title: Airbus A220

text: The Airbus A220 is a family of five-abreast narrow-body airliners by Airbus Canada Limited Partnership. It was originally designed by Bombardier and had two years in service as the Bombardier CSeries.


title: Airbus A220

text: The program was launched on 13 July 2008, the smaller A220-100 (formerly CS100) made its maiden flight on 16 September 2013, was awarded an initial type certification by Transport Canada on 18 December 2015, and entered service on 15 July 2016 with launch operator Swiss Global Air Lines. The longer A220-300 (formerly CS300) first flew on 27 February 2015, received an initial type certification on 11 July 2016, and entered service with airBaltic on 14 December 2016.


title: Airbus A220

text: Powered by Pratt & Whitney PW1500G geared turbofan engines under its wings, the twinjet features fly-by-wire flight controls, a carbon composite wing, an aluminium-lithium fuselage and optimised aerodynamics for better fuel efficiency. The aircraft family offers maximum take-off weights from , and cover a range.


title: Airbus A220

text: Both launch operators recorded better-than-expected fuel burn and dispatch reliability, as well as positive feedback from passengers and crew.


title: Airbus A220

text: , the global A220 fleet had completed more than 650,000 flights over one million block hours without accidents.


title: Airbus A220

text: The 35 m (115 ft) long A220-100 seats 108 to 133, while the 38.7 m (127 ft) long A220-300 seats 130 to 160.


title: Airbus A220

text: , a total of 773 A220s had been ordered of which 227 had been delivered and were all in commercial service with 15 operators. Delta Air Lines is the largest operator with 57 aircraft in its fleet.


title: Airbus A220

text: The A220 family complements the A319neo in the Airbus range and competes with the largest variants of the Embraer E-Jet E2 family and the smaller Boeing 737 MAX-7 variant.


title: Airbus A220

text: In July 2018, the aircraft was rebranded as the A220 after Airbus acquired a 50.01% stake in the program through a joint venture established in 2016. In August 2019, a second final assembly line opened at Airbus Mobile in Alabama, supplementing the main facility in Mirabel, Quebec. In February 2020, Airbus increased its share to 75% as Bombardier exited the program, while the Quebec government's Investissement Québec held the 25% balance.


title: Airbus A220

text: Fokker was the manufacturer of the 100-seat Fokker 100 short-haul aircraft. On 5 February 1996, Bombardier began discussions with Fokker about acquiring that company's assets, but after evaluating the potential purchase, Bombardier announced an end to the talks on 27 February. On 15 March, Fokker was declared bankrupt.


title: Airbus A220

text: On 8 September 1998, Bombardier then launched the "BRJ-X", or "Bombardier Regional Jet eXpansion", a larger regional jet than the Canadair Regional Jet due to enter service in 2003. Instead of 2–2 seating, the BRJ-X was to have a wider fuselage with 2–3 seating for 85 to 110 passengers, and underwing engine pods. It was abutting the smallest narrow-body jetliners, like the 2–3 DC-9/MD-80/Boeing 717 or the 3–3 Airbus A318 and Boeing 737-500/737-600. At the end of 2000, the project was shelved by Bombardier in favour of stretching the CRJ700 into the CRJ900.


title: Airbus A220

text: Meanwhile, Embraer launched its four-abreast, under-wing powered E-jets for 70 to 122 passengers at the Paris Air Show in June 1999, which made its maiden flight in February 2002 and was introduced in 2004. Airbus launched its 107–117 passengers A318 shrink on 21 April 1999, which made its first flight in January 2002, as Boeing had the 737-600 first delivered in September 1998.


title: Airbus A220

text: Bombardier appointed Gary Scott on 8 March 2004 to evaluate the creation of a New Commercial Aircraft Program. Bombardier launched a feasibility study for a five-seat abreast CSeries at Farnborough Airshow in July 2004 to investigate development of an aircraft to replace rival manufacturers' aging DC-9/MD-80, Fokker 100, Boeing 737 Classic and BAe-146 with 20% lower operating costs, and 15% lower than aircraft produced at the time. The smaller version should carry 110 to 115 passengers and the larger 130 to 135 passengers over 3,200 nautical miles.


title: Airbus A220

text: Bombardier's Board of Directors authorized marketing the CSeries on 15 March 2005, seeking firm commitments from potential customers, suppliers and government partners prior to program launch. The "C110" was planned to weigh at MTOW and have a length of , while the "C130" should be long and have a MTOW. The aircraft would have 3-by-2 standard seating and 4-abreast business class, stand-up headroom, fly-by-wire and side stick controls. 20 percent of the airframe weight would be in composite materials for the centre and rear fuselages, tail cone, empennage and wings. The first flight was planned for 2008 and entry into service for 2010.


title: Airbus A220

text: In May 2005, the CSeries development was evaluated at US$2.1 billion, shared with suppliers and partner governments for one-third each. The Government of Canada would invest US$262.5 million, the Government of Quebec US$87.5 million and the Government of the United Kingdom US$340 million (£180 million), repayable on a royalty basis per aircraft. The UK contribution is part of an investment partnership for the location of the development of the wings, engine nacelles and composite empennage structures at the Belfast plant, where Bombardier bought Short Brothers in 1989.


title: Airbus A220

text: On 31 January 2006, Bombardier announced that market conditions could not justify the launch of the program, and that the company would reorient CSeries project efforts, team and resources to regional jet and turboprop aircraft. A small team of employees were kept to develop the CSeries business plan and were further tasked to include other risk-sharing partners in the program.


title: Airbus A220

text: On 31 January 2007, Bombardier announced that work on the aircraft would continue, with entry into service planned for 2013. In November 2007, Bombardier selected the Pratt & Whitney Geared Turbofan, now the PW1500G, already selected to power the Mitsubishi Regional Jet, to be the exclusive powerplant for the CSeries, rated at .


title: Airbus A220

text: On 22 February 2008, Bombardier's Board of Directors authorized offering formal sales proposals of the CSeries to airline customers, on the strength of its 20% better fuel burn and up to 15% better cash operating costs compared to similarly sized aircraft produced at the time. This interested Lufthansa, Qatar Airways and ILFC.


title: Airbus A220

text: On 13 July 2008, in a press conference on the eve of the opening of the Farnborough Airshow, Bombardier Aerospace formally launched the CSeries, with a letter of interest from Lufthansa for 60 aircraft, including 30 options, at a US$46.7 million list price. The aircraft fuel efficiency would be per passenger in a dense seating. The final assembly of the aircraft would be done in Mirabel, wings would be developed and manufactured in Belfast and the aft fuselage and cockpit would be manufactured in Saint-Laurent, Quebec. The center fuselage was to be built by China Aviation Industry Corporation (AVIC)'s affiliate Shenyang Aircraft Corporation. Bombardier estimated the market for the 100- to 149-seat market segment of the CSeries to be 6,300 units over 20 years, representing more than $250 billion revenue over the next 20 years; the company expects to capture up to half of this market.


title: Airbus A220

text: In March 2009, Bombardier redesignated the C110 and C130 as "CS100" and "CS300", respectively. The models were offered in standard- and extended-range (ER) variants; and additionally, an extra thrust (XT) variant of the CS300 was also offered. Bombardier subsequently settled on a single variant, with extended range becoming the new standard. By November, the first wing had been assembled at the Bombardier Aerostructures and Engineering Services (BAES) site in Belfast, Northern Ireland, while the program grew to about $3.5 billion, shared with suppliers and governments.


title: Airbus A220

text: In the same month, construction of a composite wing manufacturing facility at the Belfast site started and the first flight of the CSeries was expected by 2012.


title: Airbus A220

text: In March 2009, Bombardier confirmed major suppliers: Alenia Aeronautica for the composite horizontal and vertical stabilisers, Fokker Elmo for the wiring and interconnection systems and Goodrich Corporation Actuation Systems: design and production of the flap and slat actuation systems. By June 2009, 96% of billable materials had been allocated, with the company settling on various companies for remaining components and systems: Shenyang Aircraft Corporation for the centre fuselage; Zodiac Aerospace for the interiors, and United Technologies Corporation for the engine nacelles, Liebherr for the landing gear and pneumatics; UTC Aerospace for the electrical system and lighting; Goodrich for the nacelle; Meggitt for the wheels and brakes; Michelin for the tires; Spirit for the pylons; Honeywell for the APU; and PPG supplies the windows.


title: Airbus A220

text: In 2010, Ghafari Associates was retained to develop the Montreal manufacturing site to accommodate the aircraft production.


title: Airbus A220

text: The CSeries competed with the smaller variants of the A320 family aircraft. Airbus opted to compete aggressively against the CSeries rather than ignoring it, as Boeing had done with Airbus. Airbus dropped the A320's price in head-to-head competition, successfully blocking Bombardier from several deals. The 2010 order for 40 CS300s and 40 options from Republic Airways Holdings then owner of exclusive A319/320 operator Frontier Airlinesalso pushed Airbus into the A320neo re-engine.


title: Airbus A220

text: In January 2010, Bombardier was about to reach the design freeze for the CSeries and announced that CS100 deliveries were planned to start in 2013, and CS300 deliveries would follow a year later. In November 2011, Bombardier expected a second-half 2012 first flight as it was to receive the first fuselage package until mid-2012 at the earliest and Pratt & Whitney still had "a little bit more work to do" to meet the requirement. In June 2012, Bombardier reaffirmed the first flight should happen before the year's end with subsequent entry into service remaining 2013.


title: Airbus A220

text: In November, Bombardier said that some areas of the program were late due to unspecified supplier issues, and announced a delay of six months to both the first flight to June 2013 and entry into service of the CS100 one year later.


title: Airbus A220

text: An extensive program update was presented on 7 March 2013; the first "flight test vehicle" (FTV) was displayed in a near-complete state, along with three other FTVs in various states of assembly: one such FTV confirmed the 160 seat "Extra Capacity" version of the CS300, featuring two sets of over-wing emergency exits. The first FTV's electrical system was powered up in March, while tests on the static airframe proceeded satisfactorily and on schedule. In June, Bombardier again delayed the first flight into July on account of software upgrades and final ground testing. On 24 July, after a protracted system integration process, the first flight was delayed into "the coming weeks". On 30 August, Bombardier received the flight test permit from Transport Canada, granting permission to perform high speed taxi testing and flight testing.


title: Airbus A220

text: On 16 September 2013, the CS100 made its maiden flight from Mirabel Airport. Over 14,000 data points were gathered on this flight; after reconfiguration and software upgrades, FTV1 flew for the second time on 1 October. On 16 January 2014, the planned entry-into-service date was delayed into the second half of 2015 due to certification testing issues; the CS300 remained set to follow approximately six months after the CS100.


