title: Scott Hall

text: The next night, Hall won his second World Championship, the WWC Universal Heavyweight Championship, by defeating Carlito and champion Apollo in a Three-Way Dance main event. On August 4 and September 23, Hall successfully defended the title against Eddie Colón. On October 27, managed by Rico Casanova, he retained the title at WWC's "Halloween Wrestling Xtravaganza", defeating Orlando "Fireblaze" Colon. Razor Ramon was scheduled to fight on December 14 in Ponce and December 15 in Caguas but did not show up. Hall began to have emotional problems, and with the drink, eventually he could not compete leaving the strap thus his scheduled opponent Biggie Size proclaimed himself champion.


title: Scott Hall

text: Hall made his Juggalo Championship Wrestling (JCW) debut on August 12, 2007, at "Bloodymania", losing to JCW Heavyweight Champion Corporal Robinson. In this match, Hall took his first ever bump on thumbtacks.


title: Scott Hall

text: On October 6, 2007, at "Evansville Invasion", Corporal Robinson, Hall, and Violent J formed the Juggalo World Order (JWO) stable. At the 2007 "Hallowicked After Party", on October 31, Shaggy 2 Dope was introduced as a member of the group. After the main event, special guest referee Nosawa ripped off his referee shirt to reveal that he, too, was a member of the JWO. At "Bloodymania II", Hall teamed with Kevin Nash, who proclaimed himself a member of the group. At the 2008 "Hallowicked After Party", the JWO inducted its newest member, 2 Tuff Tony.


title: Scott Hall

text: On November 9, the JWO "invaded" Total Nonstop Action Wrestling's Turning Point PPV, by purchasing front row tickets to the event. They promote their faction by flashing their JWO jerseys, before being removed from the building. The group expressed interest in "invading" WWE's 2009 Royal Rumble, but were unable, due to filming commitments for Big Money Rustlas in Los Angeles. They have also shown interest in "invading" Ring of Honor and Ultimate Fighting Championship.


title: Scott Hall

text: On the January 4, 2010 three-hour Monday night live episode of "Impact!", Hall and Waltman returned to TNA. That same night, Hulk Hogan made his TNA debut. Hall, Nash and Waltman quickly reformed their alliance, but Hogan kept himself out of the group, claiming "times have changed". The following week, the revived alliance was named "The Band".


title: Scott Hall

text: Hall was scheduled to team with Nash at Genesis in a match against Beer Money, Inc., but was replaced by Waltman (as Syxx-Pac). In the end, Hall inadvertently cost his stablemates the match. On the next episode of "Impact!", Hogan, displeased with the actions of The Band, had security remove Hall and Waltman from the arena, since they were not under contract with TNA. Despite this, Hall and Syxx-Pac continued returning to "Impact!" to assault various wrestlers. On the February 4 episode, they turned on Nash and beat him down. On the February 11 episode of "Impact!" Hall and Waltman attacked Kurt Angle until Hogan made the save. On the February 18 episode of "Impact!" Hall and Waltman had a brawl with Nash and Eric Young. On the February 25 episode of "Impact!" Hall and Waltman had a brawl with Nash and Young in the parking lot. On the March 15 episode of "Impact!" Hall defeated Nash in a 5-Min $25,000 challenge after interference from Waltman. At Destination X, Hall and Syxx-Pac faced Nash and Young in a tag team match, with The Band's TNA future on the line. In the end, Nash turned on Young and helped The Band win, earning them contracts with TNA.


title: Scott Hall

text: On the March 29 episode of "Impact!", The Band lost a six-man tag team steel cage match to Eric Young, Rob Van Dam and Jeff Hardy. On the April 5 episode of "Impact!", The Band interfered in a match and attacked both Team 3D and The Motor City Machine Guns. On the April 12 episode of "Impact!", The Band (Hall, Nash, Waltman) defeated Team 3-D and Jesse Neal in a Street Fight. At Lockdown, Hall and Nash lost to Team 3D in a Steel Cage match. On the May 3 "Impact!", Eric Young turned on Team 3D and joined The Band. On May 4, at the taping of the May 13 episode of "Impact!", Hall teamed with Nash, cashed in his "Feast or Fired" contract and defeated Matt Morgan to win the TNA World Tag Team Championship. Nash later declared Young one third of the champions, citing the "Freebird Rule".


title: Scott Hall

text: At Sacrifice (2010), Hall and Nash defeated Ink Inc. (Jesse Neal and Shannon Moore) to retain the titles. On the June 10 episode of "Impact!", The Band defeated Matt Morgan (by himself) to retain their titles and this was Hall's final appearance in TNA. On the June 14 "Impact!", The Band was stripped of the Tag Team Championship, due to Hall's real-life legal problems. The next day, it was announced that Hall had been released from TNA after 8 years of working part-time for the company and subsequently retired from professional wrestling.


title: Scott Hall

text: On March 24, 2014, Razor Ramon was announced as the seventh and final inductee into that year's class of the WWE Hall of Fame. He was inducted in New Orleans on April 5, the night before WrestleMania XXX. Shawn Michaels, Triple H, X-Pac and Kevin Nash joined Hall onstage after his speech, reuniting The Kliq. WWE promotional material for the event referred to him solely as Razor Ramon, without footage or mention of his work under his real name. At WrestleMania XXX, Hall, as Razor Ramon, appeared onstage with the other Hall of Fame inductees. Hall appeared on the August 11, 2014 episode of "Raw" for the first time since 2002 to reunite the New World Order with Nash and Hulk Hogan to celebrate Hogan's birthday.


title: Scott Hall

text: On the January 19, 2015 episode of "Raw", Hall appeared with X-Pac and Nash to reunite the nWo, and along with the APA and The New Age Outlaws they beat down The Ascension, who had been insulting legends from past years.


title: Scott Hall

text: On May 13, 2015, Global Force Wrestling (GFW) announced Hall as part of their roster. On May 18, 2015, Hall was released from GFW.


title: Scott Hall

text: At WrestleMania 31 in March 2015, Hall, along with Nash and Hogan, reunited as the nWo to help their old foe Sting in his match against Triple H, who had D-Generation X helping on his behalf. On January 30, 2016, Hall took part in World Association of Wrestling television tapings at Epic Studios in Norwich, England. It was aired on Mustard TV on September 10. In March 2016, Razor Ramon was backstage at WrestleMania 32 celebrating with the new Intercontinental Champion Zack Ryder. The following night on an online "Raw Fallout" segment, he asked The Miz to give Ryder a rematch for the Intercontinental Championship.


title: Scott Hall

text: Hall wrestled his last ever match on June 17, 2016, defeating Chuck Taylor for the DDT Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship at F1RST Wreslting in Des Moines, Iowa.He would lose the title the same day by forfeit after getting tricked into saying "I give up" off a sheet of paper.


title: Scott Hall

text: On "Raw 25 Years" on January 22, 2018, Hall (as "Razor Ramon") returned in a segment featuring D-Generation X, The Bálor Club, and The Revival. Hall also returned to WWE for the RAW Reunion show on July 22, 2019. Hall was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame a second time as a member of the New World Order, together with stablemates Hulk Hogan, Kevin Nash, and Sean Waltman, as part of the Hall's class of 2020. The induction of the 2020 honorees took place in April 2021 due to the previous year's ceremony being canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Scott Hall

text: In 1983, after wrestling a gun away from a man in an altercation outside of a nightclub in Orlando, Florida, Hall was charged with second-degree murder after shooting the man in the head with his own gun. According to Hall, this was done in self-defense. The charges were dropped due to lack of evidence. In a 2011 interview for ESPN, Hall said he was unable to forget the incident.


title: Scott Hall

text: In 1998, Hall was arrested for groping a 56-year-old woman outside a hotel in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.


title: Scott Hall

text: On October 10, 2008, Hall was arrested during a roast of The Iron Sheik held at a Crowne Plaza hotel in New Jersey. A comedian, Jimmy Graham, had joked about Owen Hart's death by saying, "After The Sheik and Hacksaw Jim Duggan got caught snorting coke in the parking lot, his career fell faster than Owen Hart." An enraged Hall charged at Graham, knocked down a lectern, grabbed the microphone from Graham, and yelled about how the joke was disrespectful to Hart, Graham described the incident on his MySpace page, claiming Hall was drunk at the time of the attack.


title: Scott Hall

text: Hall was arrested and charged with disorderly conduct and resisting a police officer on May 14, 2010. Police were called to the Hitching Post Bar in Chuluota, Florida, after Hall "became aggressive". According to the police report, he had been "drinking heavily". When they arrived, they found him yelling and cursing at independent professional wrestling personalities and bar staff. Hall was told he was not allowed to return to the establishment. In his police statement, Hall described himself as an unemployed professional wrestler, despite having a job with TNA Wrestling, who would release him a month later.


title: Scott Hall

text: On April 6, 2012, Hall was again arrested in Chuluota, Florida. The arrest was later reported to be for a domestic disturbance involving his girlfriend, Lisa Howell; Hall allegedly choked Howell while he was drunk. He was taken to a hospital to be medically cleared prior to being taken to a drunk tank. Hall denied the choking allegations. The prosecutor dropped the charges, citing insufficient evidence.


title: Scott Hall

text: Hall married Dana Lee Burgio in 1990. They divorced in 1998 due to Hall's drug use. They remarried in 1999 and divorced again in 2001. They had a son named Cody (born 1991), who also became a wrestler, and a daughter named Cassidy (born 1995). Hall married his second wife, Jessica Hart, in 2006. They divorced in 2007.


title: Scott Hall

text: Hall's problems with drugs and alcohol were made public in the late 1990s and were incorporated into a controversial WCW storyline. While the storyline was playing out, Hall was legitimately arrested for keying a limousine while intoxicated outside of a night club in Orlando, Florida, causing $2,000 in damages.


title: Scott Hall

text: After his release from TNA in 2010, Hall checked into rehab paid for by WWE. Hall checked out of the rehab facility in early October 2010. Weeks after he checked into rehab, Hall had both a defibrillator and a pacemaker implanted in his chest. He was hospitalized twice in 2010 for double pneumonia. During this time, Hall started having seizures and was soon diagnosed with epilepsy, resulting in him requiring to take eleven different medications on a daily basis to treat his heart and seizure problems. On April 6, 2011, Hall was reportedly taken to the hospital due to a seizure. Hall's representative, Geena Anac, said Hall was in the hospital that night to be treated for extremely low blood pressure, and that Hall visits his doctor on a regular basis for blood work and checkups while recovering from double pneumonia. Three days later, TMZ reported Hall had been taken to a hospital, treated for cardiac issues and remained in the hospital for three days. According to medical reports, Hall was being treated after overdosing on both opioids and benzodiazepines. During an interview which took place on Kayfabe Commentaries journalist Sean Oliver's "YouShoot" segment in 2009, Hall admitted that he had a history of smoking marijuana as well.


