title: Westlife

text: They have participated in a Royal British Legion poppy appeal, Irish Blood for Life 2004 and did an advertisement for Galway's Irish Water Safety campaign. They also lent their support to the Irish Blood Transfusion Service (IBTS). On 4 November 2005, they performed with other music artists at Coca-Cola Dome in Johannesburg, South Africa for The "Unite of the Stars" Gala Banquet charity concert that supports four charities: the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund, Unite Against Hunger, St. Mary's Hospital and the Topsy Foundation. They also performed live for charity on Sport Relief, Macmillan Cancer Support, Croí, Western Alzheimer's, O'Dwyer Cheshire Home, Mayo Cancer Support Group, Marie Keating Foundation, Outward Bound Trust, ChildLine, Children in Need, Sheffield's Children Hospital. They had also helped for auctions on Meningitis Research Foundation, Carlton Celebrity Auction for Centrepoint (for the homeless), the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, and The Samaritans), Zutto charity painting, Pushing The Envelope (for National Literacy Trust). They've been involved also with the following organizations: Royal National Institute for the Deaf (RNID), Cancer Research UK, United Nations' World Food Programme (WFP), Muscle Help Foundation, Global Breast Cancer Awareness Campaign and Real Man campaign. They are also included as ambassadors of The Irish Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (ISPCC). As part of IPSCC, Feehily signed up for their anti-bullying campaign, "Join the Fight for Children's Rights". and Aware, Byrne for Heart attack and Asthma awareness campaigns, Daily Star's Reclaim Our Streets crusade, Byrne for Oxfam's East Africa famine appeal (by Celtic F.C. v Manchester United F.C. football match), and for Children's Hospice South West (by Truro charity football match). Filan, Byrne for Soccer Aid, J.P. McManus Invitational Pro-Am, One World Beat. Filan for Irish Red Cross (by Sligo Rovers F.C. Showgrounds football match), and Egan for Strandhill Indonesian Relief Fund (SIRF, in aid of the South Asian tsunami victims).


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: Blue Is the Warmest Colour (; ) is a 2013 romance film co-written, co-produced, and directed by Abdellatif Kechiche and starring Léa Seydoux and Adèle Exarchopoulos. The film follows Adèle (Exarchopoulos), a French teenager who discovers desire and freedom as an aspiring painter, Emma (Seydoux), enters her life. It depicts their relationship from Adèle's high school years to her early adult life and career as a schoolteacher. The film's premise is based on the 2010 graphic novel of the same name by Jul Maroh.


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: Production began in March 2012 and lasted five months. Approximately 800 hours of footage were shot, including extensive B-roll footage, with Kechiche trimming the final cut to 180 minutes. The film generated controversy upon its premiere at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival and before its release. Much of the controversy was about allegations by the crew and lead actresses of poor working conditions on set, and also the film's raw depiction of sexuality.


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: At the 2013 Cannes Film Festival, the film unanimously won the Palme d'Or from the official jury and the FIPRESCI Prize. It is the first film to have the Palme d'Or awarded to both the director and the lead actresses, with Seydoux and Exarchopoulos joining Jane Campion ("The Piano") and later Julia Ducournau ("Titane") as the only women to have won the award. The film had its North American premiere at the 2013 Telluride Film Festival. It received critical acclaim and was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film and the BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language. Many critics declared it one of the best films of 2013.


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: Adèle (Adèle Exarchopoulos) is an introverted 15-year-old high-school student. She passes an older woman with short blue hair in the streets one day and is instantly attracted. She sleeps with Thomas, a boy from school, but is ultimately dissatisfied and ends their relationship. After having vivid fantasies about the blue-haired woman while masturbating and kissing Béatrice, one of her female friends, Adèle becomes troubled about her sexual identity. Béatrice says she does not want to proceed further and tells Adèle to forget the kiss.


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: Adèle's friend, the openly gay Valentin, takes her to a gay dance bar. Adèle later leaves and enters a lesbian bar, where some women flirt with her. The blue-haired woman, art student Emma (Léa Seydoux), is there and intervenes, claiming Adèle is her cousin. Emma and Adèle become friends. After Emma shows up at the school, Adèle's friends suspect her of being a lesbian and ostracise her.


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: Adèle and Emma grow closer and kiss at a picnic. They later have sex and begin a passionate relationship. Emma's artsy family welcomes Adèle, but Adèle tells her conservative, working-class parents that Emma is her tutor for philosophy class. Some of Adèle's old friends attend her surprise 18th birthday party, but Emma does not.


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: In the years that follow, the two women move in together. Adèle becomes an elementary school teacher, while Emma tries to advance her painting career by throwing frequent house parties. At one party, Adèle meets Emma's pregnant colleague Lise, gallery owner Joachim, and aspiring actor Samir. Samir discusses America with Adèle while the others discuss sex, and the two become friends. Emma spends more time at the party with Lise.


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: Emma belittles Adèle's career but encourages her to pursue writing, while Adèle insists she is happy the way she is. Their relationship grows tense as they have little in common. Emma comes home late, having spent the evening working with Lise. Out of loneliness, Adèle sleeps with a male colleague. Emma discovers the cheating and furiously breaks up with Adèle.


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: Three years later, the two meet at a restaurant. Adèle is happy with her job as a kindergarten teacher but has not moved on: she is still deeply in love with Emma. Emma is in a committed partnership with Lise and helps raise Lise's three-year-old daughter. Emma and Adèle kiss, but Emma withdraws, although she admits she does not feel sexually fulfilled. She tells Adèle that she no longer loves her, but that their relationship was special and she will always have "infinite tenderness" for her. The two part with apologies and tears.


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: Adèle attends Emma's art exhibition. On one wall is a nude portrait of Adèle that Emma painted during their time together. Emma acknowledges Adèle but is focused on Lise and the other guests. Adèle congratulates Emma on her success and, after a brief conversation with Samir, leaves. He chases after her but goes in the wrong direction, while Adèle walks off into the distance.


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: Lesbian sexuality is one of the film's primary themes, as the narrative deals with Adèle's exploration of her identity in this context. But some academics have questioned the film's treatment of lesbian sexuality, given that it was directed by a heterosexual man. In "Sight & Sound", film scholar Sophie Mayer suggests that in "Blue is the Warmest Colour", "Like homophobia, the lesbian here melts away. As with many male fantasies of lesbianism, the film centers on the erotic success and affective failures of relations between women".


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: The issue of perspective was also addressed in a "Film Comment" review by Kristin M. Jones, who wrote, "Emma's supposedly sophisticated friends make eager remarks about art and female sexuality that seem to mirror the director's problematic approach toward the representation of women".


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: One critic has suggested that the film is not a lesbian film, highlighting the exploration of Adèle's bisexuality. Paulina Plazas wrote in "IndieWire" that throughout the film, bisexual erasure is "central to understanding Adèle's particular sense that she does not belong as she comes of age."


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: One recurring thematic element critics and audiences identified is the division of social class and the exploration of freedom and love between the two central characters. The social class division is clear in the two family dinner scenes, with Adèle's conservative, working-class family discussing comparatively banal subjects while Emma's more open-minded, middle-class family mainly discusses more existential matters: art, career, life and passion. Perhaps one of the most significant differences between the families is that Emma's is aware of their lesbian relationship, while Adèle's conservative parents are led to believe the women are just friends.


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: Some critics have noted that class difference is an ongoing theme in Kechiche's filmography. One "Film Comment" critic wrote, "As in Kechiche's earlier work, social class, and the divisions it creates, are a vital thread; he even changed the first name of the story's passionate protagonist from Clémentine to that of his actress, partly because it means 'justice' in Arabic. His fascination and familiarity with the world of pedagogy, as shown here in Adèle's touching reverence for teaching, is another notable characteristic".


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: Kechiche explores how food can evoke varying levels of symbolism, for instance through the sexually suggestive food metaphors of Adèle's liking the fat on ham and her learning to eat oysters from Emma. He also looks at how food can be indicative of social class.


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: Director and screenwriter Abdellatif Kechiche developed the premise for "Blue Is the Warmest Colour" while directing his second feature film, "Games of Love and Chance" (2003). He met teachers "who felt very strongly about reading, painting, writing" and was inspired to develop a script that charts the personal life and career of a female French teacher. But the concept was only finalized a few years later when Kechiche chanced upon Maroh's graphic novel and he saw how he could link his screenplay about a schoolteacher with Maroh's love story between two young women.


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: Although Maroh's story takes precedence in the adaptation, Adèle's character, named "Clémentine" in the book, differs from the original, as explored by Charles Taylor in "The Yale Review": "The novel includes scenes of the girls being discovered in bed and thrown out of the house and speeches like "What's horrible is that people kill each other for oil and commit genocide, not that they give their love to someone."" In the film, Adèle's parents seem oblivious to her love affair with Emma and politely greet her under the impression that she is Adèle's philosophy tutor. Further themes are explored in Maroh's novel, such as addiction to prescription pills. Of his intention to portray young people, Kechiche said: "I almost wish I was born now, because young people seem to be much more beautiful and brighter than my generation. I want to pay them tribute."


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: In late 2011, a casting call was held in Paris to find the ideal actress for the role of Adèle. Casting director Sophie Blanvillain first spotted Adèle Exarchopoulos and then arranged for her to meet Kechiche. Exarchopoulos described how her auditions with Kechiche over the course of two months consisted of improvisation of scenarios, discussions, and sitting in a café, without talking, while he observed her. It was later, a day before the New Year, that Kechiche decided to offer Exarchopoulos the leading role in the film; as he said in an interview, "I chose Adèle the minute I saw her. I had taken her for lunch at a brasserie. She ordered lemon tart and when I saw the way she ate it I thought, 'It's her!'"


