title: The Town (2010 film)

text: Filming began in late August 2009 in Boston. The former MASSBank branch located in Melrose, Massachusetts, was used as the location for the first robbery of the film, taking on the name Cambridge Merchants Bank (the exterior shots, however, are of Cambridge Savings Bank in Harvard Square). Filming also took place at Mohegan Sun in Uncasville, Connecticut, for casino scenes, Massachusetts Correctional Institution – Cedar Junction in Walpole, Massachusetts, for use of their visiting room, and at Anderson Regional Transportation Center in Woburn, Massachusetts, for the ending Amtrak scenes.


title: The Town (2010 film)

text: "The Town" was shown at the Venice Film Festival and premiered at Boston's Fenway Park. The film was released in the United States on September 17, 2010.


title: The Town (2010 film)

text: The film took #1 at the box office during its opening weekend, taking in $23.8 million. "The Town" grossed $92.1 million in the United States and Canada with an additional $61.8 million in other territories for a total of $154 million worldwide on a production budget of $37 million.


title: The Town (2010 film)

text: The film was released on Blu-ray Disc and DVD on December 17, 2010. Both versions include special features and an audio commentary including a look at Affleck as a director and actor. The extended/unrated version is a Blu-ray/DVD/Digital Copy bundle which includes 28 minutes of additional footage, taking the runtime to over 153 minutes.


title: The Town (2010 film)

text: On March 6, 2011, the three-disc "The Town: Ultimate Collector's Edition" DVD/Blu-ray set was released. This set includes the previously released theatrical and extended cut Blu-ray disc as well as a second Blu-ray disc and a DVD which feature a new extended cut with an alternate, darker ending.


title: The Town (2010 film)

text: On February 5, 2012, to promote the upcoming "The Town: Ultimate Collector's Edition" set, the AMC Loews Boston Common theater hosted an "exclusive engagement" of "The Town (Take 2)", wherein three showings of the film were shown with the alternate ending featured in the new home media release. Immediately preceding each screening, a vice president from Warner Bros. Home Entertainment thanked all those in attendance, including Titus Welliver (Dino Ciampa), Dennis McLaughlin (Rusty), and Affleck's mother, for coming out and supporting director Affleck's "preferred" version of the film, leading to a short, prerecorded introduction by Affleck himself. Earlier that day, the intersection of Tremont and Avery streets was temporarily renamed "The Town Take 2 Place" in a small ceremony, attended by Welliver and Boston city officials.


title: The Town (2010 film)

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, "The Town" has an approval rating of 92% based on 235 reviews, with an average rating of 7.70/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Tense, smartly written, and wonderfully cast, "The Town" proves that Ben Affleck has rediscovered his muse—and that he's a director to be reckoned with." Metacritic gives the film a weighted average score of 74 out of 100, based on 42 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.


title: The Town (2010 film)

text: Roger Ebert gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, praising Renner's performance and Affleck's direction. In his review for "The New York Times", A. O. Scott commented on the opening heist, "That sequence, like most of the other action set pieces in the film, is lean, brutal and efficient, and evidence of Mr. Affleck's skill and self-confidence as a director." Xan Brooks, in "The Guardian", wrote that the action sequences were "sharply orchestrated" but added "it's a bogus, bull-headed enterprise all the same; a film that leaves no cliche untrampled." Justin Chang wrote in "Variety" that the action scenes strike "an ideal balance between kineticism and clarity" aided by cinematographer Robert Elswit and film editor Dylan Tichenor. Richard Roeper of the "Chicago Sun Times" gave the film an A+, noting that he found the film incredibly similar to Michael Mann's "Heat", which he described as "one of [his] favorite movies of all time." The reviewers at "Spill.com" also praised one of the shootout scenes, saying "It is surely the best shootout scene we have seen in decades." Writing in the "Seattle Post-Intelligencer", Laremy Lengel titled his review "The Town Works Best if You Avoid the Heat," also referencing Mann's film.


title: The Town (2010 film)

text: As a Boston-based crime drama, the film forms part of a "crime-movie subgenre" typically marked by "flavorsome accents, pungent atmosphere and fatalistic undertow", according to Chang. Within that subgenre, which includes "The Boondock Saints", "The Departed", "Mystic River" and Affleck's "Gone Baby Gone", "The Town" is more of a straightforward crime-procedural and has a more optimistic outlook. The film also takes influence from Boston bank robbery film "The Friends of Eddie Coyle"; several scenes in "The Town", including the release of the blindfolded hostage to walk to the water's edge, mirror sequences in this film.


title: The Town (2010 film)

text: A voice in the trailer of the film says: "There are over 300 bank robberies in Boston every year. Most of these professionals live in a 1-square-mile neighborhood called Charlestown." In fact, there were 23 reported bank robberies in the entire state of Massachusetts in the first quarter of 2010, compared with 49 in Illinois and 136 in California, according to the FBI.


title: The Town (2010 film)

text: The film ends with a written disclaimer: "Charlestown's reputation as a breeding ground for armed robbers is authentic. However, this film all but ignores the great majority of the residents of Charlestown, past and present, who are the same good and true people found most anywhere," to whom the film is dedicated.


title: The Town (2010 film)

text: According to a September 2010 article in "The Boston Globe", Charlestown was once known as an area where bank robbers were concentrated, but has not been since the mid-1990s, and the subject has been a sore point for "Townies". Now much of the neighborhood has been gentrified. The paper reported there is some sense of rivalry between Townies, people who lived in the historically Irish-Catholic neighborhood for decades, and "Toonies", largely white-collar workers who arrived with gentrification, but most of that has died down. The film makes reference to the definition of "Toonies" during one of Doug and Claire's dates.


title: The Town (2010 film)

text: In the early 1990s, an increase in the number of bank and armored car robberies by Townies focused attention on Charlestown. In one heist in Hudson, New Hampshire, two guards were killed, and is alluded to in the film - during a scene where Agent Frawley is briefing his task force, he mentions that Doug's father is serving life for a notorious robbery in Nashua. According to Frawley, the elder MacRay hijacked a "bread truck" (armored car) up to New Hampshire, and when one of the guards saw his face, he executed both of them with their own weapons. Frawley notes that this incident led to the passing of regulations prohibiting the driver from leaving the cab even if his partner is being held at gunpoint. Charles Hogan got the idea for his novel, on which the film is based, in 1995. "It was just so remarkable that this one very small community was the focus for bank robbers," he said, but he was very aware that crime was only one part of the community, and he did not want to make all residents of the neighborhood look like criminals.


title: Richard Dawson

text: Richard Dawson (born Colin Lionel Emm; 20 November 1932 – 2 June 2012) was an English-American actor, comedian, game-show host and panelist in the United States. Dawson was well known for playing Corporal Peter Newkirk in "Hogan's Heroes", as a regular panelist on "Match Game" (1973–1978), and as the original as well as third host of "Family Feud" (1976–1985, 1994–95).


title: Richard Dawson

text: Colin Lionel Emm was born in Gosport, Hampshire, England, on 20 November 1932 to Arthur Emm (born 1897) and Josephine Lucy Emm ( Lindsay; born 1903). His father drove a moving van and his mother worked in a munitions factory. His brother John Leslie Emm (five years older) and he were evacuated as children during World War II to escape the bombing of England's major port cities in the south. In a radio interview with "Hogan's Heroes" co-star Bob Crane, Dawson recounted how this experience severely limited his school attendance, stating that he attended school regularly for only two years.


title: Richard Dawson

text: At age 14, he ran away from home to join the British Merchant Navy, where he pursued a career in boxing, earning almost $5,000 in shipboard matches. During 1950 and 1951, he made several passages on the RMS "Mauretania" from Southampton to ports of call, including Nassau, the Bahamas, Havana, and New York. Following his discharge from the merchant service, he began pursuing a comedy career using the stage name Dickie Dawson; he later changed his alias to Richard Dawson, which he eventually adopted as his legal name.


title: Richard Dawson

text: Emm began his career in England as a stand-up comedian known as Dickie Dawson. Possibly his first television appearance occurred on 21 June 1954, when he was 21 and was featured on the "Benny Hill Showcase", an early BBC Television programme focused on "introducing artists and acts new to television".


title: Richard Dawson

text: He also had at least four BBC Radio programme appearances during 1954, including two bookings on the "Midday Music Hall" on BBC Home Service and two spots on "How Do You Do", a BBC Light Entertainment broadcast billed as "a friendly get-together of Commonwealth artists."


title: Richard Dawson

text: In 1958, he appeared alongside his future wife, Diana Dors, on BBC TV's "A to Z: D", a programme featuring entertainers with names beginning with the letter D. In 1959, he made four appearances on BBC TV's "Juke Box Jury", three of them alongside Dors, to whom he was by then married.


title: Richard Dawson

text: In September 1961, Dawson began hosting a late-night talk show, the Mike Stokey Show, on Los Angeles television station KCOP-TV. On 8 January 1963, Dawson appeared on "The Jack Benny Program", season 13, episode 15, as an audience member seated next to Jack, barely recognisable in glasses and false moustache. In the same year Dawson made a guest appearance on "The Dick Van Dyke Show" (season 2, episode 27) playing "Racy" Tracy Rattigan, a lecherous flirt who was the summer replacement host on the Alan Brady Show. He was credited as Dick Dawson.


title: Richard Dawson

text: In 1965, Dawson had a small role at the end of the film "King Rat", starring George Segal, playing 1st Recon paratrooper Captain Weaver, sent to liberate allied POWs in a Japanese prison. Dawson had by then moved to Los Angeles. He gained fame in the television show "Hogan's Heroes" as Cpl. Peter Newkirk from 1965 to 1971. He had a minor role in Universal's "Munster, Go Home!". A year later, Dawson released a psychedelic 45-rpm single including the songs "His Children's Parade" and "Apples & Oranges" on Carnation Records. In 1968, Dawson was in the film "The Devil's Brigade" as Private Hugh McDonald.


title: Richard Dawson

text: Following the cancellation of "Hogan's Heroes", Dawson was a regular joke-telling panellist on the short-lived syndicated revival of the game show "Can You Top This?" in 1970 and joined the cast of "Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In" that same year.


title: Richard Dawson

text: After "Laugh-In" was cancelled in 1973, game-show pioneer Mark Goodson signed Dawson to appear as a regular on "Match Game '73", alongside Brett Somers, Charles Nelson Reilly, and host Gene Rayburn. Dawson, who had already served a year as panellist for Goodson's revival of "I've Got a Secret", proved to be a solid and funny player, and was the frequent choice of contestants to participate in the Head-To-Head Match portion of the "Super-Match" bonus round, in which the contestant and a panellist of the contestant's choice had to match exactly. During Dawson's time on "Match Game", he most often occupied the bottom centre seat, only sitting elsewhere (in the top centre seat) during one week early in the show's run.


