title: Assassin's Creed Odyssey

text: The game's main storyline follows the player character, the elder of two siblings known as the Eagle Bearer, a legendary mercenary with Ikaros as a constant companion. As a child, the Eagle Bearer was exiled from Spartan society after they attempted to stop a Spartan elder from throwing their younger, infant sibling from Mount Taygetos at the urging of the Pythia, who determined that the child, if allowed to live, would be responsible for the potential glory or downfall of Sparta. As punishment for inadvertently sending the Spartan elder falling to his death, they were cast down by their father Nikolaos, who was compelled to do so by the Spartan leadership. They survived the fall and ended up in the care of a con man named Markos, who is based in Kephallonia, where they work various odd jobs under his direction. As a wandering mercenary or "misthios" after coming of age, the Eagle Bearer has opportunities to fight for both the Delian League, led by Athens, and the Peloponnesian League, led by Sparta. Besides the Eagle Bearer's attempts to reunite their fractured family, parallel quest lines deal with the destruction of the Cult of Kosmos, a malign secret organization spanning the Greek world; and the discovery of artifacts and monsters from Atlantean times.


title: Assassin's Creed Odyssey

text: The game features a number of historical personages players can encounter and interact with, including Alkibiades, Aristophanes, Euripides, Democritus, Sokrates and many others. It also includes historical and mythical Greek locations such as the Agora of Athens, the statue of Zeus at Olympia, Lesbos, and Macedonia. The game features several creatures from Greek mythology, such as Medusa, the Cyclops, the Sphinx, and the Minotaur, depicted here as experiments of the Isu, the same race that created humanity and most of the artifacts encountered throughout the series.


title: Assassin's Creed Odyssey

text: "Odyssey" story begins in 480 BC, where King Leonidas leads the Spartan army against a Persian charge during the Battle of Thermopylae. The skirmish is won, but Leonidas is informed by a captured enemy that the Persian army has learned of the mountain path and will surround the Spartans by morning. Nevertheless, Leonidas resolves to hold off the Persian advance. In 2018, Layla Hassan recovers Leonidas' spear and extracts from it the DNA of his grandchildren, Alexios and Kassandra, to be used for her Animus to find the location of the Staff of Hermes Trismegistus. Whichever sibling is selected by the player (and therefore, by Layla) is designated as the Eagle Bearer.


title: Assassin's Creed Odyssey

text: In 431 BC, at the onset of the Peloponnesian War, the Eagle Bearer is hired by a mysterious merchant named Elpenor to assassinate the "Wolf of Sparta" in the "polis" of Megaris, and departs Kephallonia after befriending a naval captain named Barnabas and assuming command of his ship, the "Adrestia". During their time in Megaris, the Eagle Bearer learns that the "Wolf of Sparta" is in fact the sobriquet of Nikolaos; that Nikolaos is not in fact their biological father and has another adopted son, Stentor; and that their mother Myrinne left Nikolaos and Sparta shortly after the incident at Mount Taygetos. The Eagle Bearer travels to Phokis to confront Elpenor, who reveals himself to be a member of the Cult of Kosmos and is aware of their lineage as the grandchild of Leonidas. Disguised with Elpenor's mask and robes after killing him, the Eagle Bearer infiltrates a secret Cult meeting in Delphi where they discover the Cult is targeting their family and that their younger sibling had survived the fall from Mount Taygetos, but has been manipulated by the Cult into becoming their champion known as Deimos. Accompanied by Barnabas and Herodotos, the Eagle Bearer embarks on an extended journey across the Greek world and eventually reunites with Myrinne, who had assumed the alias of Phoenix as the oligarch of the "polis" of Naxos. Myrinne persuades her eldest child to convince the Spartan regime to reinstate their citizenship and ancestral estate, and continue undermining the Cult's activities in the Greek world together.


title: Assassin's Creed Odyssey

text: The Eagle Bearer later encounters and fights Deimos at the Battle of Pylos, but is captured and taken to Athens, where Kleon enjoys popularity as leader of the city-state following the death of Perikles years prior. Once there, Kleon is revealed to have been a Cult member all along. The Eagle Bearer successfully escapes captivity and thwarts Kleon with the help of their Athenian allies. The Eagle Bearer later joins Brasidas' Spartan forces in confronting Kleon's Athenian army at the Battle of Amphipolis, where the leaders of both armies die in battle, thus heralding the end of the first half of the Peloponnesian War. Depending on key decisions made by the player at predetermined points of the game's narrative, the Eagle Bearer either redeems or kills Deimos during a final confrontation, and their actions also have a direct bearing on the fates of their extended family members and determines whether they will have a successful family reunion for the main plotline's epilogue.


title: Assassin's Creed Odyssey

text: Prior to the conclusion of the Peloponnesian War, the Eagle Bearer destroys the Cult's pyramid-shaped artifact which they used to influence Greek politics, and discovers that their original leader is Aspasia, whom they can kill or spare. At some point during their lifetime, the Eagle Bearer also meets their biological father Pythagoras, who is revealed to be a descendant of the Isu like Myrinne and Leonidas, and inherits the Staff of Hermes from Pythagoras to safeguard the secrets of Atlantis, gaining biological immortality in the process.


title: Assassin's Creed Odyssey

text: In the present, Layla encounters the Eagle Bearer in Atlantis, who warns her that the world needs balance between the Assassin and Templar Order ideals; either side prevailing over the other will result in the world's doom. Layla also learns that she is the prophesied one who will bring balance between the concepts of chaos and order. The Eagle Bearer gives Layla the Staff before dying.


title: Assassin's Creed Odyssey

text: "Assassin's Creed Odyssey" was developed by Ubisoft Quebec. Development of the game commenced shortly following the release of "Assassin's Creed Syndicate" (2015). The game marked the transformation of "Assassin's Creed" from an action-adventure stealth game to an action role-playing game, a transition that began with "Assassin's Creed Origins" (2017), developed by long-time series developer Ubisoft Montreal. "Origins" marked the series' transition into a larger open world with a larger emphasis on player's progression, while "Odyssey" further facilitated this transition by introducing role-playing elements and choices. "Origins" was released a year earlier than "Odyssey", and this allowed the Quebec team to incorporate changes to the game after listening to players' feedback. Similar to other Ubisoft games, numerous other developers from around the world participated in the game's development. The game was co-developed by Ubisoft's studios in Montreal, Bucharest, Montpellier, Singapore, Shanghai, Chengdu, Kyiv, and Pune. External studios including Spearsoft and Technicolor also provided additional assistance. The game was declared gold on September 14, 2018, meaning it was being prepared for duplication and release.


title: Assassin's Creed Odyssey

text: Similar to other games in history, "Odyssey" was inspired by history. Ancient Greece was one of the most requested regions by fans of the series, and the era of the Peloponnesian War was chosen as the setting because it allowed the team to introduce well-known historical figures such as Socrates, Leonidas and Hippokrates. The works of Herodotus, who was described as the world's first historian, served as an important inspiration and foundation for the team when they were creating the game's world and story. To ensure that the game feels historically authentic, the development team embarked on a ten-day field trip to Greece and visited locations including Sparta, Delphi and Athens. While the team took more than 13,000 photos during the field trip for research, they also made use of the Streetview function of Google Earth to study the Greek ruins. Each region was given a unique visual characteristic. The game's art style intentionally deviated from the popular depiction of ancient Greece, which was often filled with desaturated and monochromatic colors. The team was divided into a world design team and a level design team. One focused on making the world as historically accurate as possible, while another team focused on what was most enjoyable for the players. Both teams were guided by Stéphanie-Anne Ruatta, an in-house historian for Ubisoft. In addition, the team consulted historians in the UK, Canada and Greece.


title: Assassin's Creed Odyssey

text: Despite this, some parts of the game deviated from history. For instance, while real-life Spartans led minimalist lifestyles, the team added a lot of landmarks and decorations to Spartan cities in an effort to make them grander and more warrior-like in order to align with players' expectations. As some of the locations were already destroyed in real life, the designers created these buildings and landmarks themselves. Since the game was set farther in the past than most of the other games in the series, the team had much less material to rely on and had to introduce more original characters. As the game is set in ancient Greece, the team felt compelled to feature Greek mythology predominantly in the game. The monsters that Hercules encountered in his adventures were used as the foundations for the creatures featured in the game. Sphinx, the Cyclops, the Minotaur, and Medusa were chosen as bosses as the team believed that they are the most well-known monsters from the Greek mythology. According to Ruatta, Greece's status as the birthplace of democracy and philosophy was contrasted with landmarks based on Greek gods and mystical figures. This contrast helped reflect the conflict between "chaos" and "order," which is a central theme established throughout the "Assassin's Creed" series.


title: Assassin's Creed Odyssey

text: According to world director Mel MacCoubrey, the game is an "epic Greek tragedy" and features a personalized story about "a family that has been torn apart". MacCoubrey described the two potential player characters as "compassionate," "strong-willed," and "passionate". The story also discusses how the two characters, Alexios and Kassandra, find their place in the world and transcend to the status of Greek heroes. Alexios and Kassandra were portrayed by Michael Antonakos and Melissanthi Mahut respectively. Antonakos joined the cast before Mahut. The two met each other in Quebec City and discussed the two characters' perspectives of the Greek world and their family ties. During the audition process, the team were looking for Greek actors, or actors with Greek ancestry. Elias Toufexis was chosen to portray both Leonidas and Nikolaos. During his audition, he was asked to read out a script from "The Godfather" with a Greek accent instead of the game's actual script to ensure that the game would not be leaked early. In 2020, a report from Bloomberg alleged that Ubisoft, in particular the marketing department and Chief Creative Officer Serge Hascoët, had tried to minimize the role of female assassins in a number of "Assassin's Creed" games. Initially, Kassandra was expected to be the sole playable character in the game, but the option to play as Alexios was only added to satisfy the demands of the executives. The team also added romantic interests into the game. According to creative director Jonathan Dumont, the romance featured in the game was optional and the tone was kept relatively light-hearted. Characters can be romanced regardless of the gender of the player characters. While the team believed that these options made the players' journey more personalized, it is up to the player to decide if they want to pursue a relationship.


