title: Yiddish

text: Despite a past of marginalization and anti-Yiddish government policy, in 1996 the Knesset passed a law founding the "National Authority for Yiddish Culture", with the aim of supporting and promoting contemporary Yiddish art and literature, as well as preservation of Yiddish culture and publication of Yiddish classics, both in Yiddish and in Hebrew translation.


title: Yiddish

text: In religious circles, it is the Ashkenazi Haredi Jews, particularly the Hasidic Jews and the Lithuanian yeshiva world (see Lithuanian Jews), who continue to teach, speak and use Yiddish, making it a language used regularly by hundreds of thousands of Haredi Jews today. The largest of these centers are in Bnei Brak and Jerusalem.


title: Yiddish

text: There is a growing revival of interest in Yiddish culture among secular Israelis, with the flourishing of new proactive cultural organizations like YUNG YiDiSH, as well as Yiddish theatre (usually with simultaneous translation to Hebrew and Russian) and young people are taking university courses in Yiddish, some achieving considerable fluency.


title: Yiddish

text: In the early years of the 20th century Yiddish was classified as a 'Semitic Language'. After much campaigning, in 1906 the South African legislator Morris Alexander won a parliamentary fight to have Yiddish reclassified as a European language, thereby permitting the immigration of Yiddish-speakers to South Africa.


title: Yiddish

text: In the Soviet Union during the era of the New Economic Policy (NEP) in the 1920s, Yiddish was promoted as the language of the Jewish proletariat. At the same time, Hebrew was considered a bourgeois and reactionary language and its use was generally discouraged. Yiddish was one of the "recognized" languages of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. Until 1938, the Emblem of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic included the motto "Workers of the world, unite!" in Yiddish. Yiddish was also an official language in several agricultural districts of the Galician Soviet Socialist Republic.


title: Yiddish

text: The use of Yiddish as the primary spoken language by Jews was heavily encouraged by multiple Jewish political groups at the time. The Evsketsii, the Jewish Communist Group, and The Bund, the Jewish Socialist Group, both heavily encouraged the use of Yiddish. During the Bolshevik Era these political groups worked alongside the government to encourage the widespread Jewish use of Yiddish. Both the Evsketsii and the Bund supported the Jewish movement towards assimilation and saw Yiddish as a way to encourage it. They saw the use of Yiddish as a step away from the religious aspects of Judaism, instead favoring the cultural aspects of Judaism.


title: Yiddish

text: A public educational system entirely based on the Yiddish language was established and comprised kindergartens, schools, and higher educational institutions (technical schools, rabfaks and other university departments). These were initially created to stop Jewish children from taking too many spots in regular Soviet schools. The Soviets feared that the Jewish children were both taking spots from non-Jews as well as spreading revolutionary ideas to their non-Jewish peers. As a result, in 1914 laws were passed that guaranteed Jews the right to a Jewish education and as a result the Yiddish education system was established. After the Bolshevik revolution in 1917 even more Yiddish schools were established. These schools thrived with government, specifically Bolshevik, and Jewish support. They were established as part of the effort to revitalize the Soviet Jewish Community. Specifically, the Bolsheviks wanted to encourage Jewish assimilation. While these schools were taught in Yiddish, the content was Soviet. They were created to attract Jews in to getting a Soviet education under the guise of a Jewish institution.


title: Yiddish

text: While schools with curriculums taught in Yiddish existed in some areas until the 1950s, there was a general decline in enrollment due to preference for Russian-speaking institutions and the declining reputation of Yiddish schools among Yiddish speaking Soviets. As the Yiddish schools declined, so did overall Yiddish culture. The two were inherently linked and with the downfall of one, so did the other. General Soviet denationalization programs and secularization policies also led to a further lack of enrollment and funding; the last schools to be closed existed until 1951. It continued to be spoken widely for decades, nonetheless, in areas with compact Jewish populations (primarily in Moldova, Ukraine, and to a lesser extent Belarus).


title: Yiddish

text: In the former Soviet states, recently active Yiddish authors include Yoysef Burg (Chernivtsi 1912–2009) and Olexander Beyderman (b. 1949, Odessa). Publication of an earlier Yiddish periodical ( – der fraynd; lit. "The Friend"), was resumed in 2004 with ("der nayer fraynd"; lit. "The New Friend", Saint Petersburg).


title: Yiddish

text: According to the 2010 census, 1,683 people spoke Yiddish in Russia, approximately 1% of all the Jews of the Russian Federation. According to Mikhail Shvydkoy, former Minister of Culture of Russia and himself of Jewish origin, Yiddish culture in Russia is gone, and its revival is unlikely.


title: Yiddish

text: The Jewish Autonomous Oblast was formed in 1934 in the Russian Far East, with its capital city in Birobidzhan and Yiddish as its official language. The intention was for the Soviet Jewish population to settle there. Jewish cultural life was revived in Birobidzhan much earlier than elsewhere in the Soviet Union. Yiddish theaters began opening in the 1970s. The newspaper ("Der Birobidzhaner Shtern"; lit: "The Birobidzhan Star") includes a Yiddish section. In modern Russia, the cultural significance of the language is still recognized and bolstered. The First Birobidzhan International Summer Program for Yiddish Language and Culture was launched in 2007.


title: Yiddish

text: , according to data provided by the Russian Census Bureau, there were 97 speakers of Yiddish in the JAO. A November 2017 article in The Guardian, titled, "Revival of a Soviet Zion: Birobidzhan celebrates its Jewish heritage", examined the current status of the city and suggested that, even though the Jewish Autonomous Region in Russia's far east is now barely 1% Jewish, officials hope to woo back people who left after Soviet collapse and to revive the Yiddish language in this region.


title: Yiddish

text: Several countries that ratified the 1992 European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages have included Yiddish in the list of their recognized minority languages: the Netherlands (1996), Sweden (2000), Romania (2008), Poland (2009), Bosnia and Herzegovina (2010). In 2005, Ukraine did not mention Yiddish as such, but "the language(s) of the Jewish ethnic minority".


title: Yiddish

text: In June 1999, the Swedish Parliament enacted legislation giving Yiddish legal status as one of the country's official minority languages (entering into effect in April 2000). The rights thereby conferred are not detailed, but additional legislation was enacted in June 2006 establishing a new governmental agency, The Swedish National Language Council, the mandate of which instructs it to "collect, preserve, scientifically research, and spread material about the national minority languages", naming them all explicitly, including Yiddish. When announcing this action, the government made an additional statement about "simultaneously commencing completely new initiatives for... Yiddish [and the other minority languages]".


title: Yiddish

text: The Swedish government has published documents in Yiddish detailing the national action plan for human rights. An earlier one provides general information about national minority language policies.


title: Yiddish

text: On September 6, 2007, it became possible to register Internet domains with Yiddish names in the national top-level domain .se.


title: Yiddish

text: The first Jews were permitted to reside in Sweden during the late 18th century. The Jewish population in Sweden is estimated at 20,000. Of these, according to various reports and surveys, between 2,000 and 6,000 claim to have at least some knowledge of Yiddish. In 2009, the number of native speakers among these was estimated by linguist Mikael Parkvall to be 750–1,500. It is believed that virtually all native speakers of Yiddish in Sweden today are adults, and most of them elderly.


title: Yiddish

text: In the United States, at first most Jews were of Sephardic origin, and hence did not speak Yiddish. It was not until the mid-to-late 19th century, as first German Jews, then Central and Eastern European Jews, arrived in the nation, that Yiddish became dominant within the immigrant community. This helped to bond Jews from many countries. ("Forverts" – "The Forward") was one of seven Yiddish daily newspapers in New York City, and other Yiddish newspapers served as a forum for Jews of all European backgrounds. In 1915, the circulation of the daily Yiddish newspapers was half a million in New York City alone, and 600,000 nationally. In addition, thousands more subscribed to the numerous weekly papers and the many magazines.


title: Yiddish

text: The typical circulation in the 21st century is a few thousand. The "Forward" still appears weekly and is also available in an online edition. It remains in wide distribution, together with ("der algemeyner zhurnal" – "Algemeyner Journal"; "algemeyner" = general), a Chabad newspaper which is also published weekly and appears online. The widest-circulation Yiddish newspapers are probably the weekly issues ( "The Jew"), (; "blat" "paper") and ( "the newspaper"). Several additional newspapers and magazines are in regular production, such as the weekly אידישער טריביון "Yiddish Tribune" and the monthly publications ("Der Shtern" "The Star") and ("Der Blik" "The View"). (The romanized titles cited in this paragraph are in the form given on the masthead of each publication and may be at some variance both with the literal Yiddish title and the transliteration rules otherwise applied in this article.) Thriving Yiddish theater, especially in the New York City Yiddish Theatre District, kept the language vital. Interest in klezmer music provided another bonding mechanism.


title: Yiddish

text: Most of the Jewish immigrants to the New York metropolitan area during the years of Ellis Island considered Yiddish their native language; however, native Yiddish speakers tended not to pass the language on to their children, who assimilated and spoke English. For example, Isaac Asimov states in his autobiography "In Memory Yet Green" that Yiddish was his first and sole spoken language, and remained so for about two years after he emigrated to the United States as a small child. By contrast, Asimov's younger siblings, born in the United States, never developed any degree of fluency in Yiddish.


title: Yiddish

text: Many "Yiddishisms", like "Italianisms" and "Spanishisms", entered New York City English, often used by Jews and non-Jews alike, unaware of the linguistic origin of the phrases. Yiddish words used in English were documented extensively by Leo Rosten in "The Joys of Yiddish"; see also the list of English words of Yiddish origin.


title: Yiddish

text: In 1975, the film "Hester Street", much of which is in Yiddish, was released. It was later chosen to be on the Library of Congress National Film Registry for being considered a "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" film.


title: Yiddish

text: In 1976, the Canadian-born American author Saul Bellow received the Nobel Prize in Literature. He was fluent in Yiddish, and translated several Yiddish poems and stories into English, including Isaac Bashevis Singer's "Gimpel the Fool". In 1978, Singer, a writer in the Yiddish language, who was born in Poland and lived in the United States, received the Nobel Prize in Literature.


title: Yiddish

text: Legal scholars Eugene Volokh and Alex Kozinski argue that Yiddish is "supplanting Latin as the spice in American legal argot".


