title: Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2022

text: The contest took place at the Karen Demirchyan Sports and Concerts Complex in Yerevan, the capital and largest city of Armenia. The venue previously hosted the . It was also the third consecutive time the contest is held in a capital city.


title: Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2022

text: Armenia's hosting had been confirmed by the EBU on 21 December 2021, following their win at the two days before. Originally, unlike in the Eurovision Song Contest, the winning country did not receive the automatic rights to host the next contest. However, since , each contest has been hosted by the previous year's winning country. The venue was revealed on 17 February 2022 during a cabinet meeting of the Armenian government, where Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan made the announcement. Pashinyan also mentioned that the government had allocated funds to the venue to prepare for the event. It was already reported earlier in that week that Yerevan would be the host city.


title: Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2022

text: Iveta Mukuchyan, Garik Papoyan and Karina Ignatyan were the presenters of the show. Ignatyan was the Armenian entrant in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2019, and Mukuchyan was the Armenian entrant in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016. The hosts were revealed on 18 November. Robin the Robot, a robot with artificial emotions developed by Armenian IT company Expper Technologies, was revealed as the guest presenter on 1 December. Robin was the first non-human host in Eurovision history.


title: Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2022

text: The reveal of the contest's theme art had been delayed due to the September clashes between Armenia and Azerbaijan. In a press release, AMPTV stated that "preparations for the contest are ongoing, and according to the schedule, it was no longer possible to change the deadlines", while expressing hope that the contest will be held in peaceful conditions. The theme art and slogan for the contest, "Spin the Magic", was later revealed on 26 September 2022. The artwork features an Armenian-styled spinning top as the main motif.


title: Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2022

text: The opening of the show featured the traditional flag parade, with all participants performing the common song "Spin the Magic". During the interval, Maléna performed her new single "Can’t Feel Anything", followed by Rosa Linn performing "Snap", with which she in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022. Closing the interval, ten previous Junior Eurovision winners performed their winning songs, for the occasion of the 20th edition of the event, alongside Maléna: Bzikebi (), Ralf Mackenbach (), Vladimir Arzumanyan (), Candy (), Gaia Cauchi (), Vincenzo Cantiello (), Destiny Chukunyere (), Mariam Mamadashvili (), Viki Gabor (), and Valentina (). The other eight winning songs were performed by the Tavush Diocese Children’s Choir.


title: Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2022

text: Contestants were featured in "postcard" video introductions, set in different locations across Armenia. Each began with a short clip of the upcoming performer using the Armenian-style spinning top on a particular piece of structure. Following that, a stream of light in the colours of the upcoming country's flag emanated from the structure and traveled to the Karen Demirchyan Sports and Concerts Complex, signalling the start of the upcoming performance.


title: Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2022

text: On 26 September 2022, the EBU announced that 16 countries would participate in the contest. After a 16-year hiatus, the returned to the contest, with the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) replacing ITV, who previously organised the country’s participation in the contest between 2003 and 2005. , , and did not return after having participated in 2021, with the latter's broadcasters having been indefinitely suspended from the EBU. Prior to the contest, the songs from each of the participating countries were featured on a compilation album titled "Junior Eurovision Song Contest: Yerevan 2022", put together by the EBU and released on 30 November 2022 by Universal Music.


title: Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2022

text: As the event began, the United Kingdom's Freya Skye was unable to sing live for the rehearsal that was filmed before the voting opened due to medical reasons, and playback was used. The issue continued into the jury show, where footage from the first rehearsal was used as a replacement. During the jury show, camera and in-ear device issues were reported for Serbia's Katarina Savić, who was allowed to perform again after the scheduled final performance of Ukraine's Zlata Dziunka. On the day of the contest, it was announced that Savić would not be performing live due to medical issues, and that footage from her jury show performance would be used instead.


title: Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2022

text: 's Lissandro was the winner of the contest with the song "". This was France's second victory in the contest, having last won in .


title: Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2022

text: The 12 points from the juries were announced live by a spokesperson from each country. Countries that did not provide their own spokesperson had their 12 points announced by a former winner or participant.


title: Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2022

text: For a country to be eligible for potential participation in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest, it needs to be an active member of the EBU.


title: .30-06 Springfield

text: The .30-06 Springfield cartridge (pronounced "thirty-aught-six" ), 7.62×63mm in metric notation, and called the .30 Gov't '06 by Winchester, was introduced to the United States Army in 1906 and later standardized; it remained in military use until the late 1970s. The ".30" refers to the caliber of the bullet in inches. The "06" refers to the year the cartridge was adopted, 1906. It replaced the .30-03, 6mm Lee Navy, and .30-40 Krag cartridges. The .30-06 remained the U.S. Army's primary rifle and machine gun cartridge for nearly 50 years before being replaced by the 7.62×51mm NATO and 5.56×45mm NATO, both of which remain in current U.S. and NATO service. It remains a very popular sporting round, with ammunition produced by all major manufacturers.


title: .30-06 Springfield

text: In the early-1890s, the U.S. military adopted the smokeless powder .30-40 Krag rimmed cartridge. The 1894 version of that cartridge used a round-nose bullet. Around 1901, the U.S. started developing an experimental rimless cartridge for a Mauser action with a box magazine. That led to the 1903 .30-03 rimless service round that used the same round-nose bullet as the Krag. The .30-03 achieved a muzzle velocity of .


title: .30-06 Springfield

text: Many European militaries at the beginning of the 20th century were adopting lighter-weight (roughly ), higher velocity, service rounds with pointed (spitzer) bullets: France in 1898 (8mm Lebel "Balle D" spitzer with boat-tail), Germany in 1903 (7.92×57mm Mauser "S Patrone"), Russia in 1908 (7.62×54mmR "Lyokhkaya pulya" [light bullet]), and Britain in 1910 (.303 British Mark VII ). Consequently, the round-nosed U.S. .30-03 service cartridge was falling behind.


title: .30-06 Springfield

text: For these reasons, the U.S. military developed a new, lighter cartridge in 1906, the .30-06 Springfield, "cartridge, ball, caliber .30, Model of 1906", or just "M1906". The .30-03 case was modified to have a slightly shorter neck to fire a spitzer flat-based bullet that had a ballistic coefficient (G1 BC) of approximately 0.405, a muzzle velocity of , and a muzzle energy of . The cartridge was loaded with military rifle (MR) 21 propellant, and its maximum range was claimed (falsely) to be . The M1903 Springfield rifle, which had been introduced alongside the .30-03 cartridge, was modified to accept the new .30-06 Springfield cartridge. Modifications to the rifle included shortening the barrel at its breech and resizing the chamber, so that the more tapered bullet would not have to jump too far to reach the rifling. Other changes to the rifle included the elimination of the troublesome "rod bayonet" of the earlier Springfield rifles.


title: .30-06 Springfield

text: The M1906 maximum range was originally overstated. When the M1906 cartridge was developed, the range tests had been done to only ; distances beyond that were estimated, but the estimate for extreme range was incorrect by almost 40 percent. The range discrepancy became evident during World War I. Before the widespread employment of light mortars and artillery, long-range machine gun "barrage" or indirect fires were considered important in U.S. infantry tactics. When the U.S. entered World War I, it did not have many machine guns, so it acquired British and French machine guns. When those weapons were later replaced with U.S. machine guns firing the M1906 round, the effective range of the barrage was 50 percent less. Firing tests performed around 1918 at Borden Brook Reservoir (Massachusetts), Miami, and Daytona Beach showed the actual maximum range of the M1906 cartridge to be . Germany, which was using the "S Patrone" (S ball cartridge) loaded with a similar flat-based bullet in its rifles, had apparently confronted and solved the same problem by developing an aerodynamically more refined bullet for long-range machine gun use. The "s.S. Patrone" was introduced in 1914 and used a "s.S. – schweres Spitzgeschoß" (heavy spitzer) boat-tail bullet which had a maximum range of approximately .


title: .30-06 Springfield

text: For these reasons, in 1926, the ordnance corps, after extensive testing of 7.5×55mm Swiss GP11 projectiles provided by the Swiss, developed the .30 M1 ball cartridge loaded with a new improved military rifle (IMR) 1185 propellant and bullet with a 9° boat-tail and an ogive of 7 calibers nose cone that had a higher ballistic coefficient of roughly 0.494 (G1 BC), that achieved a muzzle velocity of and muzzle energy of . This bullet further reduced air resistance in flight, resulting in less rapid downrange deceleration, less lateral drift caused by crosswinds, and significantly greater supersonic and maximum effective range from machine guns and rifles alike. Additionally, a gilding metal jacket was developed that all but eliminated the metal fouling that plagued the earlier M1906 cartridge.


title: .30-06 Springfield

text: The loaded round weighed and its maximum range was approximately . The maximum average pressure (MAP) was . The average target radius was specified to be not greater than at and not greater than at when fired from a Mann accuracy weapon.


title: .30-06 Springfield

text: Wartime surplus totaled over two billion rounds of ammunition. Army regulations called for training use of the oldest ammunition first. As a result, the older .30-06 ammunition was expended for training; stocks of .30 M1 ball ammunition were allowed to slowly grow until all of the older M1906 ammunition had been fired. By 1936, it was discovered that the maximum range of the .30 M1 ball ammunition with its boat-tailed spitzer bullets was beyond the safety limitations of many military firing ranges. An emergency order was made to manufacture quantities of ammunition that matched the external ballistics of the earlier M1906 cartridge as soon as possible. A new cartridge was developed in 1938 that was essentially a duplicate of the old M1906 round, but loaded with IMR 4895 propellant and a new flat-based bullet that had a gilding metal jacket and a different lead alloy, and weighed instead of . This 1938 pattern cartridge, the cartridge, caliber .30, ball, M2, achieved a muzzle velocity of and muzzle energy of . The loaded round weighed and its maximum range was approximately . The MAP was . The average target radius was specified to be not greater than at and not greater than at .


title: .30-06 Springfield

text: In military service, the .30-06 was used in the bolt-action M1903 Springfield rifle, the bolt-action M1917 Enfield rifle, the semi-automatic M1 Garand rifle, the semi-automatic M1941 Johnson rifle, the Famage Mauser, the Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR), and numerous machine guns, including the M1917 and M1919 series. It served the United States in both World Wars and in the Korean war, and its last major use was during the Vietnam war.


title: .30-06 Springfield

text: The Belgian army (ABL) bought the FN Model 1949 rifle in .30-06 caliber (both as a sniper version with telescopic sights and as a general service weapon). The Belgium armed forces used the round widely in the Korean war, where the .30-06 caliber FN-49 proved to be a superior weapon in terms of both accuracy and reliability to the American M1 Garand. The .30-06 FN-49 saw widespread use in the various wars in and around the Belgian Congo. The 30-06 FN-49 was also sold to the armies of Luxembourg, Indonesia, and Colombia. Another customer was Brazil where it served the navy.