title: Assassin's Creed Odyssey

text: To add player's agency, players need to make important choices during certain points of the game. The team created more than more than 30 hours of interactive cutscenes. The team was influenced by other open world RPGs such as "", "" and "Fallout", all of which give players a lot of freedom. However, these choices would not affect the grand schemes of history and only shape the hero journey of Alexios or Kassandra. For instance, larger events such as the Plague of Athens will occur regardless of players' input. The role-playing journey was inspired by Homer's epic poem "Odyssey", and the dialogue system introduced in the game was inspired by the dialogues of Plato. To give players more choices, the game is set 400 years before "Origins", which depicts the establishment of the Assassin's creed. This means that the player character will not inadvertently become involved in the events of that game, thus granting them additional freedom when they are interacting with the world and the factions in the game. The team also designed the world to be responsive to the players' actions. For instance, unlike previous games in the series, the player would no longer "desynchronize" when they hurt innocent NPCs in the game. Instead, powerful mercenaries arrive to hunt the player as a consequence of their actions. This system is similar to the "nemesis system" introduced in "" (2014), as each mercenary has their own routine, strengths and weaknesses. The team believed that this system allowed the game to remain persistently challenging. The game will not inform the players when they have made an important choice, and the consequences of a certain action may not be immediately shown. Initially, the team incorporated a system that tracked how many players selected which option and let the player compare their choices to the rest of the player base, but this feature was ultimately scrapped.


title: Assassin's Creed Odyssey

text: The development team made multiple changes to the gameplay systems. After listening to player feedback regarding "Origins", the team decided to include difficulty scaling in "Odyssey". Consumables can no longer be bought in "Odyssey", but they can be activated during combat to provide players with a small boost. While the hit-box system from "Origins" returns in "Odyssey", the game features a faster combat system. Players are required to be more agile, and actions such as parrying, dodging and rolling are encouraged. As the player character is equipped with the blade of Leonidas, a First Civilization artifact, the team wanted players to feel overpowered and adopt a more offensive playstyle. To further facilitate this, players can no longer carry a shield to block attack like they did in "Origins". The accumulation of adrenaline in "Odyssey" is also significantly faster than that of "Origins". Like other aspects of the game, the team wanted to give players more freedom and choices. As a result, players can experiment with different customization options, and freely choose how they want to approach their objectives. The team also introduced procedurally generated quests for the players and recorded 20,000 dialogue lines for this system. The team had to substantially redesign the naval combat systems featured in "Origins" for "Odyssey", as the transition from land-based combat to naval combat needed to be seamless.


title: Assassin's Creed Odyssey

text: The musical duo of Joe Henson and Alexis Smith, collectively known as The Flight, served as the game's composers. The two previously composed the music for the multiplayer portion of "" (2013). Since "Odyssey" is a massive role-playing game, the team described the music composition process as an intimidating challenge, especially since they were not given a lot of time to complete the production of the game's soundtracks. The team listened to Greek and Mediterranean folk music for inspirations, but did not listen to the scores of other games in the series. One exception was "Ezio’s Family," which was present in nearly all games in the series. The team purchased and used dulcimers, lyres, panpipes, and a bouzouki during the recording process to give the music "a strong geographical stamp". Each region featured in the game has its own musical styles. For example, the Athenian homeland utilizes homophonic melodies to elicit a stately, dignified atmosphere which is fitting for the birthplace of democracy. The main theme, "Legend of the Eagle Bearer" was composed in an hour, but battle themes such as the track "On The Battlefield" were more challenging for the team and took more time.


title: Assassin's Creed Odyssey

text: The game was leaked in May 2018 after the French site Jeuxvideo received a keychain containing the name "Assassin's Creed Odyssey" on it. The game was officially announced at E3 2018. Google partnered with Ubisoft for the promotion of streaming service Stadia (then codenamed "Project Stream"). Players who playtested "Odyssey" on Stadia for an hour would receive a PC copy of the game for free. The game was released for PlayStation 4, Windows, and Xbox One on October 5, 2018. A Nintendo Switch version was announced during the Japanese September 2018 Nintendo Direct. This version of the game is a cloud-based title which launched on the same day as the other platforms, but in Japan only. The game features reversible cover art which allows the player to display either of the two playable characters. Several special editions of "Odyssey" including bonus in-game content and additional items have been released.


title: Assassin's Creed Odyssey

text: A novelization of the game, which features Kassandra as the sole protagonist, was written by Gordon Doherty and released on October 5, 2018. In May 2019, Ubisoft launched "Beyond Medusa’s Gate," a location-based virtual reality experience in 100 locations in Europe and North America. The positive critical reception to "Odyssey" prompted Ubisoft to greenlight "Immortals Fenyx Rising", which features various gods and monsters from Greek mythology.


title: Assassin's Creed Odyssey

text: Despite the game's single-player nature, Ubisoft adopted a "game as a service" model for "Odyssey" and released a significant amount of content for the game after its release. The team was split into three: one team worked on quality-of-life changes, another worked on free content, and the last team developed the two paid story expansions. The release schedule of additional content was inspired by other Ubisoft games such as "For Honor", "Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege" and "Tom Clancy's The Division".


title: Assassin's Creed Odyssey

text: The game's season pass includes two downloadable content (DLC) stories as well as remastered editions of "Assassin's Creed III" and "Assassin's Creed Liberation". The two paid expansions are "Legacy of the First Blade" (consisting of three episodes released periodically from December 2018 to March 2019) and "The Fate of Atlantis" (also consisting of three episodes released from April to July 2019). "Legacy of the First Blade" explores the connection between "Odyssey" and other games in the franchise, as it sees the Eagle Bearer meeting Darius, a character first mentioned in "Assassin's Creed II", who is based on the historical Artabanus of Persia and is the originator of the Assassins' signature weapon: the Hidden Blade. The expansion's narrative follows the Eagle Bearer helping Darius fight the Order of the Ancients, the same organization featured in "Assassin's Creed Origins", who are precursors of the Templar Order, the series' perennial antagonists. The Order is pursuing Darius and his child and seeks to eradicate all individuals with Isu heritage, whom they brand as "Tainted Ones" because of their potential to doom humanity. "The Fate of Atlantis" focuses on Greek mythology, as it sees the Eagle Bearer being transported to simulations based on the realms of Elysium, Hades, and Atlantis (actually ancient Isu city-states) to overcome a series of trials meant to help them better understand their duties as Keeper of the Staff of Hermes. The expansion also features an epilogue to the modern-day narrative following Layla, who must also learn to wield the Staff as well as how to avoid succumbing to its influence.


title: Assassin's Creed Odyssey

text: In addition to the paid content, Ubisoft periodically released new story-focused missions known as the "Lost Tales of Greece" for free. A New Game Plus mode was released on February 29, 2019. Additional costumes and ship lieutenants, including some based on previous protagonists of the series like Ezio Auditore, Evie Frye, and Bayek, were also released for free. Quality-of-life changes, such as the option to adjust difficulty scaling and the introduction of mastery levels, were also introduced. A story creator mode allowing players to create and share custom-made quests was released in June 2019. "Discovery Tour: Ancient Greece", an educational mode that lets the player choose between roaming the world of Ancient Greece to learn more about its history and daily life or embarking on guided tours curated by historians, was released in September 2019, serving as the second installment of the "Discovery Tour" sub-series.


title: Assassin's Creed Odyssey

text: In August 2021, Ubisoft released a patch for "Odyssey," which boosted the framerate to 60fps on Xbox Series X/S and PlayStation 5.


title: Assassin's Creed Odyssey

text: "Assassin's Creed Odyssey" received "generally favorable" reviews from critics according to review aggregator Metacritic. Most critics agreed that "Odyssey" is a successful transformation for the series from stealth games to action role-playing games.


title: Assassin's Creed Odyssey

text: The open world was generally praised; writing for "GamesRadar", Sam Loveridge applauded the design of Greece and enjoyed the sense of exploration. Loveridge described the sidequests in "Odyssey" as a significant improvement when compared with previous installments in the series. In particular, he enjoyed how lengthy and polished some of the side quests are, adding that they became indistinguishable from the main quests. Alessandro Fillari from "GameSpot" applauded the team's attention to detail, and was impressed by how reactive the world is. He enjoyed the enormous scale of the world, but remarked that some features, such as Conquest battle, were underdeveloped and clashed with the themes of the main story. Tom Phillips from "Eurogamer" was also impressed by the scale of the world, and compared it favourably to "". Stephanie Clark, also from "Eurogamer", added that "the sense of the true epic pervades the game" and believed that the campaign lived up to its Homeric inspiration. "IGN"s Brandin Tyrrel described the in-game version of Greece as "a stunning series of picturesque locales," but remarked that occasional graphical hiccups may hinder the experience. While some reviewers enjoyed the scope of its world and the cohesiveness of its gameplay system, Alex Navarro from "Giant Bomb" believed that the game was too repetitive and bloated with content. Andrew Webster, writing for "The Verge" further remarked that the abundance of systems diluted the experience, and exclaimed that "Odyssey" lost its identity as an "Assassin's Creed" game and became indistinguishable from other similar open world games.


title: Assassin's Creed Odyssey

text: The gameplay received generally positive opinions. Loveridge believed that "Odyssey" had refined and streamlined elements from "Origins", making it a "more enjoyable experience". Fillari liked the special abilities in the game and believed that they encouraged experimentation. He further noted that the combat had a faster pace and that it was more "involved" and "dynamic". Tyrrel liked the variety of the weapons and wrote that each weapon type was unique and distinctive. He further applauded the skill trees for accommodating the playstyles of different players. Joe Juba, writing for "Game Informer", called the combat system in "Odyssey" his favourite in the series, praising the special abilities for conveying "a dynamic and godlike sense of power". Juba liked the mercenary systems for creating a lot of intense combat situations, but he remarked that their continuous presence may also annoy the players, especially when they intervene during mainline quests. While Juba noted that the world was reactive, he was disappointed by the lack of deliberately crafted moments and felt that the overall experience was overly predictable. Steven Messner from "PC Gamer" felt that the game refined and expanded the systems present in "Origins", though he remarked that the levelling system means that players are forced to grind for experience points in order to progress, and commented that the artificial intelligence featured in the game was inconsistent.


title: Assassin's Creed Odyssey

text: Critics praised the story, though some criticized its pacing and for feeling overambitious. Tyrrel described the story as a "straightforward family drama," and appreciated that the conflicts between the Assassins and the Templars played a minimal role in "Odyssey". Loveridge described the story as an "engrossing" experience, and noted that the choices actually had consequences. Phillips enjoyed the story twists featured in the game and remarked that the story had "a few genuinely tragic moments". Although Messner felt that the story was disjointed and over-ambitious, he noted that the addition of choices added player agency and made the experience worthwhile. Fillari added that because players' choices can lead to different outcomes, the narrative can feel very personalized. The humour featured in the game was praised for alleviating the tension despite the seriousness of the main story. Kassandra was generally singled out as one of the best protagonists in the series. The pacing of the story was a common criticism, as players often have to complete side quests in order to advance the main story. This concern was further aggravated by the scale and the density of the world. Ubisoft attracted criticisms for selling experience boosts, which speed up the game's progression, via microtransactions.