title: Yiddish

text: In the 2000 United States Census, 178,945 people in the United States reported speaking Yiddish at home. Of these speakers, 113,515 lived in New York (63.43% of American Yiddish speakers); 18,220 in Florida (10.18%); 9,145 in New Jersey (5.11%); and 8,950 in California (5.00%). The remaining states with speaker populations larger than 1,000 are Pennsylvania (5,445), Ohio (1,925), Michigan (1,945), Massachusetts (2,380), Maryland (2,125), Illinois (3,510), Connecticut (1,710), and Arizona (1,055). The population is largely elderly: 72,885 of the speakers were older than 65, 66,815 were between 18 and 64, and only 39,245 were age 17 or lower.


title: Yiddish

text: In the six years since the 2000 census, the 2006 American Community Survey reflected an estimated 15 percent decline of people speaking Yiddish at home in the U.S. to 152,515. In 2011, the number of persons in the United States above the age of five speaking Yiddish at home was 160,968. 88% of them were living in four metropolitan areas – New York City and another metropolitan area just north of it, Miami, and Los Angeles.


title: Yiddish

text: There are a few predominantly Hasidic communities in the United States in which Yiddish remains the majority language including concentrations in the Crown Heights, Borough Park, and Williamsburg neighborhoods of Brooklyn. In Kiryas Joel in Orange County, New York, in the 2000 census, nearly 90% of residents of Kiryas Joel reported speaking Yiddish at home.


title: Yiddish

text: There are well over 30,000 Yiddish speakers in the United Kingdom, and several thousand children now have Yiddish as a first language. The largest group of Yiddish speakers in Britain reside in the Stamford Hill district of North London, but there are sizable communities in northwest London, Leeds, Manchester and Gateshead. The Yiddish readership in the UK is mainly reliant upon imported material from the United States and Israel for newspapers, magazines and other periodicals. However, the London-based weekly "Jewish Tribune" has a small section in Yiddish called "Yidishe Tribune". From the 1910s to the 1950s, London had a daily Yiddish newspaper called די צײַט ("Di Tsayt", ; in English, "The Time"), founded, and edited from offices in Whitechapel Road, by Romanian-born Morris Myer, who was succeeded on his death in 1943 by his son Harry. There were also from time to time Yiddish newspapers in Manchester, Liverpool, Glasgow and Leeds. Bilingual Yiddish and English café the Pink Peacock opened in Glasgow in 2021.


title: Yiddish

text: Montreal had, and to some extent still has, one of the most thriving Yiddish communities in North America. Yiddish was Montreal's third language (after French and English) for the entire first half of the twentieth century. "Der Keneder Adler" ("The Canadian Eagle", founded by Hirsch Wolofsky), Montreal's daily Yiddish newspaper, appeared from 1907 to 1988. The Monument-National was the center of Yiddish theater from 1896 until the construction of the Saidye Bronfman Centre for the Arts (now the Segal Centre for Performing Arts), inaugurated on September 24, 1967, where the established resident theater, the Dora Wasserman Yiddish Theatre, remains the only permanent Yiddish theatre in North America. The theatre group also tours Canada, US, Israel, and Europe.


title: Yiddish

text: Even though Yiddish has receded, it is the immediate ancestral language of Montrealers like Mordecai Richler and Leonard Cohen, as well as former interim city mayor Michael Applebaum. Besides Yiddish-speaking activists, it remains today the native everyday language of 15,000 Montreal Hasidim.


title: Yiddish

text: Major exceptions to the decline of spoken Yiddish are found in Haredi communities all over the world. In some of the more closely knit such communities, Yiddish is spoken as a home and schooling language, especially in Hasidic, Litvish, or Yeshivish communities, such as Brooklyn's Borough Park, Williamsburg, and Crown Heights, and in the communities of Monsey, Kiryas Joel, and New Square in New York (over 88% of the population of Kiryas Joel is reported to speak Yiddish at home.) Also in New Jersey, Yiddish is widely spoken mostly in Lakewood Township, but also in smaller towns with yeshivas, such as Passaic, Teaneck, and elsewhere. Yiddish is also widely spoken in the Jewish community in Antwerp, and in Haredi communities such as the ones in London, Manchester, and Montreal. Yiddish is also spoken in many Haredi communities throughout Israel. Among most Ashkenazi Haredim, Hebrew is generally reserved for prayer, while Yiddish is used for religious studies, as well as a home and business language. In Israel, however, Haredim commonly speak modern Hebrew, with the notable exception of many Hasidic communities. However, many Haredim who use Modern Hebrew also understand Yiddish. There are some who send their children to schools in which the primary language of instruction is Yiddish. Members of anti-Zionist Haredi groups such as the Satmar Hasidim, who view the commonplace use of Hebrew as a form of Zionism, use Yiddish almost exclusively.


title: Yiddish

text: Hundreds of thousands of young children around the globe have been, and are still, taught to translate the texts of the Torah into Yiddish. This process is called ("taytshn") – "translating". Many Ashkenazi yeshivas' highest level lectures in Talmud and Halakha are delivered in Yiddish by the rosh yeshivas as well as ethical talks of the Musar movement. Hasidic rebbes generally use only Yiddish to converse with their followers and to deliver their various Torah talks, classes, and lectures. The linguistic style and vocabulary of Yiddish have influenced the manner in which many Orthodox Jews who attend yeshivas speak English. This usage is distinctive enough that it has been dubbed "Yeshivish".


title: Yiddish

text: While Hebrew remains the exclusive language of Jewish prayer, the Hasidim have mixed some Yiddish into their Hebrew, and are also responsible for a significant secondary religious literature written in Yiddish. For example, the tales about the Baal Shem Tov were written largely in Yiddish. The Torah Talks of the late Chabad leaders are published in their original form, Yiddish. In addition, some prayers, such as "God of Abraham", were composed and are recited in Yiddish.


title: Yiddish

text: There has been a resurgence in Yiddish learning in recent times among many from around the world with Jewish ancestry. The language which had lost many of its native speakers during the Holocaust has been making something of a comeback. In Poland, which traditionally had Yiddish speaking communities, a museum has begun to revive Yiddish education and culture. Located in Kraków, the Galicia Jewish Museum offers classes in Yiddish Language Instruction and workshops on Yiddish Songs. The museum has taken steps to revive the culture through concerts and events held on site.


title: Yiddish

text: There are various universities worldwide which now offer Yiddish programs based on the YIVO Yiddish standard. Many of these programs are held during the summer and are attended by Yiddish enthusiasts from around the world. One such school located within Vilnius University (Vilnius Yiddish Institute) was the first Yiddish center of higher learning to be established in post-Holocaust Eastern Europe. Vilnius Yiddish Institute is an integral part of the four-century-old Vilnius University. Published Yiddish scholar and researcher Dovid Katz is among the Faculty.


title: Yiddish

text: Despite this growing popularity among many American Jews, finding opportunities for practical use of Yiddish is becoming increasingly difficult, and thus many students have trouble learning to speak the language. One solution has been the establishment of a farm in Goshen, New York, for Yiddishists.


title: Yiddish

text: Yiddish is the medium of instruction in many Hasidic חדרים "khadoorim," Jewish boys' schools, and some Hasidic girls' schools.


title: Yiddish

text: Sholem Aleichem College, a secular Jewish primary school in Melbourne teaches Yiddish as a second language to all its students. The school was founded in 1975 by the Bund movement in Australia, and still maintains daily Yiddish instruction today, and includes student theater and music in Yiddish.


title: Yiddish

text: Google Translate includes Yiddish as one of its languages, as does Wikipedia. Hebrew alphabet keyboards are available and right-to-left writing recognised. Google Search accepts queries in Yiddish.


title: Yiddish

text: Over ten thousand Yiddish texts, estimated as over half of all the published works in Yiddish, are now online based on the work of the Yiddish Book Center, volunteers, and the Internet Archive.


title: Yiddish

text: There are many websites on the Internet in Yiddish. In January 2013, "The Forward" announced the launch of the new daily version of their newspaper's website, which has been active since 1999 as an online weekly, supplied with radio and video programs, a literary section for fiction writers and a special blog written in local contemporary Hasidic dialects.


title: Yiddish

text: Computer scientist Raphael Finkel maintains a hub of Yiddish-language resources, including a searchable dictionary and spell checker.


title: Yiddish

text: In late 2016, Motorola, Inc. released its smartphones with keyboard access for the Yiddish language in its foreign language option.


title: Yiddish

text: As this article has explained, Yiddish has influenced Modern Hebrew and New York English, especially as spoken by yeshivah students (sometimes known as Yeshivish). It has also influenced Cockney in England. French argot has some words coming from Yiddish.


title: Yiddish

text: Paul Wexler proposed that Esperanto was not an arbitrary pastiche of major European languages but a Latinate relexification of Yiddish, a native language of its founder. This model is generally unsupported by mainstream linguists.


title: Marco Pierre White

text: Marco Pierre White (born 11 December 1961) is a British chef, restaurateur, and television personality. He has been dubbed "the first celebrity chef" and the "enfant terrible" of the UK restaurant scene. In January 1995, aged 33, White became the first British chef to be awarded three Michelin stars. He has trained notable chefs such as Mario Batali, Heston Blumenthal, Shannon Bennett, Gordon Ramsay and Curtis Stone.


title: Marco Pierre White

text: Marco Pierre White was born in Leeds on 11 December 1961, the third of four sons born to Maria-Rosa Gallina, an Italian immigrant from Veneto, and Frank White, a chef. He left Allerton High School in Leeds without any qualifications and decided to train as a chef like his father.


title: Marco Pierre White

text: White first trained at Hotel St George in Harrogate and then at the Box Tree in Ilkley. In 1981, he went to London with "£7.36, a box of books, and a bag of clothes", and began his classical training as a "commis" with Albert and Michel Roux at Le Gavroche. He continued his training under Pierre Koffman at La Tante Claire, moving to work in the kitchen of Raymond Blanc at Le Manoir, and later with Nico Ladenis of Chez Nico at Ninety Park Lane. He then branched out on his own, working in the kitchen at the Six Bells public house in the Kings Road with assistant Mario Batali.


title: Marco Pierre White

text: In 1987, White opened Harveys in Wandsworth Common, London, where he won his first Michelin star almost immediately, and his second a year later. He also won the Newcomer Award at the 1987 The Catey Awards, run by "The Caterer" magazine.


title: Marco Pierre White

text: White's notable protégés who worked at Harveys include Gordon Ramsay, Phil Howard, Stephen Terry, and Éric Chavot.


title: Marco Pierre White

text: He later became chef-patron of The Restaurant Marco Pierre White in the dining room at the former Hyde Park Hotel, where he won the third Michelin star, and then moved to the Oak Room at the Le Méridien Piccadilly Hotel.