title: .30-06 Springfield

text: Large volumes of surplus brass made it the basis for dozens of commercial and wildcat cartridges, as well as being extensively used for reloading. In 1908 the Model 1895 Winchester lever-action rifle became the first commercially-produced sporting rifle chambered in .30-06 Springfield. It is still a very common round for hunting and is suitable for large game such as bison, Sambar deer, and bear, when used at close to medium ranges.


title: .30-06 Springfield

text: In 1903, the Army converted its M1900 Gatling guns in .30 Army to fit the new .30-03 cartridge as the M1903. The later M1903-'06 was an M1903 converted to .30-06. This conversion was principally carried out at the Army's Springfield Armory arsenal repair shops. All models of Gatling guns were declared obsolete by the U.S. Army in 1911, after 45 years of service.


title: .30-06 Springfield

text: With "hot" handloads and a rifle capable of handling them, the .30-06 is capable of performance rivaling many magnum cartridges. However, when loaded more closely to the original government specs, .30-06 remains within the upper limit of felt recoil most shooters consider tolerable over multiple rounds, unlike the magnums, and is not unnecessarily destructive of meat on game such as deer. With appropriate loads, it is suitable for any small or large heavy game found in North America. The .30-06's power and versatility (combined with the availability of surplus firearms chambered for it and demand for commercial ammunition) have kept the round as one of the most popular for hunting in North America.


title: .30-06 Springfield

text: The .30-06 cartridge was designed when shots of were expected. In 1906, the original M1906 .30-06 cartridge consisted of a , flat-base cupronickel-jacketed-bullet. After World War I, the U.S. military needed better long-range performance machine guns. Based on weapons performance reports from Europe, a streamlined, boattail, gilding-metal bullet was used. The .30-06 cartridge, with the bullet was called "cartridge, .30, M1 ball". The .30-06 cartridge was far more powerful than the smaller Japanese 6.5×50mm Arisaka cartridge and comparable to the Japanese 7.7×58mm Arisaka. The new M1 ammunition proved to be significantly more accurate than the M1906 round.


title: .30-06 Springfield

text: In 1938, the unstained, , flat-base bullet combined with the .30-06 case became the M2 ball cartridge. The M2 ball specifications required minimum velocity, measured from the muzzle. M2 ball was the standard-issue ammunition for military rifles and machine guns until it was replaced by the 7.62×51mm NATO round in 1954. For rifle use, M2 ball ammunition proved to be less accurate than the earlier M1 cartridge; even with match rifles, a target group of diameter at using the M2 bullet was considered optimal, and many rifles did not perform nearly as well. The U.S. Marine Corps retained stocks of M1 ammunition for use by snipers and trained marksmen throughout the Solomon Islands campaign in the early years of the war.


title: .30-06 Springfield

text: In an effort to increase accuracy some snipers resorted to use of the heavier .30-06 M2 armor-piercing round, a practice that re-emerged during the Korean War. Others sought out lots of M2 ammunition produced by Denver Ordnance, which had proved to be more accurate than those produced by other wartime ammunition plants when used for sniping at long range. With regards to penetration, the M2 AP round can penetrate at least of armor steel at . A test done by Brass Fetchers shows that M2 AP can actually penetrate up to of MIL-A-12560 armor steel from a distance of . The round struck the plate at a velocity of 2,601 fps and made a complete penetration.


title: .30-06 Springfield

text: Commercially manufactured rifles chambered in .30-06 are popular for hunting. Current .30-06 factory ammunition varies in bullet weight from in solid bullets, and as low as with the use of a sub-caliber bullet in a sabot. Loads are available with reduced velocity and pressure as well as increased velocity and pressure for stronger firearms. The .30-06 remains one of the most popular sporting cartridges in the world. Many hunting loads have over of energy at the muzzle and use expanding bullets that can deliver rapid energy transfer to targets.


title: .30-06 Springfield

text: The table above shows typical muzzle velocities available in commercial 30-06 loads along with the maximum .30-06 muzzle velocities reported by several reloading manuals for common bullet weights. Hodgdon, Nosler, and Barnes report velocities for barrels. Hornady and Speer report velocities for barrels. The data are all for barrels with a twist rate of 1 turn in which is needed to stabilize the heaviest bullets. The higher muzzle velocities reported by Nosler for and heavier bullets use loads employing a slow-burning, double-base powder (Alliant Reloder 22).


title: .30-06 Springfield

text: The newer 7.62×51mm NATO/.308 Winchester cartridge offers similar performance to standard military .30-06 loadings in a smaller cartridge.


title: .30-06 Springfield

text: One reason that the .30-06 has remained a popular round for so long is that the cartridge is at the upper limit of power that is tolerable to most shooters. Recoil energy (free recoil) greater than will cause most shooters to develop a serious flinch, and the recoil energy of an rifle firing a 30-06 bullet at is . Recoil-shy shooters can opt for lighter bullets, such as a bullet. In the same rifle, a bullet at will only generate of recoil energy. Young shooters can start out with even lighter bullets weighing .


title: .30-06 Springfield

text: The .30-06 Springfield cartridge case can hold of water and has a volume of . The exterior shape of the case was designed to promote reliable case feeding and extraction in bolt-action rifles and machine guns alike, under extreme conditions.


title: .30-06 Springfield

text: Americans defined the shoulder angle at alpha/2 = 17.5 degrees. According to the "Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives" (C.I.P.) the common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 254 mm (1 in 10 in), 4 grooves, Ø lands = 7.62 mm (.30 in), Ø grooves = 7.82 mm (.308 in), land width = 4.49 mm (.1768 in) and the primer type is large rifle.


title: .30-06 Springfield

text: According to the official C.I.P. guidelines, the .30-06 Springfield case can handle up to 405 MPa (58,740 psi) piezo pressure. In C.I.P.-regulated countries, every rifle cartridge combination has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. The 8×64mm S is the closest European ballistic twin of the .30-06 Springfield.


title: .30-06 Springfield

text: Although the .30-06 was designed as a military round, it soon caught the attention of big game hunters in the United States. This new cartridge offered a flatter trajectory and carried more energy than the popular .30-30 Winchester. The .30-06 also could be loaded with the then new spitzer designed projectiles, which also contributed to extending the cartridge's performance with respect to other .30 caliber bullets fired from lever action rifles, making it easier to put venison on the table.


title: .30-06 Springfield

text: "The .30-06 is never a mistake". In fact, it is a very versatile round that may be loaded with bullets ranging from 110 to 220 grains, which may be effectively stabilized from 1:10" twist barrels. Thus, the cartridge may be used to hunt animals of different sizes from varmint to moose and even brown bears with adequately constructed heavy bullets. Since the cartridge may be used for taking all North American big game species it was considered an all-round by hunters and gun writers as Jack O'Connor, who hunted extensively with it.


title: .30-06 Springfield

text: President Theodore Roosevelt took a .30-06 to his famous African Safari along with his son Kermit and Frederick Coerteney Selous, proving that the .30-06 could bring down game of any size. Though not optimal for dangerous game, the .30-06 is adequate for hunting African plains game.


title: .30-06 Springfield

text: With 150-grain bullets, the .30-06 Springfield is a perfect option for medium-sized game such as deer and sheep. Leaving the muzzle at 2950 fps, it gives the hunter a maximum point blank range slightly short of 300 yards. The 165 and 168-grain bullets with higher ballistic coefficient contribute to buck cross winds more efficiently and maintain downrange energy at expense of a more curved trajectory, while loaded with 180 to 220 grains, the .30-06 is adequate for hunting larger game such as elk, moose, and even brown bears.


title: .30-06 Springfield

text: The .30-06 is also the parent case for many other popular hunting cartridges such as the venerable .270 Winchester, the .25-06 Remington, the .280 Remington, the .280 Ackley Improved. All of them are balanced, flat-shooting cartridges ranking high among the most popular big game hunting cartridge for mid-sized species worldwide.


title: .30-06 Springfield

text: Despite the new trend towards high ballistic coefficient cartridges, designed to be used with short length actions, hunters still praise the .30-06 as it still lists high on the rank of big game hunting cartridges popularity, and every major gun maker worldwide chambers it at least one of its rifles.


title: .30-06 Springfield

text: "Note:" .30-06 cartridges are produced commercially with many different bullets and to a number of different specifications.


title: .30-06 Springfield

text: The .30-06 round was replaced by the 7.62×51mm NATO round in 1954. However, it remained in limited use in the army reserves and national guard for some time; Frankford Arsenal only stopped production in 1961, and Lake City Army Ammunition Plant was making .30-06 until the late 1970s, with new production batches in 1993 and 2002.


title: .30-06 Springfield

text: The "T" (Trials) designation is the code number it had when it was under development and testing. The "M" (Model) designation is the number it received when it was made standard-issue. Issued bullets before 1934 used the year of adoption as their model number.


title: .30-06 Springfield

text: The .30-06 (or "caliber .30") cartridge was adopted in 1940 during the beginnings of the Lend-Lease program in anticipation of using American weapons in front-line service. The British used American-made ammunition during the war, which was designated as "cartridge S.A, .30" to avoid confusing it with their own .303 British service round. It was used after the war as belted machinegun ammunition by the Royal Armored Corps and was not declared obsolete until October, 1993. The "z" after the numeral indicates that it used a nitrocellulose propellant rather than cordite. Marks of ammunition were originally designated with Roman numerals (i.e., .303 Ball Mark VII), but were replaced with Arabic numerals by 1945 (i.e., .303 Ball MK 7).


title: .30-06 Springfield

text: The .30-06 round was adopted in 1949 for use in American war surplus military aid weapons like the M1 Garand and M1919 medium machinegun. Military production was from the 1950s to the mid-1960s, while export production to French Union nations lasted until the late 1980s. Cartridge cases were softer than US specifications to prohibit their being recovered and reloaded by insurgents.


title: Bill Hudson (singer)

text: William Louis Hudson Jr. (born October 17, 1949) is an American musician and actor. He was a vocalist in The Hudson Brothers, a band he formed in 1965 with his two younger brothers, Brett and Mark. He later had a brief acting career, appearing in supporting roles in "Zero to Sixty" (1978), "Hysterical" (1983), and "Big Shots" (1987). He also appeared in a recurring guest role on the series "Doogie Howser, M.D.".


title: Bill Hudson (singer)

text: Hudson was born and raised in Portland, Oregon, the eldest of three sons (Brett and Mark are his two younger brothers) born to Eleanor (née Salerno) and William Louis Hudson. His mother was Italian American (his maternal grandfather came from Carlentini, Province of Syracuse, Sicily, Italy). He and his brothers were nephews (by marriage) of actor Keenan Wynn.


