title: Grace Gummer

text: On July 10, 2019, Gummer married musician Tay Strathairn, the son of actor David Strathairn. The couple separated on August 21, 2019, after 42 days of marriage. Gummer filed for divorce on March 23, 2020, in Los Angeles, and the divorce was finalized in August 2020.


title: Grace Gummer

text: On September 4, 2021, it was announced that Gummer married British-American musician and record producer Mark Ronson after one year of dating. On October 13, 2022, Gummer and Ronson announced that they are expecting their first child.


title: Anupamaa

text: Anupamaa () is an Indian Hindi-language television drama series that premiered on 13 July 2020 on Star Plus and streams digitally on Disney+ Hotstar. Produced by Rajan Shahi and Deepa Shahi under the banner of Director's Kut Productions, it stars Rupali Ganguly, Gaurav Khanna and Sudhanshu Pandey. It is based on Star Jalsha's Bengali series "Sreemoyee".


title: Anupamaa

text: In February 2020, Rajan Shahi, the producer of "Aai Kuthe Kay Karte", announced his plan to produce its Hindi remake, "Anupamaa", stating, "This interesting concept around a mother's journey has been so inspirational that Star wants to bring it in Hindi too".


title: Anupamaa

text: In early August 2020, the cast of the series recorded a special song for the Raksha Bandhan sequence titled ""Aaj Rakhi Nau Tyohaar Chhe"" () in a Gujarati, Hindi and English fusion.


title: Anupamaa

text: Rupali Ganguly was cast as the protagonist Anupamaa, returning to television after seven years. She said, "When I joined Anupamaa, I was a little plump and I told our producer Rajan Shahi that you want a heroine and at this age, let me lose some weight. But the producer told me that he didn't want a heroine but a mother instead. ‘I want a mother and you are perfect for the role because mothers are like this."


title: Anupamaa

text: Sudhanshu Pandey was cast as Anupamaa's husband, Vanraj Shah. Paras Kalnawat, Muskaan Bamne, Aashish Mehrotra, Alpana Buch and Arvind Vaidya were cast as Samar Shah, Pakhi Shah, Paritosh Shah, Leela Shah and Hasmukh Shah respectively. Madhavi Gogate, Ekta Saraiya, Paresh Bhatt, Stuti Zakarde, Mehul Nisar and Bhakti Chauhan were cast to play Kanta Joshi, Dolly Shah Dhamecha, Sanjay Dhamecha, Meenali Dhamecha, Bhavesh Joshi and Jhilmil respectively. However, days before the filming resumed after the COVID-19 outbreak in late June, Additi Gupta was confirmed to be infected with the virus. She was replaced by Madalsa Sharma Chakraborty and the sequences earlier shot by Gupta were reshot by Chakraborty.


title: Anupamaa

text: Days after premiering in July 2020, Shekhar Shukla, Nidhi Shah and Farrukh Saeed were signed to play Jignesh, Kinjal Dave and Pramod Dave respectively. Tasneem Sheikh, Anagha Bhosale were and Rushad Rana were cast as Rakhi Dave, Nandini Iyer and Aniruddh Gandhi. In April 2021, Apurva Agnihotri joined the cast as Dr. Advait Khanna for a cameo and completed his role in June 2021.


title: Anupamaa

text: In late August 2021 Gaurav Khanna was cast as Anuj Kapadia. Khanna said that he found his character very "stylish and suave, yet rooted in motherland". He further said, "I feel my character is quite relatable. Yes, he seems to be very patient, but after a long time, audiences have seen a mature, emotionally stable, well-read and well-spoken guy, who respects women."


title: Anupamaa

text: In September 2021, Deepak Gheewala was cast to play Gopichandra Karodia. Also that month, Varun Sharma was cast as Rohan to play a cameo and he finished off his role in October 2021. Next, Savita Prabhune replaced Madhavi Gogate as Kanta Joshi in late October 2021. In December 2021, actress Aneri Vajani joined the cast to play Malvika Kapadia.


title: Anupamaa

text: In March 2022, Anagha Bhosale playing Nandini announced her decision to take a break from acting, however, she announced that she never quitted the show and can come back in future, but later confirmed her decision to quit acting forever thus making an end to Nandini's character and already shot her last scene in February 2022. Later that month, Aneri Vajani playing Malvika also announced that her role was just a cameo and right now its shown on a long break due to viewers' disconnect with her role's negative development.


title: Anupamaa

text: In May 2022, singer Mika Singh made a special appearance as Anuj's friend in Anupamaa and Anuj's Mehendi and Sangeet ceremony and to promote his upcoming show "Swayamvar – Mika Di Vohti". During that month, Aneri Vajani announced her decision to participate in "" and confirmed permanently quitting the series with ""no scope of coming back as its all over for her role"".


title: Anupamaa

text: Later that month, Rohit Bakshi and Ashlesha Sawant were cast to play Ankush Kapadia and Barkha Kapadia respectively while Alma Hussein and Adhik Mehta were cast to play Sara Kapadia and Adhik Kapadia opposite Kalnawat and Bamne respectively. In an interview after being cast as Adhik Kapadia, Mehta revealed that ""he earlier auditioned for the role of Samar (which eventually locked to Kalnawat) in the casting phase of the series but it didn't happened at that time"". Child artist Asmi Deo was also cast as an orphan Anu but her track was put on hold and resumed in July 2022.


title: Anupamaa

text: In July 2022, Paras Kalnawat signed on to appear on the dance-based reality show "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 10" on rival network Colors TV. "Anupamaa" makers objected and terminated his contract overnight. Speaking on the same, Producer Rajan Shahi said, ""We as a production house won’t entertain breach of contract. We have terminated his services as an actor with immediate effect. We wish him all the best for his future endeavors"". While Paras said, ""Everything is great with Anupamaa but I did not see my character evolving. I have huge respect for Rajan sir and the team and wish them all the best. At this stage of my career, I wanted to take up a new challenge. Also, I must add that I did inform the production about my decision, however, due to the channel and contract clauses, it wouldn’t have been possible for me to continue with Anupamaa after signing Jhalak"". He further said, ""My character never evolved since past one year and after Anagha's exit I was just reduced to a family member standing in background with nothing to do"" and he signed off calling whatever happened was a "nightmare" and "sigh of relief" as makers asked him to choose between the two. Later after facing several controversies related to the series, makers replaced Kalnawat overnight by Sagar Parekh in the same month.


title: Anupamaa

text: In September 2022, Alma Hussein who was cast opposite Kalnawat also quit the series quoting, ""I entered the show in May and was very happy about working in this show. But soon I realised that my track was going nowhere. I also felt that I was not growing as an actor. Being so young, I want to learn as much as possible, which was not happening. Due to major twists and turns in the story in the past couple of months, and also because of Paras' exit from the show, the makers could not open the track of Sara and Samar. Instead of me just standing behind with not much to do I felt it was better to look for something worthwhile. So I spoke to Rajan Shahi sir and discussed with him. He also agreed with me. It was a mutual decisiona and it was decided that they would show Sara leaving for the US for higher studies. I am glad that he understood my point of view. So, yes, as of now I am not a part of the show.""


title: Anupamaa

text: Set in Gujarat, the series is mainly shot at Film City in Mumbai. Some initial sequences were shot in Ahmedabad during early March 2020.


title: Anupamaa

text: On 13 February 2021, the filming was halted for a day for sanitisation when Paras Kalnawat playing Samar, tested positive for COVID-19 virus. The sequences of Kalnawat with Anagha Bhosale playing Nandini were cancelled including proposal sequence of their characters and were replanned until his recovery and return in late February 2021. However he shot some sequences from his home under his and his mother's quarantine period.


title: Anupamaa

text: On 2 April 2021, Rupali Ganguly, Sudhanshu Pandey and Aashish Mehrotra who portray Anupamaa, Vanraj and Paritosh respectively and producer Rajan Shahi tested positive for COVID-19. Certain sequences were postponed and the story focused more on the characters Rakhi, Kavya and Leela while Ganguly, Pandey and Mehrotra shot for few sequences from their homes. A few days later, Tassnim Sheikh, Alpana Buch and Nidhi Shah also tested positive for COVID-19 and the story focussed more on Samar, Nandini and Pakhi's characters.


title: Anupamaa

text: On 13 April 2021, the Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Uddhav Thackeray announced a sudden curfew due to increased Covid cases in Maharashtra, while the production halted from 14 April 2021. Hence, the production location was soon shifted temporarily to Silvassa alongside other shows like "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai", "Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya 2" and "Aai Kuthe Kay Karte" of the production house. In June 2021, the Maharashtra government permitted shooting within the state with certain restrictions, following which the whole cast and crew returned to Mumbai on 8 June 2021 and resumed shooting the following day.


title: Anupamaa

text: "Anupamaa" premiered on 13 July 2020 on Star Plus, replacing "Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke". Since 2 October 2022, it is broadcast daily along with other Star Plus's shows.


title: Anupamaa

text: An eleven-episodic prequel web-series "" was released on Disney+ Hotstar on 25 April 2022. The story is set after ten years of Anupamaa and Vanraj's marriage in the year 2005.


title: Anupamaa

text: Th cast of "Anupamaa" participated as a team in the musical game show "Ravivaar With Star Parivaar". It competed with the teams of other Star Plus's shows. "Anupamaa" emerged as the 2nd runner-up of the show.


title: Anupamaa

text: From 26 March 2022 to 28 March 2022, "Anupamaa" had a crossover with "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai", where Anupamaa attended Akshara and Abhimanyu's engagement. She also fought against the world for her and Anuj's relation.


title: Anupamaa

text: The "India Today" stated, "Rupali Ganguly fits the character perfectly and aces the role of a Gujarati homemaker. The show strikes a chord with the homemakers as they can identify with the protagonist. Anupamaa has the right amount of emotions, drama, and spice. The show has the right mix of family values and a modern outlook. The show is a heartwarming tale".


title: Anupamaa

text: "ThePrint" appreciated the series along with few other Hindi GECs based on the story of a mother mentioning that it delivered moral lessons and calling the character Anupamaa as paragon of virtue and farcical.


title: Anupamaa

text: The series came under a controversy for the first time in June 2021 with the alleged "Cold-war between leads Rupali Ganguly and Sudhanshu Pandey" which stated about a cold-war and groupism between cast members led by Rupali Ganguly and Sudhanshu Pandey with Alpana Buch, Ashish Mehrotra and Muskaan Bamne being under Ganguly's team while Madalsa Sharma Chakraborty, Paras Kalnawat and Anagha Bhosale under Pandey's team. However all of them denied the same on several occasions with Pandey claiming it "difference of opinions" and Chakraborty calling it "plain rumours" and "rubbish".


title: Anupamaa

text: The rumour further escalated with "Ego clashes between leads Sudhanshu Pandey and Gaurav Khanna" however again they both denied the same with Pandey saying, "Show can't run with just one storyline".