title: Airbus A220

text: On 29 May 2014, one of the four FTVs suffered an uncontained engine failure. Consequently, flight testing was suspended until an investigation could be completed. The incident kept Bombardier from displaying the CSeries at one of the most important aerospace events in that year, the biennial Farnborough Airshow. In August, Bombardier changed the program's management and slashed its workforce. On 7 September, flight testing was resumed after the engine problem had been isolated to a fault in the lubrication system. Bombardier chairman Laurent Beaudoin stated that the CSeries was then expected to be in service in 2016. Delays resulted in order cancellations, including from the Swedish lessor.


title: Airbus A220

text: By 20 February 2015, the FTVs had accumulated over 1,000 flight hours. Seven days later, the CS300 prototype took off for its maiden flight from Bombardier's facility at Montreal Mirabel International airport in Quebec. Test flight results surpassed the company's guarantees for noise, economics and performance, meaning a longer range than advertised could be possible. The fifth CS100 first flew on 18 March. On 27 March, Bombardier confirmed that Canadian certification for the CS100 should come in late 2015 with entry into service in 2016.


title: Airbus A220

text: At the 2015 Paris Air Show, Bombardier released updated performance data, showing improvements over the initial specifications. On 20 August, Bombardier disclosed that the CS100 had completed over 80% of the required certification tests. On 14 October, the company had completed over 90% of required tests for the CS100. Accordingly, Bombardier announced that the first production CS100 would soon commence function and reliability tests. The CS100 completed its certification testing program in mid-November. On 25 November, Bombardier completed the first phase of its route proving capabilities, with a 100% dispatch reliability. The final prototype, FTV8, the second CS300 with a complete interior, made its first flight on 3 March 2016.


title: Airbus A220

text: In 2015 Bombardier offered to sell a majority stake in the CSeries programme to Airbus. In October 2015, Airbus confirmed that it had turned down Bombardier's offer. Bombardier said it would explore alternatives. Just days prior, the Government of Quebec reiterated its willingness to provide Bombardier with financial aid, if it were requested. Bombardier stated its commitment to the CSeries and that it had the financial resources to support it.


title: Airbus A220

text: On 29 October, Bombardier took a write-down on the CSeries. The Trudeau government indicated that it would reply to Bombardier's request for $350 million in assistance after it took power in early November. On the same day, the Quebec government invested in the company to save the struggling programme. In early November, a Scotiabank report indicated that the company and the programme would probably need a second bailout, and that even then the CSeries would probably not make money.


title: Airbus A220

text: In April 2016, Bombardier reportedly requested a aid package from the Canadian Government. The Government then offered an aid package without divulging the amount or conditions imposed, though some media reported that the company initially rejected the offer. In February 2017, the Government finally announced a package of in interest-free loans for the company, with the programme to receive one-third.


title: Airbus A220

text: By July 2016, Bombardier Aerospace set up the "C Series Aircraft Limited Partnership" (CSALP) together with Investissement Québec.


title: Airbus A220

text: The smallest model in the series, the 110- to 125-seat CS100, received type certification from Transport Canada on 18 December 2015, and simultaneously from US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) in June 2016, clearing the way for delivery to the launch operator, Swiss International Air Lines, by the end of the month.


title: Airbus A220

text: At the time of CS100 certification by Transport Canada in December 2015, the CSeries had 250 firm orders and letters of intent, plus commitments for another 360; most of these were for the CS300 model, which was expected to be certified by the summer of 2016.


title: Airbus A220

text: The largest model, the 130- to 145-seat CS300, obtained its type certificate from Transport Canada on 11 July 2016, from the EASA on 7 October that cleared the delivery to its launch customer airBaltic by November 2016, and from the FAA on 14 December 2016.


title: Airbus A220

text: Both models were awarded a common type rating on 23 November 2016 simultaneously from Transport Canada and EASA, allowing pilots to qualify on both types interchangeably.


title: Airbus A220

text: In March 2017, Bombardier conducted steep 5.5˚ approach landings tests at London City Airport (LCY), and announced one month later, April 2017, that the CS100 received Transport Canada and EASA steep approach certification.


title: Airbus A220

text: In July 2018, after the acquisition by Airbus, the aircraft was rebranded A220. In December 2018, the EASA approved Category IIIa/IIIb instrument approaches for autoland with no decision height but runway visibility minimum requirements.


title: Airbus A220

text: In January 2019, A220 powered with PW1500G gained ETOPS 180 approval from Transport Canada, allowing direct routes over water or remote regions. The A220 was the first commercial airliner to obtain domestic ETOPS certification from Transport Canada.


title: Airbus A220

text: In July 2021, the EASA had officially approved an increase in the A220-300's maximum seating to 149 passengers, subject to a modification on an overwing exit slide.


title: Airbus A220

text: In September 2021, Airbus entered into talks with the Civil Aviation Administration (CAA) of China over the certification of the A220 in order to enter the large Chinese aviation market, particularly in the western part of the country.


title: Airbus A220

text: In 2016, Bombardier achieved its goal of delivering seven CSeries aircraft to both launch operators, Swiss and airBaltic. Production was then set to ramp to 30–35 aircraft deliveries in 2017 after PW1500G engine supply and start issues were resolved. However, the CSeries delivery goal for 2017 had to be revised to 20–22 aircraft only, due to persistent engine delivery delays, and finally, only 17 deliveries were completed in the year.


title: Airbus A220

text: At the programme launch, Bombardier had forecast 315 annual deliveries from 2008 to 2027 for 100- to 150-seat airliners, but in the first 10.5 years, the six models available (B737-700, A318/A319, CS100/CS300 and E195) averaged fewer than 80 per year.


title: Airbus A220

text: A total of 37 CSeries had been delivered before the Airbus partnership took effect on 1 July 2018 and the aircraft was rebranded A220.


title: Airbus A220

text: It was intended that the programme team would be formed by leaders from both Bombardier and Airbus and headed by Philippe Balducchi, then Head of Performance Management at Airbus Commercial Aircraft. Ten days after programme control was transferred to Airbus, the aircraft was rebranded as the A220-100/300. Later, on 1 June 2019, the CSALP joint venture was renamed to "Airbus Canada Limited Partnership" and adopted the Airbus logo as its sole visual identity.


title: Airbus A220

text: Airbus targeted over 100 orders of A220 in 2018 and 3,000 over 20 years, half of the 100- to 150-seat market, and needed a supply chain cost reduction over 10%. Airbus then sought to reduce costs from all suppliers, including Bombardier, wing builder Short Brothers and engine manufacturer Pratt & Whitney. It has reportedly pushed its suppliers to lower their prices by 20% for more volume, or to switch them, towards 150 yearly deliveries. Supplier costs could be cut by 30–40% by Airbus's market power, as a 10% procurement costs decrease would add six gross margin points to the programme. Airbus waited to win several new orders before increasing pressure on suppliers and catching their attention in 2019 with the sale of 135 A220s to U.S. airlines, including a follow-up order from Delta.


title: Airbus A220

text: In mid-2018, Airbus CFO predicted a production potential of more than 100 A220 per year. Delivery rates continued to climb with the new brand, reaching a total output of 33 in 2018, and then rising to 48 A220 in 2019. The market share was split between 80% A220-300 (former CS300) and 20% A220-100 (former CS100).


title: Airbus A220

text: The groundbreaking ceremony for the $300 million final assembly line in Mobile, Alabama was held on 16 January 2019; on this occasion Airbus confirmed its confidence that there is enough demand to justify two assembly sites and that the airliner can be profitable. On 5 August 2019, production started at Mobile facility, which was not due to be finished until 2020, but work started early to ensure that the first delivery schedule can be met.


title: Airbus A220

text: The removal of Bombardier's financial constraints in February 2020 gave Airbus greater latitude for further investment in the programme, which will be needed to ramp up production rates, though this will push back the break-even point of the programme to the mid-2020s.


title: Airbus A220

text: On 2 June 2020, the first A220 produced in Alabama completed its first flight. By that date, production of the first aircraft for JetBlue Airways had also started. The first US-assembled A220 aircraft, an A220-300, was delivered to Delta on 22 October 2020.


title: Airbus A220

text: In January 2021, as Airbus reviewed its production rates following a shift in demand away from wide-bodies affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, the A220 was expected to reach a production rate of 5 aircraft per month by the end of the first quarter as previously foreseen.


title: Airbus A220

text: In May 2021, Airbus targeted a production rate of six per month from early 2022, and intends to reach 14 (10 in Mirabel and 4 in Alabama) per month by the middle of the decade to be profitable.


title: Airbus A220

text: The stiff competition, slow business and ultimately the dumping petition by Boeing paved the way for Bombardier to close a partnership with Airbus in October 2017. Bombardier CEO predicted that the partnership would significantly accelerate sales as it would bring certainty to the CSeries programme and increase the level of confidence through the Airbus's global scale, which would take the programme to new heights.


title: Airbus A220

text: On 16 October 2017, Airbus and Bombardier announced that Airbus would acquire a 50.01% majority stake in the CSALP partnership, with Bombardier keeping 31% and Investissement Québec 19%, to expand in an estimated market of more than 6,000 new 100- to 150-seat aircraft over 20 years. Airbus did not pay for its share in the programme, nor did it assume any debt. Its supply chain expertise should save production costs but headquarters and assembly remain in Québec while U.S. customers would benefit from a second assembly line in Mobile, Alabama. This transaction was subject to regulatory approvals then expected to be completed in 2018. While assembling the aircraft in U.S. could circumvent the 292% duties proposed in the dumping petition by Boeing, Airbus CEO Tom Enders and Bombardier CEO Alain Bellemare assured that this factor did not drive the partnership, but negotiations began in August 2017 after the April filing and the June decision to proceed and, as a result, Boeing was suspicious. Leahy considered that Boeing indirectly forced the CSeries programme into Airbus hands by pressing the U.S. administration for massive tariffs on the aircraft.


title: Airbus A220

text: Airbus insisted that it had no plan to buy out Bombardier's stake in the program and that Bombardier would remain a strategic partner after 2025, however clauses allowed it to buy out Investissement Quebec's share in 2023 and Bombardier's 7 years after the deal closes, though production is required to remain in Quebec until at least 2041. AirInsight anticipated that the CSeries market share of the 100- to 149-seat market over 20 years will increase from 40% of 5,636 aircraft (5636*0.4 round 0 sales) to 55–60%, around 3,010 aircraft, through Airbus' corporate strength. It was later planned to rebrand the CSeries as an Airbus model, with A200 suggested as a family name and A210/A230 for the CS100 and CS300.