title: Marco Pierre White

text: In 1995, at the age of 33, White became the first British chef to be awarded three Michelin stars and the youngest chef to achieve three stars to that point. His record was superseded by Massimiliano Alajmo in 2002, who achieved three stars at the age of 28.


title: Marco Pierre White

text: Although White worked for seventeen years to pursue his ambition, he ultimately found that, in spite of his accomplishments, recognition and fame, his career did not provide him with adequate returns in his personal life. So, in 1999, he retired and returned his Michelin stars.


title: Marco Pierre White

text: White announced his retirement from the kitchen in 1999 and cooked his final meal for a paying customer on 23 December at the Oak Room. He also returned all his Michelin Stars. After his retirement, he became a restaurateur. Together with Jimmy Lahoud, he set up White Star Line Ltd, which they operated together for several years before ending their partnership in 2007.


title: Marco Pierre White

text: In 2008, White opened his very first steakhouse, the "MPW Steak & Alehouse" with James Robertson in the Square Mile in London. As co-owners, since 2010 they also operated the Kings Road Steakhouse & Grill in Chelsea. James Robertson had worked for White as a maître d'hôtel, between 1999 and 2003. In May 2016 the two restaurants became the London Steakhouse Co.


title: Marco Pierre White

text: White had a stake in the Yew Tree Inn, a 17th-century dining pub near Highclere in Hampshire, although following an acrimonious falling out with his business partners the pub was sold. This was the setting for much of "Marco's Great British Feast", screened on ITV in the summer of 2008. In January 2009, it was reported that White was to charge £5 for a pint of real ale at the venue, making the Yew Tree "one of the most expensive places to drink British real ale in the country". White said: "Most pubs undercharge. You're not just paying for beer, you're paying for the place you drink it in and the people who serve it."


title: Marco Pierre White

text: In 2010, White met businessman Nick Taplin, owner of a four-star hotel in North Somerset (UK) called Cadbury House and operator of other venues in the UK. Taplin was looking to improve the in-house restaurant offering across his hotel estate and in October 2010, following discussions with White, opened a Marco Pierre White Steakhouse Bar & Grill at Cadbury House as a franchisee. This was closely followed by restaurants at Hoole Hall and The Cube.


title: Marco Pierre White

text: As more hotel owners started making enquiries about a Marco Pierre White restaurant, in 2013, White developed a master franchise with Taplin, and together launched Black And White Hospitality. The business operates a franchise model allowing property owners or investors to open one of the eight Marco Pierre White branded restaurants within their property including Marco Pierre White Steakhouse Bar & Grill, Mr White's English Chophouse, Wheeler's of St James's Oyster Bar & Grill Room, Koffmann & Mr White's, Marco's New York Italian, Wheeler's Fish & Chips, Bardolino Pizzeria Bellini & Espresso Bar and Marconi Coffee & Juice Bar.


title: Marco Pierre White

text: White has published several books, including an influential cookbook "White Heat", an autobiography called "White Slave" (entitled "The Devil in the Kitchen" in North America and in the paperback version), and "Wild Food from Land and Sea".


title: Marco Pierre White

text: At one point during the series, controversy ensued when White said, "I don't think it was a picnic tonight." The remark prompted criticism from the Commission for Racial Equality. However, the show was defended by an ITV spokesman, who indicated that warnings about its content were given before transmission, and that White's comment had been challenged by one of the contestants, Lee Ryan. The book accompanying the show, "Marco Pierre White in Hell's Kitchen", was published on 23 August 2007 by Ebury Press.


title: Marco Pierre White

text: White presented "Hell's Kitchen Australia" for the Seven Network which aired in 2017. Following comments made by " Masterchef" judge Matt Preston about White's son's spending $500,000 of his father's money on drugs and prostitution, White joined this rival programme in retaliation.


title: Marco Pierre White

text: White is seen in UK adverts for Knorr stock cubes and stock pots, a Unilever brand. In answer to criticisms that he had "sold himself out as a chef" by acting as a brand ambassador for such products he said, "by working with companies like Knorr it allows me to stand onto a bigger stage and enrich people's lives... Michelin stars, they're my past."


title: Marco Pierre White

text: In 2013, White apologised after being accused of cultural appropriation over an online video produced for Knorr in which he demonstrated how to cook rice and peas.


title: Marco Pierre White

text: On 18 March 2008, it was announced that White would be the host of an American version of the Australian cooking competition series "The Chopping Block". The series, produced by Granada America, the production company behind the American version of "Hell's Kitchen", aired on NBC in March 2009 but was pulled after three episodes due to low ratings. After a three-month hiatus, "Chopping Block" returned to complete its season.


title: Marco Pierre White

text: On 6 July 2011, White was a guest judge on "Masterchef Australia" mentoring the cooks in an elimination round. On 15 June 2014, White began a week-long appearance on "Masterchef Australia" presiding over a mystery box challenge, an invention test and a pressure test. On 17 May 2015, White began his second week-long appearance on "Masterchef Australia", in Week 3 of Series 7. On 12 July 2015, he returned for a second week on "Masterchef Australia" Series 7, entitled "Marco Returns Week". On 8 May 2016, White began his third year running, and fourth week-long appearance on "Masterchef Australia", this time Week 2 of Series 8.


title: Marco Pierre White

text: On 27 August 2011, White was a houseguest on the UK version of "Celebrity Big Brother" to set a cooking task.


title: Marco Pierre White

text: In 2012, White fronted a new show for Channel 5 called "Marco Pierre White's Kitchen Wars". It saw the UK's best restaurant partnerships balance food with front of house service, fighting for a place in a specially designed studio restaurant, where the top couples are each given their own kitchen and set of diners to impress. It received positive reviews from critics in "The Guardian" and "The Independent".


title: Marco Pierre White

text: White was a principal judge in "Masterchef Australia: The Professionals", which started on 20 January 2013. White co-hosted the show with regular "Masterchef Australia" host Matt Preston.


title: Marco Pierre White

text: On 11 December 2014, White appeared on the South African version of "Masterchef" which aired on M-Net. He had a cook-along in the final challenge in the finals between Siphokazi and Roxi.


title: Marco Pierre White

text: On 6 September 2015, White appeared on the New Zealand version of "MasterChef" which aired on TV3 (New Zealand). He was the Head Chef/Mentor of a team challenge consisting of the final 8.


title: Marco Pierre White

text: During his early career working in the kitchen at Harveys, White regularly ejected patrons from the restaurant if he took offence at their comments. When a customer asked if he could have chips with his lunch, White hand-cut and personally cooked the chips, but charged the customer £25 for his time.


title: Marco Pierre White

text: During his time at Harveys, White would regularly act unpredictably, from throwing cheese plates onto the wall to assaulting his head chef who had recently broken his leg. He later said that he "used to go fucking insane". A young chef at Harveys who once complained of heat in the kitchen had the back of his chef's jacket and trousers cut open by White with a sharp paring knife. White also once made a young Gordon Ramsay cry while Ramsay worked for him, and later said, "I don't recall what he'd done wrong but I yelled at him and he lost it. Gordon crouched down in the corner of the kitchen, buried his head in his hands and started sobbing."


title: Marco Pierre White

text: Following comments made by "MasterChef Australia" judge Matt Preston about White's son's spending $500,000 of his father's money on drugs and prostitution, White stopped making guest appearances on the show after the 8th season and joined the rival programme "Hell's Kitchen Australia" in retaliation. In 2016, whilst on "The Kyle and Jackie O Show", Preston was asked about Marco Jr.’s time on "Big Brother UK", which included his alleged on-air sex and the above admission of purchasing illicit drugs and sex work. Preston said: "I think it is that terrible thing when you have kids that go off the rails... the drugs might be a little bit of a worry". White later said of Preston that "I will never forgive that man [Preston]... with my hand on my mother's grave I will get that man." White eventually returned to the programme in season 14, after Preston had left the show.


title: Marco Pierre White

text: In September 2017, White opened a new restaurant in Plymouth. At the opening, he was critical of the quality of English wine, describing it as "nonsense" and caused controversy by saying, "London is the No 1 food destination, full stop. It has the talent and (the people who can pay) the prices ... How many three-Michelin-star restaurants does Cornwall have? None."


title: Marco Pierre White

text: He went on, however, to praise the efforts of a rival hotel in the city, the Duke of Cornwall, describing it as "a lovely place". He also added that while he had not eaten food produced by Nathan Outlaw, a Cornish Michelin star chef, he had read his books and seen his recipes and believed "he cooks very well".


title: Marco Pierre White

text: White has been married three times. His first wife was Alex McArthur, whom he married at Chelsea Register Office on 8 June 1988. They had a daughter, Letitia, before divorcing in 1990.


title: Marco Pierre White

text: White met 21-year-old model Lisa Butcher at a London nightclub, and they were engaged within three weeks. Engaged for two months, Butcher sold the coverage of the wedding in a £20,000 deal with "Hello!" magazine. The wedding took place at the Brompton Oratory on 15 August 1992.


title: Marco Pierre White

text: In 1992, White began an affair with Matilde Conejero, the bar manager at The Canteen in Chelsea Harbour, and divorced Butcher for her. The couple had two sons and a daughter, and were married at the Belvedere restaurant in Holland Park on 7 April 2000. After White became friends with city financier Robin Saunders, Conejero suspected an affair between the two; they had a fight in January 2005, after which White spent 14 hours in the cells of Notting Hill police station. They separated some time later.


title: Pokémon Journeys: The Series

text: Pokémon Journeys: The Series is the twenty-third season of the "Pokémon" anime series and the first and titular season of Pokémon Journeys: The Series, known in Japan as . The season premiered from November 17, 2019, to December 4, 2020, on TV Tokyo channel 7, and in the United States, it releases as a streaming television season that premiered from June 12, 2020, to March 5, 2021, on Netflix, making it the first "Pokémon" series not to air on conventional broadcast television in the United States, unlike previous series. It premiered in Canada on Teletoon on a weekly basis from May 9, 2020, to June 5, 2021. This season follows the adventures of Ash Ketchum and Goh as they travel across all eight regions of the "Pokémon" franchise, including the new Galar region from "Pokémon Sword" and "Shield". Supporting characters include Professor Cerise, a Pokémon researcher who oversees Ash and Goh's missions, and his daughter Chloe, Goh's childhood friend. On April 23, 2020, The Pokémon Company International announced that Netflix has secured the U.S. rights to release future seasons, starting with "Pokémon Journeys". Episodes were released in quarterly groups of twelve. On September 13, 2020, it was announced the anime will switch from airing on Sundays to Fridays on October 9, 2020. The show began airing on September 1, 2020 on Pop in the United Kingdom. The show aired on Pop Max on August 30, 2021. This is available in India in Hindi dub from October 29, 2021.