title: Bill Hudson (singer)

text: Hudson's father left his family when he was six (famously saying he was going out for a pack of cigarettes), and he stated that his mother had to depend on welfare to support her children. He and his siblings were raised in the Roman Catholic faith.


title: Bill Hudson (singer)

text: As an actor, Hudson appeared in the film "Big Shots" (1987), and three episodes of the television series "Doogie Howser, M.D." from 1989 to 1992.


title: Bill Hudson (singer)

text: In 1974, Hudson dated actress Jill St. John. A year later he became involved with Goldie Hawn, and they married in 1976. Hudson filed for divorce in 1980 and it was finalized two years later. They have two children, Oliver Hudson (b. 1976) and Kate Hudson (b. 1979), who were raised by Hawn and Kurt Russell. Hudson would later accuse Hawn of "willfully alienating" him from their children.


title: Bill Hudson (singer)

text: Hudson married Cindy Williams in 1982 and they had two children, Emily (b. 1982) and Zachary (b. 1986) before divorcing in 2000.


title: Bill Hudson (singer)

text: In 2018, Hudson's son, Oliver, told Larry King that he and his father had begun speaking again after being estranged for many years.


title: Mount Kailash

text: Mount Kailash (also Kailasa; Kangrinboqê or "Gang Rinpoche"; Tibetan: གངས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ; ; , ), is a mountain in the Ngari Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region of China. It has an altitude of . It lies in the Kailash Range (Gangdisê Mountains) of the Transhimalaya, in the western part of the Tibetan Plateau. Mount Kailash is less than 100 km towards the north from the western trijunction of the borders of China, India, and Nepal.


title: Mount Kailash

text: Mount Kailash is located close to Lake Manasarovar and Lake Rakshastal. The sources of four major Asian rivers lie close to this mountain and the two lakes. These rivers are the Indus, the Sutlej, the Brahmaputra, and the Karnali (a tributary of the Ganges). Mount Kailash is considered sacred in four religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Bon.


title: Mount Kailash

text: The mountain is known as “'” (; var. ' ) in Sanskrit. The name also could have been derived from the word “""” (), which means "crystal".


title: Mount Kailash

text: In his Tibetan-English dictionary, Chandra (1902: p. 32) identifies the entry for 'kai la sha' () which is a loan word from Sanskrit.


title: Mount Kailash

text: The Tibetan name for the mountain is Gang Rinpoche (Tibetan: གངས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་; ). "Gang" or "Kang" is the Tibetan word for "snow peak" analogous to or "hima"; "rinpoche" is an honorific meaning "precious one" so the combined term can be translated "precious jewel of snows". Alice Albinia lists some of the names for the mountain, and its religious significance to various faiths:


title: Mount Kailash

text: Another local name for the mountain is Tisé mountain, which derives from "ti tse" in the Zhang-Zhung language, meaning "water peak" or "river peak", connoting the mountain's status as the source of the mythical Lion, Horse, Peacock and Elephant Rivers, and in fact the Indus, Yarlung Tsangpo/Dihang/Brahmaputra, Karnali and Sutlej all begin in the Kailash-Lake Manasarovara region.


title: Mount Kailash

text: The region around Mount Kailash and the Indus headwaters area is typified by wide-scale faulting of metamorphosed late Cretaceous to mid Cenozoic sedimentary rocks which have been intruded by igneous Cenozoic granitic rocks. Mount Kailash appears to be a metasedimentary roof pendant supported by a massive granite base. The Cenozoic rocks represent offshore marine limestones deposited before subduction of the Tethys oceanic crust. These sediments were deposited on the southern margin of the Asia block during subduction of the Tethys oceanic crust before the collision between the Indian and Asian continents.


title: Mount Kailash

text: In Hinduism, it is traditionally recognized as the abode of Shiva, who resided there along with his consort goddess Parvati and their children, Ganesha and Kartikeya.


title: Mount Kailash

text: In the "Uttara Kanda" section of the epic "Ramayana", it is said that Ravana attempted to uproot the Mount Kailash as retaliation to lord Shiva, who in turn, pressed his right big toe upon the mountain, trapping Ravana in between. This version of lord Shiva is also referred to as Ravananugraha, or favour form to Ravana while seated in mount Kailash.


title: Mount Kailash

text: According to the epic "Mahabharata", it is said that the Pandava brothers, along with their wife Draupadi, trekked to the summit of mount Kailash on their path to liberation, as it is considered to be a gateway to Heaven, also known as Swarga Loka.


title: Mount Kailash

text: According to Charles Allen, one description in the Vishnu Purana of the mountain states that its four faces are made of crystal, ruby, gold, and lapis lazuli. It is a pillar of the world and is located at the heart of six mountain ranges symbolizing a lotus.


title: Mount Kailash

text: According to Jain scriptures, "Ashtapada" is the site where the first Jain Tirthankara, Rishabhadeva attained moksha (liberation). In Jain tradition, it is believed that after Rishabhdeva attained nirvana, his son emperor Bharata Chakravartin had constructed three stupas and twenty four shrines of the 24 tirthankaras over there with their idols studded with precious stones and named it "Sinhnishdha".


title: Mount Kailash

text: शिखर समेद जिनेसुर बीस, भावसहित वन्दौं निश दीस ||2||In Jain tradition, the 24th and last Tirthankara, Vardhamana Mahavira, was taken to the summit of Meru by Indra shortly after his birth, after putting his mother Queen Trishala into deep slumber. There he was bathed and anointed with precious unctions.


title: Mount Kailash

text: Mount Kailash (Kailasa) is known as Mount Meru in Buddhist texts. It is central to its cosmology, and a major pilgrimage site for some Buddhist traditions.


title: Mount Kailash

text: Vajrayana Buddhists believe that Mount Kailash is the home of the buddha Cakrasaṃvara (also known as Demchok), who represents supreme bliss.


title: Mount Kailash

text: Numerous sites in the region are associated with Padmasambhava, whose tantric practices in holy sites around Tibet are credited with finally establishing Buddhism as the main religion of the country in the 7th–8th century CE.


title: Mount Kailash

text: It is said that Milarepa (c. 1052 – c. 1135), champion of Vajrayana, arrived in Tibet to challenge Naro Bönchung, champion of the Bön religion of Tibet. The two magicians engaged in a terrifying sorcerers' battle, but neither was able to gain a decisive advantage. Finally, it was agreed that whoever could reach the summit of Kailash most rapidly would be the victor. While Naro Bönchung sat on magic drum and soared up the slope, Milarepa's followers were dumbfounded to see him sitting still and meditating. Yet when Naro Bönchung was nearly at the top, Milarepa suddenly moved into action and overtook him by riding on sunlight, thus winning the contest. He did, however, fling a handful of snow on to the top of a nearby mountain, since known as Bönri, bequeathing it to the Bönpo and thereby ensuring continued Bönpo connections with the region.


title: Mount Kailash

text: Bön, a religion native to Tibet, maintains that the entire mystical region and Kailash, which adherents call the "nine-story Swastika Mountain", is the axis mundi, Tagzig Olmo Lung Ring.


title: Mount Kailash

text: The history of the Mt Kailash pilgrimage is closely tied with the history of the pilgrimage to Lake Manasarovar. For this history, see the section 'History and texts' on the Lake Manasarovar page.


title: Mount Kailash

text: The Sanskrit word for circumambulation of a holy site is 'Parikrama', and the Tibetan word for the same act is 'kora'. Both words are widely used to describe the act of circumambulating Mt Kailash. Pilgrims of several religions believe that doing the parikrama/kora of Mount Kailash on foot is a spiritually beneficial practice that can bring various positive effects, such as the collection of meritorious karma, the cleansing of sins from one's consciousness, and good fortune. The circumambulation is made in a clockwise direction by Hindus, Buddhists, and Jains, while Bönpos circumambulate the mountain in a counterclockwise direction.


title: Mount Kailash

text: In Tibet, the Kailash parikrama/kora begins and ends at Darchen, at an elevation of , a small outpost that swells with pilgrims at certain times of the year. The path around Mount Kailash is long. Walking around the mountain has to be done on foot, pony or domestic yak, and takes some three days of trekking. The highest point on the pilgrimage is the Drölma pass at 5,650m (18,540 feet). One camps on two nights en route: firstlly, near the meadow of Dirapuk gompa, some before the pass, and secondly, after crossing the pass and going as far downhill as possible (while passing by Gauri Kund lake less than a hundred meters below the Drolma La pass). The second night halt is often at Zutulphuk.


title: Mount Kailash

text: Most pilgrims take three days to complete the pilgrimage. Some pilgrims, usually Tibetans or Nepali people from high altitude regions, do it in a single day. Some other pilgrims venture a very demanding regimen, performing body-length prostrations over the entire length of the circumambulation. The pilgrim bends down, kneels, prostrates full-length, makes a mark with her fingers, rises to her knees, prays, and then crawls forward on hands and knees to the mark made by her fingers before repeating the process. With this method, the pilgrimage takes at least three weeks to complete.


title: Mount Kailash

text: The mountain is located in a particularly remote and inhospitable area of the Tibetan Himalayas. A few modern amenities, such as benches, resting places, and refreshment kiosks, exist to aid the pilgrims in their devotion. For varied reasons for the different faiths that revere the mountain, setting foot on Mt Kailash's slopes and attempting to climb it is forbidden.


title: Mount Kailash

text: In 1926, Hugh Ruttledge studied the north face, which he estimated was 6,000 feet (1,800 m) high and "utterly unclimbable" and thought about an ascent of the northeast ridge, but he ran out of time. Ruttledge had been exploring the area with Colonel R. C. Wilson, who was on the other side of the mountain with his Sherpa named Tseten. Wilson said that Tseten told him: "'Sahib, we can climb that!' ... as he too saw that this [the SE ridge] represented a feasible route to the summit." Wilson went on to explain that although he was serious about climbing Kailash, he ran into unexpected difficulties: "Just when I discovered an easy walk to the summit of the mountain, heavy snow began to fall, making the ascent impossible."


title: Mount Kailash

text: Herbert Tichy was in the area in 1936, attempting to climb Gurla Mandhata. When he asked one of the Garpons of Ngari whether Kailash was climbable, the Garpon replied: "Only a man entirely free of sin could climb Kailash. And he wouldn't have to actually scale the sheer walls of ice to do it – he'd just turn himself into a bird and fly to the summit."


title: Mount Kailash

text: Reinhold Messner was given the opportunity by the Chinese government to climb in the mid-1980s. But he declined, saying “If we conquer this mountain, then we conquer something in people's souls.”


title: Mount Kailash

text: In 2001, reports emerged that the Chinese government had given permission for a Spanish team to climb the peak, which caused an international backlash. Chinese authorities disputed the reports, and stated that any climbing activities on Mt Kailash were strictly prohibited.


