title: Running Up That Hill

text: The track is included in the official soundtrack album of the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony "A Symphony of British Music: Music for the Closing Ceremony of the London 2012 Olympic Games". On 19 August the remix entered the UK charts at number 6. It was Bush's return to the top ten after nearly seven years, following "King of the Mountain" in 2005.


title: Running Up That Hill

text: "Running Up That Hill" gained renewed attention in May 2022 after it was featured in the fourth season of the Netflix series "Stranger Things", including as a key diegetic piece used during a dramatic scene, being an important element in the plot, and as a recurring fixture of the soundtrack. Bush had rarely allowed her songs to be licensed, but agreed because she was a fan of the show. Following the premiere, Spotify revealed streams for the song increased by 9,900% in the United States.


title: Running Up That Hill

text: On the UK Singles Chart dated 3 June 2022, the single re-entered the top 10 at number eight, reaching number two the following week. Chart analyst James Masterton of Chart Watch opined that "Running Up That Hill" could reach number one, but because it was an older song re-entering the chart, the Official Charts Company's accelerated chart ratio (ACR) rule meant that its 700,000 per day streams were halved when factored in for the chart and counted for less than the 400,000 streams per day for that week's number one, "As It Was" by Harry Styles. Bush's record label EMI made an official request to suspend the ACR rule for "Running Up That Hill" given the song's continued popularity and sales on streaming charts, which was enacted by the Chart Supervisory Committee over the weekend of 11 June 2022. "Running Up That Hill" reached number one on the UK Singles Chart dated 17 June 2022 and was Bush's first number one since "Wuthering Heights" in 1978. On 1 July 2022, the song charted at number one for a third week in Ireland and the United Kingdom. The song also reached number one in Australia, Belgium, Ireland, Lithuania, Luxembourg, New Zealand, Sweden, and Switzerland.


title: Running Up That Hill

text: In the United States, "Running Up That Hill" re-entered the "Billboard" Hot 100 on the chart dated 11 June 2022 at number eight, an improvement on the single's initial 1985 peak of number 30 and also becoming Bush's highest charting single on the Hot 100 to date. The song reached number four the following week and has since peaked at number three. The song also charted on "Billboard"'s rock charts, and peaked at number one on both Hot Alternative Songs and Hot Rock & Alternative Songs and debuted at number 26 on the Alternative Airplay chart, Bush's first entry on the latter chart since "Rubberband Girl" in January 1994.


title: Running Up That Hill

text: An orchestral remix of the song that interpolated the series' main theme was used in a trailer for the second part of the fourth season, as well as in the season finale "Chapter Nine: The Piggyback".


title: Running Up That Hill

text: On 1 September 2022, "Running Up That Hill" was issued as a CD single for the first time, with its original vinyl single artwork and B-side "Under the Ivy".


title: Running Up That Hill

text: Trance and house music act Elastic Band's version reached number one on "RPM"'s Canadian Dance Chart in September 1994.


title: Running Up That Hill

text: Dutch symphonic metal band Within Temptation covered the song in 2003. The version debuted at number 9 on the Dutch charts on 17 May 2003. It peaked at number 7 a week later. This version of the song also managed to enter the charts in Austria, Belgium, Germany, and Switzerland.


title: Running Up That Hill

text: In that same year, British alternative rock band Placebo covered the song as the first track of their "Covers" album. After being used for the fourth-season premiere of "The O.C.", the song received much attention in both the US and the UK, peaking at No. 44 on the UK Singles Chart.


title: Running Up That Hill

text: In 2007, the American electronic band Chromatics released a dark, synth-wave cover of the song on their album "Night Drive".


title: Running Up That Hill

text: American alternative music artist Meg Myers released a cover of the song on 6 March 2019. Her version reached number one on both the "Billboard" Rock Airplay chart and the Alternative Songs chart in January 2020.


title: Running Up That Hill

text: Italian techno producer and DJ Matteo Milleri from Tale of Us under his stage name Anyma released a version of "Running Up That Hill" simply titled "Running" on 8 December 2021, which is based on Myers' recording of the song.


title: Running Up That Hill

text: In 2022, Astrid Jorgensen arranged "Running Up That Hill" for Pub Choir. The cover was praised by Kate Bush as "utterly, utterly wonderful!".


title: Running Up That Hill

text: The German singer Kim Petras released a cover for Amazon Music's "Proud" playlist, made for Pride Month in June 2022. Her cover has been called more overtly 80s and less sultry than the Chromatics version. Petras’ version charted at #100 on the UK Singles chart. Petras officially released the cover on other streaming services on 2 September 2022, after the song reached 20 million streams on Amazon Music.


title: Running Up That Hill

text: British singer Rita Ora included a cover of the song during her setlist at the Rock in Rio music festival in September 2022, mashing it up with her own hit "For You". The performance was met with scathing reviews from critics and the general public, some of which accused Ora of oversinging and missing the message behind the song entirely, only performing it because of its recent popularity from its use in the Netflix series "Stranger Things". Words used to describe the rendition include "dreadful", "ghastly", "deranged", "a massacre", "awful", "chaotic", and "disrespectful". Ora's vocal performance also drew comparisons to Fergie's infamously panned rendition of "The Star-Spangled Banner" at the 2018 NBA All-Star Game.


title: Propofol

text: Propofol, marketed as Diprivan, among other names, is a short-acting medication that results in a decreased level of consciousness and a lack of memory for events. Its uses include the starting and maintenance of general anesthesia, sedation for mechanically ventilated adults, and procedural sedation. It is also used for status epilepticus if other medications have not worked. It is given by injection into a vein, and the maximum effect takes about two minutes to occur and typically lasts five to ten minutes. Propofol is also used for medical assistance in dying in Canada.


title: Propofol

text: The medication appears to be safe for use during pregnancy but has not been well studied for use in this case. It is not recommended for use during a cesarean section. It is not a pain medication, so opioids such as morphine may also be used; however, whether or not they are always needed is not clear. Propofol is believed to work at least partly via a receptor for GABA.


title: Propofol

text: Propofol was discovered in 1977 and approved for use in the United States in 1989. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. It has been referred to as milk of amnesia (a play on "milk of magnesia"), because of the milk-like appearance of the intravenous preparation, and because of its tendency to suppress memory recall. Propofol is also used in veterinary medicine for anesthesia.


title: Propofol

text: To induce general anesthesia, propofol is the drug used almost exclusively, having largely replaced sodium thiopental. It can also be administered as part of an anesthesia maintenance technique called total intravenous anesthesia, using either manually programmed infusion pumps or computer-controlled infusion pumps in a process called target controlled infusion (TCI). Propofol is also used to sedate individuals who are receiving mechanical ventilation but not undergoing surgery, such as patients in the intensive care unit. In critically ill patients, propofol is superior to lorazepam both in effectiveness and overall cost. Propofol is relatively inexpensive compared to medications of similar use due to shorter ICU stay length. One of the reasons propofol is thought to be more effective (although it has a longer half-life than lorazepam) is because studies have found that benzodiazepines like midazolam and lorazepam tend to accumulate in critically ill patients, prolonging sedation. Propofol has also been suggested as a sleep aid in critically ill adults in the ICU; however, the effectiveness of this medicine at replicating the mental and physical aspects of sleep for people in the ICU is not clear.


title: Propofol

text: Propofol can be run through a peripheral IV or central line. Propofol is frequently paired with fentanyl (for pain relief) in intubated and sedated people. The two drugs are compatible in IV form.


title: Propofol

text: Propofol is safe and effective for gastrointestinal endoscopy procedures. Its use in these settings results in a faster recovery compared to midazolam. It can also be combined with opioids or benzodiazepines. Because of its rapid induction and recovery time, propofol is also widely used for sedation of infants and children undergoing MRI. It is also often used in combination with ketamine with minimal side effects.


title: Propofol

text: In March 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an emergency use authorization (EUA) for "Propofol‐Lipuro" 1% to maintain sedation via continuous infusion in people older than sixteen with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 who require mechanical ventilation in an intensive care unit ICU setting. In the circumstances of this public health emergency, it would not be feasible to require healthcare providers to seek to limit Fresenius Propoven 2% Emulsion or Propofol-Lipuro 1% only to be used for patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19; therefore, this authorization does not limit use to such patients.


title: Propofol

text: A lethal dose of propofol is used for medical assistance in dying in Canada to quickly induce deep coma and death, but rocuronium is always given—even when patient dies as a result of propofol injection. Delivery order of IV medication is as follows:


title: Propofol

text: Step 1: Midazolam 10–20 mg given as 2−4ml of 5 mg/ml preparation for pre-anesthesia, induces sleep in 1−2 minutes.


title: Propofol

text: Step 2: Lidocaine 40 mg given as 4ml of 1% preparation to reduce possible burning in peripheral vein caused by propofol. Pause to allow effect.


title: Propofol

text: Step 3: Propofol 1000 mg given as 100ml of 10 mg/ml preparation. Loss of consciousness occurs within 10 seconds and coma occurs in 1–2 minutes. Death may result from the propofol but rocuronium is still given.


title: Propofol

text: Step 4: Rocuronium 200 mg given as 20ml of 10 mg/ml preparation to induce respiratory arrest. Cardiac arrest subsequently follows about 5 minutes later due to hypoxia.


title: Propofol

text: The US state of Missouri added propofol to its execution protocol in April 2012. However, Governor Jay Nixon halted the first execution by the administration of a lethal dose of propofol in October 2013 following threats from the European Union to limit the drug's export if it were used for that purpose. The United Kingdom had already banned the export of medicines or veterinary medicines containing propofol to the United States.


title: Propofol

text: Recreational use of the drug via self-administration has been reported but is relatively rare due to its potency and the level of monitoring required for safe critically, a steep dose-response curve makes recreational use of propofol very dangerous, and deaths from self-administration continue to be reported. The short-term effects sought via recreational use include mild euphoria, hallucinations, and disinhibition.


title: Propofol

text: Recreational use of the drug has been described among medical staff, such as anesthetists who have access to the drug. It is reportedly more common among anesthetists on rotations with short rest periods, as usage generally produces a well-rested feeling. Long-term use has been reported to result in addiction.


