in coupe and sedan body configurations. The R33 was the safest of the models with a rating of 3.8 out of 5.5 accordingly; the airbag system and internal crash bars made this vehicle significantly safer than previous models. All models now used a six-cylinder engine. Nissan took the unusual step of down-grading the GTS model to have only the "RB20E", while the twin-cam of the R32 GTS was discontinued. The 2.0 L turbo "RB20DET" GTS-t was also discontinued and was replaced with the GTS-25t which was equipped with the larger RB25DET and featured HICAS as standard in all GTS-25t sub-models except the Type G.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: Some models came equipped with a new version of the HICAS 4-wheel steering system called Super HICAS. This computer controlled system was first used on the R32 GT-R. Super HICAS used electric actuators to steer the rear, as opposed to the hydraulic HICAS. This generation was no longer considered a "compact" under Japanese legislation that determined the amount of tax liability based on exterior dimensions.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: As an option, an active limited slip differential was available instead of the standard viscous LSD. This new unit locked the rear differential if it detected that traction was lost by one of the wheels. A light on the dash also lit up if the LSD engaged. Active LSD came standard on all V-Spec R33 GT-R Skylines and was also available on some ECR33 GTS-25t models; these can be identified by the A-LSD and SLIP lights on the tachometer.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The "RB25DE" and "RB25DET" engines also became equipped with NVCS (variable inlet cam phasing). NVCS equipped RB series engine have a bulge on the front of the cam cover. To celebrate their 40th anniversary, Nissan introduced a very rare 4-door GT-R. Two versions of the 4-door GT-R were available from Nissan's subsidiaries: the first was produced by Autech, and the second was a joint Autech/Nismo project.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: A Nissan Laurel C34 based wagon was released in September 1996, called the Stagea. It is widely regarded as a compatriot of the Skyline, rather than the Laurel it was based on, owing to drivetrain configurations—Commonly AWD using ATTESA ET-S. A common modification on the Stagea is to fit it with an R34 skyline front, in effect making an R34-lookalike wagon. A manual transmission was only available on the RS-Four S and 260RS models. There was also an Autech tuned Stagea, the 260RS; released with full GT-R running gear, including an RB26DETT engine and manual transmission, a unique body kit, 17" BBS style alloys, and GT-R instrumentation.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The R33 Skyline (Spec 2) continued the concepts introduced in the R32. Driver and Passenger airbags became standard in 1996. As a result, pre-1996 models are barred from being imported into various countries for consumer road use as they do not meet the frontal impact standards. (However, in the U.S., there are Federal Laws regarding safety and emissions that require certain documents to be obtained, certain criteria to be met and adhered to, or 25 years to pass, before the sale of this vehicle becomes legal.) For the RB25DET engine the ignition system was also changed, with the ignition module no longer located on the cam covers and was instead replaced by smart ignition coils (Ignitor built into coil) and ECU. The RB25DET's turbo was also given a nylon compressor wheel to improve response. Throughout the time the R33 was produced there were quite a number of different styled lights and bodykits fitted, the actual body/chassis underwent no changes. Among the cosmetic changes in the spec 2 were, the headlights which tapered down more towards the grill and were fitted with improved reflectors, the grill (which was longer on the Spec 1), the hood which had a re-shaped leading edge to fit the new lights and front bumper changing shape in the smallest amount to match the lower edge of the new headlights. Later models of the Spec 2 also had the option of having an Active-LSD fitted.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The previous R32 model was a well proven build, but the R32 wasn't without faults and suffered with uplift and balance issues. Along with that, Nissan was, as other Japanese companies were, under strict restrictions on power gains. So Nissan had to combat all these areas so the sophisticated strength Programme was made. Nissan increased the width by about one inch on the R33 to the R32 and made it about 4 inches longer. This gave the R33 a longer wheelbase overall and lower stance mixed with new technology now from the computer aerodynamic age. Each line on the R33 was intended to give the car ultimate aerodynamics with wider gaps in the bumper and angles of air movement which allowed better cooling, in addition to the fuel tank lifted; the battery moved to the trunk. Rigidity points were added mixed with improvements on the Attessa and Hicas all now offered the R33 with the best aerodynamics, balance, and handling. Nissan engineers also found other ways to reduce weight, even by a few grams.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The front and rear axles were made of aluminum (as in the BNR32), but so were engine mount insulators and brackets.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: New plastics were used for: fuel tank, head lamps, super high strength "PP" bumpers, air cleaner, changing the headlining material, changing material of rear spoiler.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: All this put together meant we saw an improved time against the R32 of 21 seconds faster around the Nürburgring and 23 seconds faster in V spec trim, still making the R33 the fastest Skyline around the Nürburgring.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The BCNR33 GT-R version also had the same "RB26DETT" engine that the BNR32 was equipped with, although torque had been improved, due to changes in the turbo compressor aerodynamics, turbo dump pipe, and intercooler. The turbo core changed from a sleeve bearing to a ball bearing, but the turbine itself remained ceramic, except on N1 turbos (steel turbine, sleeve bearing). From the R33 onward, all GT-Rs received Brembo brakes. In 1995 the GT-R received an improved version of the RB26DETT, the ATTESA-ETS four-wheel-drive system, and Super HICAS 4-wheel steering.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: A limited edition model was created in 1996, called the NISMO 400R, that produced 400 hp (298 kW) from a road-tuned version of Nissan's Le Mans engine. A stronger six-speed Getrag gearbox was used.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: An R33 GT-R driven by Dirk Schoysman lapped the Nordschleife in less than 8 minutes. The Skyline GT-R R33 is reported to be the first production car to break 8 minutes, at 7 minutes and 59 seconds. Other manufacturers had caught up since the R32 was released, and the R33 never dominated motorsport to the extent of the R32. The R33 saw victory in the JGTC GT500 dominating the class and taking victory each year until its final racing year in which it was finally beaten by the McLaren F1 GTR.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The R33 saw huge favour in the tuning world with it being a popular model on the Wangan and top tuning companies building heavily tuned version from Top Secret ran by Smokey Nagata to Jun etc. and later by companies like Sumo. HKS GT-R would hold a drag series record for several years in there drag series making a record win of 7.671-second pass at Sendai Hi-Land Raceway with Tetsuya Kawasaki behind the wheel and taking it to be the world's fastest AWD car.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: In May 1998, the HR34, ER34, ENR34, and BNR34 marked the introduction of the more fuel-efficient and environmentally-friendly RB25DET NEO engine. The RB20E engine was discontinued in the R34 base model (GT), and the RB20DE, after last being used in the R32 Skyline, was reintroduced in the updated NEO guise. The R34 GT, powered by the RB20DE NEO and coupled with a five-speed gearbox, became the most fuel-efficient straight-six Skyline to date (of any shape). The 4-speed automatic transmission available on some models was retained, and was upgraded with tiptronic-style manual controls. An export-market 25GT Turbo coupe variant (often abbreviated as GT-T) was sold in Singapore and Hong Kong from 1998 to 2000, while the facelift 25GT Turbo was sold in New Zealand between 2001 and 2002 alongside the GT-R V-Spec. These were the only three countries outside of Japan that sold the R34 25GT Turbo model Skylines new. All Japanese "Nissan Prince Store" locations that sold the Skyline were renamed "Nissan Red Stage".