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: Léa Seydoux was cast as Emma ten months before principal photography began. Kechiche felt that Seydoux "shared her character's beauty, voice, intelligence and freedom" and that she has "something of an Arabic soul". He added, "What was decisive during our meeting was her take on society: She's very much tuned in to the world around her. She possesses a real social awareness, she has a real engagement with the world, very similar to my own. I was able to realise to how great an extent, as I spent a whole year with her between the time she was chosen for the role and the end of shooting." Speaking to IndieWire on the preparation for her role, Seydoux said, "During those ten months [before shooting] I was already meeting with him and being directed. We would spend hours talking about women and life; I also took painting and sculpting lessons, and read a lot about art and philosophy."


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: The film, originally planned to be shot in two and a half months, was shot in five months, from March to August 2012, with a budget of €4 million. Seven hundred and fifty hours of dailies were shot. Shooting took place in Lille, Roubaix, and Liévin.


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: In terms of cinematography, the shot/reverse shot scenes in the film were simultaneously shot with two different cameras. For Kechiche, this technique not only facilitates editing but also adds beauty to the scene that feels more truthful. Another characteristic aspect of "Blue" cinematography is the predominance of close-ups. Cinematographer Sofian El Fani used the Canon EOS C300 camera with Angénieux zoom lenses, and the entire production was undertaken in a digital workflow.


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: Upon its premiere at the 2013 Cannes Festival, a report from the French Audiovisual and Cinematographic Union ("Syndicat des professionnels de l'industrie de l'audiovisuel et du cinéma") criticised the crew's working conditions. According to the report, crew members said the production occurred in a "heavy" atmosphere with behaviour close to "moral harassment," which led some to quit. Further criticism targeted disrupted working patterns and salaries. Technicians accused Kechiche of harassment, unpaid overtime, and violations of labor laws.


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: In September 2013, Seydoux and Exarchopoulos also complained about Kechiche's behaviour during the shooting. They described the experience as "horrible" and said they would not work with him again. Exarchopoulos later said of the rift: "It was real, but it was not as big as it looks. For me, a shoot is a human adventure, and in every adventure you have some conflict." In a January 2014 interview, Seydoux clarified: "I'm still very happy with this film. It was hard to film it and maybe people think I was complaining and being spoiled, but that's not it. I just said it was hard. The truth is it was extremely hard but that's OK. I don't mind that it was hard. I like to be tested. Life is much harder. He's a very honest director and I love his cinema. I really like him as a director. The way he treats us? So what!"


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: In September 2013, Kechiche said the film should not be released. He told French magazine "Télérama", "I think this film should not go out; it was too sullied", referring to the reports about his on-set behaviour.


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: The camerawork and many of Kechiche's directorial decisions give the film a true-to-life feel, which has led audiences to read meaning into it that they derive from their personal experiences. In "The Yale Review", Charles Taylor wrote: "Instead of fencing its young lovers within a petting zoo... Kechiche removes the barriers that separate us from them. He brings the camera so close to the faces of his actresses that he seems to be trying to make their flesh more familiar to us than his own."


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: "Blue Is the Warmest Colour" is also filled with visual symbolism. The colour blue is used extensively throughout the film—from the lighting in the gay club Adèle visits to the dress she wears in the last scene and most notably in Emma's hair and eyes. For Adèle, blue represents emotional intensity, curiosity, love, and sadness. Adèle also references Pablo Picasso a number of times, who famously went through a melancholy Blue Period. As Emma grows out of her relationship with Adèle and their passion wanes, she removes the blue from her hair and adopts a more natural, conservative hairstyle.


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: Reviewer Spencer Wolff noted Adèle's political stance, which changes as her life experiences change and reflect her alternating views: "Framed by black and Arab faces, Adèle marches in a protest to demand better funding for education. The music, 'On lâche rien' ('We will never give up!'), by the Algerian-born Kaddour Haddadi, is the official song of the French Communist Party. Yet, soon after she begins her relationship with Emma, we see Adèle marching again, hip-to-hip with her new lover, at a gay pride parade."


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: "Blue Is the Warmest Colour" had its world premiere at the 66th Cannes Film Festival on 23 May 2013. It received a standing ovation and ranked highest in critics' polls at the festival. In August 2013, the film had its North American premiere at the 2013 Telluride Film Festival. It was also screened in the Special Presentation section of the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival on 5 September 2013.


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: The film was screened in more than 131 territories and was commercially released on 9 October 2013 in France by Wild Bunch with a "12" rating. In the U.S., it was rated NC-17 by the Motion Picture Association of America for "explicit sexual content". It had a limited release at four theatres in New York City and Los Angeles on 25 October 2013, and expanded gradually in subsequent weeks. The film was released on 15 November 2013 in the United Kingdom and on 13 February 2014 in Australia and New Zealand.


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: "La Vie d'Adèle – Chapitres 1 & 2" was released on Blu-ray Disc and DVD in France by Wild Side on 26 February 2014, and in North America, as "Blue is the Warmest Color", through The Criterion Collection on 25 February 2014. As "Blue Is the Warmest Colour", the film was also released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc in Canada on 25 February 2014 by Mongrel Media, in the United Kingdom on 17 March 2014 by Artificial Eye and on 18 June 2014, in Australia by Transmission Films.


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: In Brazil, as of 2014, Blu-ray manufacturing companies Sonopress and Sony DADC were refusing to produce the film because of its content. The distributor was struggling to reverse this situation.


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: "Blue Is the Warmest Colour" grossed a worldwide total of $19,492,879. During its opening in France on 9 October 2013, the film debuted with a weekend total of $2.3 million on 285 screens for a $8,200 per-screen average. It took the fourth spot in its first weekend, which was seen as a "notably good showing because of its nearly three-hour length".


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: The film had a limited release in the U.S. and it grossed an estimated $101,116 in its first weekend ending 25 October 2013, with an average of $25,279 for four theatres in New York City and Los Angeles. The film grossed $2,199,787 in the U.S. theatrically. It had greater success in the U.S. home entertainment market, generating more than $3,500,000 in U.S. Blu-ray/DVD sales alone.


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, 89% of 204 critics have given the film a positive review, with an average rating of 8.10/10. The site's critical consensus is: "Raw, honest, powerfully acted, and deliciously intense, "Blue Is the Warmest Colour" offers some of modern cinema's most elegantly composed, emotionally absorbing drama." On Metacritic, which assigned a score of 90 averaged from 57 reviews, the film received "universal acclaim".


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: More than 40 critics named the film as one of the ten best of 2013. In 2016, the film was named the 45th best film of the 21st century in a poll of 177 film critics from around the world. In France, Cahiers du cinéma placed the film third on its 2013 Top Ten chart.


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: In "The Daily Telegraph", Robbie Collin awarded the film a maximum of five stars and tipped it to win the "Palme d'Or". He wrote: "Kechiche's film is three hours long, and the only problem with that running time is that I could have happily watched it for another seven. It is an extraordinary, prolonged popping-candy explosion of pleasure, sadness, anger, lust and hope, and contained within it – although only just – are the two best performances of the festival, from Adèle Exarchopoulos and Léa Seydoux." Writing for "The Guardian", Peter Bradshaw added that "it is genuinely passionate film-making" and changed his star rating for the film to five out of five stars after previously having awarded it only four. Stephen Garrett of "The New York Observer" wrote that the film was "nothing less than a triumph" and "a major work of sexual awakening".


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: Andrew Chan of the Film Critics Circle of Australia wrote, "Not unlike Wong Kar-wai's most matured effort in cinema, "Happy Together", director Abdellatif Kechiche knows love and relationship well and the details he goes about everything is almost breathtaking to endure. There is a scene in the restaurant where two meet again, after years of separation, the tears that dwell on their eyes shows precisely how much they love each other, yet there is no way they will be together again. "Blue Is the Warmest Colour" is likely to be 2013's most powerful film and easily one of the best."


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: At Cannes, the film shocked some critics with its long and graphic sex scenes (although fake genitalia were used), leading them to speculate that it might require editing before screening in cinemas. Several critics considered the film the front-runner to win the Palme d'Or. The judging panel, which included Steven Spielberg, Ang Lee, and Nicole Kidman, made an unprecedented move to award the Palme d'Or to the film's two main actresses along with the director. Jury President Spielberg explained:


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: Justin Chang, writing for "Variety", said that the film contains "the most explosively graphic lesbian sex scenes in recent memory".


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: In "The Australian", David Stratton wrote, "If the film were just a series of sex scenes it would, of course, be problematic, but it's much, much more than that. Through the eyes of Adèle we experience the breathless excitement of first love and first physical contact, but then, inevitably, all the other experiences that make life the way it is ... All of these are beautifully documented".


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: Manohla Dargis of "The New York Times" called the film "wildly undisciplined" and overlong, and wrote that it "feels far more about Mr. Kechiche's desires than anything else".


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: Conversely, Richard Brody wrote in "The New Yorker": "The problem with Kechiche's scenes is that they're too good—too unusual, too challenging, too original—to be assimilated ... to the familiar moviegoing experience. Their duration alone is exceptional, as is their emphasis on the physical struggle, the passionate and uninhibited athleticism of sex, the profound marking of the characters' souls by their sexual relationship."


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: The film received LGBT and feminist criticism for the perceived dominance of the male gaze and lack of female gaze, with some reviewers calling it a "patriarchal gaze." After a test screening of selected scenes for a lesbian audience, one viewer said that it was "hot at the beginning, and then it got ridiculous when they kept switching sex positions every ten seconds" and that it was like an infomercial designed to address all the sexual acts lesbians can engage in. The depiction of scissoring was also debated.