title: Propofol

text: Attention to the risks of off-label use of propofol increased in August 2009 due to the Los Angeles County coroner's conclusion that music icon Michael Jackson died from a mixture of propofol and the benzodiazepine drugs lorazepam, midazolam, and diazepam on 25 June 2009. According to a 22 July 2009 search warrant affidavit unsealed by the district court of Harris County, Texas, Jackson's physician, Conrad Murray, administered 25 milligrams of propofol diluted with lidocaine shortly before Jackson's death. Even so, as of 2016, propofol was not on a US Drug Enforcement Administration schedule.


title: Propofol

text: One of propofol's most common side effects is pain on injection, especially in smaller veins. This pain arises from activation of the pain receptor, TRPA1, found on sensory nerves and can be mitigated by pretreatment with lidocaine. Less pain is experienced when infused at a slower rate in a large vein (antecubital fossa). Patients show considerable variability in their response to propofol, at times showing profound sedation with small doses[1].


title: Propofol

text: Additional side effects include low blood pressure related to vasodilation, transient apnea following induction doses, and cerebrovascular effects. Propofol has more pronounced hemodynamic effects relative to many intravenous anesthetic agents. Reports of blood pressure drops of 30% or more are thought to be at least partially due to inhibition of sympathetic nerve activity. This effect is related to the dose and rate of propofol administration. It may also be potentiated by opioid analgesics.


title: Propofol

text: Propofol can also cause decreased systemic vascular resistance, myocardial blood flow, and oxygen consumption, possibly through direct vasodilation. There are also reports that it may cause green discolouration of the urine.


title: Propofol

text: Although propofol is heavily used in the adult ICU setting, the side effects associated with propofol seem to be of greater concern in children. In the 1990s, multiple reported deaths of children in ICUs associated with propofol sedation prompted the FDA to issue a warning.


title: Propofol

text: As a respiratory depressant, propofol frequently produces apnea. The persistence of apnea can depend on factors such as premedication, dose administered, and rate of administration, and may sometimes persist for longer than 60 seconds. Possibly as the result of depression of the central inspiratory drive, propofol may produce significant decreases in respiratory rate, minute volume, tidal volume, mean inspiratory flow rate, and functional residual capacity.


title: Propofol

text: Diminishing cerebral blood flow, cerebral metabolic oxygen consumption, and intracranial pressure are also characteristics of propofol administration. In addition, propofol may decrease intraocular pressure by as much as 50% in patients with normal intraocular pressure.


title: Propofol

text: A more serious but rare side effect is dystonia. Mild myoclonic movements are common, as with other intravenous hypnotic agents. Propofol appears to be safe for use in porphyria, and has not been known to trigger malignant hyperpyrexia.


title: Propofol

text: Propofol is also reported to induce priapism in some individuals, and has been observed to suppress REM sleep stage and to worsen the poor sleep quality in some patients.


title: Propofol

text: As with any other general anesthetic agent, propofol should be administered only where appropriately trained staff and facilities for monitoring are available, as well as proper airway management, a supply of supplemental oxygen, artificial ventilation, and cardiovascular resuscitation.


title: Propofol

text: Because of its lipid base, some hospital facilities require the IV tubing (of continuous propofol infusions) to be changed after 12 hours. This is a preventive measure against microbial growth and infection.


title: Propofol

text: A rare, but serious, side effect is propofol infusion syndrome. This potentially lethal metabolic derangement has been reported in critically ill patients after a prolonged infusion of high-dose propofol, sometimes in combination with catecholamines and/or corticosteroids.


title: Propofol

text: The respiratory effects of propofol are increased if given with other respiratory depressants, including benzodiazepines.


title: Propofol

text: Propofol has been proposed as having several mechanisms of action, both through potentiation of GABA receptor activity and therefore acting as a GABA receptor positive allosteric modulator, thereby slowing the channel-closing time. At high doses, propofol may be able to activate GABA receptors in the absence of GABA, behaving as a GABA receptor agonist as well. Propofol analogs have been shown to also act as sodium channel blockers. Some research has also suggested that the endocannabinoid system may contribute significantly to propofol's anesthetic action and to its unique properties, as endocannabinoids also play an important role in the physiologic control of sleep, pain processing and emesis. An EEG study on patients undergoing general anesthesia with propofol found that it causes a prominent reduction in the brain's information integration capacity.


title: Propofol

text: Propofol is an inhibitor of the endoccannabinoid Anandamide (AEA: CHNO; 20:4,n-6) metabolizing enzyme Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), as propofol activation of the endocannabinoid system, possibly via inhibition of AEA catabolism, generate a significant increase in the whole-brain content of AEA, that contributes to the sedative properties of propofol via CB1 receptor activation, and may explain the reason of the side effects of general anesthetics such as psychomimetic and antiemetic properties of propofol and the high incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting after volatile anesthetics, as they contribute to the opposite and a significant decrease in the whole-brain content of AEA, lasting until 40 min after induction.


title: Propofol

text: The half-life of elimination of propofol has been estimated to be between 2 and 24 hours. However, its duration of clinical effect is much shorter, because propofol is rapidly distributed into peripheral tissues. When used for IV sedation, a single dose of propofol typically wears off within minutes. Propofol is versatile; the drug can be given for short or prolonged sedation, as well as for general anesthesia. Its use is not associated with nausea as is often seen with opioid medications. These characteristics of rapid onset and recovery along with its amnestic effects have led to its widespread use for sedation and anesthesia.


title: Propofol

text: John B. Glen, a veterinarian and researcher at Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) spent 13 years developing propofol, an effort which led to the awarding to him of the prestigious 2018 Lasker Award for clinical research. Propofol was originally developed as ICI 35868. It was chosen for development after extensive evaluation and structure–activity relationship studies of the anesthetic potencies and pharmacokinetic profiles of a series of "ortho"-alkylated phenols.


title: Propofol

text: First identified as a drug candidate in 1973, clinical trials followed in 1977, using a form solubilised in cremophor EL. However, due to anaphylactic reactions to cremophor, this formulation was withdrawn from the market and subsequently reformulated as an emulsion of a soya oil/propofol mixture in water. The emulsified formulation was relaunched in 1986 by ICI (now AstraZeneca) under the brand name Diprivan. The currently available preparation is 1% propofol, 10% soybean oil, and 1.2% purified egg phospholipid as an emulsifier, with 2.25% glycerol as a tonicity-adjusting agent, and sodium hydroxide to adjust the pH. Diprivan contains EDTA, a common chelation agent, that also acts alone (bacteriostatically against some bacteria) and synergistically with some other antimicrobial agents. Newer generic formulations contain sodium metabisulfite or benzyl alcohol as antimicrobial agents. Propofol emulsion is a highly opaque white fluid due to the scattering of light from the tiny (about 150-nm) oil droplets it contains: Tyndall Effect.


title: Propofol

text: A water-soluble prodrug form, fospropofol, has been developed and tested with positive results. Fospropofol is rapidly broken down by the enzyme alkaline phosphatase to form propofol. Marketed as "Lusedra", this formulation may not produce the pain at injection site that often occurs with the conventional form of the drug. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the product in 2008.


title: Propofol

text: However fospropofol is a Schedule IV controlled substance with the DEA ACSCN of 2138 in the United States unlike propofol.


title: Propofol

text: By incorporation of an azobenzene unit, a photoswitchable version of propofol (AP2) was developed in 2012 that allows for optical control of GABA receptors with light. In 2013, a propofol binding site on mammalian GABA receptors has been identified by photolabeling using a diazirine derivative. Additionally, it was shown that the hyaluronan polymer present in the synovia can be protected from free-radical depolymerization by propofol.


title: Megan Mullally

text: Megan Mullally (born November 12, 1958) is an American actress, comedian, and singer. She is best known for playing Karen Walker on the NBC sitcom "Will & Grace" (1998–2006, 2017–2020), for which she received eight Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series, winning twice, in 2000 and 2006. She also received nominations for numerous other accolades for her portrayal, including seven consecutive Screen Actors Guild Awards nominations for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series, winning three times, in 2001, 2002, and 2003, as well as receiving four Golden Globe Award nominations.


title: Megan Mullally

text: From 2006 to 2007, Mullally hosted the talk show "The Megan Mullally Show". Since then, she has been a series regular on several television series, such as "In the Motherhood", "Party Down", "Childrens Hospital", and "Breaking In". She has also appeared in guest spots and recurring roles on other comedy series including, "Happy Endings", "Bob's Burgers", "Parks and Recreation", "30 Rock", "Up All Night", "Boston Legal", and "The New Adventures of Old Christine". In addition to television, Mullally has also ventured into film, with appearances in "Smashed" (2012), "The Kings of Summer" (2013), and "Why Him?" (2016).


title: Megan Mullally

text: Mullally was born in Los Angeles, California, the daughter of Martha (née Palmer) and Carter Mullally, Jr., an actor who was a contract player with Paramount Pictures in the 1950s. Mullally moved to her father's native Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, at age six. She is of English, Irish and Scandinavian ancestry. She studied ballet from age six and performed at the Oklahoma City Ballet during high school, also studying at the School of American Ballet in New York City.


title: Megan Mullally

text: Following her graduation from Casady School in Oklahoma City, Mullally attended Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, where she studied English literature and art history. After her sophomore year, she began acting in theater in downtown Chicago. By junior year, she was performing in eight shows per week. She later dropped out of Northwestern to pursue acting.


title: Megan Mullally

text: One of Mullally's earliest acting spots was on a McDonald's commercial that also featured John Goodman. She made her series debut in 1986 in "The Ellen Burstyn Show". She subsequently guest-starred on sitcoms such as "Seinfeld", "Frasier", "Wings", "Herman's Head", "Ned and Stacey", "Mad About You", "Caroline in the City", "3rd Rock from the Sun" and "Just Shoot Me!". She played a central character in a season-five episode of "Murder, She Wrote", "Coal Miner's Slaughter", recalling in 2012, "I hadn't gotten a job for so long, and I was in a complete panic because I didn't know how I was going to pay my rent. So I get a call one day from my agent that I'd gotten offered a guest role, and it paid $5,000. I literally fell down onto my knees and testified and wept. I played some former protégée of Jessica Fletcher. It's one of my favorite things I've ever shot."