title: Nissan Skyline

text: Nissan introduced two new models for the base vehicle, the 25GT-X and the 25GT-V. The 25GT-X was only available as a sedan and included optional extras over the base-model 25GT and 25GT Turbo such as tinted rear windows and pop-up LCD display that replaced the triple cluster on the turbo models.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: Another version, the 25GT-V, was a naturally-aspirated variation powered by the RB25DE, came standard with the upgraded 4-piston front and 2-piston rear Sumitomo calipers, limited-slip differential and 17" alloy wheels only found on the turbo models.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: In August 2000, the R34 received a facelift which changed the front bumper to a new, sleek design and Xenon headlights were standard across the entire range along with side-airbags built into the driver and passenger outer seat bolsters. For the interior, pedals were changed from rubber to aluminum while the gear shift knob and steering wheel were now made of genuine leather in a 2-tone design, the latter branded with the Skyline "S" badge as opposed to the Nissan logo. The centre console and dials now had an iridium-silver appearance; previously they were a gunmetal-grey look.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: Optional exterior extras for the R34 included exterior aero which consists of redesigned front and rear bumpers, side skirts and a wrap-around spoiler on the rear which was only available for the coupe. Optional tuning NISMO parts for the R34 included shock absorbers, a variable sports exhaust system, aluminum intercooler, sway bars, oil cooler, and limited slip differential.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The GT-R reappeared in 1999, with a revised chassis and other updates. The R34 turbos received a ball bearing core. The R34 N1 turbos had a metal exhaust wheel, and ball bearing center section. The turbo outlet pipes were changed from cast to formed metal outlets. The intercooler outlet side and rear turbo dump pipe had temperature probes fitted in the V-spec models.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The M·spec is a version of the Nissan Skyline GT-R with ripple control shock absorbers, M·spec-specific leather seat (front/rear seat, with front seat heater), 3-spoke leather wrapped steering wheel, and a choice of four body colors (including Silica Breath (RPM/multi flex color)).


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The M·spec Nür and V·spec II Nür are limited (1000 units) versions of the Nissan Skyline GT-R with Super Taikyu N1 spec engine, for the Japanese market. It includes a 300 km/h speedometer, 3d grade name emblem, and an additional body color option (Millennium Jade Metallic).