title: Richard Dawson

text: Due to his popularity on "Match Game", Dawson expressed to Goodson his desire to host a show of his own. In 1975, during Dawson's tenure as one of "Match Game" regular panelists, Goodson began developing a spin-off game show, "Family Feud". Dawson's agent practically demanded that Dawson be considered as host, even threatening that he would instruct Dawson not to display his characteristic wit on "Match Game" if he were overlooked. Goodson capitulated and, once seeing Dawson's talents as a host, hired Dawson to host "Feud", which debuted on 12 July 1976, on ABC's daytime schedule. "Family Feud" was a break-out hit, eventually surpassing the ratings of "Match Game" in late 1977. In 1978, Dawson left "Match Game" due to a combination of the recent introduction of the "Star Wheel", which affected his being selected for the "Head-To-Head Match" portion of the show's "Super Match" bonus round, and of burnout from his regular appearances on both "Match Game" and "Family Feud". Also in 1978, he won a Daytime Emmy Award for Best Game Show Host for his work on "Family Feud". After he left "Match Game", his spot on the panel was filled with many other stars—most notably his best friend Bob Barker, who was then the host of "The Price is Right".


title: Richard Dawson

text: One of Dawson's trademarks on "Family Feud", kissing the female contestants, earned him the nickname "The Kissing Bandit". Television executives repeatedly tried to get him to stop the kissing. After receiving criticism for the practice (which also included a great deal of physical contact such as holding hands and touching), he asked viewers to write in and vote on the matter. The wide majority of the approximately 200,000 responses favoured the kissing. On the 1985 finale, Dawson explained that he kissed contestants for love and luck, something his mother did with Dawson himself as a child.


title: Richard Dawson

text: Dawson was a frequent guest host for "Tonight Show" host Johnny Carson, hosting 14 times during 1979 and 1980. Dawson was a contender for the role of "Tonight Show" host in the event that Carson left the show, a move that Carson was seriously considering during 1979–80. (Carson ended up remaining as host until 1992.) Two of the few Carson-era "Tonight Show" episodes that did not air on the night they were intended were guest hosted by Dawson. During one, actress Della Reese suffered a near-fatal aneurysm mid-interview during taping; the remainder of the episode was cancelled. (Reese later recovered.) The other featured an untimely monologue regarding the danger of flying on airplanes; it was replaced with a rerun because it would have aired the same night as the crash of American Airlines Flight 191 in Chicago, which killed all 271 people aboard, as well as two on the ground. The episode was aired several weeks later.


title: Richard Dawson

text: Dawson parodied his TV persona in 1987's "The Running Man" opposite Arnold Schwarzenegger, portraying the evil, egotistical game-show host Damon Killian. He received rave reviews for his performance. Film critic Roger Ebert (who gave the film a thumbs down) wrote, "Playing a character who always seems three-quarters drunk, he chain-smokes his way through backstage planning sessions and then pops up in front of the cameras as a cauldron of false jollity. Working the audience, milking the laughs and the tears, he is not really much different [from] most genuine game-show hosts—and that's the film's private joke".


title: Richard Dawson

text: Dawson hosted an unsold pilot for a revival of the classic game show "You Bet Your Life" that was to air on NBC in 1988, but the network declined to pick up the show. In 1990, he auditioned to host the syndicated game show "Trump Card"; the role went to Jimmy Cefalo.


title: Richard Dawson

text: On 12 September 1994, Dawson returned to "Family Feud", hosting what would become the last season of the show's second run (1988–1995) after previous host Ray Combs was fired due to spiralling ratings. During his second tenure as host, Dawson did not kiss female contestants because of a promise he had made to his young daughter to kiss only her mother. The show's ratings never recovered under Dawson and the final episode aired on 26 May 1995, after which Dawson officially retired. "Family Feud" remained out of production until being revived for a third run in 1999 with new host Louie Anderson, who asked Dawson to make a special appearance on the first episode to give Anderson his blessings. Dawson turned down the offer, wanting no further involvement with the show.


title: Richard Dawson

text: With his first wife, actress Diana Dors, Dawson had two sons, Mark (born in London, 4 February 1960) and Gary (born in Los Angeles, 27 June 1962) The marriage ended with a divorce granted in Los Angeles in April 1967, and Dawson gained custody of both sons. He had four grandchildren.


title: Richard Dawson

text: On retiring, Dawson remained in Beverly Hills, California, where he had lived since 1964. He met his second wife, Gretchen Johnson (born 22 September 1955), when she was a contestant on "Family Feud" in May 1981; they married in 1991. A daughter, Shannon Nicole Dawson, was born in 1990. Dawson announced the birth and showed a picture of his daughter during the inaugural episode of his second stint as host of "Feud" in 1994 as he was greeting a contestant who had been a contestant on "Match Game" when he was a panelist. The episode was featured on the 25th anniversary of "Family Feud" as number two on the Game Show Network's top 25 "Feud" moments.


title: Richard Dawson

text: During the 1960s and 1970s, Dawson participated in various movements, including the Selma to Montgomery marches and George McGovern's 1972 presidential campaign.


title: Richard Dawson

text: Dawson died at 79 from complications of esophageal cancer in Los Angeles on 2 June 2012 at the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center. He is interred in Westwood Memorial Park, Los Angeles. His death came 16 years to the day after the 1996 suicide of "Family Feud" successor and predecessor, Ray Combs.


title: Richard Dawson

text: Dawson used to smoke almost four packs of cigarettes per day, and he was seen smoking on some episodes of "Match Game", "Family Feud", and "Hogan's Heroes". His daughter Shannon convinced him to stop smoking by 1994, when he was 61.


title: Richard Dawson

text: On 7 June 2012, GSN aired a four-hour marathon of Dawson's greatest moments on "Match Game" and "Family Feud", including the first episode of his 1994–95 "Feud" tenure.


title: Caduceus

text: The caduceus (☤; ; , from "herald's wand, or staff") is the staff carried by Hermes in Greek mythology and consequently by Hermes Trismegistus in Greco-Egyptian mythology. The same staff was also borne by heralds in general, for example by Iris, the messenger of Hera. It is a short staff entwined by two serpents, sometimes surmounted by wings. In Roman iconography, it was often depicted being carried in the left hand of Mercury, the messenger of the gods.


title: Caduceus

text: Some accounts suggest that the oldest known imagery of the caduceus has its roots in Mesopotamia with the Sumerian god Ningishzida; his symbol, a staff with two snakes intertwined around it, dates back to 4000 BC to 3000 BC.


title: Caduceus

text: As a symbolic object, it represents Hermes (or the Roman Mercury), and by extension trades, occupations, or undertakings associated with the god. In later Antiquity, the caduceus provided the basis for the astrological symbol representing the planet Mercury. Thus, through its use in astrology, alchemy, and astronomy it has come to denote the planet and elemental metal of the same name. It is said the wand would wake the sleeping and send the awake to sleep. If applied to the dying, their death was gentle; if applied to the dead, they returned to life.


title: Caduceus

text: By extension of its association with Mercury and Hermes, the caduceus is also a recognized symbol of commerce and negotiation, two realms in which balanced exchange and reciprocity are recognized as ideals. This association is ancient, and consistent from the Classical period to modern times. The caduceus is also used as a symbol representing printing, again by extension of the attributes of Mercury (in this case associated with writing and eloquence).


title: Caduceus

text: Although the Rod of Asclepius, which has only one snake and is never depicted with wings, is the traditional and more widely used symbol of medicine, the Caduceus is sometimes used by healthcare organizations. Given that the caduceus is primarily a symbol of commerce and other non-medical symbology, many healthcare professionals disapprove of this usage.


title: Caduceus

text: The Homeric hymn to Hermes relates how his half brother Apollo got enchanted by Hermes's music from his lyre fashioned from a tortoise shell, which Hermes kindly gave to him. Apollo in return gave Hermes the caduceus as a gesture of friendship. The association with the serpent thus connects Hermes to Apollo, as later the serpent was associated with Asclepius, the "son of Apollo".


title: Caduceus

text: The association of Apollo with the serpent is a continuation of the older Indo-European dragon-slayer motif. Wilhelm Heinrich Roscher (1913) pointed out that the serpent as an attribute of both Hermes and Asclepius is a variant of the "pre-historic semi-chthonic serpent hero known at Delphi as Python", who in classical mythology is slain by Apollo.


title: Caduceus

text: One Greek myth of origin of the caduceus is part of the story of Tiresias, who found two snakes copulating and killed the female with his staff. Tiresias was immediately turned into a woman, and so remained until he was able to repeat the act with the male snake seven years later. This staff later came into the possession of the god Hermes, along with its transformative powers.


title: Caduceus

text: Another myth suggests that Hermes (or Mercury) saw two serpents entwined in mortal combat. Separating them with his wand he brought about peace between them, and as a result the wand with two serpents came to be seen as a sign of peace.


title: Caduceus

text: In Rome, Livy refers to the "caduceator" who negotiated peace arrangements under the diplomatic protection of the caduceus he carried.


title: Caduceus

text: In some vase paintings ancient depictions of the Greek "kerukeion" are somewhat different from the commonly seen modern representation. These representations feature the two snakes atop the staff (or rod), crossed to create a circle with the heads of the snakes resembling horns. This old graphic form, with an additional crossbar to the staff, seems to have provided the basis for the graphical sign of Mercury (☿) used in Greek astrology from Late Antiquity.


title: Caduceus

text: The term "kerukeion" denoted any herald's staff, not necessarily associated with Hermes in particular.


title: Caduceus

text: In his study of the cult of Hermes, Lewis Richard Farnell (1909) assumed that the two snakes had simply developed out of ornaments of the shepherd's crook used by heralds as their staff. This view has been rejected by later authors pointing to parallel iconography in the Ancient Near East. It has been argued that the staff or wand entwined by two snakes was itself representing a god in the pre-anthropomorphic era. Like the herm or priapus, it would thus be a predecessor of the anthropomorphic Hermes of the classical era.


title: Caduceus

text: William Hayes Ward (1910) discovered that symbols similar to the classical caduceus sometimes appeared on Mesopotamian cylinder seals. He suggested the symbol originated some time between 3000 and 4000 BC, and that it might have been the source of the Greek caduceus. A.L. Frothingham incorporated Dr. Ward's research into his own work, published in 1916, in which he suggested that the prototype of Hermes was an "Oriental deity of Babylonian extraction" represented in his earliest form as a snake god. From this perspective, the caduceus was originally representative of Hermes himself, in his early form as the Underworld god Ningishzida, "messenger" of the "Earth Mother".


title: Caduceus

text: The caduceus is mentioned in passing by Walter Burkert as "really the image of copulating snakes taken over from Ancient Near Eastern tradition".


title: Caduceus

text: In Egyptian iconography, the Djed pillar is depicted as containing a snake in a frieze of the Dendera Temple complex.