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: Jul Maroh, the author of the graphic novel upon which the film was based, said, "It appears to me this was what was missing on the set: lesbians." While praising Kechiche's originality, calling his adaptation "coherent, justified and fluid ... a masterstroke", Maroh also felt that he failed to capture the lesbian heart of the story, and disapproved of the sex scenes. In a blog post, Maroh called the scenes "a brutal and surgical display, exuberant and cold, of so-called lesbian sex, which turned into porn, and made me feel very ill at ease", saying that in the movie theatre, "the hetero-normative laughed because they don't understand it and find the scene ridiculous. The gay and queer people laughed because it's not convincing, and found it ridiculous. And among the only people we didn't hear giggling were the potential guys too busy feasting their eyes on an incarnation of their fantasies on screen". Maroh added, "as a feminist and lesbian spectator, I cannot endorse the direction Kechiche took on these matters. But I'm also looking forward to hearing what other women will think about it. This is simply my personal stance."


title: Blue Is the Warmest Colour

text: The film won the Palme d'Or at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival. Exarchopoulos and Seydoux also received the Palme as a special prize. Kechiche dedicated the award to "the youth of France" and the Tunisian Revolution, where "they have the aspiration to be free, to express themselves and love in full freedom". At Cannes it also won the FIPRESCI Prize. This was also the first film adapted from a graphic novel or a comic to win the Palme d'Or. In December 2013, it received the Louis Delluc Prize for best French film. The film was nominated for the Best Foreign Language Film award at the 71st Golden Globe Awards and the BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language. At the 39th César Awards, the film received eight nominations, with Exarchopoulos winning the César Award for Most Promising Actress.


title: The Loud House

text: The Loud House is an American animated television series created by Chris Savino that premiered on Nickelodeon on May 2, 2016. The series revolves around the chaotic everyday life of a boy named Lincoln Loud, who is the middle child and only son in a large family of 11 children. It is set in a fictional town in southeastern Michigan called Royal Woods, based on Savino's hometown of Royal Oak. The series was pitched to the network in 2013 as a two-minute short film entered in the annual Animated Shorts Program. It entered production the following year. The series is based on Savino's own childhood growing up in a large family, and its animation is largely influenced by newspaper comic strips.


title: The Loud House

text: Since its debut, the series has gained high ratings, becoming the top-rated children's animated series on American television within its first month on the air. The series has received considerable media attention and nominations at both the 28th and the 29th GLAAD Media Awards for its inclusion of Howard and Harold McBride, two supporting characters who are an interracial gay married couple. Their introduction into the series was reported in the news as being historic and caused a ratings surge. In May 2017, the characters of Lincoln Loud and Clyde McBride were featured on the front cover of "Variety" as an example of diverse characters in children's television.


title: The Loud House

text: As of March 2022, six seasons of the series have been broadcast, along with a renewal for a seventh season. The series has spawned a multimedia franchise, including the spin-off series "The Casagrandes", which aired from October 2019 to September 2022, an animated feature film that was released on Netflix in August 2021, a live-action television film that premiered in November 2021, and live-action series "The Really Loud House" that premiered in November 2022.


title: The Loud House

text: Lincoln Loud is the only boy and the middle child in a family of eleven children residing in the fictional town of Royal Woods, Michigan. He has ten sisters with distinctive personalities consisting of bossy eldest child Lori, ditzy fashionista Leni, musician Luna, comedian Luan, athletic Lynn Jr., gloomy poetic goth Lucy, polar opposite twins Lana and Lola, child genius Lisa, and baby Lily. Lincoln occasionally breaks the fourth wall to explain to the viewers the chaotic conditions and sibling relationships of the household, and continually devises plans to make his life in the Loud House better.


title: The Loud House

text: In the fifth season, the Loud siblings aged up a year with Lori going to Fairway University, Lincoln going to middle school, and Lily going to preschool.


title: The Loud House

text: "The Loud House" was created by Chris Savino for Nickelodeon. Savino based the series on his own experiences growing up in a large family. Early in development, the Loud family was going to be composed of rabbits, but this was terminated when an executive, Jenna Boyd, asked Savino to make them human. The idea of the Loud family being rabbits became used as Lincoln's dream in the Season 3 episode "White Hare". He pitched the idea to Nickelodeon in 2013 as a -minute short for their annual Animated Shorts Program. In June 2014, Nickelodeon announced that "The Loud House" had been picked up for a season of 13 episodes. The episode order was later increased to 26. On May 25, 2016, Nickelodeon announced that the series had been picked up for a second season of 14 episodes later increased to 26. On October 19, 2016, the series had been picked up for a third season of 26 episodes. Savino has cited "Peanuts" and "Polly and Her Pals" as influences on the show's characterizations and animation. Newspaper comic strips are also influences on the show's background art.


title: The Loud House

text: Episodes are produced at Nickelodeon Animation Studio in Burbank, California, USA and animated by Canadian studio Jam Filled Entertainment.


title: The Loud House

text: On October 17, 2017, Cartoon Brew reported that Chris Savino was suspended from the studio due to allegations of sexual harassment, the report noting that rumors of Savino's behavior have existed for "at least a decade." On October 19, a Nickelodeon spokesperson confirmed that Savino had been fired from the studio, and that the series will continue production without him. Six days later on October 23, Savino spoke for the first time since his firing saying he said he was "deeply sorry" for his actions. Alongside the announcement of the series being greenlit for a fourth season, it was revealed that story editor Michael Rubiner had now been named executive producer and showrunner. On May 30, 2018, Savino was suspended from The Animation Guild, IATSE Local 839, for one year.


title: The Loud House

text: The series debuted on Nickelodeon on May 2, 2016, with new episodes premiering every weekday that month. The first trailer for the series premiered on March 13, 2016. The series also aired on AFN Family.


title: The Loud House

text: Internationally, the series premiered in Israel and Italy on May 15. It premiered in Latin America, Brazil, Poland, Germany, France and Africa the following day. It began airing in Southeast Asia on May 20. Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and Ireland's Nickelodeon channels premiered the series on May 30. In Canada, YTV aired a sneak peek of the series on September 5, 2016, which was followed by an official premiere on September 6, 2016.


title: The Loud House

text: The series premiered on May 15, 2016, in the Middle East and North Africa on Nickelodeon, dubbed in Gulf Arabic.


title: The Loud House

text: "The Loud House" has received positive reviews, specifically for its animation, voice acting, characterization, and the heartwarming themes of each episode. Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media praised the show's voice cast and thematic messages, writing that "kids will come to "The Loud House" for the laughs, but they'll return for the ensemble cast and the surprisingly heartwarming themes that dominate every story." Kevin Johnson of "The A.V. Club" gave the series a B+, noting that "the female characters are defined by their traits, but never judged for them."


title: The Loud House

text: The characters of Howard and Harold McBride have received praise for being a positive representation of an interracial gay married couple. They are the first married gay couple to be featured in a Nicktoon. Laura Bradley of "Vanity Fair" stated that "The Loud House" "handles the topic [of same-sex marriage] in exactly the right way...this kind of casual representation in children's programming is a milestone." De Elizabeth of "Teen Vogue" wrote, "The best part is that the show doesn't treat these characters any differently, or even introduce them with a heavy asterisk about their marital status." "The Frisky"s Tai Gooden mentioned that "kids who have two dads (or moms) will be more than thrilled to see a family they can identify with on TV." "Time" reported that "people are thrilled about Nickelodeon's decision" to include a gay couple. Some conservative groups, by contrast, have criticized the introduction of the characters. The One Million Moms division of the American Family Association objected to scenes featuring the McBride parents and unsuccessfully pushed for the episode in which they first appeared to be edited to exclude the couple, saying that "Nickelodeon should stick to entertaining instead of pushing an agenda." The Kenya Film Classification Board also called for the suspension of the series on pay television service DStv, saying that the animated series "promotes the Lesbian, Gay and Transgender agenda."


title: The Loud House

text: "The Loud House" became the number-one children's animated series on television within its first month on the air. Throughout May 2016, it received an average of 68% more viewers in its target audience of children aged 6–11 than broadcasts on Nickelodeon in May of the previous year. As of June 2016, it was Nickelodeon's highest-rated program, beating "SpongeBob SquarePants" with an average Nielsen rating of 4.9 among the 2–11 demographic at the time.


title: The Loud House

text: "The Los Angeles Times" cited "The Loud House" as a major factor in maintaining Nickelodeon's position as the highest-rated children's network in summer 2016. During the show's fourth week of premieres, Cyma Zarghami announced that it was continuing to draw more viewers than any other program on the channel.


title: The Loud House

text: The show's highest-rated episode, with 2.28 million viewers upon its premiere, is "Two Boys and a Baby". This was the first episode to air after it was announced that Howard and Harold McBride would be debuting on the program. The first episode of "The Loud House" shown at prime time, "11 Louds a Leapin'", was the seventh most-viewed telecast across all U.S. households on November 25, 2016.


title: The Loud House

text: "The Loud House"s portrayal of interracial gay married couple Howard and Harold McBride led the series to be nominated for Outstanding Individual Episode at the 28th GLAAD Media Awards and for Outstanding Kids & Family Programming at the 29th, 31st and 32nd GLAAD Media Awards. The series has also been nominated for Favorite Cartoon at the Kids' Choice Awards every year since 2017.


title: The Loud House

text: "The Loud House" has spawned a multimedia franchise, including several video game, graphic novel, and book series adaptations, the spin-off animated series "The Casagrandes", which aired from October 2019 to September 2022, an animated feature film which was released on Netflix in August 2021, a live-action television film pilot that premiered in November 2021, and live-action series, "The Really Loud House", that premiered in November 2022.