title: Nissan Skyline

text: Since the beginning of Skyline GT-R M·spec Nür and V·spec II Nür sales, 25% of vehicles sold were M・spec Nür, 75 of vehicles sold were V·spec II Nür. Millennium Jade, White Pearl, and White body colors have been used on 28%, 22%, 16% of M·spec Nür and V·spec II Nür vehicles respectively.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: As part of the Type R34 GT-R final campaign, all Skyline GT-R customers received a GT-R official photo album (「歴代GT-Rオフィシャル写真集＜限定版＞」) before January 24, 2002.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: A small number of R34 GT-Rs are legal in the United States despite not being compliant with the 25-year rule. An importer called Motorex crash-tested an R33, submitted emissions paperwork and certification to the Environmental Protection Agency, and modified others to meet US approval. The company ran into legal trouble after importing R32 and R34 models, but telling the government they were R33s. Motorex also stopped making the required (safety, US-spec gauges and reflectors, etc.) modifications needed in order for the cars to be sold in the US. After a 2005 raid on the company, Motorex was shut down. The government then sent letters to the owners of the disputed cars and made them US legal, since the cars were imported under false pretenses. An estimated twelve R34 GT-Rs are US-legal as a result of this.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: In 2018, the first R34 was legally imported under the FMVSS's "Show & Display" exemption. Currently, only the first 282 GT-Rs produced for 1999, finished in LV4 Midnight Purple II paint, and the 258 M-Spec Nür models are eligible under this exemption. All other R34s will become legally importable starting in 2024.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The 11th-generation (V35) Nissan Skyline, introduced in June 2001, was based on Nissan's FM platform, shared with the Nissan 350Z. The Nissan Skyline used a front-midship engine (VQ35DE and others as below), rear-wheel-drive layout (four-wheel drive was available for the sedan) to achieve a 52%/48% weight distribution. The V35 was the first Skyline made for export to the United States. There it was sold under the company's luxury brand, Infiniti as the Infiniti G35.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The all-new Skyline was introduced at reorganized Nissan Japanese dealerships called "Nissan Red Stage" in conjunction with the reintroduced Nissan Fairlady Z, sold exclusively at "Nissan Blue Stage" Japanese dealerships. The vehicle went on sale on June 18, 2001. Early models included the 250GT, 250GTe, and 300GT. Early Skyline Driving Helper model includes 250GT. The Skyline 250GT FOUR sedan includes ATTESA E-TS all wheel drive with 50:50 synchro mode, VQ25DD (NEO Di) engine, and a five-speed automatic transmission. It went on sale on September 26, 2001. The Skyline 250GTm sedan went on sale on January 13, 2002, while the Skyline 350GT-8 sedan went on sale on February 19, 2002.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: Beginning in 2002, the Skyline sedan was also sold in North America and Europe, where it was marketed as the Infiniti G35.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The V35 broke with previous Skyline tradition - the first generation to offer no straight-six engine, no turbocharger since the R30, and no GT-R version, a decision which extended to all later Skylines. The no turbocharger situation continued up until the V37 series, when the 2.0 L Mercedes-Benz M274 turbo I4 engine was introduced, as well as the 2019 update of the V37 with the introduction of a 3.0 L "VR30DDTT" twin-turbo V6 engine replacing the previous M274 engine. The intention had been for the model to use a different name, a decision reversed by Renault/Nissan CEO Carlos Ghosn, who choose to gear the V35 towards the luxury-sport market. Billing the 350Z as a pure sports car, Nissan put a slightly more powerful VQ35DE in the 350Z, and while the Skyline and the 350Z shared the same platform, the 350Z had additional bracing, under-body aero parts, and weighed less. Some fans refer to V35 as the "New Generation Skyline" due to drastic changes between the V35 series and its R34 predecessor. Nonetheless, as of 1 July 2001 (two weeks after launch), total domestic Japanese Skyline orders had reached 4200 units.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: Japanese tuners mostly ignored the V35 Skyline, the 2006 Tsukuba Super Lap Battle had not a single V35 entrant. Tuners such as Mines, Amuse, Hosaka, Garage Defend, M Speed, Nagisa, MCR, HKS, & Top Secret continued developing R32-R34 GT-Rs as time attack cars. Top Secret did tune a V35, but replaced the VQ35DE with a Twin Turbo VK45DE V8. Signal USA entered a V35 in Formula D, replacing the VQ35DE with an SR20DET.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The XVL concept is a concept car demonstrating the FR L-class platform. It includes a 3.0L V6 direct-injection gasoline engine and sedan body. The vehicle was unveiled at the 1999 Tokyo Auto Show.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: For 2003 the design of the radiator grille, headlamp inner panels, and sills were altered. The interior and mirrors were altered, while the suspension and braking systems were also refined. The Skyline Coupe was introduced as a version of Nissan Skyline Sport Coupe for Japanese market. Also, the Skyline 350GT went on sale. It is a version of the Skyline V35 sport sedan with a six-speed manual transmission for the Japanese market, only available with the 3.5-liter engine. The Skyline 350GT and Skyline 350GT Premium sedan went on sale on June 3, 2003.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: For 2004 both coupe and sedans were altered, with updated interiors and improved transmissions. The five-speed automatic transmission on the 350GT Premium now included synchro rev control, while the 6-speed manual transmission was made to vibrate less. For the sedan, the front grill/bumper, foot panel, head lamp, rear bumper, and rear combination lamps were changed. The front seats received active headrest, while the rear middle seat now have a three-point seat belt as standard. There were also some new wheels and a 19-inch option for the coupé. The Skyline's 2005 update again included changes to the head and rear lamps, front bumper, and side sill protectors. Also, 19-inch aluminum alloy wheel became standard for automatic transmission cars. A "plasma cluster ion" full air conditioner with left/right independent temperature settings, heated door mirrors, headlamp auto levelizer (compliant with new legislation) was made standard equipment.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The Skyline Sedan went on sale on November 11, 2006, with an update to the Skyline Coupe beginning in fall 2007. Early models included the 250GT, 250GT FOUR, and 350GT. The model ditched the round headlights of the V35 for sharper looking units.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: It was first available only as a 4-door sedan in Japan and was also sold in the US as the 2007 Infiniti G35.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: On May 13, 2008, Nissan announced that a convertible variant of the Infiniti G37 (US Spec Skyline coupe) would be produced for the 2009 model year. The convertible is not available in Japan.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: 18-inch wheels are used on the base and 370GT Type P cars, while Type S and Type SP cars include 19-inch wheels.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The Skyline Coupe went on sale on October 2, 2007. Early models include 370GT, 370GT Type P, 370GT Type S and 370GT Type SP.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: 17-inch wheels are standard for all model ranges, except for the 250GT Type S, which has 18-inch wheels.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The 50th Limited is an option for Skyline Sedan models 250GT Type P, 350GT Type P, 350GT Type SP, and 250GT FOUR Type P, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Nissan Skyline. The interior is marked with anniversary red leather seats and serial-numbered front glass.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The 50th Limited models, along with 250GT Type S, went on sale from November 27, 2007 until March 31, 2008.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The Skyline Aero Package Concept is a version of the Skyline Sedan 350GT Type SP with dynamic front and rear spoilers, re-designed sporty front grill and chromed alloy wheels.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The Skyline Coupe Aero-Sports Concept is a version of the Skyline Coupe 370GT Type SP with new exterior and interior looks with new aero parts and seat materials.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The vehicles were unveiled at the 2008 Tokyo Auto Salon, followed by the 2008 Nissan Customize Car Show.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: As part of the Nissan Skyline's 50th anniversary, information on Nissan Skyline could be found in the PlayStation 3 version of the "Gran Turismo" video game.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: As part of the Nissan Skyline's launch event, a Touch&Feel - New SKYLINE event began in Nissan Gallery.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: As part of the Nissan Skyline's 50th anniversary, a Grand Touring Japan event took place starting on March 10, 2007. Following the event, the Grand Touring ~ Legend&Future event was staged at Tokyo Midtown, showcasing 12 generations of the Nissan Skyline. The event continued in Nissan Gallery at Ginza with a chance of winning a Skyline postcard.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: As part of the Nissan Skyline's 50th anniversary, Warner Music Japan published "Skyline 50th Anniversary CD", featuring music from Nissan Skyline commercials. Skyline model cars had also been produced.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: As part of the Nissan Skyline Coupe launch, a series of 15 accessories under the SKYLINE collection label, including wallet, card case, key ring (leather, engine cover, and 370GT), intelligent key case, Zippo lighter, Skyline Coupe T-shirt (grey), SKYLINE COUPE pins (in vibrant red, brilliant silver, strafia blue, white pearl, super black, fountain blue, and lunar mare silver) went on sale at Nissan online shop beginning October 2007.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The vehicles went on sale on December 2, 2008. Early Sedan models include the 250GT, 250GT FOUR, and 370GT. Early Coupe models include the 370GT.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: Introduced in 2008 for the 2009 model year, the 370GT sedan is a Japanese version of the Infiniti G37 sedan. It replaced the 350GT sedan.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: 18-inch wheels are standard for all model ranges, except for the 370GT Type P, which has 17-inch wheels.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: Introduced in 2009, the Skyline Crossover is based on the Infiniti EX37, for Japan market. The vehicle was unveiled at Nissan Galleries nationwide beginning on April 18, 2009, and later with all seven body color variants at Nissan Galleries.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: Sales of the Skyline Crossover began on July 13, 2009. Early models include the 370GT (Type P) and 370GT FOUR (Type P).