title: Caduceus

text: In the biblical Books of Kings (; written c. 550 BCE), the Nehushtan (Hebrew: "Nəḥuštān" ) is a derogatory name given to a bronze serpent on a pole first described in the Book of Numbers which God told Moses to erect so that the Israelites who saw it would be protected from dying from the bites of the "fiery serpents", which God had sent to punish them for speaking against Him and Moses ().


title: Caduceus

text: The caduceus also appears as a symbol of the punch-marked coins of the Maurya Empire in India, in the third or second century BC. Numismatic research suggest that this symbol was the symbol of the Buddhist king Ashoka, his personal "Mudra". This symbol was not used on the pre-Mauryan punch-marked coins, but only on coins of the Maurya period, together with the three arched-hill symbol, the "peacock on the hill", the triskelis and the Taxila mark.


title: Caduceus

text: During the early modern period, the caduceus was used as a symbol of rhetoric (associated with Mercury's eloquence).


title: Caduceus

text: A simplified variant of the caduceus is to be found in dictionaries, indicating a "commercial term" entirely in keeping with the association of Hermes with commerce. In this form the staff is often depicted with two winglets attached and the snakes are omitted (or reduced to a small ring in the middle). The Customs Service of the former German Democratic Republic employed the caduceus, bringing its implied associations with thresholds, translators, and commerce, in the service medals they issued their staff. The caduceus is also the symbol of the Customs Agency of Bulgaria and of the Financial Administration of the Slovak Republic (Tax and Customs administration). The emblems of Belarus Customs and China Customs are a caduceus crossing with a golden key. The emblem of the Federal Customs Service of Russia has a caduceus crossing with a torch on the shield. The coat of arms of Kyiv National University of Trade and Economics of Ukraine has two crossed torches surmounted by a caduceus on the shield.


title: Caduceus

text: For use in documents prepared on computer, the symbol has code point in Unicode, at . There is also an alchemical symbol encoded at . [For information on how to enter the symbol, see Unicode input (or copy/paste it directly).] These symbols are not provided in all fonts, especially older ones.


title: 2022 in American television

text: The following is a list of events affecting American television in 2022. Events listed include television show debuts, finales and cancellations; channel launches, closures, and re-brandings; stations changing or adding their network affiliations; and information about controversies and carriage disputes.


title: 2022 in American television

text: The following shows will return with new episodes after being canceled or ended their run previously:


title: 2022 in American television

text: A list of programs (current or canceled) that have accumulated enough episodes (between 65 and 100) or seasons (three or more) to be eligible for off-network syndication and/or basic cable runs.


title: Marathi language

text: Marathi (; "Marāṭhī", ) is an Indo-Aryan language predominantly spoken by Marathi people in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the official language of Maharashtra, and additional official language in the state of Goa. It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India, with 83 million speakers as of 2011. Marathi ranks 11th in the list of languages with most native speakers in the world. Marathi has the third largest number of native speakers in India, after Hindi and Bengali. The language has some of the oldest literature of all modern Indian languages. The major dialects of Marathi are Standard Marathi and the Varhadi dialect.


title: Marathi language

text: Marathi distinguishes inclusive and exclusive forms of 'we' and possesses a three-way gender system, that features the neuter in addition to the masculine and the feminine. In its phonology, it contrasts apico-alveolar with alveopalatal affricates and alveolar with retroflex laterals ( and (Marathi letters and respectively).


title: Marathi language

text: Indian languages, including Marathi, that belong to the Indo-Aryan language family are derived from early forms of Prakrit. Marathi is one of several languages that further descend from Maharashtri Prakrit. Further changes led to the formation of Jain Apabhraṃśa followed by Old Marathi.


title: Marathi language

text: However, this is challenged by Bloch (1970), who states that Apabhraṃśa was formed after Marathi had already separated from the Middle Indian dialect.


title: Marathi language

text: The earliest example of Maharashtri as a separate language dates to approximately 1st century BCE: a stone inscription found in a cave at Naneghat, Junnar in Pune district had been written in Maharashtri using Brahmi script. A committee appointed by the Maharashtra State Government to get the Classical status for Marathi has claimed that Marathi existed at least 1,500 - 2,000 years ago alongside Sanskrit as a sister language. Marathi, a derivative of Maharashtri Prakrit language , is probably first attested in a 739 CE copper-plate inscription found in Satara. Several inscriptions dated to the second half of the 11th century feature Marathi, which is usually appended to Sanskrit or Kannada in these inscriptions. The earliest Marathi-only inscriptions are the ones issued during the Shilahara rule, including a c. 1012 CE stone inscription from Akshi taluka of Raigad district, and a 1060 or 1086 CE copper-plate inscription from Dive that records a land grant ("agrahara") to a Brahmin. A 2-line 1118 CE Marathi inscription at Shravanabelagola records a grant by the Hoysalas. These inscriptions suggest that Marathi was a standard written language by the 12th century. However, there is no record of any literature produced in Marathi until the late 13th century.


title: Marathi language

text: After 1187 CE, the use of Marathi grew substantially in the inscriptions of the Yadava kings, who earlier used Kannada and Sanskrit in their inscriptions. Marathi became the dominant language of epigraphy during the last half century of the dynasty's rule (14th century), and may have been a result of the Yadava attempts to connect with their Marathi-speaking subjects and to distinguish themselves from the Kannada-speaking Hoysalas.


title: Marathi language

text: Further growth and usage of the language was because of two religious sects – the Mahanubhava and Varkari "panthan"s – who adopted Marathi as the medium for preaching their doctrines of devotion. Marathi was used in court life by the time of the Yadava kings. During the reign of the last three Yadava kings, a great deal of literature in verse and prose, on astrology, medicine, Puranas, Vedanta, kings and courtiers were created. "Nalopakhyana", "Rukminiswayamvara" and Shripati's "Jyotisharatnamala" (1039) are a few examples.


title: Marathi language

text: The oldest book in prose form in Marathi, "Vivēkasindhu" (), was written by Mukundaraja, a Nath yogi and arch-poet of Marathi. Mukundaraja bases his exposition of the basic tenets of the Hindu philosophy and the yoga marga on the utterances or teachings of Shankaracharya. Mukundaraja's other work, "Paramamrta," is considered the first systematic attempt to explain the Vedanta in the Marathi language


title: Marathi language

text: Notable examples of Marathi prose are "" (), events and anecdotes from the miracle-filled the life of Chakradhar Swami of the Mahanubhava sect compiled by his close disciple, Mahimbhatta, in 1238. The "Līḷācarītra" is thought to be the first biography written in the Marathi language. Mahimbhatta's second important literary work is the "Shri Govindaprabhucharitra" or "Ruddhipurcharitra", a biography of Shri Chakradhar Swami's guru, Shri Govind Prabhu. This was probably written in 1288. The Mahanubhava sect made Marathi a vehicle for the propagation of religion and culture. Mahanubhava literature generally comprises works that describe the incarnations of gods, the history of the sect, commentaries on the "Bhagavad Gita", poetical works narrating the stories of the life of Krishna and grammatical and etymological works that are deemed useful to explain the philosophy of sect.


title: Marathi language

text: The 13th century Varkari saint Dnyaneshwar (1275–1296) wrote a treatise in Marathi on Bhagawat Gita popularly called "Dnyaneshwari" and "Amrutanubhava".


title: Marathi language

text: Mukund Raj was a poet who lived in the 13th century and is said to be the first poet who composed in Marathi. He is known for the "Viveka-Siddhi" and "Parammruta" which are metaphysical, pantheistic works connected with orthodox Vedantism.


title: Marathi language

text: The 16th century saint-poet Eknath (1528–1599) is well known for composing the Eknāthī Bhāgavat, a commentary on Bhagavat Purana and the devotional songs called Bharud. Mukteshwar translated the "Mahabharata" into Marathi; Tukaram (1608–49) transformed Marathi into a rich literary language. His poetry contained his inspirations. Tukaram wrote over 3000 abhangs or devotional songs.


title: Marathi language

text: Marathi was widely used during the Sultanate period. Although the rulers were Muslims, the local feudal landlords and the revenue collectors were Hindus and so was the majority of the population. To simplify administration and revenue collection, the sultans promoted use of Marathi in official documents. However, the Marathi language from the era is heavily Persianised in its vocabulary. The Persian influence continues to this day with many Persian derived words used in everyday speech such as bāg (Garden), kārkhānā (factory), shahar (city), bāzār (market), dukān (shop), hushār (clever), kāḡaḏ (paper), khurchi (chair), jamin (land), jāhirāt (advertisement), and hazār (thousand) Marathi also became language of administration during the Ahmadnagar Sultanate. Adilshahi of Bijapur also used Marathi for administration and record keeping.


title: Marathi language

text: Marathi gained prominence with the rise of the Maratha Empire beginning with the reign of Shivaji.In his court, Shivaji replaced Persian, the common courtly language in the region, with Marathi.The Marathi language used in administrative documents also became less persianised. Whereas in 1630, 80% of the vocabulary was Persian, it dropped to 37% by 1677..Shivaji's reign stimulated the deployment of Marathi as a tool of systematic description and understanding. Shivaji commissioned one of his officials to make a comprehensive lexicon to replace Persian and Arabic terms with their Sanskrit equivalents. This led to production of ‘Rājavyavahārakośa’, the thesaurus of state usage in 1677. Subsequent Maratha rulers extended the empire northwards to Peshawar, eastwards to Odisha, and southwards to Thanjavur in Tamil Nadu. These excursions by the Marathas helped to spread Marathi over broader geographical regions. This period also saw the use of Marathi in transactions involving land and other business. Documents from this period, therefore, give a better picture of the life of common people. There are a number of Bakhars (journals or narratives of histoical events)n written in Marathi and Modi script from this period.


title: Marathi language

text: In the 18th century during Peshwa rule, some well-known works such as Yatharthadeepika by Vaman Pandit, Naladamayanti Swayamvara by Raghunath Pandit, Pandava Pratap, Harivijay, Ramvijay by Shridhar Pandit and Mahabharata by Moropant were produced. Krishnadayarnava and Sridhar were poets during the Peshwa period. New literary forms were successfully experimented with during the period and classical styles were revived, especially the Mahakavya and Prabandha forms. The most important hagiographies of Varkari Bhakti saints were written by Mahipati in the 18th Century.


title: Marathi language

text: Other well known literary scholars of the 17th century were Mukteshwar and Shridhar. Mukteshwar was the grandson of Eknath and is the most distinguished poet in the "Ovi" meter. He is most known for translating the Mahabharata and the Ramayana in Marathi but only a part of the Mahabharata translation is available and the entire Ramayana translation is lost. Shridhar Kulkarni came from the Pandharpur area and his works are said to have superseded the Sanskrit epics to a certain extent. This period also saw the development of Powada (ballads sung in honor of warriors), and Lavani (romantic songs presented with dance and instruments like tabla). Major poet composers of Powada and Lavani songs of the 17th and the 18th century were Anant Phandi, Ram Joshi and Honaji Bala.