title: Assassin's Creed Odyssey

text: In its week of release, physical sales were down 25% when compared to "Origins". In the US the first week of sales were pacing better than any other title of the series on the current generation of consoles. Ubisoft said that digital sales of the game were 45% of all sales, which was up by 10 percentage points over the previous year's "Assassin's Creed Origins". It was the third best-selling video game in the US in October 2018, only behind "" and "Red Dead Redemption II". More than 10 million units of the game had been sold by March 2020. Revenue earned from microtransactions was 170% higher in "Odyssey" when compared to that of "Origins".


title: Assassin's Creed Odyssey

text: A sequel, titled "Assassin's Creed Valhalla", set during the Viking expansion across Europe, was released in November 2020 for Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One and Xbox Series X and Series S. A major update for "Odyssey" and "Valhalla" was released on December 14, 2021, which offers free downloadable content for both games. The first part of the content, titled "Those Who Are Treasured", is available in "Odyssey" and serves as a conclusive epilogue to the Eagle Bearer's journey in the period of Classical Greece. The second part, titled "A Fated Encounter," is a crossover mission in "Valhalla" which explores the ties between the game's protagonist, Eivor, and Kassandra following the events of "Those Who Are Treasured".


title: Snake Eyes (2021 film)

text: Snake Eyes: G.I. Joe Origins (or simply Snake Eyes) is a 2021 American superhero film directed by Robert Schwentke from a screenplay by Evan Spiliotopoulos, Joe Shrapnel, and Anna Waterhouse. Based on Hasbro's "G.I. Joe" characters, the film serves as an origin story for the title character, created by Larry Hama, in addition to being a reboot of the "G.I. Joe" film series. The film stars Henry Golding as Snake Eyes, with Andrew Koji, Úrsula Corberó, Samara Weaving, Haruka Abe, Takehiro Hira, and Iko Uwais in supporting roles.


title: Snake Eyes (2021 film)

text: The project was first announced in May 2018, with Golding being cast in the titular role in August 2019 and the rest of the cast joining in subsequent months. After initial filming took place in Vancouver and Japan from October 2019 to February 2020, reshoots took place in March 2021.


title: Snake Eyes (2021 film)

text: "Snake Eyes" was theatrically released in the United States on July 23, 2021, by Paramount Pictures and Metro Goldwyn Mayer. The film received mostly negative reviews from critics, who criticized the writing, editing and direction of the action scenes, but praised the performances and production values. The film was considered a box-office bomb, grossing $40 million worldwide against an $88 million budget and a $160–175 million break-even point, losing Paramount and MGM up to $88 million.


title: Snake Eyes (2021 film)

text: Living on the run, a young boy and his father are found by their sinister pursuers. Forced to roll dice to determine his fate, the father is murdered after rolling double ones, but his son escapes.


title: Snake Eyes (2021 film)

text: Twenty years later, the boy has adopted the name "Snake Eyes" and is discovered by Yakuza boss Kenta Takamura, competing in an underground fighting circuit. With the promise of help finding his father's killer, he agrees to join Kenta's criminal organization, and is asked to execute a man who infiltrated the gang, but helps him escape instead.


title: Snake Eyes (2021 film)

text: The man is Kenta's cousin Tommy, who reveals that they were both in line to lead the Arashikage clan, an ancient ninja society. Banished after trying to have Tommy killed, Kenta still seeks control of the clan. Grateful to Snake Eyes, Tommy brings him to his family's "dōjō" in Tokyo to be initiated. Tommy's grandmother Sen, the clan's current leader, agrees to let Snake Eyes undergo three trials to prove his worth.


title: Snake Eyes (2021 film)

text: In his first test, Snake Eyes is unable to seize a bowl of water from the clan's Hard Master; realizing this is a test of humility, he succeeds by respectfully asking instead. Unbeknownst to the clan, Snake Eyes has been tasked by Kenta with betraying Tommy; their escape was staged to allow Snake Eyes to win Tommy's trust, and to steal the clan's sacred "Jewel of the Sun".


title: Snake Eyes (2021 film)

text: The clan's head of security, Akiko, distrusts Snake Eyes, but he accompanies her and Tommy on a raid of Kenta's gang. They learn through an ally, Major Scarlett O'Hara, that Kenta is allied with the terrorist organization Cobra. Snake Eyes confronts Kenta and his Cobra liaison, the Baroness, who warns that stealing the jewel is the only way they will lead him to his father's killer.


title: Snake Eyes (2021 film)

text: The clan's Blind Master administers Snake Eyes' second test, a vision of his father, and he bonds with Akiko after telling her about his father's death. For his final trial, he faces the clan's gigantic, sacred anacondas. Sensing he is not truly pure of heart, the snakes attack, but he is saved by Akiko. Snake Eyes conceals his deception, but is expelled from the clan. He bids farewell to Tommy as blood brothers, but breaks into the clan's temple that night, subduing Akiko and stealing the jewel.


title: Snake Eyes (2021 film)

text: He delivers it to Kenta, who agrees to give it to Cobra once he has used it to take over the Arashikage. Snake Eyes receives his reward — his father's killer, a former Cobra agent — and forces him to roll his own dice, but spares his life and returns to warn the Arashikage. Tommy puts aside his anger when Snake Eyes comes to his aid, as Kenta uses the jewel's fiery magical powers to lay waste to the "dōjō". Scarlett arrives to fight off Kenta's men, but she and Sen are captured.


title: Snake Eyes (2021 film)

text: A power-hungry Kenta refuses to hand over the jewel, prompting the Baroness to agree to a temporary alliance with Scarlett and the clan. With his men defeated, Kenta loses the jewel to Tommy, who tries to use its power to kill him. Kenta escapes, but Snake Eyes traps them both in the anaconda pit, where Kenta is devoured. The snakes now judge Snake Eyes as pure of heart, worthy of joining the clan.


title: Snake Eyes (2021 film)

text: Sen strips Tommy of his birthright for breaking the family's vow never to use the jewel. Forsaking the clan and blaming Snake Eyes, Tommy vows to kill him should they ever meet again. As Snake Eyes sets out to find him, Akiko gives him a black outfit and helmet, and Scarlett informs Snake Eyes that his father was a member of international peacekeeping organization, G.I. Joe, and invites him to become a fellow Joe. The Baroness invites Tommy to join Cobra, and he declares a new name for himself: "Storm Shadow".


title: Snake Eyes (2021 film)

text: In May 2018, it was announced the next installment of the "G.I. Joe" franchise would be a spin-off film chronicling the origins of the character Snake Eyes. In December, producer Lorenzo di Bonaventura stated that Ray Park, who had played the character in the previous films, would not reprise his role for the spin-off. Robert Schwentke was set as director the same month.


title: Snake Eyes (2021 film)

text: In August 2019, Henry Golding was cast to star in the title role. Andrew Koji was then cast as Storm Shadow, taking over the role from Lee Byung-hun, who played the character in the previous films. In September, Iko Uwais entered negotiations to join the film as Hard Master, and Úrsula Corberó was cast as Baroness. Uwais was confirmed in October, with Haruka Abe, Samara Weaving and Takehiro Hira added to the cast. Steven Allerick was announced as part of the cast in December. Golding's Instagram revealed that Peter Mensah would play Blind Master, taking over the role from RZA in the previous films.


title: Snake Eyes (2021 film)

text: Originally, Koji was not interested in a role in a G.I. Joe movie but ultimately couldn't pass the opportunity saying, "I thought about playing that character because I didn't like the first two films. I can say that. I'm allowed to not like a film. So, I was hesitant, at first, to even accept that. That's a big studio film and my first role in a big studio film, so I was very hesitant because I didn't have that trust in Hollywood to do that. What Warrior taught me and the voice that it gave me helped my work on Storm Shadow. I don't wanna play a character with a six-pack. I wanted him to be human and flawed. He's going through stuff. For me, when I saw the first G.I. Joe films, I was like, 'I don't wanna do that. That's not the kind of thing I wanna do.'"


title: Snake Eyes (2021 film)

text: With Golding replacing Ray Park from the original G.I. Joe movies, writer Larry Hama said "Some people are saying that casting Golding 'fixes' the character of Snake-Eyes, but I disagree. I had wanted to keep him ambiguous until Hasbro introduced Storm Shadow as the only Asian character and made him a bad guy. I decided to 'fix' that by delving into his background and gradually turning him into a good guy. This is why Snake-Eyes is a White guy."


title: Snake Eyes (2021 film)

text: Filming began on October 15, 2019, in Vancouver and was expected to continue until December 9. Filming moved to Japan on January 10, 2020, and wrapped on February 26, 2020. Golding announced in March 2021 that reshoots for the film had occurred.


title: Snake Eyes (2021 film)

text: "Snake Eyes" was released on July 23, 2021, in Dolby Cinema and IMAX. It was originally scheduled for release on March 27, 2020, before being delayed to October 16, and then a week later to October 23. The film was then removed from the release schedule on July 27, due to nationwide theater closures in the United States in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Paramount later rescheduled the film for October 22, 2021, before it was moved up to July 23.


title: Snake Eyes (2021 film)

text: The film received a digital release on August 17, 2021, and was released on Ultra HD Blu-ray, Blu-ray and DVD on October 19 by Paramount Home Entertainment.


title: Snake Eyes (2021 film)

text: "Snake Eyes" grossed $28.3 million in the United States and Canada, and $11.8 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $40.1 million. With a production budget of at least $88 million, the film will need to gross $160–175 million in order to break-even.


title: Snake Eyes (2021 film)

text: In the United States and Canada, "Snake Eyes" was released alongside "Old" and "Joe Bell", and was projected to gross around $15 million from 3,521 theaters in its opening weekend. The film made $5.5 million on its first day, including $1.4 million from Thursday night previews. It went on to debut to $13.4 million, finishing second at the box office, behind "Old". The opening weekend, while in-line with projections, was deemed disappointing given the film's expensive production and promotional costs, and blamed on the ongoing pandemic, lukewarm critical reviews, and audiences being more selective of what films they were seeing in theaters than in a normal marketplace. The film fell 70% to $4 million in its sophomore weekend, finishing seventh, then made $1.6 million in its third weekend, dropping to eighth.