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The sedan version of 55th Limited is a limited (555 units) edition of Skyline sedan, commemorating 55th anniversary of Nissan Skyline. Changes include anniversary edition red leather seats with front seat heater, 55th anniversary embroidering at front seats, black interior and garnet black (pearl) exterior.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: Sedan version, covering the 250GT Type P, 250GT FOUR Type P, and 370GT Type SP, went on sale between December 19, 2011 and April 30, 2013 for ¥3,990,000, ¥4,221,000, and ¥4,515,000, respectively.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The Coupe version is a limited (55 units) edition of Skyline 370GT coupe, commemorating 55th anniversary of Nissan Skyline. Changes are the same as the 55th Limited Edition Skyline Sedan. Covering 370GT Type P and 370GT Type SP, the Coupe version went on sale between February 10, 2012 and April 30, 2013.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: A customized version of Skyline Sedan (with high intensity LEDs and S-tune items, wide, low-center-of-gravity optional parts) was unveiled in the 2012 Tokyo Auto Salon.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: Changes include: intelligent cruise control, lane departure prevention, lane departure warning, forward collision warning, front seat emergency brake sensing pre-crash seat belt, intelligent brake assist, steering wheel switches (audio navigation, voice command, hands-free phone, intelligent cruise control, lane departure prevention) become standard equipment.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The revised Skyline Crossover, covering 370GT (Type P) and 370GT FOUR (Type P), went on sale on October 25, 2012.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. and Minami Kanto Regional Office, Japan Post Network Co., Ltd. announced the sales of original frame stamps titled History of Cars "Nissan (Skyline)" (5000 units) and History of Cars "Nissan (Electric Vehicles)" (1000 units). The designs of these original frame stamps are based on Nissan's successive Skylines and electric vehicles. The frame stamps went on sale from February 1 to August 31, 2010.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: King Records published the Nissan Skyline CM collection, featuring a compilation of Nissan Skyline commercials. As part of the 55th anniversary of the Nissan Skyline, a draw of 500 "Skyline meets Eizin Suzuki 2013" calendars were distributed in December 2012.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: Changes include standard electric glass sunroof and roof rail as standard equipment, eliminated body color choice franboise red (2-coat pearl) for a total of 4 colors.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: Japan models went on sale in 2014-07-22. Early models included 370GT, 370GT Type P, 370GT FOUR Type P, 370GT FOUR.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The design was of the Infiniti Q50 sedan, with Infiniti badge at front grille. Other major changes were the debut of the electric-gasoline hybrid powertrain in the range and the revival of 4-cylinder engines and turbocharged models.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: Japan models were set to go on sale in February 2014. Early models include 350GT HYBRID, 350GT HYBRID Type P, 350GT HYBRID Type SP, 350GT FOUR HYBRID, 350GT FOUR HYBRID Type P, 350GT FOUR HYBRID Type SP. 200GT-t, 200GT-t Type P, 200GT-t Type SP went on sale on June 5, 2014 through Nissan dealers.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: Based on Skyline sedan models 200GT-t Type P, 200GT-t Type SP, 350GT HYBRID Type P, 350GT HYBRID Type SP, 350GT FOUR HYBRID Type P, and 350GT FOUR HYBRID Type SP, it included Stone White high contrast interior (Stone White leather seats, Cool Exclusive door trim in high contrast color, Cool Exclusive console lid in Stone White), aluminum finisher, Midnight Black grille and a BOSE audio system.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The Skyline 60th Limited is a version of Skyline sedan commemorating the 60th anniversary of the Nissan Skyline. Available for models 200GT-t Type SP, 350GT HYBRID Type SP, 350GT FOUR HYBRID Type SP, it included semi-aniline leather upholstery in all seats, an optional BOSE Performance Series sound system (new tweeters at rear doors, 16 speakers, new front door tweeter) and an aurora flare blue pearl (2-coat pearl) body color option for a total of 9 color choices.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: Changes include redesigned bumper for Type SP, Type P, 350 GT HYBRID models, 9 body colors (including Imperial Amber), new standard Cutting brilliant 19-inch aluminum wheel for Type SP and 18-inch aluminum wheel with chrome color coat for Type P models, reduced size of the horn pad, stitches added to the instrument panel, ring lighting of the analog meter is changed to gray and new Ambient Light System option.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: Changes include redesigned front fascia to be more similar to the R35 GT-R, reuse of Nissan logo emblems, rounded taillamps akin to older Skyline models, addition of 3.0 L "VR30DDTT" twin turbo V6 engine option and discontinuation of "Mercedes-Benz 274930" engine option, and introduction of ProPilot 2.0 safety system. This update also reintroduced the "400R" moniker, which is equivalent to the US market Q50 Red Sport 400 grade. The 400R grade has a power output of from its "VR30DDTT" engine.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: Beginning with 2016-04-18, 350GT HYBRID, 350GT FOUR HYBRID, 200GT-t models include all-direction support system in the emergency brake.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The turbocharged engine and automatic transmission used by Skyline 200GT-t sedan were built by Daimler.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: 11,673 Skyline sedans were recalled due to faulty direct adaptive steering program leading to steering wheel fail to return to neutral position, which can be triggered by steering a parked vehicle when starting engine.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: The Skyline sedan was targeted towards males over the age of 40. Also, the Nissan branding was not used on this generation Skyline, therefore, it is neither referred to as a Nissan or an Infiniti, but simply "Skyline."


title: Nissan Skyline

text: On 6 August 2015, Japan Post released a personalized stamp set based on Nissan Skyline 2000GT-R (Type KPGC10), including 10 stamps and a model car for the featured vehicle.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: On 1 March 2016, Japan Post released a personalized stamp set based on Nissan Skyline 2000GT-R (Type KPGC110), including 10 stamps and a model car for the featured vehicle.