title: Marathi language

text: The British colonial period starting in early 1800s saw standardisation of Marathi grammar through the efforts of the Christian missionary William Carey. Carey's dictionary had fewer entries and Marathi words were in Devanagari. Translations of the Bible were first books to be printed in Marathi. These translations by William Carey, the American Marathi mission and the Scottish missionaries led to the development of a peculiar pidginized Marathi called "Missionary Marathi” in the early 1800s. The most comprehensive Marathi-English dictionary was compiled by Captain James Thomas Molesworth and Major Thomas Candy in 1831. The book is still in print nearly two centuries after its publication.


title: Marathi language

text: The colonial authorities also worked on standardizing Marathi under the leadership of Molesworth and Candy. They used Brahmins of Pune for this task and adopted the Sanskrit dominated dialect spoken by the elite in the city as the standard dialect for Marathi.


title: Marathi language

text: The first Marathi translation of the New Testament was published in 1811 by the Serampore press of William Carey. The first Marathi newspaper called Durpan was started by Balshastri Jambhekar in 1832. Newspapers provided a platform for sharing literary views, and many books on social reforms were written. First Marathi periodical "Dirghadarshan" was started in 1840.


title: Marathi language

text: The Marathi language flourished, as Marathi drama gained popularity. Musicals known as "Sangeet Natak" also evolved. Keshavasut, the father of modern Marathi poetry published his first poem in 1885.


title: Marathi language

text: The late-19th century in Maharashtra saw the rise of essayist Vishnushastri Chiplunkar with his periodical, Nibandhmala that had essays that criticized social reformers like Phule and Gopal Hari Deshmukh. He also founded the popular Marathi periodical of that era called Kesari in 1881. Later under the editorship of Lokmanya Tilak, the newspaper was instrumental in spreading Tilak's nationalist and social views. Tilak was also opposed to intercaste marriage, particularly the match where an upper caste woman married a lower caste man. Phule and Deshmukh also started their own periodicals, "Deenbandhu" and "Prabhakar", that criticised the prevailing Hindu culture of the day. The 19th century and early 20th century saw several books published on Marathi grammar. Notable grammarians of this period were Tarkhadkar, A.K.Kher, Moro Keshav Damle, and R.Joshi


title: Marathi language

text: The first half of the 20th century was marked by new enthusiasm in literary pursuits, and socio-political activism helped achieve major milestones in Marathi literature, drama, music and film. Modern Marathi prose flourished: for example, N.C.Kelkar's biographical writings, novels of Hari Narayan Apte, Narayan Sitaram Phadke and V. S. Khandekar, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar's nationalist literature and plays of Mama Varerkar and Kirloskar. In folk arts, Patthe Bapurao wrote many lavani songs during the late colonial period.


title: Marathi language

text: After Indian independence, Marathi was accorded the status of a scheduled language on the national level. In 1956, the then Bombay state was reorganized, which brought most Marathi and Gujarati speaking areas under one state. Further re-organization of the Bombay state on 1 May 1960, created the Marathi speaking Maharashtra and Gujarati speaking Gujarat state respectively. With state and cultural protection, Marathi made great strides by the 1990s. A literary event called "Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Sahitya Sammelan" (All-India Marathi Literature Meet) is held every year. In addition, the "Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Natya Sammelan" (All-India Marathi Theatre Convention) is also held annually. Both events are very popular among Marathi speakers.


title: Marathi language

text: Notable works in Marathi in the latter half of 20th century include Khandekar's Yayati, which won him the Jnanpith Award. Also Vijay Tendulkar's plays in Marathi have earned him a reputation beyond Maharashtra. P.L. Deshpande (popularly known as "PuLa"), Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar, P.K. Atre, Prabodhankar Thackeray and Vishwas Patil are known for their writings in Marathi in the fields of drama, comedy and social commentary. Bashir Momin Kavathekar wrote Lavani's and folk songs for Tamasha artists.


title: Marathi language

text: In 1958 the term "Dalit literature" was used for the first time, when the first conference of "Maharashtra Dalit Sahitya Sangha" (Maharashtra Dalit Literature Society) was held at Mumbai, a movement inspired by 19th century social reformer, Jyotiba Phule and eminent dalit leader, Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar. Baburao Bagul (1930–2008) was a pioneer of Dalit writings in Marathi. His first collection of stories, "Jevha Mi Jat Chorali" (, ""When I Stole My Caste""), published in 1963, created a stir in Marathi literature with its passionate depiction of a cruel society and thus brought in new momentum to Dalit literature in Marathi. Gradually with other writers like Namdeo Dhasal (who founded Dalit Panther), these Dalit writings paved way for the strengthening of Dalit movement. Notable Dalit authors writing in Marathi include Arun Kamble, Shantabai Kamble, Raja Dhale, Namdev Dhasal, Daya Pawar, Annabhau Sathe, Laxman Mane, Laxman Gaikwad, Sharankumar Limbale, Bhau Panchbhai, Kishor Shantabai Kale, Narendra Jadhav, Keshav Meshram, Urmila Pawar, Vinay Dharwadkar, Gangadhar Pantawane, Kumud Pawde and Jyoti Lanjewar.


title: Marathi language

text: In recent decades there has been a trend among Marathi speaking parents of all social classes in major urban areas of sending their children to English medium schools. There is some concern that this may lead to the marginalization of the language.


title: Marathi language

text: Marathi is primarily spoken in Maharashtra and parts of neighbouring states of Gujarat (in Surat, Vadodara), Madhya Pradesh (in the districts of Burhanpur, Betul, Chhindwara and Balaghat), Goa, Chhattisgarh, Tamil Nadu (in Thanjavur) and Karnataka (in the districts of Belagavi, Karwar, Bagalkote, Vijayapura, Kalaburagi and Bidar), Telangana, union-territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. The former Maratha ruled cities of Baroda, Indore, Gwalior, Jabalpur, and Tanjore have had sizable Marathi-speaking populations for centuries. Marathi is also spoken by Maharashtrian migrants to other parts of India and overseas. For instance, the people from western India who emigrated to Mauritius in the early 19th century also speak Marathi.


title: Marathi language

text: There were 83 million native Marathi speakers in India, according to the 2011 census, making it the third most spoken native language after Hindi and Bengali. Native Marathi speakers form 6.86% of India's population. Native speakers of Marathi formed 70.34% of the population in Maharashtra, 10.89% in Goa, 7.01% in Dadra and Nagar Haveli, 4.53% in Daman and Diu, 3.38% in Karnataka, 1.7% in Madhya Pradesh, and 1.52% in Gujarat.


title: Marathi language

text: The following table is a list of the geographic distribution of Marathi speakers as it appears in the 2019 edition of "Ethnologue", a language reference published by SIL International, which is based in the United States.


title: Marathi language

text: Marathi is the official language of Maharashtra and additional official language in the state of Goa. In Goa, Konkani is the sole official language; however, Marathi may also be used for all official purposes in any case. Marathi is included among the languages that stand apart of the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India, thus granting it the status of a "scheduled language". The Government of Maharashtra has submitted an application to the Ministry of Culture to grant "classical language" status to Marathi.


title: Marathi language

text: The contemporary grammatical rules described by Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad and endorsed by the Government of Maharashtra are supposed to take precedence in standard written Marathi. Traditions of Marathi Linguistics and the above-mentioned rules give special status to tatsamas, words adapted from Sanskrit. This special status expects the rules for tatsamas to be followed as in Sanskrit. This practice provides Marathi with a large corpus of Sanskrit words to cope with the demands of new technical words whenever needed.


title: Marathi language

text: In addition to all universities in Maharashtra, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda in Vadodara, Osmania University in Hyderabad, Karnataka University in Dharwad, Gulbarga University in Kalaburagi, Devi Ahilya University in Indore and Goa University in Goa have special departments for higher studies in Marathi linguistics. Jawaharlal Nehru University (New Delhi) has announced plans to establish a special department for Marathi.


title: Marathi language

text: Marathi Day is celebrated on 27 February, the birthday of the poet Kusumagraj (Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar).


title: Marathi language

text: Indic scholars distinguish 42 dialects of spoken Marathi. Dialects bordering other major language areas have many properties in common with those languages, further differentiating them from standard spoken Marathi. The bulk of the variation within these dialects is primarily lexical and phonological (e.g. accent placement and pronunciation). Although the number of dialects is considerable, the degree of intelligibility within these dialects is relatively high.


title: Marathi language

text: "Varhadi" (Varhādi) (वऱ्हाडी) or "Vaidarbhi" (वैदर्भी) is spoken in the Western Vidarbha region of Maharashtra.


title: Marathi language

text: In Marathi, the retroflex lateral approximant "ḷ" is common, while sometimes in the Varhadii dialect, it corresponds to the palatal approximant "y" (IPA: [j]), making this dialect quite distinct. Such phonetic shifts are common in spoken Marathi and, as such, the spoken dialects vary from one region of Maharashtra to another.


title: Marathi language

text: Zaadi Boli or Zhaadiboli () is spoken in Zaadipranta (a forest rich region) of far eastern Maharashtra or eastern Vidarbha or western-central Gondwana comprising Gondia, Bhandara, Chandrapur, Gadchiroli and some parts of Nagpur of Maharashtra.


title: Marathi language

text: Zaadi Boli Sahitya Mandal and many literary figures are working for the conservation of this dialect of Marathi.


title: Marathi language

text: Thanjavur Marathi, Namadeva Shimpi Marathi, Arey Marathi (Telangana), Kasaragod (north Kerala) and Bhavsar Marathi are some of the dialects of Marathi spoken by many descendants of Maharashtrians who migrated to Southern India. These dialects retain the 17th-century basic form of Marathi and have been considerably influenced by the Dravidian languages after the migration. These dialects have speakers in various parts of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.


title: Marathi language

text: Other Marathi–Konkani languages and dialects spoken in Maharashtra include Maharashtrian Konkani, Malvani, Sangameshwari, Agri, Andh, Warli, Vadvali and Samavedi.


title: Marathi language

text: The Kadamba script and its variants have been historically used to write Marathi in the form of inscriptions on stones and copper plates. The Marathi version of Devanagari, called "Balbodh", is similar to the Hindi Devanagari alphabet except for its use for certain words. Some words in Marathi preserve the schwa, which has been omitted in other languages which use Devanagari. For example, the word 'रंग' (colour) is pronounced as 'ranga' in Marathi & 'rang' in other languages using Devanagari, and 'खरं' (true), despite the anuswara, is pronounced as 'khara'. The anuswara in this case is used to avoid schwa deletion in pronunciation; most other languages using Devanagari show schwa deletion in pronunciation despite the presence of schwa in the written spelling. From the 13th century until the beginning of British rule in 19th century, Marathi was written in the Modi script for administrative purposes but in Devanagari for literature. Since 1950 it has been written in the Balbodh style of Devanagari. Except for Father Stephen's Krista Purana in the Latin script in the 1600s, Marathi has mainly been printed in Devanagari because William Carey, the pioneer of printing in Indian languages, was only able to print in Devanagari. He later tried printing in Modi but by that time, Balbodh Devanagari had been accepted for printing.