title: Snake Eyes (2021 film)

text: On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 37% based on 134 reviews, with an average rating of 5/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "Far from silent and not particularly deadly, "Snake Eyes" serves as a step up for the "G.I. Joe" franchise, thanks in no small part to Henry Golding's work in the title role." On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 43 out of 100 based on 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported 69% of audience members gave it a positive score, with 46% saying they would definitely recommend it.


title: Snake Eyes (2021 film)

text: Jesse Hassenger of "The A.V. Club" wrote, ""Snake Eyes: G.I. Joe Origins" doesn't reach the giddy, earnest heights of something like "Aquaman" or a Wachowski project. It methodically sets up sequels—to be recast and released around 2030, judging by the "Joes"s cinematic track record so far. But the dubiousness of its present-day achievement, the sheer ludicrousness of making the best "G.I. Joe" movie in 2021, is part of the dumbfounding fun." "Variety"s Owen Gleiberman said the film "looks almost nothing like a "G.I. Joe" movie," and wrote, ""Snake Eyes", as directed by Robert Schwentke... has style and verve, with a diabolical family plot that creates a reasonable quota of actual drama. The movie is also a synthetic but infectiously skillful big-studio hodgepodge of ninja films, wuxia films, yakuza films, and international revenge films." Writing for "/Film", Hoai-Tran Bui said that "[the] fight scenes are almost exclusively shot in close-up and shaky cam, and when they're not, they're edited so much that Snake Eyes might as well have shredded the frames with his sword." Bilge Ebiri of "Vulture" gave the film a negative review, criticizing the action sequences, story, and dialogue, but praised the film for its visuals and production values, writing "The action in "Snake Eyes" is instantly forgettable, even if the locations and costumes are sometimes fun. You can occasionally sense director Robert Schwentke ... trying to assert some visual imagination. There's one rain-soaked, neon-drenched street fight featuring long takes and swooping camera moves that gave me some early cause for hope, and Alec Hammond's production design, particularly at the Arashikage Clan's compound, occasionally enchants."


title: Snake Eyes (2021 film)

text: Glen Kenny of "The New York Times" gave the film a negative review, and criticized the story. He wrote "The plot points above are real; however, [it] bears only coincidental resemblance to an art film. But such are the longueurs of this would-be slam-bang blockbuster directed by Robert Schwentke, that it sure does inspire woolgathering ... For an ostensible action hero, Henry Golding in the title role does an awful lot of standing around and looking tense. The mayhem is frantic yet forgettable, and the possibly inadvertent goofiness extends from dialogue humdingers like 'For 600 years, our ninjas have brought peace and stability to Japan' to a central-casting villainess who looks like she has a side gig as a dominatrix." Johnny Oleksinki of "New York Post" rated the film 2 out of 4 stars, and wrote "All of this is building toward Snake Eyes becoming a Joe, but the martial arts film's connection to the main story feels frail, as if "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon" ended with Michelle Yeoh becoming an Avenger. The fights, taken on their own, are occasionally OK, but not enough to lift this joke- and fun-free slog." Soren Andersen of "The Seattle Times" rated the film 1.5 out of 4 stars, and wrote " The fight scenes, full of swordplay and gunfire, are choppily edited and somehow lackadaisical. It's as though Schwentke was operating from a checklist of expected action-movie clichés and hurries through them all." He also went on to criticize Henry Golding's performance, writing "That guy [Snake Eyes] is supposed to be a super ninja. Lithe and limber. Tough and toned. An enigma. A loner. A total badass. Golding is none of those. "Crazy Rich Asians" revealed his forte as being a sexy smoothie. Easy on the eyes. Effortlessly engaging. Not the skill set for Mr. Snake Eyes" and said he lacked "presence".


title: Snake Eyes (2021 film)

text: In May 2020, a follow-up film was announced to be in development, with a script co-written by Shrapnel and Waterhouse. di Bonaventura will return as producer, while the project will be a joint-venture production between Paramount Pictures, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Entertainment One and di Bonaventura Pictures. With the financial failure of the film, the status of the follow-up is now unknown.


title: Potassium

text: Potassium is the chemical element with the symbol K (from Neo-Latin "kalium") and atomic number19. Potassium is a silvery-white metal that is soft enough to be cut with a knife with little force. Potassium metal reacts rapidly with atmospheric oxygen to form flaky white potassium peroxide in only seconds of exposure. It was first isolated from potash, the ashes of plants, from which its name derives. In the periodic table, potassium is one of the alkali metals, all of which have a single valence electron in the outer electron shell, that is easily removed to create an ion with a positive charge – a cation, that combines with anions to form salts. Potassium in nature occurs only in ionic salts. Elemental potassium reacts vigorously with water, generating sufficient heat to ignite hydrogen emitted in the reaction, and burning with a lilac-colored flame. It is found dissolved in sea water (which is 0.04% potassium by weight), and occurs in many minerals such as orthoclase, a common constituent of granites and other igneous rocks.


title: Potassium

text: Potassium is chemically very similar to sodium, the previous element in group 1 of the periodic table. They have a similar first ionization energy, which allows for each atom to give up its sole outer electron. It was suspected in 1702 that they were distinct elements that combine with the same anions to make similar salts, and this was proven in 1807 through using electrolysis. Naturally occurring potassium is composed of three isotopes, of which is radioactive. Traces of are found in all potassium, and it is the most common radioisotope in the human body.


title: Potassium

text: Potassium ions are vital for the functioning of all living cells. The transfer of potassium ions across nerve cell membranes is necessary for normal nerve transmission; potassium deficiency and excess can each result in numerous signs and symptoms, including an abnormal heart rhythm and various electrocardiographic abnormalities. Fresh fruits and vegetables are good dietary sources of potassium. The body responds to the influx of dietary potassium, which raises serum potassium levels, with a shift of potassium from outside to inside cells and an increase in potassium excretion by the kidneys.


title: Potassium

text: Most industrial applications of potassium exploit the high solubility in water of potassium compounds, such as potassium soaps. Heavy crop production rapidly depletes the soil of potassium, and this can be remedied with agricultural fertilizers containing potassium, accounting for 95% of global potassium chemical production.


title: Potassium

text: The English name for the element "potassium" comes from the word "potash", which refers to an early method of extracting various potassium salts: placing in a "pot" the "ash" of burnt wood or tree leaves, adding water, heating, and evaporating the solution. When Humphry Davy first isolated the pure element using electrolysis in 1807, he named it "potassium", which he derived from the word "potash".


title: Potassium

text: The symbol "K" stems from "kali", itself from the root word "alkali", which in turn comes from "al-qalyah" 'plant ashes'. In 1797, the German chemist Martin Klaproth discovered "potash" in the minerals leucite and lepidolite, and realized that "potash" was not a product of plant growth but actually contained a new element, which he proposed calling "kali". In 1807, Humphry Davy produced the element via electrolysis: in 1809, Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert proposed the name "Kalium" for Davy's "potassium". In 1814, the Swedish chemist Berzelius advocated the name "kalium" for potassium, with the chemical symbol "K".


title: Potassium

text: The English and French-speaking countries adopted Davy and Gay-Lussac/Thénard's name "Potassium", whereas the Germanic countries adopted Gilbert/Klaproth's name "Kalium". The "Gold Book" of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry has designated the official chemical symbol as K.


title: Potassium

text: Potassium is the second least dense metal after lithium. It is a soft solid with a low melting point, and can be easily cut with a knife. Freshly cut potassium is silvery in appearance, but it begins to tarnish toward gray immediately on exposure to air. In a flame test, potassium and its compounds emit a lilac color with a peak emission wavelength of 766.5 nanometers.


title: Potassium

text: Neutral potassium atoms have 19 electrons, one more than the configuration of the noble gas argon. Because of its low first ionization energy of 418.8kJ/mol, the potassium atom is much more likely to lose the last electron and acquire a positive charge, although negatively charged alkalide ions are not impossible. In contrast, the second ionization energy is very high (3052kJ/mol).


title: Potassium

text: Potassium reacts with oxygen, water, and carbon dioxide components in air. With oxygen it forms potassium peroxide. With water potassium forms potassium hydroxide. The reaction of potassium with water can be violently exothermic, especially since the coproduced hydrogen gas can ignite. Because of this, potassium and the liquid sodium-potassium (NaK) alloy are potent desiccants, although they are no longer used as such.


title: Potassium

text: Four oxides of potassium are well studied: potassium oxide (), potassium peroxide (), potassium superoxide () and potassium ozonide (). The binary potassium-oxygen compounds react with water forming potassium hydroxide KOH.


title: Potassium

text: Potassium hydroxide is a strong base. Illustrating its hydrophilic character, as much as 1.21 kg of KOH can dissolve in a single liter of water. Anhydrous KOH is rarely encountered. KOH reacts readily with carbon dioxide to produce potassium carbonate , and in principle could be used to remove traces of the gas from air. Like the closely related sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide reacts with fats to produce soaps.


title: Potassium

text: In general, potassium compounds are ionic and, owing to the high hydration energy of the ion, have excellent water solubility. The main species in water solution are the aquo complexes where "n" = 6 and 7.


title: Potassium

text: Potassium heptafluorotantalate is an intermediate in the purification of tantalum from the otherwise persistent contaminant of niobium.


title: Potassium

text: Organopotassium compounds illustrate nonionic compounds of potassium. They feature highly polar covalent K–C bonds. Examples include benzyl potassium . Potassium intercalates into graphite to give a variety of graphite intercalation compounds, including .


title: Potassium

text: There are 25 known isotopes of potassium, three of which occur naturally: (93.3%), (0.0117%), and (6.7%) (by mole fraction). Naturally occurring has a half-life of 1.250×10 years. It decays to stable by electron capture or positron emission (11.2%) or to stable by beta decay (88.8%). The decay of to is the basis of a common method for dating rocks. The conventional K-Ar dating method depends on the assumption that the rocks contained no argon at the time of formation and that all the subsequent radiogenic argon () was quantitatively retained. Minerals are dated by measurement of the concentration of potassium and the amount of radiogenic that has accumulated. The minerals best suited for dating include biotite, muscovite, metamorphic hornblende, and volcanic feldspar; whole rock samples from volcanic flows and shallow instrusives can also be dated if they are unaltered. Apart from dating, potassium isotopes have been used as tracers in studies of weathering and for nutrient cycling studies because potassium is a macronutrient required for life on Earth.


title: Potassium

text: Potassium is formed in supernovae by nucleosynthesis from lighter atoms. Potassium is principally created in Type II supernovae via an explosive oxygen-burning process. (These are fusion reactions; do not confuse with chemical burning between potassium and oxygen.) is also formed in s-process nucleosynthesis and the neon burning process.