title: Nissan Skyline

text: On 16 June 2017, Japan Post released Skyline 60th Anniversary original goods collection for catalogue, and Skyline 60th anniversary original goods for net shop. The catalogue collection includes pin badge set, Skyline 60th Anniversary and Nissan Skyline 2000GT (GC10) posters, set of 6 tumbler cups in RB26 engine-theme case, Skyline round table lamp with 8 plates, Duralumin card cases in Skyline 60th Anniversary and Skyline Hardtop 2000 Turbo RS stylings, Artket cloth/cushion in Skyline 60th Anniversary and Skyline 2000GT-R (KPGC110) designs. Net shop items include Skyline 60th Anniversary pure gold plaque with ALSI Skyline deluxe made by Ginza Tanaka, 1/6th scale GT-R S20 engine model.


title: Pennyworth (TV series)

text: Pennyworth is an American television series that premiered on July 28, 2019, on Epix, based on DC Comics' "Batman" character of the same name. The series was developed for television and is executive produced by Bruno Heller and Danny Cannon, and stars Jack Bannon as Alfred Pennyworth, a younger version of the iteration of the character previously portrayed by Sean Pertwee in Heller's and Cannon's Fox series "Gotham" (2014–2019), with the series serving as a prequel to both "Gotham", and "V for Vendetta", by Alan Moore, David Lloyd, and Tony Weare. Ben Aldridge, Hainsley Lloyd Bennett, Ryan Fletcher, Dorothy Atkinson, Emma Paetz, Paloma Faith, Polly Walker, James Purefoy, and Jason Flemyng also star.


title: Pennyworth (TV series)

text: The second season began filming in January 2020, but the filming was paused in March due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The second season premiered on December 13, 2020. In October 2021, it was announced that the series would premiere on HBO Max for its third season, although it would still continue to air on Epix in addition. The third season, marketed with the subtitle "The Origin of Batman's Butler", was released on October 6, 2022.


title: Pennyworth (TV series)

text: "Pennyworth" explores the early life of the titular Wayne family butler, Alfred Pennyworth, a former British soldier of the Special Air Service (SAS), years before the events of "Gotham". After serving in the Malayan Emergency, he aims to form his own security company in an alternate history London, which combines aspects of the early 1960s with invented events and practices inspired by "V for Vendetta", such as a modern civil war and televised public executions.


title: Pennyworth (TV series)

text: In the first two seasons, Alfred becomes a target of the fascist Raven Society, a group conspiring to take over the British government, working against them with American agents of the CIA-affiliated No Name League, Thomas Wayne and Martha Kane, the future parents of Bruce Wayne, to whom is born his older future-long-lost sister, Samantha Thomas Wayne, in the second season finale.


title: Pennyworth (TV series)

text: Epix gave the production a series order for the first season consisting of ten episodes in May 2018, a prequel to the Fox series "Gotham". The pilot episode was written by Bruno Heller and directed by Danny Cannon, both of whom are also showrunners and executive producers. Production companies involved with the series include Warner Horizon Television. At the 2019 Television Critics Association's annual winter press tour held in February, the series was confirmed to premiere in June 2019. The premiere date was revised to July 28, 2019, on Epix. The day following the series premiere, on July 29, 2019, Cannon confirmed that "Pennyworth" would serve as a loose prequel to "V for Vendetta" as well as a direct prequel to "Gotham", with the British Civil War depicted in the series' first season eventually leading to the formation of the Norsefire government of "V for Vendetta". Characters wearing V's Guy Fawkes mask were later introduced in the series' third season, set five years after the first two seasons, with Heller confirming a direct crossover would take place in October 2022.


title: Pennyworth (TV series)

text: Jack Bannon, Ben Aldridge, Ryan Fletcher, Hainsley Lloyd Bennett, Paloma Faith, and Jason Flemyng had been cast in series regular roles in October 2018, with Bannon starring as the lead title character. Polly Walker had joined the cast in a recurring capacity in December.


title: Pennyworth (TV series)

text: Emma Paetz and Jessica Ellerby were cast in the series as Martha Kane and The Queen, respectively in March 2019. James Purefoy, who was previously cast (and replaced) as V in "V for Vendetta" (2005), was later cast in the second and third seasons of the series as Captain Gulliver "Gully" Troy / Captain Blighty.


title: Pennyworth (TV series)

text: Principal photography for the series commenced on October 22, 2018, at Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden in Leavesden, Hertfordshire, England. Additionally, a number of shots were taken in London, including selecting the landmark building Florin Court as the home and neighbourhood of one of the series lead characters. Various scenes were filmed at Chatham Dockyard in Kent, where the streets stood in for East London in the 1960s. Principal photography for the series wrapped on May 24, 2019.


title: Pennyworth (TV series)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has an approval rating of 73% based on 30 reviews, with an average rating of 7.30/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "While intriguing characters and impressive set-pieces make for an engaging spy-thriller, "Pennyworth" doesn't add much to the greater Batman mythos." On Metacritic the series has a weighted average score of 60 out of 100 based on reviews from nine critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Pennyworth (TV series)

text: Writing for "The A.V. Club", Sam Barsanti gives the program a C, noting: "["Pennyworth"] would almost be more entertaining if you changed some of the names and jettisoned the comic book connection entirely—at least then there'd be no distracting questions about why Thomas Wayne has a sister and why he's secretly working for the government instead of becoming a rich doctor back home. As it stands, though, the show is as entertaining as it is frustrating, feeling sort of like an adaptation of a comic based on Guy Ritchie's "Sherlock Holmes" movies (with all of the Britishness that implies)."


title: Pennyworth (TV series)

text: In the United States, the series premiered on July 28, 2019, on Epix. In Canada, the series premiered on Showcase on September 4, 2019, six weeks behind the Epix schedule. "Pennyworth" season one received its UK premiere on StarzPlay on Friday, October 25, 2019. The series is moving to HBO Max starting with its third season with Epix receiving a second-run window. The third season, subtitled "The Origin of Batman's Butler", and loosely adapting "V for Vendetta", premiered on October 6, 2022 on HBO Max.


title: Pennyworth (TV series)

text: A tie-in comic of the titular character, set after the events of the third season during the Cold War, was released in August 2021. The story is written by Scott Bryan Wilson with interior art duties handled by Juan Gedeon.