title: The Loud House

text: The series has spawned a graphic novel series by publisher Papercutz. The graphic novels are by either crew members or other incoming artists, and dive into the world of the show and the characters within. They are usually anthology comics, however, others are arranged on certain themes, while others have overarching storylines. The first graphic novel, "There Will Be Chaos", was released on May 9, 2017. There are currently two series, a running series and a special series focusing on the seasons and certain holidays.


title: The Loud House

text: The series has also produced a series of chapter books with original stories, initially published by Random House before switching to Scholastic.


title: The Loud House

text: Nickelodeon and its YouTube channel have done a series of podcasts called "Listen Out Loud", where each member of the Loud family does a podcast revolving around their topics.


title: The Loud House

text: On March 28, 2017, Paramount Pictures' president Marc Evans announced a film based on the series, that was originally set for a February 7, 2020 theatrical release. However, in January 2019, Paramount removed the film from their schedule for unknown reasons. On February 5, 2019, it was announced that the film would instead be produced for a release on Netflix. On January 12, 2021, it was reconfirmed that the film would release on Netflix within the same year, with the film's plot focusing on the Loud family traveling to Scotland, where they discover that they are part of Scottish royalty. In April 2021, it was revealed that the film would be released in summer 2021. On June 10, 2021, Netflix announced the film would be released on August 20, 2021.


title: The Loud House

text: A live-action film based on the series, titled "A Loud House Christmas", premiered on Nickelodeon on November 26, 2021. The film was first announced on February 19, 2020, originally titled "The Loud House: A Very Loud Christmas!", and was set to premiere in late 2020. The film depicts Lincoln and Clyde working to preserve the Christmas traditions when the Loud sisters plan to have their Christmas plans elsewhere. Filming took place in Atlanta in mid-2021.


title: The Loud House

text: On March 18, 2021, it was announced that Wolfgang Schaeffer and Jahzir Bruno were cast as Lincoln and Clyde, respectively. On August 23, 2021, other cast members of the film were announced, including Lexi Janicek as Lisa, Ella and Mia Allan as Lola and Lana, Aubin Bradley as Lucy, Morgan McGill as Lynn, Catherine Ashmore Bradley as Luan, Sophia Woodward as Luna, Dora Dolphin as Leni, Lexi DiBenedetto as Lori, Charlotte Ann Tucker as Lily, Brian Stepanek reprising his regular series voice role as Lynn Loud Sr., and Muretta Moss as Rita Loud. It premiered on November 26, 2021, on both Nickelodeon and Paramount+.


title: The Loud House

text: A spin-off, entitled "The Casagrandes", was put into development by Nickelodeon in March 2018. It features Bobby and Ronnie Anne Santiago as well as their extended Casagrande family living in Great Lakes City. On May 7, 2019, it was revealed that Eugenio Derbez, Ken Jeong, and Melissa Joan Hart had joined the cast as Bobby and Ronnie Anne's father Dr. Arturo Santiago and new neighbors Stanley and Rebecca Chang, respectively. The series premiered on October 14, 2019. On February 17, 2022, the series was reported to be cancelled, with its characters set to make more appearances in "The Loud House". The series concluded September 30, 2022.


title: The Loud House

text: On March 24, 2022, a live-action series of "The Loud House" was originally announced for Paramount+. The main cast members of "A Loud House Christmas" reprise their roles for the series, including Wolfgang Schaeffer as Lincoln and Jahzir Bruno as Clyde. Filming for the series began in Albuquerque, New Mexico in June 2022. In September 2022, it was announced that the series, entitled "The Really Loud House", would premiere on Nickelodeon in November 2022. On October 5, 2022, it was announced that the series would premiere on November 3, 2022.


title: The Loud House

text: A mobile game based on the series called "The Loud House: Ultimate Treehouse" was released on September 20, 2018, for iOS and Android. "The Loud House: Outta Control" was released on Apple Arcade on February 14, 2020. In the game, the siblings try to get through to their goals without running into each other.


title: The Loud House

text: Lincoln, Lucy, and Clyde appear as playable characters, with the rest of Lincoln's sisters appearing as unlockable pit crew characters, in the 2020 racing video game "". Lincoln, Lucy and Clyde are confirmed to return in the 2022 sequel "", with Bentley Griffin, Jessica DiCicco, and Jahzir Bruno reprising their roles from the show.


title: The Loud House

text: Lincoln and Lucy are also playable in the 2021 title "Nickelodeon All-Star Brawl"; a patch to the game added voice acting with their roles being reprised by Bentley Griffin and Jessica DiCicco.


title: Charlie Watts

text: Charles Robert Watts (2 June 1941 – 24 August 2021) was an English musician who achieved international fame as the drummer of the Rolling Stones from 1963 until his death in 2021.


title: Charlie Watts

text: Originally trained as a graphic artist, Watts developed an interest in jazz at a young age and joined the band Blues Incorporated. He also started playing drums in London's rhythm and blues clubs, where he met future bandmates Mick Jagger, Keith Richards and Brian Jones. In January 1963, he left Blues Incorporated and joined the Rolling Stones as drummer, while doubling as designer of their record sleeves and tour stages. Watts' first public appearance as a permanent member was in February 1963, and he remained with the group for 58 years.


title: Charlie Watts

text: Nicknamed "The Wembley Whammer" by Jagger, Watts cited jazz as a major influence on his drumming style. At the time of Watts' death, Watts, Jagger and Richards were the only members of the band to have performed on every one of their studio albums. Aside from his career with the Rolling Stones, Watts toured with his own group, the Charlie Watts Quintet, and appeared in London at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club with the Charlie Watts Tentet.


title: Charlie Watts

text: In 1989, Watts was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In 2004, he was inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame with the Rolling Stones. He is often regarded as one of the greatest drummers of all time.


title: Charlie Watts

text: Charles Robert Watts was born at University College Hospital in Bloomsbury, London, to Charles Richard Watts, a lorry driver for the London, Midland and Scottish Railway, and wife Lillian Charlotte (née Eaves), who had been a factory worker. He had a sister, Linda.


title: Charlie Watts

text: As a child, Watts lived in Wembley, at 23 Pilgrims Way. Many of Wembley's houses had been destroyed by Luftwaffe bombs during World War II; Watts and his family lived in a prefab, as did many in the community. Watts' neighbour Dave Green, who lived opposite at 22 Pilgrims Way, was a childhood friend, and they remained friends until Watts' death. Green became a jazz bass player, and recalls that as boys, "we discovered 78rpm records. Charlie had more records than I did ... We used to go to Charlie's bedroom and just get these records out." Watts' earliest records were jazz recordings; he remembered owning 78 RPM records of Jelly Roll Morton and Charlie Parker. Green recalls that Watts also "had the one with Monk and the Johnny Dodds Trio. Charlie was ahead of me in listening and acquisitions."


title: Charlie Watts

text: Watts and his family subsequently moved to Kingsbury, where he attended Tylers Croft Secondary Modern School from 1952 to 1956; as a schoolboy, he displayed a talent for art, music, cricket and football. When he and Green were both about thirteen, Watts became interested in drumming:


title: Charlie Watts

text: Watts' parents gave him his first drum kit in 1955, and he practised drumming along to jazz records he collected. After completing secondary school, Watts enrolled at Harrow Art School (now the Harrow campus of the University of Westminster), which he attended until 1960.


title: Charlie Watts

text: After leaving art school, he worked as a graphic designer for an advertising company called Charlie Daniels Studios, and also played drums occasionally with local bands in coffee shops and clubs. He and Green began their musical careers together from 1958 to 1959, playing in a jazz band in Middlesex called the Jo Jones All Stars. Watts initially found his transition to rhythm and blues puzzling: "I went into rhythm and blues. When they asked me to play, I didn't know what it was. I thought it meant Charlie Parker, played slow."


title: Charlie Watts

text: In 1961, Watts met Alexis Korner, who invited him to join his band Blues Incorporated. At that time, Watts was on his way to a sojourn working as a graphic designer in Denmark, but he accepted Korner's offer when he returned to London in February 1962. Watts played regularly with Blues Incorporated and maintained a job with the advertising firm Charles, Hobson and Gray.


title: Charlie Watts

text: In mid-1962, Watts first met Brian Jones, Ian "Stu" Stewart, Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, who also frequented the London rhythm and blues clubs, but it was not until January 1963 that Watts finally agreed to join the Rolling Stones. Initially, the band could not afford to pay Watts, who had been earning a regular salary from his gigs. His first public appearance as a permanent member was at the Ealing Jazz Club on 2 February 1963. Watts was often introduced as "The Wembley Whammer" by Jagger during live concerts.


title: Charlie Watts

text: Besides his work as a musician, Watts contributed graphic art and comic strips to early Rolling Stones records such as the "Between the Buttons" record sleeve and was responsible for the 1975 tour announcement press conference in New York City. The band surprised the throng of waiting reporters by driving and playing "Brown Sugar" on the back of a flatbed truck in the middle of Manhattan traffic. Watts remembered this was a common way for New Orleans jazz bands to promote upcoming dates. Moreover, with Jagger, he designed the elaborate stages for tours, first contributing to the lotus-shaped design of the Tour of the Americas, as well as the Steel Wheels/Urban Jungle Tour, the Bridges to Babylon Tour, the Licks Tour, and the A Bigger Bang Tour.


title: Charlie Watts

text: Watts' last live concert with the band was 30 August 2019 at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami, Florida. He had never missed a single concert throughout his career with the band. Besides Jagger and Richards, he is the only member to have appeared on every album in the Rolling Stones discography.