title: Marathi language

text: Marathi is usually written in the "Balbodh" version of Devanagari script, an abugida consisting of 36 consonant letters and 16 initial-vowel letters. It is written from left to right. The Devanagari alphabet used to write Marathi is slightly different from the Devanagari alphabets of Hindi and other languages: there are additional letters in the Marathi alphabet and Western punctuation is used.


title: Marathi language

text: William Carey in 1807 Observed that as with other parts of India, a traditional duality existed in script usage between Devanagari for religious texts, and Modi for commerce and administration.


title: Marathi language

text: It is written from left to right. Devanagari used to write Marathi is slightly different than that of Hindi or other languages. It uses additional vowels and consonants that are not found in other languages that also use Devanagari.


title: Marathi language

text: From the thirteenth century until 1950, Marathi, especially for business use, was written in the Modi alphabet, a cursive script designed for minimising the lifting of pen from paper while writing.


title: Marathi language

text: In Devanagari, consonant letters by default come with an inherent schwa. Therefore, will be <nowiki>'təyāche'</nowiki>, not <nowiki>'tyāche'</nowiki>. To form <nowiki>'tyāche'</nowiki>, you will have to write it as + , giving .


title: Marathi language

text: When two or more consecutive consonants are followed by a vowel then a "" (consonant cluster) is formed. Some examples of consonant clusters are shown below:


title: Marathi language

text: In writing, Marathi has a few digraphs that are rarely seen in the world's languages, including those denoting the so-called "nasal aspirates" (ṇh (ण्ह), nh (न्ह) and mh (म्ह)) and liquid aspirates (rh, ṟh, lh (), and vh व्ह). Some examples are given above.


title: Marathi language

text: The eyelash reph/raphar (रेफ/ रफार) (र्) exists in Marathi as well as Nepali. The eyelash reph/raphar (र्) is produced in Unicode by the sequence [ra र ] + [virāma ्] + [ZWJ] and [rra ऱ ]+ [virāma ्] + [ZWJ]. In Marathi, when ‘र’ is the first consonant of a consonant cluster and occurs at the beginning of a syllable, it is written as an eyelash reph/raphar.


title: Marathi language

text: In February 2008, Swagat Thorat published India's first Braille newspaper, the Marathi "Sparshdnyan", a news, politics and current affairs fort nightly magazine.


title: Marathi language

text: Marathi grammar shares similarities with other modern Indo-Aryan languages. Jain Acharya Hemachandra is the grammarian of Maharashtri Prakrit. The first modern book exclusively concerning Marathi grammar was printed in 1805 by William Carey.


title: Marathi language

text: Marathi employs agglutinative, inflectional and analytical forms. Unlike most other Indo-Aryan languages, Marathi has kept three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. The primary word order of Marathi is subject–object–verb Marathi follows a split-ergative pattern of verb agreement and case marking: it is ergative in constructions with either perfective transitive verbs or with the obligative ("should", "have to") and it is nominative elsewhere. An unusual feature of Marathi, as compared to other Indo-European languages, is that it displays inclusive and exclusive we, common to the Austroasiatic and Dravidian languages. Other similarities to Dravidian include the extensive use of participial constructions and also to a certain extent the use of the two anaphoric pronouns and . Numerous scholars have noted the existence of Dravidian linguistic patterns in the Marathi language.


title: Marathi language

text: Marathi is primarily influenced by Prakrit, Maharashtri, and Apabhraṃśa. Formal Marathi draws literary and technical vocabulary from Sanskrit.


title: Marathi language

text: Marathi has also shared directions, vocabulary, and grammar with languages such as Indian Dravidian languages. Over a period of many centuries, the Marathi language and people have also come into contact with foreign languages such as Persian, Arabic, English romance languages such as French, Spanish, Portuguese and other European languages.


title: Marathi language

text: Spoken Marathi contains a high number of Sanskrit-derived ("tatsama") words. Such words are for example "nantar" (from "nantara" or after), ' (' or complete, full, or full measure of something), "ola" ("ola" or damp), ' (' or cause), "puṣkaḷ" ("puṣkala" or much, many), "satat" ("satata" or always), "vichitra" ("vichitra" or strange), "svatah" ("svatah" or himself/herself), "prayatna" ("prayatna" or effort, attempt), "bhīti" (from "bhīti", or fear) and "bhāṇḍe" ("bhāṇḍa" or vessel for cooking or storing food). Other words ("tadbhavas") have undergone phonological changes from their Sanskrit roots, for example "dār" ("dwāra" or door), "ghar" ("gṛha" or house), "vāgh" ("vyāghra" or tiger), "paḷaṇe" ("palāyate" or to run away), "kiti" ("kati" or how many) have undergone more modification.


title: Marathi language

text: A lot of English words are commonly used in conversation and are considered to be assimilated into the Marathi vocabulary. These include "pen" (पेन / "pen"; native Marathi "lekhaṇii") and "shirt" (शर्ट / "śarṭa"; native Marathi "sadaraa").


title: Marathi language

text: Marathi uses many morphological processes to join words together, forming compounds. For example, "ati" + "uttam" gives the word "atyuttam", "miith-bhaakar" ("salt-bread"), "udyog-patii" ("businessman"), "ashṭa-bhujaa" ("eight-hands", name of a Hindu goddess).


title: Marathi language

text: Like many other languages, Marathi uses distinct names for the numbers 1 to 20 and each multiple of 10, and composite ones for those greater than 20.


title: Marathi language

text: As with other Indic languages, there are distinct names for the fractions , , and . They are "paava", "ardhaa", and "pauṇa", respectively. For most fractions greater than 1, the prefixes "savvaa-", "saaḍe-", "paavaṇe-" are used. There are special names for ("diiḍ"), ("aḍich"), and ("aut").


title: Marathi language

text: A positive integer is read by breaking it up from the tens digit leftwards, into parts each containing two digits, the only exception being the hundreds place containing only one digit instead of two. For example, 1,234,567 is written as 12,34,567 and read as "12 lakh 34 Hazara 5 she 67".


title: Marathi language

text: Every two-digit number after 18 (11 to 18 are predefined) is read backward. For example, 21 is read एक-वीस (1-twenty). Also, a two digit number that ends with a 9 is considered to be the next tens place minus one. For example, 29 is एकुणतीस/एकोणतीस (एक-उणे-तीस) (thirty minus one). Two digit numbers used before "Hazara", etc. are written in the same way.


title: Marathi language

text: Shrilipee, Shivaji, kothare 2,4,6, Kiran fonts KF-Kiran and many more (about 48) are clip fonts that were used prior to the introduction of Unicode standard for Devanagari script. Clip fonts are in vogue on PCs even today since most computers use English keyboards. Even today a large number of printed publications such as books, newspapers and magazines are prepared using these ASCII based fonts. However, clip fonts cannot be used on internet since those did not have Unicode compatibility.


title: Marathi language

text: Earlier Marathi suffered from weak support by computer operating systems and Internet services, as have other Indian languages. But recently, with the introduction of language localization projects and new technologies, various software and Internet applications have been introduced. Marathi typing software is widely used and display interface packages are now available on Windows, Linux and macOS. Many Marathi websites, including Marathi newspapers, have become popular especially with Maharashtrians outside India. Online projects such as the Marathi language Wikipedia, with 76,000+ articles, the Marathi blogroll, and Marathi blogs have gained immense popularity.


title: Marathi language

text: More recent attention has focused on developing natural language processing tools for Marathi. Some studies proposed a couple of text corpora for Marathi. L3CubeMahaSent is the first major publicly available Marathi dataset for sentiment analysis. It contains about 16,000 distinct tweets classified into three broad classes, such as positive, negative, and neutral. L3Cube-MahaNER


title: Marathi language

text: The HASOC2021 dataset was proposed for conducting a machine learning competition on hate, offensive, and profane content identification in Marathi collocated with Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation (FIRE 2021). The participants of the competition presented 25 solutions based on supervised learning. The winning teams used pre-trained language models (XLM-RoBERTa, Language Agnostic BERT Sentence Embeddings (LaBSE)) fine-tuned on the HASOC2021 dataset proposed by the organizers. The participants also experimented with the joint use of multilingual data for fine-tuning.


title: Marathi language

text: Marathi Language Day (मराठी दिन/मराठी दिवस is celebrated on 27 February every year across the Indian states of Maharashtra and Goa. This day is regulated by the Ministry of Marathi Language. It is celebrated on the Birthday of eminent Marathi Poet Vi. Va. Shirwadkar, popularly known as Kusumagraj.


title: Marathi language

text: Essay competitions and seminars are arranged in schools and colleges, and government officials are asked to conduct various events.


title: Marathi language

text: Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, an independence activist, noted Hindutva ideologue, writer, and poet, contributed to the Marathi language by coining new Marathi equivalents for words from other languages, mostly English. Prior to these Marathi equivalents, words of Persian, Turkic origin were widely used, which was unacceptable to Savarkar. He opined that foreign words polluted the Marathi language and also made original Marathi words with the same meanings obsolete. According to Deshpande, unlike Hindi, Savarkar's campaign of Bhasha Shuddhi to remove Arabic, Farsi and Turkic words from Marathi was a failure.


title: Paolo Banchero

text: Paolo Napoleon James Banchero ( , ; born November 12, 2002) is an American-Italian professional basketball player for the Orlando Magic of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Duke Blue Devils. Banchero was named the Rookie of the Year of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) in 2022. Following his freshman season, he declared for the 2022 NBA draft, where he was selected with the first overall pick by the Orlando Magic.


title: Paolo Banchero

text: Banchero reached a height of at 15 months of age. In his childhood, he played basketball and American football and took part in track. He grew up playing basketball at Rotary Boys and Girls Club of Seattle, as well as EBC Camps most notably the Ballislife Jr. All-American Camp, drawing inspiration from his mother, who played professionally. In seventh grade, Banchero grew from to . He was ranked among the top 50 eighth-graders nationally in both basketball and football.


title: Paolo Banchero

text: In his first year at O'Dea High School in Seattle, Banchero played football, as the backup quarterback on the state championship team, as well as basketball. As a freshman on the basketball team, he averaged 14.1 points and 10.2 rebounds per game. In his sophomore season, Banchero averaged 18.2 points, 10.3 rebounds and 4.3 assists per game, leading O'Dea to the Class 3A state championship, where he was named most valuable player. As a junior, he averaged 22.6 points, 11 rebounds, 3.7 assists and 1.6 blocks per game for the Class 3A runners-up, earning Washington Gatorade Player of the Year and MaxPreps National Junior of the Year honors. Banchero was named to the McDonald's All-American Game and Jordan Brand Classic rosters.


title: Paolo Banchero

text: Banchero was a consensus five-star recruit and one of the top players in the 2021 class. Although he received offers from top NCAA Division I programs, including Duke and Kentucky, most recruiting analysts predicted that he would commit to Washington. Despite the predictions, on August 20, 2020, Banchero committed to playing college basketball for Duke.