title: Zoom (software)

text: Zoom, stylized as zoom or Zoom Meetings is a proprietary videotelephony software program developed by Zoom Video Communications. The free plan allows up to 100 concurrent participants, with a 40-minute time restriction. Users have the option to upgrade by subscribing to a paid plan. The highest plan supports up to 1,000 concurrent participants for meetings lasting up to 30 hours.


title: Zoom (software)

text: During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a major increase in the use of Zoom for remote work, distance education, and online social relations. The increase led to Zoom being one of the most downloaded mobile apps worldwide in 2020 with over 500 million downloads and over 300 million daily meeting participants.


title: Zoom (software)

text: Zoom was originally founded in 2011. Its headquarters are located in San Jose, California. Zoom also has offices in the USA, China, India as well as Oceania, Europe and other parts of Eastern Asia.


title: Zoom (software)

text: A beta version of Zoom—that could host conferences with only up to 15 video participants—was launched on August 21, 2012. On January 25, 2013, version 1.0 of the program was released with an increase in the number of participants per conference to 25. By the end of its first month, Zoom had 400,000 users and rose to over one million users by May 2013. After the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, by February 2020, Zoom had gained 2.22 million users in 2020 – more users than it amassed in the entirety of 2019 with the company's share price spiking by 35 percent. In March 2020, the Zoom app was downloaded 2.13 million times. In April 2020, Zoom had more than 300 million daily meeting participants.


title: Zoom (software)

text: On August 24, 2020, Zoom experienced widespread outages for several hours before service was restored.


title: Zoom (software)

text: Zoom One has six tiers: Basic, Pro, Business, Business Plus, Enterprise, and Enterprise Plus. Zoom is compatible with Windows, macOS, iOS, Android, ChromeOS, and Linux. It is noted for its simple interface and usability, regardless of technological expertise. Features include one-on-one meetings, group video conferences, screen sharing, plugins, browser extensions, and the ability to record meetings and have them automatically transcribed. On some computers and operating systems, users are able to select a virtual background, which can be downloaded from different sites, to use as a backdrop behind themselves.


title: Zoom (software)

text: Use of the platform is free for video conferences of up to 100 participants at once, with a 40-minute time limit. For longer or larger conferences with more features, paid subscriptions are available. Features geared towards business conferences, such as Zoom Rooms, are also available. Up to 49 people can be seen on a desktop or laptop screen at once, up to 4 people per screen in iPhone and Android mobile phones and tablet computers, and up to 16 people per screen on iPad.


title: Zoom (software)

text: Zoom security features include password-protected meetings, user authentication, waiting rooms, locked meetings, disabling participant screen sharing, randomly generated IDs, and the ability for the host to remove disruptive attendees. As of June 2020, Zoom began offering end-to-end encryption to business and enterprise users, with AES 256 GCM encryption enabled for all users. In October 2020, Zoom added end-to-end encryption for free and paid users. It is available on all platforms, except for the official Zoom web client.


title: Zoom (software)

text: Zoom also offers a transcription service using Otter.ai software that allows businesses to store transcriptions of the Zoom meetings online and search them, including separating and labeling different speakers.


title: Zoom (software)

text: As of July 2020, Zoom Rooms and Zoom Phone also became available as hardware as a service products. As of July 2022, Zoom Phone is available for domestic telephone service in 47 countries, and the company has sold 3 million seats for the service. Zoom for Home, a category of products designed for home use, became available in August 2020. Zoom Phone Provider Exchange, which gives customers options for voice services, reaches more than 70 countries. In July 2022, an option was added on Zoom Phone to turn on end-to-end encryption during one-on-one calls between users on the same company account.


title: Zoom (software)

text: In September 2020, Zoom added new accessibility features to make the app easier to use for those who are deaf, hard of hearing, or visually impaired. New features include the ability to move around video windows in gallery view, pin video windows to be spotlighted; improved keyboard shortcuts; new tools to adjust the size of closed captioning text; and sign language interpreters' windows can now sit directly next to the speaker.


title: Zoom (software)

text: In October 2020 at Zoomtopia, Zoom's annual user conference, the company unveiled OnZoom, a virtual event marketplace with an integrated payment system where users can host and promote free or paid live events. With OnZoom, users will be able to schedule and host one-time events or event series for up to 1,000 attendees and sell tickets online. The company also announced Zoom Apps, a feature integrating third-party apps so they can be used within the Zoom interface during meetings. The first such apps were expected to be available around the end of 2020, from companies including Slack, Salesforce, Dropbox, and Qatalog. In October 2020, Zoom gave its users better security with an upgrade to end-to-end encryption for its online meetings network.


title: Zoom (software)

text: In October 2020, Zoom also signed a new carrier agreement between Global BT Business to offer a fully managed Zoom Meetings service featuring a choice of connectivity and integration with its global voice network


title: Zoom (software)

text: On March 22, 2021, Zoom announced that it would start selling its videoconferencing technology as a white-label product, so other companies can embed it in their own products, with the calls running over Zoom but not carrying the company's brand name.


title: Zoom (software)

text: In August 2021, Zoom launched a new feature called Focus Mode. It is designed for use in digital classrooms and other educational settings. When active, the mode will hide participants' screens from each other (though they can see each other's names) while the host retains the ability to see everyone's camera stream or screen share. The feature is available across all Zoom accounts, including free ones.


title: Zoom (software)

text: In September 2021 at Zoomtopia, the company announced that end-to-end encryption would now be available as an upgrade for Zoom Phone users. The company also announced Bring Your Own Key (BYOK) (for users to manage their own encryption keys that Zoom cannot access or see), Verified Identity (a multi-factor authentication feature working through Okta that allows users to confirm the identity of meeting participants), and Video Engagement Center (for businesses to digitally interact with customers). Other updates include revamped virtual whiteboard features, including touchscreen whiteboards that can be digitized for remote participants, and improved collaboration between Zoom Meetings and Zoom Chat.


title: Zoom (software)

text: In October 2021, the option to automatically generate closed captions in English for Zoom meetings was expanded to all accounts, including free ones. The feature had previously only been available for Premium users.


title: Zoom (software)

text: In April 2022, Zoom added new features including gesture recognition, a virtual whiteboard, and Zoom IQ for sales. In February 2022, the company launched Zoom Contact Center, a cloud contact center optimized for video calls and integrated directly into Zoom.