title: Pokémon Journeys: The Series

text: The Japanese opening song is by After the Rain's Soraru and Mafumafu for 31 episodes, and by Nishikawa-kun and Kirishō (Takanori Nishikawa and Shō Kiryūin) for 17 episodes (The first episode is used as the ending theme, credited as the theme song). The ending songs are by the Pokémon Music Club's Junichi Masuda, Pasocom Music Club, and Pokémon Kids 2019, divided into two parts: for 18 episodes and for 5 episodes ended in even numbers, 40, 42, 44, 46, and 48; and the for 20 episodes and for 4 episodes ended in odd numbers, 41, 43, 45, and 47, the Japanese main theme song of "", by Tortoise Matsumoto (Ulfuls) for 1 episode to promote the movie, and the English opening song is "The Journey Starts Today" by Walk off the Earth. Its instrumental version serves as the ending theme.


title: Anne-Marie

text: Anne-Marie Rose Nicholson (born 7 April 1991) is an English singer. She has attained charting singles on the UK Singles Chart, including Clean Bandit's "Rockabye", which peaked at number one, as well as "Alarm", "Ciao Adios", "Friends", "2002", "Don't Play" and "Kiss My (Uh-Oh)". Her debut studio album, "Speak Your Mind", was released in 2018 and peaked at number three on the UK Albums Chart.


title: Anne-Marie

text: Anne-Marie was nominated for four awards at the 2019 Brit Awards, including Best British Female Solo Artist. To date she has been nominated for ten Brit Awards and has also received a nomination for a "Billboard" Music Award. In 2015, she signed a record deal with Asylum (a sub-label of Atlantic Records) and began releasing her work through the label. In 2021, she released her second studio album, "Therapy", and began appearing as a coach on the television singing competition "The Voice UK".


title: Anne-Marie

text: Anne-Marie was born 7 April 1991 and raised in East Tilbury in Essex. Her father, a builder and handyman, is from the East End of London, while her mother, a teacher, is from Essex. She has one sister, Samantha. She appeared in two West End productions as a child—"Les Misérables" when she was six, and "Whistle Down the Wind", alongside Jessie J, when she was 12.


title: Anne-Marie

text: Anne-Marie is a black belt in Shotokan karate, having started taking karate lessons aged nine. She won Double Gold in the 2002 Funakoshi Shotokan Karate Association World Championships, Gold and Silver in the 2007 Funakoshi Shotokan Karate Association World Championships, and Gold in the United Kingdom Traditional Karate Federation National Championships. She credits this with teaching her "discipline and focus – basically everything I need for this career" but now does not have time to practise it frequently, due to her performing commitments. She attended Palmer's College in Thurrock as a teenager. Anne-Marie has admitted that at school she was a nightmare, and that she feels bad for the teachers because she made their lives hell.


title: Anne-Marie

text: Anne-Marie cut a solo demo for Rocket Records in 2013 called "Summer Girl". Her solo career was curtailed for her to develop herself as an artist; in the interim, she guested on tracks by Magnetic Man, Gorgon City and Raized by Wolves, after which she caught the attention of Rudimental; one of their vocalists left, and so they asked Anne-Marie to replace her. She featured on four tracks on their album "We the Generation", of which two were co-features with Dizzee Rascal and Will Heard; the latter, "Rumour Mill", reached number 67 on the UK Singles Chart. She spent two years touring alongside them. On 10 June 2015, Anne-Marie released her debut EP "Karate", which went out on the new label Major Tom's; two singles were released from it, "Karate" and "Gemini", which led to Anne-Marie making her first solo live performances. That November she released "Do It Right", which peaked at number 90 on the UK Singles Chart. It was originally intended to appear on Anne-Marie's debut full-length album, which at the time, had the working title of "Breathing Fire".


title: Anne-Marie

text: On 20 May 2016, Anne-Marie released "Alarm", the first single from her debut album. It spent one week at number 76 in June before resurfacing a month later; it later peaked at number 2 and was certified Platinum in the UK. In October 2016, Anne-Marie was confirmed to play at the thirty-first edition of Eurosonic Noorderslag in Groningen, Netherlands. The same month, Clean Bandit released their song "Rockabye", with Anne-Marie as main vocalist and featuring Jamaican rapper Sean Paul. It spent nine consecutive weeks at number one and gained the coveted Christmas number one. The song has since been certified multi-platinum across most of Europe, North America and Oceania.


title: Anne-Marie

text: On 10 March 2017, Anne-Marie released "Ciao Adios", which she had previously performed live at KOKO on 28 November 2016. The single became a top 10 hit in the UK, charting at number nine and being certified Platinum by the BPI. Anne-Marie's next single saw her collaborate with Snakehips on "Either Way", which also featured Joey Badass. On 21 September Anne-Marie released "Heavy", followed by "Then" on 15 December. In 2018, Anne-Marie collaborated with Marshmello on "Friends". The song was released on 9 February 2018, and was Anne-Marie's second top five UK hit as a lead artist. On 22 February, Anne-Marie announced that her debut studio album, "Speak Your Mind", would be released on 27 April 2018. Prior to the release of her album, Anne-Marie released the single "2002" on 20 April in response to constant urging by Ed Sheeran, the co-creator of the song. In July 2018, Anne-Marie featured on a David Guetta song titled "Don't Leave Me Alone", which peaked at 18 on the "UK Singles" chart.


title: Anne-Marie

text: In November 2018, Anne-Marie and James Arthur recorded "Rewrite the Stars" from "The Greatest Showman" for the re-recording of its soundtrack, "".


title: Anne-Marie

text: In 2019, Anne-Marie featured on the single "Lonely" by American singer Lauv for the soundtrack of "13 Reasons Why: Season 3." The single was released on 1 August 2019. Anne-Marie released the song "Birthday" on 7 February 2020. On Mother's Day 2020, Anne-Marie released the song "Her". "To Be Young", was released on 17 July 2020, featuring American rapper Doja Cat.


title: Anne-Marie

text: On 28 August 2020, Anne-Marie featured on the Rudimental song "Come Over". On 12 November 2020, Anne-Marie released the single "Problems". On the same day, her documentary, "How To Be Anne-Marie", was released on YouTube Originals. The documentary gives light to the fans and a closer look about her personal life and her "time away from the limelight". Her documentary also features fellow celebrities, including Little Mix.


title: Anne-Marie

text: On 2 January 2021, she made her first appearance as the newest coach for the tenth series of "The Voice UK", replacing Meghan Trainor. A member of her team, Craig Eddie, won series 10, giving Anne-Marie her first win on her first series as a coach.


title: Anne-Marie

text: On 15 January 2021, Anne-Marie released the single "Don't Play" in collaboration with British YouTuber and rapper-singer KSI and English DJ and producer Digital Farm Animals as the lead single from her second studio album.


title: Anne-Marie

text: Anne-Marie contributed vocals on the song "Way Too Long" in collaboration with Nathan Dawe and MoStack on 9 April 2021. On 13 May 2021, Anne-Marie announced the single "Our Song" with Niall Horan as the third single from her upcoming second studio album. The song was released on 21 May 2021. On 23 July 2021, Anne-Marie released the single "Kiss My (Uh-Oh)" as the fourth single, featuring Little Mix on the same day her album "Therapy" was released.


title: Anne-Marie

text: In November 2021 it was announced she would dance with Graziano Di Prima in the 2021 "Strictly Come Dancing" Christmas Special, which she went on to win.


title: Anne-Marie

text: On 27 May 2022, Anne-Marie collaborated with Swedish DJ duo Neiked and American rapper Latto on the song "I Just Called".


title: Anne-Marie

text: On 26 August 2022, Anne-Marie featured in K-pop boy group Seventeen's new version of their latest song "_World".


title: Anne-Marie

text: On 15 September 2022, Anne-Marie released the single "Psycho", in collaboration with British rapper Aitch, as the lead single from her third studio album.


title: Anne-Marie

text: In an interview with FM104 regarding her third studio album, Anne-Marie explained that "I've been writing a lot of new stuff... and I feel like I've figured out what I want to say. I feel like from the first and second album I've learnt a lot about myself, and know this is now who I am."


title: Anne-Marie

text: In 2018, Anne-Marie revealed that she is attracted to both men and women, but that she does not identify with the label bisexual. She said, "I just feel like I'm attracted to who I like."


title: Anne-Marie

text: Anne-Marie has opened up about her struggle with anxiety. She said that therapy helped her "face her demons during lockdown". She also stated that she has ADHD, dyslexia and OCD.


title: Sunny Balwani

text: Ramesh "Sunny" Balwani (born ) is an American convicted fraudster, businessman and former president and chief operating officer of Theranos, which was a privately held health technology company founded by his then-girlfriend Elizabeth Holmes. He was the second most important figure in the collapse of Theranos and its fraudulent claims to investors, that they had devised a revolutionary blood test that used very small amounts of blood such as that from a fingerstick. Starting in 2015, Theranos came under criticism in the media due to its questionable claims and practices. The company was eventually liquidated. Balwani and Holmes were criminally charged by federal authorities for operating the business as a multi-million-dollar scheme to defraud investors and patients. Holmes was found guilty and sentenced to 135 months in prison on November 18, 2022. On July 7, 2022, Balwani was found guilty on all counts. On December 7, 2022 he was sentenced to 12 years and 11 months, plus three years of probation, with a surrender date by March 15, 2023.


title: Sunny Balwani

text: Ramesh Balwani was born in Sindh, Pakistan into an upper middle-class Sindhi Hindu farming family. He attended Aitchison College, a prestigious boarding school in Lahore. He stayed there until 1984, receiving an education the British colonialists had designated for "youths of good family". Balwani speaks Sindhi, his native language and Urdu, Hindi and English.


title: Sunny Balwani

text: His family eventually moved to India "because being a Hindu in a mostly all-Muslim country of Pakistan was very difficult" according to Balwani's personal lawyer. Later they immigrated to the United States. In the Spring 1987 semester, Balwani began undergraduate studies at the University of Texas at Austin as an international student where he was a member of the Pakistani Students Association. "He was very patriotically Pakistani," said one friend of Balwani's at the time, "He was one of us." Balwani left the campus sometime after 1991 to begin working; he would eventually complete a degree, but not until 1997 with a bachelor's in information systems.


title: Sunny Balwani

text: Despite research into the question by "The New York Times", it is unknown when, or why, he took the nickname "Sunny". In official documents from the late 1990s, and on divorce papers from 2002, he was known as Ramesh, his given name. By 2012, he was signing papers at Theranos as Sunny Balwani.