title: Mount Kailash

text: Since the 1980s, the numbers of pilgrims going on a Kailash pilgrimage annually has grown considerably. In 2007, over 70,000 people visited the area around Mount Kailash and the two holy lakes nearby. Most of them were pilgrims, and these included about 18,000 foreign visitors (foreign here implying non-Tibetan/non-Chinese). In the years just before the COVID-19 pandemic, several thousand pilgrims from India were going to this pilgrimage every year, mostly through Nepal. While many more aspire to undertake this pilgrimage, it remains out of reach for most due to high expenses; the risks and difficulties posed by the remoteness of Mt Kailash and the high-altitude of the pilgrimage route, and the unpredictable closures of this pilgrimage due to adverse developments in the regional geopolitics.


title: Mount Kailash

text: Every year, Kailash pilgrimage is possible only between April and mid-October. April-June and September-October are recommended periods for the pilgrimage; in July and August, monsoonal rains can make the circumambulation somewhat challenging. Between late October and early April, the winter conditions can be extremely severe in this high, windswept corner of Tibet, and generally make the pilgrimage impossible.


title: Mount Kailash

text: For all foreigners, including pilgrims from India and Nepal, passports and specific Chinese visas valid for the Kailash pilgrimage are necessary.


title: Mount Kailash

text: Indian pilgrims have the option of going either through the annual Kailash pilgrimages organised by the Government of India's Ministry of External Affairs (MEA), or through private groups organised by various travel companies. For the pilgrimages organised by the Government of India, a person has to be an Indian citizen with a passport valid for at least six months as on September 1 of the current year, besides certain other conditions. The selection of candidates by the government is done through a "fair computer-generated, random, gender-balanced selection process", through which the selected candidates are also assigned either of the two routes to Kailash currently open through India: the Lipu Lekh pass in Uttarakhand and the Nathu La pass in Sikkim. No private travel companies are allowed to conduct the Kailash-Manasarovar pilgrimage via these two routes. In each batch of Kailash Manasarovar Yatra organised by the Government of India, an Indian government official accompanies the group as a Liaison Officer.


title: Mount Kailash

text: The groups organised by travel companies usually go through Nepal. People from all nationalities can go in these groups. Anyone who has the valid documents and can pay, can go with such groups. Generally, there are fewer medical requirements involved in going to Kailash-Manasarovar with private travel companies.


title: Mount Kailash

text: For private travel companies, both in Nepal and in Tibet (China), another important route to Kailash is the one via Lhasa. In this one, pilgrims first arrive at Lhasa by road, flight or other means, and from there they make a four-day road journey to Lake Manasarovar or Darchen. Other than the Lipu Lekh route through India and the Humla route through Nepal, all the major routes to Kailash through Tibet - from Lhasa, Zangmu, Gyirong, and Nathu La - involve 3-4 days of long drives through the high-altitude Tibetan plateau and some mountain ranges on it, to reach to Darchen.


title: Mount Kailash

text: Climate change due to global warming is happening three times faster on the Tibetan Plateau than anywhere else in the world. Mount Kailash is located in a mountain range upon the Tibetan Plateau, near the plateau's western edges. According to local observers, the land around Mount Kailash has been growing warmer in recent years; the pilgrimage season isn't as cold as it used to be. According to available data from the region, glaciers are retreating, lakes are shrinking, the amount of barren land is increasing, and the eventual thawing of the permafrost in this region may lead to uncertain effects on water resources and carbon cycles. The intergovernmental organisation ICIMOD is involved in ongoing efforts to generate knowledge on the ecological, social, and economic effects of climate change, and sustainable ways to cope with them, in the Chinese region around Mt Kailash and the bordering areas of Uttarakhand (India) and western Nepal, in a transboundary project called the Kailash Sacred Landscape Conservation and Development Initiative.


title: James May

text: James Daniel May (born 16 January 1963) is an English television presenter and journalist. He is best known as a co-presenter of the motoring programme "Top Gear" alongside Jeremy Clarkson and Richard Hammond from 2003 until 2015. He also served as a director of the production company W. Chump & Sons, which has since ceased operating. He is a co-presenter of the television series "The Grand Tour" for Amazon Prime Video, alongside his former "Top Gear" colleagues, Clarkson and Hammond, as well as "Top Gear's" former executive producer Andy Wilman.


title: James May

text: May has presented other programmes on themes including science and technology, toys, wine culture, and the plight of manliness in modern times. He wrote a weekly column for "The Daily Telegraph"s motoring section from 2003 to 2011.


title: James May

text: James Daniel May was born in Bristol, the son of aluminium factory manager James May and his wife Kathleen. He was one of four children; he has two sisters and a brother. May attended Caerleon Endowed Junior School in Newport. He spent his teenage years in South Yorkshire where he attended Oakwood Comprehensive School in Rotherham and was a choirboy at Whiston Parish Church.


title: James May

text: May studied music at Pendle College, Lancaster University, where he learned to play the flute and piano. After graduating, May briefly worked at a hospital in Chelsea as a records officer, and had a short stint in the civil service.


title: James May

text: During the early 1980s, May worked as a sub-editor for "The Engineer" and later "Autocar" magazine, from which he was dismissed for performing a prank. He has since written for several publications, including the regular column "England Made Me" in "Car Magazine", articles for "Top Gear" magazine, and a weekly column in "The Daily Telegraph".


title: James May

text: He has written the book "May on Motors" (2006), which is a collection of his published articles, and co-authored "Oz and James's Big Wine Adventure" (2006), based on the TV series of the same name. He wrote the afterword to "Long Lane with Turnings", published in September 2006, the final book by motoring writer L. J. K. Setright. In the same month, he co-presented a tribute to Raymond Baxter. "Notes From The Hard Shoulder" and "James May's 20th Century", a book to accompany the television series of the same name, were published in 2007.


title: James May

text: In an interview with Richard Allinson on BBC Radio 2, May confessed that in 1992 he was dismissed from "Autocar" magazine after putting together an acrostic in one issue. At the end of the year, the magazine's "Road Test Yearbook" supplement was published. Each spread featured four reviews and each review started with a large red letter (known in typography as an initial). May's role was to put the entire supplement together.


title: James May

text: To alleviate the tedium, May wrote each review such that the initials on the first four spreads read "ROAD", "TEST", "YEAR" and "BOOK". Subsequent spreads seemingly had random letters, starting with "SOYO" and "UTHI"; when punctuated these letters spelt out the message: "So you think it's really good, yeah? You should try making the bloody thing up; it's a real pain in the arse."


title: James May

text: His past television credits include presenting "Driven" on Channel 4 in 1998, narrating an eight-part BBC One series called "Road Rage School", and co-hosting the ITV1 coverage of the "2006 London Boat Show." He also wrote and presented a Christmas special called "James May's Top Toys" (for BBC One). "" attempted to investigate the gender divide of toy appeal. In series 3, episode 3 of Gordon Ramsay's "The F Word", May managed to beat Ramsay in eating bull penis and rotten shark and with his fish pie recipe.


title: James May

text: May was briefly a co-presenter of the original "Top Gear" series in 1999, during an interview in 2020, Jeremy Clarkson claimed that the show's original producers had decided to replace him with May in 1999, though they felt dissatisfied with May as he was soon fired in 2000, shortly before the entire program was cancelled the following year. Clarkson recalls May's firing in 2000 caused him to retreat into alcoholism for a brief period of time. Following the first season of the show's relaunch in 2002, Clarkson managed to convince Andrew Wilman to rehire him to replace Jason Dawe. He first co-presented the revived series of "Top Gear" in its second series in 2003, where he earned the nickname "Captain Slow" owing to his careful driving style. Despite this sobriquet, he has done some especially high-speed driving – in the 2007 series he took a Bugatti Veyron to its top speed of , then in 2010 he achieved in the Veyron's newer 16.4 Super Sport edition. In an earlier episode he also tested the original version of the Bugatti Veyron against the Pagani Zonda F.


title: James May

text: May, along with co-presenter Jeremy Clarkson and an Icelandic support crew, travelled by car to the magnetic North Pole in 2007, using a modified Toyota Hilux. In the words of Clarkson, he was the first person to go there "who didn't want to be there". He also drove a modified Toyota Hilux up the side of the erupting volcano Eyjafjallajökull.


title: James May

text: Following the BBC's decision not to renew Jeremy Clarkson's contract with the show on 25 March 2015, May stated in April 2015 that he would not continue to present "Top Gear" as part of a new line-up of presenters.


title: James May

text: May presented "Inside Killer Sharks", a documentary for Sky, and "James May's 20th Century", investigating inventions. He flew in a Royal Air Force Eurofighter Typhoon at a speed of around 1320 mph (2124 km/h) for his television programme, "James May's 20th Century". In late 2008, the BBC broadcast "James May's Big Ideas", a three-part series in which May travelled around the globe in search of implementations for concepts widely considered science fiction. He has also presented a series called "James May's Man Lab". In 2013, May narrated "To Space & Back", a documentary on the influence of developments in space exploration on modern technology produced by Sky-Skan and The Franklin Institute.


title: James May

text: "James May on the Moon" (BBC 2, 2009) commemorated 40 years since man first landed on the moon. This was followed by another documentary on BBC Four called "James May at the Edge of Space", where May was flown to the stratosphere (70,000 ft) in a US Air Force Lockheed U-2 spy plane. Highlights of the footage from the training for the flight, and the flight itself was used in "James May on the Moon", but was shown fully in this programme. This made him one of the highest flying people, along with the pilot, at that time, after the crew of the International Space Station.


title: James May

text: Beginning in October 2009, May presented a 6-part TV series showing favourite toys of the past era and whether they can be applied in the modern-day. The toys featured were Airfix, Plasticine, Meccano, Scalextric, Lego and Hornby. In each show, May attempts to take each toy to its limits, also fulfilling several of his boyhood dreams in the process. In August 2009, May built a full-sized house out of Lego at Denbies Wine Estate in Surrey. Plans for Legoland to move it to their theme park fell through in September 2009 because costs to deconstruct, move and then rebuild were too high and despite a final Facebook appeal for someone to take it, it was demolished on 22 September, with the plastic bricks planned to be donated to charity.


title: James May

text: Also for the series, he recreated the banked track at Brooklands using Scalextric track, and an attempt at the world's longest working model railway along the Tarka Trail between Barnstaple and Bideford in North Devon, although the attempt was foiled due to parts of the track being stolen and vandals placing coins on the track, causing a short circuit. Later, in 2011, May tried for the record again, proposing a race between German model railroad enthusiasts and their British counterparts. The two teams would start at opposite ends along double tracked mainline. This time, the effort succeeded with both teams successfully running three trains the entire route.


title: James May

text: In December 2012 aired a special Christmas Episode called "Flight Club", where James and his team built a huge toy glider that flew 22 miles (35 km) from Devon to the island of Lundy.