title: Airbus A220

text: In November 2017, Embraer assured at the Dubai Airshow that it would monitor Airbus involvement until antitrust immunity was granted, for dumping pricing after, and that Brazil would sue Canada for its subsidies to Bombardier through the World Trade Organization. Embraer also believed supply chain costs could not be reduced enough to make the CSeries profitable, viewing it as heavy, expensive and adapted to long, thin routes exceeding the range of E-jet E2, a close rival for market share.


title: Airbus A220

text: In October 2017, Boeing was reportedly concerned over its ability to match fleet package deals enabled by the partnership. In December 2017, "The Wall Street Journal" reported Boeing was planning to offer Embraer more than the company's $3.7 billion market value in order to establish a joint venture. Aviation industry analysts saw that deal as a reaction to the partnership. The Boeing–Embraer joint venture was announced in February 2019, with the deal expected to close in June 2020 following antitrust investigations, but Boeing terminated the agreement in April 2020 due to impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic on aviation.


title: Airbus A220

text: During competition investigation, Airbus and Bombardier were to operate separately and clean teams with privileged access to competitively sensitive data but separated from their management planned the integration, evaluating synergies and preparing communications to regulators. Antitrust approval aimed at finalisation by summer 2018 Farnborough Air Show to allow a marketing push.


title: Airbus A220

text: On 8 June 2018, after regulatory approval, the partners announced that Airbus would take a majority stake on 1 July 2018. The head office, leadership team and primary final assembly line (FAL) would stay in Mirabel, Quebec, with its workforce of 2,200. The secondary in Mobile would start deliveries in 2020 with a monthly production rate of four, rising to six for a capacity of eight while the main Mirabel FAL could go to ten. Bombardier would fund the cash shortfalls if required, up to US$610 million from the second half of 2018 to 2021.


title: Airbus A220

text: In January 2010, JP Morgan reported that Bombardier was considering a 150-seat version of the CSeries; Bombardier described the report as speculative. At the Farnborough Airshow in July 2012, Bombardier started discussions with AirAsia about a proposed 160-seat configuration for the CS300. Consequently, by November 2012, this configuration was included in the CS300 project, although AirAsia rejected the proposal. In May 2015, "The Wall Street Journal" reported that Bombardier was considering marketing a CS500, a further stretch of the CS300, to compete with the 160- to 180-seat versions of the Boeing 737 and A320 airliners, but was uncommitted. The existing wing would be capable of supporting a stretched version. After the Airbus partnership in 2018, the stretched variant (renamed A220-500 accordingly) would allow Airbus to enlarge its A320-family replacement to better compete with the proposed Boeing New Midsize Airplane. In January 2019, Airbus hinted that a larger A220 variant could be developed, owing to ramped-up production and market demand for the current production models. However, in June 2019, Airbus indicated that it would not consider launching an A220-500 until it has solved its A220 production issues, and definitely not in the following year. Speculation about a stretched variant continued in November 2019, with Air France mentioning an A220-500 during an investor briefing on its modernisation strategy. In December 2020, Air France said it would consider the Boeing 737 MAX and the A321 as alternatives if the A220-500 is not developed in time.


title: Airbus A220

text: After beating performance promises by 3%, performance improvement packages shaving operating costs were previously studied by Bombardier before the Airbus partnership; these could include putting doors on the exposed main wheels, reducing drag but adding weight and complexity. Two to three more seats could be added by moving the aft lavatory, without reducing the seat pitch.


title: Airbus A220

text: On 21 May 2019, Airbus announced a MTOW increase from the second half of 2020, from for the A220-100 and for the A220-300, expanding the range by : the A220-300 to for the A220-100. With the Airbus ruleset ( passengers with bags, 3% enroute reserve, alternate and 30 minutes hold), the 108-seat A220-100 could reach and the 130-seat A220-300 would achieve a range of while being limited by its fuel capacity. With a denser economy seating at a 30-inch pitch down from 32, a 116-seat A220-100 would still reach and a 141-seat A220-300 would exceed .


title: Airbus A220

text: In February 2020, Airbus announced an increase in payload capacity, achieved through a increase in the maximum zero-fuel weight and maximum landing weight of both the -100 and the -300, to be introduced as an option from 2022. From 2021, David Neeleman's Breeze Airways project should receive A220-300s with extra fuel tanks for of range, allowing transatlantic flights or long routes like Orlando–Curitiba, Brazil, more range than the A321LR with 70% lower trip costs than A330s.


title: Airbus A220

text: In March 2021, Airbus offered a further increase to the MTOW of the A220-300, to , available from mid-2021 and providing another of additional range to . On long routes the payload will be increased by about .


title: Airbus A220

text: In October 2020, Airbus announced an Airbus Corporate Jets (ACJ) variant of the A220-100, to be known as the ACJ TwoTwenty, with a range of and cabin space of for 18 passengers.


title: Airbus A220

text: On 17 May 2021, the first section of the ACJ TwoTwenty, the mid-fuselage section, had arrived at the A220 Final Assembly Line in Mirabel within the programme time frame and marked the start of the first Airbus corporate jet ever assembled in Canada.


title: Airbus A220

text: The business jet made its first flight on 14 December 2021, before delivery to Comlux to be outfitted with a VIP cabin in Indianapolis.


title: Airbus A220

text: After reassessing its participation in January 2020, Bombardier exited the A220 programme in February 2020, selling its share to Airbus for $591 million. Airbus thus owned 75% of the programme; the remaining 25% of shares were held by Investissement Québec. Under the acquisition terms Airbus acquired Bombardier's option to buy out Investissement Québec's share from 2023, with a revised option date of 2026. Airbus also agreed to acquire A220 and A330 work package production capabilities from Bombardier in Saint-Laurent, to be taken through the Airbus subsidiary, Stelia Aerospace.


title: Airbus A220

text: Airbus and the government of Quebec agreed in February 2022 to invest a further $1.2b in Airbus Canada, to support the acceleration of the A220 production rate to 14 A220s per month. Accordingly, Airbus would invest $900m into the aircraft programme and Investissement Québec $300m, allowing the partnership to continue until the programme becomes profitable in the middle of the decade. To protect Quebec's investment until it matured, the new earliest date Airbus could acquire the remainder of the shares thus became 2030.


title: Airbus A220

text: The Airbus A220 family of narrow-body aircraft was originally designed by Bombardier under the CSeries programme.


title: Airbus A220

text: The highly efficient engines and extensive use of composite materials, like the wide-body Boeing 787 Dreamliner and Airbus A350 XWB, contribute together up to 14% lower cash operating costs. The geared turbofan engine and the optimised aerodynamics can save up to 25% fuel per seat, a 25% reduction in maintenance costs and a noise footprint area up to 50% smaller than previous generation aircraft with a 18 EPNdB margin to chapter 4. The larger A220-300 (former CS300), is lighter than the A319neo and nearly lighter than the Boeing 737 MAX 7, helping it to achieve up to 12% operating costs savings and 15% with the current models.


title: Airbus A220

text: The cockpit features the Rockwell Collins Pro Line Fusion avionics suite, which incorporates displays along with comprehensive navigation, communications, surveillance, engine-indicating and crew-alerting system (EICAS), and aircraft maintenance systems. Other elements of the avionics and other subsystems include Parker Hannifin's flight control, fuel and hydraulics systems; Liebherr Aerospace's air management system; and United Technologies Corporation's air data system, flap and slat actuation systems.


title: Airbus A220

text: The five-abreast cabin cross section of the aircraft family was designed to give enhanced seating comfort for passengers, with features like broader seats and armrests for the middle passenger and larger windows at every seat to give every passenger the physical and psychological advantages of ample natural light. The cabin featured large, rotating overhead storage bins, allowing each passenger to stow a sizeable carry-on bag overhead. The manufacturer claims that compared to the cabins of current in-service narrowbody aircraft, the aircraft family would provide airlines with the highest overhead bin volume per passenger, a wider aisle that allows for faster boarding and disembarkation of passengers, and widest economy seats, greater than wide.


title: Airbus A220

text: The centre fuselage of the A220-300 is longer than the -100 and structurally reinforced for higher loads. Extensive use of aluminium–lithium in the fuselage, and carbon composite in wings, empennage and rear fuselage reduces weight and increases corrosion resistance, resulting in better maintainability. The overall airframe consists of 70% advanced lightweight materials, comprising 46% composite materials and 24% aluminium–lithium. Airbus claims the A220 can achieve an overall 25% lower seat-mile cost, 25% lower fuel burn and emissions advantage.


title: Airbus A220

text: The aircraft features a low drag nose and tailcone design, minimum fuselage wetted area and optimised wing aerodynamics.


title: Airbus A220

text: The new Pratt & Whitney PW1500G engine was expected to yield 12% better fuel economy than existing jets while being quieter, with further efficiency stemming from enhanced aerodynamics and advanced lightweight materials.


title: Airbus A220

text: The all-new aircraft entered service as CSeries in the first two years, and was then rebranded as A220 following the Airbus partnership in 2018.


title: Airbus A220

text: The first CSeries, a CS100, was delivered to Swiss Global Air Lines on 29 June 2016 at Montréal–Mirabel International Airport, and began commercial service on 15 July with a flight between Zürich and Paris. The launch operator stated in August, that "the customer feedback is very positive with the expected remarks concerning the bright cabin, reduced noise, enough leg room and space for hand luggage as well as the comfortable seats. Also, the feedback from our pilots is gratifying. They especially like the intuitive flying experience." The first CS300 was delivered to AirBaltic on 28 November, and began revenue service on 14 December with a flight from Riga to Amsterdam in a 145-seat two-class configuration. The type launch operator lauded lower noise levels for passengers and more space for luggage than its Boeing 737-300s.


title: Airbus A220

text: Upon introduction, both variants were performing above their original specifications and the CS300 range was 2% better than the brochure, as were its per seat and per trip cost. airBaltic reported a 2600 L/h fuel consumption against 3000 L/h for its Boeing 737-300 with similar capacity, and claimed 21% better fuel efficiency. Fuel burn was more than 1% lower than the marketing claims and Bombardier would update its performance specifications later in 2017. The CSeries was 25% cheaper to fly than the replaced aircraft at Swiss, the Avro RJ100. On long missions, the CS100 was up to 1% more fuel efficient than the brochure and the CS300 up to 3%. The CS300 burned 20% less fuel than the Airbus A319, 21% less than the 737 Classic while the CS100 18 to 27% less per seat than the Avro RJ.