title: Paolo Banchero

text: In his college debut, a 79–71 win against Kentucky, Banchero scored 22 points. On November 15, Banchero earned his first Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) Freshman of the Week honor. On November 23, 2021, Banchero scored 28 points and 8 rebounds in a 107–81 victory against the Citadel. He was named first-team All-ACC as well as ACC Rookie of the Year. On March 15, 2022, Banchero was named a Third Team All-American. During the 2022 NCAA tournament, Banchero performed well, including scoring 22 points against Texas Tech. As a freshman, he averaged 17.2 points, 7.8 rebounds and 3.2 assists per game. On April 20, 2022, Banchero declared for the 2022 NBA draft, forgoing his remaining college eligibility.


title: Paolo Banchero

text: Banchero was selected with the first overall pick by the Orlando Magic in the 2022 NBA draft. He made his summer league debut on July 7 against the Houston Rockets with 17 points, four rebounds, and six assists in a 91–77 win. On October 3, 2022, Banchero made his preseason debut, putting up eight points, two rebounds, and one assist in a 109–97 loss to the Memphis Grizzlies. On October 19, Banchero made his regular season debut, putting up 27 points, nine rebounds, five assists, and two blocks in a 113–109 loss to the Detroit Pistons. Banchero also became the first player since LeBron James to put up at least 25 points, five rebounds, and five assists in an NBA debut. On November 5, Banchero put up 33 points and 16 rebounds in a 126–123 loss to the Sacramento Kings. He also became the second teenager in NBA history to put up at least 30 points and 15 rebounds in a game, joining LeBron James.


title: Paolo Banchero

text: Banchero is eligible to play for the Italy national basketball team and has indicated his willingness to represent Italy in international competitions. He was selected to the country's 24-man squad for the EuroBasket 2022 qualification games in November 2020; however, he did not play.


title: Paolo Banchero

text: Banchero's mother, Rhonda (née Smith), played college basketball for Washington, leaving as the program's all-time scoring leader. She was a third-round selection in the 2000 WNBA draft and played professionally in the American Basketball League and overseas, before becoming a basketball coach at Holy Names Academy in Seattle. Banchero's father, Mario, and his uncle played college football for Washington. His parents met while attending the University of Washington.


title: Paolo Banchero

text: Banchero is of African-American descent on his mother’s side and of Italian descent on his father's side. In February 2020, he received Italian citizenship because of his paternal ancestry.


title: Paolo Banchero

text: Banchero's paternal cousin, Chris Banchero, is also a professional basketball player in the Philippine Basketball Association, playing for the Meralco Bolts. They both won championships at O'Dea High School.


title: Paolo Banchero

text: On the morning of November 14, 2021, Banchero was charged with aiding and abetting DUI after Duke teammate Michael Savarino, grandson of coach Mike Krzyzewski, was arrested on DUI charges. He is due to appear in court at a later date.


title: Paolo Banchero

text: On May 8th, 2022, Banchero attended the inaugural Miami Grand Prix in Miami Gardens where he was mistakenly interviewed by Sky Sports legend Martin Brundle believing he was Patrick Mahomes. The gaffe was caught on live television.


title: Wendie Malick

text: Wendie Malick (born December 13, 1950) is an American actress and former fashion model, known for her roles in various television comedies. She starred as Judith Tupper Stone in the HBO sitcom "Dream On", and as Nina Van Horn in the NBC sitcom "Just Shoot Me!", for which she was nominated for two Primetime Emmys and a Golden Globe Award.


title: Wendie Malick

text: She also starred as Victoria Chase in the TV Land comedy series "Hot in Cleveland". She is also known for her recurring role as Gayle Buchannon on "Baywatch" as well as Ronee Lawrence on the final season of "Frasier". Malick also played many character roles in films, including "Scrooged", "The American President", "Racing Stripes", and "Confessions of a Shopaholic", has made over 50 guest appearances on television shows, primarily on comedies, starred in a number of made for television movies, and works as a voice actress, playing Eda Clawthorne on the Disney Channel animated series "The Owl House".


title: Wendie Malick

text: Malick was born on December 13, 1950 in Buffalo, New York, the daughter of Gigi, a former model, and Kenneth Malick (1920–2021), who worked in sales. Her paternal grandfather, Ayad Malick was an Egyptian from a Coptic Christian family who met her grandmother Sarah Belle Float, a Pentecostal missionary in 1913. Her other ancestry is French, German, and English. She graduated from Williamsville South High School in 1968. Malick is an alumna of the William Esper Studio for the performing arts in Manhattan, New York City.


title: Wendie Malick

text: After graduating from Ohio Wesleyan University in Delaware, Ohio, in 1972, Malick began fashion modeling for the Wilhelmina modeling agency. She left to work for Republican Congressman Jack Kemp. She soon left Washington, D.C., to pursue a career in stage and screen. She began working as an actress in 1982 in the film "A Little Sex". In same year, Malick auditioned for the role of Diane Chambers in the NBC sitcom "Cheers", but lost the part. She later was cast as a regular in ABC medical drama series "Trauma Center". The series was cancelled after a single season. In 1986, Malick guest starred as Cecile's henchwoman in the 5,559th episode of "Another World". In the late 1980s, Malick began her career in television comedies. She had a recurring role on "Kate & Allie" as Allie's ex-husband's new wife and played a supporting role in the 1988 film "Scrooged" as Bill Murray's sister-in-law.


title: Wendie Malick

text: In 1990, Malick was cast in the HBO comedy series "Dream On" as Judith Tupper Stone, Brian Benben's neurotic but endearing ex-wife. She remained on this show until it ended in 1996, winning four CableACE Awards for Best Actress in a Comedy Series. During "Dream On" years, Malick also acted in other television series, appearing in dramas, such as "NYPD Blue" as a battered socialite in 1993, and "L.A. Law" and "Tales from the Crypt", and sitcoms, including "Mad About You", "Seinfeld", and "Cybill". She also appeared in several television films, including "" (1991), "Madonna: Innocence Lost" (1994), and "Apollo 11" (1996). Malick starred in the 1999 Lifetime Television movie "Take My Advice: The Ann and Abby Story", in which she played the dual roles of identical twin sibling advice columnists Ann Landers (Eppie Lederer) and "Dear Abby" Abigail Van Buren (Pauline Phillips). As lead actress, she starred in the 1997 independent drama film "Jerome".


title: Wendie Malick

text: In 1996, Malick starred as the lead character in her own comedy series, "Good Company" on CBS. The show was cancelled after only six episodes. In 1997, she began starring as Nina Van Horn, a shallow, boozing former supermodel on the NBC sitcom "Just Shoot Me!". She continued in this role until the show ended in 2003. She was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series in 1999 and 2002, and a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film in 1999. She also guest-starred on "The X-Files" in 1998. She starred in Disney's animated film "The Emperor's New Groove" as Chicha in 2000 alongside her fellow "Just Shoot Me" co-star David Spade, who voices Emperor Kuzco. In 2000, Malick was honored by "Women in Film" as "A Woman of Vision", along with Tipper Gore, Gwen Ifill, and Roseanne Barr.


title: Wendie Malick

text: In 2003, Malick joined the cast of "Cheers" spin-off "Frasier", portraying Ronee Lawrence, a Seattle lounge singer (and Frasier's (Kelsey Grammer) childhood babysitter) who develops a relationship with Frasier's father, Martin Crane (John Mahoney). Eventually, her character married Martin in the series finale "Goodnight, Seattle". Malick and Mahoney also both appeared in 1995 film "The American President". In 2002, she starred opposite Shirley Jones and Cloris Leachman in the comedy film "Manna from Heaven". She provided the voice of Principal Folsom for the Disney animated series "Fillmore!" until its end in 2004. In 2005, she co-starred in the Nickelodeon animated series "The X's" as Miss X.


title: Wendie Malick

text: From 2005 to 2006, Malick starred opposite John Stamos in the ABC comedy series "Jake in Progress". Malick was to be part of the cast of the series "Modern Men", but due to a "Jake in Progress" renewal, her role on "Modern Men" was recast with Jane Seymour. Both "Jake in Progress" and "Modern Men" were cancelled in 2006. Also in 2005, Malick starred as Clara Dalrymple in the movie "Racing Stripes". In 2005 and 2006, she provided the voice of Burdine Maxwell in the animated series "Bratz". In late 2006 and early 2007, she starred in another short-lived comedy series, "Big Day" on ABC. Starting in 2005, Malick did voice work on radio and television ads for Marshalls department stores. Malick guest-starred on "" and "Law & Order" in 2005. In film, she appeared in "Waiting...", "Adventureland", and "Confessions of a Shopaholic" as the instructor of the "Shopaholics Anonymous" group, Miss Korch.


title: Wendie Malick

text: In 2010, Malick was cast as Victoria Chase, a six-time-divorced, Emmy Award-winning soap opera star, in the TV Land comedy series "Hot in Cleveland", alongside Jane Leeves, Valerie Bertinelli, and Betty White. The series made ratings success for TV Land, and won generally favorable reviews from critics. In 2011, Malick was a promising contender for an Emmy Award in the Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series category, though she did not receive a nomination. In 2012, the "Hot in Cleveland" cast and she were nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series. On November 17, 2014, TV Land announced season six would be the final season for show.


title: Wendie Malick

text: In April 2011, Malick became the celebrity spokesperson for Budget Rent a Car in a series of online and television ads. Malick starred in the 2013 Hallmark original movie "After All These Years" based on the book by best-selling author Susan Isaccs.


title: Wendie Malick

text: After "Hot in Cleveland", Malick landed the role in the CBS action comedy-drama series "Rush Hour", based on the film franchise of the same name. The series was cancelled after one season. Malick later joined the cast of Fox drama series "Pitch" in a recurring role as Maxine Armstrong. In 2016 she appeared as Sebastian Lund's (Rob Kerkovich) mother, Sylvia in the fourth episode of "". From 2016 to 2021, she had a recurring role of lead character' mother in the ABC comedy series, "American Housewife". Malick also appeared on "Mom", "Grace and Frankie", "This Is Us", "Modern Family", and "Physical".


title: Wendie Malick

text: From 2014 to 2020, Malick had a recurring voice role playing the titular character's mother on the Netflix animated series "BoJack Horseman". In 2018, she received Annie Awards nomination for her voice acting. From 2018 to 2020, she also had a recurring role as rancher Lisa Neumann on Netflix comedy series "The Ranch". In 2020, she was cast as the voice of Edalyn Clawthorne on "The Owl House".


title: Wendie Malick

text: Malick played Shailene Woodley's character mother in the 2019 romantic drama film "Endings, Beginnings", and title role in the 2020 Lifetime thriller "Deranged Granny". In 2022, she set to appear in a multiple features, include "Mack & Rita" starring Diane Keaton, "Shriver", "The Re-Education of Molly Singer", and the leading role in the musical drama "Mother of All Shows".


title: Wendie Malick

text: Malick has been married twice: from 1982 to 1989 to actor and screenwriter Mitch Glazer, and since 1995 to Richard Erickson. The couple lives in Topanga, California in the Santa Monica Mountains where they have three dogs, two horses, and a cat. Malick is a pescetarian. She donates to Democratic political candidates, organizations, and causes.