title: Megan Mullally

text: In 1989, Mullally tested for the role of Elaine Benes on "Seinfeld". The role was eventually given to Julia Louis-Dreyfus. In 1998, Mullally landed the role of Karen Walker, Grace Adler's abrasive, pill-popping assistant, in the NBC sitcom "Will & Grace". She won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series in both 2000 and 2006, and was nominated in 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 and again for the revival in 2018. She won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series three times, in 2002, 2003 and 2004, and with cast members Eric McCormack, Debra Messing, and Sean Hayes, she shared the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series in 2001. She is the first of only two actresses to win a SAG Award three years in a row. She was nominated each year from 2000 until 2003 for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film.


title: Megan Mullally

text: In 2005, Mullally saw comedian and actor Bill Hader performing with his Second City class in Los Angeles, and shortly thereafter brought Hader to the attention of "Saturday Night Live" producer Lorne Michaels. Also in 2005, Mullally was awarded the Women in Film Lucy Award in recognition of her "innovation in creative works that have enhanced the perception of women through the medium of television".


title: Megan Mullally

text: Following "Will & Grace", Mullally hosted her own talk show, "The Megan Mullally Show" from 2006 to 2007. She has hosted "Saturday Night Live", guest-hosted the "Late Show with David Letterman", hosted the 2006 TV Land Awards, and been a featured performer twice on the Tony Awards. She has been featured in advertisements for M&M's, Old Navy, CheapTickets.com, and I Can't Believe It's Not Butter!


title: Megan Mullally

text: Mullally guest-starred as an adoption case worker for Liz Lemon in the third season premiere of the NBC sitcom "30 Rock" and returned to play the same character two additional times during the show's run. Other appearances include "", "Campus Ladies", director/actor David Wain's "Wainy Days", an episode of HBO's "Funny or Die", and the "Funny or Die" web video "That's What She Said".


title: Megan Mullally

text: Mullally has guest-starred seven times as Tammy Swanson on the NBC series "Parks and Recreation", in the episodes "Ron and Tammy", "", "Li'l Sebastian", "Ron and Tammys", "The Trial of Leslie Knope", "Ron and Diane", "Ron and Jammy", and "A Parks and Recreation Special". Mullally plays the role of the second ex-wife of the character Ron Swanson, who is played by her real-life husband, Nick Offerman. Offerman also had two different roles on a couple episodes of Mullally's show "Will & Grace", playing a plumber and chef.


title: Megan Mullally

text: Also in 2009, Mullally starred in the ABC sitcom "In the Motherhood". Based on the original web series, the television adaptation focuses on three mothers. She played Rosemary opposite Cheryl Hines and Jessica St. Clair. The series was poorly received and was canceled by ABC due to low ratings after airing five out of seven episodes produced.


title: Megan Mullally

text: Mullally co-starred in 2010 as Lydia on the Starz ensemble series "Party Down". Mullally co-starred as "Chief" on the Adult Swim series "Childrens Hospital". In 2011, Mullally began a recurring role as Dana Hartz, the mother of Penny (Casey Wilson), on the ABC sitcom "Happy Endings". In the following months, Mullally joined the series "Breaking In" for its second season in 2012, after which the show was canceled.


title: Megan Mullally

text: Also in 2012, Mullally joined the first season of "Bob's Burgers" as Aunt Gayle. She reprised the role in subsequent episodes along with several minor roles.


title: Megan Mullally

text: Mullally rejoined the "Will & Grace" cast as Karen upon the show's revival, which ran for three seasons from 2017 to 2019.


title: Megan Mullally

text: Mullally made her Broadway debut as Marty in the 1994 revival of "Grease", and subsequently appeared as Rosemary in the hit 1995 revival of "How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying" opposite Matthew Broderick. In 2007, Mullally starred as Elizabeth in Mel Brooks' original Broadway musical "Young Frankenstein". She can be heard on the cast albums of all three productions.


title: Megan Mullally

text: In 1996, she starred in "You Never Know" at the Pasadena Playhouse. Mullally appeared in 2000 as Pamela in the multiple award-winning production of Chuck Mee's "The Berlin Circle", for which she won both the LA Weekly Theatre Award and the Backstage West Garland Award. Mullally starred as Beverly in the acclaimed production of Adam Bock's "The Receptionist" at the Odyssey Theatre (notably, the longest sold-out run of a show in that theatre's history), for which she was awarded the 2010 Backstage West Garland Award for Best Performance by an Actress.


title: Megan Mullally

text: From April 13 to June 1, 2014, Mullally starred alongside her real-life husband, Nick Offerman, in "Annapurna" at the off-Broadway Acorn Theatre on New York's 42nd Street Theatre Row.


title: Megan Mullally

text: In 2014 Mullally starred in the Broadway performance of "It's Only a Play" with F. Murray Abraham, Matthew Broderick, Stockard Channing, Rupert Grint, Nathan Lane and Micah Stock. The show opened at the Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre on October 9, 2014, and played through January 18, 2015. It then opened at the Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre on January 23, 2015, and closed on June 7, 2015. The show played 48 previews and 274 performances.


title: Megan Mullally

text: In June 2021, Mullally was set to appear as "Reno Sweeney" in "Anything Goes" at the Barbican Theatre in London for a strictly limited season, but had to pull out due to an injury.


title: Megan Mullally

text: Mullally is a member of the band Supreme Music Program. SMP has released three albums: "The Sweetheart Break-In", "Big as a Berry" and "Free Again!".


title: Megan Mullally

text: Mullally and Stephanie Hunt formed the band Nancy & Beth in 2012. They went on tour in March 2013, along with Mullally's husband, Nick Offerman.


title: Megan Mullally

text: Nancy & Beth performed at Lincoln Center as part of its American Songbook Series on February 13, 2019, and toured the US in April and May 2019, beginning in Los Angeles and ending in New York City. The band subsequently toured Australia in June 2019, beginning in Hobart and ending in Brisbane.


title: Megan Mullally

text: Mullally has appeared in Marc Forster's Sundance competition entry "Everything Put Together", "Anywhere but Here" with Susan Sarandon and Natalie Portman, "About Last Night" with Demi Moore and Rob Lowe, "Speaking of Sex" with James Spader, and "Stealing Harvard" with Tom Green and Jason Lee. Mullally played a singing teacher in the 2009 film remake of "Fame", and can be heard on the soundtrack recording. Additionally, Mullally sang the song "Long John Blues" (performed on-screen by Kristen Bell) in 2010's "Burlesque". She played one of the leads' mothers in the 2013 indie film "The Kings of Summer" and Mrs. Van Camp in the movie "G.B.F." Mullally played Barb Fleming in the 2016 film "Why Him?" In 2017, Mullally appeared in Janicza Bravo's first full-length feature, "Lemon", which debuted at Sundance Film Festival.


title: Megan Mullally

text: In August 2021, Bleecker Street and Stage 6 Films picked up the worldwide rights to James Ponsoldt's coming of age film "Summering", starring Mullally alongside Sarah Cooper.


title: Megan Mullally

text: Mullally and husband Nick Offerman wrote "The Greatest Love Story Ever Told", published by Dutton on October 2, 2018. The book is a New York Times Bestseller. The two reveal the full story behind their romance in chapters on religion, family, and more.


title: Megan Mullally

text: Mullally met actor and future husband Nick Offerman in 2000 while acting in "The Berlin Circle", a play produced by the Evidence Room Theatre Company, and they married three years later in 2003. While they were dating, Offerman appeared in a guest role on "Will & Grace", in a 2001 Thanksgiving episode (Season 4, Episode 10, "Moveable Feast, Part 2"). Offerman appeared again, in a different role, in the Season 9 (2018) episode "Friends and Lover". The couple have also appeared together in films such as "The Kings of Summer" and "Smashed" and the television series "Parks and Recreation", and they also performed voice work together in "Bob's Burgers", "Hotel Transylvania 2", and "The Great North". In 2019, they launched the podcast "In Bed with Nick and Megan", discussing their personal lives and interviewing guests.


title: Yung Gravy

text: Matthew Raymond Hauri (born March 19, 1996), known professionally as Yung Gravy, is an American rapper. He first gained recognition in 2017, when his song "Mr. Clean" gained traction on SoundCloud, and is now RIAA certified Platinum. Since 2017, Yung Gravy has completed seven international tours and has released one mixtape, three albums, and seven EPs. Yung Gravy is often associated with fellow artists bbno$ and Chief Keef, as well as producer Y2K.


title: Yung Gravy

text: Hauri was born in Rochester, Minnesota. His father, Peter Johannes Hauri, was a Swiss-born insomnia psychologist, while his mother is Cynthia Cleveland Hauri. Hauri graduated from Mayo High School in 2014. He attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison and earned his degree in marketing in December 2017. While attending college, he began rapping for fun and started his career on SoundCloud after being inspired by the rise of rappers Lil Yachty and Lil Peep Hauri described himself as “doing way too much” while in college. Along with rapping, he ran a small pizza delivery company in college. In 2016, he quit his job and dedicated himself to making music, spending months self-recording songs. He is a fan of the Minnesota Vikings of the NFL. He performed before their 2022 Thanksgiving game against the New England Patriots.


title: Yung Gravy

text: Yung Gravy's musical style is a blend of modern trap music with themes inspired by the soul and oldies movements of the 1950s and 1960s, as well as 1970s and 1980s soul and funk music. For example, his song "Gravy Train" samples Maxine Nightingale's 1976 song "Right Back Where We Started From", and his breakout hit "Mr. Clean" samples the popular 1954 song "Mr. Sandman" by The Chordettes.