title: Airbus A220

text: After 28,000 engine hours in 14 in-service aircraft with a powerplant dispatch reliability of 99.9%, Swiss replaced an engine pair in May 2017 after 2,400 hours, while AirBaltic replaced another one in June. Swiss initially flew six sectors a day and by July 2017 up to nine a day with an average time of 1 hours 15 minutes. Air Baltic's flight length averaged 3 hours, and the average fleet daily usage was 14 hours. In September 2017, over 1.5 million passengers had 16,000 revenue flights in the 18 aircraft in service, making up to 100 revenue flights per day on 100 routes: most used were up to 17 hours per day and up to 10 legs per day. Thirty-five minute turnarounds allowed 11 legs per day.


title: Airbus A220

text: On 8 August 2017, following the steep approach certification by EASA, Swiss completed its first revenue flight to London City from Zurich, replacing the Avro RJ.


title: Airbus A220

text: As of September 2017, the CSeries fleet had undergone 20 A Checks with no significant maintenance issues.


title: Airbus A220

text: On 22 December 2017, after months of engine delivery delays, Korean Air became the third airline to take delivery of a CSeries. On 20 January 2018, Korean Air made their first revenue flight with the CS300, from Seoul to Ulsan.


title: Airbus A220

text: Korean Air received its second in early January 2018 and the remaining eight aircraft were to be delivered later in 2018.


title: Airbus A220

text: On 1 July 2018, the partnership came into effect and the first aircraft with Airbus branding, an A220-300 (former CS300), was delivered to airBaltic on 20 July 2018.


title: Airbus A220

text: As of June 2019, the launch operator, Swiss Air Lines successfully completed C checks on its A220 fleet, performed by SAMCO Aircraft Maintenance in its MRO facilities at Maastricht Airport.


title: Airbus A220

text: During the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of flights on many routes was reduced by more than 80% over the same period in 2019. The A220's features made it popular with airlines, as they preferred smaller aircraft with similar range and economic performance as larger ones, in order to keep the load factor high enough. Delta grounded their 62 A320s, for example, but continued to sell flights on their 31 A220-100 models and Swiss only operated 30% of their A320s but maintained flights on 45% of their 29 A220s.


title: Airbus A220

text: By January 2021, airBaltic's A220 fleet had completed close to 60,000 flights over 141,000 block hours, carrying over 5.6 million passengers as it completed C checks on the first seven aircraft of its fleet.


title: Airbus A220

text: On 7 January 2022, Iraqi Airways, the national carrier of Iraq, took delivery of its first out of five A220-300 aircraft from the Mirabel site. Upon entry into service, it became the second airline after Egyptair to operate the A220 in the MENA region.


title: Airbus A220

text: The clean sheet airliner was targeted to have a 99.0% dispatch reliability at entry into service. In August 2016, Swiss reported "much higher" reliability than other all-new airliners, citing Airbus's A320, A380 and Boeing's 787. After four months of service with Swiss, this goal seemed to have been met based on only three aircraft and 1,500 hours flown; "nuisance messages" from the integrated avionics suite and engine start-up delays had been the main griefs. Dispatch reliability rates of 99.0% were met in April 2017. A year after introduction, in July 2017, launch operators had fewer issues than expected for an all-new aircraft program. At this time point, airBaltic had already a 99.3–99.4% dispatch reliability, similar to the established Q400 but less than the relatively ubiquitous Boeing 737 Classic's 99.8%. The dispatch reliability improved further to 99.85% in October 2017.


title: Airbus A220

text: Since the PW1500G mount generates less strain on the turbine rotor assembly than the A320neo's PW1100G, it does not suffer from start-up and bearing problems but still from premature combustor degradation. An updated combustor liner with a 6,000–8,000 hour limit has been developed and a third generation for 2018 will raise it to 20,000 hours in benign environments.


title: Airbus A220

text: After three inflight engine failures in 2019, Transport Canada issued an emergency airworthiness directive (EAD) limiting the power to 94% of N1 (Low Pressure Spool rotational speed) above , disengaging the autothrottle for the climb over this altitude before engaging it again in cruise.


title: Airbus A220

text: The A check is scheduled after 850 flight hours: the check originally took 5 hours and has since been reduced to less than 3 hours, within an 8-hour shift. The C check is scheduled after 8,500 hours – translating to about 3.5 years of operation. Based on experience since product launch, A checks intervals could increase to 1,000 hours and C checks to 10,000 hours toward the end of 2019.


title: Airbus A220

text: There are two main variants: the shorter A220-100 including the ACJ TwoTwenty business jet version, and the 3.7 metres longer A220-300. Their commonality over 99% allows a common spare part inventory, reducing investment and maintenance costs.


title: Airbus A220

text: The A220-100 is the shortest variant of the A220, seating typically between 100 and 130 passengers. Originally marketed by Bombardier as the CS100, it competes with the Embraer E190 and E195.


title: Airbus A220

text: The A220-300 is the larger of the two A220, being 3.7 m (12.1 ft) longer than the -100, and carrying between 120 and 160 passengers.


title: Airbus A220

text: Since the acquisition of the program by Airbus, the A220-300 has been accused of cannibalizing sales from the A319neo. Given the two aircraft's striking similarities in size and range, and the lower operating costs of the A220 over the A319, it is likely that part of the low sales numbers of the latter jet can be attributed to the availability of the A220.


title: Airbus A220

text: The corporate jet version of the A220-100 has a range of and a cabin area of for 18 passengers. The first delivery is expected in 2023.


title: Airbus A220

text: , there were 227 A220 family aircraft in commercial service with 15 operators. The five largest operators were Delta Air Lines (57), airBaltic (36), Air Canada (31), Swiss International Air Lines (30) and JetBlue Airways (12).


title: Airbus A220

text: After three inflight shutdowns in July, September, and October 2019, Swiss International Air Lines temporarily withdrew its fleet for inspection.


title: True Beauty (South Korean TV series)

text: True Beauty () is a South Korean television series starring Moon Ga-young, Cha Eun-woo, Hwang In-youp, and Park Yoo-na. Based on the Line Webtoon of the same name by Yaongyi, it centers on a high school girl who, after being bullied and discriminated against because of being perceived as ugly, masters the art of makeup to transform herself into a gorgeous "goddess". It aired on tvN from December 9, 2020 to February 4, 2021, every Wednesday and Thursday at 22:30 (KST).


title: True Beauty (South Korean TV series)

text: 18-year-old high school student Lim Ju-kyung (Moon Ga-young), who has an inferiority complex regarding her appearance, has been constantly discriminated by her family and bullied by her peers due to being perceived as ugly. She starts learning how to use makeup by binge-watching makeup tutorial videos on the Internet. When she masters the art just before transferring to her new school, her makeover proves to be transformative as she quickly rises to fame and her peers call her a "goddess".


title: True Beauty (South Korean TV series)

text: Despite her newfound popularity, Ju-kyung still considers herself ugly, and it is her greatest fear that her peers will see her real face. This unfortunately comes true when her dashingly handsome, popular and mysterious classmate Lee Su-ho (Cha Eun-woo), whom she had previously run into with her bare face a couple of times, recognizes her beyond her makeup. Su-ho is very popular among female students at school, but he hates being the constant center of attention and is often seen as aloof and cold. He has his own fears, and he harbors a dark secret—a tragic incident in the past—that has been haunting him for a long time. He and his former best friend, Han Seo-jun (Hwang In-youp) have distanced themselves from each other because of this incident, and the blame Seo-jun placed on Su-ho has caused him a lot of guilt. Ju-kyung and the estranged friends Su-ho and Seo-jun soon forge an unlikely relationship as they unravel secrets, share their pains, grow together, and seek comfort from each other.


title: True Beauty (South Korean TV series)

text: In July 2019, it was announced that the Line Webtoon "True Beauty" would be adapted into a television series. In August 2020, the production team confirmed the casting of Moon Ga-young, Cha Eun-woo and Hwang In-youp in the lead roles. The first script reading session was held in October 2020. Filming was temporarily halted in late December 2020 after tested positive for COVID-19. The first stills from filming were released on November 10, 2020, one month prior to the series premiere.


title: True Beauty (South Korean TV series)

text: The series was originally made available for streaming through Viu and Rakuten Viki. In 2021, it became available on Amazon Prime Video from October 21.


title: True Beauty (South Korean TV series)

text: The following is the official track list of "True Beauty: Original Soundtrack" album, which was released by Stone Music Entertainment on February 5, 2021. The tracks with no indicated lyricists and composers are the drama's musical score; the artists indicated for these tracks are the tracks' composers themselves.


title: True Beauty (South Korean TV series)

text: The album peaked on number 5 on weekly Gaon Album Chart and as of March 2021, 40,786 copies have been sold.


title: A Simple Favor (film)

text: A Simple Favor is a 2018 American black comedy crime thriller film directed by Paul Feig from a screenplay by Jessica Sharzer, based on the 2017 novel of the same name by Darcey Bell. It stars Anna Kendrick, Blake Lively, Henry Golding, Andrew Rannells, Linda Cardellini, Rupert Friend, and Jean Smart and follows a small-town vlogger who tries to solve the disappearance of her elegant and mysterious friend.


title: A Simple Favor (film)

text: It was released in the United States on September 14, 2018, by Lionsgate. Critics praised the plot twists, and the performances of Kendrick, Lively and Golding. It grossed $97 million worldwide on a $20 million budget. A sequel is in development, with Kendrick and Lively set to reprise their roles, and Feig returning to direct.


title: A Simple Favor (film)

text: Widowed single mother Stephanie Smothers runs a vlog featuring crafts and recipes for parents. She becomes friends with Emily Nelson, the mother of her son's schoolmate and a PR director for a fashion company, and the two exchange confessions over martinis. Stephanie shares that as a teenager, she had sex with her half-brother Chris. Emily is frustrated by the lack of success of her husband, English professor Sean Townsend, and their (well-hidden) poor financial situation.


title: A Simple Favor (film)

text: Stephanie babysits Emily's son while Sean is in London. After two days of Emily not returning calls, Stephanie learns from Emily's boss, Dennis Nylon, that Emily is in Miami. Stephanie calls Sean, who contacts the police. Trying to get to the bottom of Emily's disappearance, Stephanie makes missing person flyers using a photo of Emily that she found hidden on her desk.


title: A Simple Favor (film)

text: Detective Summerville reports that Emily lied about flying to Miami, and that her drowned body had been discovered in the lake at a summer camp in Michigan. Stephanie and Sean share their grief and begin a sexual relationship. Summerville reveals to Stephanie that Emily had severe liver damage, a large amount of heroin in her system, and that Sean had recently taken out a $4 million life insurance on Emily.


