title: 30 (Adele album)

text: The lead single, "Easy on Me", was released on 15 October 2021 and topped the charts in 27 territories. Its second single, "Oh My God", charted in the top five in Europe and North America. An extensive marketing campaign was used to promote "30", including a CBS television concert special "Adele One Night Only" that aired in the United States on 14 November 2021, and an ITV special called "An Audience with Adele" in the United Kingdom on 21 November 2021. In addition, two back-to-back concerts were held on 1 and 2 July 2022 at British Summer Time Hyde Park in London. "I Drink Wine" was serviced as the album’s third single on November 4, 2022. "Weekends with Adele" , The Las Vegas residency began on 18 November 2022 and is scheduled to run until 25 March 2023.


title: 30 (Adele album)

text: "30" reached number one in 24 countries, including the UK where it became Adele's fourth consecutive number-one album, making her the first act to debut all their albums atop the UK Albums Chart; it garnered the highest first-week sales for an album by a female artist in the UK since Adele's own "25" and became 2021's best-seller in the country. In the US, it was Adele's third consecutive "Billboard" 200 number-one album and also became best selling album in 2021 and 2022. "30" was the world's best-selling album of 2021, selling a total of 5.5 million copies in less than two months of its release. "30" won British Album of the Year at the Brit Awards 2022, making Adele the first solo artist in history to win the honour three times.


title: 30 (Adele album)

text: During the conception of "25", Adele wrote enough material for what she claimed could be three or four albums. She later revealed that she had four or five songs that she might revisit at a later date, among them a Greg Kurstin-contributed song that she felt was more appropriate once she was older. Multiple collaborations with songwriter Diane Warren were also cut from "25", though Warren mentioned the possibility of some of the songs appearing on future albums. In 2018, mainstream media outlets reported that Adele was working on her fourth studio album. Drummer Matt Chamberlin confirmed that he had been in the studio with her for her fourth studio album. Along with Rick Nowels, John Legend and Raphael Saadiq in hopes of crafting an album "full of soul, with a more eclectic sound."


title: 30 (Adele album)

text: Following Adele's marriage to Simon Konecki in 2018, 2 years later than media outlets reported, Adele filed for divorce in 2019. Following the separation from Konecki, and on a journey of self-healing, she began therapy sessions and mended the estranged relationship with her father. Through this period Adele would suffer from anxiety, which inspired "30", along with her separation from Konecki, the scrutiny of fame and her motherhood. The years that followed leaving her marriage plagued Adele, especially the effect it had on her son. Adele decided to have regular conversations with her son about the divorce and recorded her conversations following advice from her therapist. Around the same time, Adele returned to the studio inspired by her conversations with her son and wanting to create a body of work that would explain to him why she left his father.


title: 30 (Adele album)

text: Early on in the promotion for "25", Adele revealed that she planned to stop naming albums after her age. However, on her 31st birthday, Adele published a rare social media post in which she – seemingly jokingly – referred to her next album as "30", alluding to the theme of her previous three albums' titles. On 15 February 2020, Adele announced at a friend's wedding that her fourth studio album would be out by September 2020. However, she would later confirm that the album's production and release had been delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: 30 (Adele album)

text: Using music as an outlet post-divorce, Adele went to the studio describing it as "basically running away". Similarly to Adele's previous albums, the vocal tracks used on "30" are original demos.


title: 30 (Adele album)

text: Adele wanted to create a "safe space" during the album's recording and opted to work with fewer people than on her previous project "25".


title: 30 (Adele album)

text: Choosing producers Adele felt comfortable with influenced her choice in collaborators. Adele reunited with long-time collaborator, record producer and friend Greg Kurstin, which allowed Adele to feel as though she "could say anything, sing anything, and they wouldn't judge me." Together Adele and Kurstin worked on six songs; "Easy on Me", "My Little Love", "Cry Your Heart Out", "Oh My God", "I Drink Wine" and "All Night Parking".


title: 30 (Adele album)

text: Originally a 15-minute song, inspired by Elton John and Bernie Taupin, "I Drink Wine" was written by Adele to express her remorse for not being present for a close friend and was later cut back following label feedback. "All Night Parking" posthumously credits American jazz pianist Erroll Garner as a featured artist, making it the first song on a standard Adele album to have a featured artist credit. Adele worked with previous collaborators and Swedish producers and songwriters Max Martin and Shellback, and Canadian singer-songwriter Tobias Jesso Jr. "Oh My God", produced by Kurstin, was written during a period of time when Adele's anxiety was subsiding. Referencing dating post-divorce, Adele wrote the song inspired by her first time flirting after her split with Simon Konecki.


title: 30 (Adele album)

text: Adele also worked with producers for the first time, including Swedish composer Ludwig Göransson, and British producer Inflo (of the music collective Sault). Heavily inspired by the Judy Garland biopic, Adele was attracted to the new sounds, chords and cadences Göransson introduced to her which led to the song "Strangers by Nature". Adele immediately gravitated towards Inflo, due to their similar age and both being raised in North London. The pair's recording sessions would often start with extensive conversations, before pin-pointing an emotion they wanted to write about. Together they wrote and produced three songs, "Woman like Me", "Hold On" and "Love Is a Game". The latter was inspired by "Breakfast at Tiffany's", which was played on mute during the recording sessions. "Hold On" was written by Adele regarding the numerous times she lost hope during her divorce and features backing vocals from her friends. Recalling writing the track Adele said; "I remember I didn't belly laugh for about a year. But I didn't realize I was making progress until I wrote 'Hold On' and listened to it back. Later, I was like, 'Oh, fuck, I've really learned a lot. I've really come a long way.'" By February 2020, "30" was mostly completed, except for some orchestral elements and backing vocals.


title: 30 (Adele album)

text: "Stereogum" described "30" as a pop, soul, and jazz record. It also contains elements of R&B, gospel, and dance-pop. The album incorporates choir vocals, harmonies, voice notes, elegant violins, mellow strings, organs, and horns. Thematically, the album addresses Adele's divorce, anxiety, and motherhood. During an Instagram Live on 9 October 2021, Adele reiterated that "30" would centre on her divorce. Adele noted that "30" is more introspective than her previous efforts. "I feel like this album is self-destruction, then self-reflection and then sort of self-redemption", she said. "I really want people to hear my side of the story this time."


title: 30 (Adele album)

text: The album opens with "Strangers by Nature", a cinematic tune featuring organs, strings and mournful lyrics. The song closes with the line "All right then, I'm ready", before leading into "Easy on Me", the album's lead single. The track is the second on the album and is a traditional piano ballad about healing from a divorce. "My Little Love" is a track dedicated to Adele's son, Angelo, with voice notes included in the song, speaking about her divorce and the pain of heartbreak. The album's fourth track, "Cry Your Heart Out" is an uptempo piano driven song, contrasting with its lyrics describing depression and anxiety, but also the feeling of relief. "Oh My God" features instrumentation from claps, keys, organ, and "rumbling" bass and combines R&B groove and a dance-pop–electropop sample, themed on Adele's first flirt after her divorce. "Can I Get It" is an acoustic guitar jam, with an upbeat whistled chorus. Lyrically, the song is about the feeling of love, and wanting a true, long-lasting relationship. "I Drink Wine" is a gospel-oriented power ballad, addressing Adele's divorce and shedding her ego before regaining the ability to love again.


title: 30 (Adele album)

text: "All Night Parking" is an interlude that features jazz pianist Erroll Garner, marking the first feature on a studio album by Adele. The song centers around the musical base of Joey Pecoraro's "Finding Parking" (2017), which samples Garner's "No More Shadows" (1964). The song is about falling in love in a long-distance relationship and the excitement that comes with it, even if it won't last. The song is only two minutes and forty-one seconds in length, making it the shortest track on the album. "Woman like Me" is the album's ninth track, built on an acoustic instrumental. The song is about a lover not willing to move on from his previous relationship, and letting his past cloud his current relationship, with Adele calling her lover out on his laziness and self-doubt. "Hold On" is a gospel-tinged song with Adele being backed by a choir. The song describes Adele’s feelings about her divorce and telling herself to stay hopeful for the future. "To Be Loved" is another piano ballad, with lyrics a future version of Adele's son, explaining her divorce and finding the path to happiness again. The album's closer, "Love Is a Game", is a cinematic jazz influenced cut that lyrically details finding love again and navigating the ways of love.


title: 30 (Adele album)

text: On 18 October 2020, Adele confirmed she would be hosting the 24 October episode of "Saturday Night Live", reinvigorating fans' hope that new music would be imminent. However, during the episode, Adele confirmed that her fourth studio album was not yet finished. She later hinted via an Instagram post that she would be returning to music in 2021. Comedian Alan Carr, a close friend of Adele's, also hinted that the album would be released in 2021, describing the material he had heard from the album as "amazing" during an interview with "Grazia"s UK edition.


title: 30 (Adele album)

text: On 28 September 2021, tweets from numerous radio stations across the globe indicated that new Adele music could be released as early as that week. Days later, "Hits Daily Double", who previously reported exclusively on the album rollout for "25", reiterated that Adele's fourth studio album would be released on 19 November. Unlike "25", Adele confirmed that "30" would be available on streaming services the day of its release, in addition to a traditional release on physical formats. Likewise, "30" differed from Adele's previous releases in that it would not be released by XL Recordings; instead, its worldwide distribution was handled by Columbia Records, which previously only handled Adele's releases in North America. On 13 October 2021, Adele officially announced the title of the album would be "30" and that it was slated for release on 19 November 2021.


title: 30 (Adele album)

text: On 4 November, two weeks prior to the album release, "Consequence" reported "a major delay" in the vinyl record industry caused due in part to "30". "Variety" stated that Adele had to turn her album in six months beforehand in order to have its vinyl LPs ready for 19 November, the day it releases. More than 500,000 vinyl LPs of "30" were manufactured in the months leading up to the release day, with Sony Music removing catalogue albums from its overseas pressing plants to ensure "there won't be any shortage of Adele LPs going into the holidays", which coupled with the pre-existing delay in production due to the COVID-19 pandemic, became detrimental to albums by other artists. Ed Sheeran stated "there's like three vinyl factories in the world, so you have to do it like really upfront – and Adele had basically booked out all the vinyl factories, so we had to get a slot and get our album in there. It was like me, Coldplay, Adele, Taylor, ABBA, Elton, all of us were trying to get our vinyls printed at the same time."