title: Yung Gravy

text: His musical style has been described as humorous, satirical, and groovy. Yung Gravy has cited musicians from multiple genres as inspirations, such as Outkast and Three 6 Mafia, and soul acts ranging from Smokey Robinson to The Blackbyrds.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body. MRI scanners use strong magnetic fields, magnetic field gradients, and radio waves to generate images of the organs in the body. MRI does not involve X-rays or the use of ionizing radiation, which distinguishes it from CT and PET scans. MRI is a medical application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) which can also be used for imaging in other NMR applications, such as NMR spectroscopy.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: MRI is widely used in hospitals and clinics for medical diagnosis, staging and follow-up of disease. Compared to CT, MRI provides better contrast in images of soft-tissues, e.g. in the brain or abdomen. However, it may be perceived as less comfortable by patients, due to the usually longer and louder measurements with the subject in a long, confining tube, though "Open" MRI designs mostly relieve this. Additionally, implants and other non-removable metal in the body can pose a risk and may exclude some patients from undergoing an MRI examination safely.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: MRI was originally called NMRI (nuclear magnetic resonance imaging), but "nuclear" was dropped to avoid negative associations. Certain atomic nuclei are able to absorb radio frequency energy when placed in an external magnetic field; the resultant evolving spin polarization can induce a RF signal in a radio frequency coil and thereby be detected. In clinical and research MRI, hydrogen atoms are most often used to generate a macroscopic polarization that is detected by antennas close to the subject being examined. Hydrogen atoms are naturally abundant in humans and other biological organisms, particularly in water and fat. For this reason, most MRI scans essentially map the location of water and fat in the body. Pulses of radio waves excite the nuclear spin energy transition, and magnetic field gradients localize the polarization in space. By varying the parameters of the pulse sequence, different contrasts may be generated between tissues based on the relaxation properties of the hydrogen atoms therein.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: Since its development in the 1970s and 1980s, MRI has proven to be a versatile imaging technique. While MRI is most prominently used in diagnostic medicine and biomedical research, it also may be used to form images of non-living objects, such as mummies. Diffusion MRI and functional MRI extend the utility of MRI to capture neuronal tracts and blood flow respectively in the nervous system, in addition to detailed spatial images. The sustained increase in demand for MRI within health systems has led to concerns about cost effectiveness and overdiagnosis.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: In most medical applications, hydrogen nuclei, which consist solely of a proton, that are in tissues create a signal that is processed to form an image of the body in terms of the density of those nuclei in a specific region. Given that the protons are affected by fields from other atoms to which they are bonded, it is possible to separate responses from hydrogen in specific compounds.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: To perform a study, the person is positioned within an MRI scanner that forms a strong magnetic field around the area to be imaged. First, energy from an oscillating magnetic field is temporarily applied to the patient at the appropriate resonance frequency. Scanning with X and Y gradient coils causes a selected region of the patient to experience the exact magnetic field required for the energy to be absorbed. The atoms are excited by a radio frequency (RF) pulse and the resultant signal is measured by a receiving coil. The RF signal may be processed to deduce position information by looking at the changes in RF level and phase caused by varying the local magnetic field using gradient coils. As these coils are rapidly switched during the excitation and response to perform a moving line scan, they create the characteristic repetitive noise of an MRI scan as the windings move slightly due to magnetostriction. The contrast between different tissues is determined by the rate at which excited atoms return to the equilibrium state. Exogenous contrast agents may be given to the person to make the image clearer.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: The major components of an MRI scanner are the main magnet, which polarizes the sample, the shim coils for correcting shifts in the homogeneity of the main magnetic field, the gradient system which is used to localize the region to be scanned and the RF system, which excites the sample and detects the resulting NMR signal. The whole system is controlled by one or more computers.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: MRI requires a magnetic field that is both strong and uniform to a few parts per million across the scan volume. The field strength of the magnet is measured in teslas – and while the majority of systems operate at 1.5 T, commercial systems are available between 0.2 and 7 T. Whole-body MRI systems for research application operate in e.g. 9.4T, 10.5T, 11.7T. Even higher field whole-body MRI systems e.g. 14 T and beyond are in conceptual proposal or in engineering design. Most clinical magnets are superconducting magnets, which require liquid helium to keep them at low temperatures. Lower field strengths can be achieved with permanent magnets, which are often used in "open" MRI scanners for claustrophobic patients. Lower field strengths are also used in a portable MRI scanner approved by the FDA in 2020. Recently, MRI has been demonstrated also at ultra-low fields, i.e., in the microtesla-to-millitesla range, where sufficient signal quality is made possible by prepolarization (on the order of 10–100 mT) and by measuring the Larmor precession fields at about 100 microtesla with highly sensitive superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs).


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: Each tissue returns to its equilibrium state after excitation by the independent relaxation processes of T1 (spin-lattice; that is, magnetization in the same direction as the static magnetic field) and T2 (spin-spin; transverse to the static magnetic field).


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: To create a T1-weighted image, magnetization is allowed to recover before measuring the MR signal by changing the repetition time (TR). This image weighting is useful for assessing the cerebral cortex, identifying fatty tissue, characterizing focal liver lesions, and in general, obtaining morphological information, as well as for post-contrast imaging.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: To create a T2-weighted image, magnetization is allowed to decay before measuring the MR signal by changing the echo time (TE). This image weighting is useful for detecting edema and inflammation, revealing white matter lesions, and assessing zonal anatomy in the prostate and uterus.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: The standard display of MRI images is to represent fluid characteristics in black and white images, where different tissues turn out as follows:


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: MRI has a wide range of applications in medical diagnosis and more than 25,000 scanners are estimated to be in use worldwide. MRI affects diagnosis and treatment in many specialties although the effect on improved health outcomes is disputed in certain cases.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: MRI is the investigation of choice in the preoperative staging of rectal and prostate cancer and has a role in the diagnosis, staging, and follow-up of other tumors, as well as for determining areas of tissue for sampling in biobanking.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: MRI is the investigative tool of choice for neurological cancers over CT, as it offers better visualization of the posterior cranial fossa, containing the brainstem and the cerebellum. The contrast provided between grey and white matter makes MRI the best choice for many conditions of the central nervous system, including demyelinating diseases, dementia, cerebrovascular disease, infectious diseases, Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy. Since many images are taken milliseconds apart, it shows how the brain responds to different stimuli, enabling researchers to study both the functional and structural brain abnormalities in psychological disorders. MRI also is used in guided stereotactic surgery and radiosurgery for treatment of intracranial tumors, arteriovenous malformations, and other surgically treatable conditions using a device known as the N-localizer. New tools that implement artificial intelligence in healthcare have demonstrated higher image quality and morphometric analysis in neuroimaging with the application of a denoising system.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: The record for the highest spatial resolution of a whole intact brain (postmortem) is 100 microns, from Massachusetts General Hospital. The data was published in NATURE on 30 October 2019.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: Cardiac MRI is complementary to other imaging techniques, such as echocardiography, cardiac CT, and nuclear medicine. It can be used to assess the structure and the function of the heart. Its applications include assessment of myocardial ischemia and viability, cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, iron overload, vascular diseases, and congenital heart disease.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: Applications in the musculoskeletal system include spinal imaging, assessment of joint disease, and soft tissue tumors. Also, MRI techniques can be used for diagnostic imaging of


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: Swallowing movement of throat and oesophagus can cause motion artifact over the imaged spine. Therefore, a saturation pulse applied over this region the throat and oesophagus can help to avoid this artifact. Motion artifact arising due to pumping of the heart can be reduced by timing the MRI pulse according to heart cycles. Blood vessels flow artifacts can be reduced by applying saturation pulses above and below the region of interest.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: Hepatobiliary MR is used to detect and characterize lesions of the liver, pancreas, and bile ducts. Focal or diffuse disorders of the liver may be evaluated using diffusion-weighted, opposed-phase imaging and dynamic contrast enhancement sequences. Extracellular contrast agents are used widely in liver MRI, and newer hepatobiliary contrast agents also provide the opportunity to perform functional biliary imaging. Anatomical imaging of the bile ducts is achieved by using a heavily T2-weighted sequence in magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP). Functional imaging of the pancreas is performed following administration of secretin. MR enterography provides non-invasive assessment of inflammatory bowel disease and small bowel tumors. MR-colonography may play a role in the detection of large polyps in patients at increased risk of colorectal cancer.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) generates pictures of the arteries to evaluate them for stenosis (abnormal narrowing) or aneurysms (vessel wall dilatations, at risk of rupture). MRA is often used to evaluate the arteries of the neck and brain, the thoracic and abdominal aorta, the renal arteries, and the legs (called a "run-off"). A variety of techniques can be used to generate the pictures, such as administration of a paramagnetic contrast agent (gadolinium) or using a technique known as "flow-related enhancement" (e.g., 2D and 3D time-of-flight sequences), where most of the signal on an image is due to blood that recently moved into that plane (see also FLASH MRI).