title: James May

text: In 2013, May created a life-size, fully functional motorcycle and sidecar made entirely out of the construction toy Meccano. Joined by Oz Clarke, he then completed a full lap of the Isle of Man TT Course, a full mile-long circuit.


title: James May

text: In late 2006, the BBC broadcast "Oz and James's Big Wine Adventure", a series in which May, a committed bitter drinker, travelled around France with wine expert Oz Clarke. A second series was broadcast in late 2007, this time with May and Clarke in the Californian wine country, and was followed by a third series in 2009 called "Oz and James Drink to Britain".


title: James May

text: In January 2020, May hosted a travel documentary named "James May: Our Man in Japan", the 6-episode series was released on Amazon Prime Video and follows May's journey from the north end of Japan to its south. Over the course of three months, May explores and participate in many activities to truly understand the country which has intrigued him for a long time. During the trip through major cities like Tokyo and Kyoto, he is accompanied by a cast of different guides and translators.


title: James May

text: A second series, "James May: Our Man in Italy", is a travel documentary with May on a journey throughout the regions of Italy from Palermo to the Dolomites on a trip exploring the culture, food, and more.


title: James May

text: May created Head Squeeze (now renamed "BBC Earth Lab"; May no longer features as a presenter). The channel is a mix of science, technology, history and current affairs. The first video was published in December 2012. Videos are produced by 360 Production for BBC Worldwide.


title: James May

text: May created his own YouTube channel, titled "JM's Unemployment Tube", in 2015 after "Top Gear" was postponed by the BBC following Jeremy Clarkson's dismissal. Mainly featuring cooking videos filmed from his kitchen, as well as mock builds of Airfix models, the channel has over 230,000 subscribers as of March 2021. His most recent video was posted on this channel on the 20th of February 2021.


title: James May

text: In 2016, May launched, with his former Top Gear presenters, a social network for motoring fans called DriveTribe.


title: James May

text: In 2019, May moved on to created videos on a Drivetribe spin-off brand Foodtribe (replacing JM's Unemployment Tube) frequently using a small, bedsit-like kitchen setup called "The Bug-out Bunker". The channel has since been rebranded as "What Next?"


title: James May

text: May became an Internet meme when one of his Foodtribe videos went viral. In it, May makes two cheese sandwiches, during which, May utters the word "cheese". The quote went viral, and was used in various memes and image macros.


title: James May

text: May lives in Hammersmith, West London, with art critic Sarah Frater, with whom he has been in a relationship since 2000. In July 2010 May was awarded an honorary doctorate by Lancaster University, where he had previously studied music. He holds a Doctor of Letters degree.


title: James May

text: In August 2014, May was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to "The Guardian" expressing their hope that Scotland would vote against independence from the United Kingdom in September's referendum on that issue.


title: James May

text: In June 2016 he supported Remain in the EU referendum. May has described his political leanings as "liberal".


title: James May

text: In 2020 May bought half the ownership of a pub in Swallowcliffe, Wiltshire called The Royal Oak which dates from the early 18th century and is a Grade II listed historic site.


title: James May

text: May has owned many cars including a 2005 Saab 9-5 Aero, Bentley T2, Rolls-Royce Phantom, Triumph 2000, Rover P6, Alfa Romeo 164, 1971 Rolls-Royce Corniche, Triumph Vitesse, Jaguar XJS, 1992 Range Rover Classic Vogue, Fiat Panda, Datsun 120Y, Vauxhall Cavalier Mk1, a Ferrari 308 GTB, a 2015 Toyota Mirai, Ferrari F430, Ferrari 458 Italia, 1984 Porsche 911, 2005 (which he claims is the first car he has ever purchased new).


title: James May

text: May currently owns a 2010 Porsche 911 Carrera S facelift, a 2016 BMW i3, a 2018 Alpine A110, a 2019 Tesla Model S 100D, a 2021 Toyota Mirai, a 2015 Ferrari 458 Speciale which he ordered following his exit from "Top Gear" and the VW Beach Buggy used in The Grand Tour Special "The Beach Buggy Boys". He often uses a Brompton folding bicycle for commuting. He passed his driving test on his second attempt and justified this by saying "All the best people pass the second time".


title: James May

text: May obtained a light aircraft pilot's licence in October 2006, having trained at White Waltham Airfield. He has owned a , a Cessna A185E Skywagon, and an American Champion 8KCAB Super Decathlon with registration G-OCOK, which serves as a reference to a common phrase attributed to him.


title: Killings of Tylee Ryan and J. J. Vallow

text: Tylee Ashlyn Ryan (September 24, 2002 – September 9, 2019) and Joshua Jaxon "J. J." Vallow (May 25, 2012 – September 23, 2019) were two American children from Chandler, Arizona, who disappeared in September 2019 and whose remains were found buried in shallow graves on June 9, 2020 in Rexburg, Idaho, in their stepfather Chad Daybell's backyard. Tylee was last seen alive at Yellowstone National Park on September 8, 2019. Her younger adopted brother, J.J., was last seen alive on September 23, 2019, at Rexburg's Kennedy Elementary School. He was initially reported missing by relatives concerned about not only the children—whom they had not heard from in weeks—but also several other suspicious incidents.


title: Killings of Tylee Ryan and J. J. Vallow

text: In November 2019, police questioned the children's mother, Lori (Cox) Yanes Lagioia Ryan Vallow Daybell, about the children's whereabouts and welfare. Lori and her new fifth husband, Chad Guy Daybell, claimed that J.J. was staying with family friend Melanie Gibb in Arizona, where they had lived before moving to Idaho in early September 2019, which Gibb later denied. Police efforts to locate J.J. led to the discovery that Tylee was also missing.


title: Killings of Tylee Ryan and J. J. Vallow

text: Complicating circumstances around the disappearances was a string of suspicious deaths. Lori's estranged 4th husband, Charles Vallow, was shot and killed in July 2019 by Lori's brother, Alexander Cox, who claimed self-defense; Cox died of a blood clot on December 12, 2019. In early October 2019, Brandon Boudreaux, the then-estranged husband of Lori's niece, Melani, was shot at in the driveway of his Gilbert, Arizona, home from a vehicle still registered to the deceased Charles Vallow. In October 2019, Chad's wife, Tammy Daybell, was attacked in her driveway by what she believed was someone shooting a defective paintball gun. A few weeks later, on October 19, she died in her sleep from what was initially recorded as "natural causes". No post-mortem or autopsy was initially performed. After Chad and Lori's marriage two weeks after Tammy's death, law enforcement became suspicious and exhumed Tammy's corpse for autopsy.


title: Killings of Tylee Ryan and J. J. Vallow

text: On February 20, 2020, Lori was arrested in Kauai, Hawaii, and charged with desertion and nonsupport of her dependent children. She was extradited to Idaho and transported there by officials on March 5, 2020. On June 9, 2020, police executed a search warrant at Chad's home and discovered the remains of J.J. and Tylee. Chad was arrested later that day on charges of destruction or concealment of evidence. On May 25, 2021, Lori and Chad were charged with the first degree murders of Tylee, J.J., and Tammy.


title: Killings of Tylee Ryan and J. J. Vallow

text: Chad Guy Daybell (born August 11, 1968, Provo, Utah) married Tamara "Tammy" Douglas (May 4, 1970 – October 19, 2019) in Manti, Utah, on March 9, 1990. He graduated from Brigham Young University (BYU) in 1992 with a B.A. in journalism, and worked as a cemetery sexton, or gravedigger, among other jobs. In 2004, Chad founded Spring Creek Book Company, which he used to self-publish his end times fiction and other religious books. His partner in this venture was a man identified in media only by the name Douglas, a graphic artist and manager. Chad and Tammy had five children: Garth, Emma, Seth, Leah, and Mark.


title: Killings of Tylee Ryan and J. J. Vallow

text: In 2015, Chad claimed he heard a voice telling him to relocate to Rexburg, Idaho. He and Tammy moved there from Springville, Utah, that June.


title: Killings of Tylee Ryan and J. J. Vallow

text: On October 9, 2019, Tammy reported on her Facebook profile and to police that she had been shot at, in her driveway, by a masked man with what she believed was a defective paintball marker. The county sheriff's office did not find the perpetrator. Ten days later, Tammy was found dead in her home, purportedly from natural causes. Chad claimed that she had retired the night before "with a terrible cough" and died in her sleep.


title: Killings of Tylee Ryan and J. J. Vallow

text: No post-mortem or autopsy was performed on Tammy's body at the time, as Chad had declined to do so and the county coroner did not overrule his decision. Two months later, Tammy's body was exhumed and autopsied. The results were completed by February 2021 but have not been made public.


title: Killings of Tylee Ryan and J. J. Vallow

text: Shortly after, the Fremont County prosecutor's office announced they would be handling the case going forward. In a subsequent interview, one of Tammy and Chad's children, Emma, said that her family has not been contacted regarding the results of her mother's autopsy.


title: Killings of Tylee Ryan and J. J. Vallow

text: Lori Ryan Daybell, also referred to as Lori Vallow Daybell, was born Lori Norene Cox on June 26, 1973, in San Bernardino, California. In 1992, at the age of 19, she married high school boyfriend Nelson Yanes, but the marriage ended in divorce shortly afterwards. At age 22, she married 23-year-old William Lagioia in Travis County, Texas, on October 22, 1995. She and Lagioia had a son, Colby, in 1996 (who was later arrested on two counts of sexual assault in Arizona in 2022, charges that were later dropped without prejudice), before divorcing on February 25, 1998.


title: Killings of Tylee Ryan and J. J. Vallow

text: In 2001, Lori married Joseph Anthony Ryan Jr., who legally adopted Colby. The couple's biological daughter, Tylee, was born in 2002. Ryan filed for divorce on August 13, 2004, which was finalized on May 18, 2005. In 2007, Ryan was attacked by Lori's brother, Alexander Lamar "Alex" Cox, who claimed Ryan had been abusive to Lori and the children. Cox tasered Ryan and threatened to murder him. He pled guilty and was sentenced to 90 days in jail, which he served in Austin, Texas.


title: Killings of Tylee Ryan and J. J. Vallow

text: Cox (who changed his surname to Pastenes, the surname of his wife) died on December 12, 2019. His death was attributed to blood clots and high blood pressure.


title: Killings of Tylee Ryan and J. J. Vallow

text: On February 24, 2006, Lori married Leland Anthony Vallow (August 17, 1956, Calcasieu, Louisiana – July 11, 2019, Chandler, Arizona), commonly known as Charles Vallow, in Las Vegas, Nevada. Vallow, a lifelong Catholic, became a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS), converting to his new wife's faith. Vallow had two sons from a previous marriage, Nicholas and Zachary Chase. In 2013, the couple adopted Vallow's grandnephew, Joshua Jaxon "J.J." Vallow (born 2012), and in late 2014, they moved to Kauai, Hawaii.