title: A Simple Favor (film)

text: Stephanie receives an insulting message apparently from Emily about her tryst with her half-brother Chris. Stephanie recalls that her late husband suspected her infidelity and may have intentionally caused the car crash that killed both him and Chris. Investigating Emily's past, Stephanie meets Diana Hyland, who seems to have been a lover of Emily and who had painted a portrait of Emily. Diana says that the painting is actually of her muse Claudia, whom she describes as a con artist who disappeared. Diana's information leads Stephanie to a yearbook that shows Emily to be a girl named Hope McLanden, and who had an identical twin named Faith McLanden. Stephanie visits Margaret, the mother of the twins, who explains that at age 16, the twins had set fire to the family house, killing their father.


title: A Simple Favor (film)

text: Meanwhile, while Stephanie is away on these investigative trips, Emily surprises Sean by reappearing, and tells him that she plans to collect the insurance money and leave the country.


title: A Simple Favor (film)

text: Stephanie later contrives to meet with Emily, and Emily explains that she and her sister indeed started the fire to kill their abusive father. The sisters fled separately with a plan to reunite later, but Faith didn't turn up as agreed. Emily then built a career and family but then, 14 years later, Faith reappeared. Now an alcoholic and heroin addict, Faith threatened to turn them both in to the authorities by confessing the patricide unless paid a million dollars by Emily. After assenting to the demand, Emily drowned Faith in the lake (as revealed to the movie audience), but Emily tells Stephanie that Faith committed suicide and that Sean planned the insurance scam.


title: A Simple Favor (film)

text: Emily and Stephanie are both angered by Sean's relationship with the other and decide to frame Sean for abusing Emily. Sean is arrested and released on bail. Stephanie has a change of heart and stages an argument with Sean in front of Emily in order to incriminate her while police-planted microphones are recording the meeting. Stephanie fakes shooting Sean. Emily, having predicted their ruse and disabled the microphones, confesses her crimes while holding the pair at gunpoint, saying that she will stage their murder-suicide. Shooting Sean in the shoulder, she turns the gun on Stephanie, who reveals that a hidden camera is livestreaming the entire event on her vlog. Emily attempts to escape, only to be hit by a car driven by Stephanie's friend Darren. She is arrested immediately after.


title: A Simple Favor (film)

text: Closing text says that Emily was sentenced to 20 years in prison; Sean's second novel was a bestseller and he became a successful professor at Berkeley; and that Stephanie is said to be dating another man, that her vlog has a million followers and is being developed as a TV show, and that she is a part-time private detective. In a mid-credits scene, Emily is seen winning a basketball game in prison.


title: A Simple Favor (film)

text: In January 2016, it was announced that 20th Century Fox had bought the film rights to author Darcey Bell's novel "A Simple Favor" prior to the book's publication. The story was pitched as being similar to "Gone Girl" and" The Girl on the Train". Creative Artists Agency represented the movie rights in the deal with Fox.


title: A Simple Favor (film)

text: In June 2017, it was announced that "A Simple Favor" would be extricated from 20th Century Fox and instead be distributed by Lionsgate. It was also announced that it would be directed by Paul Feig, with Anna Kendrick and Blake Lively "in talks" for the lead roles. On July 26, 2017, Kendrick and Lively were confirmed, while Henry Golding joined the cast as the husband of Lively's character. Linda Cardellini was announced as having been cast in an undisclosed role in September 2017, and Andrew Rannells, Jean Smart, and Rupert Friend were later added.


title: A Simple Favor (film)

text: "A Simple Favor" commenced principal photography on August 14, 2017 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was shot in the Univisium 2.00:1 aspect ratio on Panavision Millennium DXL 8K cameras.


title: A Simple Favor (film)

text: On May 1, 2018, Blake Lively hid all pictures from her Instagram account to promote the film. The first teaser trailer was released on May 2, 2018, followed by the second teaser trailer, which was released on May 24.


title: A Simple Favor (film)

text: "A Simple Favor" grossed $53.5 million in the United States and Canada, and $44.1 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $97.6 million, against a production budget of $20 million.


title: A Simple Favor (film)

text: In the United States and Canada, it was released alongside "White Boy Rick", "" and "The Predator", and was projected to gross $12–15 million from 3,102 theaters in its opening weekend. It made $5.9 million on its first day (including $900,000 from Thursday night previews) and $16.1 million over the weekend, finishing third, behind "The Predator" and "The Nun". It dropped just 35% in its second weekend, to $10.4 million, finishing second, behind newcomer "The House with a Clock in Its Walls".


title: A Simple Favor (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The site's critical consensus reads, "Twisty, twisted, and above all simply fun, "A Simple Favor" casts a stylish mommy noir spell strengthened by potent performances from Anna Kendrick and Blake Lively." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 67 out of 100, based on 40 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it a 76% positive score.


title: A Simple Favor (film)

text: Amy Nicholson of "Variety" wrote: "The film feels a lot like the Serge Gainsbourg number that Stephanie dances to in the kitchen: jazzy, a little sleazy, and worth a cult following."


title: A Simple Favor (film)

text: In May 2022, a sequel was announced, with Feig returning to direct the film, and Kendrick and Lively set to reprise their roles. Lionsgate will co-produce the film with Amazon Studios.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: Shrek is an American media franchise made by DreamWorks Animation, loosely based on William Steig's 1990 picture book of the same name. It includes four computer-animated films: "Shrek" (2001), "Shrek 2" (2004), "Shrek the Third" (2007), and "Shrek Forever After" (2010). A short 4-D film, "Shrek 4-D", which originally was a theme park ride, was released in 2003.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: Two television specials, the Christmas television special "Shrek the Halls" (2007) and the Halloween television special "Scared Shrekless" (2010), have also been produced. A spin-off film titled "Puss in Boots" was released in October 2011, and a 2008 stage musical adaptation played on Broadway for more than a year.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: The series primarily focuses on Shrek, a bad-tempered but good-hearted ogre, who begrudgingly accepts a quest to rescue a princess, resulting in him finding friends and going on many subsequent adventures in a fairy tale world.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: In May 2010, "The New York Times" described the principal Shrek characters as "brilliantly realized" and said "nearly a decade after the first "Shrek" film they remain as vital and engaging fusions of image, personality and voice as any characters in the history of animation." The series was a financial success, becoming the 17th highest-grossing film franchise of all time and the second highest-grossing animated franchise.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: Shrek, a solitary ogre, is angered when fairy tale creatures are sent to live in his swamp ordered by Lord Farquaad. He befriends a talking donkey named Donkey, and they set off to meet with Farquaad.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: The lord needs Princess Fiona to marry him so he will become the king of Duloc. When Shrek and Donkey visit him, they are forced to rescue her from an enormous fire-breathing Dragon in exchange for Shrek's swamp being vacated. The Dragon turns out to be female, and after a minute or two falls in love with Donkey.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: Donkey, Shrek, and Fiona escape, and Dragon chases them. Once Shrek and Donkey rescue Fiona, they take her back to Lord Farquaad. Along the way, Shrek begins to fall in love with Fiona. Donkey finds out from Fiona that she is cursed and turns into an ogre at night. The only way the curse can be broken is by true love's first kiss. Fiona and Farquaad have a marriage ceremony, but they are interrupted by Shrek, who tells Fiona he loves her.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: Donkey and Dragon enter, and Dragon eats Farquaad. Shrek and Fiona kiss and Fiona is permanently turned into an ogre. Shrek gets his swamp back, and the two marry there. After a karaoke party, the newlyweds set off on their honeymoon.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: The second film opens with Prince Charming on a quest to rescue Princess Fiona from the Dragon. When he gets there, he finds the wolf from Little Red Riding Hood and The Three Little Pigs in Fiona's bed. He asks the wolf where Fiona is and the wolf tells him that she is on her honeymoon with Shrek. Once Shrek and Fiona return from their honeymoon, they find Donkey in the swamp who tells them he and Dragon are going through a rough patch. They then get invited to the land of Far Far Away by Fiona's parents who want to bless their marriage.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: When they arrive, Shrek and Fiona are not what they expected. The Fairy Godmother and her son, Prince Charming, are trying to break up Shrek's marriage by making Fiona fall in love with Prince Charming. However it does not work and Shrek and Fiona stay together. Shrek and Donkey get a new sidekick called Puss in Boots. They have a lengthy quest to search the Fairy Godmother's cottage to get a love potion. Shrek and Donkey drink the potion and they become something quite unexpected. Shrek becomes human and Donkey becomes a horse. Since Shrek drank the potion, it also affected Fiona as she woke up to seeing her human form once again.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: At the end of the film, King Harold reverts to a frog after being struck with the Fairy Godmother's magic, and gives Shrek and Fiona his blessing. After Fiona tells Shrek she loves him just the way he is, they revert to ogres.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: Shrek and Fiona are reluctantly reigning over Far, Far Away during King Harold's prolonged illness. The King promises that if they can find Fiona's cousin Artie, he will make him the next in line, so both Shrek and Fiona would not have to run the country after his death. As Shrek, Donkey and Puss set off to find Artie, Fiona reveals she is pregnant.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: Shrek is shocked as he believes he will not be a good father and will ruin his child's life. This is reinforced by his relationship with his own father, where "he tried to eat me." After finding Artie, Artie is frightened of being king, and they end up on an island where they meet Artie's former magic teacher, Merlin. Meanwhile, Charming plots to overthrow Artie and become king, but this is foiled by Shrek.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: Shrek has become a domesticated family ogre, living happily with Princess Fiona and the triplets. Instead of scaring villagers away like he used to, a reluctant Shrek now agrees to autograph pitchforks. Longing for the days when he felt like a "real ogre", Shrek is tricked into signing a pact with the smooth-talking dealmaker Rumpelstiltskin. He agrees to trade a day from his childhood in exchange for a day to exist as a real ogre again. However, Shrek suddenly finds himself in a twisted, alternate reality where ogres are hunted, Rumplestiltskin is king, Puss is obese, and Shrek has never met Donkey or Fiona. Shrek discovers he unknowingly traded the day he was born and will not exist after the day is over.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: Shrek becomes entangled with an underground resistance of ogres led by Fiona. Rumpelstiltskin places a bounty on Shrek's capture, offering the "deal of a lifetime" as a reward. The Pied Piper captures most of the resistance excluding Shrek and Fiona. Shrek, unable to win Fiona's affection, turns himself in and offers to trade his life to free the captured ogres. The recently released ogres go back to free Shrek and Fiona. As the twenty-four hours are almost up and Shrek lies dying, Fiona kisses him, breaking the deal and reverting everything back to normal. After finding himself back at his triplets' birthday party where he previously lost his temper and stormed out, Shrek joyfully reunites with his family and friends realizing he has everything he ever wanted.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: "Puss in Boots" is a computer-animated American action comedy film that was released on October 28, 2011. The film is based on and follows the character Puss in Boots on his adventures with Kitty Softpaws and mastermind Humpty Dumpty.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: "Puss in Boots: The Last Wish" is the sequel to "Puss in Boots", that was released on December 21, 2022.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: In November 2012, executive producer Guillermo del Toro said that a couple of drafts for a sequel were already done, and that the director Chris Miller wanted to take Puss on an adventure to exotic places. In April 2014, Antonio Banderas, the voice of Puss, said that the work on the sequel had just begun. On June 12, 2014, the movie was titled "Puss in Boots 2: Nine Lives & 40 Thieves". On February 26, 2019, it was confirmed that the sequel was still in development, and Bob Persichetti is set to direct the film. In August 2020, the name "Puss in Boots: The Last Wish" had been trademarked by DreamWorks, revealing the new title of the sequel. In March 2021, Joel Crawford replaced Persichetti as director, having previously helmed DreamWorks' "". "Puss in Boots: The Last Wish" will be theatrically released on December 21, 2022, by Universal Pictures. The film was originally scheduled to be released on November 2, 2018, but was delayed a month to December 21, 2018 before cancellation. It was also scheduled to be released on September 23, 2022. The story will follow Puss, who has burned all but the last of his nine lives, on a quest to find the mystical Last Wish in order to restore his nine lives.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: Following the success of "Shrek 2" in May 2004, Jeffrey Katzenberg revealed that the "Shrek" story had been outlined into five films almost from the beginning. "Before the first one was finished we talked about what the whole story of Shrek is, and each of the chapters answers questions about the first movie and gives us an insight," said Katzenberg. ""Shrek 3" and "4" are going to reveal other unanswered questions and, finally, in the last chapter, we will understand how Shrek came to be in that swamp, when we meet him in the first movie." After the release of "Shrek the Third" in 2007, Katzenberg announced that the fifth film would be released in 2013.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: In May 2009, DreamWorks Animation announced that the fourth film's title would be "Shrek Forever After", indicating that it would be the last in the "Shrek" series. Later in 2009, that was confirmed by Bill Damaschke, head of creative production at DWA, with him saying: "All that was loved about Shrek in the first film is brought to the final film."