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: Techniques involving phase accumulation (known as phase contrast angiography) can also be used to generate flow velocity maps easily and accurately. Magnetic resonance venography (MRV) is a similar procedure that is used to image veins. In this method, the tissue is now excited inferiorly, while the signal is gathered in the plane immediately superior to the excitation plane—thus imaging the venous blood that recently moved from the excited plane.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: MRI for imaging anatomical structures or blood flow do not require contrast agents since the varying properties of the tissues or blood provide natural contrasts. However, for more specific types of imaging, exogenous contrast agents may be given intravenously, orally, or intra-articularly. Most contrast agents are either paramagnetic (e.g.: gadolinium, manganese, europium), and are used to shorten T1 in the tissue they accumulate in, or super-paramagnetic (SPIONs), and are used to shorten T2 and T2* in healthy tissue reducing its signal intensity (negative contrast agents). The most commonly used intravenous contrast agents are based on chelates of gadolinium, which is highly paramagnetic. In general, these agents have proved safer than the iodinated contrast agents used in X-ray radiography or CT. Anaphylactoid reactions are rare, occurring in approx. 0.03–0.1%. Of particular interest is the lower incidence of nephrotoxicity, compared with iodinated agents, when given at usual doses—this has made contrast-enhanced MRI scanning an option for patients with renal impairment, who would otherwise not be able to undergo contrast-enhanced CT.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: Gadolinium-based contrast reagents are typically octadentate complexes of gadolinium(III). The complex is very stable (log K > 20) so that, in use, the concentration of the un-complexed Gd ions should be below the toxicity limit. The 9th place in the metal ion's coordination sphere is occupied by a water molecule which exchanges rapidly with water molecules in the reagent molecule's immediate environment, affecting the magnetic resonance relaxation time. For details see MRI contrast agent.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: In December 2017, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States announced in a drug safety communication that new warnings were to be included on all gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs). The FDA also called for increased patient education and requiring gadolinium contrast vendors to conduct additional animal and clinical studies to assess the safety of these agents.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: Although gadolinium agents have proved useful for patients with kidney impairment, in patients with severe kidney failure requiring dialysis there is a risk of a rare but serious illness, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, which may be linked to the use of certain gadolinium-containing agents. The most frequently linked is gadodiamide, but other agents have been linked too. Although a causal link has not been definitively established, current guidelines in the United States are that dialysis patients should only receive gadolinium agents where essential and that dialysis should be performed as soon as possible after the scan to remove the agent from the body promptly.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: In Europe, where more gadolinium-containing agents are available, a classification of agents according to potential risks has been released. In 2008, a new contrast agent named gadoxetate, brand name Eovist (US) or Primovist (EU), was approved for diagnostic use: This has the theoretical benefit of a dual excretion path.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: An MRI sequence is a particular setting of radiofrequency pulses and gradients, resulting in a particular image appearance. The T1 and T2 weighting can also be described as MRI sequences.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is used to measure the levels of different metabolites in body tissues, which can be achieved through a variety of single voxel or imaging-based techniques. The MR signal produces a spectrum of resonances that corresponds to different molecular arrangements of the isotope being "excited". This signature is used to diagnose certain metabolic disorders, especially those affecting the brain, and to provide information on tumor metabolism.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) combines both spectroscopic and imaging methods to produce spatially localized spectra from within the sample or patient. The spatial resolution is much lower (limited by the available SNR), but the spectra in each voxel contains information about many metabolites. Because the available signal is used to encode spatial and spectral information, MRSI requires high SNR achievable only at higher field strengths (3 T and above). The high procurement and maintenance costs of MRI with extremely high field strengths inhibit their popularity. However, recent compressed sensing-based software algorithms ("e.g.", SAMV) have been proposed to achieve super-resolution without requiring such high field strengths.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: Real-time MRI refers to the continuous imaging of moving objects (such as the heart) in real time. One of the many different strategies developed since the early 2000s is based on radial FLASH MRI, and iterative reconstruction. This gives a temporal resolution of 20–30 ms for images with an in-plane resolution of 1.5–2.0 mm. Balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) imaging has a better image contrast between the blood pool and myocardium than the FLASH MRI, yet it will produce severe banding artifact when the B0 inhomogeneity is strong. Real-time MRI is likely to add important information on diseases of the heart and the joints, and in many cases may make MRI examinations easier and more comfortable for patients, especially for the patients who cannot hold their breathings or who have arrhythmia.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: The lack of harmful effects on the patient and the operator make MRI well-suited for interventional radiology, where the images produced by an MRI scanner guide minimally invasive procedures. Such procedures use no ferromagnetic instruments.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: A specialized growing subset of interventional MRI is intraoperative MRI, in which an MRI is used in surgery. Some specialized MRI systems allow imaging concurrent with the surgical procedure. More typically, the surgical procedure is temporarily interrupted so that MRI can assess the success of the procedure or guide subsequent surgical work.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: In guided therapy, high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) beams are focused on a tissue, that are controlled using MR thermal imaging. Due to the high energy at the focus, the temperature rises to above 65 °C (150 °F) which completely destroys the tissue. This technology can achieve precise ablation of diseased tissue. MR imaging provides a three-dimensional view of the target tissue, allowing for the precise focusing of ultrasound energy. The MR imaging provides quantitative, real-time, thermal images of the treated area. This allows the physician to ensure that the temperature generated during each cycle of ultrasound energy is sufficient to cause thermal ablation within the desired tissue and if not, to adapt the parameters to ensure effective treatment.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: Hydrogen has the most frequently imaged nucleus in MRI because it is present in biological tissues in great abundance, and because its high gyromagnetic ratio gives a strong signal. However, any nucleus with a net nuclear spin could potentially be imaged with MRI. Such nuclei include helium-3, lithium-7, carbon-13, fluorine-19, oxygen-17, sodium-23, phosphorus-31 and xenon-129. Na and P are naturally abundant in the body, so they can be imaged directly. Gaseous isotopes such as He or Xe must be hyperpolarized and then inhaled as their nuclear density is too low to yield a useful signal under normal conditions. O and F can be administered in sufficient quantities in liquid form (e.g. O-water) that hyperpolarization is not a necessity. Using helium or xenon has the advantage of reduced background noise, and therefore increased contrast for the image itself, because these elements are not normally present in biological tissues.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: Moreover, the nucleus of any atom that has a net nuclear spin and that is bonded to a hydrogen atom could potentially be imaged via heteronuclear magnetization transfer MRI that would image the high-gyromagnetic-ratio hydrogen nucleus instead of the low-gyromagnetic-ratio nucleus that is bonded to the hydrogen atom. In principle, heteronuclear magnetization transfer MRI could be used to detect the presence or absence of specific chemical bonds.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: Multinuclear imaging is primarily a research technique at present. However, potential applications include functional imaging and imaging of organs poorly seen on H MRI (e.g., lungs and bones) or as alternative contrast agents. Inhaled hyperpolarized He can be used to image the distribution of air spaces within the lungs. Injectable solutions containing C or stabilized bubbles of hyperpolarized Xe have been studied as contrast agents for angiography and perfusion imaging. P can potentially provide information on bone density and structure, as well as functional imaging of the brain. Multinuclear imaging holds the potential to chart the distribution of lithium in the human brain, this element finding use as an important drug for those with conditions such as bipolar disorder.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: MRI has the advantages of having very high spatial resolution and is very adept at morphological imaging and functional imaging. MRI does have several disadvantages though. First, MRI has a sensitivity of around 10 mol/L to 10 mol/L, which, compared to other types of imaging, can be very limiting. This problem stems from the fact that the population difference between the nuclear spin states is very small at room temperature. For example, at 1.5 teslas, a typical field strength for clinical MRI, the difference between high and low energy states is approximately 9 molecules per 2 million. Improvements to increase MR sensitivity include increasing magnetic field strength and hyperpolarization via optical pumping or dynamic nuclear polarization. There are also a variety of signal amplification schemes based on chemical exchange that increase sensitivity.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: To achieve molecular imaging of disease biomarkers using MRI, targeted MRI contrast agents with high specificity and high relaxivity (sensitivity) are required. To date, many studies have been devoted to developing targeted-MRI contrast agents to achieve molecular imaging by MRI. Commonly, peptides, antibodies, or small ligands, and small protein domains, such as HER-2 affibodies, have been applied to achieve targeting. To enhance the sensitivity of the contrast agents, these targeting moieties are usually linked to high payload MRI contrast agents or MRI contrast agents with high relaxivities. A new class of gene targeting MR contrast agents has been introduced to show gene action of unique mRNA and gene transcription factor proteins. These new contrast agents can trace cells with unique mRNA, microRNA and virus; tissue response to inflammation in living brains. The MR reports change in gene expression with positive correlation to TaqMan analysis, optical and electron microscopy.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: It takes time to gather MRI data using sequential applications of magnetic field gradients. Even for the most streamlined of MRI sequences, there are physical and physiologic limits to the rate of gradient switching. Parallel MRI circumvents these limits by gathering some portion of the data simultaneously, rather than in a traditional sequential fashion. This is accomplished using arrays of radiofrequency (RF) detector coils, each with a different 'view' of the body. A reduced set of gradient steps is applied, and the remaining spatial information is filled in by combining signals from various coils, based on their known spatial sensitivity patterns. The resulting acceleration is limited by the number of coils and by the signal to noise ratio (which decreases with increasing acceleration), but two- to four-fold accelerations may commonly be achieved with suitable coil array configurations, and substantially higher accelerations have been demonstrated with specialized coil arrays. Parallel MRI may be used with most MRI sequences.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: After a number of early suggestions for using arrays of detectors to accelerate imaging went largely unremarked in the MRI field, parallel imaging saw widespread development and application following the introduction of the SiMultaneous Acquisition of Spatial Harmonics (SMASH) technique in 1996–7. The SENSitivity Encoding (SENSE) and Generalized Autocalibrating Partially Parallel Acquisitions (GRAPPA) techniques are the parallel imaging methods in most common use today. The advent of parallel MRI resulted in extensive research and development in image reconstruction and RF coil design, as well as in a rapid expansion of the number of receiver channels available on commercial MR systems. Parallel MRI is now used routinely for MRI examinations in a wide range of body areas and clinical or research applications.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: Most MRI focuses on qualitative interpretation of MR data by acquiring spatial maps of relative variations in signal strength which are "weighted" by certain parameters.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: Quantitative methods instead attempt to determine spatial maps of accurate tissue relaxometry parameter values or magnetic field, or to measure the size of certain spatial features.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: Quantitative MRI aims to increase the reproducibility of MR images and interpretations, but has historically require longer scan times.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: Quantitative MRI (or qMRI) sometimes more specifically refers to multi-parametric quantitative MRI, the mapping of multiple tissue relaxometry parameters in a single imaging session.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: Efforts to make multi-parametric quantitative MRI faster have produced sequences which map multiple parameters simultaneously, either by building separate encoding methods for each parameter into the sequence,