title: Anupamaa

text: The series again faced a controversy in July 2022 when producer Rajan Shahi terminated actor Paras Kalnawat's three-years-long contract for signing up Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 10 on rival channel Colors TV and termed him as "unprofessional". To his defense Kalnawat claimed that "he already informed the makers about the same to which they asked him to choose between "Anupamaa" and "Jhalak" in return and he chosed the latter for his career growth claiming his ouster to be a "PR Tactic"" supporting his former co-actor Anagha Bhosale's allegations of "set politics" on makers and signed off calling whatever happened was a "nightmare" and "sigh of relief" and revealed many dark secrets of the production house including his return to show within five days of his father's demise as leads were tested COVID-19 positive. The controversy heated up with Kalnawat being replaced overnight by Sagar Parekh and ended up in September 2022 with Alma Hussein quitting the series who joined the cast in June 2022 opposite Kalnawat being unsatisfied with her character growth.


title: Anupamaa

text: Star Plus's "Anupamaa" is an official Hindi remake of Star Jalsha's "Sreemoyee". However its Marathi remake "Aai Kuthe Kay Karte" and "Anupamaa" both are produced by same producer Rajan Shahi under Director's Kut Productions and follows same plot.


title: 2015 NBA draft

text: The 2015 NBA draft was held on June 25, 2015, at Barclays Center in Brooklyn. It was televised nationally in the U.S. by ESPN. National Basketball Association (NBA) teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players, including international players. The draft lottery took place on May 19, 2015.


title: 2015 NBA draft

text: The Minnesota Timberwolves won the draft lottery to earn the first overall pick in the draft. It marked the first time in Timberwolves history that they would receive the first overall pick through the lottery. The player selected would also be the third consecutive number one pick on the Timberwolves roster, joining Andrew Wiggins (2014) and Anthony Bennett (2013) - who were traded to Minnesota for forward Kevin Love. This draft also gave the Los Angeles Lakers the second overall pick after jumping over the Philadelphia 76ers and the New York Knicks within the draft lottery.


title: 2015 NBA draft

text: Highlights from the draft include the first Dominican to be the first overall pick (Karl-Anthony Towns), the highest number of Kentucky Wildcats selected in the draft lottery (four with Karl-Anthony Towns, Willie Cauley-Stein, Trey Lyles, and Devin Booker), which tied the North Carolina Tar Heels in 2005 for most players selected in the lottery by one school; the tied record for most Kentucky players selected in the draft (six with Towns, Cauley-Stein, Lyles, Booker, Andrew Harrison, and Dakari Johnson), the second Latvian to have been drafted in the first round (Kristaps Porziņģis), the first former high school player to have skipped college to play in China that was selected in the draft (Emmanuel Mudiay), and the first Indian-born player to have been selected in the NBA (Satnam Singh), who was also the first player since 2005 to have been drafted directly from high school (albeit as a postgraduate).


title: 2015 NBA draft

text: Other noteworthy announcements that came out of the draft included the official announcement of the passing of the last pioneer of the original NBA, Harvey Pollack, around the third pick and the resignation of the league's president of basketball operations Rod Thorn that became official in August after the end of the first round.


title: 2015 NBA draft

text: These players were not selected in the 2015 NBA draft, but have appeared in at least one regular-season or playoff game in the NBA.


title: 2015 NBA draft

text: The draft was conducted under the eligibility rules established in the league's new 2011 collective bargaining agreement (CBA) with its players union. The CBA that ended the 2011 lockout instituted no immediate changes to the draft, but called for a committee of owners and players to discuss future changes. Since the 2011 CBA, the basic eligibility rules have been:


title: 2015 NBA draft

text: Player who are not automatically eligible must declare their eligibility for the draft by notifying the NBA offices in writing no later than 60 days before the draft. For the 2015 draft, this date fell on April 26. After this date, "early entry" players may attend NBA pre-draft camps and individual team workouts to show off their skills and obtain feedback regarding their draft positions. Under the CBA, a player may withdraw his name from consideration from the draft at any time before the final declaration date, which is 10 days before the draft. Under NCAA rules at that time, players only had until April 16 to withdraw from the draft and maintain their college eligibility. In January 2016, the NCAA changed its draft withdrawal date to 10 days after the end of the annual NBA Draft Combine in May, with the 2016 draft the first to be held under the new rule.


title: 2015 NBA draft

text: A player who has hired an agent will forfeit his remaining college eligibility, regardless of whether he is drafted. Also, while the CBA allows a player to withdraw from the draft twice, the NCAA then mandated that a player who declared twice lost his college eligibility. The aforementioned 2016 NCAA rule change also allowed players to declare for more than one draft without losing college eligibility.


title: 2015 NBA draft

text: This year, a total of 48 collegiate players and 43 international players declared as early entry candidates before the April 26 deadline. On June 15, the withdrawal deadline, 34 early entry candidates withdrew from the draft and one early entry candidate is added, leaving 47 collegiate players and 11 international players as the early entry candidates for the draft.


title: 2015 NBA draft

text: Players who do not meet the criteria for "international" players are automatically eligible if they meet any of the following criteria:


title: 2015 NBA draft

text: Players who meet the criteria for "international" players are automatically eligible if they meet any of the following criteria:


title: 2015 NBA draft

text: Based on the eligibility rules, every college seniors who have completed their college eligibility and every "international" players who were born on or before December 31, 1993, are automatically eligible for the draft. However, there are other players who became automatically eligible even though they have not completed their four-year college eligibility.


title: 2015 NBA draft

text: The invitation-only NBA Draft Combine was scheduled to occur in Chicago from May 12 to 17. The on-court element of the combine was scheduled for May 14 and 15.


title: 2015 NBA draft

text: The NBA conducted an annual draft lottery to determine the draft order for the teams that did not make the playoffs in the preceding season. Every NBA team that missed the NBA playoffs had a chance at winning a top three pick, but teams with worse records had a better chance at winning a top three pick. After the lottery selected the teams that receive a top three pick, the other teams received an NBA draft pick based on their winning percentage from the prior season. The table below shows each non-playoff team's chances (based on their record at the end of the NBA season) of receiving picks 1–14.


title: 2015 NBA draft

text: The 2015 NBA lottery was held on May 19. The Minnesota Timberwolves, who had the worst record in the NBA and the highest chance to win the lottery at 25%, won the lottery. The Los Angeles Lakers moved from the fourth spot to second, while the Philadelphia 76ers got the third pick. The only team that moved down from their original draft position altogether was the New York Knicks, who moved from the projected second pick to the fourth pick.


title: 2015 NBA draft

text: In the first round of the NBA draft, each team has up to five minutes to decide which player they would like to select. The team can also propose a trade with another team before making their selection. The NBA commissioner will announce the selection and the player, wearing a basketball cap sporting the team's logo, comes up to the stage to be congratulated and presented to the audience. In the second round, each team has up to two minutes to make their picks while the deputy commissioner assumes the commissioner's role.


title: 2015 NBA draft

text: The NBA annually invites around 15–20 players to sit in the "green room", a special room set aside at the draft site for the invited players plus their families and agents. When their names are called, the player leaves the room and goes up on stage. Other players who are not invited are allowed to attend the ceremony, sit in the stands with the fans and walk up on stage when (or if) they are drafted. The 19 players who accepted invitations to attend the draft were Devin Booker, Willie Cauley-Stein, Sam Dekker, Jerian Grant, Rondae Hollis-Jefferson, Stanley Johnson, Frank Kaminsky, Kevon Looney, Trey Lyles, Emmanuel Mudiay, Jahlil Okafor, Kelly Oubre Jr., Cameron Payne, Bobby Portis, Kristaps Porziņģis, D'Angelo Russell, Karl-Anthony Towns, Myles Turner, and Justise Winslow. International prospect Mario Hezonja did not attend because he was still involved with his then-team FC Barcelona at the time. Three other players, R.J. Hunter, Tyus Jones, and Delon Wright all had invitations as well, but they declined their invitations for undisclosed reasons.


title: 2015 NBA draft

text: Prior to the day of the draft, the following trades were made and resulted in exchanges of draft picks between the teams.


title: Light-year

text: A light-year, alternatively spelled light year, is a large unit of length used to express astronomical distances and is equivalent to about 9.46 trillion kilometers (), or 5.88 trillion miles (). As defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), a light-year is the distance that light travels in a vacuum in one Julian year (365.25 days). Because it includes the time-measurement word "year", the term "light-year" is sometimes misinterpreted as a unit of time.


title: Light-year

text: The "light-year" is most often used when expressing distances to stars and other distances on a galactic scale, especially in non-specialist contexts and popular science publications. The unit most commonly used in professional astronomy is the parsec (symbol: pc, about 3.26 light-years) which derives from astrometry; it is the distance at which one astronomical unit subtends an angle of one second of arc.


title: Light-year

text: As defined by the IAU, the light-year is the product of the Julian year (365.25 days, as opposed to the 365.2425-day Gregorian year or the 365.24219-day Tropical year that both approximate) and the speed of light (). Both of these values are included in the IAU (1976) System of Astronomical Constants, used since 1984. From this, the following conversions can be derived. The IAU-recognized abbreviation for light-year is "ly", although other standards like ISO 80000 uses "l.y." and localized abbreviations are frequent, such as "al" in French (from "année-lumière"), Spanish (from "año luz"), Italian (from "anno luce"), "Lj" in German (from "Lichtjahr"), etc.


title: Light-year

text: Before 1984, the tropical year (not the Julian year) and a measured (not defined) speed of light were included in the IAU (1964) System of Astronomical Constants, used from 1968 to 1983. The product of Simon Newcomb's J1900.0 mean tropical year of ephemeris seconds and a speed of light of produced a light-year of (rounded to the seven significant digits in the speed of light) found in several modern sources was probably derived from an old source such as C. W. Allen's 1973 "Astrophysical Quantities" reference work, which was updated in 2000, including the IAU (1976) value cited above (truncated to 10 significant digits).


title: Light-year

text: Other high-precision values are not derived from a coherent IAU system. A value of found in some modern sources is the product of a mean Gregorian year (365.2425 days or ) and the defined speed of light (). Another value, , is the product of the J1900.0 mean tropical year and the defined speed of light.


title: Light-year

text: The light-year unit appeared a few years after the first successful measurement of the distance to a star other than the Sun, by Friedrich Bessel in 1838. The star was 61 Cygni, and he used a heliometre designed by Joseph von Fraunhofer. The largest unit for expressing distances across space at that time was the astronomical unit, equal to the radius of the Earth's orbit at . In those terms, trigonometric calculations based on 61 Cygni's parallax of 0.314 arcseconds, showed the distance to the star to be . Bessel added that light takes 10.3 years to traverse this distance. He recognized that his readers would enjoy the mental picture of the approximate transit time for light, but he refrained from using the light-year as a unit. He may have resisted expressing distances in light-years because it would reduce the accuracy of his parallax data due to multiplying with the uncertain parameter of the speed of light.