title: 30 (Adele album)

text: On the weekend of 1 October, a series of advertising hoardings and projections displaying the number "30" appeared in various locations across the globe, with reports that it could be tied to Adele's forthcoming studio album, "30". On Monday, 4 October, Adele's social media accounts and website were updated to match the blue colour from the advertisements, indicating an imminent announcement from Adele. The next day, Adele officially announced a 15 October release for the album's lead single, "Easy On Me", with a clip of its music video on her social media accounts. Later that week, Adele became the first person to simultaneously appear on the covers of both British and American "Vogue" publications in the same month; both magazines featured interviews in which Adele revealed details about her new album. The track-listing of "30" was revealed on 1 November 2021. A preview of "Hold On" was featured in an Amazon television commercial entitled "Kindness, the Greatest Gift", portraying anxiety among young adults associated with the pandemic and premiered on 8 November 2021.


title: 30 (Adele album)

text: A handful of deluxe physical editions of "30" were made available for purchase through select retailers. The Target-exclusive deluxe edition adds two bonus tracks and a duet version of "Easy on Me" with American singer-songwriter Chris Stapleton. White-colored vinyl LPs were sold via Amazon, while transparent LPs were sold by Walmart. Cassette tapes of "30" were exclusively sold on Adele's webstore, as part of box sets. A HMV-exclusive edition of "30" , with an alternate sleeve, was also sold. Music executives and journalists projected "30" to sell over a million albums in its opening week in the US.


title: 30 (Adele album)

text: For the US, Adele announced a television special, "Adele One Night Only", would air on CBS on 14 November 2021. The special featured an exclusive interview with Oprah Winfrey, as well as live performances of both Adele's biggest hits and her newest songs from the album. The concert special drew 11.7 million viewers.


title: 30 (Adele album)

text: For the UK, another concert special called "An Audience with Adele" aired on 21 November via the free-to-air channel ITV, and was released to its on-demand platform ITV Hub; the one-off concert was captured at the London Palladium in London, and with an audience consisting of both fans and Adele's "own personal heroes and heroines, fellow musicians, artists, actors, sportsmen, sportswomen and more."


title: 30 (Adele album)

text: "Weekends with Adele", a Las Vegas concert residency at the Colosseum at Caesars Palace, was announced for 21 January16 April 2022, running for 24 concerts (two per weekend). Its ticket prices ranged from US$85 to $600 for the balcony, and from $860 to $5,000 for the floor seats. On 20 January, a day before the first concert, Adele announced the postponement of the entire residency, saying "I'm so sorry, but my show ain't ready. Half my team have COVID and it's been impossible to finish the show." She also cited "delivery delays" as a reason, and apologized to the fans, many of whom supported her stance while the rest criticized her "last minute" decision costing "flight and hotel bookings". On 25 July, Adele announced the rescheduled dates for the residency, including eight additional concerts, which started on 18 November 2022 and is set to run to 25 March 2023.


title: 30 (Adele album)

text: Adele also performed two concerts at British Summer Time Hyde Park, London, on 1 and 2 July 2022. Registration was possible on Adele's website at 8 am on 26 October 2021 to access the pre-sales. It was scheduled to start on 28 October, followed by a second session for American Express members on 29 October. Tickets were scheduled to go on general sale from 10:00 am on 30 October. Its "extortionate" ticket prices were met with disapproval from many fans online, with the lowest possible price being and the highest was . However, on 28 October 2021, pre-sale tickets for these two concerts in London's Hyde Park sold out in less than an hour. 130,000 tickets were sold.


title: 30 (Adele album)

text: The lead single, "Easy on Me", was released on 15 October 2021. The accompanying music video was directed by Canadian filmmaker Xavier Dolan in Sutton, a town in southwestern Quebec. Its music video was considered to be a sequel to the music video for "25"s lead single, "Hello". Upon release, it broke multiple major records, including the most streamed song in a day and week on Spotify. The song topped the charts in 26 countries, including the UK Singles Chart and the US "Billboard" Hot 100. Featured in Target and Japanese editions of "30", the duet version with American singer Chris Stapleton was released to the US country radio format on 19 November 2021.


title: 30 (Adele album)

text: "Oh My God" was released as the second single on 29 November 2021, instead of "I Drink Wine" which was initially planned. It debuted at number two on the Official Singles Chart, being blocked from the top spot by her own "Easy on Me", and number five on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. The Sam Brown-directed music video promoting the song was uploaded onto Adele's official YouTube channel on 12 January 2022.


title: 30 (Adele album)

text: Additionally, "I Drink Wine", "Can I Get It", and "All Night Parking (with Erroll Garner)" were each promoted to US top 40 radio formats on 24 November 2021 as promotional singles. A year later, "I Drink Wine" was sent to Italian radio airplay on 4 November 2022, as the album's third single.


title: 30 (Adele album)

text: "30" received widespread acclaim from music critics, many of whom dubbed it as Adele's best album yet. On Metacritic, which assigns a normalised score out of 100 to ratings from publications, the album received a weighted mean score of 88 based on 23 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". It is Adele's highest-rated album on the site.


title: 30 (Adele album)

text: "Rolling Stone" music journalist Rob Sheffield called "30" Adele's "toughest, most powerful album yet" with the best vocal performances of her career, and praised its "deft" production by her collaborators. Neil McCormick, in his review for "The Daily Telegraph", hailed "30" as her strongest record yet, containing "powerhouse" songs with "intense" emotions and "bravura" performances. Emma Swann of "DIY" described the album as "raw and uncompromising", matching cinematic music with lyrics on "the pain, the self-flagellation, the hope, the acceptance."


title: 30 (Adele album)

text: "Evening Standard" David Smyth called "30" "a devastating comeback" filled with both uptempo songs and heavy ballads. Mikael Wood of "Los Angeles Times" opined the album examines "love's causes and consequences" using Adele's personal experiences, and highlighted her "soaring yet pulpy, gorgeous" vocals. "The Independent" critic Annabel Nugent found the subject matter candid, unfiltered and "unmediated", as well as containing some optimistic love songs, unlike her previous records whose sad themes "can be wearisome in excess." Kate Solomon, writing for "i", said that "30" was a "reverent and messy, polished and painful" album from a "woman in turmoil, from raging wine-fuelled nights to quiet teary moments".


title: 30 (Adele album)

text: David Cobbald, reviewing for "The Line of Best Fit", complimented the theatrical essence of "30" and the use of electronic instruments and synthesisers in its production, but dismissed songs such as "Oh My God" and "Can I Get It" as "questionable". "Pitchfork" critic Jillian Mapes called "30" an "incredibly moving album" and Adele's most ambitious work to-date due to its "nuanced" production, but ruled out "Can I Get It" as a non-essential, pop radio filler. Reviews by "NME" El Hunt and "The Guardian" Alexis Petridis were mixed. Hunt said "30" was Adele's most creative album, but with lyrics still in "safer territory"; Hunt appreciated the new sounds, but felt the compositions of "Hold On", "I Drink Wine" and "Can I Get It" were jarring. Petridis said the album is monotonous musically and lyrically to her previous albums, and "given their sales figures, you couldn't blame Adele for declining to even tinker with a formula that clearly ain't broke. But she does, and it makes for "30" highlights." Tom Hull was more critical, grading it a "B-minus" and finding it "all overblown".


title: 30 (Adele album)

text: On 29 October 2021, three weeks before its release, "30" broke the record for the most pre-added album ever on Apple Music, surpassing Billie Eilish's "Happier Than Ever" (2021); the album also achieved the largest number of pre-adds in a single day, as well as the record for doing so in the shortest timeframe. The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) reported that Adele was the world's second best-selling female artist of 2021, behind Taylor Swift. "30" was the best-selling album of 2021 worldwide, topping the Global Album All-Format Chart, Global Album Sales Chart, and the newly created Global Vinyl Album Chart. The album shifted a total of 5.5 million pure copies within the year. In July 2022, "The Wall Street Journal" wrote that "30" "largely came and went", falling flat commercially in comparison with Adele's previous albums; "The Guardian" attributed it to the album's underperformance on streaming platforms.


title: 30 (Adele album)

text: On 22 November 2021, the UK Official Charts Company reported that "30" logged 167,000 chart sales in the UK in the first half of its opening week, which was larger than the rest of the chart's top 40 combined. After five days of release, the album claimed the biggest opening week of 2021 in the country. With 219,000 chart sales, "30" overtook ABBA's "Voyage" which opened with 204,000 chart sales earlier that month. It is also the highest opening week for an album by a female artist since Adele's own "25". The album debuted at number one on the Official Albums Chart with 261,000 copies sold, garnering the largest opening week for an album since Ed Sheeran's "Divide" (2017). Adele also achieved a chart double on the Official Singles Chart that week, with "Easy on Me" at number one, "Oh My God" debuting at number two, and "I Drink Wine" debuting at number four. "30" spent a total of five consecutive weeks atop the Official Albums Chart, tying Olivia Rodrigo's "Sour" as the longest-running number one album of 2021 on the chart. Ranking as the top album of 2021 in the UK, "30" exceeded 600,000 units in total activity, with 502,000 coming from pure sales (448,000 physical, 53,000 downloads).


title: 30 (Adele album)

text: "30" debuted at number one in Germany, and with "Easy on Me" being at number one on the German Top 100 Singles chart, Adele became the first female artist to occupy the number one slots on the single and album charts thrice there simultaneously. In Ireland, "30" debuted at number one, outselling the rest of the Top 10 combined. "30" debuted at number two in France upon its release with 45,487 copies sold, only behind Orelsan's "Civilisation". It later reached the top spot in its fifth week and was certified double platinum in the country less than two months after its release. Debuting at number one in the Netherlands, "30" became the best-selling album of 2021 in the country. It marked Adele's sixth time doing so, and also made her the first artist to have the top-selling album in six different years there. "30" additionally topped the charts in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Iceland, Lithuania, Norway, Scotland, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland.


title: 30 (Adele album)

text: In the United States, "30" became the top-selling album of 2021 by selling 500,000 copies in its first three days, surpassing the 462,000 tally of Swift's "Evermore" (2020). It also claimed the biggest sales week of the year from Swift's "Red (Taylor's Version)." "30" moved 575,000 album-equivalent units in the three-day span. The next day, "30" surpassed "Certified Lover Boy" by Drake for 2021's biggest opening week, earning 660,000 album-equivalent units in the US. 560,000 of that sum was album sales.