title: Zoom (software)

text: In June 2022, Zoom One was launched. It brings together chat, phone, whiteboard, and video conferencing capabilities into a single offering. Also in June 2022, Zoom opened its Zoom Apps developer program to all developers, via Zoom Apps SDK. With the release of Zoom One, the company offers video conferencing translation and captioning for 11 languages: English, simplified Chinese, Dutch, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Russian, Spanish, and Ukrainian. This feature is available with the Business Plus and Enterprise Plus plans.


title: Zoom (software)

text: Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, Zoom has been used by banks, schools, universities, and government agencies around the world, by the UK Parliament, by healthcare professionals for telemedicine, barbershops, and ceremonies such as birthday parties, funeral services, and bar and bat mitzvah services. Zoom formed a partnership with Formula One to create a virtual club where fans can go behind the scenes and take part in virtual activities through Zoom, beginning with the Hungarian Grand Prix on July 19, 2020. An article published in July 2020 in the "San Francisco Chronicle" noted a new real estate trend in San Francisco and Oakland where some listings include "Zoom rooms" with backdrops for Zoom calls. People were complaining about "zoom fatigue" (too many video calls) before they had their "zoom happy hour" (online social meeting with friends or colleagues).


title: Zoom (software)

text: Richard Nelson's play "What Do We Need to Talk About?" takes place on Zoom, with its main characters congregating online during the COVID-19 pandemic using Zoom. Written and directed by Nelson, it was commissioned by The Public Theater and premiered on YouTube on April 29, 2020, as a benefit performance. "The New Yorker" called it "the first great original play of quarantine". "Oprah's Your Life in Focus: A Vision Forward" was a live virtual experience hosted by Oprah Winfrey on Zoom from May 16 through June 6, 2020. In Source Material's play "In These Uncertain Times", directed by Samantha Shay, characters communicate on Zoom. The play premiered on Zoom on July 25, 2020. In the 2020 British found-footage Zoom-based horror film "Host", directed by Rob Savage, a group of young people has a remote séance in which they try contacting spirits over Zoom. It premiered on Shudder in July 2020. A live reading of Kristoffer Diaz's 2009 play "The Elaborate Entrance of Chad Deity" over Zoom streamed on Play-PerView from August 15–20, 2020. In the 2021 film "Locked Down", directed by Doug Liman and starring Anne Hathaway and Chiwetel Ejiofor, characters communicate through Zoom conferences.


title: Zoom (software)

text: On July 3–4, 2020, using Zoom Webinar, the International Association of Constitutional Law and Alma Mater Europaea organized the first "round-the-clock and round-the-globe" event that traveled through time zones, featuring 52 speakers from 28 countries. Soon after, a format of conferences that "virtually travel the globe with the sun from East to West", became common, some of them running for several days.


title: Zoom (software)

text: On September 17, 2020, a live table read of the script for the 1982 film "Fast Times at Ridgemont High" was hosted by Dane Cook, with performers including Brad Pitt, Jennifer Aniston, Julia Roberts, original cast member Sean Penn, Matthew McConaughey, Shia LaBeouf, Morgan Freeman (who served as the narrator), Jimmy Kimmel, Ray Liotta, and John Legend, to raise money for the charity CORE. The broadcast of the 72nd Primetime Emmy Awards on September 20, 2020, hosted by Jimmy Kimmel, featured nominees participating through Zoom. On an alternate music video for the 2020 single "Ice Cream" by Blackpink featuring Selena Gomez, the artists appeared via Zoom from their homes. The series "Zoom Where It Happens", airing on Zoom as a partnership between Zoom and Black female artists, launched in September 2020 with a virtual table read of an episode of "The Golden Girls", reimagined with an all-Black cast. The second episode featured an all-Black cast in a table read of an episode of "Friends", hosted by Gabrielle Union and featuring Sterling K. Brown and Uzo Aduba.


title: Zoom (software)

text: Zoom has been criticized for "security lapses and poor design choices" that have resulted in heightened scrutiny of its software. Many of Zoom's issues "surround deliberate features designed to reduce friction in meetings", which Citizen Lab found to "also, by design, reduce privacy or security". In March 2020, New York State Attorney General Letitia James launched an inquiry into Zoom's privacy and security practices. The inquiry was closed on May 7, 2020, with Zoom not admitting wrongdoing, but agreeing to take added security measures. In April 2020, CEO Yuan apologized for the security issues, stating that some of the issues were a result of Zoom's having been designed for "large institutions with full IT support." He noted that in December 2019, Zoom had a maximum of 10 million daily meeting participants, and in March 2020 the software had more than 200 million daily meeting participants, bringing the company increased challenges. Zoom agreed to focus on data privacy and issue a transparency report. In April 2020, the company released Zoom version 5.0, which addressed a number of the security and privacy concerns. It includes passwords by default, improved encryption, and a new security icon for meetings. In September 2020, Zoom added support for two-factor authentication to its desktop and mobile apps; the security feature was previously Web-only.


title: Zoom (software)

text: As of April 2020, businesses, schools, and government entities who have restricted or prohibited the use of Zoom on their networks include Google, Siemens, the Australian Defence Force, the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Indian Ministry of Home Affairs, SpaceX, and the New York City Department of Education. In May 2020, the New York City Department of Education lifted their ban on Zoom after the company addressed security and privacy concerns.


title: Zoom (software)

text: By September 2020, Zoom had 370,200 institutional customers with more than 10 employees, up about 458 percent from the same quarter to the year before. The company's revenue rose 355 percent to $663.5 million, topping analysts' average estimate of $500.5 million. They were able to raise their annual revenue forecast by more than 30 percent after many of their free users converted to paid subscriptions.


title: Zoom (software)

text: During the pandemic, Zoom's profit increased by 4,000%, and the company did not pay any income tax, according to a report by the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy.


title: Zoom (software)

text: Zoom has been criticized for its privacy and corporate data sharing policies, as well as for enabling video hosts to potentially violate the privacy of those participating in their calls.


title: Zoom (software)

text: In March 2020, a Motherboard article found that the company's iOS app was sending device analytics data to Facebook on startup, regardless of whether a Facebook account was being used with the service, and without disclosing it to the user. Zoom responded that it had been made aware of the issue and patched the app to remove the SDK after learning that it was collecting unnecessary device data. The company stated that the SDK was only collecting information on the user's device specifications (such as model names and operating system versions) in order to optimize its service and that it was not collecting personal information. In the same month, Zoom was sued by a user in U.S. Federal Court for illegally and secretly disclosing personal data to third parties, including Facebook. Zoom responded that it "has never sold user data in the past and has no intention of selling users' data going forward".