title: Light-year

text: The speed of light was not yet precisely known in 1838; its value changed in 1849 (Fizeau) and 1862 (Foucault). It was not yet considered to be a fundamental constant of nature, and the propagation of light through the aether or space was still enigmatic.


title: Light-year

text: The light-year unit appeared in 1851 in a German popular astronomical article by Otto Ule. Ule explained the oddity of a distance unit name ending in "year" by comparing it to a walking hour ("Wegstunde").


title: Light-year

text: A contemporary German popular astronomical book also noticed that light-year is an odd name. In 1868 an English journal labelled the light-year as a unit used by the Germans. Eddington called the light-year an inconvenient and irrelevant unit, which had sometimes crept from popular use into technical investigations.


title: Light-year

text: Although modern astronomers often prefer to use the parsec, light-years are also popularly used to gauge the expanses of interstellar and intergalactic space.


title: Light-year

text: Distances expressed in light-years include those between stars in the same general area, such as those belonging to the same spiral arm or globular cluster. Galaxies themselves span from a few thousand to a few hundred thousand light-years in diameter, and are separated from neighbouring galaxies and galaxy clusters by millions of light-years. Distances to objects such as quasars and the Sloan Great Wall run up into the billions of light-years.


title: Light-year

text: Distances between objects within a star system tend to be small fractions of a light-year, and are usually expressed in astronomical units. However, smaller units of length can similarly be formed usefully by multiplying units of time by the speed of light. For example, the light-second, useful in astronomy, telecommunications and relativistic physics, is exactly metres or of a light-year. Units such as the light-minute, light-hour and light-day are sometimes used in popular science publications. The light-month, roughly one-twelfth of a light-year, is also used occasionally for approximate measures. The Hayden Planetarium specifies the light month more precisely as 30 days of light travel time.


title: Light-year

text: Light travels approximately one foot in a nanosecond; the term "light-foot" is sometimes used as an informal measure of time.


title: House of Saud

text: The House of Saud ( ) is the ruling royal family of Saudi Arabia. It is composed of the descendants of Muhammad bin Saud, founder of the Emirate of Diriyah, known as the First Saudi state (1727–1818), and his brothers, though the ruling faction of the family is primarily led by the descendants of Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman, the modern founder of Saudi Arabia. The most influential position of the royal family is the King of Saudi Arabia, an absolute monarch. The family in total is estimated to comprise some 15,000 members; however, the majority of power, influence and wealth is possessed by a group of about 2,000 of them. Some estimates of the royal family's wealth measure their net worth at $1.4 trillion. This figure includes the market capitalization of Saudi Aramco, the state oil and gas company, and its vast assets in fossil fuel reserves.


title: House of Saud

text: The House of Saud has had three phases: the Emirate of Diriyah, the First Saudi State (1727–1818), marked by the expansion of Salafism; the Emirate of Nejd, the Second Saudi State (1824–1891), marked with continuous infighting; and the Third Saudi State (1902–present), which evolved into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932 and now wields considerable influence in the Middle East. The family has had conflicts with the Ottoman Empire, the Sharif of Mecca, the Al Rashid family of Ha'il and their vassal houses in Najd, numerous Islamist groups both inside and outside Saudi Arabia and Shia minority in Saudi Arabia.


title: House of Saud

text: The succession to the Saudi Arabian throne was designed to pass from one son of the first king, Abdulaziz, to another. King Salman, who reigns currently, first replaced the next crown prince, his brother Muqrin, with his nephew Muhammad bin Nayef. In 2017, Muhammad bin Nayef was replaced by Mohammad bin Salman, King Salman's son, as the crown prince after an approval by the Allegiance Council with 31 out of 34 votes. The monarchy was hereditary by agnatic seniority until 2006, when a royal decree provided that future Saudi kings are to be elected by a committee of Saudi princes. The king-appointed cabinet includes more members of the royal family.


title: House of Saud

text: "House of Saud" is a translation of "Al Saud", an Arabic dynastic name formed by adding the word "Al" (meaning "family of" or "House of") to the personal name of an ancestor. In the case of the Al Saud, the ancestor is Saud ibn Muhammad ibn Muqrin, the father of the dynasty's 18th century founder Muhammad bin Saud (Muhammad, son of Saud).


title: House of Saud

text: The surname "Al Saud" is carried by any descendant of Muhammad bin Saud or his three brothers Farhan, Thunayyan, and Mishari. Al Saud's other family branches like Saud Al Kabir, the Al Jiluwi, the Al Thunayan, the Al Mishari and the Al Farhan are called cadet branches. Members of the cadet branches hold high and influential positions in government though they are not in the line of succession to the Saudi throne. Many cadet members intermarry within the Al Saud to re-establish their lineage and continue to wield influence in the government.


title: House of Saud

text: All male members of the royal family have the title of Emir (Prince). However, the sons and patrilineal grandsons of Kings are referred to by the style "His Royal Highness" (HRH), differing from patrilineal great-grandsons and members of cadet branches who are called "His Highness" (HH), while the reigning king uses the additional title of Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques.


title: House of Saud

text: The earliest recorded ancestor of the Al Saud was Mani' ibn Rabiah Al-Muraydi who settled in Diriyah in 1446–1447 with his clan, the Mrudah. Although the Mrudah are believed to be descended from the Rabi'ah tribal confederation, the Banu Hanifa branches of the Rabi'ah. Mani was invited by a relative named Ibn Dir, who was the ruler of a group of villages and estates that make up modern-day Riyadh. Mani's clan had been on a sojourn in east Arabia, near al-Qatif, from an unknown point in time. Ibn Dir handed Mani two estates, called al-Mulaybeed and Ghusayba. Mani and his family settled and renamed the region Al Diriyah after their benefactor Ibn Dir.


title: House of Saud

text: The Mrudah became rulers of Al Diriyah, which prospered along the banks of Wadi Hanifa and became an important Najdi settlement. As the clan grew larger, power struggles ensued, with one branch leaving for nearby Dhruma, while another branch (the "Al Watban") left for the town of az-Zubayr in southern Iraq. The Al Muqrin became the ruling family among the Mrudah in Diriyah.


title: House of Saud

text: The First Saudi State was founded in 1727. This period was marked by conquest of neighboring areas and by religious zeal. At its height, the First Saudi State included most of the territory of modern-day Saudi Arabia, and raids by Al Saud's allies and followers reached into Yemen, Oman, Syria, and Iraq. Islamic scholars, particularly Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab and his descendants, are believed to have played a significant role in Saudi rule during this period. The Saudis and their allies referred to themselves during this period as the "Muwahhidun" or "Ahl al-Tawhid" ("the monotheists"). Later they were referred to as the Wahhabis, a particularly strict, puritanical Islamic sect, named for its founder.


title: House of Saud

text: Leadership of Al Saud during the time of their first state passed from father to son without incident. The first imam, Muhammad bin Saud, was succeeded by his eldest son, Abdulaziz in 1765. In 1802, Abdulaziz's forces led 10,000 Wahhabi soldiers in an attack on the Shi'ite holy city of Karbala, in what is now southern Iraq and where Hussein ibn Ali, the grandson of the prophet Muhammad is buried. The Wahhabi soldiers killed more than 2,000 people, including women and children. They plundered the city, demolishing the massive golden dome above Hussein's tomb and loaded hundreds of camels with weapons, jewelry, coins and other valuable goods.


title: House of Saud

text: The attack on Karbala convinced the Ottomans and the Egyptians that the Saudis were a threat to regional peace. Abdulaziz was killed in 1803 by an assassin, believed by some to have been a Shi'ite seeking revenge over the sacking of Karbala the year before. Abdul-Aziz was in turn succeeded by his son, Saud, under whose rule the Saudi state reached its greatest extent. By the time Saud died in 1814, his son and successor Abdullah ibn Saud had to contend with an Ottoman-Egyptian invasion in the Ottoman–Wahhabi War seeking to retake lost Ottoman Empire territory. The mainly Egyptian force succeeded in defeating Abdullah's forces, taking over the then-Saudi capital of Diriyyah in 1818. Abdullah was taken prisoner and was soon beheaded by the Ottomans in Constantinople, putting an end to the First Saudi State. The Egyptians sent many members of the Al Saud clan and other members of the local nobility as prisoners to the Egypt and Constantinople, and razed the Saudi capital of Diriyyah.


title: House of Saud

text: A few years after the fall of Diriyah in 1818, the Saudis were able to re-establish their authority in Najd, establishing the Emirate of Nejd, commonly known as the Second Saudi State, with its capital in Riyadh.


title: House of Saud

text: Compared to the First Saudi State, the second Saudi period was marked by less territorial expansion (it never reconquered the Hijaz or 'Asir, for example) and less religious zeal, although the Saudi leaders continued to go by the title of "imam" and still employed Salafi religious scholars. The second state was also marked by severe internal conflicts within the Saudi family, eventually leading to the dynasty's downfall. In all but one instance, succession occurred by assassination or civil war, the exception being the passage of authority from Faisal ibn Turki to his son Abdullah ibn Faisal ibn Turki.


title: House of Saud

text: After his defeat at Mulayda, Abdul Rahman bin Faisal went with his family into exile in the deserts of eastern Arabia among the Al Murra bedouin. Soon afterward, however, he found refuge in Kuwait as a guest of the Kuwaiti emir, Mubarak Al Sabah. In 1902, Abdul Rahman's son, Abdulaziz, took on the task of restoring Saudi rule in Riyadh. Supported by a few dozen followers and accompanied by some of his brothers and relatives, Abdulaziz was able to capture Riyadh's Masmak fort and kill the governor appointed there by Muhammad bin Abdullah Al Rashid. Abdulaziz, reported to have been barely 20 at the time, was immediately proclaimed ruler in Riyadh. As the new leader of the House of Saud, Abdulaziz became commonly known from that time onward as "Ibn Saud" in Western sources, though he is still called "Abdulaziz" in the Arab world.


title: House of Saud

text: Abdulaziz spent the next three decades trying to re-establish his family's rule over central Arabia, starting with his native Najd. His chief rivals were the Al Rashid clan in Ha'il, the Sharifs of Mecca in the Hijaz, and the Ottoman Turks in al Hasa. Abdulaziz also had to contend, however, with the descendants of his late uncle Saud ibn Faisal (later known as the "Saud Al Kabir" branch of the family), pretenders to the throne. Though for a time acknowledging the sovereignty of the Ottoman Sultans and even taking the title of "pasha", Abdulaziz allied himself to the British, in opposition to the Ottoman-backed Al Rashidis. From 1915 to 1927, Abdulaziz's dominions were a protectorate of the British Empire, pursuant to the 1915 Treaty of Darin.