title: Killings of Tylee Ryan and J. J. Vallow

text: Around 2015, Lori read Chad Daybell's "Standing in Holy Places" series of books, reportedly becoming "obsessed" with them. In 2016, the Vallow family moved back to Arizona. In the fall of 2018, Lori and her friend Melanie Gibb attended a "Preparing a People" event, where Lori was introduced to Chad for the first time. According to Gibb, by the end of the weekend, Chad told Lori the two had been married in seven previous lifetimes. The two soon began a private communication.


title: Killings of Tylee Ryan and J. J. Vallow

text: Several weeks after their initial meeting, Lori's husband left town on a business trip and Lori held an intimate overnight gathering at her home. In attendance were both Gibb and Chad, who was speaking at another conference in Mesa, Arizona. Gibb later recalled Chad lavishing attention on Lori and expounding upon his unusual religious beliefs and "the deeper mysteries of God" with a small group of the overnight guests. According to Gibb, Chad stated that he had lived 31 different lives on various earth-like planets. He referred to others as “light” or "dark" and various gradations in between. Chad believed the "Dark" individuals were from this earth but were followers of Satan. Those who were "light" were "followers of Jesus Christ". Chad Daybell referred to Lori as an "eternal being" of 21 separate lives, only five of which had occurred on this planet; the same five he had lived on this planet. Lori was both thrilled and attracted to this belief system and became increasingly fixated on this newfound "purpose" and on Chad.


title: Killings of Tylee Ryan and J. J. Vallow

text: On December 5, 2018, Chad and Lori appeared together on the "Preparing a People" podcast episode "Time to Warrior Up". Chad later stayed at the Vallow residence in Arizona. By February 2019, according to Charles Vallow, Lori was informing him that "she no longer cared about him or J.J." and claimed that she was the reincarnated wife of LDS founder Joseph Smith, then vanished for 58 days. The same month, Charles filed for divorce, stating that his wife had to murder him", taken US$35,000 from their joint bank accounts, and stolen his truck. He filed for an order of protection against Lori at the advice of his attorney, citing a "genuine fear for his life".


title: Killings of Tylee Ryan and J. J. Vallow

text: After Charles' death, his attorneys stated he was primarily concerned for J.J.'s safety and well-being, as he needed a consistent routine due to his special needs. Charles was also concerned for Tylee, but he was unable to include her in the filings as she was not his biological daughter and thus he had no legal standing. He withdrew the petition one month later, saying he "wanted to try to make the marriage work".


title: Killings of Tylee Ryan and J. J. Vallow

text: On July 11, 2019, Charles Vallow was shot and killed in Chandler, Arizona by Lori's brother, Alex Cox, who claimed self-defense. Cox alleged that he went to confront Charles about abusing his sister, whereupon "Charles Vallow struck him in the head with the bat, so he went to get his gun." Police did not pursue the matter further. Both J.J. and Tylee had witnessed the incident; according to an unidentified son of Charles' from a previous marriage, Lori did not inform the family about the shooting and he learned about it from the news. Lori was indicted in June 2021 for conspiracy to murder Charles.


title: Killings of Tylee Ryan and J. J. Vallow

text: Another factor contributing to the mystery was Chad and Lori's well-documented obsession with certain Mormon-influenced apocalyptic beliefs, which Chad had discussed in numerous books and podcasts. Melani Boudreaux, Lori's niece, reportedly shares these beliefs.


title: Killings of Tylee Ryan and J. J. Vallow

text: , a doorbell video of J.J. playing with a friend is the last known video of him taken. His last confirmed sighting was at Rexburg's Kennedy Elementary School. On September 24, 2019, Lori contacted the school to tell them that she was withdrawing J.J. from classes, claiming she would be homeschooling him. Tylee was last seen September 8, 2019, at Yellowstone National Park with her brother J.J., her mother Lori, and her uncle Alex Cox, Lori's brother.


title: Killings of Tylee Ryan and J. J. Vallow

text: In October 2019, two Venmo payments were made from Tylee's account to her older half-brother, Colby Ryan. One payment was sent on October 10, with a message that read "we love you", and the second payment was sent on October 16, with a heart emoji. Colby has said he had not heard from Tylee since these texts. After text-messaging Tylee indicating he was worried, he received responses from Tylee's cell phone that indicated she was safe but too busy to talk. After repeated calls to Tylee went unanswered, Colby became more worried.


title: Killings of Tylee Ryan and J. J. Vallow

text: Chad and Lori were married in Hawaii on November 5, 2019, two weeks after the death of Chad's first wife, Tammy Daybell. There they told others that Tylee had died in 2017 and/or that Lori had no minor children. Back in Rexburg, on November 26, police visited Lori's townhouse at the request of J.J.'s grandmother, Kay Woodcock, to conduct a welfare check on J.J. Lori told police that J.J. was in Arizona with a family friend, Melanie Gibb. That night, a neighbor saw Lori and Alex Cox packing a truck outside her home. When police reached Gibb by phone, she told police that J.J. was not with her and had not been there for several months. When Rexburg police and the FBI arrived the next day to search the home, it was abandoned. Chad's home was also searched by investigators.


title: Killings of Tylee Ryan and J. J. Vallow

text: More than a week later, Gibb called police saying that both Lori and Chad had asked her to lie to police about J.J.'s whereabouts but she refused. Police efforts to locate J.J. led to the discovery that Tylee was also missing. From December 2019 to January 2020, Rexburg police, the Fremont County sheriff's office, and the FBI intensified the investigation into the disappearances of the two children, as well as the investigation into Tammy's death and the flight of Chad and Lori from Idaho. Evidence was collected, and Tammy's body was exhumed for autopsy. Colby and J.J.'s grandparents pleaded with the Daybells to return the children, with the latter offering a reward of $20,000. Investigators contended that Joshua and Tylee's lives are in danger.', [...] the children are not with Chad and Lori. [... Lori] knows where they are or what has happened to them, but she has 'completely refused to assist this investigation, [choosing instead to leave the state with her new husband].


title: Killings of Tylee Ryan and J. J. Vallow

text: Through their lawyer, the Daybells stated that, "Chad Daybell was a loving husband and he has the support of his children in this matter. Lori Daybell is a devoted mother and she resents assertions to the contrary. We look forward to addressing the allegations once they have moved beyond speculation and rumor."


title: Killings of Tylee Ryan and J. J. Vallow

text: Authorities soon turned their attention to a Rexburg storage locker rented by Lori in October 2019. Inside they discovered items belonging to or associated with Tylee and J.J., such as clothing, bikes, and photographs, all of which had been abandoned when Lori suddenly left Rexburg at the end of November 2019. Video footage shows her and her brother, Alex Cox, moving items in and out of the locker prior to her departure.


title: Killings of Tylee Ryan and J. J. Vallow

text: On February 20, 2020, Lori was arrested by the Kauai Police Department in Princeville, Hawaii, and charged by prosecutors in Madison County, Idaho with two felony counts of desertion and nonsupport of dependent children. She was also charged with three misdemeanors: resisting or obstructing officers; criminal solicitation to commit a crime; and contempt of court. Lori was held on US$5 million bail. She later agreed to be extradited back to Idaho to fight the charges. The judge lowered her bail to $1 million. On May 1, 2020, Lori appeared for a court hearing in Rexburg to request a reduction of her $1 million bail. The judge denied her request. At least two local bond companies were reportedly unwilling to work with her.


title: Killings of Tylee Ryan and J. J. Vallow

text: On March 24, 2020, NBC News reported on documents showing that Chad and Lori became convinced that Tylee and J.J. were "possessed" and had become "zombies".


title: Killings of Tylee Ryan and J. J. Vallow

text: On June 9, 2020, police executed a search warrant at Chad's home, where they discovered human remains buried in a purported pet cemetery. Chad was booked into jail later that day on obstruction or concealment of evidence; he was later charged with felony murder. On June 10, his bail was set at $1 million. On July 2, prosecutors dropped two of the charges against Lori two felony counts of desertion and nonsupport of dependent children and instead charged her with obstruction or concealment of evidence in regards to her children's remains.


title: Killings of Tylee Ryan and J. J. Vallow

text: On July 17, 2020, in light of the two felony counts against Lori having been dropped, her bond was lowered by Madison County judge Michelle Mallard. Judge Mallard decided to decrease bond to US$50,000 on each charge, totaling US$150,000, but noted that Chad would still need to post US$1 million in neighboring Fremont County to get out of jail. In addition to the bond reduction, a jury trial for the Madison County charges against Lori was set for January 25–29, 2021. On May 25, 2021, Chad and Lori were indicted on the charge of conspiracy to commit first-degree murder, first-degree murder, and grand theft by deception for the deaths of Tylee, and J.J., and Tammy. Lori was charged with grand theft related to "Social Security Survivor benefits over $1,000 allocated for the care of minors Tylee Ryan and JJ Vallow that were appropriated after the children were missing and ultimately found deceased". Chad was charged with insurance fraud "related to a life insurance policy he had on Tammy Daybell for which he was the beneficiary and received funds after her death". On May 27, 2021, Lori was found incompetent and unfit to stand trial, and her case was stayed. She has since been deemed competent to stand trial after mental health treatment, incompetent, and again competent. Requests from Chad to separate his case from Lori's have been denied. A start date of January 2023 for both trials had been set, but was canceled in November 2022 without a new date being set.


title: Killings of Tylee Ryan and J. J. Vallow

text: On June 10, 2020, the Woodcock and Ryan families confirmed that the human remains found on Chad's property were those of Tylee and J.J. This finding was officially confirmed by Rexburg police on June 13. Since the children's remains were found, they are no longer considered missing and the investigation is now focused on determining the circumstances surrounding their deaths.


title: Noah

text: Noah () is the tenth and last of the pre-Flood patriarchs in the traditions of Abrahamic religions. His story appears in the Hebrew Bible (Book of Genesis, chapters 5–9), the Quran and Baha'i writings. Noah is referenced in various other books of the Bible, including the New Testament, and in associated deuterocanonical books.


title: Noah

text: The Genesis flood narrative is among the best-known stories of the Bible. In this account, Noah labored faithfully to build the Ark at God's command, ultimately saving not only his own family, but mankind itself and all land animals, from extinction during the Flood. Afterwards, God made a covenant with Noah and promised never again to destroy all the Earth's creatures with a flood. Noah is also portrayed as a "tiller of the soil" and as a drinker of wine.


title: Noah

text: Tenth and final of the pre-Flood (antediluvian) Patriarchs, son to Lamech and an unnamed mother, Noah is 500 years old before his sons Shem, Ham and Japheth are born.