title: Charlie Watts

text: Watts was involved in many activities outside his life as a member of the Rolling Stones. In December 1964, he published a cartoon tribute to Charlie Parker titled "Ode to a High Flying Bird". Although he made his name in rock, his personal tastes lay principally in jazz.


title: Charlie Watts

text: In the late 1970s, he joined Ian Stewart in the back-to-the-roots boogie-woogie band Rocket 88, which featured many of the UK's top jazz, rock and R&B musicians. In the 1980s, he toured worldwide with a big band – the Charlie Watts Orchestra – that included such names as Evan Parker, Courtney Pine and Jack Bruce, who was also a member of Rocket 88.


title: Charlie Watts

text: In 1991, he organised a jazz quintet as another tribute to Charlie Parker. The year 1993 saw the release of "Warm and Tender" by the Charlie Watts Quintet, which included vocalist Bernard Fowler. This same group released "Long Ago and Far Away" in 1996. Both records included a collection of Great American Songbook standards. Following their collaboration on the Rolling Stones' 1997 album "Bridges to Babylon", he and drummer Jim Keltner released a techno/instrumental album titled "Charlie Watts/Jim Keltner Project". Watts stated that even though the tracks bore such names as the "Elvin Suite" in honour of the late Elvin Jones, Max Roach and Roy Haynes, they were not copying their style of drumming, but rather capturing a feeling by those artists. "Watts at Scott's" was recorded with his group, "the Charlie Watts Tentet", at the Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club in London.


title: Charlie Watts

text: In April 2009, he began performing with the ABC&D of Boogie Woogie. When asked to join by pianist Ben Waters, he quickly agreed; his only demand being that Dave Green play bass, stating, "If Dave does it, I'll do it."


title: Charlie Watts

text: On 14 October 1964, Watts married Shirley Ann Shepherd (11 September 1938 – 16 December 2022; aged 84), whom he had met before joining the Stones in 1963. The couple had one daughter, Seraphina, born in March 1968, who in turn gave birth to Watts' only grandchild, a girl named Charlotte. They remained married until his death.


title: Charlie Watts

text: Watts lived in Halsdon near Dolton, a rural village in west Devon, where he owned an Arabian horse stud farm. He also owned a percentage of the Rolling Stones' various corporate entities.


title: Charlie Watts

text: While all the Rolling Stones collected cars, Watts never had a driving licence, preferring to view his cars as beautiful objects. Watts was also a fan of cricket, and had a collection of cricket memorabilia.


title: Charlie Watts

text: Watts expressed a love–hate attitude towards touring, stating in 2003 that he "loved playing with Keith [Richards] and the band" but "wasn't interested in being a pop idol sitting there with girls screaming". In 1989, the Rolling Stones were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Watts did not attend the ceremony.


title: Charlie Watts

text: Watts' personal life appeared to be substantially quieter than those of his bandmates and many of his rock-and-roll colleagues; onstage, he seemed to furnish a calm and amused counterpoint to his flamboyant bandmates. Known for his loyalty to Shirley, Watts consistently refused sexual offers from groupies on the road; in Robert Greenfield's "STP: A Journey Through America with The Rolling Stones", a documentary of the 1972 American Tour, it is noted that when the group was invited to the Playboy Mansion during that tour, Watts took advantage of Hugh Hefner's game room instead of frolicking with the women. "I've never filled the stereotype of the rock star", he remarked. "Back in the '70s, Bill Wyman and I decided to grow beards, and the effort left us exhausted." In a 1996 interview with "Rolling Stone" magazine, he said that he had sketched every bed he had slept on while on tour since 1967. By 2001, he'd filled 12 to 15 diaries.


title: Charlie Watts

text: One anecdote relates that in the mid-1980s, an intoxicated Jagger phoned Watts' hotel room in the middle of the night, asking, "Where's my drummer?" Watts reportedly got up, shaved, dressed in a suit, put on a tie and freshly shined shoes, descended the stairs, and punched Jagger in the face, saying: "Never call me your drummer again. You're "my" fucking "singer"!" He expressed regret for the incident in 2003, attributing his behaviour to alcohol.


title: Charlie Watts

text: In the mid-1980s, Watts' previously moderate use of alcohol and drugs became excessive. "[They were] my way of dealing with [family problems] ..." he said. "I think it was a mid-life crisis. All I know is that I became totally another person around 1983 and came out of it about 1986. I nearly lost my wife and everything over my behaviour."


title: Charlie Watts

text: Despite having quit smoking in the late 1980s, Watts was diagnosed with throat cancer in June 2004. He underwent a course of radiotherapy and the cancer went into remission. "I went into hospital," Watts recalled, "and eight months later Mick said, 'We're going to do a record. But we'll only do it when you're ready.' They were buggering about, writing songs, and when I was ready I went down and that was it, "A Bigger Bang". Then I did a two-year tour. It seems that whenever we stop, I get ill. So maybe I should carry on!"


title: Charlie Watts

text: On 5 August 2021, it was reported that Watts had elected to sit out the resumption of the US No Filter Tour due to a heart procedure surgery and that Steve Jordan would temporarily replace him on drums.


title: Charlie Watts

text: Watts died at a London hospital on 24 August 2021, with his family around him. He was 80. Watts' bandmates Jagger, Richards and Wood paid tribute to him, along with former bandmate Wyman. Many other celebrities and rock musicians paid tribute to Watts on his death, including Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr, Elton John, Brian Wilson, Pete Townshend, Nick Mason, Roger Daltrey, the members of U2, Bryan Adams, Liam Gallagher, Brian May, Roger Taylor, Kenney Jones, Chad Smith, Questlove and Max Weinberg. For 10 days, the contents of the Rolling Stones' official website were replaced with a single picture of Watts in his memory.<ref name="Vitagliano/AS"></ref>


title: Charlie Watts

text: Two days after his death, Jason Isbell and Brittney Spencer dedicated a cover performance of "Gimme Shelter" to Watts. On 27 August, the band's social media accounts shared a video tribute to Watts consisting of a montage of pictures and film footage. The montage was set to the Rolling Stones' 1974 track "If You Can't Rock Me", which opens with the lines "The band's on stage and it's one of those nights ... / The drummer thinks that he is dynamite, oh yeah". Watts was laid to rest in Devon after a small ceremony. An authorised biography is scheduled to be released in October 2022.


title: Charlie Watts

text: On the one year anniversary of Watts' death, Jagger shared what "Rolling Stone" described as a "moving tribute" on social media, which included a voiceover by Jagger backed with "Till the Next Goodbye".


title: Charlie Watts

text: In 1991 "The Guardian" described Watts as an "heroic yet quaint archetype ... of the 'Rock Drummer', and we are unlikely to hear their like again". "The Guardian" attributed his professional survival to not ever aspiring for stardom nor forcing himself into songwriting. In the July 2006 issue of "Modern Drummer" magazine, Watts was voted into the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame, joining Ringo Starr, Keith Moon, Steve Gadd, Buddy Rich and other highly esteemed and influential drummers from the history of rock and jazz. The music critic Robert Christgau, called Watts "rock's greatest drummer". Unlike in most bands where the other musicians follow the lead of the drummer, Watts followed Richards; according to "New York Times" critic Michiko Kakutani, that is what "makes the Stones impossible to copy".


title: Charlie Watts

text: He is often regarded as one of the greatest drummers of all time. In 2016, he was ranked 12th on "Rolling Stone"s "100 Greatest Drummers of All Time" list. "Variety" wrote on the day he died that he was "universally recognized as one of the greatest rock drummers of all time". Music critic Rob Sheffield wrote for "Rolling Stone" that Watts was "rock's ultimate drum god" who "made the Stones great by conceding nothing to them".


title: Charlie Watts

text: "The Daily Telegraph" named him one of the "World's Best Dressed Men". In 2006, "Vanity Fair" elected Watts into the International Best Dressed Hall of Fame List.


title: David Dobrik

text: Dávid Julián Dobrík (; ; born July 23, 1996)) is a Slovak Internet personality. He found early success on the video-sharing platform Vine, before starting his vlog on YouTube in 2015. In 2019, he co-founded the photography app Dispo.


title: David Dobrik

text: Dobrik is known for being the leader of the popular YouTube ensemble The Vlog Squad, which features prominently in his vlogs and comprises rotating selections of his friend group. As of July 6, 2022, Dobrik's vlog channel had 19 million subscribers and 7.1 billion views. The channel was the fifth-most viewed creator channel on YouTube in 2019, with 2.4 billion views that year.


title: David Dobrik

text: Beyond internet entertainment, Dobrik voice-acted in "The Angry Birds Movie 2", was one of the judges on the Nickelodeon TV show "America's Most Musical Family", and hosted a "SpongeBob SquarePants" special, as well as the first season of Discovery Channel's reality competition TV show "Dodgeball Thunderdome".


title: David Dobrik

text: Dobrik was born on July 23, 1996, in Košice, Slovakia. His family moved to Vernon Hills, Illinois, when he was six years old. He attended Vernon Hills High School, where he played tennis. He qualified for the 2014 Boys Tennis State Tournament, where he won third place in the doubles tournaments. After graduating high school, he moved to Los Angeles to pursue his Vine career.


title: David Dobrik

text: In 2013, Dobrik uploaded his first video onto Vine. He collaborated on Vines with other popular Viners such as Liza Koshy, Gabbie Hanna, Jason Nash, and Zane & Heath. Before starting his own YouTube channel, Dobrik was part of the YouTube group, "Second Class". Dobrik launched his self-titled YouTube channel in 2015.


title: David Dobrik

text: In August 2016, Dobrik created his second channel, "David Dobrik Too", where he posts blooper reels, challenge videos, and his more direct sponsorship deals.