title: Sunny Balwani

text: In the 1990s, Balwani worked for Lotus Software and Microsoft. During Balwani's tenure at Microsoft he worked in sales. He claims to have written thousands of lines of code; however, independent investigations could not verify this, and numerous Microsoft managers who were asked about him could not remember him. While at Microsoft, he met a Japanese artist, Keiko Fujimoto, who became his wife.


title: Sunny Balwani

text: In late 1999 he joined CommerceBid.com as President. It was a software development company that helped businesses buy and sell items via auctions over the burgeoning Internet. In 1999, the company was purchased by Commerce One, another business development software company with a high valuation. The buyout was done entirely with stock, and Balwani joined the board of the new company. In July 2000, Balwani sold his shares in Commerce One, netting nearly $40 million shortly before the company went out of business, just before the dot com bubble burst. He later went back to school and received a Master of Business Administration from the University of California, Berkeley in 2003. He spent another four years in a computer science graduate program at Stanford University, but dropped out in 2008.


title: Sunny Balwani

text: While enrolled at Berkeley, Balwani, who was 37 at the time, met Elizabeth Holmes, who was 18 and in her senior year of high school. Holmes pursued an undergraduate degree in chemical engineering at Stanford, but later dropped out to focus full-time on Theranos.


title: Sunny Balwani

text: Balwani joined Theranos in 2009. He ran the company's day-to-day operations as its president. He had no training in biological sciences or medical devices, which became an issue due to the absence of medical experts on the company's board of directors and Balwani's behavior. He was described by former Theranos employees as overbearing, uncompromising and so concerned about industrial espionage that he verged on paranoia.


title: Sunny Balwani

text: Within Theranos, Balwani was known for using technical terms he seemingly did not understand in what others believed were attempts to appear more knowledgeable. Balwani at one point claimed "This invention [the Edison blood testing device] is going to be way up there, um, with – with the discovery of antibiotics." He once misheard "end effector" (the claw or other device at the end of an automated robot's arm) as "endofactor" (a nonsense word) and repeated the error throughout a meeting, furthermore not noticing when "Endofactor" was subsequently used as a prank in a PowerPoint presentation.


title: Sunny Balwani

text: "The Wall Street Journal" reported in October 2015 that the Edison blood testing device by Theranos produced inaccurate medical diagnoses and results. Edison machines frequently failed quality-control checks and produced widely varying results, a finding that was corroborated in a report released in March 2016 by the federal Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). In April 2016, Theranos told regulators it had voided all test results from Edison machines for 2014 and 2015, as well as some other tests it ran on conventional machines.


title: Sunny Balwani

text: In January 2016, the CMS sent a warning letter to Theranos after inspecting its Newark, California, laboratory. CMS regulators proposed a two-year ban on Balwani from owning or operating a blood lab after the company had not fixed problems within its California lab in March 2016.


title: Sunny Balwani

text: The other charges of fraud against Theranos include claiming the company's technology was being used by the U.S. Department of Defense in combat situations despite never having been used.


title: Sunny Balwani

text: Another false claim included claiming a $100 million revenue stream in 2014 that was actually $100,000. Balwani departed from his position at Theranos in May 2016.


title: Sunny Balwani

text: In March 2018, Balwani and Holmes were charged by the SEC with securities fraud, "raising more than $700 million from investors through an elaborate, years-long fraud in which they exaggerated or made false statements about the company's technology, business, and financial performance". Holmes settled the case out of court without admitting or denying wrongdoing, but Balwani is still in litigation as of 2022. He says he is innocent of the charges.


title: Sunny Balwani

text: On June 15, 2018, following an investigation by the U.S. Attorney's Office in San Francisco that lasted more than two years, a federal grand jury indicted president Ramesh "Sunny" Balwani and CEO Elizabeth Holmes on nine counts of wire fraud and two counts of conspiracy to commit wire fraud. Prosecutors allege that Holmes and Balwani engaged in two criminal schemes, one to defraud investors, the other to defraud patients. In March 2020, a U.S. District Court Judge ordered that Balwani will stand trial separately from Holmes. In January 2022, Holmes was found guilty on multiple counts of fraud. On July 7, 2022, Balwani was found guilty on all counts and faced up to 20 years in prison and millions of dollars in restitution. He received a sentence of 12 years 11 months in prison, plus three years of probation on December 7, 2022. He will begin serving his sentence no later than March 15, 2023.


title: Sunny Balwani

text: He was married to Japanese artist Keiko Fujimoto. Fujimoto and Balwani lived in San Francisco before their divorce in December 2002.


title: Sunny Balwani

text: Balwani was in a romantic relationship with Elizabeth Holmes during his tenure at Theranos. Holmes met him in 2002 at age 18, while still in school. He was 19 years older than Holmes and married at the time. Their relationship was not disclosed to their Theranos investors. During her trial, Holmes testified that she had been raped while she was a student at Stanford and that she had sought solace from Balwani in the aftermath of the incident. She also claimed that during her romantic relationship with Balwani, which lasted more than a decade, he was a very controlling figure and that he berated and sexually abused her. In her court testimony, Holmes stated that Balwani wanted to "kill the person" she was and make her into a "new Elizabeth". However, she later testified that Balwani had not forced her to make the false statements to investors, business partners, journalists and company directors that had been described in the case. In court filings, Balwani and his ex-wife Fujimoto have "categorically" denied abuse allegations, calling them "false and inflammatory".


title: Sunny Balwani

text: Balwani was portrayed by Naveen Andrews in the 2022 miniseries "The Dropout", which documented his relationship with Holmes and his role within Theranos.


title: 1899 (TV series)

text: 1899 is a multilingual German epic period mystery-science fiction television series created by Jantje Friese and Baran bo Odar. It premiered on Netflix on 17 November 2022. It has received mostly positive critical reviews, with praise for its casting, directing, cinematography, and acting, though some criticised its pacing as slow. The creators have ideas for two more seasons.


title: 1899 (TV series)

text: Set in 1899, the series follows a group of European emigrants travelling from Southampton, UK on a steamship named "Kerberos" to start new lives in New York City, USA.


title: 1899 (TV series)

text: On 13 November 2018, it was announced that "Dark" creators Jantje Friese and Baran bo Odar were developing the project for Netflix under their overall deal at the streaming service. The series was confirmed to be moving forward two weeks later during a Netflix press conference showcasing European original programming. By July 2020, bo Odar revealed via Instagram that Friese had completed writing the script for the pilot episode, titled "The Ship." During an interview with "Deadline Hollywood", Friese explained how the European migrant crisis and Brexit were influential to the series, saying:


title: 1899 (TV series)

text: As with "Dark", Friese served as the head writer of the show. The staff writing team comprised writers of different nationalities including Emma Ko (from Hong Kong and the UK), Coline Abert (from France), Jerome Bucchan-Nelson (from the UK), Juliana Lima Dehne (from Brazil and the US), Joshua Long (from the US), Darío Madrona (from Spain), and Emil Nygaard Albertsen (from Denmark). According to director Baran bo Odar, all scripts were first written in English, then the non-English sections were translated by the staff writers and/or translators. Odar had phonetic copies of the script on set, and language assistants were present during filming to ensure the accuracy of the dialogue.


title: 1899 (TV series)

text: Friese and bo Odar have ideas for two more seasons, with increased complexity compared to season 1. The planned three-season structure stems from Friese's and bo Odar's film background, where films have three acts. The first season served to establish the theme and characters and pose big questions. If ordered by Netflix, the second season would explain the symbology of the triangles, and Maura's brother would be an important character. bo Odar described this second act as "all about the fun and games, where you play with the theme, and maybe get a little bit more megalomaniacal and crazy, and then resolve it in the third season into a hopefully satisfying resolution."


title: 1899 (TV series)

text: The budget for the series was at least €60 million ($62.2 million) with €2 million coming from Medienboard Berlin-Brandenburg, €10 million coming from the German Motion Picture Fund, and Netflix investing €48 million in the project. "1899" is the most expensive German television series of all time.


title: 1899 (TV series)

text: On 16 December 2020, it was announced that Emily Beecham was cast in the lead role. On 2 May 2021, Aneurin Barnard, Andreas Pietschmann, Miguel Bernardeau, Maciej Musiał, Anton Lesser, Lucas Lynggaard Tønnesen, Rosalie Craig, Clara Rosager, Maria Erwolter, Yann Gael, Mathilde Ollivier, José Pimentão, Isabella Wei, Gabby Wong, Jonas Bloquet, Fflyn Edwards, and Alexandre Willaume were added to the cast, with each character speaking in the actor's native language.


title: 1899 (TV series)

text: Pre-production for the series officially commenced on 24 November 2020, with a week-long lens test shoot taking place. The series was initially scheduled to begin principal photography on 1 February 2021, but was later pushed back by 3 months. Filming officially began on 3 May 2021 at Studio Babelsberg in Potsdam, the only designated UNESCO Creative City of Film in Germany.


title: 1899 (TV series)

text: The series was shot in a new virtual production stage called "Volume", operated by bo Odar and Friese's sister company Dark Bay, at Studio Babelsberg. Filming also took place in London, United Kingdom. Creative studio Framestore provided visual effects for the series.Filming wrapped in November 2021 with Baran bo Odar posting on Instagram.


title: 1899 (TV series)

text: "1899" had a two-episode premiere on 47th Toronto International Film Festival on 12 September 2022. The series launched on Netflix on 17 November 2022, along with a companion making-of documentary titled "Making 1899".


title: 1899 (TV series)

text: Netflix announced a few days after release, that "1899" was in 58 countries the most watched product of all the offerings available on Netflix at that time.


title: 1899 (TV series)

text: During its debut week, "1899" ranked at number two on Netflix's Top 10 TV English titles just three days after its release with 79.27 million hours viewed. The following week, the series remained at the same position and garnered 87.89 million viewing hours. In its third week, the series generated 44.62 million viewing hours, while also holding its position at number two.


title: 1899 (TV series)

text: The series received generally positive reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, it holds a "Certified Fresh" approval rating of 79% based on 28 reviews, with an average rating of 6.80/10. The website's critical consensus states, ""1899" navigates its multicultural passengers through an atmospheric mystery and delivers a suspenseful journey, even if it may never reach a satisfying destination." On Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, the series has a score of 66 out of 100 based on 12 critic reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: 1899 (TV series)

text: "Collider" named "1899" as one of the best new TV shows of 2022, while "MovieWeb" ranked it the sixth best TV show of the year.