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: Josh Klausner, one of the writers of "Shrek Forever After", explained in 2010 the script's evolution: "When I first came onto the project, it wasn't supposed to be the final chapter — there were originally going to be five "Shrek" movies. Then, about a year into the development, Jeffrey Katzenberg decided that the story that we'd come up with was the right way for Shrek's journey to end."


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: In February 2014, in an interview with Fox Business Network, Katzenberg hinted that a fifth film could still be made. "We like to let them have a little bit of time to rest," he said of the characters. "But I think you can be confident that we'll have another chapter in the "Shrek" series. We're not finished, and more importantly, neither is he."


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: On June 15, 2016, after NBCUniversal purchased DreamWorks Animation for $3.8 billion, NBCUniversal CEO Steve Burke discussed plans to continue the franchise, as well as other DreamWorks films. In July 2016, "The Hollywood Reporter" cited sources saying that the fifth film was planned for a 2019 release. In September 2016, Eddie Murphy confirmed that the film was expected to be released in 2019 or 2020, and that the script had been completed.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: The story for the film was written by Michael McCullers, based on his own idea. When asked about the script in March 2017, McCullers said it featured "a pretty big reinvention" for the film series. On November 6, 2018, it was reported by "Variety" that Chris Meledandri had been tasked to be the executive producer of both "Shrek 5" and "Puss in Boots 2", with the cast of the previous films potentially returning.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: "Shrek in the Swamp Karaoke Dance Party" is a three-minute musical short film included on home media releases of "Shrek". It takes place during the last scene of "Shrek" (before Shrek and Fiona leave on their honeymoon), with the film's characters performing a medley of modern pop songs.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: "Shrek 4-D", also known as "Shrek 3-D", "Shrek 4D Adventure", "Shrek's Never Before Seen Adventure", and "The Ghost of Lord Farquaad", is a 4-D film/ride at various theme parks around the world. It premiered in 2003 at Universal Studios Florida, and was released on DVD. The short takes place right after the first "Shrek" film. Lord Farquaad returns from the dead to kidnap Princess Fiona and it is up to Shrek and Donkey to rescue her.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: "Far Far Away Idol" is an interactive five-minute short, released on November 5, 2004 as an extra on the "Shrek 2" DVD and VHS. It is based on "American Idol" and guest stars Simon Cowell. Taking place right after "Shrek 2" ends, the film's supporting characters hold a singing competition, with Shrek, Fiona, and Simon Cowell as the judges.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: "Donkey’s Christmas Shrektacular" is a five-minute short which was released on December 7, 2010, with the "Shrek: The Whole Story" box set and "Shrek Forever After".


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: This short takes place in the Candy Apple, the new version of the Poison Apple. Donkey suggests everyone sing Christmas carols. Donkey sings "It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year". Shrek, Fiona, the Ogre children, and the army of ogres sing an ogre version of "Jingle Bells" (such as "Bug Cocoon, Lick the spoon. Try our cricket slurp"). Puss in Boots sings "Feliz Navidad", although he titles it "Fleas Navidad". Then everyone sings "Jingle Bell Rock" as "Fairy Tale Rock".


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: "Shrek's Yule Log" is a 30-minute short released on December 7, 2010, featured on the Donkey's Christmas Shrektacular DVD.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: The short takes place inside Shrek's house, with the fireplace as the only place seen throughout the entire short. Shrek prevents Rumpelstiltskin from dousing the fire, Donkey does the same eye gag (seen from "Shrek Forever After"), Fiona puts out cookies for Santa, and Puss puts on weight from cookies and cookie dough. Other characters such as Gingy, Pinocchio, the Three Little Pigs, Cookie, the Ogre Triplets, the Dronkeys, and Pied Piper appear.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: "Thriller Night" is a six-minute short film parody of Michael Jackson's music video "Thriller". It was directed by Gary Trousdale, and released on September 13, 2011, on the "Scared Shrekless" DVD. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on August 28, 2012, as a part of "Shrek's Thrilling Tales" ("DreamWorks Spooky Stories").


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: Deceased characters such as Lord Farquaad, Mongo, Rumpelstiltskin, Fifi, Fairy Godmother, Prince Charming and King Harold in his frog form appear as zombies. A 3D version of the short was added in October 2011 to the Nintendo Video service for Nintendo 3DS owners.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: "The Pig Who Cried Werewolf" is a six-minute 3D Halloween short film, directed by Gary Trousdale and released on October 4, 2011, for a limited time, exclusively on the Nintendo Video service on Nintendo 3DS. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on August 28, 2012, as a part of "Shrek's Thrilling Tales" ("DreamWorks Spooky Stories").


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: The Three Little Pigs find themselves in trouble when they ignore the warning signs of a new neighbor moving in next door who takes on a ferocious form during a full moon.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: "Puss in Boots: The Three Diablos" is a 13-minute CGI animated short film, directed by Raman Hui, and was released on the DVD and Blu-ray releases of "Puss in Boots" on February 24, 2012. The short tells a story of Puss in Boots on a mission to recover a princess's stolen ruby from the notorious French thief, Whisperer. Reluctantly accompanied by three little kittens, The Three Diablos, Puss must tame them before they endanger the mission.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: "Shrek the Halls" is a 22-minute Christmas-themed television special, set after the events of "Shrek the Third" but before the events of "Shrek Forever After". It follows Shrek, who has never celebrated Christmas before, attempting to make the perfect day for his family. It premiered on the American television network ABC on November 28, 2007.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: "Scared Shrekless" is a 21-minute Halloween-themed television special set after the events of "Shrek Forever After". Shrek challenges Donkey, Puss in Boots, and his other fairy tale friends to spend the night in Lord Farquaad's haunted castle, telling scary stories to see who can resist becoming scared and stay the longest. The special premiered on the American television network NBC on October 28, 2010.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: "Puss in Book: Trapped in an Epic Tale" is an interactive special developed by Dreamworks which debuted on Netflix in 2017, featuring the character Puss in Boots. It is Netflix's first attempt at interactive television: during the program, the viewer is given points while using their remote control or other device to decide how the narrative should proceed.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: A television series, starring Puss from the "Shrek" franchise, debuted on Netflix on January 16, 2015.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: Despite the advances in computing power over the 2000s decade, the increasing usage of novel techniques like global illumination, physics simulation, and 3D demanded ever more CPU hours to render the films. DreamWorks Animation noticed that every "Shrek" film took roughly twice the CPU hours than the previous film and thus labeled this trend as "Shrek's law". Similar to "Moore's law" the Shrek's law says, "The CPU render hours needed to complete production on a theatrical sequel will double compared to the amount of time needed on the previous film."


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: In 2001, "Shrek" required approximately 5 million CPU render hours. In 2004, "Shrek 2" required over 10 million CPU render hours. In 2007, "Shrek the Third" required over 20 million CPU render hours, and the 2010 3D release of "Shrek Forever After" demanded more than 50 million CPU render hours on account of rendering an increased amount of frames. "Puss in Boots", which was released only one year after the previous "Shrek" film, utilized 63 million render hours.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: "Shrek the Musical" is a musical based on the first film of the franchise. After a try out in Seattle, Washington, it began performances on Broadway from November 8, 2008, before opening on December 14. Despite mixed reviews, the musical received eight Tony Award nominations including Best Musical. At the time, the most expensive musical on Broadway ran for over a year and closed, at a loss, on January 3, 2010, after 478 performances.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: A re-imagined version of the show ran as a tour of the United States from July 2010 to July 2011. The second tour launched under two months later. A West End production opened in London, United Kingdom in June 2011, to positive reviews. It received five Laurence Olivier Award nominations including Best New Musical. A differently staged production ran in Israel in 2010, with international productions running since 2011 in Poland and Spain, and since 2012 in France. The show was soon to premiere in Brazil, Italy, Australia, and Philippines in 2012.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: The title role was played by Brian d'Arcy James on Broadway, and Nigel Lindsay on the West End. Other notable performances include Amanda Holden (West End), Sutton Foster (Broadway) and Kimberley Walsh (West End) as Princess Fiona, Christopher Sieber (Broadway) and Nigel Harman (West End) as Lord Farquaad, and John Tartaglia (Broadway) as Pinocchio.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: Dark Horse Comics released in 2003 three thirty-two-page full-color comic books featuring Shrek, Donkey and Fiona, "Shrek #1", "Shrek #2", and "Shrek #3". The comics were written by Mark Evanier and illustrated by Ramon Bachs and Raul Fernandez.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: Ape Entertainment has also released under the KiZoic label five full-color comic books, a fifty-two-page prequel to "Shrek Forever After" titled "Shrek" (2010), and four thirty-two-page books: "Shrek #1" (2010), "Shrek #2" (2010), "Shrek #3" (2011), and "Shrek #4" (2011).