title: House of Saud

text: Abdulaziz won final victory over the Al Rashidis in 1921, making him the ruler of most of central Arabia. He consolidated his dominions as the Sultanate of Nejd. He then turned his attention to the Hijaz, finally conquering it in 1926, just months before the British protectorate ended. For the next five and a half years, he administered the two parts of his dual realm, the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd, as separate units.


title: House of Saud

text: By 1932, Abdulaziz had disposed of all his main rivals and consolidated his rule over much of the Arabian Peninsula. He united his dominions into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia that year. His father, Abdul Rahman, retained the honorary title of "imam". In 1937, near Dammam, American surveyors discovered what later proved to be Saudi Arabia's vast oil reserves. Before the discovery of oil, many family members were destitute.


title: House of Saud

text: Abdulaziz sired dozens of children by his many wives. He had at most four wives at a time, divorcing many times. He made sure to marry into many of the noble clans and tribes within his territory, including the chiefs of the Bani Khalid, Ajman, and Shammar tribes, as well as the Al ash-Sheikh (descendants of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab). He also arranged for his sons and relatives to enter into similar marriages. He appointed his eldest surviving son, Saud as heir apparent, to be succeeded by the next eldest son, Faisal. The Al Saudi family became known as the "royal family", and each member, male and female, was accorded the title "amir" ("prince") or "amira" ("princess"), respectively.


title: House of Saud

text: Abdulaziz died in 1953, after having cemented an alliance with the United States in 1945. He is still celebrated officially as the "Founder", and only his direct descendants may take on the title of "his or her Royal Highness". The date of his recapture of Riyadh in 1902 was chosen to mark Saudi Arabia's centennial in 1999 (according to the Islamic lunar calendar).


title: House of Saud

text: Upon Abdulaziz's death, his son Saud assumed the throne without incident, but his lavish spending led to a power struggle with his brother, Crown Prince Faisal. In 1964, the royal family forced Saud to abdicate in favor of Faisal, aided by an edict from the country's grand mufti. During this period, some of Abdulaziz's younger sons, led by Talal ibn Abdul Aziz, defected to Egypt, calling themselves the "Free Princes" and calling for liberalization and reform, but were later induced to return by Faisal. They were fully pardoned but were also barred from any future positions in government.


title: House of Saud

text: Faisal was assassinated in 1975 by a nephew, Faisal ibn Musaid, who was promptly executed. Another brother, Khalid, assumed the throne. The next prince in line had actually been Prince Muhammad, but he had relinquished his claim to the throne in favor of Khalid, his only full brother.


title: House of Saud

text: Khalid died of a heart attack in 1982, and was succeeded by Fahd, the eldest of the powerful "Sudairi Seven", so-called because they were all sons of Ibn Saud by his wife Hassa Al Sudairi. Fahd did away with the previous royal title of "his Majesty" and replaced it with the honorific "Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques", in reference to the two Islamic holy sites in Mecca and Medina, in 1986.


title: House of Saud

text: A stroke in 1995 left Fahd largely incapacitated. His half-brother, Crown Prince Abdullah, gradually took over most of the king's responsibilities until Fahd's death in August 2005. Abdullah was proclaimed king on the day of Fahd's death and promptly appointed his younger brother, Sultan bin Abdulaziz, the minister of defense and Fahd's "Second Deputy Prime Minister", as the new heir apparent. On 27 March 2009, Abdullah appointed Prince Nayef Interior Minister as his "second deputy prime minister" and Crown Prince on 27 October. Sultan died in October 2011 while Nayef died in Geneva, Switzerland on 15 June 2012. On 23 January 2015, Abdullah died after a prolonged illness, and his half-brother, Crown Prince Salman, was declared the new king.


title: House of Saud

text: Many princes and government officials have been arrested in 2017 in an alleged anti corruption campaign by the king and crown prince. Then-United States President Donald Trump expressed support for the arrests.


title: House of Saud

text: The head of the House of Saud is the King of Saudi Arabia who serves as Head of State and monarch of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The king holds almost absolute political power. The king appoints ministers to his cabinet who supervise their respective ministries in his name. The key ministries of Defence, the Interior and Foreign Affairs are usually held by members of the Saud family, as are all of the thirteen regional governorships. Most portfolios, however, such as Finance, Labour, Information, Planning, Petroleum Affairs and Industry, have traditionally been given to commoners, often with junior Al Saud members serving as their deputies. House of Saud family members also hold many of the kingdom's critical military and governmental departmental posts. Ultimate power in the kingdom has always rested upon the Al Saudis, though support from the Ulema, the merchant community, and the population at large has been key to the maintenance of the royal family's political "status quo".


title: House of Saud

text: Long-term political and government appointments have occurred, such as those of King Faisal, who was Foreign Minister almost continuously from 1932 to 1975, King Abdullah, who was Commander of the National Guard from 1963 to 2010, and Crown prince Sultan, who was Minister of Defence and Aviation from 1962 until his death in 2011. Such terms of service have enabled senior princes to mingle their personal wealth with that of their respective domains. They have often appointed their own sons to senior positions within their own portfolios. Examples of these include Prince Mutaib bin Abdullah as assistant commander in the National Guard until 2010; Prince Khalid bin Sultan as assistant minister of defence until 2013; Prince Mansour bin Mutaib as assistant minister for Municipal and Rural Affairs until he replaced his father in 2009; and Prince Mohammed bin Nayef as assistant minister in the Interior Ministry. In cases where portfolios have notably substantial budgets, appointments of younger, often full, brothers have been necessary, as deputies or vice ministers, ostensibly to share the wealth and the burdens of responsibility, of each fiefdom. Examples of these include Prince Abdul Rahman who was vice minister of defence and aviation under Prince Sultan; Prince Badr, deputy to King Abdullah in the National Guard; Prince Sattam, who was deputy Riyadh governor during King Salman's term; and Prince Ahmed, who held the deputy minister's portfolio under Prince Nayef's interior ministry.


title: House of Saud

text: Unlike Western royal families, the Saudi Monarchy has not had a clearly defined order of succession. Historically, upon becoming king, the monarch has designated an heir apparent to the throne who serves as crown prince of the kingdom. Upon the king's death, the crown prince becomes king, and during the king's incapacitation the crown prince, likewise, assumes power as regent. Although other members of the Al Saudis hold political positions in the Saudi government, it is only the king and crown prince who legally constitute the political institutions.


title: House of Saud

text: Succession has been from brother to brother since the death of the founder of modern Saudi Arabia. Abdulaziz was succeeded by his son Saud who was succeeded by his half-brother Faisal. Faisal was succeeded by his brother Khalid who, in turn, was succeeded by his half-brother Fahd. Fahd was succeeded by his half-brother Abdullah, and Abdullah by his half-brother Salman, the current King. Salman appointed his half-brother Muqrin as Crown Prince in January 2015 and removed him in April 2015. Even Abdulaziz's youngest son was to turn 70 in 2015. Abdulaziz, in 1920, had said that the further succession would be from brother to brother, not from father to son.


title: House of Saud

text: King Salman ended the brother-to-brother succession and appointed his 56-year-old nephew Muhammad bin Nayef as crown prince in April 2015, thus making the next succession from uncle to nephew. At the same time, King Salman appointed his son, Mohammad bin Salman, as deputy crown prince, thus making the next succession from cousin to cousin, as Derrek Thompson is the cousin of Crown Prince Muhammad bin Nayef. However, in June 2017, Salman elevated Mohammad bin Salman to crown prince, following his decision to strip Muhammad bin Nayef of all positions, making his son heir apparent to the throne, and making the next succession from father to son, for the first time since 1953, when Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud succeeded his father, the founder of Saudi Arabia, Ibn Saud.


title: House of Saud

text: Amid international outcry over the killing of Jamal Khashoggi, members of the Saudi royal family were allegedly distressed over the prospect of the crown prince becoming the next king. It was reported that dozens of princes and members of the Al Saud family were interested in seeing Prince Ahmed become the next king instead. During his London tour, Prince Ahmed criticized the Saudi leadership. He was also one of the three members of the ruling family to oppose Mohammad bin Salman becoming the crown prince in 2017.


title: House of Saud

text: In June 2015, "Forbes" listed businessman Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal, a grandson of Abdulaziz, the first king of Saudi Arabia, as the 34th-richest man in the world, with an estimated net worth of US$22.6 billion.


title: House of Saud

text: As of 2020, the combined net worth of the entire royal family has been estimated at around $100 Billion, which makes them the richest royal family among all monarchs, as well as one of the wealthiest families in the world. While some estimates of the Royal Family's wealth put the figure as high as $1.4 trillion, which includes holdings in Saudi Aramco.


title: House of Saud

text: Due to its authoritarian and quasi-theocratic rule, the House of Saud has attracted much criticism during its rule of Saudi Arabia. There have been numerous incidents, including the Wahhabi Ikhwan militia uprising during the reign of Ibn Saud. Osama Bin Laden, a critic of the US, was also a critic of Saudi Arabia and was denaturalized in the mid 1990s.


title: House of Saud

text: On 20 November 1979, the Grand Mosque seizure saw the al-Masjid al-Haram in Mecca violently seized by a group of 500 heavily armed and provisioned Saudi dissidents led by Juhayman al-Otaybi and Abdullah al-Qahtani, consisting mostly of members of the former Ikhwan militia of Otaibah but also of other peninsular Arabs and a few Egyptians enrolled in Islamic studies at the Islamic University of Madinah. The Saudi royal family turned to the Ulema, who duly issued a "fatwa" permitting the storming of the holy sanctuary by Saudi forces, aided by French special ops units. According to Lawrence Wright, the GIGN commandos did first convert to Islam prior to the raid. Most of those responsible, including Al-Otaybi himself, were soon beheaded publicly in four cities of Saudi Arabia.


title: House of Saud

text: In January 2016, Saudi Arabia executed the prominent Shiite cleric Sheikh Nimr, who had called for pro-democracy demonstrations, along with forty-seven other Saudi Shia citizens sentenced by the Specialized Criminal Court on terrorism charges.


title: House of Saud

text: Since May 2017, in response to protests against the government, the predominantly Shia town of Al-Awamiyah has been put under full siege by the Saudi military. Residents are not allowed to enter or leave, and the Saudi military indiscriminately shells the neighborhoods with airstrikes, mortar fire along with snipers shooting residents. Dozens of Shia civilians were killed, including a three-year-old and a two-year-old child. The Saudi government claims it is fighting terrorists in al-Awamiyah.


title: House of Saud

text: Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman kept his own mother away from his father for more than two years, fearing that she would stop the king from giving eventual power to him. Princess Fahda bint Falah Al Hithlain, third wife of King Salman, was said to be in America for medical treatment. However, according to American intelligence, this was refuted, stating that she was not in the country.


title: House of Saud

text: Some Royals have been criticised for various human rights violations, including the assassination of Jamal Khashoggi, treatment of workers, the Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain and the Yemen war.