title: 30 (Adele album)

text: The album debuted atop the "Billboard" 200 with 839,000 album-equivalent units, including 692,000 pure album sales. The album's tracks collected 185.39 million on-demand streams within its first week, marking the fourth-biggest streaming debut week for an album by a woman in 2021. "30" surpassed the sales of any album in its previous 11 months combined. It tallied the highest album sales week since the 846,000 copies sold by Swift's "Folklore" (2020). "30" also outsold the other 50 best-selling albums that week combined, as well as the other top 10 best-selling albums that week combined and tripled. All of the 12 tracks from "30" charted on the "Billboard" Hot 100 following its release, with six of them in the top 40. Adele's sum of chart entries rose from 14 to 25, tying with Billie Eilish as the female artist with the third-most entries on the chart in 2021, behind Swift (40) and Summer Walker (18).


title: 30 (Adele album)

text: "30" remained at number one in its second week with 288,000 units earned, including 225,000 pure album sales and 81.33 million on-demand streams, scoring the biggest second-week sales of the year, and the largest second-week total for any album since Drake's "Scorpion" (2018) moved 335,000 units. Midway through its third week, "30" had sold over a million pure copies in the US, becoming the first 2021 album to reach the milestone and the first overall since Swift's "Folklore". In its third chart-topping week, "30" gained 193,000 units, marking the largest third week for any album since "Scorpion". It also became the first album to spend its first four weeks at number one since Morgan Wallen's "" in early 2021, and the first by a woman since "Folklore" did so. The same week, "30" moved 41,000 vinyl LPs, becoming the best-selling vinyl album of 2021. Garnering 212,000 units in its fifth week, "30" achieved the highest fifth-week units for an album since "25", and became the first album of the 2020s to earn over 200,000 units in three separate weeks; Adele reached 39 total weeks atop the "Billboard" 200, tying Elton John as the British soloist with the most weeks at number one on the chart. The album fell to number two in its seventh week with 57,000 units. "30" was certified triple platinum by the RIAA for shipments of three million units in the US.


title: 30 (Adele album)

text: "30" was 2021's year-end best-seller with 1.464 million copies—the only album to sell a million copies. Of that sum, 1.219 million were physical copies and 245,000 were digital downloads. It marked Adele's fifth time having a year's best-seller, a record tied with Swift. "30" was the fourth-most consumed album of 2021 and second among women, with 1.936 million units moved. Additionally, Adele was the second best-selling artist of 2021 with 1.62 million albums sold, behind Swift (2.36 million). "Billboard" noted that "30" sales helped boost pure sales, especially CD sales, of 2021; "30" was the top selling digital album, CD and vinyl LP of 2021. Adele was 2021's second best-selling artist in digital and vinyl sales, and CD sales, behind Swift and BTS, respectively.


title: 30 (Adele album)

text: On July 14, 2022, Luminate (formerly MRC Data) reported that "30" was the fourth of the top 10 best-selling albums in the US during the first half of 2022, with 203,000 sales in this period.


title: 30 (Adele album)

text: "30" debuted atop the "Billboard" Canadian Albums Chart with 70,000 units in its first week, marking Adele's third number one album there. For 2021, "30" was Canada's top-selling album across all formats—digital, CD and vinyl LP. In total, the album spent six nonconsecutive weeks at number one. The album topped Australia's ARIA Albums Chart, where it scored the highest first week sales for any album since "Divide" four years prior, while nine of its tracks charted on the ARIA Singles Chart that week. The album topped the charts for seven consecutive weeks in the country. It debuted at number one on New Zealand Albums Chart while reaching gold status in its first week of release for surpassing sales of 7,500. It remained at number one for seven consecutive weeks. In Japan, "30" debuted at number five on the Oricon Japanese Albums chart and number four on the "Billboard" Japanese Albums Chart, while reaching number sixty-eight on the Gaon Album Chart in South Korea.


title: 30 (Adele album)

text: Upon the announcement of "30" and the release of the lead single "Easy On Me", James Hall of "The Daily Telegraph" wrote that "a new Adele album isn't just a release − it's a global cultural event". Media outlets and fans dubbed "30" as part of a 2021 music trend called "Sad Girl Autumn" or "Sad Girl Fall", which refers to the release of melancholic and introspective music by female artists during autumn, along with Taylor Swift's "Red (Taylor's Version)" and Mitski's song "The Only Heartbreaker". "Time" praised Adele for "remaining relevant while blatantly ignoring trends", called her "a master of turning life into art" who "comes off alternately as unreachable and relatable" and "responds winkingly to headlines in a way that creates more headlines". "Mic" called the album "a record for the millennials" who "bare the emotional scars of time just as she does". "The Ringer" compared the difference between Adele and other pop stars, saying that "Unlike many of her peers, Adele is not obliged to keep a master narrative going to sustain general interest in her career. She just … sings". Spotify removed the "shuffle" button for its Premium users as Adele proposed and commented that "Our art tells a story and our stories should be listened to as we intended." "ABC News" called her proposal "an example of her power in the music industry." Some media outlets regarded the release of "30" as one of 2021's greatest pop culture moments.


title: Shetland

text: Shetland, also called the Shetland Islands and formerly Zetland, is a subarctic archipelago in Scotland lying between Orkney, the Faroe Islands and Norway. It is the northernmost region of the United Kingdom.


title: Shetland

text: The islands lie about to the northeast of Orkney, from mainland Scotland and west of Norway. They form part of the border between the Atlantic Ocean to the west and the North Sea to the east. Their total area is , and the population totalled 22,920 in 2019. The islands comprise the Shetland constituency of the Scottish Parliament. The local authority, the Shetland Islands Council, is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland. The islands' administrative centre and only burgh is Lerwick, which has been the capital of Shetland since 1708, before which time the capital was Scalloway.


title: Shetland

text: The archipelago has an oceanic climate, complex geology, rugged coastline, and many low, rolling hills.


title: Shetland

text: The largest island, known as "the Mainland", has an area of , and is the fifth-largest island in the British Isles. It is one of 16 inhabited islands in Shetland.


title: Shetland

text: Humans have lived in Shetland since the Mesolithic period. Picts are known to have been the original inhabitants of the islands, before the Norse conquest and subsequent colonisation in the Early Middle Ages. During the 10th to 15th centuries, the islands formed part of the Kingdom of Norway until they were annexed into the Kingdom of Scotland due to a royal dispute involving the payment of a dowry. In 1707, when Scotland and England united to form the Kingdom of Great Britain, trade between Shetland and continental Northern Europe decreased. The discovery of North Sea oil in the 1970s significantly boosted Shetland's economy, employment and public-sector revenues. Fishing has always been an important part of the islands’ economy.


title: Shetland

text: The local way of life reflects the Norse heritage of the isles, including the Up Helly Aa fire festivals and a strong musical tradition, especially the traditional fiddle style. Almost all place names in the islands also have Norse origin. The islands have produced a variety of prose writers and poets, who have often written in the distinctive Shetland dialect. Numerous areas on the islands have been set aside to protect the local fauna and flora, including a number of important seabird nesting sites. The Shetland pony and Shetland Sheepdog are two well-known Shetland animal breeds. Other animals with local breeds include the Shetland sheep, cow, goose, and duck. The Shetland pig, or grice, has been extinct since about 1930.


title: Shetland

text: The islands' motto, which appears on the Council's coat of arms, is "" (“By law shall the land be built"). The phrase is of Old Norse origin, is mentioned in "Njáls saga", and was likely borrowed from provincial Norwegian laws such as the Frostathing Law.


title: Shetland

text: The name "Shetland" may derive from the Old Norse words ('hilt'), and ('land'). Another possibility is that the first syllable is derived from the name of an ancient Celtic tribe.


title: Shetland

text: In AD 43, the Roman author Pomponius Mela made reference in his writing to seven islands he called the . In AD 77, Pliny the Elder called these same islands the . Scholars have inferred that both of these references are to islands in the Shetland group. Another possible early written reference to the islands is Tacitus' report in "Agricola" in AD 98. After he described the Roman discovery and conquest of Orkney, he added that the Roman fleet had seen "Thule, too". In early Irish literature, Shetland is referred to as — "the Isles of Cats" (meaning the island inhabited by the tribe called "Cat"). This may have been the pre-Norse inhabitants' name for the islands. Cat was the name of a Pictish people who occupied parts of the northern Scottish mainland (see Kingdom of Cat); and their name survives in the names of the county of Caithness and in the Scottish Gaelic name for Sutherland, , which means "among the Cats".


title: Shetland

text: The oldest known version of the modern name Shetland is . It occurs in a letter written by Harald, earl of Orkney, Shetland and Caithness, in c.1190. By 1431, the islands were being referred to as "Hetland", after various intermediate transformations. It is possible that the Pictish "cat" sound contributed to this Norse name. In the 16th century, Shetland was referred to as .


title: Shetland

text: When the Scandinavian Norn language previously spoken by the inhabitants of the islands was replaced by the Shetland dialect of Scots (a gradual process), became . The initial letter is the Middle Scots letter, "yogh", the pronunciation of which is almost identical to the original Norn sound, . When the use of the letter yogh was discontinued, it was often replaced by the similar-looking letter z (which at the time was usually rendered with a curled tail: ⟨ʒ⟩) hence , the form used in the name of the pre-1975 county council. This is also the source of the ZE postcode used for Shetland.


title: Shetland

text: Most of the individual islands have Norse names, although the derivations of some are obscure and may represent pre-Norse, possibly Pictish or even pre-Celtic names or elements.


title: Shetland

text: Shetland is around north of Great Britain and west of Bergen, Norway. It covers an area of and has a coastline long.


title: Shetland

text: Lerwick, the capital and largest settlement, has a population of 6,958 and about half of the archipelago's total population of 22,920 people live within of the town.


title: Shetland

text: Scalloway on the west coast, which was the capital until 1708, has a population of fewer than 1,000 people.


title: Shetland

text: Only 16 of about 100 islands are inhabited. The main island of the group is known as Mainland. The next largest are Yell, Unst, and Fetlar, which lie to the north, and Bressay and Whalsay, which lie to the east. East and West Burra, Muckle Roe, Papa Stour, Trondra and Vaila are smaller islands to the west of Mainland. The other inhabited islands are Foula west of Walls, Fair Isle south-west of Sumburgh Head, and the Out Skerries to the east.


title: Shetland

text: The uninhabited islands include Mousa, known for the Broch of Mousa, the finest preserved example in the world of an Iron Age broch; Noss to the east of Bressay, which has been a national nature reserve since 1955; St Ninian's Isle, connected to Mainland by the largest active tombolo in the United Kingdom; and Out Stack, the northernmost point of the British Isles. Shetland's location means that it provides a number of such records: Muness is the most northerly castle in the United Kingdom and Skaw the most northerly settlement.