title: Scott Hall

text: Longtime friend Kevin Nash claimed Hall's substance abuse stemmed from post-traumatic stress disorder when he was forced to use an assailant's gun against him in self defence. In October 2011, ESPN's "" featured a documentary detailing Hall's experience with drugs and alcohol. It included interviews with several of Hall's family members including his ex-wife and his son, Cody, as well as several prominent figures and close friends from the wrestling industry such as Hogan, Nash, Waltman, Bischoff, and Stephanie McMahon. In early 2013, former professional wrestler Diamond Dallas Page invited Hall into his home in order for Hall to stay sober and "rebuild his life from the ground up... physically, mentally, professionally, and spiritually". Page also initiated a fundraising drive, which raised nearly $110,000 ($30,000 over their $80,000 goal) to pay for hip replacement surgery and dental work for Hall.


title: Scott Hall

text: In March 2022, Hall was hospitalised after falling and breaking his hip. He was immobile on the floor for days before being discovered during a wellness check by his friend Diamond Dallas Page, who took him to the hospital. After Hall underwent hip replacement surgery, a blood clot was dislodged, and resulted in Hall having three heart attacks on March 12, 2022, after which he was put on life support at WellStar Kennestone Hospital in Marietta, Georgia. He was taken off life support on March 14, 2022 after his family had travelled to see and be with him at hospital, and with them at his bedside, before he died about 4 or 6 hours later at the age of 63. WWE announced his death later during that day's "Raw" episode with a tribute video.


title: Scott Hall

text: Four days after Hall's death, Waltman revealed to the "Wrestling Observer Newsletter" that Hall had relapsed back into alcohol abuse when the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting lockdowns rendered him unable to have social interactions, and at one point he had dropped weight down to from his usual . Waltman also revealed that Hall was in particularly bad shape the night before the 2021 Hall of Fame induction ceremony, and even passed out at a bar. Waltman also stated Hall's condition worsened throughout the two years prior to his death and that he had offered to move in with Hall in February 2022 to help with his health issues. Page also returned to help with Hall's alcoholism.


title: Scott Hall

text: Hall was buried on April 8, 2022 at Trinity Church Cemetery at St. Mary's, Maryland, his hometown, and the service was attended by fellow wrestlers Kevin Nash, Sean Waltman, Triple H, Shawn Michaels, and Page.


title: Scott Hall

text: During Hall's fourth reign as WWF Intercontinental Champion, he appeared in character as Razor Ramon on "The Jerry Springer Show". As part of his appearance, Hall handed the Intercontinental Championship belt, T-shirts, chain necklaces, and tickets to WrestleMania XII to two preteens that had gotten ceremonially—but not legally—married on an episode of the show two years prior. Both of the preteens had AIDS, and one of them was a wrestling fan who liked Ramon. Hall did not work at WrestleMania XII due to his suspension.


title: Scott Hall

text: On August 24, 2009, Hall began hosting a show on YouTube called "Last Call with Scott Hall". Guests included Sid Vicious, Kevin Nash, Ricky Ortiz, Larry Zbyszko, and Sean Waltman.


title: Scott Hall

text: On August 20, 2013, Hall appeared on HBO's "Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel", along with Diamond Dallas Page and Jake Roberts to talk about how he and Roberts had been recuperating since moving in with Page.


title: Scott Hall

text: In 2015, Hall was a subject in the film "The Resurrection of Jake the Snake", which chronicled his time with DDP and Roberts.


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: Barbara Stanwyck (; born Ruby Catherine Stevens; July 16, 1907 – January 20, 1990) was an American actress, model and dancer. A stage, film, and television star, during her 60-year professional career she was known for her strong, realistic screen presence and versatility. She was a favorite of directors, including Cecil B. DeMille, Fritz Lang, and Frank Capra, and made 85 films in 38 years before turning to television.


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: Orphaned at the age of four and partially raised in foster homes, she always worked. One of her directors, Jacques Tourneur, said of her, "She only lives for two things, and both of them are work." She made her debut on stage in the chorus as a Ziegfeld girl in 1923, at age 16, and within a few years was acting in plays. Her first lead role, which was in the hit "Burlesque" (1927), established her as a Broadway star.


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: In 1929, she began acting in talking pictures. Frank Capra chose her for his romantic drama "Ladies of Leisure" (1930). This led to additional leading roles which raised her profile, such as "Night Nurse" (1931), "Baby Face" (1933), and the controversial "The Bitter Tea of General Yen" (1933). In 1937, she played the title role in "Stella Dallas" for which she earned her first Academy Award nomination for best actress. In 1939, she starred in "Union Pacific", which won the first Palme d'Or awarded at the Cannes Film Festival.


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: In 1941, she starred in two screwball comedies: "Ball of Fire" with Gary Cooper, and "The Lady Eve" with Henry Fonda. She received her second Academy Award nomination for "Ball of Fire", and in the decades since its release "The Lady Eve" has come to be regarded as a comedic classic, with Stanwyck's performance called one of the best in American comedy. Other successful films during this era of her career are "Meet John Doe" (1940) and "You Belong to Me" (1941), reteaming her with Cooper and Fonda, respectively.


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: By 1944, Stanwyck had become the highest-paid actress in the United States. She starred with Fred MacMurray in the seminal film noir "Double Indemnity" (1944), playing the wife who persuades an insurance salesman to kill her husband, for which she received her third Oscar nomination. In 1945, she starred as a homemaker columnist in the hit romantic comedy "Christmas in Connecticut". The next year, she portrayed the title tragic femme fatale in "The Strange Love of Martha Ivers". She garnered her fourth Oscar nomination for her performance as an invalid wife in the noir-thriller "Sorry, Wrong Number" (1948).


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: Stanwyck’s film career declined by the start of the 1950s; despite having a fair number of leading and major supporting roles in that decade, the most successful being "Executive Suite" (1954), the films were not as well received as those earlier in her career. She transitioned to television by the 1960s, where she won three Emmy Awards – for "The Barbara Stanwyck Show" (1961), the western series "The Big Valley" (1966), and the miniseries "The Thorn Birds" (1983). She received an Honorary Oscar in 1982, the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award in 1986 and several other honorary lifetime awards. She was ranked as the 11th greatest female star of classic American cinema by the American Film Institute.


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: Stanwyck was born Ruby Catherine Stevens on July 16, 1907, in Brooklyn, New York. She was the fifthand youngestchild of Catherine Ann (née McPhee) and Byron E. Stevens, both working-class parents. Her father, of English descent, was a native of Lanesville, Massachusetts, and her mother, of Scottish descent, was an immigrant from Sydney, Nova Scotia. She had four older siblings: three older sisters, Laura (Smith), Viola (Merkent), Mabel (Munier) and one older brother, Byron (known as "Bert”).


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: When Ruby was four, her mother died of complications from a miscarriage after she was knocked off a moving streetcar by a drunk. Two weeks after the funeral, her father joined a work crew digging the Panama Canal and was never seen again by his family.


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: Ruby and her older brother, Malcolm Byron (later nicknamed "By") Stevens, were raised by their eldest sister Laura Mildred (later Mildred Smith), who died of a heart attack at age 45. When Mildred got a job as a showgirl, Ruby and Byron were placed in a series of foster homes (as many as four in a year), from which young Ruby often ran away. She attended various public schools in Brooklyn, where she received uniformly poor grades and routinely picked fights with the other students.


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: Ruby toured with Mildred during the summers of 1916 and 1917, and practiced her sister's routines backstage. Watching the movies of Pearl White, whom Ruby idolized, also influenced her drive to be a performer. At the age of 14, she dropped out of school, taking a package wrapping job at a Brooklyn department store. Ruby never attended high school, "although early biographical thumbnail sketches had her attending Brooklyn's famous Erasmus Hall High School."


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: Soon afterward, she took a filing job at the Brooklyn telephone office for $14 a week, which allowed her to become financially independent. She disliked the job; her real goal was to enter show business, even as her sister Mildred discouraged the idea. She then took a job cutting dress patterns for "Vogue" magazine, but customers complained about her work and she was fired. Ruby's next job was as a typist for the Jerome H. Remick Music Company; she reportedly enjoyed the work, but her continuing ambition was show business, and her sister finally gave up trying to dissuade her.


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: In 1923, a few months before her 16th birthday, Ruby auditioned for a place in the chorus at the Strand Roof, a nightclub over the Strand Theatre in Times Square. A few months later, she obtained a job as a dancer in the 1922 and 1923 seasons of the Ziegfeld Follies, dancing at the New Amsterdam Theater. "I just wanted to survive and eat and have a nice coat", Stanwyck said. For the next several years, she worked as a chorus girl, performing from midnight to seven a.m. at nightclubs owned by Texas Guinan. She also occasionally served as a dance instructor at a speakeasy for gays and lesbians owned by Guinan. One of her good friends during those years was pianist Oscar Levant, who described her as being "wary of sophisticates and phonies".


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: Billy LaHiff, who owned a popular pub frequented by showpeople, introduced Ruby in 1926 to impresario Willard Mack. Mack was casting his play "The Noose", and LaHiff suggested that the part of the chorus girl be played by a real one. Mack agreed, and after a successful audition gave the part to Ruby. She co-starred with Rex Cherryman and Wilfred Lucas. As initially staged, the play was not a success. In an effort to improve it, Mack decided to expand Ruby's part to include more pathos. "The Noose" re-opened on October 20, 1926, and became one of the most successful plays of the season, running on Broadway for nine months and 197 performances. At the suggestion of David Belasco, Ruby changed her name to Barbara Stanwyck by combining the first name of the title character in the play "Barbara Frietchie" with the last name of the actress in the play, Jane Stanwyck; both were found on a 1906 theater program.


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: Stanwyck became a Broadway star soon afterward, when she was cast in her first leading role in "Burlesque" (1927). She received rave reviews, and it was a huge hit. Film actor Pat O'Brien would later say on a 1960s talk show, "The greatest Broadway show I ever saw was a play in the 1920s called 'Burlesque'." Arthur Hopkins described in his autobiography "To a Lonely Boy", how he came to cast Stanwyck:


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: After some search for the girl, I interviewed a nightclub dancer who had just scored in a small emotional part in a play that did not run ["The Noose"]. She seemed to have the quality I wanted, a sort of rough poignancy. She at once displayed more sensitive, easily expressed emotion than I had encountered since Pauline Lord. She and [Hal] Skelly were the perfect team, and they made the play a great success. I had great plans for her, but the Hollywood offers kept coming. There was no competing with them. She became a picture star. She is Barbara Stanwyck.


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: He also called Stanwyck "The greatest natural actress of our time", noting with sadness, "One of the theater's great potential actresses was embalmed in celluloid."