title: David Dobrik

text: Dobrik gained fans in recent years due to his high-energy videos which consists of pranks, inside jokes, cute animals, Vine and YouTube stars, real celebrities and various comedy bit characters, which he previously posted three days a week and are currently posted two days a week.


title: David Dobrik

text: In December 2018, Dobrik was given a Diamond Play Button by YouTube in recognition of his YouTube channel surpassing 10 million subscribers. Dobrik was also named one of the "10 Social Media Personalities Making the Most Noise" for 2018 by "Paper magazine".


title: David Dobrik

text: In July 2019, Dobrik was featured by "W magazine" among others for being part of a trend of creating a separate Instagram account dedicated to their photos taken with the use of films or disposable cameras.


title: David Dobrik

text: In August 2019, Dobrik was featured by "Variety" magazine in their annual "Power of Young Hollywood" list. In the same month, Dobrik co-hosted the 2019 Teen Choice Awards with Lucy Hale, himself receiving the award for Choice Male Web Star. Dobrik also competed in the first-ever Kids' Choice Sports Championship.


title: David Dobrik

text: In October 2019, Dobrik was ranked the most popular media personality among teenagers based on a survey by the Piper Jaffray & Co.


title: David Dobrik

text: In November 2019, "People magazine" named Dobrik Sexiest Heartthrob of 2019, over runner-ups including Harry Styles and Shawn Mendes. That same month, Dobrik was one of the presenters at the American Music Awards of 2019, and was also a guest judge in the first episode of the ninth season of Chopped Junior.


title: David Dobrik

text: In December 2019, Dobrik was named in as the fifth-most-viewed creator that year on the platform, with 2.4 billion views. Also that month, a video of Dobrik's on TikTok featuring a large-scale elephant's toothpaste experiment was named the Number 1 Top Viral Video on the platform in 2019, with 17.5 million likes and 180 million views.


title: David Dobrik

text: Dobrik also appeared on "The Tonight Show" with Jimmy Fallon as his late-night television debut, discussing about his inspiration for his viral videos and successful YouTube channel as well as his first interaction with Justin Bieber. Dobrik's appearance on the show alongside Martin Short and Yola was credited for the show being ranked as the #1 most-social late-night series of the week, amassing 2.2 million Interactions across Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter, up +582% according to Nielsen Social Content Ratings. The show was tied for first place for the late-night ratings week of 20 January through 24 in the key demographic of adults aged 18 to 49, as well as adults aged 18 to 34, and won the week outright versus its competition in all key adult-female demographics according to Nielsen Media Research. The show also ranked first across all entertainment brands in total and new views for the week with five videos featuring Dobrik totaling more than 15 million views.


title: David Dobrik

text: In April 2020, Dobrik was ranked, for the second time in a row, the most popular media personality among teenagers based on a survey by the Piper Jaffray & Co.


title: David Dobrik

text: In August 2020, Dobrik became one of the first 19 recipients of TikTok's $1 billion Creator Fund due to "his ability to show what it means to be your authentic self, bring joy and inspiration to people and creatively connect with an audience," according to Vanessa Pappas, general manager of TikTok US. Dobrik became the host of a reality competition television show on the Discovery Channel called "Dodgeball Thunderdome" with Erin Lim and Andrew Hawkins as his co-hosts. Dobrik also plans to evolve his David's Disposable App into a full-fledged social media network which aims to conceive the next great social media network built on authenticity. Dobrik officially joined Twitch to launch his own streaming channel. His initial live stream peaked at 47,233 concurrent viewers according to the analytics tool SullyGnome, and his channel gained 201 thousand followers total.


title: David Dobrik

text: In September 2021, Dobrik signed with streaming platform Discovery+ for a travel series called "Discovering David Dobrik" which began streaming in November 2021.


title: David Dobrik

text: In a July 2019 profile, "The Verge" wrote of Dobrik's vlog: "Think of it like "Friends", but for vloggers. Essentially, Dobrik created the first sitcom-vlog. There are musical transitions, a returning cast of characters that drive the story forward, and Dobrik's laughter acts as a laugh track for viewers. We know when to laugh because Dobrik does, and it all has to do with his friends' antics." In that same profile, writer Julia Alexander noted Dobrik's editing style for bringing Vine's quick-cut style format to YouTube. "It led to a wave of creators who copied him," she wrote, "many of whom continue to shape the site's content today."


title: David Dobrik

text: Dobrik's vlogs feature a recurring group of friends who collectively comprise "The Vlog Squad". Because the cast is, at its core, a friend group, membership in the cast of the vlogs is amorphous. Generally, people considered part of the Vlog Squad include Jason Nash, Natalie Mariduena, Josh Peck, Zane Hijazi, Heath Hussar, Mariah Amato, Scotty Sire, Ilya Fedorovich, Nick Antonyan and his siblings Vardan and Suzy, Matt King, Toddy Smith, Corinna Kopf, Jeff Wittek, Joe Vulpis, Carly Incontro and Erin Gilfoy.


title: David Dobrik

text: Because the cast of the vlogs samples Dobrik's larger friend group, membership rotates on an ongoing basis. Former or infrequently-featured members include Gabbie Hanna, Liza Koshy, Trisha Paytas, Nik Keswani (known as BigNik), Dom Zeglaitis, Seth Francois, Brandon Calvillo, Elton Castee, Kristen McAtee and Alex Ernst.


title: David Dobrik

text: Speaking at the 2019 Streamy Awards, Dobrik said of winning the Ensemble Cast prize with the Vlog Squad, "Ensemble is like, my favorite one to win... [The nominations are] insane, and I can't say this enough—it's all because of these guys," he added. "I have a group of like, 15, 20, 30 friends, and they help me day in and day out with all the videos."


title: David Dobrik

text: In 2019, Dobrik became a judge in a musical competition on Nickelodeon titled "America's Most Musical Family", alongside Ciara and Debbie Gibson.


title: David Dobrik

text: In January 2020, Dobrik launched the mobile camera app Dispo. As of January 2020, the app had surpassed a million downloads and had landed briefly at the top of the list for most popular free apps on Apple's App Store, sitting ahead of Disney+ and Instagram as well as winning a spot on Apple's curated "Apps We Love Right Now" list.


title: David Dobrik

text: In October 2020, Dobrik launched his fragrance brand David's Perfume with Flower Shop Perfumes Co. He partnered with HeadCount to give five fans a chance to win one of five Tesla 3 models to encourage voter registration via the nonprofit HeadCount's website. This partnership has surpassed their goal of 200,000 voters registered for the 2020 election, hitting a grand total of 300,000 and counting. Later on, the New York-based organization was able to count nearly 120,000 people registered leading for it to be the single largest voting drive in the 16-year history of HeadCount, which has worked with many celebrities, mostly musicians such as Billie Eilish and Ariana Grande.


title: David Dobrik

text: In November 2020, "People" magazine named Dobrik Sexiest YouTube Star of 2020 over runner-ups including Donal Skehan and Korean Englishman's Josh Carrott and Ollie Kendal. That same month, Dobrik was one of the presenters at the American Music Awards of 2020.


title: David Dobrik

text: In December 2020, Dobrik was featured as honoree in the "Forbes" 30 Under 30 list for the year 2021 under the social media category. Dobrik was also named by Forbes as one of the highest-paid YouTube stars of 2020. That same month, Dobrik, alongside Keke Palmer, hosted a year-end special called "Peace Out 2020" on Facebook Watch which highlights memorable moments and memes from the year 2020.


title: David Dobrik

text: In January 2021, Spotify tapped Dobrik to narrate Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein", one of a dozen such celebrity partnerships to bolster their audiobook programming.


title: David Dobrik

text: Views with David Dobrik & Jason Nash is hosted by Dobrik and Jason Nash. Its first episode was released on May 15, 2017, and it debuted 2nd on iTunes chart in podcast section. As of June 2021, there have been 199 episodes. It is published by Cadence13.


title: David Dobrik

text: In September 2018, Dobrik created his third YouTube channel, "Views Podcast", where he posts the video version of his podcast. Dobrik was credited by "The Verge" for successfully integrating the podcast genre onto YouTube, which is an otherwise video-focused platform.


title: David Dobrik

text: In February 2021, Seth Francois, a former Vlog Squad member, accused Dobrik of sexual assault after being deceived into kissing Jason Nash while blindfolded. Being the only black member of the Vlog Squad, Francois stated he also felt "pressured to participate in bits that [came] off culturally insensitive." Former Vlog Squad member Nik Keswani accused Dobrik of bullying, stating it was the reason he left the group in 2018.


title: David Dobrik

text: On March 16, 2021, Kat Tenbarge at "Business Insider" reported that during the filming of a 2018 vlog about group sex, a woman was allegedly raped during filming by then-Vlog Squad member Dom Zeglaitis while drunk and unable to consent. On the same day, Dobrik released a short video titled "Let's talk", in which he addressed some of the recent controversies related to him, specifically in regards to former members of the Vlog Squad. He did not specifically address the allegations against Zeglaitis from earlier that day. After the allegations, Dobrik lost numerous sponsors and fans, and also stepped down from his position at Dispo.


title: David Dobrik

text: On March 26, 2021, it was reported that YouTube had temporarily demonetized Dobrik's and Zeglaitis's channels over the incident, citing violations of its creator responsibility policy. After a three-month hiatus, Dobrik began posting again to his YouTube channel in July 2021, and by December 2021 his channel had rebounded to 20th largest channel in the world as measured by views per episode.