title: Potassium

text: Potassium is the 20th most abundant element in the solar system and the 17th most abundant element by weight in the Earth. It makes up about 2.6% of the weight of the Earth's crust and is the seventh most abundant element in the crust. The potassium concentration in seawater is 0.39g/L (0.039 wt/v%), about one twenty-seventh the concentration of sodium.


title: Potassium

text: Potash is primarily a mixture of potassium salts because plants have little or no sodium content, and the rest of a plant's major mineral content consists of calcium salts of relatively low solubility in water. While potash has been used since ancient times, its composition was not understood. Georg Ernst Stahl obtained experimental evidence that led him to suggest the fundamental difference of sodium and potassium salts in 1702, and Henri Louis Duhamel du Monceau was able to prove this difference in 1736. The exact chemical composition of potassium and sodium compounds, and the status as chemical element of potassium and sodium, was not known then, and thus Antoine Lavoisier did not include the alkali in his list of chemical elements in 1789. For a long time the only significant applications for potash were the production of glass, bleach, soap and gunpowder as potassium nitrate. Potassium soaps from animal fats and vegetable oils were especially prized because they tend to be more water-soluble and of softer texture, and are therefore known as soft soaps. The discovery by Justus Liebig in 1840 that potassium is a necessary element for plants and that most types of soil lack potassium caused a steep rise in demand for potassium salts. Wood-ash from fir trees was initially used as a potassium salt source for fertilizer, but, with the discovery in 1868 of mineral deposits containing potassium chloride near Staßfurt, Germany, the production of potassium-containing fertilizers began at an industrial scale. Other potash deposits were discovered, and by the 1960s Canada became the dominant producer.


title: Potassium

text: Potassium "metal" was first isolated in 1807 by Humphry Davy, who derived it by electrolysis of molten KOH with the newly discovered voltaic pile. Potassium was the first metal that was isolated by electrolysis. Later in the same year, Davy reported extraction of the metal sodium from a mineral derivative (caustic soda, NaOH, or lye) rather than a plant salt, by a similar technique, demonstrating that the elements, and thus the salts, are different. Although the production of potassium and sodium metal should have shown that both are elements, it took some time before this view was universally accepted.


title: Potassium

text: Because of the sensitivity of potassium to water and air, air-free techniques are normally employed for handling the element. It is unreactive toward nitrogen and saturated hydrocarbons such as mineral oil or kerosene. It readily dissolves in liquid ammonia, up to 480 g per 1000 g of ammonia at 0°C. Depending on the concentration, the ammonia solutions are blue to yellow, and their electrical conductivity is similar to that of liquid metals. Potassium slowly reacts with ammonia to form , but this reaction is accelerated by minute amounts of transition metal salts. Because it can reduce the salts to the metal, potassium is often used as the reductant in the preparation of finely divided metals from their salts by the Rieke method. Illustrative is the preparation of magnesium:


title: Potassium

text: Elemental potassium does not occur in nature because of its high reactivity. It reacts violently with water (see section Precautions below) and also reacts with oxygen. Orthoclase (potassium feldspar) is a common rock-forming mineral. Granite for example contains 5% potassium, which is well above the average in the Earth's crust. Sylvite (KCl), carnallite (), kainite () and langbeinite () are the minerals found in large evaporite deposits worldwide. The deposits often show layers starting with the least soluble at the bottom and the most soluble on top. Deposits of niter (potassium nitrate) are formed by decomposition of organic material in contact with atmosphere, mostly in caves; because of the good water solubility of niter the formation of larger deposits requires special environmental conditions.


title: Potassium

text: Potassium is the eighth or ninth most common element by mass (0.2%) in the human body, so that a 60kg adult contains a total of about 120g of potassium. The body has about as much potassium as sulfur and chlorine, and only calcium and phosphorus are more abundant (with the exception of the ubiquitous CHON elements). Potassium ions are present in a wide variety of proteins and enzymes.


title: Potassium

text: Potassium homeostasis denotes the maintenance of the total body potassium content, plasma potassium level, and the ratio of the intracellular to extracellular potassium concentrations within narrow limits, in the face of pulsatile intake (meals), obligatory renal excretion, and shifts between intracellular and extracellular compartments.


title: Potassium

text: Plasma potassium is normally kept at 3.5 to 5.5 millimoles (mmol) [or milliequivalents (mEq)] per liter by multiple mechanisms. Levels outside this range are associated with an increasing rate of death from multiple causes, and some cardiac, kidney, and lung diseases progress more rapidly if serum potassium levels are not maintained within the normal range.


title: Potassium

text: An average meal of 40–50mmol presents the body with more potassium than is present in all plasma (20–25mmol). However, this surge causes the plasma potassium to rise only 10% at most as a result of prompt and efficient clearance by both renal and extra-renal mechanisms.


title: Potassium

text: Hypokalemia, a deficiency of potassium in the plasma, can be fatal if severe. Common causes are increased gastrointestinal loss (vomiting, diarrhea), and increased renal loss (diuresis). Deficiency symptoms include muscle weakness, paralytic ileus, ECG abnormalities, decreased reflex response; and in severe cases, respiratory paralysis, alkalosis, and cardiac arrhythmia.


title: Potassium

text: Potassium content in the plasma is tightly controlled by four basic mechanisms, which have various names and classifications. The four are 1) a reactive negative-feedback system, 2) a reactive feed-forward system, 3) a predictive or circadian system, and 4) an internal or cell membrane transport system. Collectively, the first three are sometimes termed the "external potassium homeostasis system"; and the first two, the "reactive potassium homeostasis system".


title: Potassium

text: Renal handling of potassium is closely connected to sodium handling. Potassium is the major cation (positive ion) inside animal cells [150mmol/L, (4.8g)], while sodium is the major cation of extracellular fluid [150mmol/L, (3.345g)]. In the kidneys, about 180liters of plasma is filtered through the glomeruli and into the renal tubules per day. This filtering involves about 600g of sodium and 33g of potassium. Since only 1–10g of sodium and 1–4g of potassium are likely to be replaced by diet, renal filtering must efficiently reabsorb the remainder from the plasma.


title: Potassium

text: Sodium is reabsorbed to maintain extracellular volume, osmotic pressure, and serum sodium concentration within narrow limits. Potassium is reabsorbed to maintain serum potassium concentration within narrow limits. Sodium pumps in the renal tubules operate to reabsorb sodium. Potassium must be conserved, but because the amount of potassium in the blood plasma is very small and the pool of potassium in the cells is about 30 times as large, the situation is not so critical for potassium. Since potassium is moved passively in counter flow to sodium in response to an apparent (but not actual) Donnan equilibrium, the urine can never sink below the concentration of potassium in serum except sometimes by actively excreting water at the end of the processing. Potassium is excreted twice and reabsorbed three times before the urine reaches the collecting tubules. At that point, urine usually has about the same potassium concentration as plasma. At the end of the processing, potassium is secreted one more time if the serum levels are too high.


title: Potassium

text: With no potassium intake, it is excreted at about 200mg per day until, in about a week, potassium in the serum declines to a mildly deficient level of 3.0–3.5mmol/L. If potassium is still withheld, the concentration continues to fall until a severe deficiency causes eventual death.


title: Potassium

text: The potassium moves passively through pores in the cell membrane. When ions move through Ion transporters (pumps) there is a gate in the pumps on both sides of the cell membrane and only one gate can be open at once. As a result, approximately 100 ions are forced through per second. Ion channel have only one gate, and there only one kind of ion can stream through, at 10 million to 100 million ions per second. Calcium is required to open the pores, although calcium may work in reverse by blocking at least one of the pores. Carbonyl groups inside the pore on the amino acids mimic the water hydration that takes place in water solution by the nature of the electrostatic charges on four carbonyl groups inside the pore.


title: Potassium

text: The U.S. National Academy of Medicine (NAM), on behalf of both the U.S. and Canada, sets Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), or Adequate Intakes (AIs) for when there is not sufficient information to set EARs and RDAs. Collectively the EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs are referred to as Dietary Reference Intakes.


title: Potassium

text: For both males and females under 9 years of age, the AIs for potassium are: 400mg of potassium for 0-6-month-old infants, 860mg of potassium for 7-12-month-old infants, 2,000mg of potassium for 1-3-year-old children, and 2,300mg of potassium for 4-8-year-old children.


title: Potassium

text: For males 9 years of age and older, the AIs for potassium are: 2,500mg of potassium for 9-13-year-old males, 3,000mg of potassium for 14-18-year-old males, and 3,400mg for males that are 19 years of age and older.


title: Potassium

text: For females 9 years of age and older, the AIs for potassium are: 2,300mg of potassium for 9-18-year-old females, and 2,600mg of potassium for females that are 19 years of age and older.


title: Potassium

text: For pregnant and lactating females, the AIs for potassium are: 2,600mg of potassium for 14-18-year-old pregnant females, 2,900mg for pregnant females that are 19 years of age and older; furthermore, 2,500mg of potassium for 14-18-year-old lactating females, and 2,800mg for lactating females that are 19 years of age and older. As for safety, the NAM also sets tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) for vitamins and minerals, but for potassium the evidence was insufficient, so no UL was established.


title: Potassium

text: Likewise, in the European Union, in particular in Germany, and Italy, insufficient potassium intake is somewhat common. The British National Health Service recommends a similar intake, saying that adults need 3,500mg per day and that excess amounts may cause health problems such as stomach pain and diarrhea.


title: Potassium

text: In 2019, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine revised the Adequate Intake for potassium to 2,600 mg/day for females 19 years of age and older who are not pregnant or lactating, and 3,400 mg/day for males 19 years of age and older.


title: Potassium

text: Potassium is present in all fruits, vegetables, meat and fish. Foods with high potassium concentrations include yam, parsley, dried apricots, milk, chocolate, all nuts (especially almonds and pistachios), potatoes, bamboo shoots, bananas, avocados, coconut water, soybeans, and bran.


title: Potassium

text: The USDA lists tomato paste, orange juice, beet greens, white beans, potatoes, plantains, bananas, apricots, and many other dietary sources of potassium, ranked in descending order according to potassium content. A day's worth of potassium is in 5 plantains or 11 bananas.