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: Around this time, Stanwyck was given a screen test by producer Bob Kane for his upcoming 1927 silent film "Broadway Nights". She lost the lead role because she could not cry in the screen test, but was given a minor part as a fan dancer. This was Stanwyck's first film appearance.


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: While playing in "Burlesque", Stanwyck was introduced to her future husband, actor Frank Fay, by Oscar Levant. Stanwyck and Fay were married on August 26, 1928, and soon moved to Hollywood.


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: Stanwyck's first sound film was "The Locked Door" (1929), followed by "Mexicali Rose", released in the same year. Neither film was successful; nonetheless, Frank Capra chose Stanwyck for his film "Ladies of Leisure" (1930). Her work in that production established an enduring friendship with the director and led to future roles in his films. Other prominent roles followed, among them as a nurse who saves two little girls from the villainous chauffeur (Clark Gable) in "Night Nurse" (1931). In Edna Ferber's novel brought to screen by William Wellman, she portrays small town teacher and valiant Midwest farm woman Selena in "So Big!" (1932). She followed with a performance as an ambitious woman "sleeping" her way to the top from "the wrong side of the tracks" in "Baby Face" (1933), a controversial pre-Code classic. In "The Bitter Tea of General Yen" (1933), another controversial pre-Code film by director Capra, Stanwyck portrays an idealistic Christian caught behind the lines of Chinese civil war kidnapped by warlord Nils Asther. A flop at the time, containing "mysterious-East mumbo jumbo", the lavish film is "dark stuff, and it's difficult to imagine another actress handling this ... philosophical conversion as fearlessly as Ms. Stanwyck does. She doesn't make heavy weather of it."


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: Regarding her pre-Code work, Mick LaSalle, movie critic for the "San Francisco Chronicle" said "If you've never seen Stanwyck in a pre-Code film, you've never seen Stanwyck. Never in her career, including "Double Indemnity," was she ever as hard-boiled as she was in the early 1930s. She had a wonderful quality of being both incredibly cool and yet blazingly passionate. Her cynicism was profound, and then, without warning, she would explode into shrieking, sobbing."


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: In "Stella Dallas" (1937) she plays the self-sacrificing title character who eventually allows her teenage daughter to live a better life somewhere else. She landed her first Academy Award nomination for Best Actress when she was able to portray her character as vulgar, yet sympathetic as required by the movie. Next, she played Molly Monahan in "Union Pacific" (1939) with Joel McCrea. Stanwyck was reportedly one of the many actresses considered for the role of Scarlett O'Hara in "Gone with the Wind" (1939), although she did not receive a screen test. In "Meet John Doe" she plays an ambitious newspaperwoman with Gary Cooper (1941).


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: In Preston Sturges's romantic comedy "The Lady Eve" (1941), she plays a slinky, sophisticated con-woman who "gives off an erotic charge that would straighten a boa constrictor", while falling in love with her intended mark, the guileless, wealthy herpetologist, played by Henry Fonda. Film critic David Thomson described Stanwyck as "giving one of the best American comedy performances", and she was reviewed as brilliantly versatile in "her bravura double performance" by "The Guardian". "The Lady Eve" is among the top 100 movies of all time on "Time" and "Entertainment Weekly's" lists, and is considered to be both a great comedy and a great romantic film with its placement at #55 on the AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs list and #26 on its 100 Years...100 Passions list.


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: Next, she was the extremely successful, independent doctor Helen Hunt in "You Belong to Me" (1941), also with Fonda. Stanwyck then played nightclub performer Sugarpuss O'Shea in the Howard Hawks directed, but Billy Wilder written comedy "Ball of Fire" (1941). In this update of the Snow White and Seven Dwarfs tale, she gives professor Bertram Potts (played by Gary Cooper) a better understanding of "modern English" in the performance for which she received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress.


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: "That is the kind of woman that makes whole civilizations topple." -- Kathleen Howard of Stanwyck's character in "Ball of Fire".


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: In "Double Indemnity" (1944), the seminal film noir thriller directed by Billy Wilder, she plays the sizzling blonde tramp/"destiny in high heels" who lures an infatuated insurance salesman (Fred MacMurray), into killing her husband. Stanwyck brings out the cruel nature of the "grim, unflinching murderess", marking her as the "most notorious femme fatale" in the film noir genre. Her performance as the "insolent, self-possessed wife is one of the screen's definitive studies of villainy – and should (it is widely thought) have won the Oscar for Best Actress", not just been nominated. "Double Indemnity" is usually considered to be among the top 100 films of all time, though it did not win any of its seven Academy Award nominations. It is the #38 film of all time on the American Film Institute's list, as well as the #24 on its 100 Years...100 Thrills list and #84 on its 100 Years...100 Passions list.


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: She plays a columnist touted as the "greatest cook in the country" caught up in white lies while trying to pursue a romance in the comedy "Christmas in Connecticut" (1945). It was a hit upon release and remains a treasured holiday classic today. In 1946 she was "liquid nitrogen" as Martha, a manipulative murderess, starring with Van Heflin and newcomer Kirk Douglas in "The Strange Love of Martha Ivers". Stanwyck was also the vulnerable, invalid wife that overhears her own murder being plotted in "Sorry, Wrong Number" (1948) and the doomed concert pianist in "The Other Love" (1947). In the latter film's soundtrack, the piano music is actually being performed by Ania Dorfmann, who drilled Stanwyck for three hours a day until the actress was able to synchronize the motion of her arms and hands to match the music's tempo, giving a convincing impression that it is Stanwyck playing the piano.


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: Pauline Kael, a longtime film critic for "The New Yorker", admired the natural appearance of Stanwyck's acting style on screen, noting that she "seems to have an intuitive understanding of the fluid physical movements that work best on camera". In reference to the actress's film work during the early sound era, Kael observed that the "[e]arly talkies sentimentality ... only emphasizes Stanwyck's remarkable modernism."


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: Many of her roles involve strong characters, yet Stanwyck was known for her accessibility and kindness to the backstage crew on any film set. She knew the names of many of their wives and children. Frank Capra said of Stanwyck: "She was destined to be beloved by all directors, actors, crews and extras. In a Hollywood popularity contest, she would win first prize, hands down." While working on 1954's "Cattle Queen of Montana" (also starring Ronald Reagan) on location in Glacier National Park, she performed some of her own stunts, including a swim in the icy lake. At the age of 50, she performed an extremely difficult stunt in "Forty Guns". The scene called for her character to fall from and be dragged by a horse, and the stunt was so dangerous that the film's professional stuntman refused to perform it. She would later be named an honorary member of the Hollywood Stuntmen's Hall of Fame.


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: William Holden and Stanwyck were longtime friends and when they were presenting the Best Sound Oscar for 1977, he paused to pay a special tribute to her for saving his career when Holden was cast in the lead for "Golden Boy" (1939). After a series of unsteady daily performances, he was about to be fired, but Stanwyck staunchly defended him, successfully standing up to the film producers. Shortly after Holden's death, Stanwyck recalled the moment when receiving her honorary Oscar: "A few years ago, I stood on this stage with William Holden as a presenter. I loved him very much, and I miss him. He always wished that I would get an Oscar. And so, tonight, my golden boy, you got your wish."


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: As Stanwyck's film career declined during the 1950s, she moved to television. In 1958, she guest-starred in "Trail to Nowhere", an episode of the Western anthology series "Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theatre", playing a wife who kills a man to avenge her husband. In 1961, she hosted an anthology drama series titled "The Barbara Stanwyck Show" that was not a ratings success but earned her an Emmy Award. The show ran for a total of 36 episodes. During this period, she also guest-starred on other television series such as "The Untouchables" and four episodes of "Wagon Train".


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: She stepped back into film for the 1964 Elvis Presley film "Roustabout", in which she plays a carnival owner.


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: The Western television series "The Big Valley", which was broadcast on ABC from 1965 to 1969, made Stanwyck one of the most popular actresses on television, winning her another Emmy. She was billed in the series' opening credits as Miss Barbara Stanwyck for her role as Victoria, the widowed matriarch of the wealthy Barkley family.


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: In 1983, Stanwyck won an Emmy for "The Thorn Birds", her third such award. In 1985, she made three guest appearances in the primetime soap opera "Dynasty" prior to the launch of its short-lived spinoff series "The Colbys", in which she starred alongside Charlton Heston, Stephanie Beacham and Katharine Ross. Unhappy with the experience, Stanwyck remained with the series for only the first season, and her role as Constance Colby Patterson would be her last. It was rumored that Earl Hamner Jr., former producer of "The Waltons", had initially wanted Stanwyck for the role of Angela Channing in the 1980s soap opera "Falcon Crest", and she turned it down, with the role going to her friend Jane Wyman, but Hamner assured Wyman that it was only a rumor.


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: While playing in "The Noose", Stanwyck reportedly fell in love with her married co-star Rex Cherryman. When Cherryman took ill in early 1928, his doctor advised him to take a sea voyage, so Cherryman set sail for Le Havre intending to continue on to Paris, where he and Stanwyck had arranged to meet. While still at sea he contracted septic poisoning, and died shortly after arriving in France at the age of 31.


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: On August 26, 1928, Stanwyck married her "Burlesque" co-star Frank Fay. She and Fay later claimed that they had disliked each other at first, but became close after Cherryman's death. Stanwyck was unable to have children, and one biographer alleges the cause of her infertility to have been a botched abortion at the age of 15 that resulted in complications. After moving to Hollywood, the couple adopted a ten-month-old son on December 5, 1932. They named him Dion, later amending the name to Anthony Dion, nicknamed Tony. The marriage was troubled; Fay's successful Broadway career did not translate to the big screen, whereas Stanwyck achieved Hollywood stardom. Fay was reportedly physically abusive to Stanwyck, especially when he was inebriated. Some claim that the marriage was the basis for dialogue written by William Wellman, a friend of the couple, for "A Star Is Born" (1937) starring Janet Gaynor and Fredric March. The couple divorced on December 30, 1935. Stanwyck won custody of their son, whom she raised with a strict authoritarian hand and demanding expectations. Stanwyck and her son became estranged after his childhood, meeting only a few times after he became an adult. He died in 2006. Wrote Richard Corliss, the child whom she had adopted in infancy "resembled her in just one respect: both were, effectively, orphans."


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: In 1936, while making the film "His Brother's Wife" (1936), Stanwyck became involved with her co-star Robert Taylor. Rather than a torrid romance, their relationship was more one of mentor and pupil. Stanwyck served as support and adviser to the younger Taylor, who had come from a small Nebraska town; she guided his career and acclimated him to the sophisticated Hollywood culture. The couple began living together, sparking newspaper reports. Stanwyck was hesitant to remarry after the failure of her first marriage, but their 1939 marriage was arranged with the help of Taylor's studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, a common practice in Hollywood's golden age. Louis B. Mayer had insisted that Stanwyck and Taylor marry and went as far as presiding over arrangements at the wedding. Stanwyck and Taylor enjoyed time together outdoors during the early years of their marriage, and owned acres of prime West Los Angeles property. Their large ranch and home in the Mandeville Canyon section of Brentwood, Los Angeles, is still referred to by the locals as "the old Robert Taylor ranch".