title: Noah

text: The Genesis flood narrative is encompassed within chapters 6–9 in the Book of Genesis, in the Bible. The narrative indicates that God intended to return the Earth to its pre-Creation state of watery chaos by flooding the Earth because of humanity's misdeeds and then remake it using the microcosm of Noah's ark. Thus, the flood was no ordinary overflow but a reversal of Creation. The narrative discusses the evil of mankind that moved God to destroy the world by way of the flood, the preparation of the ark for certain animals, Noah, and his family, and God's guarantee (the Noahic Covenant) for the continued existence of life under the promise that he would never send another flood.


title: Noah

text: After the flood, Noah offered burnt offerings to God. God accepted the sacrifice, and made a covenant with Noah, and through him with all mankind, that he would not waste the earth or destroy man by another deluge.


title: Noah

text: "And God blessed Noah and his sons, and said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth". As a pledge of this gracious covenant with man and beast the rainbow was set in the clouds (ib. viii. 15–22, ix. 8–17). Two injunctions were laid upon Noah: While the eating of animal food was permitted, abstinence from blood was strictly enjoined; and the shedding of the blood of man by man was made a crime punishable by death at the hands of man (ib. ix. 3–6).


title: Noah

text: Noah, as the last of the extremely long-lived Antediluvian patriarchs, died 350 years after the flood, at the age of 950, when Terah was 128. The maximum human lifespan, as depicted by the Bible, gradually diminishes thereafter, from almost 1,000 years to the 120 years of Moses.


title: Noah

text: After the flood, the Bible says that Noah became a farmer and he planted a vineyard. He drank wine made from this vineyard, and got drunk; and lay "uncovered" within his tent. Noah's son Ham, the father of Canaan, saw his father naked and told his brothers, which led to Ham's son Canaan being cursed by Noah.


title: Noah

text: As early as the Classical era, commentators on Genesis 9:20–21 have excused Noah's excessive drinking because he was considered to be the first wine drinker; the first person to discover the effects of wine. John Chrysostom, Archbishop of Constantinople, and a Church Father, wrote in the 4th century that Noah's behavior is defensible: as the first human to taste wine, he would not know its effects: "Through ignorance and inexperience of the proper amount to drink, fell into a drunken stupor". Philo, a Hellenistic Jewish philosopher, also excused Noah by noting that one can drink in two different manners: (1) to drink wine in excess, a peculiar sin to the vicious evil man or (2) to partake of wine as the wise man, Noah being the latter. In Jewish tradition and rabbinic literature on Noah, rabbis blame Satan for the intoxicating properties of the wine.


title: Noah

text: In the context of Noah's drunkenness, relates two facts: (1) Noah became drunken and "he was uncovered within his tent", and (2) Ham "saw the nakedness of his father, and told his two brethren without".


title: Noah

text: Because of its brevity and textual inconsistencies, it has been suggested that this narrative is a "splinter from a more substantial tale". A fuller account would explain what exactly Ham had done to his father, or why Noah directed a curse at Canaan for Ham's misdeed, or how Noah realised what had occurred. In the field of psychological biblical criticism, J. H. Ellens and W. G. Rollins have analysed the unconventional behavior that occurs between Noah and Ham as revolving around sexuality and the exposure of genitalia as compared with other Hebrew Bible texts, such as Habakkuk 2:15 and Lamentations 4:21.


title: Noah

text: Other commentaries mention that "uncovering someone's nakedness" could mean having sexual intercourse with that person or that person's spouse, as quoted in Leviticus 18:7–8 and 20. From this interpretation comes the speculation that Ham was guilty of engaging in incest and raping Noah or his own mother. The latter interpretation would clarify why Canaan, as the product of this illicit union, was cursed by Noah.<ref name="Bergsma/Hahn">John Sietze Bergsma/Scott Walker Hahn. 2005. "Noah's Nakedness and the Curse on Canaan". "Journal Biblical Literature" 124/1 (2005), p. 25-40.</ref> Alternatively, Canaan could be the perpetrator himself as the Bible describes the illicit deed being committed by Noah's "youngest son", with Ham being consistently described as the middle son in other verses.


title: Noah

text: Genesis 10 sets forth the descendants of Shem, Ham, and Japheth, from whom the nations branched out over the Earth after the flood. Among Japheth's descendants were the maritime nations (10:2–5). Ham's son Cush had a son named Nimrod, who became the first man of might on earth, a mighty hunter, king in Babylon and the land of Shinar (10:6–10). From there Ashur went and built Nineveh. (10:11–12) Canaan's descendants Sidon, Heth, the Jebusites, the Amorites, the Girgashites, the Hivites, the Arkites, the Sinites, the Arvadites, the Zemarites, and the Hamathites spread out from Sidon as far as Gerar, near Gaza, and as far as Sodom and Gomorrah (10:15–19). Among Shem's descendants was Eber (10:21).


title: Noah

text: These genealogies differ structurally from those set out in Genesis 5 and 11. It has a segmented or treelike structure, going from one father to many offspring. It is strange that the table, which assumes that the population is distributed about the Earth, precedes the account of the Tower of Babel, which says that all the population is in one place before it is dispersed.


title: Noah

text: Genesis 5:1-32 transmits a genealogy of the Sethites down to Noah, which is taken from the priestly tradition.


title: Noah

text: Biblical scholars see these as variants on one and the same list. However, if we take the merged text of Genesis as a single account, we can construct the following family tree, which has come down in this form into the Jewish and Christian traditions.


title: Noah

text: According to the documentary hypothesis, the first five books of the Bible (Pentateuch/Torah), including Genesis, were collated during the 5th century BC from four main sources, which themselves date from no earlier than the 10th century BC. Two of these, the Jahwist, composed in the 10th century BC, and the Priestly source, from the late 7th century BC, make up the chapters of Genesis which concern Noah. The attempt by the 5th-century editor to accommodate two independent and sometimes conflicting sources accounts for the confusion over such matters as how many of each animal Noah took, and how long the flood lasted.


title: Noah

text: "The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Books of the Bible" notes that this story echoes parts of the Garden of Eden story: Noah is the first vintner, while Adam is the first farmer; both have problems with their produce; both stories involve nakedness; and both involve a division between brothers leading to a curse. However, after the flood, the stories differ. Noah plants the vineyard and utters the curse, not God, so "God is less involved".


title: Noah

text: In addition to the main story in Genesis, the Hebrew Bible (Christian Old Testament) also refers to Noah in the First Book of Chronicles, Isaiah and Ezekiel. References in the deuterocanonical books include the books of Tobit, Wisdom, Sirach, 2 Esdras and 4 Maccabees. New Testament references include the gospels of Matthew and Luke, and some of the epistles (Epistle to the Hebrews, 1 Peter and 2 Peter).


title: Noah

text: Noah became the subject of much elaboration in the literature of later Abrahamic religions, including Islam (Surahs 71, 7, 11, 54, and 21 of the Quran) and Baháʼí faith (Kitáb-i-Íqán and Gems of Divine Mysteries).


title: Noah

text: The Book of Jubilees refers to Noah and says that he was taught the arts of healing by an angel so that his children could overcome "the offspring of the Watchers".


title: Noah

text: In 10:1–3 of the Book of Enoch (which is part of the Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon) and canonical for Beta Israel, Uriel was dispatched by "the Most High" to inform Noah of the approaching "deluge".


title: Noah

text: There are 20 or so fragments of the Dead Sea scrolls that appear to refer to Noah. Lawrence Schiffman writes, "Among the Dead Sea Scrolls at least three different versions of this legend are preserved." In particular, "The Genesis Apocryphon devotes considerable space to Noah." However, "The material seems to have little in common with Genesis 5 which reports the birth of Noah." Also, Noah's father is reported as worrying that his son was actually fathered by one of the Watchers.


title: Noah

text: Indian and Greek flood-myths also exist, although there is little evidence that they were derived from the Mesopotamian flood-myth that underlies the biblical account.


title: Noah

text: The Noah story of the Pentateuch is quite similar to a flood story contained in the Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh, composed c. 1800 BCE. In the Gilgamesh version, the Mesopotamian gods decide to send a great flood to destroy mankind. Various correlations between the stories of Noah and Gilgamesh (the flood, the construction of the ark, the salvation of animals, and the release of birds following the flood) have led to this story being seen as the source for the story of Noah. The few variations include the number of days of the deluge, the order of the birds, and the name of the mountain on which the ark rests. The flood story in Genesis 6–8 matches the Gilgamesh flood myth so closely that "few doubt that [it] derives from a Mesopotamian account." What is particularly noticeable is the way the Genesis flood story follows the Gilgamesh flood tale "point by point and in the same order", even when the story permits other alternatives.


title: Noah

text: The earliest written flood myth is found in the Mesopotamian Epic of Atrahasis and Epic of Gilgamesh texts. The "Encyclopædia Britannica" says "These mythologies are the source of such features of the biblical Flood story as the building and provisioning of the ark, its flotation, and the subsidence of the waters, as well as the part played by the human protagonist." The "Encyclopedia Judaica" adds that there is a strong suggestion that "an intermediate agent was active. The people most likely to have fulfilled this role are the Hurrians, whose territory included the city of Harran, where the Patriarch Abraham had his roots. The Hurrians inherited the Flood story from Babylonia".


title: Noah

text: The encyclopedia mentions another similarity between the stories: Noah is the tenth patriarch and Berossus notes that "the hero of the great flood was Babylonia’s tenth antediluvian king." However, there is a discrepancy in the ages of the heroes. For the Mesopotamian antecedents, "the reigns of the antediluvian kings range from 18,600 to nearly 65,000 years." In the Bible, the lifespans "fall far short of the briefest reign mentioned in the related Mesopotamian texts." Also, the name of the hero differs between the traditions: "The earliest Mesopotamian flood account, written in the Sumerian language, calls the deluge hero Ziusudra."


title: Noah

text: However, Yi Samuel Chen writes that the oldest versions of the Epic of Gilgamesh never mentioned the flood, just mentioning that he went to talk to Utnapishtim to find the secret of immortality. Starting with the Old Babylonian Period, there were attempts to syncretize Utnapishtim with Ziusudra, even though they were previously seen as different figures. Gilgamesh meeting the flood hero was first alluded to in the Old Babylonian Period in "The Death of Bilgamesh" and eventually was imported and standardized in the Epic of Gilgamesh probably in the Middle Babylonian Period.


title: Noah

text: Gilgamesh’s historical reign is believed to have been approximately 2700 BC, shortly before the earliest known written stories. The discovery of artifacts associated with Aga and Enmebaragesi of Kish, two other kings named in the stories, has lent credibility to the historical existence of Gilgamesh.