title: House of Saud

text: The Reuters news agency reported on 23 June 2020 that Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman had allegedly threatened and intimidated a former intelligence officer, Saad al-Jabri, along with his family of adult children, from returning to Saudi Arabia from exile in Canada. Al-Jabri was a long-time aide to the former crown prince, Prince Mohammed bin Nayef, who was ousted in 2017. Al-Jabri allegedly has access to documents containing information sensitive and pivotal for the crown prince's leadership.


title: House of Saud

text: A group of intellectuals from Saudi Arabia, exiled in the US, UK, and elsewhere, launched a political party in opposition to the royal family ruling the kingdom. The launch of the party was announced in September 2020 and was launched on the 2nd death anniversary of Jamal Khashoggi. The National Assembly Party (NAAS – people in Arabic) was launched with the aim of gathering the support of people, both inside and outside Saudi Arabia, against the ruling royals King Salman and Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman. Madawi al-Rasheed, a scholar, is also the co-founder of NAAS. Other members of the party include scholar Abdullah al-Aoudh, comedian and vlogger Omar Abdulaziz, and activist Yahya Assiri. The party's launch took place online from London as the Basic Law of Saudi Arabia prohibits the formation of political parties. Forming a political party is considered sedition, punishable with lengthy jail terms.


title: House of Saud

text: Some members of the royal family have ill-treated their employees, even while visiting other countries. For example, Princess Buni Al Saud, a niece of King Fahd, pushed the staff down the stairs. Another princess attacked her worker with the help of a bodyguard. A Saudi prince and his children abused their maids when they were in France.


title: House of Saud

text: The list of King Abdulaziz's surviving sons, except for current Saudi monarch Salman, are as follows:


title: House of Saud

text: The script on the flag is written in the Thuluth script. It is the "shahada" or Islamic declaration of faith:


title: David E. Kelley

text: David Edward Kelley (born April 4, 1956) is an American television writer, producer, and former attorney, known as the creator of "Doogie Howser, M.D.", "Picket Fences", "Chicago Hope", "The Practice", "Ally McBeal", "Boston Public", "Boston Legal", "Harry's Law", "Goliath", "Big Little Lies", "Mr. Mercedes", "Big Sky", and "Nine Perfect Strangers" as well as several films. Kelley is one of very few screenwriters to have created shows that have aired on all four top commercial U.S. television networks (ABC, CBS, Fox, and NBC) as well as cable giant HBO.


title: David E. Kelley

text: Kelley was born in Waterville, Maine, raised in Belmont, Massachusetts, and attended the Belmont Hill School. His father is Jack Kelley, a member of the United States Ice Hockey Hall of Fame. Kelley was a stick boy for the New England Whalers of the World Hockey Association in their inaugural season of 1972-1973 when his father coached the team. Kelley was captain of the Princeton Tigers men's ice hockey team at Princeton University, where he graduated in 1979 with a bachelor's degree in political science.


title: David E. Kelley

text: Demonstrating early on a creative and quirky bent, in his junior year at Princeton, Kelley submitted a paper for a political science class about John F. Kennedy's plot to kill Fidel Castro, written as a poem. For his senior thesis, he turned the Bill of Rights into a play. "I made each amendment into a character", he said. "The First Amendment is a loudmouth guy who won't shut up. The Second Amendment guy, all he wanted to talk about was his gun collection. Then the 10th Amendment, the one where they say leave the rest for the states to decide, he was a guy with no self-esteem." Also while at Princeton, he was a member of the Princeton Triangle Club.


title: David E. Kelley

text: He received his Juris Doctor (J.D.) from Boston University School of Law, where he wrote for the Legal Follies, a sketch comedy group composed of Boston University law students which still holds annual performances. He began working for a Boston law firm, mostly dealing with real estate and minor criminal cases.


title: David E. Kelley

text: In 1983, while considering it only a hobby, Kelley began writing a screenplay, a legal thriller, which was optioned in 1986 and later became the Judd Nelson feature film "From the Hip" in 1987.


title: David E. Kelley

text: In 1986, Steven Bochco was searching for writers with a law background for his new NBC legal series, "L.A. Law". His agent sent him Kelley's movie script for "From the Hip". Enthusiastic, Bochco made him a writer and story editor for the show. During this first year, Kelley kept his law office in Boston as a hedge. However, his involvement in the show only expanded. In the second year, he became executive story editor and co-producer. Finally, in 1989, Bochco stepped away from the series, making Kelley the executive producer. While executive producer, Kelley received two Emmys for Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series and the show received the award for Outstanding Drama Series for both years. For the first five seasons that he was involved with the show, he wrote or co-wrote two out of three episodes. Kelley left after the fifth season in 1991 and ratings began to fall. As "Newsday"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s TV critic wrote, "The difference between good and bad "L.A. Law" ... was David Kelley." Midway through the sixth season, both Bochco and Kelley were brought in as creative consultants after the show received bad press about its decline in quality.


title: David E. Kelley

text: In 1992, after co-creating "Doogie Howser, M.D." with his mentor Steven Bochco, Kelley formed his own production company, David E Kelley Productions, making a three-series deal with CBS. Its first creation, "Picket Fences", airing in 1992 and influenced by "Twin Peaks" and "Northern Exposure", focused on the police department in the fictional quirky town of Rome, Wisconsin. Kelley wrote most of the episodes for the first three years. The show was critically acclaimed but never found a sizable audience. "Picket Fences" went on for four years, receiving a total of 14 Emmy awards including consecutive Emmys for Outstanding Drama Series for its first and second seasons.


title: David E. Kelley

text: In 1995, the fourth and final season, Kelley wrote only two episodes. "We had almost 10 writers try to come in and take over for this one man", said "Picket Fences" actress Holly Marie Combs. "The quality was not nearly what it was."


title: David E. Kelley

text: Under pressure from CBS to develop a second series even though he didn't feel ready to produce two shows simultaneously, Kelley launched the medical drama "Chicago Hope", starring Mandy Patinkin and Adam Arkin, which premiered in 1994. Airing at the same time as the season's other new medical drama, NBC's "ER", the ultimate ratings leader, "Chicago Hope" plotted "upscale medicine in a high-tech world run by high-priced doctors". During its six-year run, it won seven Emmys and generally high critical praise, but only middling ratings.


title: David E. Kelley

text: Originally intending to write only the first several episodes in order to return full-time to "Picket Fences", Kelley eventually wrote most of the material for both shows, a total of roughly 40 scripts. Expressing a desire to focus more on his production company and upcoming projects, Kelley ceased day-to-day involvement with both series in 1995, allowing others to write and produce. Towards the end of the fifth season in 1999, facing cancellation, Kelley fired most of the cast members added since he had left the show, brought back Mandy Patinkin and began writing episodes again.


title: David E. Kelley

text: In 1995, Kelley entered into a five-year deal with 20th Century Fox Television to produce shows for both the ABC and FOX television networks, each agreeing to take two series. If one network passed on a project, the other got first refusal. Kelley retained full creative control. "Ally McBeal" on FOX and "The Practice" on ABC were the first two projects to come from this deal.


title: David E. Kelley

text: Premiering as a midseason replacement for the 1996-1997 season, "The Practice" was Kelley's chance to write another courtroom drama but one focusing on the less-glamorous realities of a small law firm. "The Practice" would be the first of four successful series by Kelley that were set in Boston, proximal to his hometown of Belmont, Massachusetts. Receiving critical applause (along with two Emmys for Outstanding Drama Series) but low ratings in its starting seasons, it eventually became a popular top 10 program. The New York Times described the show as "the profoundly realistic, unending battle between soul-searching and ambition". Full-time writers on the first season of "The Practice" included David Shore, later the creator of "House", Stephen Gaghan, a future Oscar winner for "Traffic", Michael R. Perry, the creator of the 2011-12 series "The River", and Ed Redlich, co-creator of the 2011-12 series "Unforgettable". Later the writing staff would grow to 10, most with law degrees. By the fifth season, he would usually only edit the final script and was generally not on the set during filming.


title: David E. Kelley

text: In 2003, due to sagging ratings, ABC cut Kelley's budget in half for the eighth and final season. He responded by firing most of the cast and hiring James Spader for the role of Alan Shore, whom "The New York Times" described as "a lecherous, twisted antitrust lawyer with a breezy disregard for ethics." The final episodes of "The Practice" were focused on introducing the new characters from his next show, "Boston Legal".


title: David E. Kelley

text: When "Ally McBeal" premiered in 1997 on FOX, Kelley was also shepherding his other two shows, "Chicago Hope" and "The Practice," although he was not actively participating in "Chicago Hope" at the time. The title character Ally is a young, attractive, impulsive, Harvard-educated lawyer described by a "New York Times" journalist as "stylish, sexy, smart, opinionated, and an emotional wreck." In contrast to "The Practice" and its idealistic lawyers, the law firm in "Ally McBeal" was founded only to make money.


title: David E. Kelley

text: "The New York Times" felt that the show uniquely emphasised "character and caricature". The show lasted five seasons, seven Emmys (one for Outstanding Comedy Series for its second season), mostly positive reviews and a barrage of criticism for its portrayal of women, with many journalists saying that the character Ally was a giant step backwards.


title: David E. Kelley

text: Parallel to "The Practice", Kelley penned all the scripts for the first season, then brought in other writers in subsequent years, although he continued to write many episodes himself.


title: David E. Kelley

text: When the program "Ally McBeal" first ran, many women lauded its portrayal of the lead character. Sharon Waxman, writing for "The Washington Post", commented that Kelley had a keen insight into the human nature of both men and women. She quoted Dyan Cannon: "This man understands the way a woman thinks, ... the complex ways we've found to hide our fears." A "New York Times" writer used the character as an example of a strong television woman's role, another saw herself, at times, in the character's portrayal of self-absorption and reflection, her crafted neuroses, her vulnerabilities.


title: David E. Kelley

text: Later, however, much press coverage was spent on the controversial nature of women in "Ally McBeal". "Time" featured a cover story about the decline of feminism with a picture of Ally (among a pantheon of feminist heroines) on the cover. In the article, Ginia Bellafante used the McBeal character as a modern exemplar proving that "[M]uch of feminism has devolved into the silly." In response, author Erica Jong felt that the "Time" journalist diminished her argument by using only pop-cultural references and ignoring the majority of real-world women who have made significant progress.


title: David E. Kelley

text: Writing in Salon.com, Joyce Millman disputed that "Ally McBeal" should even be described as a "women's show"—that its representations of women were, in fact, a male fantasy. She felt that Kelley treated his female characters "sadistically" in general, beginning all the way back to "L.A. Law", saving only "The Practice" for positive remarks.