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: Stanwyck and Taylor mutually decided in 1950 to divorce, and after his insistence, she proceeded with the official filing of the papers. There have been many rumors regarding the cause of the divorce, but after World War II Taylor attempted to create a life away from the entertainment industry, and Stanwyck did not share that goal. Taylor allegedly had extramarital affairs, and unsubstantiated rumors suggested that Stanwyck had also done so. After the divorce, they remained friendly and acted together in Stanwyck's last feature film, "The Night Walker" (1964). She never remarried. According to her friend and "Big Valley" co-star Linda Evans, Stanwyck cited Taylor as the love of her life. She took his death in 1969 very hard, and took a long break from film and television work.


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: Stanwyck was one of the best-liked actresses in Hollywood and maintained friendships with many of her fellow actors (as well as crew members of her films and TV shows), including Joel McCrea and his wife Frances Dee, George Brent, Robert Preston, Henry Fonda (who had a lifelong crush on her), James Stewart, Linda Evans, Joan Crawford, Jack Benny and his wife Mary Livingstone, William Holden, Gary Cooper, and Fred MacMurray. During filming of "To Please a Lady", Stanwyck refused to leave her African-American maid Harriet Coray in a hotel only for African-American people and insisted that she share the same colored hotel as her. After much pressure from Stanwyck, Coray was allowed to stay in the best hotel in Indianapolis along with Stanwyck and the rest of the crew and cast.


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: Stanwyck, at age 45, had a four-year romantic affair with 22-year-old actor Robert Wagner that had begun on the set of "Titanic" (1953) before Stanwyck ended the relationship. The affair is described in Wagner's 2008 memoir "Pieces of My Heart". In the 1950s, Stanwyck also had a one-night stand with Farley Granger, which he wrote about in his autobiography "Include Me Out: My Life from Goldwyn to Broadway" (2007).


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: A conservative Republican, Stanwyck opposed the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt. She felt that if someone from her disadvantaged background had risen to success, others should be able to prosper without government intervention or assistance. For Stanwyck, "hard work with the prospect of rich reward was the American way." She became an early member of the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals (MPA) after its founding in 1944. The mission of this group was to "combat ... subversive methods [used in the industry] to undermine and change the American way of life." It opposed both communist and fascist influences in Hollywood. She publicly supported the investigations of the House Un-American Activities Committee, and her husband Robert Taylor testified as a friendly witness. Stanwyck supported Thomas E. Dewey in the 1944 and 1948 United States presidential elections.


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: A fan of Objectivist author Ayn Rand, Stanwyck persuaded Warner Bros. head Jack L. Warner to purchase the rights to "The Fountainhead" before it became a bestseller, and she wrote Rand with her admiration of "Atlas Shrugged".


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: Stanwyck was originally a Protestant, and was baptized in June 1916 by the Reverend J. Frederic Berg of the Protestant Dutch Reform Church. She later converted to Roman Catholicism when she married first husband Frank Fay.


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: Stanwyck's older brother Malcolm Byron Stevens (1905–1964) became an actor using the name Bert Stevens. He appeared mostly in supporting roles, often uncredited. He appeared in two films that starred Stanwyck: "The File on Thelma Jordon" and "No Man of Her Own", both released in 1950. In 1934, he married actress Caryl Lincoln, remaining together until his death from a heart attack. They had one son, Brian.


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: Stanwyck's retirement years were active, with charity work outside the limelight. In 1981, in her home in the exclusive Trousdale section of Beverly Hills, she was awakened during the night by an intruder who struck her on the head with his flashlight, forced her into a closet and absconded with $40,000 in jewels.


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: In 1982 while filming "The Thorn Birds", Stanwyck inhaled special-effects smoke on the set that may have caused her to contract bronchitis, which was compounded by her cigarette-smoking habit. She began smoking at the age of nine and stopped just four years before her death.


title: Barbara Stanwyck

text: Stanwyck died on January 20, 1990, at the age of 82 of congestive heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at Saint John's Health Center in Santa Monica, California. She had indicated that she wanted no funeral service. In accordance with her wishes, her remains were cremated and the ashes scattered from a helicopter over Lone Pine, California, where she had made some of her Western films.


title: The Staircase

text: The Staircase (; also known as "Death on the Staircase") is a 2004 French-produced, English-language documentary television miniseries directed by Jean-Xavier de Lestrade about the trial of Michael Peterson, convicted of murdering his wife, Kathleen Peterson.


title: The Staircase

text: Following from de Lestrade's Oscar-winning "Murder on a Sunday Morning", filming began soon after Peterson's indictment. Camera crews were given access to the accused's extended family, the defense attorneys, and the courtroom.


title: The Staircase

text: An abbreviated version was broadcast as a special two-hour presentation of American news show "Primetime Thursday" on July 22, 2004. The miniseries was completed in September 2004, and premiered in October on Canal+, from January 10–14, 2005, on BBC Four (as part of its "Storyville" documentary series), and from April 4–25 on Sundance Channel.


title: The Staircase

text: Lestrade returned to film Peterson and his family in 2012–2013, covering developments in the case that were released as a two-hour sequel. Three new episodes with further updates were later made for Netflix, and in 2018, the streaming channel added all 13 episodes to its catalog, making it available as one series.


title: The Staircase

text: In December 2001, war novelist Michael Peterson called emergency services to report that his wife Kathleen had fallen down a set of stairs in their Forest Hills mansion and died. The authorities disbelieved Peterson's story that Kathleen had fallen while drunk and concluded instead that he had bludgeoned her to death, most likely with a fireplace tool called a blow poke (a gift from Kathleen's sister, which appeared to be missing from the house). Peterson was soon charged with murder. The documentary series detailed the ensuing case from the point of view of Peterson and his legal-defense team, led by attorney David Rudolf.


title: The Staircase

text: During the trial, it was revealed that while the Petersons were living in Germany, his dear friend (his best friend's widow and the mother of his future adopted daughters) had died ostensibly from an intra-cerebral haemorrhage, followed by the body falling down stairs after collapsing, which resulted in head injuries similar to those sustained by Peterson's second wife. An investigation by German police and U.S. military authorities concluded that the death was accidental (a subsequent exhumation and autopsy refuted the claim of accidental death). The prosecution introduced this death into the trial as an incident that may have given Peterson the idea of how to fake the true cause of Kathleen's death. During the trial, Peterson's two adopted daughters supported their father's version of the death, while Kathleen's daughter from a first marriage, as well as Kathleen's two sisters, soon grew suspicious, and split from the family.


title: The Staircase

text: The prosecution argued that Kathleen discovered Michael's bisexuality and pursuit of sexual liaisons with men, leading to an argument that ended in Michael bludgeoning his wife to death.


title: The Staircase

text: Peterson claimed that his wife knew intuitively about his sexuality, frequently teased him indirectly about it, understood that was part of who he was, and would have been fine with his arranging to have sex with anonymous men. He claimed to have been outside, by the pool, when Kathleen fell down the stairs and injured herself. A defense team re-creation claimed that Peterson could not hear his wife's cries for help from such a distance.


title: The Staircase

text: The jury ultimately convicted Peterson, and he was sentenced to life in prison. However, the verdict was later overturned in 2011, when the judge ruled that one of the prosecution's main witnesses lied under oath. In 2017, while awaiting his new trial, Michael Peterson entered an Alford plea, in which he accepted a charge of voluntary manslaughter and was sentenced to time served, allowing him to end his time in prison and walk away a free man.


title: The Staircase

text: Reviews of "The Staircase" are generally positive. The film received an "exceptional quality" rating (8.5 out of 10) from Documentary-Review.com based on nine reviews. It won a Peabody Award in 2005. It also won an IDA award for the "Limited Series" category in 2005.


title: The Staircase

text: In April 2012, it was announced that Lestrade was working on a two-hour follow-up film to "The Staircase" for French broadcaster Canal+, after Michael Peterson was released from jail, pending a retrial. The sequel, subtitled "Last Chance," premiered at the International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam in November 2012. It aired on Canal+ on January 30, 2013, and on BBC Four's "Storyville" on February 4. Sundance Channel aired a shorter alternative cut, presenting "Last Chance" as two new episodes of the original miniseries, airing March 4 and March 11, 2013.


title: The Staircase

text: On November 23, 2015, Lestrade announced a second follow-up film at the IDFA Forum. Originally announced as "Staircase III", the film documents the story of Peterson's final trial, set for early 2016. The film was commissioned by Canal+. "Last Chance" producer Matthieu Belghiti of What's Up Films was also attached. It was later picked up by Netflix to be released as three new episodes of the miniseries, together with the previous 10 episodes, on June 8, 2018. The first of the new episodes premiered on April 28, 2018, at the Tribeca Film Festival.


title: The Staircase

text: The first season of the 2017 sitcom "Trial & Error" parodies this documentary and the details of the case.


title: The Staircase

text: A dramatic limited series adaptation of the docuseries, co-produced by Annapurna Television and HBO Max, was announced in March 2021. Titled "The Staircase", it premiered on May 5, 2022. It stars Colin Firth as Michael Peterson; Toni Collette as Kathleen Peterson, Michael's wife; Sophie Turner as Margaret Ratliff, one of the Petersons' adopted daughters; Odessa Young as Martha Ratliff, the Petersons' other adopted daughter; Dane DeHaan as Clayton Peterson, Michael's eldest son from his first marriage; Patrick Schwarzenegger as Todd Peterson, Michael's youngest son from his first marriage; Rosemarie DeWitt as Candace Hunt Zamperini, Kathleen's sister; Michael Stuhlbarg as David Rudolf, Michael's lawyer; and Parker Posey as Durham county prosecutor Freda Black. Antonio Campos is credited as series creator and serves as co-showrunner with Maggie Cohn.


title: The Terror (TV series)

text: The Terror is an American drama anthology television series developed for AMC. The series is named after Dan Simmons's 2007 novel, which serves as the basis for the first season. It premiered on March 25, 2018, with a second season, subtitled Infamy, premiering on August 12, 2019.


title: The Terror (TV series)

text: The first season was developed by David Kajganich and is a fictionalized account of Captain Sir John Franklin's lost expedition to the Arctic in 1845–1848. Kajganich and Soo Hugh serve as co-showrunners. Featured in the cast are Jared Harris as Captain Francis Crozier, Tobias Menzies as Commander James Fitzjames, Paul Ready as Dr. Harry Goodsir, and Ciarán Hinds as Franklin. The second season was co-created by Alexander Woo and Max Borenstein and is mostly set in an American-run Japanese internment camp during World War II. It stars Derek Mio, Kiki Sukezane, Cristina Rodlo, Shingo Usami, Naoko Mori, Miki Ishikawa, and George Takei.