title: Potassium

text: Supplements of potassium are most widely used in conjunction with diuretics that block reabsorption of sodium and water upstream from the distal tubule (thiazides and loop diuretics), because this promotes increased distal tubular potassium secretion, with resultant increased potassium excretion. A variety of prescription and over-the counter supplements are available. Potassium chloride may be dissolved in water, but the salty/bitter taste makes liquid supplements unpalatable. Typical doses range from 10mmol (400mg), to 20mmol (800mg). Potassium is also available in tablets or capsules, which are formulated to allow potassium to leach slowly out of a matrix, since very high concentrations of potassium ion that occur adjacent to a solid tablet can injure the gastric or intestinal mucosa. For this reason, non-prescription potassium pills are limited by law in the US to a maximum of 99mg of potassium.


title: Potassium

text: A meta-analysis concluded that a 1640mg increase in the daily intake of potassium was associated with a 21% lower risk of stroke. Potassium chloride and potassium bicarbonate may be useful to control mild hypertension. In 2020, potassium was the 33rd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 17million prescriptions.


title: Potassium

text: Potassium can be detected by taste because it triggers three of the five types of taste sensations, according to concentration. Dilute solutions of potassium ions taste sweet, allowing moderate concentrations in milk and juices, while higher concentrations become increasingly bitter/alkaline, and finally also salty to the taste. The combined bitterness and saltiness of high-potassium solutions makes high-dose potassium supplementation by liquid drinks a palatability challenge.


title: Potassium

text: Potassium salts such as carnallite, langbeinite, polyhalite, and sylvite form extensive evaporite deposits in ancient lake bottoms and seabeds, making extraction of potassium salts in these environments commercially viable. The principal source of potassium – potash – is mined in Canada, Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Germany, Israel, United States, Jordan, and other places around the world. The first mined deposits were located near Staßfurt, Germany, but the deposits span from Great Britain over Germany into Poland. They are located in the Zechstein and were deposited in the Middle to Late Permian. The largest deposits ever found lie below the surface of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. The deposits are located in the Elk Point Group produced in the Middle Devonian. Saskatchewan, where several large mines have operated since the 1960s pioneered the technique of freezing of wet sands (the Blairmore formation) to drive mine shafts through them. The main potash mining company in Saskatchewan until its merge was the Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan, now Nutrien. The water of the Dead Sea is used by Israel and Jordan as a source of potash, while the concentration in normal oceans is too low for commercial production at current prices.


title: Potassium

text: Several methods are used to separate potassium salts from sodium and magnesium compounds. The most-used method is fractional precipitation using the solubility differences of the salts. Electrostatic separation of the ground salt mixture is also used in some mines. The resulting sodium and magnesium waste is either stored underground or piled up in slag heaps. Most of the mined potassium mineral ends up as potassium chloride after processing. The mineral industry refers to potassium chloride either as potash, muriate of potash, or simply MOP.


title: Potassium

text: Pure potassium metal can be isolated by electrolysis of its hydroxide in a process that has changed little since it was first used by Humphry Davy in 1807. Although the electrolysis process was developed and used in industrial scale in the 1920s, the thermal method by reacting sodium with potassium chloride in a chemical equilibrium reaction became the dominant method in the 1950s.


title: Potassium

text: The production of sodium potassium alloys is accomplished by changing the reaction time and the amount of sodium used in the reaction. The Griesheimer process employing the reaction of potassium fluoride with calcium carbide was also used to produce potassium.


title: Potassium

text: Reagent-grade potassium metal costs about $10.00/pound ($22/kg) in 2010 when purchased by the tonne. Lower purity metal is considerably cheaper. The market is volatile because long-term storage of the metal is difficult. It must be stored in a dry inert gas atmosphere or anhydrous mineral oil to prevent the formation of a surface layer of potassium superoxide, a pressure-sensitive explosive that detonates when scratched. The resulting explosion often starts a fire difficult to extinguish.


title: Potassium

text: Potassium is now quantified by ionization techniques, but at one time it was quantitated by gravimetric analysis.


title: Potassium

text: Reagents used to precipitate potassium salts include sodium tetraphenylborate, hexachloroplatinic acid, and sodium cobaltinitrite into respectively potassium tetraphenylborate, potassium hexachloroplatinate, and potassium cobaltinitrite.


title: Potassium

text: Potassium ions are an essential component of plant nutrition and are found in most soil types. They are used as a fertilizer in agriculture, horticulture, and hydroponic culture in the form of chloride (KCl), sulfate (), or nitrate (), representing the 'K' in 'NPK'. Agricultural fertilizers consume 95% of global potassium chemical production, and about 90% of this potassium is supplied as KCl. The potassium content of most plants ranges from 0.5% to 2% of the harvested weight of crops, conventionally expressed as amount of . Modern high-yield agriculture depends upon fertilizers to replace the potassium lost at harvest. Most agricultural fertilizers contain potassium chloride, while potassium sulfate is used for chloride-sensitive crops or crops needing higher sulfur content. The sulfate is produced mostly by decomposition of the complex minerals kainite () and langbeinite (). Only a very few fertilizers contain potassium nitrate. In 2005, about 93% of world potassium production was consumed by the fertilizer industry. Furthermore, potassium can play a key role in nutrient cycling by controlling litter composition.


title: Potassium

text: Potassium, in the form of potassium chloride is used as a medication to treat and prevent low blood potassium. Low blood potassium may occur due to vomiting, diarrhea, or certain medications. It is given by slow injection into a vein or by mouth.


title: Potassium

text: Potassium sodium tartrate (, Rochelle salt) is a main constituent of some varieties of baking powder; it is also used in the silvering of mirrors. Potassium bromate () is a strong oxidizer (E924), used to improve dough strength and rise height. Potassium bisulfite () is used as a food preservative, for example in wine and beer-making (but not in meats). It is also used to bleach textiles and straw, and in the tanning of leathers.


title: Potassium

text: Major potassium chemicals are potassium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, potassium sulfate, and potassium chloride. Megatons of these compounds are produced annually.


title: Potassium

text: Potassium hydroxide KOH is a strong base, which is used in industry to neutralize strong and weak acids, to control pH and to manufacture potassium salts. It is also used to saponify fats and oils, in industrial cleaners, and in hydrolysis reactions, for example of esters.


title: Potassium

text: Potassium nitrate () or saltpeter is obtained from natural sources such as guano and evaporites or manufactured via the Haber process; it is the oxidant in gunpowder (black powder) and an important agricultural fertilizer. Potassium cyanide (KCN) is used industrially to dissolve copper and precious metals, in particular silver and gold, by forming complexes. Its applications include gold mining, electroplating, and electroforming of these metals; it is also used in organic synthesis to make nitriles. Potassium carbonate ( or potash) is used in the manufacture of glass, soap, color TV tubes, fluorescent lamps, textile dyes and pigments. Potassium permanganate () is an oxidizing, bleaching and purification substance and is used for production of saccharin. Potassium chlorate () is added to matches and explosives. Potassium bromide (KBr) was formerly used as a sedative and in photography.


title: Potassium

text: While potassium chromate () is used in the manufacture of a host of different commercial products such as inks, dyes, wood stains (by reacting with the tannic acid in wood), explosives, fireworks, fly paper, and safety matches, as well as in the tanning of leather, all of these uses are due to the chemistry of the chromate ion rather than to that of the potassium ion.


title: Potassium

text: There are thousands of uses of various potassium compounds. One example is potassium superoxide, , an orange solid that acts as a portable source of oxygen and a carbon dioxide absorber. It is widely used in respiration systems in mines, submarines and spacecraft as it takes less volume than the gaseous oxygen.


title: Potassium

text: Another example is potassium cobaltinitrite, , which is used as artist's pigment under the name of Aureolin or Cobalt Yellow.


title: Potassium

text: The stable isotopes of potassium can be laser cooled and used to probe fundamental and technological problems in quantum physics. The two bosonic isotopes possess convenient Feshbach resonances to enable studies requiring tunable interactions, while is one of only two stable fermions amongst the alkali metals.


title: Potassium

text: An alloy of sodium and potassium, NaK is a liquid used as a heat-transfer medium and a desiccant for producing dry and air-free solvents. It can also be used in reactive distillation. The ternary alloy of 12% Na, 47% K and 41% Cs has the lowest melting point of −78°C of any metallic compound.


title: Potassium

text: This reaction is exothermic and releases sufficient heat to ignite the resulting hydrogen in the presence of oxygen. Finely powdered potassium ignites in air at room temperature. The bulk metal ignites in air if heated. Because its density is 0.89g/cm, burning potassium floats in water that exposes it to atmospheric oxygen. Many common fire extinguishing agents, including water, either are ineffective or make a potassium fire worse. Nitrogen, argon, sodium chloride (table salt), sodium carbonate (soda ash), and silicon dioxide (sand) are effective if they are dry. Some Class D dry powder extinguishers designed for metal fires are also effective. These agents deprive the fire of oxygen and cool the potassium metal.


title: Potassium

text: During storage, potassium forms peroxides and superoxides. These peroxides may react violently with organic compounds such as oils. Both peroxides and superoxides may react explosively with metallic potassium.


title: Potassium

text: Because potassium reacts with water vapor in the air, it is usually stored under anhydrous mineral oil or kerosene. Unlike lithium and sodium, however, potassium should not be stored under oil for longer than six months, unless in an inert (oxygen free) atmosphere, or under vacuum. After prolonged storage in air dangerous shock-sensitive peroxides can form on the metal and under the lid of the container, and can detonate upon opening.


title: Potassium

text: Ingestion of large amounts of potassium compounds can lead to hyperkalemia, strongly influencing the cardiovascular system. Potassium chloride is used in the United States for lethal injection executions.


title: Cooper Kupp

text: Cooper Douglas Kupp (born June 15, 1993) is an American football wide receiver for the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Eastern Washington, where he won the Walter Payton Award as a junior, and was selected by the Rams in the third round of the 2017 NFL Draft. Kupp had a breakout season in 2021 when he became the fourth player since the AFL-NFL Merger to lead the league in receptions, receiving yards, and receiving touchdowns. He received the Offensive Player of the Year Award and was the MVP of Super Bowl LVI.


title: Cooper Kupp

text: Kupp is the NCAA Division I Football Championship career leader in receptions, yards, and receiving touchdowns. Kupp also holds the NFL record for most receiving yards in a combined season and postseason, posting 2,425 yards in the 2021 season.


title: Cooper Kupp

text: Kupp was born in Yakima, Washington. He is the grandson of Jake Kupp, an NFL offensive lineman, and the son of Craig Kupp, an NFL quarterback. His family is one of only five in NFL history to have three generations selected in the NFL draft.