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (play)

text: Cyrano de Bergerac is a play written in 1897 by Edmond Rostand. There was a real Cyrano de Bergerac, and the play is a fictionalisation following the broad outlines of his life.


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (play)

text: The entire play is written in verse, in rhyming couplets of twelve syllables per line, very close to the classical alexandrine form, but the verses sometimes lack a caesura. It is also meticulously researched, down to the names of the members of the Académie française and the "dames précieuses" glimpsed before the performance in the first scene.


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (play)

text: The play has been translated and performed many times, and it is responsible for introducing the word "panache" into the English language. The character of Cyrano himself makes reference to "my panache" in the play. The most famous English translations are those by Brian Hooker, Anthony Burgess, and Louis Untermeyer.


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (play)

text: Hercule Savinien de Cyrano de Bergerac, a cadet (nobleman serving as a soldier) in the French Army, is a brash, strong-willed man of many talents. In addition to being a remarkable duelist, he is a gifted, joyful poet and is also a musical artist. However, he has an obnoxiously large nose, which causes him to doubt himself. This doubt prevents him from expressing his love for his distant cousin, the beautiful and intellectual Roxane, as he believes that his ugliness would prevent him the "dream of being loved by even an ugly woman."


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (play)

text: The play opens in Paris, 1640, in the theatre of the Hôtel de Bourgogne. Members of the audience slowly arrive, representing a cross-section of Parisian society from pickpockets to nobility. Christian de Neuvillette, a handsome new cadet, arrives with Lignière, a drunkard who he hopes will identify the young woman with whom he has fallen in love. Lignière recognizes her as Roxane, and he tells Christian about her and the Count de Guiche's scheme to marry her off to the compliant Viscount Valvert. Meanwhile, Ragueneau and Le Bret are expecting Cyrano de Bergerac, who has banished the actor Montfleury from the stage for a month. After Lignière leaves, Christian intercepts a pickpocket and, in return for his freedom, the pickpocket tells Christian of a plot against Lignière. Christian departs to try to warn him.


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (play)

text: The play "Clorise" begins with Montfleury's entrance. Cyrano disrupts the play, forces Montfleury off stage, and compensates the manager for the loss of admission fees. The crowd is going to disperse when Cyrano lashes out at a pesky busybody, then is confronted by Valvert and duels with him while composing a ballade, wounding (and possibly killing) him as he ends the refrain (as promised, he ends each refrain with "Qu'à la fin de l'envoi, je touche!": "Then, as I end the refrain, thrust home!") When the crowd has cleared the theater, Cyrano and Le Bret remain behind, and Cyrano confesses his love for Roxane. Roxane's duenna then arrives, and asks where Roxane may meet Cyrano privately. Lignière is then brought to Cyrano, having learned that one hundred hired thugs are waiting to ambush him on his way home. Cyrano, now emboldened, vows to take on the entire mob single-handed, and he leads a procession of officers, actors and musicians to the Porte de Nesle.


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (play)

text: The next morning, at Ragueneau's bake shop, Ragueneau supervises various apprentice cooks in their preparations. Cyrano arrives, anxious about his meeting with Roxane. He is followed by a musketeer, a paramour of Ragueneau's domineering wife Lise, then the regular gathering of impoverished poets who take advantage of Ragueneau's hospitality and love for poetry. Cyrano composes a letter to Roxane expressing his deep and unconditional love for her, warns Lise about her indiscretion with the musketeer, and when Roxane arrives he signals Ragueneau to leave them alone.


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (play)

text: Roxane and Cyrano talk privately as she bandages his hand (injured from the fracas at the Port de Nesle); she thanks him for defeating Valvert at the theater, and talks about a man with whom she has fallen in love. Cyrano thinks that she is talking about him at first, and is ecstatic, but Roxane describes her beloved as "handsome," and tells him that she is in love with Christian de Neuvillette. Roxane fears for Christian's safety in the predominantly Gascon company of Cadets, so she asks Cyrano to befriend and protect him. This he agrees to do.


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (play)

text: After she leaves, Cyrano's captain arrives with the cadets to congratulate him on his victory from the night before. They are followed by a huge crowd, including de Guiche and his entourage, but Cyrano soon drives them away. Le Bret takes him aside and chastises him for his behavior, but Cyrano responds haughtily. The Cadets press him to tell the story of the fight, teasing the newcomer Christian de Neuvillette. When Cyrano recounts the tale, Christian displays his own form of courage by interjecting several times with references to Cyrano's nose. Cyrano is angry, but remembering his promise to Roxane, he holds in his temper.


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (play)

text: Eventually Cyrano explodes, the shop is evacuated, and Cyrano reveals his identity as Roxane's cousin. Christian confesses his love for Roxane but his inability to woo because of his supposed lack of intellect and wit. When Cyrano tells Christian that Roxane expects a letter from him, Christian is despondent, having no eloquence in such matters. Cyrano then offers his services, including his own unsigned letter to Roxane. The Cadets and others return to find the two men embracing, and are flabbergasted. The musketeer from before, thinking it was safe to do so, teases Cyrano about his nose and receives a slap in the face while the Cadets rejoice.


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (play)

text: Outside Roxane's house Ragueneau is conversing with Roxane's duenna. When Cyrano arrives, Roxane comes down and they talk about Christian: Roxane says that Christian's letters have been breathtaking—he is more intellectual than even Cyrano, she declares. She also says that she loves Christian.


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (play)

text: When de Guiche arrives, Cyrano hides inside Roxane's house. De Guiche tells Roxane that he has come to say farewell. He has been made a colonel of an army regiment that is leaving that night to fight in the war with Spain. He mentions that the regiment includes Cyrano's guards, and he grimly predicts that he and Cyrano will have a reckoning. Afraid for Christian's safety if he should go to the front, Roxane quickly suggests that the best way for de Guiche to seek revenge on Cyrano would be for him to leave Cyrano and his cadets behind while the rest of the regiment goes on to military glory. After much flirtation from Roxane, de Guiche believes he should stay close by, concealed in a local monastery. When Roxane implies that she would feel more for de Guiche if he went to war, he agrees to march on steadfastly, leaving Cyrano and his cadets behind. He leaves, and Roxane makes the duenna promise she will not tell Cyrano that Roxane has robbed him of a chance to go to war.


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (play)

text: Roxane expects Christian to come visit her, and she tells the duenna to make him wait if he does. Cyrano presses Roxane to disclose that instead of questioning Christian on any particular subject, she plans to make Christian improvise about love. Although he tells Christian the details of her plot, when Roxane and her duenna leave, he calls for Christian who has been waiting nearby. Cyrano tries to prepare Christian for his meeting with Roxane, urging him to remember lines Cyrano has written. Christian however refuses saying he wants to speak to Roxane in his own words. Cyrano bows to this saying, "Speak for yourself, sir."


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (play)

text: During their meeting Christian makes a fool of himself trying to speak seductively to Roxane. Roxane storms into her house, confused and angry. Thinking quickly, Cyrano makes Christian stand in front of Roxane's balcony and speak to her while Cyrano stands under the balcony whispering to Christian what to say. Eventually, Cyrano shoves Christian aside and, under cover of darkness, pretends to be Christian, wooing Roxane himself. In the process, he wins a kiss for Christian.


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (play)

text: Roxane and Christian are secretly married by a Capuchin. Outside, Cyrano meets de Guiche. Cyrano, his face concealed, impersonates a madman, with a tale of a trip to the Moon. De Guiche is fascinated, and delays his journey to hear more. When Cyrano finally reveals his face, de Guiche suggests Cyrano should write a book.


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (play)

text: The newly wed couple's happiness is short-lived: de Guiche, angry to have lost Roxane, declares that he is sending the Cadets of Gascony to the front lines of the war with Spain. De Guiche triumphantly tells Cyrano that the wedding night will have to wait. Under his breath, Cyrano remarks that the news fails to upset him.


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (play)

text: Roxane, afraid for Christian, urges Cyrano to promise to keep him safe, to keep him out of dangerous situations, to keep him dry and warm, and to keep him faithful. Cyrano says that he will do what he can but that he cannot promise anything. Roxane begs Cyrano to promise to make Christian write to her every day. Brightening, Cyrano announces confidently that he can promise that.


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (play)

text: The Siege of Arras. The Gascon Cadets are among many French forces now cut off by the Spanish, and they are starving. Cyrano, meanwhile, has been writing in Christian's name twice a day, smuggling letters across enemy lines. De Guiche, whom the Cadets despise, arrives and chastises them; Cyrano responds with his usual bravura, and de Guiche then signals a spy to tell the Spanish to attack the Cadets, informing them that they must hold the line until relief arrives. Then a coach arrives, and Roxane emerges from it. She tells how she was able to flirt her way through the Spanish lines. Cyrano tells Christian about the letters, and provides him a farewell letter to give to Roxane if he dies. After de Guiche departs, Roxane provides plenty of food and drink with the assistance of the coach's driver, Ragueneau. De Guiche attempts for a second time to convince Roxane to leave the battlefield. When she refuses, de Guiche says he will not leave a lady behind. This impresses the cadets who offer him their leftovers, which de Guiche declines, but he ends up catching the cadets' accent which makes him even more popular with the cadets. Roxane also tells Christian that, because of the letters, she has grown to love him for his soul alone, and would still love him even if he were ugly.


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (play)

text: Christian tells this to Cyrano, and then persuades Cyrano to tell Roxane the truth about the letters, saying he has to be loved for "the fool that he is" to be truly loved at all. Cyrano disbelieves what Christian claims Roxane has said, until she tells him so as well. But, before Cyrano can tell her the truth, Christian is brought back to the camp, having been fatally shot. Cyrano decides that, in order to preserve Roxane's image of an eloquent Christian, he cannot tell her the truth. The battle ensues, a distraught Roxane collapses and is carried off by de Guiche and Ragueneau, and Cyrano rallies the Cadets to hold back the Spanish until relief arrives.


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (play)

text: Fifteen years later, at a convent outside Paris. Roxane now resides here, eternally mourning her beloved Christian. She is visited by de Guiche, who is now a good friend and now sees Cyrano as an equal (and has been promoted to duke), Le Bret, and Ragueneau (who has lost his wife and bakery, and is now a candlelighter for Molière), and she expects Cyrano to come by as he always has with news of the outside world. On this day, however, he has been mortally wounded by someone who dropped a huge log on his head from a tall building. Upon arriving to deliver his "gazette" to Roxane, knowing it will be his last, he asks Roxane if he can read "Christian's" farewell letter. She gives it to him, and he reads it aloud as it grows dark. Listening to his voice, she realizes that it is Cyrano who was the author of all the letters, but Cyrano denies this until he cannot hide it. Ragueneau and Le Bret return, telling Roxane of Cyrano's injury. While Cyrano grows delirious, his friends weep and Roxane tells him that she loves him. He combats various foes, half imaginary and half symbolic, conceding that he has lost all but one important thing – his "panache" – as he dies in Le Bret and Ragueneau's arms.