title: David Dobrik

text: In April 2021, Vlog Squad member Jeff Wittek released a documentary on his YouTube channel titled "Don't Try This at Home", which explained the circumstances of an accident that happened in June 2020, when Wittek broke his skull and face, requiring major surgery. The incident occurred during a video shoot for Dobrik's comeback vlog when the Vlog Squad went wakeboarding in a shallow lake while being pulled by Dobrik using an excavator. Wittek's documentary included video showing fellow Vlog Squad member Corinna Kopf swinging from the line but starting to lose balance and nearly falling, prompting her to ask to be released, which Dobrik did not immediately do and causing her to accuse him of "taking things too far". When it was Wittek's turn, Dobrik swung him higher than anyone before him and then suddenly stopped. The momentum of Wittek continuing to swing around caused him to crash into the excavator and fall into the shallow lake while still attached to the line.


title: David Dobrik

text: Wittek has since filed a lawsuit in $10 million worth of damages to Dobrik, regarding "general negligence and intentional tort".


title: David Dobrik

text: Dobrik has three younger siblings. As a Slovak citizen who arrived in the United States as a child and remained illegally, Dobrik is protected from deportation under DACA. He stated in a December 2018 interview that he speaks Slovak.


title: David Dobrik

text: In September 2021, Dobrik revealed in a vlog that he had obtained his green card and could now travel outside the United States.


title: David Dobrik

text: Dobrik dated fellow YouTube personality Liza Koshy from late 2015 to early 2018. They revealed their break-up in June 2018. On May 15, 2019, Dobrik legally married Lorraine Nash, Jason Nash's mother, as a comedic bit for one of his vlogs. On June 12, 2019, Dobrik announced that he and Nash had decided to end their marriage after one month. On November 22, 2019, Dobrik stated via Instagram that he had officially signed divorce papers and divorced Nash.


title: Leap year

text: A leap year (also known as an intercalary year or bissextile year) is a calendar year that contains an additional day (or, in the case of a lunisolar calendar, a month) added to keep the calendar year synchronized with the astronomical year or seasonal year. Because astronomical events and seasons do not repeat in a whole number of days, calendars that have a constant number of days in each year will unavoidably drift over time with respect to the event that the year is supposed to track, such as seasons. By inserting (called "intercalating" in technical terminology) an additional day or month into some years, the drift between a civilization's dating system and the physical properties of the Solar System can be corrected. A year that is not a leap year is a common year.


title: Leap year

text: For example, in the Gregorian calendar, each leap year has 366 days instead of 365, by extending February to 29 days rather than the common 28. These extra days occur in each year that is an integer multiple of 4 (except for years evenly divisible by 100, but not by 400). The leap year of 366 days has 52 weeks and two days, hence the year following a leap year will start later by two days of the week.


title: Leap year

text: In the lunisolar Hebrew calendar, Adar Aleph, a 13th lunar month, is added seven times every 19 years to the twelve lunar months in its common years to keep its calendar year from drifting through the seasons. In the Bahá'í Calendar, a leap day is added when needed to ensure that the following year begins on the March equinox.


title: Leap year

text: The term "leap year" probably comes from the fact that a fixed date in the Gregorian calendar normally advances one day of the week from one year to the next, but the day of the week in the 12 months following the leap day (from March 1 through February 28 of the following year) will advance two days due to the extra day, thus leaping over one day in the week. For example, Christmas Day (December 25) fell on a Friday in 2020, fell on a Saturday in 2021, falls on a Sunday in 2022 and a Monday in 2023, but then will leap over Tuesday to fall on a Wednesday in 2024.


title: Leap year

text: The length of a day is also occasionally corrected by inserting a leap second into Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) because of variations in Earth's rotation period. Unlike leap days, leap seconds are not introduced on a regular schedule because variations in the length of the day are not entirely predictable.


title: Leap year

text: Leap years can present a problem in computing, known as the leap year bug, when a year is not correctly identified as a leap year or when February 29 is not handled correctly in logic that accepts or manipulates dates.


title: Leap year

text: On , by edict, Julius Caesar reformed the historic Roman calendar to make it a consistent solar calendar (rather than one which was neither strictly lunar nor strictly solar), thus removing the need for frequent intercalary months. His rule for leap years was a simple one: add a leap day every four years. This algorithm is close to reality: a Julian year lasts 365.25 days, a mean tropical year about 365.2422 days. Consequently, even this Julian calendar drifts out of 'true' by about three days every 400 years. The Julian calendar continued in use unaltered for about 1600 years until the Catholic Church became concerned about the widening divergence between the March Equinox and 21 March, as explained below.


title: Leap year

text: In the modern calendar, leap day falls on 29 February. This was not always the case: when the Julian calendar was introduced, leap day was handled differently in two respects. First, leap day fell February and not at the end. Second, the leap day was simply not counted so that a leap year still had 365 days.


title: Leap year

text: The Romans treated leap day as a second sixth day before the Kalends (first day) of March, in Latin . This was translated as 'bissextile': the 'bissextile day' is the leap day and a 'bissextile year' is a year which includes a leap day. This second instance of the sixth day before the Kalends of March was inserted in calendars between the 'normal' fifth and sixth days. By a legal fiction, the Romans treated both the first "sixth day" and the additional "sixth day" before the Kalends of March as one day. Thus a child born on either of those days in a leap year would have its first birthday on the following sixth day before the Kalends of March. When, many years later, modern consecutive day counts were laid alongside the Roman dates the sixth day before the Kalends of March fell on 24 February. However, in a leap year the sixth day fell on 25 February because the additional sixth day came before the 'normal' sixth day.


title: Leap year

text: The medieval Church continued the Roman practice which can be illustrated by, for example, the feast of Saint Matthias which used to be celebrated on the sixth day before the Kalends of March in both common and leap years. The calendar for February in the Book of Common Prayer of 1549 shows the position in a normal year when the feast of St Matthias is on the sixth day before the Kalends of March which is alongside 24 February. The position in a leap year is not shown in the Church of England's 1549 Book of Common Prayer but the prior insertion of the second sixth day meant the feast of St Matthias fell on 25 February in leap years. This practice ended in England some time after Henry VIII split from Rome, specifically in the 1662 edition of the Book of Common Prayer. Consecutive day counting has entirely replaced the Roman system. The feast of St Matthias is invariably on 24 February and leap day is shown at the end of February.


title: Leap year

text: The Church and civil society also continued the Roman practice whereby the leap day was simply not counted so that a leap year was only reckoned as 365 days. Henry III of England's instructed magistrates to ignore the leap day when persons were being ordered to appear before the court within a year. The practical application of the rule is obscure. It was regarded as in force in the time of the famous lawyer Sir Edward Coke (1552-1634) because he cites it in his "Institutes of the Lawes of England". However, Coke merely quotes the act with a short translation and does not give practical examples.


title: Leap year

text: In the Gregorian calendar, the standard calendar in most of the world, most years that are multiples of 4 are leap years. In each leap year, the month of February has 29 days instead of 28. Adding one extra day in the calendar every four years compensates for the fact that a period of 365 days is shorter than a tropical year by almost 6 hours. Some exceptions to this basic rule are required since the duration of a tropical year is slightly less than 365.25 days. The Gregorian reform modified the Julian calendar's scheme of leap years as follows:


title: Leap year

text: Every year that is exactly divisible by four is a leap year, except for years that are exactly divisible by 100, but these centurial years are leap years if they are exactly divisible by 400. For example, the years 1700, 1800, and 1900 are not leap years, but the years 1600 and 2000 are.


title: Leap year

text: Over a period of four centuries, the accumulated error of adding a leap day "every" four years amounts to about three extra days. The Gregorian calendar therefore omits three leap days every 400 years, which is the length of its "leap cycle". This is done by omitting February 29 in the three century years (multiples of 100) that are not multiples of 400. The years 2000 and 2400 are leap years, but not 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2200 and 2300. By this rule, an entire leap cycle is 400 years which total 146,097 days, and the average number of days per year is 365 +  −  +  =  = 365.2425. The rule can be applied to years before the Gregorian reform (the proleptic Gregorian calendar), and before the year 1 if astronomical year numbering is used.


title: Leap year

text: The Gregorian calendar was designed to keep the vernal equinox on or close to March 21, so that the date of Easter (celebrated on the Sunday after the ecclesiastical full moon that falls on or after March 21) remains close to the vernal equinox. The "Accuracy" section of the "Gregorian calendar" article discusses how well the Gregorian calendar achieves this design goal, and how well it approximates the tropical year.


title: Leap year

text: The following pseudocode determines whether a year is a "leap year" or a "common year" in the Gregorian calendar (and in the proleptic Gregorian calendar before 1582). The "year" variable being tested is the integer representing the number of the year in the Gregorian calendar.


title: Leap year

text: The algorithm may be used with proleptic Gregorian calendar years before 1, but only if the year is expressed with astronomical year numbering instead of the BC or BCE notation. The algorithm is not used with the Julian calendar, since the Julian calendar holds that all years divisible by 4 are leap years without exception.


title: Leap year

text: February 29 is a date that usually occurs every four years, and is called the leap day. This day is added to the calendar in leap years as a corrective measure because the Earth does not orbit the Sun in precisely 365 days.


title: Leap year

text: The Gregorian calendar is a modification of the Julian calendar first used by the Romans. The Roman calendar originated as a lunisolar calendar and named many of its days after the syzygies of the moon: the new moon ( or calends, hence "calendar") and the full moon ( or ides). The or nones was not the first quarter moon but was exactly one or Roman market week of nine days ending on the ides, inclusively counting both the first and last of those nine days as was the Roman custom. (This is what we would call a period of eight days.) In 1825, Ideler believed that the lunisolar calendar was abandoned about 450 BC by the , who implemented the Roman Republican calendar, used until 46 BC. The days of these calendars were counted down (inclusively) to the next named day, so February 24 was ["the sixth day before the calends of March"] often abbreviated The Romans counted days inclusively in their calendars, so this was actually the fifth day before March 1 when counted in the modern exclusive manner (not including both the starting and ending day).