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: MRI is, in general, a safe technique, although injuries may occur as a result of failed safety procedures or human error. Contraindications to MRI include most cochlear implants and cardiac pacemakers, shrapnel, and metallic foreign bodies in the eyes. Magnetic resonance imaging in pregnancy appears to be safe, at least during the second and third trimesters if done without contrast agents. Since MRI does not use any ionizing radiation, its use is generally favored in preference to CT when either modality could yield the same information. Some patients experience claustrophobia and may require sedation or shorter MRI protocols. Amplitude and rapid switching of gradient coils during image acquisition may cause peripheral nerve stimulation.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: MRI uses powerful magnets and can therefore cause magnetic materials to move at great speeds, posing a projectile risk, and may cause fatal accidents. However, as millions of MRIs are performed globally each year, fatalities are extremely rare.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: Medical societies issue guidelines for when physicians should use MRI on patients and recommend against overuse. MRI can detect health problems or confirm a diagnosis, but medical societies often recommend that MRI not be the first procedure for creating a plan to diagnose or manage a patient's complaint. A common case is to use MRI to seek a cause of low back pain; the American College of Physicians, for example, recommends against this procedure as unlikely to result in a positive outcome for the patient.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: An MRI artifact is a visual artifact, that is, an anomaly during visual representation. Many different artifacts can occur during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), some affecting the diagnostic quality, while others may be confused with pathology. Artifacts can be classified as patient-related, signal processing-dependent and hardware (machine)-related.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: MRI is used industrially mainly for routine analysis of chemicals. The nuclear magnetic resonance technique is also used, for example, to measure the ratio between water and fat in foods, monitoring of flow of corrosive fluids in pipes, or to study molecular structures such as catalysts.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: Being non-invasive and non-damaging, MRI can be used to study the anatomy of plants, their water transportation processes and water balance. It is also applied to veterinary radiology for diagnostic purposes. Outside this, its use in zoology is limited due to the high cost; but it can be used on many species.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: Forensic imaging provides graphic documentation of an autopsy, which manual autopsy does not. CT scanning provides quick whole-body imaging of skeletal and parenchymal alterations, whereas MRI imaging gives better representation of soft tissue pathology. But MRI is more expensive, and more time-consuming to utilize. Moreover, the quality of MR imaging deteriorates below 10 °C.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: In 1971 at Stony Brook University, Paul Lauterbur applied magnetic field gradients in all three dimensions and a back-projection technique to create NMR images. He published the first images of two tubes of water in 1973 in the journal "Nature", followed by the picture of a living animal, a clam, and in 1974 by the image of the thoracic cavity of a mouse. Lauterbur called his imaging method zeugmatography, a term which was replaced by (N)MR imaging. In the late 1970s, physicists Peter Mansfield and Paul Lauterbur developed MRI-related techniques, like the echo-planar imaging (EPI) technique.


title: Magnetic resonance imaging

text: Advances in semiconductor technology were crucial to the development of practical MRI, which requires a large amount of computational power. This was made possible by the rapidly increasing number of transistors on a single integrated circuit chip. Mansfield and Lauterbur were awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their "discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging".


title: Eli Roth

text: Eli Raphael Roth (born April 18, 1972) is an American film director, screenwriter, producer, and actor. As a director and producer, he is most closely associated with the horror genre, having directed the films "Cabin Fever" (2003) and "Hostel" (2005).


title: Eli Roth

text: Roth continued to work in the horror genre, directing the films "" (2007) and "The Green Inferno" (2013). He also expanded into other genres, directing the erotic thriller film "Knock Knock" (2015) and the action film "Death Wish" (2018), a remake of the 1974 original. Also in 2018, he directed the fantasy comedy film "The House with a Clock in Its Walls", his first PG-rated film and his highest domestic grosser to date.


title: Eli Roth

text: As an actor, Roth starred as Donny "The Bear Jew" Donowitz in Quentin Tarantino's war film "Inglourious Basterds" (2009), for which he received a Critic's Choice Movie Award and a SAG Award as part of the ensemble.


title: Eli Roth

text: Many journalists have included him in a group of filmmakers dubbed the Splat Pack for their explicitly violent and controversially bloody horror films. In 2013, Roth received the Visionary Award for his contributions to horror at the Stanley Film Festival.


title: Eli Roth

text: Roth was born the middle of three sons in Newton, Massachusetts, to Sheldon Roth, a psychiatrist/psychoanalyst and clinical professor at Harvard Medical School, and Cora Roth, a painter. He has an older brother, Adam (born May 1970), and a younger brother, Gabriel (born December 1974). Roth was raised Jewish (his family were Jewish emigrants from Austria, Hungary, Russia, and Poland). In addition to English, he speaks French, Italian, and basic Russian.


title: Eli Roth

text: Roth began shooting films at the age of eight, after watching Ridley Scott's "Alien" (1979). He and his brothers, Adam and Gabriel, made more than 100 short films before he graduated from Newton South High School and attended film school (the Tisch School of the Arts) at New York University. To fund his films while in college, Roth worked as an online cybersex operator for "Penthouse Magazine", posing as a woman, as well as a production assistant on feature films. Roth also ran the office of producer Frederick Zollo, leaving after graduation to devote himself to writing full-time. He collected unemployment and found work on Howard Stern's "Private Parts" as Stern's assistant, staying at Silvercup Studios in Queens at night working on his scripts while Stern slept.


title: Eli Roth

text: Actress Camryn Manheim gave Roth one of his first Hollywood jobs, as an extra on "The Practice", when he moved to Los Angeles. Roth would stay in Manheim's dressing room, working on his scripts, while she filmed the show. The two had become friends in New York, while Roth was working for Zollo. Roth also met Manheim's cousin Howie Nuchow (former EVP of Mandalay Sports Entertainment and also from the Boston area) at her family Passover seder—this led to Roth's first animation project, "Chowdaheads", the following year. Roth also co-wrote a project called "The Extra" with Manheim, who later sold the pitch to producer (and former CEO and Chairman of Fox Studios) Bill Mechanic's Pandemonium company.


title: Eli Roth

text: At NYU film school, Roth wrote and directed a student film called "Restaurant Dogs," an homage to Quentin Tarantino's "Reservoir Dogs". The film was nominated for a Student Academy Award in 1995, ultimately winning its division (Division III).


title: Eli Roth

text: Through his internship with Frederick Zollo, Roth met David Lynch and remained in touch over the years, eventually producing content for Lynch with his fledgling website in the late 1990s. Through Lynch, Roth met film and TV composer Angelo Badalamenti, whose music he used in his first feature film. He also met a member of special effects company KNB EFX, which contributed to his first feature.


title: Eli Roth

text: In 1999, Roth moved to Los Angeles, where he wrote, directed, edited, produced, animated, and provided voices for a series of animated shorts called "Chowdaheads" for Mandalay Sports Entertainment. They were to be shown between "WCW Monday Nitro" pro wrestling matches, but they were finished but never actually broadcast. Roth's friend Noah Belson co-wrote the shorts and provided the other character voices.


title: Eli Roth

text: In mid-2000, with financing from the website Z.com to deliver a five-minute pilot, Roth wrote, directed, animated, and produced a series of stop-motion shorts called "The Rotten Fruit". The company folded after several episodes were done, and its domain name was picked up by Nissan for its "Z" sports car. A portion of Roth's work for "The Rotten Fruit" was done at the Snake Pit studios in Burbank with miniature sets, posable clay, foam figures, two high-end digital still cameras, and a pair of Macintosh computers. Noah Belson co-wrote and performed character voices.


title: Eli Roth

text: Roth had co-written "Cabin Fever" with his college roommate Randy Pearlstein. They based the premise on Roth's experience of contracting a skin infection while riding ponies at a family friend's farm in Iceland in 1991. Much of it was written in 1996, while Roth worked as a production assistant for Howard Stern's film "Private Parts".


title: Eli Roth

text: "Cabin Fever" was produced in 2001 on a budget of $1.5 million raised from private investors. The film was sold to Lionsgate at the 2002 Toronto International Film Festival for $3.5 million, the biggest sale of that year's festival. Released in 2003, it was Lionsgate's highest-grossing film of the year, earning $22 million at the U.S. box office and $35 million worldwide. Lionsgate's stock rose from $1.98 a share to nearly $6 a share after the film was released; the company used its newly valuable stock to buy Artisan Entertainment. "Cabin Fever" made Roth a star in the horror genre. In a 2004 "Premiere Magazine" interview, Quentin Tarantino called it "the best new American film".


title: Eli Roth

text: In 2005, Roth's second feature, "Hostel", was made for just over $4 million. It opened No. 1 at the box office in January 2006, taking in $20 million its first weekend. The film went on to gross $80 million worldwide in box office, and more than $180 million on DVD. Although the story is set in Slovakia, all the exteriors were shot in the Czech Republic.


title: Eli Roth

text: In the film, three friends are lured to visit a hostel where they think their sexual fantasies will come true. Instead, they fall into the clutches of an international syndicate that provides first-hand torture and killing experiences for rich, sadistic tourists. The film was rated No. 1 on Bravo TV's "30 Even Scarier Movie Moments", and "Empire Magazine" readers voted "Hostel" the Best Horror Film of 2007.


title: Eli Roth

text: Roth reportedly turned down studio directing jobs to make "Hostel". He took a directing salary of only $10,000 to keep the budget as low as possible, so there would be no limits set on its violence. In January 2006, film critic David Edelstein in "New York" magazine credited Roth with creating the horror subgenre "torture porn", or "gorno", using excessive violence to excite audiences like a sexual act.


title: Eli Roth

text: In 2007, Roth directed and narrated the faux trailer segment "Thanksgiving" for "Grindhouse" and appeared in "Death Proof", Tarantino's segment of the film. Roth and co-writer Jeff Rendell won a 2007 Spike TV Scream Award for best "screamplay" for their work in "Grindhouse," sharing the honor with Tarantino, Robert Rodriguez, Rob Zombie, and Edgar Wright.


title: Eli Roth

text: "" opened in sixth place in June 2007, with $8.2 million; it went on to gross $17.6 million in US theaters. The film, which cost $10.2 million, earned $35 million in theaters worldwide and $50 million on DVD and pay television.


title: Eli Roth

text: Lionsgate attributed the lower grosses to the summer release, opposite blockbusters such as "Shrek the Third", "", and "Ocean's Thirteen", as well as the film's workprint having been leaked online before its release. Close to two million illegal workprint downloads were tracked the day "Hostel 2" opened.


title: Eli Roth

text: "Hostel: Part II" was nominated for six Spike TV Scream Awards, including best horror film and best director. It was on "Entertainment Weekly"'s list of the 20 best horror films of the past 20 years.


title: Eli Roth

text: In 2009, while acting in "Inglourious Basterds", Roth said that he would soon begin his next film, "Endangered Species".


title: Eli Roth

text: In a 2013 interview with "The Guardian", Roth indicated that he had suspended work on "Endangered Species" to focus on 2013's "The Green Inferno".


title: Eli Roth

text: Roth directed the cannibal horror film "The Green Inferno" (2013), which was inspired by his love of Mondo horror films such as the infamous "Cannibal Holocaust". "The Green Inferno" was criticized for its portrayal of indigenous people as cannibals, and it was described as a "new low in racist film making" by "People's World."


title: Eli Roth

text: Roth's 2018 remake of the film "Death Wish" opened to $13 million at the box office. The film is centered around a trauma surgeon who turns to vigilantism after his family is attacked. The film was panned by critics as "pro-gun propaganda" and ill-timed in the wake of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting. Roth defended the film, stating that the film was not pro-gun and that he wanted the film to focus on family, protecting one's family, and seeking justice for one's family.