title: Zoom (software)

text: In April 2020, a Zoom information gathering feature was found that automatically sent user names and email addresses to LinkedIn, allowing some participants to surreptitiously access LinkedIn profile data about other users without their express consent. Soon after, the companies disabled their integration. In May 2020, the Federal Trade Commission announced that it was looking into Zoom's privacy practices. The FTC alleged in a complaint that since at least 2016, "Zoom maintained the cryptographic keys that could allow Zoom to access the content of its customers' meetings, did not provide advertised end-to-end encryption, falsely claimed HIPAA compliance, installed the ZoomOpener webserver without adequate consent, did not uninstall the web server after uninstalling the Zoom App, and secured its Zoom Meetings with a lower level of encryption than promised." On November 9, 2020, a settlement was reached, requiring the company to stop misrepresenting security features, create an information security program, obtain biannual assessments by a third party, and implement additional security measures.


title: Zoom (software)

text: In November 2018, a security vulnerability was discovered that allowed a remote unauthenticated attacker to spoof UDP messages that allowed the attacker to remove attendees from meetings, spoof messages from users, or hijack shared screens. The company released fixes shortly after the vulnerability was discovered. In July 2019, security researcher Jonathan Leitschuh disclosed a zero-day vulnerability allowing any website to force a macOS user to join a Zoom call, with their video camera activated, without the user's permission. Attempts to uninstall the Zoom client on macOS would prompt the software to re-install automatically in the background using a hidden web server that was set up on the machine during the first installation so that it remains active even after attempting to remove the client. After receiving public criticism, Zoom removed the vulnerability and the hidden webserver to allow complete uninstallation. In April 2020, security researchers found vulnerabilities where Windows users' credentials could be exposed. Another vulnerability allowing unprompted access to cameras and microphones was made public. Zoom issued a fix in April 2020.


title: Zoom (software)

text: Motherboard reported that there were two Zoom zero-days for macOS and Windows respectively, selling for $500,000, on April 15, 2020. Security bug brokers were selling access to Zoom security flaws that could allow remote access into users' computers. Hackers also put up over 500,000 Zoom user names and passwords for sale on the dark web. In response to the multitude of security and privacy issues found, Zoom began a comprehensive security plan, which included consulting with Luta Security, Trail of Bits, former Facebook CSO Alex Stamos, former Google global lead of privacy technology Lea Kissner, BishopFox, the NCC Group, and Johns Hopkins University cryptographer Matthew D. Green.


title: Zoom (software)

text: On April 20, 2020, the "New York Times" reported that Dropbox engineers had traced Zoom's security vulnerabilities back over two years, pushing Zoom to address such issues more quickly, and paying top hackers to find problems with Zoom's software. In the same article, the "New York Times" noted that security researchers have praised Zoom for improving its response times, and for quickly patching recent bugs and removing features that could have privacy risks. In a blog post on April 1, 2020, CEO Yuan announced a 90-day freeze on releasing new features, to focus on fixing privacy and security issues within the platform. On July 1, 2020, at the end of the freeze, the company stated it had released 100 new safety features over the 90-day period. Those efforts include end-to-end encryption for all users, turning on meeting passwords by default, giving users the ability to choose which data centers calls are routed from, consulting with security experts, forming a CISO council, an improved bug bounty program, and working with third parties to help test security. Yuan also stated that Zoom would be sharing a transparency report later in 2020.


title: Zoom (software)

text: On November 16, 2020, Zoom announced a new security feature to combat disruptions during a session. The new feature was said to be a default for all free and paid users and made available on the Zoom clients for Mac, PC, and Linux, as well as Zoom mobile apps.


title: Zoom (software)

text: On August 12, 2022, Wired magazine reported on three separate security vulnerabilities discovered by security researcher Patrick Wardle affecting the Zoom Mac OS desktop app. The vulnerabilities allowed an attacker who already had access to the Mac device to perform a privilege escalation attack by installing malicious code using the app's auto-update feature, thereby giving them full control over the victim's device.


title: Zoom (software)

text: The practice of "Zoombombing", a phenomenon where uninvited participants join a meeting to cause disruption, prompted a warning from the Federal Bureau of Investigation. In April 2020, Zoom set many of its higher security settings as default as they advised users on ways to mitigate Zoombombing.The company created a new "report a user to Zoom" button, intended to catch those behind Zoombombing attacks.


title: Zoom (software)

text: Zoom encrypts its public data streams, using TLS 1.2 with AES-256 (Advanced Encryption Standard) to protect signaling, and AES-128 to protect streaming media. Security researchers and reporters have criticized the company for its lack of transparency and poor encryption practices. Zoom initially claimed to use "end-to-end encryption" in its marketing materials, but later clarified it meant "from Zoom end point to Zoom end point" (meaning effectively between Zoom servers and Zoom clients), which "The Intercept" described as misleading and "dishonest". Alex Stamos, a Zoom advisor who was formerly security chief at Facebook, noted that a lack of end-to-end encryption is common in such products, as it is also true of Google Hangouts, Microsoft Teams, and Cisco Webex. On May 7, 2020, Zoom announced that it had acquired Keybase, a company specializing in end-to-end encryption, as part of an effort to strengthen its security practices moving forward. Later that month, Zoom published a document for peer review, detailing its plans to ultimately bring end-to-end encryption to the software.


title: Zoom (software)

text: In April 2020, Citizen Lab researchers discovered that a single, server-generated AES-128 key is being shared between all participants in ECB mode, which is deprecated due to its pattern-preserving characteristics of the ciphertext. During test calls between participants in Canada and United States, the key was provisioned from servers located in mainland China where they are subject to the China Internet Security Law.


title: Zoom (software)

text: On June 3, 2020, Zoom announced that users on their free tier will not have access to end-to-end encryption so that they could cooperate with the FBI and law enforcement. Later, they said that they do not "proactively monitor meeting content". On June 17, 2020, the company reversed course and announced that free users would have access to end-to-end encryption after all.