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: "Far Far Away" is one of the seven themed lands in Universal Studios Singapore, and it consists of many locations from the "Shrek" franchise, including the forty-meter-tall Far Far Away Castle.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: "Shrek's Faire Faire Away" is one of the three areas at the DreamWorks Experience-themed land at the Australian theme park Dreamworld. It opened in 2012 and it consists of a fixed arm, rotating plane ride "Dronkey Flyers", a kite flyer "Gingy's Glider", a swing ride "Puss in Boots Sword Swing" and a carousel "Shrek's Ogre-Go-Round".


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: A "Shrek"-themed attraction, called "DreamWork's Tours Shrek's Adventure! London", opened in 2015 at London County Hall as the first of six attractions initially planned over nine years. This "Immersive Tunnel" from Simworx is built in collaboration with Merlin Entertainments. The live interactive walkthrough adventure presents an original story written by DWA, along with a character courtyard, also featuring characters from several other DreamWorks Animation's franchises.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: Multiple Shrek Water attractions opened at DreamWorks Water Park on October 1 2020, these attractions are called Far Far a Bay Wavepool, Forbidden Waters Hot Tubs, Dragon and Donkey's Flight, Swamp & Splash, Shrek's Sinkhole Slammer. Dreamworks Waterpark also includes themed decorations that are balloons of Shrek and Donkey hanging from the ceiling of the waterpark.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: An underground fandom of the "Shrek" film series emerged on the internet. With the fanbase described by some as having an ironic liking towards the series, there have been several sexually explicit memes based on the titular character. The most notable example is a 2013 metameme based on a fanmade video called "Shrek is love, Shrek is life". Fans of Shrek are known as "Brogres", a take on the name "Bronies", the fans of the show "" outside of the shows intended audience. A "Shrek Filmmaker" movement of Source Filmmaker animators making videos based on the internet's obsession towards the character has also occurred.


title: Shrek (franchise)

text: Since 2014, Madison, Wisconsin has celebrated the annual Shrekfest with costume and onion-eating contests, themed merchandise, and other festivities. In November 2018, comedy group 3GI, organizer of Shrekfest, released a shot-for-shot parody remake of the film "Shrek" made by a crew of over 200 artists, titled "Shrek Retold".


title: Heather O'Rourke

text: Heather Michele O'Rourke (December 27, 1975 – February 1, 1988) was an American child actress. She had her breakthrough starring as Carol Anne Freeling in the supernatural horror film "Poltergeist" (1982), which received critical acclaim and established her as an influential figure in the genre. She went on to reprise the role in "" (1986) and "Poltergeist III" (1988), the latter of which was released posthumously.


title: Heather O'Rourke

text: O'Rourke also worked in television, appearing in the recurring roles of Heather Pfister on the comedy series "Happy Days" (1982–1983) and Melanie in the sitcom "Webster" (1983), as well as starring as Sarah Brogan in the television-film "Surviving: A Family in Crisis" (1985).


title: Heather O'Rourke

text: Throughout her career, O'Rourke was nominated for six Young Artist Awards, winning once for her role in "Webster". On February 1, 1988, O'Rourke died following two cardiac arrests, her cause of death later being ruled as congenital stenosis of the intestine complicated by septic shock.


title: Heather O'Rourke

text: Heather Michele O'Rourke was born on December 27, 1975, in San Diego, to Kathleen and Michael O'Rourke. Her mother worked as a seamstress and her father was a carpenter. She had an older sister, Tammy O'Rourke, also an actress. Her parents divorced in 1981, and O'Rourke's mother married part-time truck driver Jim Peele in 1984, while they were living in a trailer park in Anaheim, California. Her success later allowed the family to purchase a home in Big Bear Lake, California. Between acting jobs, O'Rourke attended Big Bear Elementary School, where she was president of her 5th grade class. At the time of her death, the family was living in Lakeside, California, a suburb of San Diego.


title: Heather O'Rourke

text: In a contemporary interview with "American Premiere" magazine, producer Steven Spielberg explained that he was looking for a "beatific four-year-old child...every mother's dream" for the lead in his horror film "Poltergeist" (1982). While eating in the MGM commissary, Spielberg saw five-year-old O'Rourke having lunch with her mother while older sister Tammy was shooting "Pennies from Heaven". After his lunch, Spielberg approached the family and offered O'Rourke the "Poltergeist" role; she was signed the next day, beating out Drew Barrymore, who instead received the role of Gertie in "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial.


title: Heather O'Rourke

text: In "Poltergeist", O'Rourke played Carol Anne Freeling, a young suburban girl who becomes the conduit and target for supernatural entities. During production, Spielberg twice accommodated the child actress when frightened; when scared by performing a particular stunt, Spielberg replaced O'Rourke with a stunt double wearing a blonde wig, and when disturbed by the portrayal of child abuse, Spielberg did not require her to perform the take again. For her work on the film, O'Rourke earned between $35,000 and $100,000. "Poltergeist" would go on to receive a cult following and critical acclaim, garnering three Academy Award nominations and a Young Artist Award nomination for O'Rourke. She was lauded for her performance, with "The New York Times" noting that she played a key role, writing that "With her wide eyes, long blonde hair and soft voice, she was so striking that the sequel played off her presence." Her delivery of the lines "They're here!" in the first film, and "They're baa-aack!" in the second (that film's tagline), placed her in the collective pop culture consciousness of the United States. "They're here!" is ranked No. 69 on the American Film Institute's list of 100 Movie Quotes, and PopSugar included the line on their list of "100 Greatest Movie Quotes".


title: Heather O'Rourke

text: After her work in "Poltergeist" (1982), O'Rourke secured several television and TV movie roles. In April 1983, she starred as herself alongside Morey Amsterdam and well-known Walt Disney animated characters in the hour-long television special, "Believe You Can...and You Can!" She also appeared in "CHiPs", "Webster", "The New Leave It to Beaver", "Our House", and had a recurring role on "Happy Days" as Heather Pfister. For "Webster", O'Rourke won her first Young Artist Award. She also appeared in the television movies "Massarati and the Brain" and "". O'Rourke went on to reprise the role of Carol Anne Freeling in the second and third installments, "" in 1986 and "Poltergeist III" in 1988 respectively; unlike its predecessor, the films garnered mixed reviews, although O'Rourke's performances were praised. "Poltergeist III" was her final feature release before her death in 1988.


title: Heather O'Rourke

text: In early 1987, O'Rourke became ill with giardiasis, which she contracted from well water at her family's home in Big Bear Lake. She was subsequently diagnosed as having Crohn's disease. She was prescribed cortisone injections to treat the disease during the time she was filming "Poltergeist III". The steroidal injections resulted in facial swelling of the cheeks, which O'Rourke's mother said she was very self-conscious about.


title: Heather O'Rourke

text: On January 31, 1988, O'Rourke began exhibiting flu-like symptoms. The following morning, she collapsed in her home, and was rushed to Community Hospital in El Cajon. En route, she suffered cardiac arrest, but paramedics were able to restart her heart at 9:25a.m. She was subsequently flown to the Children's Hospital of San Diego, where it was discovered she had intestinal stenosis and went into emergency surgery. She survived the surgery, but suffered another cardiac arrest while in the recovery room. Doctors performed CPR for over 30 minutes, but O'Rourke was pronounced dead at 2:43 that afternoon. O'Rourke's cause of death was ruled congenital stenosis of the intestine complicated by septic shock.


title: Heather O'Rourke

text: Daniel Hollander, the head of gastroenterology at the University of California, Irvine Medical Center stated that O'Rourke's death was "distinctly unusual" as she lacked prior symptoms of the bowel defect: "I would have expected a lot of [digestive] difficulties throughout her life and not just to have developed a problem all of a sudden." However, Dr. Hollander further stated that it was possible for congenital bowel narrowing to cause sudden death without symptoms if an infection caused the bowel to rupture. A private funeral was held for O'Rourke on February 5 in Los Angeles, and she was entombed at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery.


title: Heather O'Rourke

text: O'Rourke was nominated for a collective six Young Artist Awards, one of which was won for her performance on the series "Webster" in 1985.


title: Three Gorges Dam

text: The Three Gorges Dam is a hydroelectric gravity dam that spans the Yangtze River by the town of Sandouping, in Yiling District, Yichang, Hubei province, central China, downstream of the Three Gorges. The Three Gorges Dam has been the world's largest power station in terms of installed capacity (22,500 MW) since 2012. The dam generates an average 95±20 TWh of electricity per year, depending on annual amount of precipitation in the river basin. After the extensive monsoon rainfalls of 2020, the dam's annual production nearly reached 112 TWh, breaking the previous world record of ~103 TWh set by Itaipu Dam in 2016.


title: Three Gorges Dam

text: The dam body was completed in 2006. The power plant of the dam project was completed and fully functional as of July 4, 2012, when the last of the main water turbines in the underground plant began production. Each main water turbine has a capacity of 700 MW. Coupling the dam's 32 main turbines with two smaller generators (50 MW each) to power the plant itself, the total electric generating capacity of the dam is 22,500 MW. The last major component of the project, the ship lift, was completed in December 2015.


title: Three Gorges Dam

text: As well as producing electricity, the dam is intended to increase the Yangtze River's shipping capacity. By providing flood storage space, the dam reduces the potential for floods downstream which have historically plagued the Yangtze Plain. In 1931, floods on the river caused the deaths of up to 4 million people. As a result, China regards the project as a monumental social and economical success, with the design of state-of-the-art large turbines, and a move toward limiting greenhouse gas emissions. However, the dam has caused ecological changes including an increased risk of landslides. Because of that, the dam has been controversial both domestically and abroad.


title: Three Gorges Dam

text: A large dam across the Yangtze River was originally envisioned by Sun Yat-sen in "The International Development of China", in 1919. He stated that a dam capable of generating 30 million horsepower (22 GW) was possible downstream of the Three Gorges. In 1932, the Nationalist government, led by Chiang Kai-shek, began preliminary work on plans in the Three Gorges. In 1939, during the Second Sino-Japanese War, Japanese military forces occupied Yichang and surveyed the area. A design, the Otani plan, was completed for the dam in anticipation of a Japanese victory over China.