title: Eli Roth

text: In 2002, Roth brought a shot-for-shot remake of "Raiders of the Lost Ark" made by children to the attention of both Harry Knowles and Steven Spielberg. He had a copy in his video collection for years, and showed it at Knowles's Butt-Numb-A-Thon film festival in December. The response was so great that Roth took the tape to his first meeting at DreamWorks to give to Spielberg. An executive called the next week saying that Spielberg loved it and wanted to contact the filmmakers. Roth had never met them, but Google-searched every name in the credits until he found Jayson Lamb, the cinematographer. The three filmmakers—Lamb, Chris Strompolis, and Eric Zala (a former Activision employee)—had not spoken to each other in years when Roth contacted them. Roth, feeling that their film was so powerful he had to do whatever he could to make sure fans saw it, introduced it at its premiere at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in May 2008, five and a half years after he first gave the tape to Knowles. Soon, the three reunited friends were touring the world, doing charity screenings.


title: Eli Roth

text: In March 2006, Dimension Films bought the rights to "Cell" by Stephen King and would produce a film to be directed by Roth. In 2009, King finished the screenplay, and actors John Cusack and Samuel L. Jackson joined the project; however, Roth did not direct.


title: Eli Roth

text: Through his company, Arcade, with Eric Newman and Strike producer Marc Abraham, Roth produced the horror film "The Last Exorcism", (originally titled "Cotton") which was directed by Daniel Stamm. Completed in December 2009 and retitled in February 2010, "The Last Exorcism" cost $1.5 million to produce. It opened at more than $20 million in U.S. sales, and earned No. #1 opening spots in Canada and the UK. The film had paid for itself when rights in a few foreign territories were sold before shooting began. It earned over $40 million box office in the United States, and $70 million worldwide.


title: Eli Roth

text: Roth has talked of doing "Trailer Trash", another compilation of fake trailers. ""Trailer Trash" is not a horror film," he said; "it's a comedy. It will be very R-rated and completely insane, and I'm producing it with Mike Fleiss".


title: Eli Roth

text: He has also produced the 2012 kung fu film "The Man with the Iron Fists", written, directed, and scored by RZA who also stars in the film. According to Roth, Tarantino is involved as well. In an interview with "CHUD", Roth said:


title: Eli Roth

text: In 2014, Roth produced the American supernatural horror film "Clown" and had the minor role of "Frowny the Clown." He next helmed "Knock Knock" (2015), a remake of the 1977 horror-thriller "Death Game", about two young women who seduce a married man and then do unspeakable things to him. Keanu Reeves starred and executive produced.


title: Eli Roth

text: In 2015, Roth was announced as the director of the adaptation of the best-selling shark novel "", eventually called "The Meg". In 2016, it was announced that he had left the project due to creative differences.


title: Eli Roth

text: In 2020, it was announced that Roth would direct an adaptation of the "Borderlands" games, with Craig Mazin penning the screenplay with Roth.


title: Eli Roth

text: Roth recorded an audio commentary for Troma's 1997 DVD release of "Blood Sucking Freaks" four years before directing his first film, billed as a "Blood and Guts Expert". The DVD is one of Troma's highest-selling.


title: Eli Roth

text: Roth is a frequent contributor to DVD "extras" content (liner notes, video commentary) for horror film distributors Grindhouse Releasing/Box Office Spectaculars, particularly for two of his favorite films Juan Piquer Simón's "Pieces" and the North American DVD release of Lucio Fulci's "Cat in the Brain".


title: Eli Roth

text: Roth began his professional acting career in 1998 and has been known to play parts in the films he produces. Roth's most notable appearance to date is his role as violent Bostonian soldier Donny "The Bear Jew" Donowitz in the 2009 Quentin Tarantino film "Inglourious Basterds."


title: Eli Roth

text: Roth's role in Quentin Tarantino's segment of the 2007 film "Grindhouse, Death Proof", came about because Tarantino was impressed by Roth's brief part as Justin in "Cabin Fever". Roth—who left pre-production on "Hostel: Part II" in Prague and flew to Austin, Texas, to film the scene at the Texas Chili Parlor—said that working as an actor for Tarantino is "like taking a master class in directing". He quipped that the only directors he would ever act for are people who have won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival.


title: Eli Roth

text: Outside of these films and his own, Roth has appeared in a cameo role as a contest emcee in Alexandre Aja's 2010 film "Piranha 3D" and in the 2012 musical film "Rock of Ages", among others. Roth has also appeared in several projects that David Lynch directed for his website davidlynch.com.


title: Eli Roth

text: Roth hosted and executive-produced an episode of Discovery Channel's TV series "Curiosity", titled "How Evil Are You?". The episode explored the scientific aspects of evil, with Roth undergoing a brain scan and DNA sequencing at University of California, Davis with neuropsychiatrist Dr. James Fallon. Roth also re-created the infamous Milgram experiments for the documentary, with results identical to those from 50 years earlier.


title: Eli Roth

text: Roth directed the pilot of "Hemlock Grove", a horror/thriller series, that premiered on Netflix on April 19, 2013.


title: Eli Roth

text: In 2009, Roth wrote, directed, and acted in a PSA for People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) about the link between violence against animals and violence against people. Roth won a Telly Award for his spot (Public Service Category: Bronze).


title: Eli Roth

text: Roth is a curator of the Museum of Pop Culture's exhibit "Can't Look Away", detailing the history of horror. He was selected, along with directors John Landis and Roger Corman, to represent three generations of film directors who have shaped the genre. The installation opened in September 2011 and ran through 2014.


title: Eli Roth

text: In September 2012, he opened a haunted house, Eli Roth's Goretorium, in Las Vegas. Haunted Desert LLC, which owns Goretorium, filed for bankruptcy protection in July 2013, and the attraction closed in October.


title: Eli Roth

text: Roth directed the music video for Snoop Lion's lead single "La La La" from his reggae-genre album "Reincarnated", which was released on April 23, 2013.


title: Eli Roth

text: In 2015, Roth partnered with Jack Davis to launch Crypt TV, a digital company focused on short-form horror content.


title: Eli Roth

text: In 2021, Roth invested in Jomboy Media, a digital media company that produces content focused on sports and pop culture.


title: Eli Roth

text: "Men's Fitness" magazine voted Roth "Most Fit Director" in their July 2006 issue, a title Roth takes very seriously. He follows a strict workout routine, which he documents on the "Hostel" DVDs. Roth claims that he treats every red carpet like a Milan runway, and he often jokes that he makes films only as a way to live out his lifelong dream of being a male supermodel. He spoke of his love for fashion in his interview in the October 2007 issue of Italian "Vogue".


title: Eli Roth

text: Roth was profiled on the G4 TV show "Icons" and was on the cover of "Forbes" magazine's "Hollywood's Most Profitable Stars" issue.


title: Eli Roth

text: Roth married Chilean actress and model Lorenza Izzo in November 2014, on the beach of the Chilean town Zapallar. The couple announced their separation in July 2018. Their divorce was finalized in August 2019.


title: IPad Pro

text: The iPad Pro is a premium model of Apple's iPad tablet computer. It runs iPadOS, a tablet-optimized version of the iOS operating system.


title: IPad Pro

text: The original iPad Pro was introduced in September 2015, and ran iOS 9. The second-generation iPad Pro, unveiled in June 2017, had an upgraded A10X Fusion chip and a larger 10.5-inch display. The third-generation iPad Pro, announced in October 2018, eliminated the home button, and featured an 11-inch display and Face ID. The fourth-generation iPad Pro, introduced in March 2020, included the A12Z chip, and added support for the Magic Keyboard. The fifth-generation iPad Pro, announced in April 2021, incorporated a desktop-class M1 chip, making it the first iPad model to not use an A-series processor. The sixth- and current-generation iPad Pro, introduced in October 2022, includes the M2 chip, Apple Pencil Hover, and ProRes video.


title: IPad Pro

text: The first generation of iPad Pro came in two sizes: 12.9-inch and 9.7-inch. The 12.9-inch version was announced on September 9, 2015 and released on November 11, 2015. It is larger than all previous iPad models, was the first iPad to feature LPDDR4 RAM, and originally shipped with iOS 9.1. The 9.7-inch iPad Pro was announced on March 21, 2016 and released on March 31 that same year. It was based on the form factor of the iPad Air 2 and originally shipped with iOS 9.3.


title: IPad Pro

text: On June 5, 2017, the second generation iPad Pro was announced, which features A10X Fusion processors, with storage options of 64 GB, 256 GB, and 512 GB. Upgraded displays include a 10.5-inch version to replace the 9.7-inch model, while the 12.9-inch version was refreshed. Both sizes employed refresh rates up to 120 Hz, better HDR and TrueTone white balancing. Following this announcement, both models of the first-generation iPad Pro were discontinued. The iPad 10.5-inch and the Gen 2 iPad 12.9-inch were the last iPad Pro models with Home Button.


title: IPad Pro

text: The third generation of iPad Pro was announced on October 30, 2018, and was made available in two screen sizes: and . They feature full-screen displays, with the 11-inch model replacing the 10.5-inch model of the previous generation. They also feature up to 1 TB of storage and Face ID using a sensor array on the top bezel which, unlike iPhone models featuring Face ID, can unlock the iPad in any orientation. The home button was completely removed in favor of a larger display. Due to having an all-screen design, these devices are the first iPads to lack a physical button on the front. These are also the first iPad Pro models to come with USB-C connector replacing Apple's Lightning connector. It launched with a Smart Keyboard Folio (sold separately), but also supports the Magic Keyboard with a trackpad launched in early 2020.


title: IPad Pro

text: The fourth generation of iPad Pro was announced on March 18, 2020, with the same screen sizes of the previous generation. It offers a redesigned camera module, an A12Z processor, 128 GB minimum storage, LiDAR Scanner (<5m distance), and support for the Magic Keyboard with a trackpad that is sold separately.


title: IPad Pro

text: The fifth generation of iPad Pro was announced on April 20, 2021, with the same design and screen sizes as the previous generation. It includes the Apple M1 chip, 5G connectivity, Thunderbolt 3/USB 4 connectivity (up to 40 Gbit/s), external display output up to 6K resolution, 8 or 16 GB of RAM, and on the 12.9" variant, an XDR display with mini-LEDs marketed as "Liquid Retina XDR".