title: The Terror (TV series)

text: The first season begins with the Royal Navy's polar explorer ships and having recently left Beechey Island in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, heading south toward King William Island into uncharted territory, seeking to find and confirm the existence and navigability of the fabled Northwest Passage. The ships are soon frozen and trapped in the ice, and those aboard must survive the harsh weather conditions and each other, while being stalked by an elusive menace.


title: The Terror (TV series)

text: The second season takes place on the west coast of the United States during World War II and centers on the Japanese folklore of bakemono, "an uncanny specter that menaces a Japanese American community from its home in Southern California to the internment camps to the war in the Pacific".


title: The Terror (TV series)

text: After the success of the show "The Walking Dead", the American cable TV network AMC planned to create a horror TV series based on the novel "The Terror". In March 2016, it was confirmed that AMC ordered 10 episodes of the show, with an expected premiere date in 2018.


title: The Terror (TV series)

text: David Kajganich and Soo Hugh serve as co-showrunners, while Kajganich penned the adaptation. Ridley Scott, Alexandra Milchan, Scott Lambert, David W. Zucker, and Guymon Casady are executive producers. In September 2016, it was announced that Tobias Menzies was cast as a series lead and the showrunners were seeking an Inuit woman, between the ages of 16 and 30, to play an unspecified 'major character', most likely Lady Silence.


title: The Terror (TV series)

text: The second season, titled "The Terror: Infamy", and consisting of 10 episodes, is co-created by Max Borenstein and Alexander Woo, who also serves as the showrunner.


title: The Terror (TV series)

text: Derek Mio plays the lead role of Chester Nakayama, a son of Japanese born immigrants who joins the army. George Takei plays Yamato-san, a former fishing captain and community elder who was imprisoned with his family in two Japanese-American internment camps during WWII. Also cast are Kiki Sukezane as Yuko, a mysterious woman from Chester's past; Shingo Usami as Henry Nakayama, Chester's father; and Naoko Mori as Asako Nakayama, Chester's mother; and Miki Ishikawa as Amy, a Nakayama family friend. Takei also serves in a consulting role to ensure the accuracy of historical events and storytelling. C. Thomas Howell was cast as Retired Major Hallowell Bowen, an official with the War Relocation Authority whose "presence looms over the Japanese-American characters in the story."


title: The Terror (TV series)

text: Josef Kubota Wladyka directed the first two episodes of the season. Production began on January 14, 2019, in Vancouver.


title: The Terror (TV series)

text: In January 2020, it was reported by "Deadline Hollywood" that AMC president Sarah Barnett had expressed interest in renewing "The Terror" for a third season and that AMC and Scott Free Productions were discussing plot ideas.


title: The Terror (TV series)

text: The first season premiered on AMC in the United States and Canada on March 25, 2018, and concluded on May 21, 2018. It was released worldwide on Amazon Prime Video in every other country where the service is present (except Canada, the UK and some Middle Eastern countries) starting March 26, 2018. Amazon released most of the first season ahead of its broadcast on AMC. In the United Kingdom, "The Terror" premiered on AMC on April 24, 2018, and BBC Two on March 3, 2021.


title: The Terror (TV series)

text: The first season has received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a 94% "certified fresh" rating based on 69 reviews, with an average rating of 8.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "A thriller wrapped in a prestige drama package, "The Terror" makes for gripping, atmospheric supernatural horror." On Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, the season has a score of 76 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: The Terror (TV series)

text: The second season has received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a 81% "certified fresh" rating based on 43 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Real-world and supernatural horrors collide in "Infamy", an exceptionally well-crafted ghost story that creeps under the skin and stays there." On Metacritic, the season has a score of 78 out of 100, based on 15 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Grandmaster (chess)

text: Grandmaster (GM) is a title awarded to chess players by the world chess organization FIDE. Apart from World Champion, Grandmaster is the highest title a chess player can attain. Once achieved, the title is held for life, though exceptionally it has been revoked for cheating.


title: Grandmaster (chess)

text: The title of Grandmaster, along with the lesser FIDE titles of International Master (IM) and FIDE Master (FM), is open to all players regardless of gender. The great majority of grandmasters are men, but 40 women have been awarded the GM title as of 2022, out of a total of about 2000 grandmasters. Since about the year 2000, most of the top 10 women have held the GM title. There is also a Woman Grandmaster title with lower requirements awarded only to women.


title: Grandmaster (chess)

text: There are also Grandmaster titles for composers and solvers of chess problems, awarded by the World Federation for Chess Composition (see List of grandmasters for chess composition). The International Correspondence Chess Federation (ICCF) awards the title of International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster (ICCGM). Both of these bodies are now independent of FIDE, but work in co-operation with it.


title: Grandmaster (chess)

text: Super grandmaster (super GM) is an informal term to refer to the world's elite players, usually players who are serious contenders for the World Championship. In the past this would refer to players with an Elo rating of over 2600, but as the average Elo rating of the top players has increased it has typically come to refer to players with an Elo rating of over 2700. Super GMs, the number of whom has grown considerably over the years, have some name recognition in the world of sport and are typically the highest earners in chess.


title: Grandmaster (chess)

text: Usage of "grandmaster" for an expert in some field is recorded from 1590. The first known use of the term "grandmaster" in connection with chess was in the 18 February 1838 issue of "Bell's Life", in which a correspondent referred to William Lewis as "our past grandmaster". Subsequently, George Walker and others referred to Philidor as a grandmaster, and the term was also applied to a few other players.


title: Grandmaster (chess)

text: The first official use of the term seems to be in the Ostend tournament of 1907. The tournament was divided into two sections: the Championship Tournament and the Masters' Tournament. The Championship section was for players who had previously won an international tournament. Siegbert Tarrasch won the Championship section, over Carl Schlechter, Dawid Janowski, Frank Marshall, Amos Burn, and Mikhail Chigorin. These players were described as grandmasters for the purposes of the tournament.


title: Grandmaster (chess)

text: The San Sebastián 1912 tournament won by Akiba Rubinstein was a designated grandmaster event. Rubinstein won with 12½ points out of 19. Tied for second with 12 points were Aron Nimzowitsch and Rudolf Spielmann.


title: Grandmaster (chess)

text: By some accounts, in the St. Petersburg 1914 chess tournament, the title Grandmaster was formally conferred by Russian Tsar Nicholas II, who had partially funded the tournament. The Tsar reportedly awarded the title to the five finalists: Emanuel Lasker, José Raúl Capablanca, Alexander Alekhine, Siegbert Tarrasch, and Frank Marshall. Chess historian Edward Winter has questioned this, stating that the earliest known sources that support this story are an article by Robert Lewis Taylor in the June 15, 1940, issue of "The New Yorker" and Marshall's autobiography "My 50 Years of Chess" (1942).


title: Grandmaster (chess)

text: Before 1950, the term grandmaster was sometimes informally applied to world class players. The Fédération Internationale des Échecs (FIDE, or International Chess Federation) was formed in Paris in 1924, but at that time did not award formal titles.


title: Grandmaster (chess)

text: In 1927, the Soviet Union's Chess Federation established the title of Grandmaster of the Soviet Union, for their own players, since at that time Soviets were not competing outside their own country. This title was abolished in 1931, after having been awarded to Boris Verlinsky, who won the 1929 Soviet Championship. The title was brought back in 1935, and awarded to Mikhail Botvinnik, who thus became the first "official" Grandmaster of the USSR. Verlinsky did not get his title back.


title: Grandmaster (chess)

text: In 1950 FIDE created the titles of Grandmaster (GM), International Master (IM) and Woman Master (WM, later known as Woman International Master or WIM). The grandmaster title is sometimes called "International Grandmaster" (IGM), possibly to distinguish it from similar national titles, but the shortened form is far more common today.


title: Grandmaster (chess)

text: Titles were awarded by a resolution of the FIDE General Assembly and the Qualification Committee, with no formal written criteria. FIDE first awarded the Grandmaster title in 1950 to 27 players. These players were:


title: Grandmaster (chess)

text: Since FIDE did not award the Grandmaster title posthumously, world-class players who died prior to 1950, including World Champions Steinitz, Lasker, Capablanca, and Alekhine, never received the title. A few strong still living players such as British India's Mir Sultan Khan, Germany's Paul Lipke and France's Eugene Znosko-Borovsky were never awarded titles.


title: Grandmaster (chess)

text: Title awards under the original regulations were subject to political concerns. Efim Bogoljubow, who had emigrated from the Soviet Union to Germany, was not entered in the first class of Grandmasters, even though he had played two matches for the World Championship with Alekhine. He received the title in 1951, by a vote of thirteen to eight with five abstentions. Yugoslavia supported his application, but all other Communist countries opposed it. In 1953, FIDE abolished the old regulations, although a provision was maintained that allowed older masters who had been overlooked to be awarded titles. The new regulations awarded the title of International Grandmaster of the FIDE to players meeting any of the following criteria:


title: Grandmaster (chess)

text: After FIDE issued the 1953 title regulations, it was recognized that they were somewhat haphazard, and work began to revise the regulations. The FIDE Congress in Vienna in 1957 adopted new regulations, called the FAV system, in recognition of the work done by International Judge Giovanni Ferrantes (Italy), Alexander (probably Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander), and Giancarlo Dal Verme (Italy). Under the 1957 regulations, the title of International Grandmaster of the FIDE was automatically awarded to:


title: Grandmaster (chess)

text: The regulations also allowed titles to be awarded by a FIDE Congress on recommendation by the Qualification Committee. Recommendations were based on performance in qualifying tournaments, with the required score depending on the percentage of Grandmasters and International Masters in the tournament.


title: Grandmaster (chess)

text: Concerns were raised that the 1957 regulations were too lax. At the FIDE Congress in 1961, GM Milan Vidmar said that the regulations "made it possible to award international titles to players without sufficient merit". At the 1964 Congress in Tel Aviv, a subcommittee was formed to propose changes to the regulations. The subcommittee recommended that the automatic award of titles be abolished, criticized the methods used for awarding titles based on qualifying performances, and called for a change in the makeup of the Qualification Committee. Several delegates supported the subcommittee recommendations, including GM Miguel Najdorf who felt that existing regulations were leading to an inflation of international titles. At the 1965 Congress in Wiesbaden FIDE raised the standards required for international titles. The International Grandmaster title regulations were:


title: Grandmaster (chess)

text: To fulfill requirement 2b, the candidate must score one GM norm in a category 1a tournament or two norms within a three-year period in two Category 1b tournaments, or one Category 2a tournament and one Category 1b tournament.