title: Good Girls (TV series)

text: Good Girls is an American crime comedy-drama television series created by Jenna Bans that aired on NBC from February 26, 2018, to July 22, 2021. The series is executive produced by Bans, Dean Parisot, and Jeannine Renshaw for Universal Television. In June 2021, the series was canceled after four seasons.


title: Good Girls (TV series)

text: The series follows three suburban Michigan mothers, two of whom are sisters, who are having a hard time trying to make ends meet. They are tired of having everything taken away from them, so they decide to pull off an unlikely heist by robbing a supermarket, only to discover that they are in for more than they expected. Their successful robbery attracts the attention of the store manager after he recognizes one of the women, but for a different reason altogether than just the money, and the attention of a mob gang that served the supermarket as a front. Now caught in a series of gang heists, debts, secrets, and familial crises, the others slowly descend down a path they never thought of going down before.


title: Good Girls (TV series)

text: On May 7, 2018, NBC renewed the series for a second season, which premiered on March 3, 2019. On April 12, 2019, NBC renewed the series for a third season of 16 episodes, which premiered on February 16, 2020. Because of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, the third season was cut down to 11 episodes. On May 15, 2020, the series was renewed for a fourth season, which premiered on March 7, 2021. On June 25, 2021, NBC canceled the series after four seasons and opted to not shop to other networks.


title: Good Girls (TV series)

text: Originally, Kathleen Rose Perkins was cast in the role of Beth in the pilot. Later it was confirmed she had left the project and the role would be recast. Christina Hendricks was announced as her replacement on July 10, 2017. On September 17, 2019, Jackie Cruz was cast in a recurring role for the third season. On November 13, 2020, Jonathan Silverman was cast in a recurring role for the fourth season. On April 13, 2021, Jordan Belfi joined the cast in a recurring role for the fourth season.


title: Good Girls (TV series)

text: The first season was filmed at Third Rail Studios in Doraville, Georgia. For the second season, the series relocated its production to Los Angeles to take advantage of tax incentives provided by the California Film Commission under its "Program 2.0" initiative.


title: Good Girls (TV series)

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 63% based on 51 reviews of the first season of the series, with an average rating of 6.3/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "The plot of "Good Girls" may not be entirely believable, but the strong performances from its lead actresses are." Metacritic assigned a weighted average score of 60 out of 100, based on 22 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Good Girls (TV series)

text: The second season of the series holds a rating of 100% with an average of 6.3/10 from 9 critics. The third season of the series holds a rating of 100% with an average of 8.5/10, from 6 critics. The fourth season has an approval rating of 83% based 6 reviews, with an average ratings of


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: The first film, "Godzilla", was directed by Ishirō Honda and released by Toho in 1954. It became an influential classic of the genre. It featured political and social undertones relevant to Japan at the time. The original introduced an acclaimed music score by Akira Ifukube, reused in many later films. The 1954 film and its special effects director Eiji Tsuburaya are largely credited for establishing the template for "tokusatsu", a technique of practical special effects filmmaking that would become essential in Japan's film industry since the release of "Godzilla" (1954). For its North American release, the film was localized in 1956 as "Godzilla, King of the Monsters!". It featured new footage with Raymond Burr edited together with the original Japanese footage.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: The popularity of the films has led to the franchise expanding to other media, such as television, music, literature and video games. Godzilla has become one of the most recognizable symbols in Japanese pop culture worldwide and remains a well-known facet of Japanese films and was one of the first examples of the popular "kaiju" and "tokusatsu" subgenres in Japanese entertainment.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: The tone and themes vary per film. Several of the films have political themes, others have dark tones, complex internal mythology, or are simple action movies featuring aliens or other monsters, while others have simpler themes accessible to children. Godzilla's role varies from purely a destructive force to an ally of humans, or a protector of Japanese values, or a hero to children. The name Godzilla is a romanization of the original Japanese name Gojira (ゴジラ)—which is a combination of two Japanese words: "gorira" (ゴリラ), "gorilla", and "kujira" (クジラ), "whale". The word alludes to the size, power and aquatic origin of Godzilla. As developed by Toho, the monster is an offshoot of the combination of radioactivity and ancient dinosaur-like creatures, indestructible and possessing special powers (see Godzilla characteristics).


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: The "Godzilla" film series is broken into several (different) eras reflecting a characteristic style and corresponding to the same eras used to classify all kaiju eiga (monster movies) in Japan. The first, second, and fourth eras refer to the Japanese emperor during production: the Shōwa era, the Heisei era, and the Reiwa era. The third is called the Millennium era, as the emperor (Heisei) is the same, but these films are considered to have a different style and storyline than the Heisei era.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: Over the series' history, the films have reflected the social and political climate in Japan. In the original film, Godzilla was an allegory for the effects of the hydrogen bomb, and the consequences that such weapons might have on Earth. The radioactive contamination of the Japanese fishing boat "Lucky Dragon No. 5" through the United States' Castle Bravo thermonuclear device test on Bikini Atoll on March 1, 1954, led to much press coverage in Japan preceding the release of the first movie in 1954. The Heisei and Millennium series have largely continued this concept. Toho was inspired to make the original "Godzilla" film after the commercial success of the 1952 re-release of "King Kong" and the success of "The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms" (1953), the first live-action film to feature a giant monster awakened following an atomic bomb detonation. The success of the "Godzilla" franchise itself would go on to inspire other giant monster films worldwide.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: The initial series of films are named after the Shōwa period in Japan (as all of these films were produced before the ""Shōwa Emperor"" Hirohito's death in 1989). This Shōwa timeline spanned from 1954, with "Godzilla", to 1975, with "Terror of Mechagodzilla". Starting with "Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster", Godzilla began evolving into a friendlier, more playful antihero (this transition was complete by "Son of Godzilla", where Godzilla is depicted as a more virtuous character) and, as years went by, it evolved into an anthropomorphic superhero. "Ghidorah the Three-Headed Monster" was also significant for introducing Godzilla's archenemy and the main antagonist of the film series, King Ghidorah.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: "Son of Godzilla" and "All Monsters Attack" were aimed at youthful audiences, featuring the appearance of Godzilla's son, Minilla. "Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla" was notable for introducing Godzilla's robot duplicate and the secondary antagonist of the film series, Mechagodzilla. The Shōwa period loosely tied in to a number of Toho-produced films in which Godzilla himself did not appear and consequently saw the addition of many monsters into the "Godzilla" continuity, three of which (Rodan, Varan, and Mothra) originated in their own solo movies and another five (Anguirus, Manda, Baragon, Gorosaurus and Kumonga) appeared in their first films as either secondary antagonists or secondary kaiju.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: Haruo Nakajima mainly portrayed Godzilla since 1954 until his retirement in 1972. However, other stunt actors have portrayed the character in his absence, such as Katsumi Tezuka, Yū Sekida, Ryosaku Takasugi, Seiji Onaka, Shinji Takagi, Isao Zushi, and Toru Kawai. Eiji Tsuburaya directed the special effects for the first six films of the series. His protege Sadamasa Arikawa took over the effects work for the next three films (with Tsuburaya supervising), while Teruyoshi Nakano directed the special effects for the last six films of the series. The Criterion Collection released the Shōwa era films as part of a Blu-ray box set in the United States and Canada on October 29, 2019.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: Toho rebooted the series in 1984 with "The Return of Godzilla", starting the second era of "Godzilla" films, known as the "Heisei" series. "The Return of Godzilla" serves as a direct sequel to the original 1954 film and ignores the subsequent events of the Showa era. "The Return of Godzilla" was released in 1984, five years before the new Emperor, but is considered part of this era, as it is a direct predecessor to "Godzilla vs. Biollante" (1989), which came out in the first year of the new Emperor's reign.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: The Heisei films are set in a single timeline, with each film providing continuity to the other films, and brings Godzilla back as a destructive force of nature that is feared by humans. The biological nature and science behind Godzilla became a much more discussed issue in the films, showing the increased focus on the moral aspects of genetics. "Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah" gave Godzilla's first concrete birth story, featuring a dinosaur named "Godzillasaurus" that was mutated by nuclear radiation into Godzilla. Godzilla was portrayed by Kenpachiro Satsuma for the Heisei films while the special effects were directed by Koichi Kawakita, with the exception of "The Return of Godzilla", for which the effects were directed by Teruyoshi Nakano.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: Toho rebooted the franchise for a second time with the 1999 film "Godzilla 2000: Millennium" starting the third era of "Godzilla" films, known as the Millennium series. The Millennium series is treated similarly to an anthology series where each film is a standalone story, with the 1954 film serving as the only previous point of reference. "Godzilla Against Mechagodzilla" and "" are the only films in the series to share continuity with each other and are also connected to 1961's "Mothra".


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: After the release of 2004's "", marking the 50th anniversary of the "Godzilla" film franchise, Toho decided to put the series on hiatus for another 10 years. Toho also demolished the water stage on its lot used in numerous "Godzilla", kaiju and tokusatsu films. Yoshimitsu Banno, who had directed 1971's "Godzilla vs. Hedorah", secured the rights from Toho to make an IMAX 3D short film production, based on a story similar to his "Hedorah" film. This project eventually led to the development of Legendary's "Godzilla". Tsutomu Kitagawa portrayed Godzilla for the majority of the Millennium films, with the exception of "", in which Godzilla was portrayed by Mizuho Yoshida. Unlike the Showa and later Heisei films, the special effects for the Millennium films were directed by multiple effects directors such as Kenji Suzuki ("Godzilla 2000", "Godzilla vs. Megaguirus"), Makoto Kamiya ("Godzilla, Mothra and King Ghidorah: Giant Monsters All-Out Attack"), Yuichi Kikuchi ("Godzilla Against Mechagodzilla"), and Eiichi Asada ("Godzilla: Tokyo S.O.S.", "Godzilla: Final Wars").