title: Shetland

text: The geology of Shetland is complex, with numerous faults and fold axes. These islands are the northern outpost of the Caledonian orogeny, and there are outcrops of Lewisian, Dalradian and Moine metamorphic rocks with histories similar to their equivalents on the Scottish mainland. There are also Old Red Sandstone deposits and granite intrusions. The most distinctive feature is the ophiolite in Unst and Fetlar which is a remnant of the Iapetus Ocean floor made up of ultrabasic peridotite and gabbro.


title: Shetland

text: Much of Shetland's economy depends on the oil-bearing sediments in the surrounding seas. Geological evidence shows that in around 6100 BC a tsunami caused by the Storegga Slide hit Shetland, as well as the west coast of Norway, and may have created a wave of up to high in the voes where modern populations are highest.


title: Shetland

text: The highest point of Shetland is Ronas Hill at . The Pleistocene glaciations entirely covered the islands. During that period, the Stanes of Stofast, a 2000-tonne glacial erratic, came to rest on a prominent hilltop in Lunnasting.


title: Shetland

text: Shetland has a national scenic area which, unusually, includes a number of discrete locations: Fair Isle, Foula, South West Mainland (including the Scalloway Islands), Muckle Roe, Esha Ness, Fethaland and Herma Ness. The total area covered by the designation is 41,833 ha, of which 26,347 ha is marine (i.e. below low tide).


title: Shetland

text: In October 2018, legislation came into force in Scotland to prevent public bodies, without good reason, showing Shetland in a separate box in maps, as had often been the practice. The legislation requires the islands to be "displayed in a manner that accurately and proportionately represents their geographical location in relation to the rest of Scotland", so as make clear the islands' real distance from other areas.


title: Shetland

text: Shetland has an oceanic temperate maritime climate (Köppen: "Cfb"), bordering on, but very slightly above average in summer temperatures, the subpolar variety, with long but cool winters and short mild summers. The climate all year round is moderate owing to the influence of the surrounding seas, with average night-time low temperatures a little above in January and February and average daytime high temperatures of near in July and August. The highest temperature on record was on 6 August 1910 at Sumburgh Head and the lowest in the Januaries of 1952 and 1959. The frost-free period may be as little as three months. In contrast, inland areas of nearby Scandinavia on similar latitudes experience significantly larger temperature differences between summer and winter, with the average highs of regular July days comparable to Lerwick's all-time record heat that is around , further demonstrating the moderating effect of the Atlantic Ocean. In contrast, winters are considerably milder than those expected in nearby continental areas, even comparable to winter temperatures of many parts of England and Wales much further south.


title: Shetland

text: The general character of the climate is windy and cloudy with at least of rain falling on more than 250 days a year. Average yearly precipitation is , with November and December the wettest months. Snowfall is usually confined to the period November to February, and snow seldom lies on the ground for more than a day. Less rain falls from April to August although no month receives less than . Fog is common during summer due to the cooling effect of the sea on mild southerly airflows.


title: Shetland

text: Because of the islands' latitude, on clear winter nights the northern lights can sometimes be seen in the sky, while in summer there is almost perpetual daylight, a state of affairs known locally as the "simmer dim". Annual bright sunshine averages 1110 hours, and overcast days are common.


title: Shetland

text: Due to the practice, dating to at least the early Neolithic, of building in stone on virtually treeless islands, Shetland is extremely rich in physical remains of the prehistoric eras and there are over 5,000 archaeological sites all told. A midden site at West Voe on the south coast of Mainland, dated to 4320–4030 BC, has provided the first evidence of Mesolithic human activity in Shetland. The same site provides dates for early Neolithic activity and finds at Scord of Brouster in Walls have been dated to 3400 BC. "Shetland knives" are stone tools that date from this period made from felsite from Northmavine.


title: Shetland

text: Pottery shards found at the important site of Jarlshof also indicate that there was Neolithic activity there although the main settlement dates from the Bronze Age. This includes a smithy, a cluster of wheelhouses and a later broch. The site has provided evidence of habitation during various phases right up until Viking times. Heel-shaped cairns, are a style of chambered cairn unique to Shetland, with a particularly large example in Vementry.


title: Shetland

text: Numerous brochs were erected during the Iron Age. In addition to Mousa there are significant ruins at Clickimin, Culswick, Old Scatness and West Burrafirth, although their origin and purpose is a matter of some controversy. The later Iron Age inhabitants of the Northern Isles were probably Pictish, although the historical record is sparse. Hunter (2000) states in relation to King Bridei I of the Picts in the sixth century AD: "As for Shetland, Orkney, Skye and the Western Isles, their inhabitants, most of whom appear to have been Pictish in culture and speech at this time, are likely to have regarded Bridei as a fairly distant presence". In 2011, the collective site, "The Crucible of Iron Age Shetland", including Broch of Mousa, Old Scatness and Jarlshof, joined the UKs "Tentative List" of World Heritage Sites.


title: Shetland

text: The expanding population of Scandinavia led to a shortage of available resources and arable land there and led to a period of Viking expansion, the Norse gradually shifting their attention from plundering to invasion. Shetland was colonised during the late 8th and 9th centuries, the fate of the existing indigenous Pictish population being uncertain. Modern Shetlanders still retain the Norse DNA with many family trees showing the Norse patronymic system(-sson, -dottir/daughter). Modern DNA studies such as the Viking Health Study are severely flawed as they only account for a tiny fraction of the population.


title: Shetland

text: Vikings then used the islands as a base for pirate expeditions to Norway and the coasts of mainland Scotland. In response, Norwegian king Harald Hårfagre ("Harald Fair Hair") annexed the Northern Isles (comprising Orkney and Shetland) in 875. Rognvald Eysteinsson received Orkney and Shetland as an earldom from Harald as reparation for the death of his son in battle in Scotland, and then passed the earldom on to his brother Sigurd the Mighty.


title: Shetland

text: The islands converted to Christianity in the late 10th century. King Olav Tryggvasson summoned the "jarl" Sigurd the Stout during a visit to Orkney and said, "I order you and all your subjects to be baptised. If you refuse, I'll have you killed on the spot and I swear I will ravage every island with fire and steel". Unsurprisingly, Sigurd agreed and the islands became Christian at a stroke. Unusually, from c. 1100 onwards the Norse "jarls" owed allegiance both to Norway and to the Scottish crown through their holdings as Earls of Caithness.


title: Shetland

text: In 1194, when Harald Maddadsson was Earl of Orkney and Shetland, a rebellion broke out against King Sverre Sigurdsson of Norway. The ("Island Beardies") sailed for Norway but were beaten in the Battle of Florvåg near Bergen. After his victory King Sverre placed Shetland under direct Norwegian rule, a state of affairs that continued for nearly two centuries.


title: Shetland

text: From the mid-13th century onwards Scottish monarchs increasingly sought to take control of the islands surrounding their seas. The process was begun in earnest by Alexander II and was continued by his successor Alexander III. This strategy eventually led to an invasion of Scotland by Haakon Haakonsson, King of Norway. His fleet assembled in Bressay Sound before sailing for Scotland. After the stalemate of the Battle of Largs, Haakon retreated to Orkney, where he died in December 1263, entertained on his deathbed by recitations of the sagas. His death halted any further Norwegian expansion in Scotland and following this ill-fated expedition, the Hebrides and Mann were yielded to the Kingdom of Scotland as a result of the 1266 Treaty of Perth, although the Scots recognised continuing Norwegian sovereignty over Orkney and Shetland.


title: Shetland

text: In the 14th century, Orkney and Shetland remained a Norwegian possession, but Scottish influence was growing. Jon Haraldsson, who was murdered in Thurso in 1231, was the last of an unbroken line of Norse jarls, and thereafter the earls were Scots noblemen of the houses of Angus and St Clair. On the death of Haakon VI in 1380, Norway formed a political union with Denmark, after which the interest of the royal house in the islands declined. In 1469, Shetland was pledged by Christian I, in his capacity as King of Norway, as security against the payment of the dowry of his daughter Margaret, betrothed to James III of Scotland. As the money was never paid, the connection with the Crown of Scotland became permanent. In 1470, William Sinclair, 1st Earl of Caithness, ceded his title to James III, and the following year the Northern Isles were directly absorbed to the Crown of Scotland, an action confirmed by the Parliament of Scotland in 1472. Nonetheless, Shetland's connection with Norway has proved to be enduring.


title: Shetland

text: From the early 15th century onward Shetlanders sold their goods through the Hanseatic League of German merchantmen. The Hansa would buy shiploads of salted fish, wool and butter, and import salt, cloth, beer and other goods. The late 16th century and early 17th century were dominated by the influence of the despotic Robert Stewart, Earl of Orkney, who was granted the islands by his half-sister Mary Queen of Scots, and his son Patrick. The latter commenced the building of Scalloway Castle, but after his imprisonment in 1609, the Crown annexed Orkney and Shetland again until 1643, when Charles I granted them to William Douglas, 7th Earl of Morton. These rights were held on and off by the Mortons until 1766, when they were sold by James Douglas, 14th Earl of Morton to Laurence Dundas.


title: Shetland

text: The trade with the North German towns lasted until the 1707 Act of Union, when high salt duties prevented the German merchants from trading with Shetland. Shetland then went into an economic depression, as the local traders were not as skilled in trading salted fish. However, some local merchant-lairds took up where the German merchants had left off, and fitted out their own ships to export fish from Shetland to the Continent. For the independent farmers of Shetland this had negative consequences, as they now had to fish for these merchant-lairds.


title: Shetland

text: Smallpox afflicted the islands in the 17th and 18th centuries (as it did all of Europe), but as vaccines became available after 1800, health improved. The islands were very badly hit by the potato famine of 1846 and the government introduced a Relief Plan for the islands under the command of Captain Robert Craigie of the Royal Navy who stayed in Lerwick to oversee the project 1847–1852. During this period Craigie also did much to improve and increase roads in the islands.


title: Shetland

text: Population increased to a maximum of 31,670 in 1861. However, British rule came at a price for many ordinary people as well as traders. The Shetlanders' nautical skills were sought by the Royal Navy. Some 3,000 served during the Napoleonic wars from 1800 to 1815 and press gangs were rife. During this period 120 men were taken from Fetlar alone, and only 20 of them returned home. By the late 19th century 90% of all Shetland was owned by just 32 people, and between 1861 and 1881 more than 8,000 Shetlanders emigrated. With the passing of the Crofters' Act in 1886 the Liberal prime minister William Gladstone emancipated crofters from the rule of the landlords. The Act enabled those who had effectively been landowners' serfs to become owner-occupiers of their own small farms. By this time fishermen from Holland, who had traditionally gathered each year off the coast of Shetland to fish for herring, triggered an industry in the islands that boomed from around 1880 until the 1920s when stocks of the fish began to dwindle. The production peaked in 1905 at more than a million barrels, of which 708,000 were exported.