title: Grandmaster (chess)

text: Since FIDE titles are for life, a GM or IM does not count for the purposes of this requirement if he had not had a GM or IM result in the five years prior to the tournament.


title: Grandmaster (chess)

text: In addition, no more than 50 percent plus one of the players can be from the same country for tournaments of 10 to 12 players, or no more than 50 percent plus two for larger tournaments.


title: Grandmaster (chess)

text: Seventy-four GM titles were awarded in 1951 through 1968. During that period, ten GM titles were awarded in 1965, but only one in 1966 and in 1968.


title: Grandmaster (chess)

text: The modern system for awarding FIDE titles evolved from the "Dorazil" proposals, presented to the 1970 Siegen Chess Olympiad FIDE Congress. The proposals were put together by Dr Wilfried Dorazil (then FIDE Vice-President) and fellow Committee members Grandmaster Svetozar Gligorić and Professor Arpad Elo. The recommendations of the Committee report were adopted in full.


title: Grandmaster (chess)

text: In essence, the proposals built on the work done by Professor Elo in devising his Elo rating system. The establishment of an updated list of players and their Elo rating enabled significantly strong international chess tournaments to be allocated a "Category", based on the average rating of the contestants. For instance, it was decided that 'Category 1' status would apply to tournaments with an average Elo rating of participants falling within the range 2251–2275; similarly Category 2 would apply to the range 2276–2300 etc. The higher the tournament Category, the stronger the tournament.


title: Grandmaster (chess)

text: Another vital component involved the setting of meritorious norms for each Category of tournament. Players must meet or surpass the relevant score to demonstrate that they had performed at Grandmaster (GM) or International Master (IM) level. Scores were expressed as percentages of a perfect maximum score and decreased as the tournament Category increased, thereby reflecting the strength of a player's opposition and the relative difficulty of the task.


title: Grandmaster (chess)

text: Tournament organisers could then apply the percentages to their own tournament format and declare in advance the actual score that participants must achieve to attain a GM or IM result (nowadays referred to as a norm).


title: Grandmaster (chess)

text: To qualify for the Grandmaster title, a player needed to achieve three such GM results within a rolling period of three years. Exceptionally, if a player's contributory games totalled 30 or more, then the title could be awarded on the basis of two such results. There were also circumstances where the system could be adapted to fit team events and other competitions.


title: Grandmaster (chess)

text: The Grandmaster title is also automatically conferred, without needing to fulfill the above criteria, when winning the Women's World Championship, the World Junior Championship, or the World Senior Championship, given that the player's peak FIDE rating is at least 2300. Current regulations can be found in the FIDE Handbook.


title: Grandmaster (chess)

text: FIDE titles including the grandmaster title are valid for life, but FIDE regulations allow a title to be revoked for "use of a FIDE title or rating to subvert the ethical principles of the title or rating system" or if a player is found to have violated the anti-cheating regulations in a tournament on which the title application was based.


title: Grandmaster (chess)

text: A report prepared by Bartłomiej Macieja for the Association of Chess Professionals mentions discussion at the FIDE congress of 2008 regarding a perceived decrease in value of the grandmaster title. The number of grandmasters had increased greatly between 1972 and 2008, but according to Macieja, the number of registered players rated over 2200 had increased even faster. Since that FIDE congress, discussion of the value of the grandmaster title has occasionally continued.


title: Grandmaster (chess)

text: From 1977 until 2003, FIDE awarded honorary Grandmaster titles to 31 players based on their past performances or other contributions to chess. Since 2007, no distinction has been made between an "honorary" grandmaster and a full grandmaster. The following players have been awarded honorary Grandmaster titles:


title: Jaipur

text: Jaipur (; Hindi: "Jayapura"), formerly Jeypore, is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Rajasthan. , the city had a population of 3.1 million, making it the tenth most populous city in the country. Jaipur is also known as the "Pink City", due to the dominant colour scheme of its buildings. It is also known as the Paris of India, and C. V. Raman called it the "Island of Glory". It is located from the national capital New Delhi. Jaipur was founded in 1727 by the Kachhwaha Rajput ruler Jai Singh II, the ruler of Amer, after whom the city is named. It was one of the earliest planned cities of modern India, designed by Vidyadhar Bhattacharya. During the British Colonial period, the city served as the capital of Jaipur State. After independence in 1947, Jaipur was made the capital of the newly formed state of Rajasthan.


title: Jaipur

text: Jaipur is a popular tourist destination in India and forms a part of the west Golden Triangle tourist circuit along with Delhi and Agra (). It also serves as a gateway to other tourist destinations in Rajasthan such as Jodhpur (), Jaisalmer (), Bharatpur (), Udaipur (), Kota (252 km, 156 mi) and Mount Abu ().


title: Jaipur

text: On 6 July 2019, UNESCO World Heritage Committee inscribed Jaipur the "Pink City of India" among its World Heritage Sites. The city is also home to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites Amer Fort and Jantar Mantar.


title: Jaipur

text: The city of Jaipur was founded by the King of Amber, Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II on 18 November 1727, who ruled from 1699 to 1743. He planned to shift his capital from Amber, to Jaipur to accommodate the growing population and increasing scarcity of water. Jai Singh consulted several books on architecture and architects while planning the layout of Jaipur. Under the architectural guidance of Vidyadhar Bhattacharya, Jaipur was planned based on the principles of Vastu Shastra and Shilpa Shastra. The construction of the city began in 1726 and took four years to complete the major roads, offices, and palaces. The architecture of the city was heavily influenced by the 17th century architectural renaissance during Mughal rule in Northern India. Hence much of it resembles architecture styles from around the Muslim world. The city was divided into nine blocks, two of which contained the state buildings and palaces, with the remaining seven allotted to the public. Huge ramparts were built, pierced by seven fortified gates.


title: Jaipur

text: During the rule of Sawai Ram Singh I, the city was painted pink to welcome HRH Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (who later became King Edward VII, Emperor of India), in 1876. Many of the avenues still remain painted in pink, giving Jaipur a distinctive appearance and the epithet "Pink city".


title: Jaipur

text: In the 19th century, the city grew rapidly and by 1900 it had a population of 160,000. The wide boulevards were paved and its chief industries were the working of metals and marble, fostered by a school of art founded in 1868. The city had three colleges, including a Sanskrit college (1865) and a girls' school (1867) opened during the reign of the Maharaja Ram Singh II.


title: Jaipur

text: Large areas of the city including the airport were flooded in August 1981, resulting in the death of eight people and much damage to the city's Dravyavati River. The floods were caused by three days of cloud burst that produced more rain than the annual average.


title: Jaipur

text: Jaipur has a monsoon-influenced hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification "BSh") with long, extremely hot summers and short, mild to warm winters. Annual precipitation is over 63 cm, falling mostly in July and August due to monsoon, causing the average temperatures in these two months to be lower compared to drier May and June. During the monsoon, there are frequent, heavy rains and thunderstorms, but flooding is not common. The highest temperature ever recorded was , on 23 May 1994. The city's average temperature remains below between December and February. These months are mild, dry, and pleasant, sometimes chilly. The lowest temperature ever recorded was on 31 January 1905, 1 February 1905 & 16 January 1964. Jaipur, like many other major cities of the world, is a significant urban heat island zone with surrounding rural temperatures occasionally falling below freezing in winters.


title: Jaipur

text: According to the provisional report of 2011 census, Jaipur city had a population of 3,073,350. The overall literacy rate for the city is 84.34%. 90.61% males and 77.41% females were literate. The sex ratio was 898 females per 1,000 males & the child sex ratio was recorded 854.


title: Jaipur

text: The official language of Jaipur is Hindi and the additional official language is English. The native and main dialect of the city is Dhundari. The Marwari and Standard Hindi dialects are also spoken, along with English.


title: Jaipur

text: According to the 2011 census, Hindus form the majority religious group accounting for 77.9% of the city's population, followed by Muslims (18.6%), Jains (2.4%) and others (1.2%).


title: Jaipur

text: The Jaipur Municipal Corporation (JMC) was established in the year 1994. The area of the municipal corporation is 467 square km and it is governed under the Rajasthan Municipality Act of 1959. The municipal corporation is headed by a mayor.


title: Jaipur

text: JMC was recently bifurcated into two Municipal Corporations, namely Greater Jaipur Municipal Corporation and Jaipur Heritage Municipal Corporation. Originally, the municipality had 91 wards and each ward was represented by an elected member. However, the Local Self Government Department of Rajasthan divided Jaipur into two municipal corporations, namely Greater Jaipur Municipal Corporation and Heritage Jaipur Municipal Corporation, with 150 and 100 wards each, respectively.


title: Jaipur

text: Municipal elections of Jaipur were held in the year 2014. In 2014 elections, BJP won the majority in civic body elections. The latest elections is scheduled to be held in October 2020, and had been postponed due to COVID-19. However, elections for the 100 wards of Jaipur Heritage Municipal Corporation were held on 29 October 2020.


title: Jaipur

text: The mayor is the elected representative of the city. The current mayor of Jaipur city is Vishnu Laata. The administration duties are carried out by the municipal commissioner and his group of officials. The municipal commissioner of Jaipur is Dinesh Kumar Yadav (IAS).


title: Jaipur

text: The estimated municipal budget for the year 2019–2020 is 215,853. The key revenue sources for Jaipur municipality are taxes which include House tax, Urban Development tax and octroi compensation. Along with this it also gains revenue from various fees and user charges. The masterplan for the city 2025 was created by the Jaipur Development Authority.


title: Jaipur

text: Jaipur consists of two parliamentary constituencies Jaipur and Jaipur Rural. The political party with a majority in Jaipur is the Indian National Congress. It also has electives from the BJP and INC party.


title: Jaipur

text: The Jaipur Lok Sabha constituency comprises eight Vidhansabha (legislative assembly) segments, all of which fall partly in Jaipur city. MLA for Hawa Mahal is Mahesh Joshi from INC, MLA for Vidhyadhar Nagar is Narpat Singh Rajvi from BJP, MLA for Civil Lines is Pratap Singh Khachariyavas from INC, MLA for Kishanpole is Amin Kagzi from INC, MLA for Adarsh Nagar is Rafeek Khan from INC, MLA for Malviya Nagar constituency is Kalicharan Saraf from BJP, MLA for Sanganer constituency is Ashok Lahoty from BJP and lastly the MLA for Bagru is Ganga Devi from INC.


title: Jaipur

text: The Jaipur Rural Lok Sabha constituency also comprises eight vidhan sabha segments. There are in the northern outskirts of the Jaipur city. MLA for Kotputli is Rajendra Singh Yadav from INC, MLA for Viratnagar is Indraj Gurjar from INC, MLA for Shahpura is Alok Beniwal (Independent), MLA for Phulera is Nirmal Kumawat from BJP, MLA for Jhotwara is Lalchand Kataria from INC, MLA for Amber is Satish Poonia from BJP, MLA for Jamwa Ramgarh is Gopal Meena from INC and lastly MLA for Bansur is Shakuntala Rawat from INC.