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: In December 2014, Toho announced plans for a new "Godzilla" film of their own for a 2016 release. The film is Toho's reboot of the "Godzilla" franchise, after Legendary Pictures' reboot in 2014; the film is co-directed by Hideaki Anno and Shinji Higuchi (both of whom collaborated on the anime "Neon Genesis Evangelion"), with the screenplay by Anno and the visual effects directed by Higuchi. Principal photography began on September and ended in October with the special effects work following in November that year. "Shin Godzilla" was released in Japan on July 29, 2016, in IMAX, 4DX, and MX4D to positive reviews and was a box office success.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: In August 2016, Toho announced plans for a trilogy of anime "Godzilla" films with Polygon Pictures animating the films and Netflix distributing the trilogy worldwide, except in Japan where each film will be given a theatrical release by Toho. The first film, titled "", was released on November 17, 2017. The second film, titled "", was released on May 18, 2018. The third and final film in the trilogy, titled "", was released on November 9, 2018.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: In January 2018, Toho announced its plans to invest () for the next three years beginning in 2019 to co-produce content with Hollywood and Chinese studios who have licensed Toho's properties, such as "Godzilla", "Your Name" and "Pokémon". Toho would invest 25% in production costs and would earn a higher share in revenue and manage creators rights, so their creative input would be reflected in each work. In May 2018, Toho's Chief Godzilla Officer Keiji Ota revealed that a sequel to "Shin Godzilla" would not happen, but revealed plans for a "World of Godzilla", a shared cinematic universe between Godzilla and other Toho monsters after 2021. Ota cited the Marvel Cinematic Universe as an influence, with plans to release a new film every one to two years. Ota stated:


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: In 2019, Toho invested () into their Los Angeles-based subsidiary Toho International Inc. as part of their "Toho Vision 2021 Medium-term Management Strategy", a strategy to increase content, platform, real-estate, surpass in profits, and increase character businesses on Toho intellectual properties such as "Godzilla". Hiroyasu Matsuoka was named the representative director of the project. In 2019, Toho launched the first official English website and the first official English Twitter and Instagram for the franchise.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: In June 2019, Toho revealed plans to present the Toho Godzilla at the San Diego Comic-Con for the first time to commemorate the franchise's 65th anniversary, as well as being part of their plan to expand the franchise in the United States. At the San Diego Comic-Con, Akito Takahashi, the project manager of Toho's Godzilla Strategic Conference, revealed Toho's intentions to have the Toho and Legendary "Godzilla" films expand together. He also revealed that the option to reintroduce political themes and old or new monsters would be available to filmmakers, should they choose to pursue it. Akito also expressed interest in re-introducing Mechagodzilla and Jet Jaguar in the future.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: In October 2020, Toho announced plans for an anime series titled "Godzilla Singular Point" released on Netflix in 2021, revealing artwork for Godzilla and its principal characters. The project was directed by Atsushi Takahashi, with music by Kan Sawada, writting by Toh Enjoe, character designs by Kazue Kato, and animations by Eiji Yamamori. The series was produced by Bones Inc. in partnership with Orange Co., Ltd., featured hand-drawn and CG animation, and had no relation to Polygon's anime film trilogy.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: On November 3, 2022, during the franchise's 68th anniversary known as "Godzilla Day", Toho announced plans to release a new live-action "Godzilla" film on November 3, 2023 to commemorate the franchise's 69th anniversary. Toho also announced Takashi Yamazaki as the director, writer, and visual effects supervisor and that the film had entered post-production after recently completed filming.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: In the 1980s, filmmaker Steve Miner pitched his idea for an American 3D production of "Godzilla" to Toho, with storyboards by William Stout and a script written by Fred Dekker, titled "", which featured Godzilla destroying San Francisco in an attempt to find its only offspring.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: Various studios and producers showed interest in the project, but passed it over due to high budget concerns. The film would have featured a full scale animatronic Godzilla head built by Rick Baker, stop motion animation executed by David W. Allen, an articulated stop motion Godzilla figure created by Stephen Czerkas, and additional storyboards by Doug Wildey. The production design would have been overseen by William Stout.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: In October 1992, TriStar Pictures acquired the rights from Toho with plans to produce a trilogy. Director Jan de Bont and writers Terry Rossio and Ted Eliott developed a script that had Godzilla battling a shape-shifting alien called "the Gryphon". De Bont later left the project after budget disagreements with the studio. Roland Emmerich was hired to direct and co-write a new script with producer Dean Devlin.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: "Godzilla" was theatrically released on May 20, 1998, to negative reviews and grossed $379 million worldwide against a production budget between $130–150 million. While the film turned a profit, it was considered a box office disappointment. Two planned sequels were cancelled and an was produced instead. TriStar let the license expire in 2003. In 2004, Toho began trademarking new iterations of TriStar's Godzilla as "Zilla", with only the incarnations from the 1998 film and animated TV series retaining the Godzilla copyright/trademark.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: In 2004, director Yoshimitsu Banno acquired permission from Toho to produce a short IMAX "Godzilla" film. In 2009, the project was turned over to Legendary Pictures to be redeveloped as a feature film. Announced in March 2010, the film was co-produced with Warner Bros. Pictures and was directed by Gareth Edwards.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: "Godzilla" was theatrically released on May 16, 2014, to positive reviews and was a box office success, grossing $529 million worldwide against a production budget of $160 million. The film's success prompted Toho to produce a reboot of their own and Legendary to proceed with sequels and a shared cinematic franchise dubbed the MonsterVerse, with "" released on May 31, 2019, and "Godzilla vs. Kong" released on March 24, 2021. Legendary's license to Godzilla expired in 2020. However, in January 2022, Legendary announced that Apple TV+ had ordered a live-action MonsterVerse series featuring Godzilla and other Titans. A fifth MonsterVerse film is scheduled to be released on March 15, 2024.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: In 2007, a CGI Godzilla appeared in the Toho slice of life film "". In an imaginary sequence, Godzilla destroys part of 1959 Tokyo, with one of the main protagonists getting angry that Godzilla damaged his car showroom. The making of the sequence was kept a secret. Godzilla has been referenced in, and has briefly appeared in, several other films. Godzilla guest starred in the show "Crayon Shin-chan" as an antagonist. Godzilla also appears in cave paintings (alongside Rodan, Mothra and King Ghidorah) in a post-credits scene in "". In 2019, Godzilla made an appearance in the anime film "Shinkansen Henkei Robo Shinkalion the Movie: Mirai Kara Kita Shinsoku no ALFA-X".


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: In 1956, Jewell Enterprises Inc., released a localized version of "Godzilla" (referred to as "Americanized") as "Godzilla, King of the Monsters!". This version removed most of the political themes and social commentaries, resulting in 30 minutes of footage from the Japanese version replaced with new footage featuring Raymond Burr interacting with Japanese actors and look-alikes to make it seem like Burr was a part of the original Japanese production. In addition, the soundtrack and sound effects were slightly altered and some dialogue was dubbed into English.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: In 1957, Harry Rybnick attempted to produce "The Volcano Monsters", a film that would have localized "Godzilla Raids Again" by using its monster footage mixed with new footage featuring additional effects and American actors to create a new film; however, funding from AB-PT Pictures collapsed after the company closed down and "Godzilla Raids Again" was instead re-cut, dubbed in English, and released in 1959 by Warner Bros. as "Gigantis the Fire Monster". Similar localizations (or "Americanizations") occurred for the North American releases of "King Kong vs. Godzilla" and "Godzilla 1985," the latter which included Burr reprising his role from the localized "Godzilla, King of the Monsters!".


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: In 1976, Italian director Luigi Cozzi intended to re-release "Godzilla" in Italy. Facing resistance from exhibitors to showing a black-and-white film, Cozzi instead licensed a negative of "Godzilla, King of the Monsters" from Toho and created a new movie in color, adding much stock footage of graphic death and destruction and short scenes from newsreel footage from World War II, which he released as "Godzilla" in 1977. The film was colorized using a process called Spectrorama 70, where color gels are put on the original black-and-white film, becoming one of the first black-and-white movies to be colorized. Dialogue was dubbed into Italian and new music was added. After the initial Italian run, the negative became Toho's property and prints have only been exhibited in Italy from that time onward. Italian firm Yamato Video at one time intended to release the colorized version on a two-disc DVD along with the original "Godzilla".


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: Below is a chart listing the number of tickets sold for each "Godzilla" film in Japan including the imported American films, along with their gross revenue in Japan and outside of Japan. The films are listed from the most attended to the least attended. Almost all of the 1960s films were reissued, so the lifetime number of tickets sold is listed with the initial release ticket numbers mentioned in notes.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: By 1974, the first 13 films had grossed in overseas box office revenue outside of Japan. In 1977, James Robert Parish and Michael R. Pitts reported that the first 13 films had grossed over outside of Japan and estimated that they also grossed more than within Japan. The "Godzilla" films in the 1970s each cost about to produce and each grossed about at the box office. Travis Bean estimated in 2016 that the first 13 films up until 1973 had grossed in Japan and overseas for a worldwide total of . By 1986, the Godzilla films had grossed worldwide, equivalent to between and adjusted for inflation.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: The first fifteen "Godzilla" films sold about tickets in Japan up until 1984, and the first 21 "Godzilla" films sold tickets in Japan up until 1995. Toho's first 28 "Godzilla" films (excluding the American productions) up until "Final Wars" (2004) had sold over tickets in Japan. Adjusted for inflation, Japanese ticket sales are equivalent to a gross revenue of at an average 2014 Japanese ticket price. It was the highest-grossing film series in Japan, up until it was surpassed by the anime film series "Doraemon" when it exceeded ticket sales in 2013. With the release of "Shin Godzilla" (2016), Toho's "Godzilla" film series (excluding the American productions) had sold more than tickets at the Japanese box office.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: In Japan, Godzilla appeared in five out of the 26 episodes of Toho's live-action television program "Zone Fighter" in 1973. Also in Japan, Godzilla (along with a plethora of other kaiju) appeared in an animated toy show called "Godzilla Island" that ran from 1997 to 1998.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: In 1992, Toho produced a children's educational television series titled , which featured both live-action and animated segments. The animated segments featured various characters from the "Godzilla" franchise in a chibi style, including Godzilla, Anguirus, Rodan, Baragon, King Ghidorah, and Mothra, along with a pink female Godzilla known as Gojirin. The series aired on TV Tokyo and was followed by a second series, , in 1993. In 1994 and 1996, a series of four OVAs titled were released on VHS by Gakken Video, and focused on teaching children how to read the hiragana alphabet and how to perform mathematics.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: The success of the "Godzilla" franchise spawned two American Saturday morning cartoon TV series and an Anime series. The first one is the collaboration series produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions and co-produced by Toho, "Godzilla". The second one is the series produced by Sony Pictures Television, "", which is a cartoon sequel to the 1998 film. Both series feature a scientific investigative team who call upon Godzilla as an ally, as well as making several homages to the Shōwa films. Several antagonist monsters in both series have been inspired by extant Toho creations. The third series co-produced by Bones and Orange and licensed by Netflix is "Godzilla Singular Point", aired in Japan in April 2021.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: In 1991, two "Godzilla" films, "Godzilla vs. Megalon" and "Godzilla versus the Sea Monster", were shown on the movie-mocking TV show "Mystery Science Theater 3000".