title: Noah

text: The earliest Sumerian Gilgamesh poems date from as early as the Third dynasty of Ur (2100–2000 BC). One of these poems mentions Gilgamesh’s journey to meet the flood hero, as well as a short version of the flood story, although Chen writes that his was included in texts written during the Old Babylonian Period. The earliest Akkadian versions of the unified epic are dated to c. 2000–1500 BC. Due to the fragmentary nature of these Old Babylonian versions, it is unclear whether they included an expanded account of the flood myth; although one fragment definitely includes the story of Gilgamesh’s journey to meet Utnapishtim. The "standard" Akkadian version included a long version of the flood story and was edited by Sin-liqe-unninni sometime between 1300 and 1000 BC.


title: Noah

text: Yi Samuel Chen analyzes various texts from the Early Dynastic III Period through to the Old Babylonian Period, and argues that the flood narrative was only added in texts written during the Old Babylonian Period. When it comes to the Sumerian King List, observations by experts have always indicated that the portion of the Sumerian King List talking about before the flood is stylistically different from the King List Proper. Essentially Old Babylonian copies tend to represent a tradition of before the flood apart from the actual King List, whereas the Ur III copy of the King List and the duplicate from the Brockmon collection indicate that the King List Proper once existed independent of mention to the flood and the tradition of before the flood. Essentially, Chen gives evidence to prove that the section of before the flood and references to the flood in the Sumerian King List were all later additions added in during the Old Babylonian Period, as the Sumerian King List went through updates and edits. The Flood as a watershed in early History of the world was probably a new historiographical concept emerging in the Mesopotamian literary traditions during the Old Babylonian Period, as evident by the fact that the flood motif didn't show up in the Ur III copy and that earliest chronographical sources related to the flood show up in the Old Babylonian Period. Chen concludes that the name of Ziusudra as a flood hero and the idea of the flood hinted by that name in the Old Babylonian Version of "Instructions of Shuruppak" are only developments during that Old Babylonian Period, when also the didactic text was updated with information from the burgeoning Antediluvian Tradition


title: Noah

text: Noah has often been compared to Deucalion, the son of Prometheus and Pronoia in Greek mythology. Like Noah, Deucalion is warned of the flood (by Zeus and Poseidon); he builds an ark and staffs it with creatures – and when he completes his voyage, gives thanks and takes advice from the gods on how to repopulate the Earth. Deucalion also sends a pigeon to find out about the situation of the world and the bird returns with an olive branch. Deucalion, in some versions of the myth, also becomes the inventor of wine, like Noah. Philo and Justin equate Deucalion with Noah, and Josephus used the story of Deucalion as evidence that the flood actually occurred and that, therefore, Noah existed.


title: Noah

text: The motif of a weather deity who headed the pantheon causing the great flood and then the trickster who created men from clay saving man is also present in Sumerian Mythology, as Enlil, instead of Zeus, causes the flood, and Enki, rather than Prometheus, saves man. Stephanie West has written that this is perhaps due to the Greeks borrowing stories from the Near East.


title: Noah

text: The righteousness of Noah is the subject of much discussion among rabbis. The description of Noah as "righteous in his generation" implied to some that his perfection was only relative: In his generation of wicked people, he could be considered righteous, but in the generation of a "tzadik" like Abraham, he would not be considered so righteous. They point out that Noah did not pray to God on behalf of those about to be destroyed, as Abraham prayed for the wicked of Sodom and Gomorrah. In fact, Noah is never seen to speak; he simply listens to God and acts on his orders. This led some commentators to offer the figure of Noah as "the righteous man in a fur coat," who ensured his own comfort while ignoring his neighbour. Others, such as the medieval commentator Rashi, held on the contrary that the building of the Ark was stretched over 120 years, deliberately in order to give sinners time to repent. Rashi interprets his father's statement of the naming of Noah (in Hebrew – Noaħ נֹחַ) "This one will comfort us (in Hebrew– yeNaĦamenu יְנַחֲמֵנו) in our work and in the toil of our hands, which come from the ground that the Lord had cursed", by saying Noah heralded a new era of prosperity, when there was easing (in Hebrew – naħah – נחה) from the curse from the time of Adam when the Earth produced thorns and thistles even where men sowed wheat and that Noah then introduced the plow.


title: Noah

text: According to the "Jewish Encyclopedia", "The Book of Genesis contains two accounts of Noah." In the first, Noah is the hero of the flood, and in the second, he is the father of mankind and a husbandman who planted the first vineyard. "The disparity of character between these two narratives has caused some critics to insist that the subject of the latter account was not the same as the subject of the former." Perhaps the original name of the hero of the flood was actually "Enoch".


title: Noah

text: The "Encyclopedia Judaica" notes that Noah's drunkenness is not presented as reprehensible behavior. Rather, "It is clear that ... Noah’s venture into viticulture provides the setting for the castigation of Israel’s Canaanite neighbors." It was Ham who committed an offense when he viewed his father's nakedness. Yet, "Noah’s curse, ... is strangely aimed at Canaan rather than the disrespectful Ham."


title: Noah

text: In Mandaeism, Noah () is mentioned in of the "Right Ginza". In the text, Noah's wife is named as Nuraita (), while his son is named as Shum (i.e., Shem; ).


title: Noah

text: Peter 2:5 refers to Noah as a "preacher of righteousness". In the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke, Jesus compares Noah's flood with the coming Day of Judgement: "Just as it was in the days of Noah, so too it will be in the days of the coming of the Son of Man. For in the days before the flood, people were eating and drinking, marrying and giving in marriage, up to the day Noah entered the ark; and they knew nothing about what would happen until the flood came and took them all away. That is how it will be at the coming of the Son of Man."


title: Noah

text: The First Epistle of Peter compares the power of baptism with the Ark saving those who were in it. In later Christian thought, the Ark came to be compared to the Church: salvation was to be found only within Christ and his Lordship, as in Noah's time it had been found only within the Ark. St Augustine of Hippo (354–430), demonstrated in "The City of God" that the dimensions of the Ark corresponded to the dimensions of the human body, which corresponds to the body of Christ; the equation of Ark and Church is still found in the Anglican rite of baptism, which asks God, "who of thy great mercy didst save Noah," to receive into the Church the infant about to be baptised.


title: Noah

text: In medieval Christianity, Noah's three sons were generally considered as the founders of the populations of the three known continents, Japheth/Europe, Shem/Asia, and Ham/Africa, although a rarer variation held that they represented the three classes of medieval society – the priests (Shem), the warriors (Japheth), and the peasants (Ham). In medieval Christian thought, Ham was considered to be the ancestor of the people of black Africa. So, in racialist arguments, the curse of Ham became a justification for the slavery of the black races.


title: Noah

text: Isaac Newton, in his religious works on the development of religion, wrote about Noah and his offspring. In Newton's view, while Noah was a monotheist, the gods of pagan antiquity are identified with Noah and his descendants.


title: Noah

text: An important Gnostic text, the "Apocryphon of John", reports that the chief archon caused the flood because he desired to destroy the world he had made, but the First Thought informed Noah of the chief archon's plans, and Noah informed the remainder of humanity. Unlike the account of Genesis, not only are Noah's family saved, but many others also heed Noah's call. There is no ark in this account. According to Elaine Pagels, "Rather, they hid in a particular place, not only Noah, but also many other people from the unshakable race. They entered that place and hid in a bright cloud."


title: Noah

text: The Druze regard Noah as the second spokesman ("natiq") after Adam, who helped transmit the foundational teachings of monotheism ("tawhid") intended for the larger audience. He is considered an important prophet of God among Druze, being among the seven prophets who appeared in different periods of history.


title: Noah

text: Noah is a highly important figure in Islam and he is seen as one of the most significant of all prophets. The Quran contains 43 references to Noah, or "Nuḥ", in 28 chapters, and the seventy-first chapter, "Sūrah Nūḥ" (), is named after him. His life is also spoken of in the commentaries and in Islamic legends.


title: Noah

text: Noah's narratives largely cover his preaching as well the story of the Deluge. Noah's narrative sets the prototype for many of the subsequent prophetic stories, which begin with the prophet warning his people and then the community rejecting the message and facing a punishment.


title: Noah

text: Noah has several titles in Islam, based primarily on praise for him in the Quran, including "True Messenger of God" (XXVI: 107) and "Grateful Servant of God" (XVII: 3).


title: Noah

text: The Quran focuses on several instances from Noah's life more than others, and one of the most significant events is the Flood. God makes a covenant with Noah just as he did with Abraham, Moses, Jesus and Muhammad later on (33:7). Noah is later reviled by his people and reproached by them for being a mere human messenger and not an angel (10:72–74). Moreover, the people mock Noah's words and call him a liar (7:62), and they even suggest that Noah is possessed by a devil when the prophet ceases to preach (54:9). Only the lowest in the community join Noah in believing in God's message (11:29), and Noah's narrative further describes him preaching both in private and public. The Quran narrates that Noah received a revelation to build an Ark, after his people refused to believe in his message and hear the warning. The narrative goes on to describe that waters poured forth from the Heavens, destroying all the sinners. Even one of his sons disbelieved him, stayed behind, and was drowned. After the Flood ended, the Ark rested atop Mount Judi ().


title: Noah

text: Also, Islamic beliefs deny the idea of Noah being the first person to drink wine and experience the aftereffects of doing so.


title: Noah

text: The Baháʼí Faith regards the Ark and the Flood as symbolic. In Baháʼí belief, only Noah's followers were spiritually alive, preserved in the ark of his teachings, as others were spiritually dead. The Baháʼí scripture "Kitáb-i-Íqán" endorses the Islamic belief that Noah had a large number of companions, either 40 or 72, besides his family on the Ark, and that he taught for 950 (symbolic) years before the flood.


title: Noah

text: According to the Ahmadiyya understanding of the Quran, the period described in the Quran is the age of his dispensation, which extended until the time of Ibrahim (Abraham, 950 years). The first 50 years were the years of spiritual progress, which were followed by 900 years of spiritual deterioration of the people of Noah.


title: D.C. sniper attacks

text: The D.C. sniper attacks (also known as the Beltway sniper attacks) were a series of coordinated shootings that occurred during three weeks in October 2002 throughout the Washington metropolitan area, consisting of the District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia. Ten people were killed, and three others were critically wounded.


title: D.C. sniper attacks

text: The snipers were John Allen Muhammad (age 41 at the time) and Lee Boyd Malvo (age 17 at the time), who traveled in a blue 1990 Chevrolet Caprice sedan. Their crime spree, which began in February 2002, included murders and robberies in several states, which resulted in seven deaths and seven injuries. In total, the snipers killed 17 people and wounded 10 others in a 10-month span.


title: D.C. sniper attacks

text: In September 2003, Muhammad was sentenced to death, and in October, Malvo, a juvenile, was sentenced to six consecutive life sentences without parole. In November 2009, Muhammad was executed by lethal injection.