title: Jaipur

text: The city police in Jaipur is under the jurisdiction of the Rajasthan State Department. The current Police Commissioner for Jaipur City Police is Mr. Anand Srivastava. In Jaipur City, there is a District and Sessions court present. It also has a family court.


title: Jaipur

text: Jaipur Development Authority (JDA) is the nodal government agency responsible for the planning and development of Jaipur. Jaipur also falls under the Jaipur district of the state of Rajasthan in western India. There are 13 tehsils in the district, which are named Jaipur, Amer, Bassi, Chaksu, Chomu, Mojmabad, Jamwa Ramgarh, Phage, Phulera, Kotputli, Sanganer, Shahpura, Viratnagar. The total area of the district is 14068 square km.


title: Jaipur

text: Jaipur Municipal Corporation is responsible for maintaining the city's civic infrastructure and carrying out associated administrative duties.


title: Jaipur

text: Electricity in Jaipur City is supplied through Jaipur Vidyut Vitaran Nigam LTD(JVVNL) by the Government of Rajasthan. Jaipur MC has a fire department wing and there are 11 fire stations, with 50 fire tenders in the state capital. However, with the city is expanding and the population increasing, the existing infrastructure is not sufficient to cater to the city's requirements. Jaipur, a Tier 2 city, also does not have rescue tenders, used for cutting material, or a turntable ladder (TTL), used for dousing flames from aerial angles without entering the building.


title: Jaipur

text: The Rajasthan government has formed the Jaipur Water Supply and Sewerage Board (JWSSB) for the management of water supply and sewerage services in urban areas of the city. JWSSB, an autonomous body, has been constituted under the JWSSB Ordinance, 2018. It will ensure water supply as per the standards stipulated by the Bureau of Indian Standards, the State Pollution Control Board or Rajasthan's Public Health Engineering Department (PHED). JWSSB will be responsible for financing, designing, constructing, altering, repairing, operating, and maintaining various water supply and sewerage schemes. It will also provide meters and carry out commercial services such as meter reading, billing, and revenue collection.


title: Jaipur

text: The Jaipur Development Authority has divided the city into four main drainage zones with the northern and central zones draining into the Dravyavati river while the western zone drains into the Chandler lake and the eastern and southern areas combined drain into the Dhundh River. Sewerage systems and STPs have been constructed accordingly with the installed capacity being 730 km of sewer lines and 442 MLD of sewage treatment.


title: Jaipur

text: The corporation has a new solid waste management system that includes door-to-door collection, transportation of garbage in covered vehicles, proper deployment of dustbins, use of modern equipment. The system ensures private investment as well as public participation with a small amount of monthly user charges. The size of the JMC garbage can be kept at a manageable level.


title: Jaipur

text: Complete Sanitation work in 3 zones, namely, Hawamahal Zone (East), Hawamahal (West), Motidungari Zone, and Pratap Nagar has been contracted out through National Tendering.


title: Jaipur

text: Jaipur is a major tourist destination in India forming a part of the Golden Triangle. In the 2008 Conde Nast Traveller Readers Choice Survey, Jaipur was ranked the 7th best place to visit in Asia.


title: Jaipur

text: According to TripAdvisor's 2015 Traveller's Choice Awards for Destination, Jaipur ranked 1st among the Indian destinations for the year. The Presidential Suite at the Raj Palace Hotel, billed at per night, was listed in second place on CNN's "World's 15 most expensive hotel suites" in 2012.


title: Jaipur

text: Jaipur Exhibition & Convention Centre (JECC) is Rajasthan's biggest convention and exhibition centre. It is famous for organising events such as Vastara, Jaipur Jewellery Show, Stonemart 2015 and Resurgent Rajasthan Partnership Summit 2015.


title: Jaipur

text: Visitor attractions include the Birla Auditorium, Albert Hall Museum, Hawa Mahal, Jal Mahal, City Palace, Amer Fort, Jantar Mantar, Nahargarh Fort, Jaigarh Fort, Birla Mandir, Galtaji, Govind Dev Ji Temple, Garh Ganesh Temple, Moti Dungri Ganesh Temple, Sanghiji Jain temple and the Jaipur Zoo. The Jantar Mantar observatory (The Jantar Mantar is a collection of 19 astronomical instruments remarkable at their time.) and Amer Fort are one of the World Heritage Sites. Hawa Mahal is a five-storey pyramidal shaped monument with 953 windows that rises from its high base. Sisodiya Rani Bagh and Kanak Vrindavan are the major parks in Jaipur. Raj Mandir is a notable cinema hall in Jaipur.


title: Jaipur

text: Jaipur has many cultural sites like Jawahar Kala Kendra formed by Architect Charles Correa and Ravindra Manch. Government Central Museum hosts several arts and antiquities. There is a government museum at Hawa Mahal and an art gallery at Viratnagar. There are statues depicting Rajasthani culture around the city. Jaipur has many traditional shops selling antiques and handicrafts, as well as contemporary brands reviving traditional techniques, such as Anokhi. The prior rulers of Jaipur patronised a number of arts and crafts. They invited skilled artisans, artists and craftsmen from India and abroad who settled in the city. Some of the crafts include bandhani, block printing, stone carving and sculpture, tarkashi, zari, gota-patti, kinari and zardozi, silver jewellery, gems, kundan, meenakari and jewellery, Lakh ki Chudiya, miniature paintings, blue pottery, ivory carving, shellac work and leather ware.


title: Jaipur

text: Jaipur has its own performing arts. The Jaipur Gharana for Kathak is one of the three gharanas of the major north Indian classical dance form of Kathak. The Jaipur Gharana of Kathak is known for its rapid intricate dance forms, vivacious body movements and subtle Abhinaya. The Ghoomar is a popular folk dance style. Tamasha is an art form where Kathputli puppet dance is shown in play form. Major festivals celebrated in Jaipur include Elephant Festival, Gangaur, Makar Sankranti, Holi, Diwali, Vijayadashami, Teej, Eid, Mahavir Jayanti and Christmas. Jaipur is also famous for the Jaipur Literature Festival, the world's largest free literature festival in which authors, writers and literature lovers from all over the country participate.


title: Jaipur

text: The city was planned according to the Indian Vastu shastra by Vidyadhar Bhattacharya in 1727. There are three gates facing east, west, and north. The eastern gate is called "Suraj pol" (sun gate), the western gate is called "Chand pol" (moon gate) and the northern gate faces the ancestral capital of Amer.


title: Jaipur

text: The city is unusual among pre-modern Indian cities in the regularity of its streets, and the division of the city into six sectors by broad streets 34 m (111  ft) wide. The urban quarters are further divided by networks of gridded streets. Five-quarters wrap around the east, south, and west sides of a central palace quarter, with a sixth quarter immediately to the east. The Palace quarter encloses the Hawa Mahal palace complex, formal gardens, and a small lake. Nahargarh Fort, which was the residence of the King Sawai Jai Singh II, crowns the hill in the northwest corner of the old city.


title: Jaipur

text: Typical dishes include Dal Baati Churma, Missi Roti, Gatte ki Sabzi, Lahsun ki chutney, Ker Sangri, Makke ki Ghat, Bajre ki Ghat, Bajre ki Roti and Laal Maans. Jaipur is also known for its sweets which include Ghevar, Feeni, Mawa Kachori, Gajak, Meethi thuli, Chauguni ke laddu, and Moong Thal.


title: Jaipur

text: As per the official records released by the Directorate of Economics and Statistics (Rajasthan), the GDP(nominal) of Jaipur district is estimated at INR 1,22,140 crores ($15.8 billion) in 2020–21, with a per-capita GDP of INR 1,41,305. In addition to its role as the provincial capital, educational, and administrative centre, the economy of Jaipur is fuelled by tourism, gemstone cutting, the manufacture of jewellery and luxury textiles, and information technology.


title: Jaipur

text: Three major trade promotion organisations have their offices in Jaipur. These are: Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry, (FICCI) the PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry (PHDCCI) and the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) which has its regional offices here. In 2008, Jaipur was ranked 31 among the 50 Emerging Global Outsourcing cities. Jaipur Stock Exchange was one of the regional stock exchanges in India and was founded in 1989 but was closed in March 2015.


title: Jaipur

text: Jaipur has emerged as a hub of automotive industries. JCB, Hero MotoCorp and Robert Bosch GmbH have their manufacturing plants in Jaipur. Chemical manufacturers in the city are Aro Granite and Emami Agrotech. National Engineering Industries have a plant in Jaipur.


title: Jaipur

text: The city is among top emerging IT hubs of India along with Ahmedabad, Bhubaneswar and Kochi. Mahindra World City is an integrated business zone in Jaipur. It is home to several software and IT companies including Genpact, Appirio, Infosys, Wipro, ICICI Bank, Connexions and Deutsche Bank. The Government of Rajasthan have built Asia's largest incubator in Jaipur – the Bhamashah Techno Hub.


title: Jaipur

text: Jaipur is a major hub for arts and crafts. It has many traditional shops selling antiques, jewellery, handicrafts, gems, bangles, pottery, carpets, textiles, leather and metal products. Jaipur is one of India's largest manufacturers of hand-knotted rugs. Jaipur foot, a rubber-based prosthetic leg for people with below-knee amputations, was designed and is produced in Jaipur. World Trade Park Jaipur, is a shopping mall in Jaipur opened in 2012.


title: Jaipur

text: Jaipur has offices of companies like Airtel, Jio, VI (Vodafone-Idea) and BSNL which are providing mobile telephony and there are also various internet service providers in the city. The government of Rajasthan has started free WiFi at various public places like Central Park, Jantar Mantar among others. Rajasthan's first ISP Data Ingenious Global Limited still providing large number of broadband customers and email services in entire Jaipur.


title: Jaipur

text: Jaipur has got a good network of broadband services both in Old Jaipur and New Jaipur. Jaipur is served by BSNL FTTH, Tata Play Fiber, ACT, Data Ingenious, Jio and Airtel.


title: Jaipur

text: Major daily newspapers in Jaipur include "Amar Ujala", "Rajasthan Patrika", "Dainik Bhaskar", "Indian Express", "Dainik Navajyoti" and "The Times of India". The state-owned All India Radio is broadcast both on the medium wave and FM band in the city. Private FM stations include Radio Mirchi (98.3 MHz), Radio City (91.1 MHz), My FM (94.3 MHz), FM Tadka 95 FM (95.0 MHz), Mirchi Love (104.0 MHz), Red FM 93.5 (93.5 MHz) and Gyan Vani (105.6 MHz). The city has a community FM channel in FM Radio 7 (90.4 MHz) by India International School Institutional Network. The public broadcaster Doordarshan (Prasar Bharati) provides a regional channel in addition to the private broadcasters.