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: A parody creature resembling Godzilla, alongside another parody character resembling what appears to be a hybrid between Ultraman and Kamen Rider, appears in the television special "Olive, the Other Reindeer" during the song "Merry Christmas After All", during part of which Olive, Santa and the other reindeer are shown passing through Tokyo delivering gifts. The two characters are shown to be friendly and taking part in the song and dance routine shown to include numerous figures, both real and fictional, in the show in various locations visited by the team as they make Santa's annual trip around the world.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: Godzilla made an appearance in a Nike commercial in which Godzilla (this version was created at ILM) went one-on-one in an oversized basketball game with a giant version of the NBA star Charles Barkley.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: Godzilla has been referenced multiple times in the American animated TV sitcom "The Simpsons". Godzilla first appeared in the episode "Lisa on Ice" when Lisa imagines herself on Monster Island and is chased by various kaiju, including Godzilla. It has also been referenced in "Treehouse of Horror VI", "Mayored to the Mob" (where Godzilla can be seen signing autographs at the Bi-Mon-Sci-Fi-Con), "Thirty Minutes over Tokyo" (in which the plane carrying the Simpson family is being attacked by Godzilla, Rodan, Mothra and Gamera), "Simpsons Tall Tales", "Treehouse of Horror XVI", "Homerazzi", "Wedding for Disaster", "The Real Housewives of Fat Tony", "Treehouse of Horror XXIV" and "Treehouse of Horror XXVI".


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: In January 2022, Legendary announced that Apple TV+ had ordered an untitled live-action series featuring Godzilla and other Titans, with Chris Black serving as showrunner. Black and Matt Fraction will serve as co-creators and executive producers. The series will focus on "one family's journey to uncover its buried secrets and a legacy linking them to the secret organization known as Monarch." Joby Harold, Tory Tunnell, Hiro Matsuoka and Takemasa Arita will serve as additional executive producers. Following the success of "Godzilla vs. Kong", discussions commenced on ways that the MonsterVerse could be expanded beyond feature films. Legendary proposed a live-action series, and amongst the potential buyers, Apple TV+ expressed immediate interest and negotiated a deal to begin development. The project will be a joint-venture production between Legendary Television, Safehouse Pictures, Toho Co. Ltd., and Apple TV+ Original Series.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: A game called "Gojira-kun" (which was originally going to be titled "Gojiraland") was released for the MSX in 1985. In 1990, "Gojira-kun: Kaijū Daikōshin" was released for the Game Boy. In 1993, "Super Godzilla" was released for the SNES. In 2007, " " was released for the Wii and DS. The 2014 video game "Godzilla" was released by Bandai Namco. In September 2021, Stern released "Godzilla". In May 2022, "" featured a cross-over event for "Godzilla vs. Kong". Godzila would be confirmed to play in the Kaiju fighting game GigaBash as a guest character.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: A "Godzilla" series of books was published by Random House during the late 1990s and the first half of 2000. The company created different series for different age groups, the Scott Ciencin series being aimed at preteens and the Marc Cerasini series being aimed at teens and young adults. Several manga have been derived from specific "Godzilla" films and both Marvel and Dark Horse have published "Godzilla" comic book series (1977–1979 and 1987–1999, respectively). In 2011, IDW Publishing started a new series, "Godzilla: Kingdom of Monsters" (published in book form under the same title), rebooting the Godzilla story. It was followed by two sequel series, "Godzilla" (published in book form as "Godzilla: History's Greatest Monster") and "Godzilla: Rulers of Earth" (published in book form as "Godzilla: Complete Rulers of Earth Volume 1" and "Godzilla: Complete Rulers of Earth Volume 2"), as well as seven five-issue miniseries to date.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: To tie-in with the 2014 film, three books were published. Titan Books published a novelization of the movie in May 2014, written by Greg Cox. The graphic novel "Godzilla: Awakening" by Max Borenstein, Greg Borenstein and Eric Battle served as a prequel, and "Godzilla: The Art of Destruction" by Mark Cotta told about the making of the movie. Godzilla has been referenced in "The Simpsons" comics on three separate occasions. The character is featured in "Bart Simpson's Guide to Life" where it and other kaiju characters such as Minilla and King Ghidorah can be seen; it is featured in the comic ""An Anime Among Us!"" and "K-Bart". Godzilla is also featured in the comic "Bart Simpson's Treehouse of Horror 7" where it and other kaiju can be seen referenced on the front cover.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: "", the soundtrack album of "Godzilla" (1998), sold 2.5million copies worldwide. The album's lead single, "Come with Me" by Puff Daddy featuring Jimmy Page, sold a certified 2.025million copies worldwide. Its Japan-exclusive single, "Lose Control" by Japanese rock band L'Arc-en-Ciel, sold 938,401 copies in Japan. "Shin Godzilla Ongakushuu", the soundtrack album of "Shin Godzilla" (2016), sold 43,951 copies in Japan. "Mars" (1991), an album by the Japanese rock duo B'z featuring a Godzilla-themed song, sold 1,730,500 copies in Japan.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: Blue Öyster Cult released the song "Godzilla" in 1977. It was the first track, and the second of four singles, from their fifth studio album "Spectres" (also 1977). Artists such as Fu Manchu, Racer X and Double Experience have included cover versions of this song on their albums. American musician Michale Graves wrote a song titled "Godzilla" for his 2005 album "Punk Rock Is Dead". The lyrics mention Godzilla and several on-screen adversaries such as Mothra, Hedorah, Destoroyah and Gigan. The Brazilian heavy metal band Sepultura has a song titled "Biotech is Godzilla" on its 1993 release "Chaos A.D".


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: Composer Eric Whitacre wrote a piece for wind ensemble titled "Godzilla Eats Las Vegas!" The work was commissioned by Thomas Leslie of the University of Nevada, Las Vegas and was premiered in 1996 by the university's wind band. Annotations on the score instruct performers to dress in costume and a "script" is provided for the audience. Since the piece's premiere, it has been performed by notable ensembles including the United States Marine Band and the Scottish National Wind Symphony.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: The French death metal band Gojira named the band after Godzilla's name in Japanese. The song "Simon Says" by Pharoahe Monch is a hip-hop remix of the "Godzilla March" theme song. The instrumental version of this song was notably used in the 2000 film "Charlie's Angels". The British band Lostprophets released a song called "We Are Godzilla, You Are Japan" on its second studio album "Start Something". The American punk band Groovie Ghoulies released a song called "Hats off to You (Godzilla)" as a tribute to Godzilla. It is featured on the EP "Freaks on Parade" released in 2002.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: The American artist Doctor Steel released a song called 'Atomic Superstar' about Godzilla on his album "People of Earth" in 2002. In 2003, the British singer Siouxsie Sioux released the album "Hái!" with her band The Creatures; the album had a Japanese theme with a song dedicated to the monster, simply titled "Godzilla!". The record label Shifty issued the compilation album "Destroysall" with 15 songs from 15 bands, ranging from hardcore punk to doom-laden death metal. Not all of the songs are dedicated to Godzilla, but all do appear connected to monsters from Toho Studios. Fittingly, the disc was released on August 1, 2003, the 35th anniversary of the Japanese release of "Destroy All Monsters".


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: King Geedorah (a.k.a. MF DOOM) released "Take Me to Your Leader", a hip-hop album featuring guests from the group Monsta Island Czars, another Godzilla-themed hip-hop group. These albums include multiple Godzilla samples throughout the series. Taiwanese American electronic musician Mochipet released the EP "Godzilla Rehab Center" on August 21, 2012, featuring songs named after monsters in the series including Gigan, King Ghidorah, Moguera and Hedorah.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: In 2019, American rock band Think Sanity released their debut album featuring songs based on Godzilla, Mothra, and Hedorah. The songs are titled "Sad Kaiju", "Mothra", and "Sludge", respectively. The monsters are also mentioned by name on the track "News at Six" in which they are comically described by newscaster Chip Bentley as destroying a nearby town. The band has mentioned in interviews that they have also written songs based on Biollante, King Ghidorah, and Rodan as well.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: The largest megamullion, located 600 kilometres to the south-east of Okinotorishima, the southernmost Japanese island, is named the Godzilla Megamullion. The Japan Coast Guard played a role in name, reaching an agreement with Toho who owns the rights to Godzilla. Toho's Chief Godzilla officer Keiji Ota stated that "I am truly honored that (the megamullion) bears Godzilla's name, the Earth's most powerful monster."


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: Godzilla is one of the most recognizable symbols of Japanese popular culture worldwide and is an important facet of Japanese films, embodying the kaiju subset of the tokusatsu genre. It has been considered an allegory of nuclear weapons. The earlier "Godzilla" films, especially the original "Godzilla", portrayed Godzilla as a frightening, nuclear monster. Godzilla represented the fears that many Japanese held about the nuclear attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the possibility of recurrence.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: As the series progressed, so did Godzilla, changing into a less destructive and more heroic character. "Ghidorah" (1964) was the turning point in Godzilla's transformation from villain to hero, by pitting him against a greater threat to humanity, King Ghidorah. Godzilla has since been viewed as an anti-hero. Roger Ebert cites Godzilla as a notable example of a villain-turned-hero, along with King Kong, the James Bond films' Jaws, the Terminator, and "Rambo".


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: In the United States, "Godzilla" films from Toho had been airing on television every week since 1960 up until the 1990s.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: Godzilla is considered "the original radioactive superhero" due to his accidental radioactive origin story predating Spider-Man (1962 debut), though Godzilla did not become a hero until "Ghidorah" in 1964. By the 1970s, Godzilla came to be viewed as a superhero, with the magazine "King of the Monsters" in 1977 describing Godzilla as "Superhero of the '70s." In 1973, Godzilla was voted the most popular movie monster in "The Monster Times" poll, beating Count Dracula, King Kong, Wolf Man, The Mummy, Creature From the Black Lagoon, and Frankenstein's monster. In 1977, a survey in Los Angeles found that 80% of boys aged between four and nine years old were Godzilla fans.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: At least two prehistoric creatures from the fossil record have been named after Godzilla. "Gojirasaurus quayi" is a theropod dinosaur that lived in the Triassic Period; a partial skeleton was unearthed in Quay County, New Mexico. "Dakosaurus andiniensis", a crocodile from the Jurassic Period, was nicknamed "Godzilla" before being scientifically classified.


title: Godzilla (franchise)

text: In 2010, the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society named their most recently acquired scout vessel MV "Gojira". Toho, the people in charge of the "Godzilla" franchise, served them with a notice to remove the name and in response the boat's name was changed in May 2011 to MV "Brigitte Bardot".