title: Cooper Kupp

text: Kupp attended and graduated from Davis High School in Yakima in 2012 where he was a two-sport athlete in football and basketball for the Pirates athletic teams. A two-way All-State selection, he earned first-team 4A All-State honors as a defensive back and honorable mention accolades as a wide receiver from the Associated Press, as selected by sportswriters and broadcasters. Kupp was also named by the "Seattle Times" as a "White Chip" selection, as one of the top 100 prospects in the state of Washington.


title: Cooper Kupp

text: Kupp was a unanimous first-team All-Columbia Basin Big Nine League wide receiver and defensive back at Davis. He finished his senior season with 60 receptions for 1,059 yards (17.7 per catch) and 18 touchdowns, and scored 22 total touchdowns to set a school record. He also had 11 rushes for 122 yards and two touchdowns as he helped Davis come one game away from a berth in the Washington State 4A Playoffs.


title: Cooper Kupp

text: Kupp finished his prep career without a single college football scholarship offer despite recording 110 catches for 2,100 yards. Three weeks after the final game of his senior season, he received his first scholarship offer to play for Eastern Washington, followed shortly thereafter by an offer from Idaho State.


title: Cooper Kupp

text: He was also a three-year letter winner in basketball. He led Davis to a 23–2 record and won the State 4A Tournament championship during his senior year for the Pirates.


title: Cooper Kupp

text: Kupp attended Eastern Washington University, where he signed to play for coach Beau Baldwin's Eastern Washington Eagles football team in 2012 and redshirted that year. Kupp would eventually be named Eastern's Offensive Scout Team Player of the Year.


title: Cooper Kupp

text: In 2013, Kupp entered his redshirt freshman year as a starter at wide receiver. Kupp finished the season having set numerous single-season school and national receiving records at the Football Championship Subdivision Level. Kupp has set national freshman records for receiving yards (1,691), total touchdown catches (21), consecutive games with a touchdown catch (14), and receptions (93).


title: Cooper Kupp

text: On November 26, 2013, Kupp was named to the All-Big Sky Conference First-team as a unanimous selection and was also the recipient of the conference's first-ever Freshman of the Year Award.


title: Cooper Kupp

text: On December 16, 2013, Kupp was named the recipient of the 2013 Jerry Rice Award, given to the top freshman player in the FCS. Kupp is the first Eastern Washington player and first player from the Big Sky Conference to receive the award.


title: Cooper Kupp

text: Kupp was named a consensus first-team All-American, having been honored by the four major selectors at the FCS level, consisting of the American Football Coaches Association, the Associated Press, The Sports Network and the Walter Camp Football Foundation. Kupp was the first freshman wide receiver to be named as a first-team All-American since Randy Moss in 1996.


title: Cooper Kupp

text: On January 9, 2014, Kupp was honored by the College Football Performance Awards with the 2013 FCS Wide Receiver Award. Kupp is the second straight Eagles wide receiver to win the award, following Brandon Kaufman, who won the 2012 award.


title: Cooper Kupp

text: Kupp finished his sophomore season with 104 catches for 1,431 yards and 16 touchdowns in 13 games. He was named a First-team All-American by the AFCA, AP, and TSN for the second consecutive season. He was also named to the first-team All-Big Sky Conference for the second straight year as a wide receiver while also earning third-team honors as punt returner. Kupp finished 18th in the 2014 Walter Payton Award voting.


title: Cooper Kupp

text: In the 2015 season, Kupp finished the season with 114 catches for 1,642 yards and 19 touchdown in 11 games. Kupp broke the Big Sky single-season record for catches with 114, a total that ranks ninth most all-time in FCS single-season history. Kupp was named a first-team All-Big Sky Conference wide receiver for the third-straight year and was also named the league's Offensive Most Valuable Player. He was just the second wide receiver to be named Big Sky Offensive MVP in the last 42 years. In addition, Kupp won the Walter Payton Award, becoming the third Eastern Washington player to win the award and only the second wide receiver to win, after Brian Finneran of Villanova in 1997.


title: Cooper Kupp

text: On November 30, 2015, Kupp announced that he would return for his senior season after speculation that he was considering entering the 2016 NFL Draft. He was poised to break nearly every major FCS career receiving record mark during his final collegiate season. In the 2016 season, he finished with 117 receptions for 1,700 yards and 17 touchdowns. At the end of Kupp's college career, his 428 career receptions and 6,464 total receiving yards are both the most in FCS history, passing marks previously held by Terrell Hudgins, who had 395 receptions and 5,250 yards playing for Elon University from 2006–2009. Moreover, Kupp's 6,464 yards eclipsed Scott Pingel's all-division NCAA record set in 1999, which was accomplished at the Division III level of competition. Kupp's 73 receiving touchdowns also rank first in FCS history, passing the 58 touchdowns that New Hampshire's David Ball caught from 2003–2006.


title: Cooper Kupp

text: Kupp attended the 2017 Senior Bowl and made two receptions for 14 yards for the North, who lost 16–15 to the South. Kupp's performance at the Senior Bowl elevated his draft stock. NFL analyst Bucky Brooks stated Kupp was the top performer at the Senior Bowl. Kupp attended the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis and completed all the combine drills except for the bench press.


title: Cooper Kupp

text: On March 28, 2017, he opted to participate at Eastern Washington's pro day along with Jordan West, Shaq Hill, Samson Ebukam, Kendrick Bourne, and Miquiyah Zamora. He attempted all of the combine drills, but opted to skip the bench press and broad jump. Kupp shortened his time in the short shuttle to 6.53s and performed positional drills for scouts and team representatives. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, Kupp was projected to be a second or third round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. He was ranked the eighth best wide receiver in the draft by NFLDraftScout.com. Steve Smith Sr. ranked him as the best wide receiver in the draft class.


title: Cooper Kupp

text: The Los Angeles Rams selected Kupp in the third round (69th overall) of the 2017 NFL Draft. Kupp was the seventh wide receiver drafted in 2017 and became the second highest pick in Eastern Washington's school history, only behind Michael Roos who was taken by the Tennessee Titans in the 2005 NFL Draft (second round, 41st overall). He was reunited with Eastern Washington teammate Samson Ebukam after the Rams selected him in the fourth round (125th overall).


title: Cooper Kupp

text: On June 9, 2017, the Rams signed Kupp to a four-year, $3.83 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $954,760.


title: Cooper Kupp

text: Kupp competed with Tavon Austin, Robert Woods, Mike Thomas, Bradley Marquez, Pharoh Cooper, and Josh Reynolds throughout training camp for a starting wide receiver role left vacant after Kenny Britt departed in free agency. Head coach Sean McVay named Kupp the fourth wide receiver on the depth chart behind Sammy Watkins, Robert Woods, and Tavon Austin.


title: Cooper Kupp

text: Kupp made his NFL debut in the Rams' season-opener against the Indianapolis Colts and recorded four receptions for 76 yards, including an 18-yard touchdown pass from Jared Goff, marking the first of his career during the Rams' 46–9 victory. In Week 4, Kupp made five catches for 60 yards and a touchdown in the Rams' 35–30 win over the Dallas Cowboys. During a Week 7 matchup in London against the Arizona Cardinals, he caught four passes for 51 yards and caught an 18-yard touchdown in the Rams' 33–0 victory. Through the first seven games, Kupp led the Rams in red-zone targets with 11 and developed as Jared Goff's top receiver in the red-zone and third downs. He was fourth in the entire NFL in red zone targets behind leaders Davante Adams, Larry Fitzgerald, and Dez Bryant who were tied with 20 red zone targets each. In Week 9, Kupp made his first career NFL start, catching three passes for 54 yards in the Rams' 51–17 victory over the New York Giants. During Week 12 against the New Orleans Saints, Kupp posted his first career game with over 100 yards, where he finished with 116 as the Rams won 26–20. In Week 14, against the Philadelphia Eagles, he finished with five receptions for 118 yards and a touchdown. By December, Kupp was a full time starter at wide receiver and ended his rookie season in 2017 with 62 receptions for 869 yards and five touchdowns.


title: Cooper Kupp

text: The Rams finished atop the NFC West with an 11–5 record. On January 6, 2018, Kupp appeared in his first career playoff game and made eight receptions for 69 yards and a touchdown as the Rams lost by a score of 26–13 to the Atlanta Falcons in an NFC Wild Card Game at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum.


title: Cooper Kupp

text: Following the season, Kupp was also named to the 2017 All-Rookie Team by the Pro Football Writers Association.


title: Cooper Kupp

text: Kupp was named a starting wide receiver in 2018 along with Robert Woods and offseason acquisition Brandin Cooks. During Week 4, Kupp caught nine passes for 162 yards and two touchdowns (all single-game highs), including a career-best 70-yard scoring reception during a 38–31 win over the Minnesota Vikings. A week later, Kupp sustained a knee injury against the Denver Broncos and was carted off the field. Though he returned to the field in the third quarter of the Rams' 23–20 victory, Kupp was pulled out of the lineup and missed the next two games. During the fourth quarter of the Rams' 36–31 victory over the Seattle Seahawks in Week 10, Kupp went down with a non-contact injury. An MRI the following day confirmed that Kupp tore his ACL, prematurely ending his season. He finished the season with 40 receptions for 566 yards and six touchdowns through eight games. Without Kupp, the Rams reached Super Bowl LIII where they lost 13–3 to the New England Patriots.


title: Cooper Kupp

text: Kupp returned from his injury in time for the Rams' season opener against the Carolina Panthers. Over the first seven games of the season, Kupp had at least 100 yards in four games and scored four total touchdowns. During a 24–10 Week 8 victory over the Cincinnati Bengals, Kupp caught seven receptions for 220 yards and a touchdown, marking the first time in his NFL career where he had over 200 yards in a single game. Kupp's performance set an NFL record most receiving yards in an international NFL game. From Weeks 13–17, Kupp scored a receiving touchdown in five consecutive games.


title: Cooper Kupp

text: Kupp finished the 2019 season with 94 receptions for 1,161 yards and 10 touchdowns. He led the team in receptions, receiving yards, and receiving touchdowns. Kupp and teammate Robert Woods gave the Rams a 1,000-yard receiving duo. Kupp's ten receiving touchdowns tied with Mark Andrews for the second most in the NFL in 2019. He was ranked 89th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2020.


title: Cooper Kupp

text: After wearing number 18 for his first three seasons in the NFL, Kupp switched jersey numbers to number 10, his collegiate number at Eastern Washington, on May 11, 2020. On September 12, 2020, Kupp signed a three-year, $48 million contract extension with the Rams, including $35.1 million guaranteed. He was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list by the Rams on December 29, 2020, which forced him out of Week 17. He was activated on January 6, 2021. He returned for the Rams' victory over the Seattle Seahawks, but suffered a knee injury, which kept him out of the loss to the Green Bay Packers.