title: Jaipur

text: Jaipur is located on National Highway No.48 connecting Delhi and Mumbai. National Highway 52 links Jaipur with Kota and National Highway 21 links Jaipur with Agra. RSRTC operates bus service to major cities in Rajasthan, New Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab and Gujarat. City buses are operated by Jaipur City Transport Services Limited (JCTSL) of RSRTC. The service operates more than 400 regular and low-floor buses. Major bus depots are located at Vaishali Nagar, Vidyadhar Nagar and Sanganer.


title: Jaipur

text: Jaipur BRTS was approved by the government in August 2006. Jaipur BRTS is managed by JCSTL, a special purpose vehicle formed by Jaipur Development Authority and Jaipur Nagar Nigam. In Phase I, two corridors have been proposed: a "North-South Corridor" from Sikar Road to Tonk Road and an "East-West Corridor" from Ajmer Road to Delhi Road. A section of the North-South Corridor from bypass near Harmada to Pani Pech became operational in 2010.


title: Jaipur

text: Jaipur Ring Road is a project of Jaipur Development Authority to reduce increasing traffic of Jaipur city which connects NH-21 (Agra Road), NH-48 (Ajmer Road), NH-52 (Tonk Road), and NH-52 (Malpura Road) having a length of 150 km. The 57 km out of 150 km long six-lane Jaipur Ring Road has been completed at a cost of Rs. 1217 crore which was inaugurated by Sushma Swaraj, Arun Jaitley and Nitin Gadkari.


title: Jaipur

text: Bhawani Singh Road, named after the last Maharaja of Jaipur which begins from Nehru Sahkar Bhawan and ends at the intersection where Birla Mandir is situated is one of the most popular roads in the city with notable places like Rambagh Palace, Golf Club and Jaipur Development Authority Office falling on its path. A similarly named road; Bhawani Singh Lane, serves as a place where the prominent people of Jaipur reside. The road also serves as a passage for the offices of companies like ETV Rajasthan, Redington India Limited, Hal Clyde Denison, and Rajasthan Tourism Bureau.


title: Jaipur

text: Jaipur Metro commenced commercial operation on 3 June 2015. Phase-1A is operational between Mansarovar and Chandpole consisting of nine stations namely Mansarovar, New Aatish Market, Vivek Vihar, Shyam Nagar, Ram Nagar, Civil Line, Railway Station, Sindhi Camp and Chandpole. The Phase-1B was constructed with an estimated cost of 97.32 billion ($1.74 billion). It became operational on 23 September 2020.


title: Jaipur

text: Jaipur International Airport is in Sanganer, from the centre. The airport handled 363,899 international and 2,540,451 domestic passengers in 2015–2016. Jaipur Airport also provides air cargo services. During winter, sometimes flights towards Indira Gandhi International Airport are diverted to Jaipur Airport due to heavy fog in Delhi.


title: Jaipur

text: Public and private schools in Jaipur are governed by the Central Board of Secondary Education or Board of Secondary Education, Rajasthan, International Board of education and follow a "10+2" plan. This plan entails eight years of primary education and four years of secondary education. The secondary school includes two years of upper secondary education, which is more specific and diverse than the two years of lower secondary education before it. Languages of instruction include English and Hindi.


title: Jaipur

text: Notable institutions in the city are: University of Rajasthan, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar Law University, Rajasthan Sanskrit University, Haridev Joshi University of Journalism and Mass Communication, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, LNM Institute of Information Technology, University of Technology, National Institute of Ayurveda, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Subodh College among others. There are several digital marketing institutes in Jaipur As EIIM, Digilearning, Quibus training to name a few.


title: Jaipur

text: Admission to Engineering colleges in Jaipur, many of which are affiliated to Rajasthan Technical University (Kota), is through Rajasthan Engineering Admission Process.


title: Jaipur

text: The main cricket stadium in the city, Sawai Mansingh Stadium, has a seating capacity of 30,000 and has hosted national and international cricket matches. It is also the home ground of IPL team Rajasthan Royals. Sawai Mansingh Indoor Stadium, Chaugan Stadium and Railway Cricket Ground are the other sporting arenas in the city.


title: Jaipur

text: A new stadium has been proposed for Chonp Village with a seating capacity 75,000. It would be the third-largest cricket stadium in the world after the Sardar Patel Stadium and the Melbourne Cricket Ground.


title: Jaipur

text: The city is represented in the IPL by Rajasthan Royals (2008–2016; 2018–present) and in Pro Kabaddi League by Jaipur Pink Panthers.


title: Jaipur

text: A new cricket stadium located 27 km from Jaipur is under construction. In July 2021, Chief Minister Ashok Gehlot said that the stadium will have a total seating capacity of 75000 and will be constructed in two phases, of which the seating accommodation of 45,000 people will be completed in the first phase and expansion for another 30,000 will be done in the second phase.


title: Jaipur

text: Paul McCartney wrote and recorded the Jaipur tribute song "Riding into Jaipur" (4:08) whose minimalist lyrics say: « riding to Jaipur, riding through the night, riding with my baby, oh what a delight, oh what a delight, it is. » The song was released on his 2001 studio album "Driving Rain".


title: Jaipur

text: Jaipur is the setting for the film "The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel" and its sequel, "The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel", which follow the adventures of a group of senior European ex-pats who retire to Jaipur and in the process discover their true selves.


title: Cali Cartel

text: The Cali Cartel () was a drug cartel based in southern Colombia, around the city of Cali and the Valle del Cauca. Its founders were the brothers Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela and Miguel Rodríguez Orejuela. They broke away from Pablo Escobar and his Medellín associates in 1987, when Hélmer "Pacho" Herrera joined what became a four-man executive board that ran the cartel.


title: Cali Cartel

text: At the height of the Cali Cartel's reign from 1993-1996, they were cited as having control of over 91% of the world's cocaine market and were said to be directly responsible for the growth of the cocaine market in Europe, controlling 90% of the market there as well. By the mid-1990s, the leader of the Cali Cartel's international drug trafficking Miguel Rodríguez was a $7 billion a year criminal enterprise.


title: Cali Cartel

text: The Cali Cartel was formed by the Rodriguez Orejuela brothers and Santacruz, all coming from what is described as a higher social background than most other traffickers of the time. The recognition of this social background was displayed in the group's nickname as "Los Caballeros de Cali" ("Gentlemen of Cali"). The group originally assembled as a ring of kidnappers known as "Las Chemas", which was led by Luis Fernando Tamayo García. Las Chemas were implicated in numerous kidnappings including those of two Swiss citizens: a diplomat, Herman Buff, and a student, Zack "Jazz Milis" Martin. The kidnappers reportedly received $700,000 in ransom, which is believed to have been used to fund their drug trafficking empire.


title: Cali Cartel

text: The assembled group first involved itself in trafficking marijuana. Due to the product's low profit rate and large amounts required to traffic to cover resources, the fledgling group decided to shift their focus to a more lucrative drug, cocaine. In the early 1970s, the cartel sent Hélmer Herrera to New York City to establish a distribution center, during a time when the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) viewed cocaine as less important than heroin.


title: Cali Cartel

text: The Cali Cartel leadership comprised members Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela, Miguel Rodríguez Orejuela, José Santacruz Londoño and Hélmer Herrera. Some top associates were Victor Patiño Fomeque, Henry Loaiza Ceballos, ex-guerrilla member José Fedor Rey, and Phanor Arizabaleta-Arzayus.


title: Cali Cartel

text: In the absence of a hardline policy from the DEA on cocaine, the trade flourished. The group developed and organized itself into multiple "cells" that appeared to operate independently yet reported to a ("manager"). The independent clandestine cell system is what set the Cali Cartel apart from the Medellín Cartel. The Cali Cartel operated as a tight group of independent criminal organizations, as opposed to the Medellíns' centralised structure under leader Pablo Escobar.


title: Cali Cartel

text: The Cali Cartel eventually became "The biggest, most powerful crime syndicate we've ever known", according to then DEA chief Thomas Constantine.


title: Cali Cartel

text: Each leader of the Cali Cartel had their own operation to run as they saw fit. There were 5 major Cali trafficking groups that were separate but also worked together when their interests aligned. This included, but was not limited to, transporting drugs to the United States and money laundering. According to a report by the DEA in 1994, the Rodriguez brothers, Miguel and Gilberto, were the most successful and powerful of the cartel's members. As such, they were also in charge of the Cali Cartel operations on a grand scale. Gilberto, known as the "Chess Player," used his skills of strategy to plan long-term for the cartel while his younger brother handled day-to-day operations, micromanaging every detail. While certain groups were only handling certain aspects for the cartel, the Rodriguez brothers were involved in all aspects from production to transportation to wholesale distribution to money laundering. One of the more violent of the kingpins, Jose Santacruz-Londono had his talent in international cocaine transportation, creating a vast network for the cocaine to get from Colombia to its final destination, most often the United States. Specifically, he had a center of US operations in New York where the DEA seized two cocaine conversion laboratories in June 1992. Next, the Urdinola brothers were possibly the most violent of the group with some estimates saying that they murdered over 100 individuals in Colombia. They also distributed cocaine throughout the United States from Los Angeles to Miami to New York City. Also, the group expanded into trafficking Colombian heroin, a product that most of the groups stayed away from. Finally, Raul and Luis Grajales, cousins by marriage, were a careful duo who tried to portray themselves as legitimate. Their operation took them to Western Europe where they tried to establish new routes from Colombia. They used Eastern Europe and old Soviet countries to route the cocaine into Western Europe. The five groups all coexisted under the name of the Cali Cartel.


title: Cali Cartel

text: The Cali Cartel would become known for its innovations in trafficking and production, by moving its refining operations out of Colombia to Peru and Bolivia, as well as for pioneering new trafficking routes through Panama. The Cartel also diversified into opium and was reported to have brought in a Japanese chemist to help its refining operation. Venezuelan General Ramon Guillen Davila ran the Venezuelan National Guard unit that was to interdict cocaine shipments and was the CIA's most trusted narcotics asset in Venezuela. He worked with Mark McFarlin and Jim Campbell, and was charged by United States authorities with smuggling 22 tons of Cali Cartel cocaine from 1987 to 1991 known as Operation North ().


title: Cali Cartel

text: According to reports and testimony of Thomas Constantine to the United States Congress, "Cali would be the dominant group in trafficking South American heroin due to their access to the opium-growing areas of Colombia." Debate over the cartel's participation in heroin trafficking remains. It is believed the cartel's leaders were not involved in heroin trading, but that close associates to them, such as Ivan Urdinola-Grajales, were, and that they cooperated with heroin distribution centers.