title: IPad Pro

text: The sixth generation iPad Pro was announced on October 18, 2022 along with the iPad (10th generation). They use the same design as the previous 3 generations. It includes an Apple M2 chip, Apple Pencil Hover (a feature that allows the display to detect the Apple Pencil up to 12mm above), and ProRes video.


title: IPad Pro

text: There are three primary accessories made specifically for iPad Pro, all of which are sold separately: an active bluetooth tracking stylus, Apple Pencil; an attachable keyboard, Smart Keyboard; and a form-fitted silicone case that is compatible with the Smart Keyboard. Additionally, with the inclusion of a USB-C connector in the third-generation and newer iPad Pro, it is now possible to connect to other displays and devices, and to charge other devices with the iPad Pro.


title: IPad Pro

text: Smart Keyboard docks are specific with iPad Pro using the visible : magnetic with three pins that provides data transfer and power. The keyboard doubles as a kickstand, and is comparable to that of the competing Microsoft Surface Pro. The design of the Smart Keyboard is similar to the design of the Smart Cover accessory.


title: IPad Pro

text: The first-generation Apple Pencil is a precision stylus exclusive to the iPad Pro, iPad (2018), iPad (2019), iPad Air (2019) and iPad Mini (5th generation). The accessory is rechargeable via the Lightning port on iPad itself on the pre USB-C models. iPad Pro introduces a new display with increased responsiveness and precision over previous iPad displays with Apple Pencil support added. During the keynote, Apple demonstrated drawing, managing publication layout, and document annotation.


title: IPad Pro

text: On October 30, 2018, Apple announced an updated Pencil alongside the third generation iPad Pro. The second-generation Apple Pencil functions exclusively with the 2018 and later iPad Pro models, the iPad Air 4, and the iPad mini 6. It is similar in design and specifications to the first model, but without the detachable connector, and part of the stylus is flattened to inhibit rolling. It contains tap-sensitive zones on its sides that can be mapped to functions within apps. Custom laser engraving is available when purchased via the Apple Store online.


title: IPad Pro

text: Apple created various adapters to pair with the 2018 iPad Pro models, which are the first iPad models to come with USB-C connector replacing the proprietary Lightning connector. These adapters utilize the new USB-C connector, which allows the iPad to connect with HDMI cables, USB ports, and read SD cards. Using an HDMI cable, users can connect their iPad to another display, such as a computer, laptop, or television. The USB and SD card support allows user to transfer and save files to and from external memory storage devices.


title: IPad Pro

text: Third-party developers have taken advantage of the inclusion of USB-C connection in the third-generation iPad Pros to create other adapters, which can include several adapters in one connection. The USB-C port allows the iPad Pro to integrate with various USB-C accessories, ranging from USB-C docking stations, USB-C to USB-A generic adapter with a flash drive, ethernet, and so on. It can also charge other devices; for instance, you can plug in a USB-C to Lightning cable to charge your phone or AirPods; you can even charge one iPad with another one with the included USB-C to USB-C cable. There are also USB-C to USB-A adapters, and a USB-C to HDMI adapter to view the iPad display on your television or monitor; wired keyboards and mice also work. This is not restricted to supported/approved devices.


title: IPad Pro

text: The Magic Keyboard features the first trackpad designed for an iPad, a hinge to adjust the viewing angle and includes a USB-C port for pass-through charging. The Magic Keyboard is supported by all iPad Pro devices introduced since 2018. Though initially expected to launch in May 2020, orders shipped starting in late April 2020.


title: IPad Pro

text: The Magic Keyboard was met with mixed reviews. While providing many features which users wanted, there were some downsides to it. The Magic Keyboard provided a proper typing experience and supplied a good trackpad bundled with excellent build quality. On the downside, the added weight to the iPad Pro for this functionality, a missing function key row and a steep price, made the Magic Keyboard an accessory only for a niche market. With the launch of 5th generation of iPad Pro on 20 April 2021, a white color has also been added to the Apple Store.


title: IPad Pro

text: Despite Apple advertising the tablets as PC replacements, most reviewers noted that it could not replace a laptop running the Microsoft Windows, macOS, or Linux desktop operating systems with its current operating system.


title: IPad Pro

text: Scott Stein from "CNET" praised the faster processor and new accessories available. However, he criticized the cost of both the unit and its accessories, while noting its slightly slower processor with less RAM compared to the larger 12.9-inch model. Matt Swider from "TechRadar" complimented the easy handling, large 256 GB configuration and True Tone display, but was upset about the high starting price. Gareth Beavis gave a positive review, commending the expansive screen and audio quality but stated that the battery life could be made longer.


title: IPad Pro

text: The iPad Pro's 9.7-inch version set a record among all currently released tablets tested in color accuracy, screen reflectance, peak brightness, contrast rating in high ambient light, and smallest color variation. However, the iPad Pro 12.9-inch version tested to having better contrast ratio in the dark.


title: IPad Pro

text: Max Parker from "TrustedReviews" and Gareth Beavis from "TechRadar" both praised the 10.5-inch model's high-quality audio and performance, though both critics noted that it was expensive.


title: IPad Pro

text: Reviewing the 12.9 inch second-generation iPad Pro, Lauren Goode of "The Verge" complimented the quality camera, A10X processor and large screen size, but argued that the device could have been cheaper.


title: IPad Pro

text: The third generation iPad Pro models were praised for their better displays, slimmed bezels, the addition of Face ID and general speed as well as CPU improvements. Ben Sin from "Forbes" noted that despite the LCD screen, the 120 Hz refresh rate makes it feel more smooth. The switch to USB-C connectors received mixed reviews; external monitor support and device charging were added at the cost of extra dongles to use older cables and headphones. Some reviewers noted that although the hardware updates are great steps forward, iOS's limitations, including the lack of external storage capabilities, prevents the third generation from competing against computers. Its high prices were also criticized.


title: IPad Pro

text: iPadOS addresses the lack of external storage on supported iPads by adding support for external storage.


title: IPad Pro

text: The body has been criticized for bending and breaking easily. Users on forum boards have reported the iPad bending after a few days of use, or after carrying it around in a backpack. YouTuber Zack Nelson then published a video on his channel "JerryRigEverything" showing the device cracking and snapping in half after applying just a small amount of pressure with his hands in the center of the device. Nelson concluded that the "two weakest points [were] right dead center on either side of the iPad Pro, [and] the crack happened at the very poorly placed microphone hole and the new Apple Pencil 2 charging duct". Users reported devices already bent right out of the box, mostly cellular models. Apple responded to these reports quickly, asserting that this is normal and a non-issue, a response that has been criticized. According to Apple, the bending is a byproduct of its new manufacturing process. Apple has added a support page relating to these issues.


title: IPad Pro

text: The 2020 model of the iPad Pro was seen as a minor enhancement amongst technical reviewers. The LIDAR sensor which Apple added for increased AR capability was touted as a feature only a handful of customers will use. The new camera setup in the 2020 model was noted for providing good image quality. The addition in RAM and change in storage options were welcomed, but the 2020 model was sometimes seen as "overkill".


title: IPad Pro

text: The 2021 models had a vast range of reviews feeling that the already powerful processor was made excessively powerful, stating that the processor wasn't being taken advantage of due to iPadOS still being considered too limiting and not having professional apps from macOS. Camera placement has been criticized for video conferencing. The Verge has criticized that they should have had multiuser support like the Mac but they gave positive reviews to the Mini-LED and cameras.


title: IPad Pro

text: Despite having 8 and 16 gigabytes of RAM, iPadOS only initially allowed 5 gigabytes for apps, but this was changed in iPadOS 15.


title: Shanna Moakler

text: Shanna Lynn Moakler (; born March 28, 1975) is an American model, actress, and reality television star. She was the winner of the Miss New York USA pageant in 1995 and was the first runner-up at Miss USA 1995. After winner Chelsi Smith won the Miss Universe 1995 pageant, Moakler succeeded her as Miss USA. Moakler began modeling at age 15. She was chosen as a Playmate of the Month for "Playboy" magazine in December 2001.


title: Shanna Moakler

text: Moakler eventually branched out into an acting career, appearing as a regular for two seasons on the USA Network television series "Pacific Blue" in 1998, and in 2005 she starred as herself on the reality television series "Meet the Barkers" with her then-husband Travis Barker, drummer in the rock band Blink-182. The series aired for two seasons on MTV. She hosted E!'s "Bridalplasty" during its two-month run in 2010/2011. In January 2014, it was announced that Moakler had joined the cast of the VH1 reality series, "Hollywood Exes".


title: Shanna Moakler

text: Moakler's private life has been much discussed in the media, including her relationship with rock singer Billy Idol, Olympic champion boxer Oscar De La Hoya and Hollywood actor Dennis Quaid.


title: Shanna Moakler

text: Moakler has served as the executive producer of the Miss Nevada USA state pageant since 2012, after joining as a director in 2011, and acquired the Miss Utah USA franchise in 2018.


title: Shanna Moakler

text: Moakler, who is of German, Irish, and Portuguese descent, was born in Providence, Rhode Island. She has two older brothers and had an older sister, who died in 2012. As a child, Moakler enjoyed weekend visits to her grandfather's farm, where she could "play outdoors and be a tomboy." Moakler was a competitive roller skater for 12 years (participating in roller skating competitions analogous to ice skating competitions). She attended Barrington High School, where she claims to have been "the biggest dork." According to Moakler, she was 4-foot-11 and 75 pounds until she finally hit puberty at age 17. By the time she graduated, however, Moakler had dated the captain of the football team and was voted as best dressed. She moved to Miami after high school to pursue a modeling career. Moakler later moved to New York City and then to Los Angeles.


title: Shanna Moakler

text: Shanna Moakler, at the age of 17, represented Rhode Island in the Miss Teen USA 1992 pageant. She placed third in the preliminaries, sixth in the interview segment, and fifth in the swimsuit competition (scoring 9.115, 9.279 and 9.087 respectively). Moakler made it to the semi-finals and finished seventh overall. Moakler won the Miss Teen All American title for 1993.