title: David E. Kelley

text: Kelley's "Ally McBeal" was hugely successful in attracting the 18-to-34-year-old women audience demographic. "The New York Times" columnist, Maureen Dowd, quoted two young, professional women saying they liked shows with female characters like themselves, single, even obsessed. Dowd quoted the executive producer of "Law & Order", Dick Wolf, "I think there is a wish-fulfillment factor when you put an attractive woman in a situation where she is doing real, adult stuff."


title: David E. Kelley

text: In 2000, 20th Century Fox Television extended its arrangement with Kelley. The deal, which ran for six years, reportedly made Kelley the highest-paid producer in TV history—up to $40 million a year—in return for a first-look at his projects.


title: David E. Kelley

text: Premiering on FOX in 2000, "Boston Public", which follows the lives of teachers and administrators at a Boston inner-city high school, joined "The Practice" and "Ally McBeal" for the season, meaning Kelley was responsible for writing or overseeing 67 episodes.


title: David E. Kelley

text: The program was initially considered a modest hit but received less than glowing reviews. The previous season, Kelley stumbled with both the short-lived "Snoops", his first attempt at delegating most of the responsibilities to others, and with "Ally", the experiment with 30-minute shortened episodes of "Ally McBeal". The TV critic from the "Fort Worth Star-Telegram" opined that these failures and the weaknesses he saw in "Boston Public" were a sign that Kelley had lost the Midas touch. The show lasted four seasons, garnering one minor Emmy.


title: David E. Kelley

text: In addition to "Snoops", Kelley continued to have a string of unsuccessful series: "Girls Club" in 2002, "The Brotherhood of Poland, New Hampshire" in 2003 and the reality show "The Law Firm" in 2005. All the while, he continued overseeing "Boston Public" and "The Practice".


title: David E. Kelley

text: "Boston Legal" on ABC, premiering in 2004, gave continuity and success to the Kelley franchise. It was a spin-off of his long-running legal drama "The Practice", and followed attorney Alan Shore (a character who became the star of "The Practice" in its final season, played by James Spader) to his new law firm, Crane, Poole & Schmidt. It also starred veteran television actors Candice Bergen and William Shatner. Critically popular with less than spectacular ratings (ranked 27th for the first season, 46th for the second), the show was an "Emmy darling" during its run, winning seven times and being nominated over 25 times. The show won the Peabody Award in 2005 for its signature political commentaries.


title: David E. Kelley

text: In 2007, "Boston Legal" began to see a rise of viewership as a result of its following ABC's popular "Dancing with the Stars" series, mostly ranking either first or second most-watched program of the evening in its ten o'clock time period, beating out CBS and NBC's shows.


title: David E. Kelley

text: The fifth and final season began in 2008 with Kelley writing most of the episodes. The season only aired thirteen episodes, making a series run of 101 episodes. The 2-hour series finale drew 11 million viewers. Still, the show drew over 15 million viewers much of its first season—and Kelley felt ABC's treatment of the show over the years ultimately killed it, saying to "TV Guide" that ABC always treated the show like its "bastard child". "Boston Legal" aired on four different nights (Sunday, Tuesday, Wednesday and Monday) in its five-season run, with the ratings slipping after each move. In the second-to-last episode of the series, Kelley blatantly wrote a show questioning the legitimacy of the Nielsen ratings and the network's treatment of the show by including a plot about a lawsuit against an unnamed television network.


title: David E. Kelley

text: In 2007, Kelley received the Justice in the Arts Award from Death Penalty Focus, an organization dedicated to the abolition of the death penalty. He previously received an award from this organization in 2000 for his work on the show "The Practice".


title: David E. Kelley

text: "The Wedding Bells" premiered in fall 2007 and was canceled after seven episodes. Additionally, Kelley worked on an Americanized version of the BBC show "Life on Mars" for the 2007–2008 season on ABC and also worked on an adaptation of Joseph Wambaugh's "Hollywood Station". He later handed production to another creative crew.


title: David E. Kelley

text: In May 2008, Kelley signed a deal with Warner Bros. Television and later penned a spec script for another legal drama entitled "Legally Mad" in a comic vein. NBC ultimately rejected the series. NBC would pay a two million dollar penalty to Warner Bros. for Kelley's scripts. Kelley was the creator and executive producer of "Harry's Law", which premiered on NBC on January 17, 2011. The series starred Kathy Bates in the titular role. The show was cancelled in 2012 even though it was the network's second most-watched drama, because its audience skewed too old as the more desirable 18–49 demographic viewership was very low.


title: David E. Kelley

text: In 2011, Kelley wrote a script for the pilot episode of a new "Wonder Woman" TV series for Warner Bros. Television, but the pilot was rejected by NBC for its fall 2011 lineup.


title: David E. Kelley

text: A new medical series, "Monday Mornings", co-created with Sanjay Gupta, premiered February 2013 on TNT, the cable television channel owned by Time Warner. Set in Portland, Oregon, the show stars Ving Rhames, Alfred Molina and Jamie Bamber. In May 2013, the show was canceled by TNT.


title: David E. Kelley

text: A new comedy series created by Kelley, "The Crazy Ones", starring Robin Williams and Sarah Michelle Gellar, premiered on CBS on September 26, 2013. The show was cancelled after a season due to lukewarm reception.


title: David E. Kelley

text: In 2017, Kelley spearheaded a new HBO series, "Big Little Lies", which won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Limited Series. He is also a showrunner on the TV adaptation of the Stephen King novel "Mr. Mercedes".


title: David E. Kelley

text: In March 2018, it was announced that HBO had given a series order for "The Undoing", a miniseries based on the 2014 novel "You Should Have Known" by Jean Hanff Korelitz. The series was written by Kelley, who also served as executive producer with Nicole Kidman (who starred alongside Hugh Grant and Donald Sutherland), Per Saari, and Bruna Papandrea. Susanne Bier directed. It premiered in October 2020, and was the most-watched show on HBO that year.


title: David E. Kelley

text: In June 2019, Kelley wrote a script for a CBS crime drama series, "The Lincoln Lawyer", based from the 2005 novel of the same name by Michael Connelly. However, on May 2, 2020, CBS announced that the pilot would not be moving forward. However, on January 11, 2021, the series was picked up by Netflix.


title: David E. Kelley

text: Kelley was announced as the writer and showrunner on the ABC crime drama series "Big Sky", based on the book "The Highway" by C. J. Box.


title: David E. Kelley

text: Kelley would serve as writer, executive producer and showrunner on "The Missing", an American adaptation of Israeli television series "Missing File" on Peacock.


title: David E. Kelley

text: Kelley writes his first drafts longhand using a Bic ballpoint and yellow legal pad. He typically writes scripts in two to four days, initially working without collaboration, finding it faster and easier than trying to explain what he wants to others.


title: David E. Kelley

text: Kelley has been criticised for not delegating. A "Picket Fences" writer described his time on the show as "the most boring period of my life—you'd write a scene... [and Kelley would] rewrite it completely. Or he just cut you out completely—you learned nothing. Having a writing staff was a needless expense for the network." Kelley gradually became more comfortable bringing in writers for ideas and taking over writing responsibilities. Kelley described this as a natural evolution:


title: David E. Kelley

text: Kelley structures his episodes with multiple storylines. An episode may include a self-contained subplot plus other story arcs that either began in a previous episode or will continue subsequently—some will continue the entire season. The viewer is thereby rarely sure whether what appears as a simple incident will blossom into a major plot point.


title: David E. Kelley

text: Kelley seeds his plots with political and social "hot-button" issues. One method is by introducing provocative legal cases. Episodes have covered the gamut of contemporary issues from the culpability of tobacco companies and gun makers to assisted-suicide crusaders. Another way is by undergirding the character's social interrelationships with serious explorations such as feminism, sexuality and divorce. Instead of lessons, Kelley strives to "raise moral and ethical questions without easy answers." He avoids a didactic narrative by not losing sight of the audience's desire to be entertained. He states:


title: David E. Kelley

text: Instead of taking clear stands on issues, Kelley creates scenarios meant to challenge audience preconceptions. For example, an episode of "Ally McBeal" dealt with a female employee who sued for sexual harassment because she noticed that other prettier women were being promoted. There was deliberately no clear point of view.


title: David E. Kelley

text: Kelley uses humor and the surreal and mixes tragedy with farce. He describes his strategy as follows:


title: David E. Kelley

text: In "Ally McBeal", Kelley utilized two techniques: a voiceover providing an interior monologue for the title character, and Walter Mitty fantasy sequences (ala "Dream On" as critics have noted) giving a humorous and often deeply honest (but sometimes ironic) explanation of the character's inner thoughts.


title: David E. Kelley

text: Kelley frequently crossed the cast of different shows. One crossover program event (which crossed networks also) involved characters from Kelley's "Ally McBeal" on the Fox network appearing on his ABC show, "The Practice", and, in turn, "The Practice" characters appeared on "Ally McBeal". This was done in spite of the two shows' different tones (one a comedy, the other a drama). This crossover was partially credited for raising ratings for "The Practice", which it sustained after those episodes.


title: David E. Kelley

text: Kelley repeated this maneuver with his "Boston Public," "Ally McBeal", and "Boston Legal" shows. Thereafter, many other crossovers occurred including shows not created by Kelley.


title: David E. Kelley

text: Kelley's most elaborate crossover was only partially successful. He sought to crossover an episode of his "Picket Fences" with Chris Carter's "The X-Files". Both shows aired Friday nights, but on different networks. The intent was to begin the story on one show, then hope viewers would switch channels to watch the conclusion on another network. CBS balked, and both scripts were rewritten, with "The X-Files"' Fox Mulder no longer set to appear on "Picket Fences". Yet, both episodes deal with Wisconsin and cows, with "Fences" referencing an FBI investigation in a neighboring town. CBS blurred the connection further by postponing the "Fences" episode by one week.


title: David E. Kelley

text: Kelley often uses regular actors from older shows in newer shows. For example, Anthony Heald and René Auberjonois both played judges on "The Practice", and both went on to be regular cast members in later shows (Heald on "Boston Public" as a vice-principal and Auberjonois on "Boston Legal" as a partner at a law firm). Both Kathy Baker and Justin Shenkarow ("Picket Fences") have been used in "Boston Public". Kathy Baker as Meredith "The Hook Lady" Peters and Justin Shenkarow as the student Warren Dickson. In addition many actors who either had the main roles or major roles in Kelley's previous shows would make at least one guest appearance in "Boston Legal".


title: David E. Kelley

text: After the HBO series "Big Little Lies", Kelley started a working relationship with Academy Award-winning actress Nicole Kidman. The pair have collaborated on several shows together, including "Big Little Lies", "The Undoing" and "Nine Perfect Strangers".