title: Shetland

text: The Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889 established a uniform system of county councils in Scotland and realigned the boundaries of many of Scotland's counties: Zetland County Council, which was created in 1890, was established at County Buildings in Lerwick.


title: Shetland

text: During World War I, many Shetlanders served in the Gordon Highlanders, a further 3,000 served in the Merchant Navy, and more than 1,500 in a special local naval reserve. The 10th Cruiser Squadron was stationed at Swarbacks Minn (the stretch of water to the south of Muckle Roe), and during a single year from March 1917 more than 4,500 ships sailed from Lerwick as part of an escorted convoy system. In total, Shetland lost more than 500 men, a higher proportion than any other part of Britain, and there were further waves of emigration in the 1920s and 1930s.


title: Shetland

text: During World War II, a Norwegian naval unit nicknamed the "Shetland Bus" was established by the Special Operations Executive in the autumn of 1940 with a base first at Lunna and later in Scalloway to conduct operations around the coast of Norway. About 30 fishing vessels used by Norwegian refugees were gathered and the Shetland Bus conducted covert operations, carrying intelligence agents, refugees, instructors for the resistance, and military supplies. It made over 200 trips across the sea, and Leif Larsen, the most highly decorated allied naval officer of the war, made 52 of them. Several RAF airfields and sites were also established at Sullom Voe and several lighthouses suffered enemy air attacks.


title: Shetland

text: Oil reserves discovered in the later 20th century in the seas both east and west of Shetland have provided a much-needed alternative source of income for the islands. The East Shetland Basin is one of Europe's prolific petroleum provinces. As a result of the oil revenue and the cultural links with Norway, a small Home Rule movement developed briefly to recast the constitutional position of Shetland. It saw as its models the Isle of Man, as well as Shetland's closest neighbour, the Faroe Islands, an autonomous dependency of Denmark.


title: Shetland

text: Today, the main revenue producers in Shetland are agriculture, aquaculture, fishing, renewable energy, the petroleum industry (crude oil and natural gas production), the creative industries and tourism. Unst also has a rocket launch site called SaxaVord Spaceport (previously known as Shetland Space Centre). A February 2021 news item indicated that a rocket manufacturer from Germany, HyImpulse Technologies, planned to launch spacecraft powered by hydrogen from the Spaceport, starting in 2023. During the previous month, the Space Centre had filed plans with Council for a "satellite launch facility and associated infrastructure".


title: Shetland

text: As of February 2021, information on the Promote Shetland Web site indicated that "Shetland is less reliant on tourism than many Scottish islands" and that oil was an important sector of the economy. The "process of gradually transitioning from oil to clean renewable energy ... production of clean hydrogen" was also emphasized. Fishing remained the primary sector and was expected to grow.


title: Shetland

text: Fishing is central to the islands' economy today, with the total catch being in 2009, valued at over £73.2 million. Mackerel makes up more than half of the catch in Shetland by weight and value, and there are significant landings of haddock, cod, herring, whiting, monkfish and shellfish.


title: Shetland

text: A report published in October 2020 was optimistic about the future of this sector in: "With new fish markets in Lerwick and Scalloway, and plans to expand its aquaculture offerings in Yell, Shetland is preparing for more growth in its biggest industry".


title: Shetland

text: As of February 2021, the Promote Shetland Web site stated that "more fish is landed in Shetland than in England, Wales and Northern Ireland combined', that "Shetland harvests 40,000 tonnes of salmon a year, worth £180 million" and that "6,500 tonnes of mussels are grown in Shetland, more than 80 per cent of the total Scottish production".


title: Shetland

text: Oil and gas were first landed in 1978 at Sullom Voe, which has subsequently become one of the largest terminals in Europe. Taxes from the oil have increased public sector spending on social welfare, art, sport, environmental measures and financial development. Three quarters of the islands' workforce is employed in the service sector, and the Shetland Islands Council alone accounted for 27.9% of output in 2003. Shetland's access to oil revenues has funded the Shetland Charitable Trust, which in turn funds a wide variety of local programmes. The balance of the fund in 2011 was £217 million, i.e., about £9,500 per head.


title: Shetland

text: In January 2007, the Shetland Islands Council signed a partnership agreement with Scottish and Southern Energy for the Viking Wind Farm, a 200-turbine wind farm and subsea cable. This renewable energy project would produce about 600 megawatts and contribute about £20 million to the Shetland economy per year. The plan met with significant opposition within the islands, primarily resulting from the anticipated visual impact of the development. The PURE project in Unst is a research centre which uses a combination of wind power and fuel cells to create a wind hydrogen system. The project is run by the Unst Partnership, the local community's development trust.


title: Shetland

text: A status report on hydrogen production in Shetland, published in September 2020, stated that Shetland Islands Council (SIC) had "joined a number of organisations and projects to drive forward plans to establish hydrogen as a future energy source for the isles and beyond". For example, it was a member of the Scottish Hydrogen Fuel Cell Association (SHFCA). The ORION project, previously named the Shetland Energy Hub, was underway; the plan was to create an energy hub that would use clean electricity in the development of "new technologies such as blue and green hydrogen generation".


title: Shetland

text: In December 2020 the Scottish government released a hydrogen policy statement with plans for incorporating both blue and green hydrogen for use in heating, transportation and industry. The government also planned an investment of £100 million in the hydrogen sector "for the £180 million Emerging Energy Technologies Fund". Shetland Islands Council planned to obtain further specifics about the availability of funding. The government had already agreed that the production of "green" hydrogen from wind power near Sullom Voe Terminal was a valid plan. A December 2020 report stated that "the extensive terminal could also be used for direct refuelling of hydrogen-powered ships" and suggested that the fourth jetty at Sullom Voe "could be suitable for ammonia export".


title: Shetland

text: Knitwear is important both to the economy and culture of Shetland, and the Fair Isle design is well known. However, the industry faces challenges due to plagiarism of the word "Shetland" by manufacturers operating elsewhere, and a certification trademark, "The Shetland Lady", has been registered.


title: Shetland

text: Crofting, the farming of small plots of land on a legally restricted tenancy basis, is still practised and is viewed as a key Shetland tradition as well as an important source of income. Crops raised include oats and barley; however, the cold, windswept islands make for a harsh environment for most plants.


title: Shetland

text: Shetland is served by a weekly local newspaper, "The Shetland Times" and the online "Shetland News" with radio service being provided by BBC Radio Shetland and the commercial radio station SIBC.


title: Shetland

text: Shetland is a popular destination for cruise ships, and in 2010 the Lonely Planet guide named Shetland as the sixth best region in the world for tourists seeking unspoilt destinations. The islands were described as "beautiful and rewarding" and the Shetlanders as "a fiercely independent and self-reliant bunch". Overall visitor expenditure was worth £16.4 million in 2006, in which year just under 26,000 cruise liner passengers arrived at Lerwick Harbour. This business has grown substantially with 109 cruise ships already booked in for 2019, representing over 107,000 passenger visits. In 2009, the most popular visitor attractions were the Shetland Museum, the RSPB reserve at Sumburgh Head, Bonhoga Gallery at Weisdale Mill and Jarlshof. Geopark Shetland (now Shetland UNESCO Global Geopark) was established by the Amenity Trust in 2009 to boost sustainable tourism to the islands.


title: Shetland

text: According to the Promote Shetland organisation's website, tourism increased "by £12.6 million between 2017 and 2019 with more than half of visitors giving their trip a perfect rating".


title: Shetland

text: Extremely popular in many countries, with five series having been filmed and aired by early 2021, Shetland (TV series) was inspired by the Ann Cleeves books about the fictional Detective Inspector Jimmy Perez. This has created an interest in Shetland and some tourists visit because they wish to see the places where the series is set and filmed. In 2018, series star Douglas Henshall said in an interview, "When we were there filming, there’s people from Australia and different parts of America who had come specifically because of the show ... It’s showing all over the world. Now you get a lot of people from Scandinavia on these noir tours".


title: Shetland

text: An October 2018 report stated that 91,000 passengers from cruise ships arrived that year (a record high), an increase over the 70,000 in 2017. There was a drop in 2019 to "over 76,000 cruise ship passengers".


title: Shetland

text: Tourism dropped significantly in 2020 (and into 2021) due to restrictions necessitated by the COVID-19 pandemic and the major decline in the number of cruise ships that continued to operate worldwide.


title: Shetland

text: As of early February 2021, the Promote Shetland website was still stating this information: "At present, nobody should travel to Shetland from a Level 3 or Level 4 local authority area in Scotland, unless it's for essential purposes". That page reiterated the government recommendation "that people avoid any unnecessary travel between Scotland and England, Wales, or Northern Ireland".


title: Shetland

text: A September 2020 report stated that "The Highlands and Islands region has been disproportionately impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic to date, when compared to Scotland and the UK as a whole". The tourism industry required short term support for "business survival and recovery" and that was expected to continue as the sector was "severely impacted for as long as physical distancing and travel restrictions". As of 31 December 2020, the usage of ferries and buses was restricted to those traveling for essential purposes. The Island Equivalent scheme was introduced in early 2021 by the Scottish government to financially assist hospitality and retail businesses "affected by Level 3 coronavirus restrictions". Previous schemes in 2020 included the Strategic Framework Business Fund and the Coronavirus Business Support Fund.


title: Shetland

text: Transport between islands is primarily by ferry, and Shetland Islands Council operates various inter-island services. Shetland is also served by a domestic connection from Lerwick to Aberdeen on mainland Scotland. This service, which takes about 12 hours, is operated by NorthLink Ferries. Some services also call at Kirkwall, Orkney, which increases the journey time between Aberdeen and Lerwick by 2 hours. There are plans for road tunnels to some of the islands, especially Bressay and Whalsay; however, it is hard to convince the mainland government to finance them.


title: Shetland

text: Sumburgh Airport, the main airport in Shetland, is located close to Sumburgh Head, south of Lerwick. Loganair operates flights to other parts of Scotland up to ten times a day, the destinations being Kirkwall, Aberdeen, Inverness, Glasgow and Edinburgh. Lerwick/Tingwall Airport is located west of Lerwick. Operated by Directflight Limited in partnership with Shetland Islands Council, it is devoted to inter-island flights from the Shetland Mainland to Fair Isle and Foula.