title: Cooper Kupp

text: Kupp finished the 2020 season with 92 receptions for 974 yards and three touchdowns. He recorded three games with at least 100 yards. Kupp led the team in receptions and receiving yards for the season.


title: Cooper Kupp

text: Kupp's performance throughout the 2021 season was one of the greatest statistical receiving seasons in NFL history. With the addition of Matthew Stafford in the offseason, Kupp started the season on a high note. Over the season's first three games, Kupp totaled 25 receptions for 367 yards and five touchdowns in victories for the Rams. Included in that stretch was a season-high 163-yard, two-touchdown game against the Indianapolis Colts. Kupp was held to season lows in receptions (five) and yardage (64) in the Rams' 37–20 loss to the visiting Arizona Cardinals, but he bounced back with seven catches for 92 yards in a 26-17 win at Seattle. In Weeks 6–7, Kupp had nine receptions for 130 yards and ten receptions for 156 yards while getting two touchdowns in both games against the New York Giants and Detroit Lions. Kupp ended the season with a very productive six-game stretch from Weeks 13–18, averaging 118.3 yards per game and six total touchdowns.


title: Cooper Kupp

text: In the Rams' 12–5 season, Kupp set numerous franchise single-season receiving records, which resulted in Pro Bowl and First-team All-Pro honors. He was named NFC Offensive Player of the Month for both September and October. Kupp's 145 receptions for 1,947 yards were both franchise records, and his 16 touchdowns finished second to Elroy Hirsch's 17 in 1951. For the 2021 season, Kupp earned the receiving triple crown, becoming the first player since Steve Smith Sr. in 2005 to lead the league in receptions, receiving touchdowns, and receiving yards. Kupp's 1,947 yards finished second in NFL history to Calvin Johnson's 1,964 in 2012, while his 145 receptions were second only to Michael Thomas' 149 in 2019.


title: Cooper Kupp

text: In the against the Arizona Cardinals, Kupp recorded five receptions for 61 yards and a touchdown in the 34–11 victory. In the , Kupp recorded nine receptions for 183 yards and a touchdown in the 30–27 victory over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Kupp had a pivotal 44-yard reception to help set up the Rams' game-winning field goal. In the against the San Francisco 49ers, Kupp recorded 11 receptions for 142 yards and two touchdowns in the 20–17 victory, bringing the Los Angeles Rams back to the Super Bowl for the second time since 2018. In Super Bowl LVI, against the Cincinnati Bengals, Kupp scored his first career Super Bowl touchdown, an 11-yard reception. In the fourth quarter game-winning drive, Kupp ran for seven yards on a critical 4th-and-1 play, and he and quarterback Matthew Stafford connected on multiple successful catches, including the game-winning touchdown which led to his selection as Super Bowl MVP. Kupp's 33 receptions over four playoff games set a new NFL record for a single postseason, while his 478 yards and six touchdowns ranked second in league playoff history behind Arizona Cardinals receiver Larry Fitzgerald. He was ranked fourth by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2022.


title: Cooper Kupp

text: In the NFL Kickoff Game against the Buffalo Bills, Kupp caught 13 passes for 128 yards and a touchdown in the 31-10 loss. In Week 2, Kupp had 11 receptions for 108 yards and two touchdowns in the 31–27 victory over the Atlanta Falcons. In Week 4, he had 14 receptions for 122 yards in a 24–9 loss to the San Francisco 49ers. In Week 5, against the Dallas Cowboys, he had seven receptions for 125 yards and one touchdown in the 22–10 loss.


title: Cooper Kupp

text: Against the Arizona Cardinals in Week 10, Kupp suffered a high ankle sprain which required surgery. He was placed on injured reserve on November 15, 2022.


title: Cooper Kupp

text: Kupp is the son of former NFL quarterback Craig Kupp, a fifth-round draft pick by the New York Giants in 1990 out of Pacific Lutheran University who played for the Phoenix Cardinals and the Dallas Cowboys in 1991. His younger brother, Ketner Kupp, also played at Eastern Washington and was signed by the Los Angeles Rams as a free agent in 2019, participating in training camp and in preseason games, but was released during the final roster cutdown.


title: Cooper Kupp

text: His grandfather, Jake Kupp, was an offensive lineman for the University of Washington and was drafted in the ninth round of the 1964 NFL Draft by the Dallas Cowboys. He played from 1964–75 as a guard with Dallas, the Washington Redskins, Atlanta Falcons, and the New Orleans Saints. Named to the NFL All-Rookie team, he later was a five-time captain for the Saints. He was named to the franchise's 25-year All-Time Team and was inducted into the New Orleans Saints Hall of Fame in 1991.


title: Cooper Kupp

text: Kupp developed a close friendship with former Rams quarterback Jared Goff while living with him for a few weeks after the draft. They practiced on their own time together, watched films, studied defensive schemes, and learned the playbook.


title: Cooper Kupp

text: Kupp has been described as a devout Christian. While a senior in high school, Kupp met his girlfriend and future wife Anna Croskrey. The couple married in June 2015. They have two sons. The family lives in Westlake Village, California during the season and Wilsonville, Oregon during the offseason.


title: Jim Brown

text: James Nathaniel Brown (born February 17, 1936) is a former American football player, sports analyst and actor. He played as a fullback for the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL) from 1957 through 1965. Considered to be one of the greatest running backs of all time, as well as one of the greatest players in NFL history, Brown was a Pro Bowl invitee every season he was in the league, was recognized as the AP NFL Most Valuable Player three times, and won an NFL championship with the Browns in 1964. He led the league in rushing yards in eight out of his nine seasons, and by the time he retired, he had shattered most major rushing records. In 2002, he was named by "The Sporting News" as the greatest professional football player ever.


title: Jim Brown

text: Brown earned unanimous All-America honors playing college football at Syracuse University, where he was an all-around player for the Syracuse Orangemen football team. The team later retired his number 44 jersey, and he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1995. He also excelled in basketball, track and field, and lacrosse. He is also widely considered one of the greatest lacrosse players of all time, and the Premier Lacrosse League MVP Award is named in his honor.


title: Jim Brown

text: In his professional career, Brown carried the ball 2,359 times for 12,312 rushing yards and 106 touchdowns, which were all records when he retired. He averaged 104.3 rushing yards per game, and is the only player in NFL history to average over 100 rushing yards per game for his career. His 5.2 yards per rush is third-best among running backs, behind Marion Motley and Jamaal Charles. Brown was enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1971. He was named to the NFL's 50th, 75th, and 100th Anniversary All-Time Teams, comprising the best players in NFL history. Brown was honored at the 2020 College Football Playoff National Championship as the greatest college football player of all time. His number 32 jersey is retired by the Browns. Shortly before the end of his football career, Brown became an actor, and had several leading roles throughout the 1970s.


title: Jim Brown

text: Brown was born in St. Simons Island, Georgia, to Swinton Brown, a professional boxer, and his wife, Theresa, a homemaker.


title: Jim Brown

text: At Manhasset Secondary School, Brown earned 13 letters playing football, lacrosse, baseball, basketball, and running track.


title: Jim Brown

text: He averaged a then-Long Island record 38 points per game for his basketball team. That record was later broken by future Boston Red Sox star Carl Yastrzemski of Bridgehampton.


title: Jim Brown

text: As a sophomore at Syracuse University (1954), Brown was the second-leading rusher on the team. As a junior, he rushed for 676 yards (5.2 per carry). In his senior year in 1956, Brown was a consensus first-team All-American. He finished fifth in the Heisman Trophy voting and set school records for highest season rush average (6.2) and most rushing touchdowns in a single game (6). He ran for 986 yards—third-most in the country despite Syracuse playing only eight games—and scored 14 touchdowns. In the regular-season finale, a 61–7 rout of Colgate, he rushed for 197 yards, scored six touchdowns, and kicked seven extra points for a school-record 43 points. Then in the Cotton Bowl, he rushed for 132 yards, scored three touchdowns, and kicked three extra points, but a blocked extra point after Syracuse's third touchdown was the difference as TCU won 28–27.


title: Jim Brown

text: Perhaps more impressive was his success as a multisport athlete. In addition to his football accomplishments, he excelled in basketball, track, and especially lacrosse. As a sophomore, he was the second-leading scorer for the basketball team (15 ppg), and earned a letter on the track team. In 1955, he finished in fifth place in the National Championship decathlon. His junior year, he averaged 11.3 points in basketball, and was named a second-team All-American in lacrosse. His senior year, he was named a first-team All-American in lacrosse (43 goals in 10 games to rank second in scoring nationally). Brown was so dominant in the game, that lacrosse rules were changed requiring a lacrosse player to keep their stick in constant motion when carrying the ball (instead of holding it close to his body). There is currently no rule in lacrosse that requires a player to keep his stick in motion. He is in the Lacrosse Hall of Fame. The JMA Wireless Dome has an 800 square-foot tapestry depicting Brown in football and lacrosse uniforms with the words "Greatest Player Ever".


title: Jim Brown

text: While in college, Brown participated in the Reserve Officers' Training Corps. After graduating he was commissioned as a second lieutenant. During his time in the NFL, Brown continued his military commitment as a member of the United States Army Reserve. He served for four years and was discharged with the rank of captain.


title: Jim Brown

text: Brown was taken in the first round of the 1957 NFL draft by the Cleveland Browns, the sixth overall selection. In the ninth game of his rookie season, against the Los Angeles Rams he rushed for 237 yards, setting an NFL single-game record that stood unsurpassed for 14 years and a rookie record that remained for 40 years.


title: Jim Brown

text: Brown broke the single-season rushing record in 1958, gaining 1,527 yards in the 12-game season, shattering the previous NFL mark of 1,146 yards set by Steve Van Buren in 1949. In this MVP season, Brown led all players with a staggering 17 touchdowns scored, beating his nearest rival, Baltimore Colts wide receiver Raymond Berry, by 8.


title: Jim Brown

text: After nine years in the NFL, he departed as the league's record holder for both single-season (1,863 in 1963) and career rushing (12,312 yards), as well as the all-time leader in rushing touchdowns (106), total touchdowns (126), and all-purpose yards (15,549). He was the first player to reach the 100-rushing-touchdowns milestone, and only a few others have done so since, despite the league's expansion to a 16-game season in 1978 (Brown's first four seasons were only 12 games, and his last five were 14 games).