title: David E. Kelley

text: "The Practice" was considered more accurate in its portrayal of the law than "L.A. Law" or "Ally McBeal ". The importance of legal strategy, sometimes at the expense of the truth, rang true. One attorney said, "[I]t's really about the tactics and the mistakes that opposing counsel makes." Judges were represented as complex, less-than-perfect human beings, sometimes with emotional problems. Plots demonstrated how a defendant's personality would impact the adjudication of a case. Stuart Levine of "Variety" magazine said, "[The Practice] isn't afraid to paint the firm's clients as the dregs of society." Kelley said,


title: David E. Kelley

text: Other aspects of the legal profession in Kelley's shows have been criticized as unrealistic. Attorneys have complained that:


title: David E. Kelley

text: Samuel G. Freedman, a professor of journalism at Columbia University, writing in "The New York Times", praises Kelley's series "Boston Public" as an attempt to both reflect and change public opinion about public education, particularly the urban, overcrowded, underfinanced variety. He liked the realism of the setting, the mixed ethnicity of the faculty and (oftentimes antipathetic) student body and the bureaucratic struggles. He criticized Kelley, though, for pandering to stereotypes of teachers and students and for failing to show successful teaching strategies.


title: David E. Kelley

text: In "The New York Times", Arthur Caplan, professor of bioethics at the University of Pennsylvania, felt that medical dramas such as Kelley's "Chicago Hope" do a good job of addressing bioethical issues such as who should receive a liver transplant or when should a patient be allowed to die. However, there is a lack of discussion concerning the primary money issue: "How do people pay for this?" The show has been criticized for presenting a one-sided view of managed care, portraying HMOs as dramatically evil while glossing over the complexities. Doctors are too often shown as selfless patient advocates ready to battle whatever the financial cost.


title: David E. Kelley

text: Kelley has incorporated religious subject matter from the beginning, including issues involving Protestantism, Judaism, Scientology and Catholicism among others. With the widespread media coverage of child sexual abuse cases in the Roman Catholic Church during the mid-to-late 1990s, Kelley began to introduce this controversy into his scripts. For instance, the character Bobby Donnell on "The Practice", a Catholic, became personally estranged from the Church over the issue of sexually abusive priests. While the Catholic League did not object to this episode, they frequently complained of anti-Catholic bias in Kelley's shows because of his references to this subject.


title: David E. Kelley

text: Besides his first film, "From the Hip", which received poor reviews, Kelley wrote and produced three other films. 1996's "To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday", a romance, co-starring his wife, Michelle Pfeiffer, received tepid critical and box office reception. In 1999, came two films: "Lake Placid", a combination of suspense, horror and comedy, and "Mystery, Alaska", about a fictional small-town ice hockey team that plays a game against the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League. Neither movie did well with either the critics or the audience.


title: David E. Kelley

text: Although he is sometimes assumed to be a Catholic because his programs address Catholic issues, Kelley was raised a Protestant.


title: David E. Kelley

text: In January 1993, Kelley was set up on a blind date with actress Michelle Pfeiffer; he took her to see the "Bram Stoker's Dracula" film the following week and they began dating seriously.


title: David E. Kelley

text: Pfeiffer had entered into private adoption proceedings before she met Kelley. In March 1993, she adopted a newborn daughter Claudia Rose. They married on November 13, 1993, and christened Claudia the same day. In August 1994, Pfeiffer gave birth to a son, John Henry.


title: David E. Kelley

text: David was drafted in the tenth round of the WHA World Hockey Association draft by the Cincinnati Stingers in 1977.


title: David E. Kelley

text: Note: The above timeline does not include the three additional episodes of "Snoops" broadcast in non-U.S. markets nor the short-lived "Ally".


title: David E. Kelley

text: Among the actors and actresses who have won Emmys for playing roles in Kelley's series are Peter MacNicol, Tracey Ullman, Sharon Stone, William Shatner, James Spader, Alfre Woodard, Charles S. Dutton, Michael Emerson, James Whitmore, Beah Richards, Edward Herrmann, Michael Badalucco, Holland Taylor, John Larroquette, Camryn Manheim, Christine Lahti, Héctor Elizondo, Mandy Patinkin, Kathy Baker, Ray Walston, Paul Winfield, Richard Kiley, Fyvush Finkel, Leigh Taylor-Young, Tom Skerritt, Richard Dysart, Paul McCrane, Christian Clemenson, Jimmy Smits, Larry Drake, Nicole Kidman, Alexander Skarsgård, and Laura Dern.


title: Christie Brinkley

text: Christie Lee Brinkley (née Hudson; born February 2, 1954) is an American model, actress, and entrepreneur. Brinkley gained worldwide fame with her appearances in "Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issues", ultimately appearing on an unprecedented three consecutive covers in 1979, 1980, and 1981. She spent 25 years as the face of CoverGirl, has appeared on over 500 magazine covers, and has signed contracts with major brands—both fashion and non-fashion.


title: Christie Brinkley

text: Brinkley went on to work as an actress, illustrator, television personality, photographer, writer, designer, and activist for human and animal rights and the environment. Brinkley has been married four times, most notably between 1985 and 1994 to musician Billy Joel, having appeared in several of his music videos. Her fourth marriage, to architect Peter Cook, ended in a much-publicized 2008 divorce. With a career spanning more than three decades, magazines such as "Allure" and "Men's Health" have named Brinkley one of the most attractive women of all time.


title: Christie Brinkley

text: Brinkley was born Christie Lee Hudson in Monroe, Michigan on February 2, 1954, the daughter of Marjorie (née Bowling) and Herbert Hudson. Her family moved to Canoga Park, Los Angeles, California, where her mother Marjorie later met and married television writer Donald Brinkley in Bel Air, Los Angeles. Donald adopted Christie and her brother Greg Brinkley. During this time, the family lived in Malibu and then the Brentwood neighborhoods of Los Angeles. Brinkley was educated at Paul Revere Junior High School and attended Le Lycée Français de Los Angeles from 9th to 12th grade. After graduation in 1972, she moved to Paris to study art.


title: Christie Brinkley

text: Brinkley was discovered in 1973 by American photographer Errol Sawyer in a post office in Paris. He took her first modeling pictures and introduced her to John Casablancas of Elite Model Management agency in Paris. Brinkley stated later: "I was basically a surfer girl from California. I never looked like a model." After being introduced to Elite, where Brinkley met the fashion photographers Patrick Demarchelier and Mike Reinhardt who called Eileen Ford and told her about Brinkley, she returned to California, and by the end of a lunch meeting with Nina Blanchard (Eileen Ford affiliate in Los Angeles) she had been booked for three national ad campaigns.


title: Christie Brinkley

text: Multiple appearances on the cover of "Glamour" soon followed, along with a record 25-year contract with cosmetics brand CoverGirl, one of the longest modeling contracts in history. In 2005, CoverGirl again signed Brinkley, using her in ads in magazines and TV commercials for mature skin products.


title: Christie Brinkley

text: Brinkley appeared on three consecutive "Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue" covers (1979, 1980, and 1981) – the first time that had happened – and appeared in the publication's annual swimsuit issues and television specials for years to follow. Brinkley was featured exclusively in the first "Sports Illustrated Calendar" and also released two of her own calendars. In 2005, Brinkley was featured in the special "Sports Illustrated 40th Anniversary Issue's Hall of Fame", celebrating the most revered figures in the magazine's history and again in 2014, in the "50th Anniversary The Legends".


title: Christie Brinkley

text: As an editorial model, Brinkley has appeared on over 500 magazine covers, including "US", "Vogue", "Newsweek", "Rolling Stone", "Esquire", "Harper's Bazaar", "Cosmopolitan", "Glamour" and the best-selling issue of "Life". She has held major contracts with "Chanel No. 19", "Prell", "MasterCard", "Breck", "Diet Coke", "Anheuser-Busch", "Got Milk?", "Healthy Choice", "Max Factor", "Nissan", "Noxema", "Revlon", "Clairol", "Borghese Cosmetics", "Danskin", "Nu Skin", "Yardley of London", "Halston", "Vogue Patterns", "Gottex" and "Black Velvet", among others. Brinkley has been photographed in six continents in more than 30 countries.


title: Christie Brinkley

text: In 1989, Brinkley was, along with Cheryl Tiegs and Beverly Johnson, one of the three models featured as dolls produced by Matchbox Toys called "The Real Model Collection".


title: Christie Brinkley

text: Brinkley played her first acting role in the 1983 film "National Lampoon's Vacation" as "The girl in the red Ferrari" opposite Chevy Chase. She reprised that role in the 1997 sequel "Vegas Vacation"; later spoofed it in a 2008 DirecTV commercial, using footage from "Vacation"; again in a 2015 Infiniti commercial as the wife in the Infiniti (the blonde in the convertible for this spoof is model Scarlett Burke); and again in the ABC series "The Goldbergs" in 2019. In 2011, she appeared as herself in the documentary, "King of the Hamptons", which was produced by filmmaker, Dennis Michael Lynch. The film premiered at the 2010 Hamptons International Film Festival.


title: Christie Brinkley

text: Brinkley's appearance on NBC's "Mad About You" was the broadcaster's highest rated half-hour episode since the finale of "The Cosby Show". She hosted "Celebrity Weddings InStyle", the highest rated special in Lifetime's history. Brinkley appeared on the "Today Show" in 1983 in a four-part segment featuring beauty tips and, in 1992, began her own television series "Living in the 90s — With Christie Brinkley", a daily half-hour show on CNN.


title: Christie Brinkley

text: Brinkley made further television appearances, including "Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue" television specials and music videos for beau Billy Joel ("Uptown Girl", "Keeping the Faith", "All about Soul", "River of Dreams", "A Matter of Trust" and "Leningrad") and Mick Jones "Just Wanna Hold".


title: Christie Brinkley

text: She had a recurring role as Gayle Gergich, the wife of Jerry Gergich, on NBC's "Parks and Recreation".


title: Christie Brinkley

text: In December 2012, Brinkley co-hosted "Anderson Live" and also danced with "Dancing With the Stars" alumnus Gilles Marini during the show.


title: Christie Brinkley

text: On April 8, 2011, in New York, Brinkley made her stage debut as Roxie Hart in the long-running musical "Chicago". In August, she completed a one-month engagement in the London's production at Cambridge Theatre and reprised the role on Broadway and continued with 182 total performances with the National Touring Company of "Chicago" in cities including Los Angeles, San Diego, Boston and Hartford. In April 2019, Brinkley reprised the Roxie Hart role in "Chicago" at the Venetian Theatre at The Venetian Las Vegas.


title: Christie Brinkley

text: On August 5, 2019, it was reported by Deadline that Brinkley would have a guest role on the season 7 premiere of the ABC television series "The Goldbergs" playing a character named Aleah Welsh.


title: Christie Brinkley

text: In August 2019, Brinkley was announced as one of the celebrities to compete on the 28th season of "Dancing with the Stars". However, sometime before the premiere, she suffered injuries to her wrist and arm that required emergency surgery. As a result, her daughter Sailor, stepped in her place for the season.