title: Shetland

text: Scatsta Airport was an airport near Sullom Voe which allowed frequent charter flights from Aberdeen to transport oilfield workers. The airport closed on 30 June 2020.


title: Shetland

text: Public bus services are operated in Mainland, Trondra, Burra, Unst and Yell, with scheduled dial-a-ride services available in Bressay and Fetlar. Buses also connect with ferries leading to Foula, Papa Stour, and Whalsay.


title: Shetland

text: The archipelago is exposed to wind and tide, and there are numerous sites of wrecked ships. Lighthouses are sited as an aid to navigation at various locations.


title: Shetland

text: The Shetland Islands Council is the local government authority for all the islands and is based in Lerwick Town Hall.


title: Shetland

text: Shetland is sub-divided into 18 community council areas and into 12 civil parishes that are used for statistical purposes.


title: Shetland

text: As of early 2021, Shetland had 22 primary schools, five junior high schools, and two high schools: Anderson High School and Brae High School.


title: Shetland

text: Shetland College UHI is a partner of the University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI). UHI’s Centre for Rural Creativity partners with Shetland Arts Development Agency to provide courses on film, music and media up to Masters level at Mareel. The North Atlantic Fisheries College (NAFC) also operates in partnership with UHI offering "a range of training courses relevant to the maritime industries".


title: Shetland

text: The Institute for Northern Studies, operated by UHI, provides "postgraduate teaching and research programmes"; one of the three locations is at Shetland.


title: Shetland

text: The Shetland Football Association oversees two divisions — a Premier League and a Reserve League — which are affiliated with the Scottish Amateur Football Association. Seasons take place during summer.


title: Shetland

text: The islands are represented by the Shetland football team, which regularly competes in the Island Games.


title: Shetland

text: The Reformation reached the archipelago in 1560. This was an apparently peaceful transition and there is little evidence of religious intolerance in Shetland's recorded history.


title: Shetland

text: In the 2011 census, Shetland registered a higher proportion of people with no religion than the Scottish average. Nevertheless, a variety of religious denominations are represented in the islands.


title: Shetland

text: The Methodist Church has a relatively high membership in Shetland, which is a District of the Methodist Church (with the rest of Scotland comprising a separate District).


title: Shetland

text: On 1 June 2020 the Presbytery of Shetland merged with the Presbytery of Aberdeen becoming the Presbytery of Aberdeen and Shetland. In addition there was further church reorganisation in the islands with a series of church closures and all parishes merging into one, covering the whole of Shetland.


title: Shetland

text: The Catholic population is served by the church of St. Margaret and the Sacred Heart in Lerwick. The parish is part of the Diocese of Aberdeen.


title: Shetland

text: The Scottish Episcopal Church (part of the Anglican Communion) has regular worship at: St Magnus' Church, Lerwick; St Colman's Church, Burravoe; and the Chapel of Christ the Encompasser, Fetlar, the last of which is maintained by the Society of Our Lady of the Isles, the most northerly and remote Anglican religious order of nuns.


title: Shetland

text: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has a congregation in Lerwick. The former print works and offices of the local newspaper, The Shetland Times, has been converted into a chapel.


title: Shetland

text: Shetland is represented in the House of Commons as part of the Orkney and Shetland constituency, which elects one Member of Parliament (MP). As of February 2021, and since 2001, the MP is Alistair Carmichael, a Liberal Democrat. He grew up on Islay, the son of hill farmers who raised sheep and cattle and worked at various occupations before running for election.


title: Shetland

text: This seat has been held by the Liberal Democrats or their predecessors the Liberal Party since 1950, longer than any other seat in the United Kingdom.


title: Shetland

text: In the Scottish Parliament the Shetland constituency elects one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) by the first past the post system. Tavish Scott of the Scottish Liberal Democrats had held the seat since the creation of the Scottish Parliament in 1999. Beatrice Wishart MSP, also of the Scottish Liberal Democrats, was elected to replace Tavish Scott in August 2019. Shetland is within the Highlands and Islands electoral region.


title: Shetland

text: The political composition of the Shetland Islands Council is 21 Independents and 1 Scottish National Party.


title: Shetland

text: In the 2014 referendum on Scottish independence from the United Kingdom, Shetland voted to remain in the United Kingdom by the third largest margin of the 32 local authority areas, by 63.71% to 36.29% in favour of the Union.


title: Shetland

text: In the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, Shetland voted for the UK to remain an EU member state, with 56.5% voting to remain and 43.5% voting to leave. In comparison to the rest of Scotland, Shetland had lower-than-average support for remaining in the EU.


title: Shetland

text: The Wir Shetland movement was set up in 2015 to campaign for greater autonomy. In September 2020, the Shetland Islands Council voted 18–2 to explore replacing the council with a new system of government which controls a fairer share of the islands revenue streams and has a greater influence over their own affairs, which could include very lucrative oil fields and fishing waters.


title: Shetland

text: In 2022, as part of the Levelling Up White Paper, an "Island Forum" was proposed, which would allow local policymakers and residents in Shetland to work alongside their counterparts in Orkney, the Western Isles, Anglesey and the Isle of Wight on common issues, such as broadband connectivity, and provide a platform for them to communicate directly with the government on the challenges island communities face in terms of levelling up.


title: Shetland

text: Roy Grönneberg, who founded the local chapter of the Scottish National Party in 1966, designed the flag of Shetland in cooperation with Bill Adams to mark the 500th anniversary of the transfer of the islands from Norway to Scotland. The colours are identical to those of the flag of Scotland, but are shaped in the Nordic cross. After several unsuccessful attempts, including a plebiscite in 1985, the Lord Lyon King of Arms approved it as the official flag of Shetland in 2005.


title: Shetland

text: After the islands were officially transferred from Norway to Scotland in 1472, several Scots families from the Scottish Lowlands emigrated to Shetland in the 16th and 17th centuries. Studies of the genetic makeup of the islands' population, however, indicate that Shetlanders are just under half Scandinavian in origin, and sizeable amounts of Scandinavian ancestry, both patrilineal and matrilineal, have been reported in Orkney (55%) and Shetland (68%). This combination is reflected in many aspects of local life. For example, almost every place name in use can be traced back to the Vikings. The Lerwick Up Helly Aa is one of several fire festivals held in Shetland annually in the middle of winter, starting on the last Tuesday of January. The festival is just over 100 years old in its present, highly organised form. Originally held to break up the long nights of winter and mark the end of Yule, the festival has become one celebrating the isles' heritage and includes a procession of men dressed as Vikings and the burning of a replica longship.


title: Shetland

text: The cuisine of Shetland is based on locally produced lamb, beef and seafood, some of it organic. The real ale-producing Valhalla Brewery is the most northerly in Britain. The Shetland Black is a variety of blue potato with a dark skin and indigo-coloured flesh markings.


title: Shetland

text: The Norn language was a form of Old Norse spoken in the Northern Isles, and continued to be spoken until the 18th century. It was gradually replaced in Shetland by an insular dialect of Scots, known as Shetlandic, which is in turn being replaced by Scottish English. Although Norn was spoken for hundreds of years, it is now extinct and few written sources remain, although influences remain in the Insular Scots dialects. Shetland dialect is used in local radio and dialect writing, and is kept alive by organisations such as Shetland Forwirds, and the Shetland Folk Society.


title: Shetland

text: Shetland's culture and landscapes have inspired a variety of musicians, writers and film-makers. The Forty Fiddlers was formed in the 1950s to promote the traditional fiddle style, which is a vibrant part of local culture today. Notable exponents of Shetland folk music include Aly Bain, Jenna Reid, Fiddlers' Bid, and the late Tom Anderson and Peerie Willie Johnson. Thomas Fraser was a country musician who never released a commercial recording during his life, but whose work has become popular more than 20 years after his death in 1978.


title: Shetland

text: Walter Scott's 1822 novel "The Pirate" is set in "a remote part of Shetland", and was inspired by his 1814 visit to the islands. The name "Jarlshof" meaning "Earl's Mansion" is a coinage of his. Robert Cowie, a doctor born in Lerwick published the 1874 work.


title: Shetland

text: Hugh MacDiarmid, the Scots poet and writer, lived in Whalsay from the mid-1930s through 1942, and wrote many poems there, including a number that directly address or reflect the Shetland environment, such as "On A Raised Beach", which was inspired by a visit to West Linga. The 1975 novel "North Star" by Hammond Innes is largely set in Shetland and Raman Mundair's 2007 book of poetry "A Choreographer's Cartography" offers a British Asian perspective on the landscape. The "Shetland Quartet" by Ann Cleeves, who previously lived in Fair Isle, is a series of crime novels set around the islands. In 2013, her novel "Red Bones" became the basis of BBC crime drama television series "Shetland".


title: Shetland

text: Vagaland, who grew up in Walls, was arguably Shetland's finest poet of the 20th century. Haldane Burgess was a Shetland historian, poet, novelist, violinist, linguist and socialist, and Rhoda Bulter (1929–1994) is one of the best-known Shetland poets of recent times. Other 20th- and 21st-century poets and novelists include Christine De Luca, Robert Alan Jamieson who grew up in Sandness, the late Lollie Graham of Veensgarth, Stella Sutherland of Bressay, the late William J. Tait from Yell and Laureen Johnson.


title: Shetland

text: There is one monthly magazine in production: "Shetland". The quarterly "The New Shetlander", founded in 1947, is said to be Scotland's longest-running literary magazine. For much of the later 20th century, it was the major vehicle for the work of local writers — and of others, including early work by George Mackay Brown.


title: Shetland

text: Michael Powell made "The Edge of the World" in 1937, a dramatisation based on the true story of the evacuation of the last 36 inhabitants of the remote island of St Kilda on 29 August 1930. St Kilda lies in the Atlantic Ocean, west of the Outer Hebrides but Powell was unable to get permission to film there. Undaunted, he made the film over four months during the summer of 1936 in Foula and the film transposes these events to Shetland. Forty years later, the documentary "Return to the Edge of the World" was filmed, capturing a reunion of cast and crew of the film as they revisited the island in 1978.


title: Shetland

text: A number of other films have been made on or about Shetland including "A Crofter's Life in Shetland" (1932), "A Shetland Lyric" (1934), "Devil's Gate" (2003) and "It's Nice Up North" (2006), a comedy documentary by Graham Fellows. The Screenplay film festival takes place annually in Mareel, a cinema, music and education venue.


title: Shetland

text: The BBC One television series "Shetland", a crime drama, is set in the islands and is based on the book series by Ann Cleeves. The programme is filmed partly in Shetland and partly on the Scottish mainland.