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (play)

text: On 27 December 1897, the curtain rose at the Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin, and the audience was pleasantly surprised. A full hour after the curtain fell, the audience was still applauding. The original Cyrano was Constant Coquelin, who played it over 410 times at said theatre and later toured North America in the role. The original production had sets designed by Marcel Jambon and his associates Brard and Alexandre Bailly (Acts I, III and V), Eugène Carpezat (Act II), and Alfred Lemeunier (Act IV). The earliest touring production of "Cyrano" was set up by Charles Moncharmont and Maurice Luguet. It was premiered in Monte Carlo on 29 March 1898, and subsequently presented in France, Belgium, Switzerland, Austria, Hungary, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, Egypt, Greece, Italy, Algeria, Tunisia and Spain. Special, transportable sets emulating the Parisian production were created for this tour by Albert Dubosq:"La troupe qui interprétera" Cyrano de Bergerac "se composera de quarante personnes. Les costumes et les décors seront identiques à ceux de la Porte Saint-Martin; les costumes, au nombre de deux cent cinquante, faits sur mesure, les armes, cartonnages, tout le matériel seront exécutés par les fournisseurs de ce théâtre; les décors seront brossés par Dubosq qui est allé, ces jours derniers, s’entendre à Paris avec les entrepreneurs de la tournée. ... la troupe voyage avec tout un matériel de décors à appliques, charnières, pièces démontables qui, pouvant se planter sur n’importe quelle scène et se divisant en tous petits fragments, s’installe aisément dans des caisses, sans peser relativement trop lourd et dépasser les dimensions admises par les chemins de fer."


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (play)

text: The longest-running Broadway production ran 232 performances in 1923 and starred Walter Hampden, who returned to the role on the Great White Way in 1926, 1928, 1932, and 1936. Hampden used the 1923 Brian Hooker translation prepared especially for him, which became such a classic in itself that it was used by virtually every English-speaking Cyrano until the mid-1980s.


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (play)

text: In 1946 Hampden passed the torch to José Ferrer, who won a Tony Award for playing Cyrano in a much-praised Broadway staging, the highlight of which was a special benefit performance in which Ferrer played the title role for the first four acts and Hampden (then in his mid-sixties) assumed it for the fifth. Ferrer reprised the role on live television in 1949 and 1955, and in a 1950 film version for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor. It became Ferrer's most famous role.


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (play)

text: Other notable English-speaking Cyranos were Ralph Richardson, DeVeren Bookwalter, Derek Jacobi, Michael Kanarek, Richard Chamberlain, and Christopher Plummer, who played the part in Rostand's original play and won a Tony Award for the 1973 musical adaptation. Kevin Kline played the role in a Broadway production in 2007, with Jennifer Garner playing Roxane and Daniel Sunjata as Christian. A taped version of the production was broadcast on PBS's "Great Performances" in 2009. In 2018, David Serero is the first French actor to play Cyrano in America in the English language.


title: Cyrano de Bergerac (play)

text: Inspired by the balcony scene in which Cyrano provides Christian with words to speak to Roxane, Stanley Milgram developed an experimental technique that used covert speech shadowing to construct hybrid personae in social psychological experiments, wherein subjects would interact with a "Cyranoid" whose words emanated from a remote, unseen "source".


title: Utkarsh Ambudkar

text: Utkarsh Ambudkar ( ; born December 8, 1983), also known by his stage name UTK the INC, is an American actor, rapper, and singer. He is known for his film roles including "Pitch Perfect" (2012), "Game Over, Man!" (2018), "Blindspotting" (2018), "Brittany Runs a Marathon" (2019), "The Broken Hearts Gallery" (2020), "Free Guy" (2021), and "Tick, Tick... Boom!" (2021). His television roles include "The Mindy Project", "White Famous", "Never Have I Ever", and "Ghosts". He recently appeared in the Hulu limited series "The Dropout" (2022).


title: Utkarsh Ambudkar

text: He made his Broadway debut in Lin-Manuel Miranda's improvisational hip-hop show "Freestyle Love Supreme" in 2019.


title: Utkarsh Ambudkar

text: Ambudkar was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He grew up in the suburbs where his parents, who had emigrated from India in the 1980s, were research scientists at the National Institutes of Health. He starred in comedy roles at Thomas S. Wootton High School in Rockville, Maryland, and he earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from the Tisch School of the Arts at New York University in 2004.


title: Utkarsh Ambudkar

text: Through his mother, Ambudkar is a descendant of the lawyer and jurist Sir Vembakkam Bhashyam Aiyangar.


title: Utkarsh Ambudkar

text: Ambudkar is a former VJ for MTV Desi. He appeared in the comedy film "Pitch Perfect" as the character Donald, and in the television shows "The Mindy Project" and "The Muppets". He was set to star in the Fox series "Eat, Pray, Thug" but the show was not picked up. Ambudkar originated the role of Aaron Burr in the developmental readings of "Hamilton". He was seen in the "Dungeons & Dragons" campaign "Force Grey: Giant Hunters" and "Force Grey: Lost City of Omu", hosted by Matthew Mercer. In that, he played the character "Hitch", a rogue with a nefarious past. He formerly played Raj on the sitcom "Brockmire".


title: Utkarsh Ambudkar

text: He was a member of the musical group "The Beatards." Utkarsh has appeared in several Youtube sketch comedy skits including the comedy groups "CollegeHumor" and "Key & Peele".


title: Utkarsh Ambudkar

text: Since 2005, Ambudkar has been a part of hip-hop improv group Freestyle Love Supreme under the name UTK the INC. As part of the group, he participated in the limited television series for Pivot in 2014 and made his Broadway debut in the group's self-titled show on October 2, 2019. He played Jern in the 2019 film "Brittany Runs a Marathon."


title: Utkarsh Ambudkar

text: He played Skatch, a con artist, in a deleted scene of the 2020 Disney live-action remake of "Mulan". That same year he appeared in Disney's "Godmothered", and then in the 2021 action comedy "Free Guy". In 2020, Ambudkar debuted as the mongoose Chikku in the Disney Junior animated series "Mira, Royal Detective". He is currently starring in the CBS supernatural sitcom "Ghosts" (2021).


title: Divya Bharti

text: Divya Bharti (; 25 February 1974 – 5 April 1993) was an Indian actress who worked predominantly in Hindi and Telugu films. Known for her acting versatility and beauty, she was considered one of the most popular and highest paid Indian actresses of her time.


title: Divya Bharti

text: Bharti started her film career as a teenager, while she was doing pin-up modeling assignments. She made her debut with a lead role opposite Venkatesh in the Telugu-language romantic action "Bobbili Raja" (1990), and subsequently appeared in a financially unsuccessful Tamil-language film "Nila Pennae" (1990) In films like "Naa Ille Naa Swargam" (1991) and "Assembly Rowdy" (1991) she had minor roles. Bharti had her first commercial success with the romantic comedy "Rowdy Alludu" (1991).


title: Divya Bharti

text: After featuring in Telugu films, she progressed to Hindi cinema in 1992 and made her acting debut with the Hindi action thriller "Vishwatma" (1992). The 1992 action-comedy "Shola Aur Shabnam", a box office hit, marked a turning point in her career. She achieved further success with starring roles such as in the romance film "Deewana" (1992), which achieved her the Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut.


title: Divya Bharti

text: Bharti died on 5 April 1993 (aged 19), after falling from the balcony of the fifth floor of her apartment in Mumbai. The mysterious circumstances of her death have spawned a number of conspiracy theories.


title: Divya Bharti

text: Bharti was born in Bombay on 25 February 1974 to Om Prakash Bharti and Meeta Bharti. She had a younger brother named Kunal and a half-sister Poonam, who was the child of Om Prakash Bharti's first marriage. Actress Kainaat Arora is her cousin. She spoke Hindi, English and Marathi fluently. In her early years, she was known for her bubbly personality and doll-like looks. She studied at Maneckji Cooper High School in Juhu, Mumbai. Bharti was a restless student at school and completed the 9th standard before pursuing an acting career.


title: Divya Bharti

text: In 1988, Bharti, then a ninth-grader, was signed by filmmaker Nandu Tolani for one of his films. She was originally scheduled to make her screen debut in "Gunahon Ka Devta" in 1988, but her role was cancelled and she was replaced by Sangeeta Bijlani. Kirti Kumar (Govinda's brother) noticed Bharti at a video library, and was eager to sign her for his project "Radha Ka Sangam" opposite Govinda. Kumar met with director Dilip Shankar and managed to release Bharti from her contract. After taking dancing and acting lessons for months to prepare for her role, Bharti was dropped and replaced by Juhi Chawla. It was speculated that Kumar's possessiveness over Bharti and her childish nature were the cause of her replacement.


title: Divya Bharti

text: Bharti's career was stalled until D. Ramanaidu, a Telugu film producer, offered her a leading role in the film "Bobbili Raja" opposite his son Daggubati Venkatesh. She commenced shooting in Andhra Pradesh for her screen debut. The film was released in the summer of 1990 and became a hit. "Bobbili Raja" remains one of the most popular and iconic Telugu movies. Later in the year, Bharti acted in a Tamil film, "Nila Pennae", opposite Anand. The film was critically and financially unsuccessful.


title: Divya Bharti

text: In box office ratings, Bharti ranked next to Vijayashanti who has been widely called "The Lady Superstar" and "Lady Amitabh" of South Indian cinema. In 1991, Bharti had back-to-back hits with action comedy film "Rowdy Alludu" and drama "Assembly Rowdy" opposite actors Chiranjeevi and Mohan Babu, respectively. Later that year, Bharti began filming A. Kodandarami Reddy's action romance "Dharma Kshetram" under Sri Rajeev Productions. Bharti got to work with Telugu film actor Nandamuri Balakrishna.


title: Divya Bharti

text: While Bharti celebrated her success in Andhra Pradesh, Bollywood's top directors were eager to sign her for films. Bharti's first Bollywood film was Rajiv Rai's 1992 film "Vishwatma". In an interview to "Filmfare", she said that she liked her role as Kusum, Sunny Deol's love interest, in the film, describing it as a "very good role". The film was an average box office performer but gained Bharti wider recognition from the public as well as film critics. Bharti was most notable for the song used in the film "Saat Samundar". A week later, Bharti's next film, Lawrence D'Souza's romantic drama "Dil Ka Kya Kasoor", in which she starred alongside Prithvi, was released. The film was not a box office success but was recognized for its music.