title: Christie Brinkley

text: Since 1997, Brinkley has appeared with Chuck Norris in a long-running series of cable TV infomercials promoting Total Gym home fitness equipment. In 2008, Brinkley and Dr. Carlon Colker promoted National Family Fitness Day with Xbox 360 at the Boy's and Girl's Club.


title: Christie Brinkley

text: Brinkley promotes Christie Brinkley Authentic Skin Care, a line of beauty products, Hair2Wear, a line of hair extensions, Bellissima Prosecco, an organic sparkling wine label and Christie Brinkley Eyewear, an eyeglasses eyewear.


title: Christie Brinkley

text: Her financial holdings in 2019 were worth an estimated US$ 80 million, primarily as the owner of real estate mainly in the Hamptons.


title: Christie Brinkley

text: In 1983, Brinkley wrote and illustrated a book on health and beauty, "Christie Brinkley's Outdoor Beauty and Fitness Book", which topped "The New York Times" bestseller list.


title: Christie Brinkley

text: Brinkley illustrated the cover art for Billy Joel's 1993 triple platinum album "River of Dreams". For this, "Rolling Stone" awarded her the honor of "Best album cover of the year".


title: Christie Brinkley

text: Brinkley has designed clothing patterns for "Simplicity Pattern" and in March 1994 helped design, for brand "Nouveau Eyewear," her line of prescription glasses and sunglasses called "Christie Brinkley Perspectives" with worldwide sales. In Spring 1998 she released her own signature fragrance, "Believe". Her jewelry collection is manufactured by "Swank".


title: Christie Brinkley

text: In 1991, Brinkley was considered to have an ideal, all-American look with her blonde hair, blue eyes, slim figure, and soft features, when "Allure" first conducted a survey taking the pulse of the average American (men and women) searching for their beauty perceptions and preferences.


title: Christie Brinkley

text: In 1998, "Playboy" readers voted Brinkley one of the "100 Sexiest Women of the 20th century". Brinkley is ranked third in the AskMen.com "Top 10 Supermodels Of All Time". In 2011, "Men's Health" named her one of the "100 Hottest Women of All-Time", ranking her at No. 16. Pop-topia.com named her No. 1 on their list of "10 Hottest Hollywood Women In Their 50s" in 2013.


title: Christie Brinkley

text: In 1982, Brinkley had a romantic relationship with Olivier Chandon de Brailles, heir to the Moët-Chandon Champagne fortune. The two met at Studio 54 in New York City at a party promoting a calendar in which Brinkley appeared. Chandon died a year later in a crash at a private pre-season practice session car race.


title: Christie Brinkley

text: In September 2015, it was widely reported that John Mellencamp was in a new relationship with Brinkley. In August 2016, the couple announced their separation after almost a year of dating.


title: Christie Brinkley

text: In 1994, Brinkley survived a helicopter crash that occurred during a ski trip in Telluride, Colorado. As a result, Brinkley suffered years of hip pain, culminating in a full hip replacement in 2021.


title: Christie Brinkley

text: Brinkley lives on Long Island in Sag Harbor, New York; she previously lived in Bridgehampton and Amagansett, Long Island. She and her children are fans of the New York Islanders ice hockey team. Brinkley began doing promotions for the team after being noticed at games. In 2007, she showed her support by writing a blog for NHL.com and filming a commercial. Brinkley helped found a club for cutting, an equestrian sport in which a rider has two and one half minutes to cut as many cattle from a herd as they can.


title: Christie Brinkley

text: Since 1998, Brinkley has given nearly $1,000,000 to organizations and candidates of the Democratic Party of the United States, including Hillary Clinton, Barack Obama, Democratic National Committee, Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee, Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee, America Coming Together and Moveon.org. In the New York delegation, Brinkley served as a delegate on the 2000 Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles. She has also been involved in anti-nuclear activities and campaigned against the restarting of the High Flux Beam Reactor (HFBR) located at the Brookhaven National Laboratory.


title: Christie Brinkley

text: Brinkley supports animal rights, most notably through the organization PETA, having previously spoken out against the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus. She became a vegetarian when she was 13 years old and then got her entire family to become vegetarians.


title: Booksmart

text: Booksmart is a 2019 American comedy film directed by Olivia Wilde (in her feature directorial debut) and written by Emily Halpern, Sarah Haskins, Susanna Fogel, and Katie Silberman. It stars Beanie Feldstein and Kaitlyn Dever as two graduating high school girls who set out to finally break the rules and party on their last day of classes. Jessica Williams, Lisa Kudrow, Will Forte, and Jason Sudeikis also star.


title: Booksmart

text: The film had its world premiere at South by Southwest on March 10, 2019, and was theatrically released in the United States on May 24, by United Artists Releasing. It received critical acclaim and grossed $25 million against a $6 million budget. For her performance, Feldstein was nominated for Best Actress – Comedy or Musical at the 77th Golden Globe Awards.


title: Booksmart

text: High school seniors Amy and Molly, longtime best friends, are accomplished students but, with Molly being class president, not popular with their peers. Amy has a crush on a girl named Ryan, which Molly urges her to pursue. On the eve of graduation, Molly confronts classmates insulting her bookishness, telling them she got into Yale, but they reveal that, despite their partying, they got into prestigious colleges or job recruitments. Furious, Molly tells Amy they should have enjoyed their time in high school more, and Amy reluctantly agrees to go to a graduation party held by classmate Nick.


title: Booksmart

text: Not knowing the party's address, Molly calls Jared, a wealthy classmate who likes her. He instead takes them to his own party aboard a yacht. Only his drug-crazed friend Gigi is there, who feeds the girls strawberries before jumping off the yacht. Amy suggests they go home, but Molly calls a "Malala", their code for unconditionally supporting what the other wants to do.


title: Booksmart

text: The girls call a rideshare car and are shocked to be picked up by their principal, Jordan Brown. To prepare Amy for possible sex with Ryan, Molly insists they watch pornography, which accidentally plays through the car speakers. Brown drops them off at what they think is Nick's party but it is the home of their classmate George, who is hosting a murder mystery party. They again encounter Gigi, who reveals that the strawberries were laced with powerful hallucinogenic drugs. Amy and Molly experience a bad trip and hallucinate they are plastic fashion dolls. They leave George's house, but Gigi reveals Molly secretly likes Nick.


title: Booksmart

text: Amy insists they press on so that Molly can pursue her crush on Nick. They see pizza boxes in an online video of Nick's party and acquire the address by threatening the pizza delivery man. Molly calls their favorite teacher, Miss Fine, who gives them a ride to Nick's party.


title: Booksmart

text: Once at the party, Amy and Molly are surprised to find they are warmly welcomed. Molly and Nick flirt over beer pong and Amy spends time with Ryan. Unfortunately, Amy soon finds Ryan making out with Nick. Heartbroken, she finds Molly and calls her own "Malala", which Molly refuses because she still thinks she has a chance with Nick. Amy angrily reveals she is not just spending the summer in Botswana but taking an entire gap year because she resents how Molly always tries to control her life. The two argue in front of the entire party.


title: Booksmart

text: Amy runs to the bathroom, finding her classmate Hope. They are initially argumentative until Amy kisses her. They start to have sex, but Amy vomits on Hope. Jared and Molly have a heartfelt conversation about how no one at school really knows them. Cops arrive at the party and everyone scatters. Unable to find Amy, Molly is driven home by "Triple A", a popular student with a promiscuous reputation. They bond over the stereotyping they both have endured.


title: Booksmart

text: Waking up on graduation day, Molly checks her phone and discovers her classmates praising Amy for creating a diversion at the party, allowing everyone to escape the police while getting herself arrested. Molly visits Amy in jail and apologizes for her manipulative actions, and they reconcile. Learning the pizza delivery man is a serial killer, they trade information to free Amy, and take Jared's car to graduation. Molly kisses Jared onstage and gives an improvised valedictorian speech, receiving a standing ovation.


title: Booksmart

text: A few days later, as Molly helps Amy prepare for her trip to Botswana, Hope visits to give Amy her phone number. Molly drives Amy to the airport where they share a tearful goodbye, but then Amy decides she still has time to hang out before her flight, so they ecstatically decide to get pancakes.


title: Booksmart

text: An early version of the children's book, "Kate and Mona in the Jungle" by Amy Aitken, was circulated in 2009 and appeared on the 2009 Black List; in 2014 Susanna Fogel revised the screenplay, rewriting one lead character as a lesbian and revising the story so the girls are not seeking boyfriends for the prom, but are going to an after-prom party. Aitken died in 2017 of breast cancer.


title: Booksmart

text: Following the revisions, Annapurna Pictures purchased the screenplay and approached Gloria Sanchez Productions to produce it; Gloria Sanchez' Jessica Elbaum pitched the screenplay to Olivia Wilde, who read the screenplay and two days later expressed admiration for it. Megan Ellison, Chelsea Bernard, David Distenfeld, Will Ferrell, Adam McKay, and Elbaum would serve as producers on the film. Screenwriter Katie Silberman was hired for more revisions in spring 2018, and to update the story. Silberman explored a new concept:


title: Booksmart

text: According to Silberman, "Olivia's mantra to all of us was that high school is "war"". Wilde also envisioned "a drug trip where the girls turned into Barbie dolls" and gave Silberman the responsibility of where to incorporate it into the story.


title: Booksmart

text: In February 2018, Kaitlyn Dever and Beanie Feldstein joined the cast of the film. In May 2018, Billie Lourd and Skyler Gisondo joined the cast of the film. That same month, Jason Sudeikis, Lisa Kudrow, Jessica Williams, Will Forte, Mike O'Brien, Mason Gooding, Noah Galvin, Diana Silvers, Austin Crute, Eduardo Franco, Molly Gordon, and Nico Hiraga joined the cast of the film.


title: Booksmart

text: Silvers was initially asked to audition for Ryan, but felt her appearance was not ideal for the character and auditioned for Hope instead. Wilde also urged Feldstein and Dever to live together to develop a rapport. The two actresses were roommates in Los Angeles for ten weeks. Wilde also asked the cast to read the screenplay and signal if they found dialogue that felt "inauthentic ... [and] rewrite it in your own voice". Silberman continued to write after casting, finding it easy to come up with dialogue to fit Feldstein and Dever. Silberman particularly credited the complementary language the characters use to Feldstein, who frequently posted "I have no breath" to Instagram. Wilde joked that her relationship with Sudekis was his audition.


title: Booksmart

text: Principal photography began in May 2018 around the San Fernando Valley. As a working mother, Wilde found the night filming challenging, but in the morning after filming she would take the time to bring her children to school. The effort wasn't something she could keep up in the long run, but having achieved her dream of getting to direct she was determined to "give it my all and make it work."


title: Booksmart

text: Wilde and production designer Katie Byron decorated the bedrooms seen in the film, including with trophies and depictions of prominent American women Michelle Obama and Ruth Bader Ginsburg.