title: Shetland

text: Shetland has three national nature reserves, at the seabird colonies of Hermaness and Noss, and at Keen of Hamar to preserve the serpentine flora. There are a further 81 SSSIs, which cover 66% or more of the land surfaces of Fair Isle, Papa Stour, Fetlar, Noss and Foula. Mainland has 45 separate sites.


title: Shetland

text: The landscape in Shetland is marked by the grazing of sheep and the harsh conditions have limited the total number of plant species to about 400. Native trees such as rowan and crab apple are only found in a few isolated places such as cliffs and loch islands. The flora is dominated by Arctic-alpine plants, wild flowers, moss and lichen. Spring squill, buck's-horn plantain, Scots lovage, roseroot and sea campion are abundant, especially in sheltered places. Shetland mouse-ear ("Cerastium nigrescens") is an endemic flowering plant found only in Shetland. It was first recorded in 1837 by botanist Thomas Edmondston. Although reported from two other sites in the nineteenth century, it currently grows only on two serpentine hills in the island of Unst. The nationally scarce oysterplant is found in several islands and the British Red Listed bryophyte "Thamnobryum alopecurum" has also been recorded. Listed marine algae include: "Polysiphonia fibrillosa" (Dillwyn) Sprengel, "Polysiphonia atlantica" Kapraun and J.Norris, "Polysiphonia brodiaei" (Dillwyn) Sprengel, "Polysiphonia elongata" (Hudson) Sprengel, "Polysiphonia elongella", Harvey The Shetland Monkeyflower is unique to Shetland and is a mutation of the Monkeyflower "(mimulus guttatus") introduced to Shetland in the 19th century.


title: Shetland

text: Shetland has numerous seabird colonies. Birds found in the islands include Atlantic puffin, storm-petrel, red-throated diver, northern gannet and great skua (locally called the "bonxie"). Numerous rarities have also been recorded including black-browed albatross and snow goose, and a single pair of snowy owls bred in Fetlar from 1967 to 1975. The Shetland wren, Fair Isle wren and Shetland starling are subspecies endemic to Shetland. There are also populations of various moorland birds such as curlew, lapwing, snipe and golden plover.


title: Shetland

text: One of the early ornithologists that wrote about the wealth of birdlife in Shetland was Edmund Selous (1857–1934) in his book "The Bird Watcher in the Shetlands" (1905). He writes extensively about the gulls and terns, about the arctic skuas, the black guillemots and many other birds (and the seals) of the islands.


title: Shetland

text: The geographical isolation and recent glacial history of Shetland have resulted in a depleted mammalian fauna and the brown rat and house mouse are two of only three species of rodent present in the islands. The Shetland field mouse is the third and the archipelago's fourth endemic subspecies, of which there are three varieties in Yell, Foula and Fair Isle. They are variants of "Apodemus sylvaticus" and archaeological evidence suggests that this species was present during the Middle Iron Age (around 200 BC to 400 AD). It is possible that "Apodemus" was introduced from Orkney where a population has existed since at the least the Bronze Age.


title: Shetland

text: There is a variety of indigenous breeds, of which the diminutive Shetland pony is probably the best known, as well as being an important part of the Shetland farming tradition. The first written record of the pony was in 1603 in the Court Books of Shetland and, for its size, it is the strongest of all the horse breeds. Others are the Shetland Sheepdog or "Sheltie", the endangered Shetland cattle and Shetland goose and the Shetland sheep which is believed to have originated prior to 1000 AD. The Grice was a breed of semi-domesticated pig that had a habit of attacking lambs. It became extinct sometime between the middle of the nineteenth century and the 1930s.


title: HoYeon Jung

text: Jung Hoyeon (; born June 23, 1994), also known as Hoyeon Jung, is a South Korean model and actress. She began her career as a freelance model in 2010, walking in Seoul Fashion Week shows for two years. In 2013, she competed on the fourth season of "Korea's Next Top Model" and placed as a runner-up. She became known for her "fiery" red hair after making her international runway debut during New York Fashion Week. She was a Louis Vuitton exclusive in 2016, and became a global ambassador for the brand in 2021.


title: HoYeon Jung

text: She made her television debut in 2021, starring in the Netflix series "Squid Game" as Kang Sae-byeok, which brought her worldwide attention and critical acclaim as the show's breakout star. For her role on the show, she won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series and earned a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series.


title: HoYeon Jung

text: Jung Hoyeon was born on June 23, 1994, in Myeonmok-dong, Seoul, South Korea, and has two sisters. Her parents are restaurateurs. She graduated from Dongduk Women's University College of Performing Arts, where she majored in modeling.


title: HoYeon Jung

text: Jung started taking modeling classes at age 15, and began working as a freelance model in 2010 at age 16, walking in shows for Seoul Fashion Week without an agency for two years. While freelancing, she auditioned for the second season of the OnStyle reality competition series "Korea's Next Top Model" in 2011, but quit after making it into the top 30. She signed with ESteem Models in 2012. She then went on to compete on the fourth season of "Korea's Next Top Model" in 2013, where, after being eliminated in the third episode and returning in the fifth episode, she placed as a runner-up. She appeared in the music video for Kim Yeon-woo's song "Move" in 2014. She was also featured in spreads for the Korean editions of magazines such as "Vogue", "Elle", and "W" before signing with The Society Management and leaving South Korea in 2016 to pursue a career overseas. She also signed to Elite Model Management and Nomad Management. Before moving to New York, Jung inadvertently dyed her hair a "fiery" red color, which became her signature look.


title: HoYeon Jung

text: After her booking to walk as an exclusive for Alexander Wang was canceled, she made her international runway debut in September 2016 at Opening Ceremony's S/S 2017 show at New York Fashion Week. Shortly after, she walked in shows for Marc Jacobs, Alberta Ferretti, Chanel, Max Mara, and Fendi; appeared in "Harper's Bazaar", "Love", and "W"; and was featured in campaigns for Sephora and Gap. Also in 2016, she made her Paris Fashion Week runway debut as an exclusive model for Louis Vuitton at their S/S 2017 show, selected by Nicolas Ghesquière and casting director Ashley Brokaw. In September 2018, Models.com named Jung on their list of the top 50 models. At the 2019 Asian Model Awards, she won the Asian Star Award.


title: HoYeon Jung

text: Jung has walked in runways for Burberry, Miu Miu, Jason Wu, Chanel, Schiaparelli, Giambattista Valli, Bottega Veneta, Emilio Pucci, Prabal Gurung, Jacquemus, Gabriela Hearst, Moschino, Oscar de la Renta, Roberto Cavalli, Jeremy Scott, Tory Burch, Jean-Paul Gaultier, Acne Studios, Brandon Maxwell, Gucci, Lanvin, and Zuhair Murad. She has also appeared in advertisements for Louis Vuitton, Chanel, Hermès, and Bottega Veneta, and on the covers of "Vogue Korea", "Vogue Japan", "CR Fashion Book", and "Harpers Bazaar Korea".


title: HoYeon Jung

text: Jung appeared in a promotional video for Pharrell and Chanel's collaborative capsule collection in March 2019. In October 2021, she was named Louis Vuitton's Global House Ambassador for fashion, watches, and jewelry. That same month, she partnered with Adidas Originals for their Adicolor campaign. She was featured on the cover of the February 2022 issue of "Vogue", making her the magazine's first solo Korean cover star. In 2022, she became one of the faces of N°1 de Chanel. In 2022, Models.com listed Jung on the "New Supers" list, calling her a "supermodel for the modern era."


title: HoYeon Jung

text: Jung decided to start her career in acting because of the short life span of model careers, which she felt as her work in modeling began to decrease. While modeling overseas, Jung periodically returned to South Korea during holidays to take acting lessons, and took three months' worth of acting lessons altogether. She also improved her English in order to help her learn acting. In January 2020, Jung was signed to Korean talent agency Saram Entertainment. She made her acting debut in the 2021 Netflix K-drama "Squid Game" in which she played Kang Sae-byeok, a North Korean defector and pickpocket who needs money to support her younger brother and track down her mother in North Korea. One month after signing with Saram, she was given three scenes from the show's script, and auditioned for the role via video while in New York for Fashion Week. She was then asked by director Hwang Dong-hyuk to audition again in person in South Korea, where she was given the part immediately.


title: HoYeon Jung

text: She studied for the role of Sae-byeok by practicing her character's Hamgyŏng dialect with real North Korean defectors, watching documentaries about North Korean defectors, and learning martial arts. She also drew upon her own feelings of loneliness while modeling overseas to build the character, and wrote a daily diary from her character's perspective. Sae-byeok became a fan favorite, and Jung was called "Squid Game"s breakout star by critics. For her performance on the show, Jung won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series at the 28th Screen Actors Guild Awards. This nomination made her the second actress of Asian as well as Korean descent to receive an individual SAG Award nomination. Her win, along with costar Lee Jung-jae winning the respective male award, made history for the show becoming the first non-English language television series to win at the SAG Awards. She was also nominated along with her costars for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series.


title: HoYeon Jung

text: Jung was featured in The Weeknd's music video "Out of Time" in 2022. She is set to make her feature film debut with the A24 film "The Governesses", directed by Joe Talbot. Jung will also appear in Alfonso Cuarón's thriller series "Disclaimer" opposite Cate Blanchett.


title: HoYeon Jung

text: While working as a model, Jung became known by designers as the "red-haired Asian". "Vogue"s Monica Kim called her "one of Seoul's top modeling talents" in 2015. In 2021, K-Ci Williams of "Vulture" called Jung "the world's current 'It' girl." Jung became the most-followed South Korean actress on Instagram in 2021, surpassing actresses Lee Sung-kyung and Song Hye-kyo and, as of August 2022, has over 23 million followers on the platform.


title: HoYeon Jung

text: Jung has been in a relationship with actor Lee Dong-hwi since 2015. Her net worth is estimated to be US$4 million as of 2021.


title: Pasta

text: Pasta (, ; ) is a type of food typically made from an unleavened dough of wheat flour mixed with water or eggs, and formed into sheets or other shapes, then cooked by boiling or baking. Rice flour, or legumes such as beans or lentils, are sometimes used in place of wheat flour to yield a different taste and texture, or as a gluten-free alternative. Pasta is a staple food of Italian cuisine.


title: Pasta

text: Pastas are divided into two broad categories: dried () and fresh (). Most dried pasta is produced commercially via an extrusion process, although it can be produced at home. Fresh pasta is traditionally produced by hand, sometimes with the aid of simple machines. Fresh pastas available in grocery stores are produced commercially by large-scale machines.