title: Three Gorges Dam

text: In 1944, the United States Bureau of Reclamation's head design engineer, John L. Savage, surveyed the area and drew up a dam proposal for the 'Yangtze River Project'. Some 54 Chinese engineers went to the U.S.A for training. The original plans called for the dam to employ a unique method for moving ships: the ships would enter locks located at the lower and upper ends of the dam and then cranes would move the ships from one lock to the next. Groups of craft would be lifted together for efficiency. It is not known whether this solution was considered for its water-saving performance or because the engineers thought the difference in height between the river above and below the dam too great for alternative methods. Some exploration, survey, economic study, and design work was done, but the government, in the midst of the Chinese Civil War, halted work in 1947.


title: Three Gorges Dam

text: After the 1949 Communist Revolution, Mao Zedong supported the project, but began the Gezhouba Dam project nearby first, and economic problems including the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution slowed progress. After the 1954 Yangtze River Floods, in 1956, Mao Zedong wrote "Swimming", a poem about his fascination with a dam on the Yangtze River. In 1958, after the Hundred Flowers Campaign, some engineers who spoke out against the project were imprisoned.


title: Three Gorges Dam

text: During the 1980s, the idea of a dam reemerged. The National People's Congress approved the dam in 1992: out of 2,633 delegates, 1,767 voted in favour, 177 voted against, 664 abstained, and 25 members did not vote, giving the legislation an unusually low 67.75% approval rate. Construction started on December 14, 1994. The dam was expected to be fully operational in 2009, but additional projects, such as the underground power plant with six additional generators, delayed full operation until May 2012. The ship lift was completed in 2015. The dam had raised the water level in the reservoir to above sea level by the end of 2008 and to the designed maximum level of by October 2010.


title: Three Gorges Dam

text: Made of concrete and steel, the dam is long and the top of the dam is above sea level. The project used of concrete (mainly for the dam wall), used 463,000 tonnes of steel (enough to build 63 Eiffel Towers), and moved about of earth. The concrete dam wall is high above the rock basis.


title: Three Gorges Dam

text: When the water level is at its maximum of above sea level, higher than the river level downstream, the dam reservoir is on average about in length and in width. It contains of water and has a total surface area of . On completion, the reservoir flooded a total area of of land, compared to the of reservoir created by the Itaipu Dam.


title: Three Gorges Dam

text: The government estimated that the Three Gorges Dam project would cost 180 billion yuan (US$22.5 billion). By the end of 2008, spending had reached 148.365 billion yuan, among which 64.613 billion yuan was spent on construction, 68.557 billion yuan on relocating affected residents, and 15.195 billion yuan on financing. It was estimated in 2009 that the construction cost would be recovered when the dam had generated of electricity, yielding 250 billion yuan. Full cost recovery was thus expected to occur ten years after the dam started full operation, and the full cost of the Three Gorges Dam was recovered by December 20, 2013.


title: Three Gorges Dam

text: Funding sources include the Three Gorges Dam Construction Fund, profits from the Gezhouba Dam, loans from the China Development Bank, loans from domestic and foreign commercial banks, corporate bonds, and revenue from both before and after the dam was fully operational. Additional charges were assessed as follows: Every province receiving power from the Three Gorges Dam had to pay ¥7.00 per MWh extra. Other provinces had to pay an additional charge of ¥4.00 per MWh. The Tibet Autonomous Region pays no surcharge.


title: Three Gorges Dam

text: Power generation is managed by China Yangtze Power, a listed subsidiary of China Three Gorges Corporation (CTGC)a Central Enterprise SOE administered by SASAC. The Three Gorges Dam is the world's largest capacity hydroelectric power station with 34 generators: 32 main generators, each with a capacity of 700 MW, and two plant power generators, each with capacity of 50 MW, making a total capacity of 22,500 MW. Among those 32 main generators, 14 are installed in the north side of the dam, 12 in the south side, and the remaining six in the underground power plant in the mountain south of the dam. Annual electricity generation in 2018 was 101.6 TWh, which is 20 times more than the Hoover Dam.


title: Three Gorges Dam

text: The main generators weigh about 6,000 tonnes each and are designed to produce more than 700 MW of power. The designed hydraulic head of the generator is . The flow rate varies between depending on the head available. The greater the head, the less water needed to reach full power. Three Gorges uses Francis turbines. The turbine diameter is 9.7/10.4 m (VGS design/Alstom's design) and the rotation speed is 75 revolutions per minute. This means that in order to generate power at 50 Hz, the generator rotors have 80 poles. Rated power is 778 MVA, with a maximum of 840 MVA and a power factor of 0.9. The generator produces electrical power at 20 kV. The electricity generated is then stepped-up to 500 kV for transmission at 50 Hz. The outer diameter of the generator stator is 21.4/20.9 m. The inner diameter is 18.5/18.8 m. The stator, the biggest of its kind, is 3.1/3 m in height. Bearing load is 5,050/5,500 tonnes. Average efficiency is over 94%, and reaches 96.5%.


title: Three Gorges Dam

text: The generators were manufactured by two joint ventures: one of them Alstom, ABB, Kvaerner, and the Chinese company Harbin Motor; the other Voith, General Electric, Siemens (abbreviated as VGS), and the Chinese company Oriental Motor. The technology transfer agreement was signed together with the contract. Most of the generators are water-cooled. Some newer ones are air-cooled, which are simpler in design and manufacture and are easier to maintain.


title: Three Gorges Dam

text: The first north side main generator (No. 2) started on July 10, 2003; the north side became completely operational September 7, 2005, with the implementation of generator No. 9. Full power (9,800 MW) was only reached on October 18, 2006, after the water level reached 156 m.


title: Three Gorges Dam

text: The 12 south-side main generators are also in operation. No. 22 began operation on June 11, 2007, and No. 15 started up on October 30, 2008. The sixth (No. 17) began operation on December 18, 2007, raising capacity to 14.1 GW, finally surpassing Itaipu dam (14.0 GW), to become the world's largest hydro power plant by capacity.


title: Three Gorges Dam

text: As of May 23, 2012, when the last main generator, No. 27, finished its final test, the six underground main generators are also in operation, raising capacity to 22.5 GW. After nine years of construction, installation and testing, the power plant was fully operational by July 2012.


title: Three Gorges Dam

text: By August 16, 2011, the plant had generated 500 TWh of electricity. In July 2008 it generated 10.3 TWh of electricity, its first month over 10 TWh. On June 30, 2009, after the river flow rate increased to over 24,000 m/s, all 28 generators were switched on, producing only 16,100 MW because the head available during flood season is insufficient. During an August 2009 flood, the plant first reached its maximum output for a short period.


title: Three Gorges Dam

text: During the November to May dry season, power output is limited by the river's flow rate, as seen in the diagrams on the right. When there is enough flow, power output is limited by plant generating capacity. The maximum power-output curves were calculated based on the average flow rate at the dam site, assuming the water level is 175 m and the plant gross efficiency is 90.15%. The actual power output in 2008 was obtained based on the monthly electricity sent to the grid.


title: Three Gorges Dam

text: The Three Gorges Dam reached its design-maximum reservoir water level of for the first time on October 26, 2010, in which the intended annual power-generation capacity of 84.7 TWh was realized. It has a combined generating capacity of 22.5 gigawatts and a designed annual generation capacity of 88.2 billion kilowatt hours. In 2012, the dam's 32 generating units generated a record 98.1 TWh of electricity, which accounts for 14% of China's total hydro generation. Between 2012 (first year with all 32 generating units operating) and 2021, the dam generated an average of 97.22 TWh of electricity per year, higher than Itaipu dam's average of 89.22 TWh of electricity per year during the same period. Due to extensive monsoon of 2020 year with heavy rainfalls, the annual production reached ~112 TWh that year, which broke the previous world record of annual production by Itaipu Dam equal to ~103 TWh of 2016 year.


title: Three Gorges Dam

text: The State Grid Corporation and China Southern Power Grid paid a flat rate of ¥250 per MWh (US$35.7) until July 2, 2008. Since then, the price has varied by province, from ¥228.7–401.8 per MWh. Higher-paying customers, such as Shanghai, receive priority. Nine provinces and two cities consume power from the dam.


title: Three Gorges Dam

text: Power distribution and transmission infrastructure cost about 34.387 billion yuan. Construction was completed in December 2007, one year ahead of schedule.


title: Three Gorges Dam

text: Power is distributed over multiple 500 kV transmission lines. Three direct current (DC) lines to the East China Grid carry 7,200 MW: Three Gorges – Shanghai (3,000 MW), HVDC Three Gorges – Changzhou (3,000 MW), and HVDC Gezhouba – Shanghai (1,200 MW). The alternating current (AC) lines to the Central China Grid have a total capacity of 12,000 MW. The DC transmission line HVDC Three Gorges – Guangdong to the South China Grid has a capacity of 3,000 MW.


title: Three Gorges Dam

text: The dam was expected to provide 10% of China's power. However, electricity demand has increased more quickly than previously projected. Even fully operational, on average, it supports only about 1.7% of electricity demand in China in the year of 2011, when the Chinese electricity demand reached 4,692.8 TWh.


title: Three Gorges Dam

text: According to the National Development and Reform Commission, 366 grams of coal would produce 1 kWh of electricity during 2006.


title: Three Gorges Dam

text: Two hazards are uniquely identified with the dam. One is that sedimentation projections are not agreed upon, and the other is that the dam sits on a seismic fault. At current levels, 80% of the land in the area is experiencing erosion, depositing about 40 million tons of sediment into the Yangtze annually. Because the flow is slower above the dam, much of this sediment will now settle there instead of flowing downstream, and there will be less sediment downstream.


title: Three Gorges Dam

text: Erosion in the reservoir, induced by rising water, causes frequent major landslides that have led to noticeable disturbance in the reservoir surface, including two incidents in May 2009 when somewhere between of material plunged into the flooded Wuxia Gorge of the Wu River. In the first four months of 2010, there were 97 significant landslides.


title: Three Gorges Dam

text: The dam catalyzed improved upstream wastewater treatment around Chongqing and its suburban areas. According to the Ministry of Environmental Protection, as of April 2007, more than 50 new plants could treat 1.84 million tonnes per day, 65% of the total need. About 32 landfills were added, which could handle 7,664.5 tonnes of solid waste every day. Over one billion tons of wastewater are released annually into the river, which was more likely to be swept away before the reservoir was created. This has left the water looking stagnant, polluted and murky.