title: Pasta

text: Both dried and fresh pastas come in a number of shapes and varieties, with 310 specific forms known by over 1,300 documented names. In Italy, the names of specific pasta shapes or types often vary by locale. For example, the pasta form is known by 28 different names depending upon the town and region. Common forms of pasta include long and short shapes, tubes, flat shapes or sheets, miniature shapes for soup, those meant to be filled or stuffed, and specialty or decorative shapes.


title: Pasta

text: As a category in Italian cuisine, both fresh and dried pastas are classically used in one of three kinds of prepared dishes: as (or ), cooked pasta is plated and served with a complementary sauce or condiment; a second classification of pasta dishes is , in which the pasta is part of a soup-type dish. A third category is , in which the pasta is incorporated into a dish that is subsequently baked in the oven. Pasta dishes are generally simple, but individual dishes vary in preparation. Some pasta dishes are served as a small first course or for light lunches, such as pasta salads. Other dishes may be portioned larger and used for dinner. Pasta sauces similarly may vary in taste, color and texture.


title: Pasta

text: In terms of nutrition, cooked plain pasta is 31% carbohydrates (mostly starch), 6% protein, and low in fat, with moderate amounts of manganese, but pasta generally has low micronutrient content. Pasta may be enriched or fortified, or made from whole grains.


title: Pasta

text: First attested in English in 1874, the word "pasta" comes from Italian , in turn from Latin , latinisation of the Greek .


title: Pasta

text: In the 1st century AD writings of Horace, (singular: ) were fine sheets of fried dough and were an everyday foodstuff. Writing in the 2nd century, Athenaeus of Naucratis provides a recipe for which he attributes to the 1st century Chrysippus of Tyana: sheets of dough made of wheat flour and the juice of crushed lettuce, then flavoured with spices and deep-fried in oil. An early 5th century cookbook describes a dish called that consisted of layers of dough with meat stuffing, an ancestor of modern-day lasagna. However, the method of cooking these sheets of dough does not correspond to the modern definition of either a fresh or dry pasta product, which only had similar basic ingredients and perhaps the shape. The first concrete information concerning pasta products in Italy dates from the 13th or 14th century.


title: Pasta

text: Historians have noted several lexical milestones relevant to pasta, none of which changes these basic characteristics. For example, the works of the 2nd century AD Greek physician Galen mention , homogeneous compounds made of flour and water. The Jerusalem Talmud records that , a kind of boiled dough, was common in Palestine from the 3rd to 5th centuries AD. A dictionary compiled by the 9th century Arab physician and lexicographer Isho bar Ali defines , the Arabic cognate, as string-like shapes made of semolina and dried before cooking. The geographical text of Muhammad al-Idrisi, compiled for the Norman King of Sicily Roger II in 1154 mentions manufactured and exported from Norman Sicily:


title: Pasta

text: One form of with a long history is (plural ), which in Latin refers to a thin sheet of dough, and gave rise to the Italian .


title: Pasta

text: In North Africa, a food similar to pasta, known as couscous, has been eaten for centuries. However, it lacks the distinguishing malleable nature of pasta, couscous being more akin to droplets of dough. At first, dry pasta was a luxury item in Italy because of high labor costs; durum wheat semolina had to be kneaded for a long time.


title: Pasta

text: There is a legend of Marco Polo importing pasta from China which originated with the "Macaroni Journal", published by an association of food industries with the goal of promoting pasta in the United States. Rustichello da Pisa writes in his "Travels" that Marco Polo described a food similar to "lagana". Jeffrey Steingarten asserts that Arabs introduced pasta in the Emirate of Sicily in the ninth century, mentioning also that traces of pasta have been found in ancient Greece and that Jane Grigson believed the Marco Polo story to have originated in the 1920s or 1930s in an advertisement for a Canadian spaghetti company.


title: Pasta

text: Food historians estimate that the dish probably took hold in Italy as a result of extensive Mediterranean trading in the Middle Ages. From the 13th century, references to pasta dishes—macaroni, ravioli, gnocchi, vermicelli—crop up with increasing frequency across the Italian peninsula. In the 14th-century writer Boccaccio's collection of earthy tales, "The Decameron", he recounts a mouthwatering fantasy concerning a mountain of Parmesan cheese down which pasta chefs roll macaroni and ravioli to gluttons waiting below.


title: Pasta

text: In the 14th and 15th centuries, dried pasta became popular for its easy storage. This allowed people to store pasta on ships when exploring the New World. A century later, pasta was present around the globe during the voyages of discovery.


title: Pasta

text: Although tomatoes were introduced to Italy in the 16th century and incorporated in Italian cuisine in the 17th century, description of the first Italian tomato sauces dates from the late 18th century: the first written record of pasta with tomato sauce can be found in the 1790 cookbook by Roman chef Francesco Leonardi. Before tomato sauce was introduced, pasta was eaten dry with the fingers; the liquid sauce demanded the use of a fork.


title: Pasta

text: At the beginning of the 17th century, Naples had rudimentary machines for producing pasta, later establishing the kneading machine and press, making pasta manufacturing cost-effective. In 1740, a license for the first pasta factory was issued in Venice. During the 1800s, water mills and stone grinders were used to separate semolina from the bran, initiating expansion of the pasta market. In 1859, Joseph Topits (1824−1876) founded Hungary's first pasta factory, in the city of Pest, which worked with steam machines; it was one of the first pasta factories in Central Europe. By 1867, Buitoni Company in Sansepolcro, Tuscany was an established pasta manufacturer. During the early 1900s, artificial drying and extrusion processes enabled greater variety of pasta preparation and larger volumes for export, beginning a period called "The Industry of Pasta". In 1884, the Zátka Brothers's plant in Boršov nad Vltavou was founded, making it Bohemia's first pasta factory.


title: Pasta

text: The art of pasta making and the devotion to the food as a whole has evolved since pasta was first conceptualized. In 2008, it was estimated that Italians ate over of pasta per person, per year, easily beating Americans, who ate about per person. Pasta is so beloved in Italy that individual consumption exceeds the average production of wheat of the country; thus, Italy frequently imports wheat for pasta making. In contemporary society, pasta is ubiquitous and there is a variety of types in local supermarkets, in many countries. With the worldwide demand for this staple food, pasta is now largely mass-produced in factories and only a tiny proportion is crafted by hand.


title: Pasta

text: Since at least the time of Cato's , basic pasta dough has been made mostly of wheat flour or semolina, with durum wheat used predominantly in the South of Italy and soft wheat in the North. Regionally other grains have been used, including those from barley, buckwheat, rye, rice, and maize, as well as chestnut and chickpea flours.


title: Pasta

text: To address the needs of people affected by gluten-related disorders (such as coeliac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity and wheat allergy sufferers), some recipes use rice or maize for making pasta. Grain flours may also be supplemented with cooked potatoes.


title: Pasta

text: Other additions to the basic flour-liquid mixture may include vegetable purees such as spinach or tomato, mushrooms, cheeses, herbs, spices and other seasonings. While pastas are, most typically, made from unleavened doughs, the use of yeast-raised doughs are also known for at least nine different pasta forms.


title: Pasta

text: Additives in dried, commercially sold pasta include vitamins and minerals that are lost from the durum wheat endosperm during milling. They are added back to the semolina flour once it is ground, creating enriched flour. Micronutrients added may include niacin (vitamin B3), riboflavin (vitamin B2), folate, thiamine (vitamin B1), and ferrous iron.


title: Pasta

text: Fresh pasta is usually locally made with fresh ingredients unless it is destined to be shipped, in which case consideration is given to the spoilage rates of the desired ingredients such as eggs or herbs. Furthermore, fresh pasta is usually made with a mixture of eggs and all-purpose flour or "00" low-gluten flour. Since it contains eggs, it is more tender compared to dried pasta and only takes about half the time to cook. Delicate sauces are preferred for fresh pasta in order to let the pasta take front stage.


title: Pasta

text: Fresh pastas do not expand in size after cooking; therefore, of pasta are needed to serve four people generously. Fresh egg pasta is generally cut into strands of various widths and thicknesses depending on which pasta is to be made (e.g. fettuccine, pappardelle, and lasagne). It is best served with meat, cheese, or vegetables to create filled pastas such as ravioli, tortellini, and cannelloni. Fresh egg pasta is well known in the Piedmont region and Emilia Romagna region in North Italy. In this area, dough is only made out of egg yolk and flour resulting in a very refined flavour and texture. This pasta is often served simply with butter sauce and thinly sliced truffles that are native to this region. In other areas, such as Apulia, fresh pasta can be made without eggs. The only ingredients needed to make the pasta dough are semolina flour and water, which is often shaped into orecchiette or cavatelli. Fresh pasta for cavatelli is also popular in other places including Sicily. However, the dough is prepared differently: it is made of flour and ricotta cheese instead.


title: Pasta

text: Dried pasta can also be defined as factory-made pasta because it is usually produced in large amounts that require large machines with superior processing capabilities to manufacture. Dried pasta is mainly shipped over to farther locations and has a longer shelf life. The ingredients required to make dried pasta include semolina flour and water. Eggs can be added for flavour and richness, but are not needed to make dried pasta. In contrast to fresh pasta, dried pasta needs to be dried at a low temperature for several days to evaporate all the moisture allowing it to be stored for a longer period. Dried pastas are best served in hearty dishes like ragu sauces, soups, and casseroles. Once it is cooked, the dried pasta will usually grow to twice its original size. Therefore, approximately of dried pasta serves up to four people.


title: Pasta

text: Pasta is generally served with some type of sauce; the sauce and the type of pasta are usually matched based on consistency and ease of eating. Northern Italian cooking uses less tomato sauce, garlic and herbs, and white sauce is more common. However Italian cuisine is best identified by individual regions. Pasta dishes with lighter use of tomato are found in Trentino-Alto Adige and Emilia Romagna. In Bologna, the meat-based Bolognese sauce incorporates a small amount of tomato concentrate and a green sauce called pesto originates from Genoa. In Central Italy, there are sauces such as tomato sauce, , and the egg-based carbonara.


title: Pasta

text: Tomato sauces are also present in Southern Italian cuisine, where they originated. In Southern Italy more complex variations include pasta paired with fresh vegetables, olives, capers or seafood. Varieties include , (tomatoes, eggplant and fresh or baked cheese), (fresh sardines, pine nuts, fennel and olive oil), (literally with garlic, [olive] oil and hot chili peppers), (crispy peppers and breadcrumbs).


title: Pasta

text: Pasta can be served also in broth (, or stuffed pasta like tortellini, and ) or in vegetable soup, typically minestrone or bean soup ().