title: Leap year

text: The Republican calendar's intercalary month was inserted on the first or second day after the Terminalia , February 23). The remaining days of Februarius were dropped. This intercalary month, named Intercalaris or Mercedonius, contained 27 days. The religious festivals that were normally celebrated in the last five days of February were moved to the last five days of Intercalaris. Because only 22 or 23 days were effectively added, not a full lunation, the calends and ides of the Roman Republican calendar were no longer associated with the new moon and full moon.


title: Leap year

text: The Julian calendar, which was developed in 46 BC by Julius Caesar, and became effective in 45 BC, distributed an extra ten days among the months of the Roman Republican calendar. Caesar also replaced the intercalary month by a single intercalary day, located where the intercalary month used to be. To create the intercalary day, the existing (February 24) was doubled, producing . Hence, the year containing the doubled day was a bissextile ({lang-la|bis sextum}}, "twice sixth") year. For legal purposes, the two days of the were considered to be a single day, with the second half being intercalated; but in common practice by 238, when Censorinus wrote, the intercalary day was followed by the last five days of February, and (the days numbered 24, 25, 26, 27, and 28 from the beginning of February in a common year), so that the intercalated day was the "first" half of the doubled day. Thus the intercalated day was effectively inserted between the 23rd and 24th days of February. All later writers, including Macrobius about 430, Bede in 725, and other medieval computists (calculators of Easter), continued to state that the bissextum (bissextile day) occurred before the last five days of February.


title: Leap year

text: Until 1970, the Roman Catholic Church always celebrated the feast of Saint Matthias on , so if the days were numbered from the beginning of the month, it was named February 24 in common years, but the presence of the in a bissextile year immediately before shifted the latter day to February 25 in leap years, with the Vigil of St. Matthias shifting from February 23 to the leap day of February 24. This shift did not take place in pre-Reformation Norway and Iceland; Pope Alexander III ruled that either practice was lawful (Liber Extra, 5. 40. 14. 1). Other feasts normally falling on February 25–28 in common years are also shifted to the following day in a leap year (although they would be on the same day according to the Roman notation). The practice is still observed by those who use the older calendars.


title: Leap year

text: The Revised Bengali Calendar of Bangladesh and the Indian National Calendar organise their leap years so that every leap day is close to February 29 in the Gregorian calendar and vice versa. This makes it easy to convert dates to or from Gregorian.


title: Leap year

text: The Thai solar calendar uses the Buddhist Era (BE) but has been synchronized with the Gregorian since AD 1941.


title: Leap year

text: The Julian calendar was instituted in 45 BC at the order of Julius Caesar, and the original intent was to make every fourth year a leap year, but this was not carried out correctly. Augustus ordered some leap years to be omitted to correct the problem, and by AD 8 the leap years were being observed every fourth year, and the observances were consistent up to and including modern times.


title: Leap year

text: From AD 8 the Julian calendar received an extra day added to February in years that are multiples of 4 (although the AD year numbering system was not introduced until AD 525).


title: Leap year

text: The Coptic calendar and Ethiopian calendar also add an extra day to the end of the year once every four years before a Julian 29-day February.


title: Leap year

text: This rule gives an average year length of 365.25 days. However, it is 11 minutes longer than a tropical year. This means that the vernal equinox moves a day earlier in the calendar about every 131 years.


title: Leap year

text: The Revised Julian calendar adds an extra day to February in years that are multiples of four, except for years that are multiples of 100 that do not leave a remainder of 200 or 600 when divided by 900. This rule agrees with the rule for the Gregorian calendar until 2799. The first year that dates in the Revised Julian calendar will not agree with those in the Gregorian calendar will be 2800, because it will be a leap year in the Gregorian calendar but not in the Revised Julian calendar.


title: Leap year

text: This rule gives an average year length of 365.242222 days. This is a very good approximation to the "mean" tropical year, but because the "vernal equinox" year is slightly longer, the Revised Julian calendar, for the time being, does not do as good a job as the Gregorian calendar at keeping the vernal equinox on or close to March 21.


title: Leap year

text: The Chinese calendar is lunisolar, so a leap year has an extra month, often called an "embolismic" month after the Greek word for it. In the Chinese calendar, the leap month is added according to a rule which ensures that month 11 is always the month that contains the northern winter solstice. The intercalary month takes the same number as the preceding month; for example, if it follows the second month (二月) then it is simply called "leap second month" i.e. .


title: Leap year

text: The Hebrew calendar is lunisolar with an embolismic month. This extra month is called "Adar Rishon" (first Adar) and is added before "Adar", which then becomes "Adar Sheini" (second Adar). According to the Metonic cycle, this is done seven times every nineteen years (specifically, in years 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 19). This is to ensure that Passover () is always in the spring as required by the Torah (Pentateuch) in many verses relating to Passover.


title: Leap year

text: In addition, the Hebrew calendar has postponement rules that postpone the start of the year by one or two days. These postponement rules reduce the number of different combinations of year length and starting days of the week from 28 to 14, and regulate the location of certain religious holidays in relation to the Sabbath. In particular, the first day of the Hebrew year can never be Sunday, Wednesday or Friday. This rule is known in Hebrew as "" (), i.e., "Rosh [ha-Shanah, first day of the year] is not Sunday, Wednesday or Friday" (as the Hebrew word is written by three Hebrew letters signifying Sunday, Wednesday and Friday). Accordingly, the first day of Passover is never Monday, Wednesday or Friday. This rule is known in Hebrew as "" (), which has a double meaning — "Passover is not a legend", but also "Passover is not Monday, Wednesday or Friday" (as the Hebrew word is written by three Hebrew letters signifying Monday, Wednesday and Friday).


title: Leap year

text: One reason for this rule is that Yom Kippur, the holiest day in the Hebrew calendar and the tenth day of the Hebrew year, now must never be adjacent to the weekly Sabbath (which is Saturday), i.e., it must never fall on Friday or Sunday, in order not to have two adjacent Sabbath days. However, Yom Kippur can still be on Saturday. A second reason is that Hoshana Rabbah, the 21st day of the Hebrew year, will never be on Saturday. These rules for the Feasts do not apply to the years from the Creation to the deliverance of the Hebrews from Egypt under Moses. It was at that time (cf. Exodus 13) that the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob gave the Hebrews their "Law" including the days to be kept holy and the feast days and Sabbaths.


title: Leap year

text: Years consisting of 12 months have between 353 and 355 days. In a ("in order") 354-day year, months have alternating 30 and 29 day lengths. In a ("lacking") year, the month of Kislev is reduced to 29 days. In a ("filled") year, the month of Marcheshvan is increased to 30 days. 13-month years follow the same pattern, with the addition of the 30-day Adar Alef, giving them between 383 and 385 days.


title: Leap year

text: The observed and calculated versions of the Islamic calendar do not have regular leap days, even though both have lunar months containing 29 or 30 days, generally in alternating order. However, the tabular Islamic calendar used by Islamic astronomers during the Middle Ages and still used by some Muslims does have a regular leap day added to the last month of the lunar year in 11 years of a 30-year cycle. This additional day is found at the end of the last month, Dhu al-Hijjah, which is also the month of the Hajj.


title: Leap year

text: The Baháʼí calendar is a solar calendar composed of 19 months of 19 days each (361 days). Years begin at Naw-Rúz, on the vernal equinox, on or about March 21. A period of "Intercalary Days", called Ayyam-i-Ha, is inserted before the 19th month. This period normally has 4 days, but an extra day is added when needed to ensure that the following year starts on the vernal equinox. This is calculated and known years in advance.


title: Leap year

text: The Solar Hijri calendar is the modern Iranian calendar that is also used in Afghanistan. It is an observational calendar that starts on the spring equinox and adds a single intercalated day to the last month (Esfand) once every four or five years; the first leap year occurs as the fifth year of the typical 33-year cycle and the remaining leap years occur every four years through the remainder of the 33-year cycle. This system has less periodic deviation or jitter from its mean year than the Gregorian calendar and operates on the simple rule that the vernal equinox always falls in the 24-hour period ending at noon on New Year's Day. The 33-year period is not completely regular; every so often the 33-year cycle will be broken by a cycle of 29 years.


title: Leap year

text: The Hijri-Shamsi calendar, also adopted by the Ahmadiyya Community, is based on solar calculations and is similar to the Gregorian calendar in its structure with the exception that its epoch is the Hijra.


title: Leap year

text: In Ireland and Britain, it is a tradition that women may propose marriage only in leap years. While it has been claimed that the tradition was initiated by Saint Patrick or Brigid of Kildare in 5th century Ireland, this is dubious, as the tradition has not been attested before the 19th century. Supposedly, a 1288 law by Queen Margaret of Scotland (then age five and living in Norway), required that fines be levied if a marriage proposal was refused by the man; compensation was deemed to be a pair of leather gloves, a single rose, £1, and a kiss. In some places the tradition was tightened to restricting female proposals to the modern leap day, February 29, or to the medieval (bissextile) leap day, February 24.


title: Leap year

text: According to Felten: "A play from the turn of the 17th century, 'The Maydes Metamorphosis,' has it that 'this is leape year/women wear breeches.' A few hundred years later, breeches wouldn't do at all: Women looking to take advantage of their opportunity to pitch woo were expected to wear a scarlet petticoat — fair warning, if you will."


title: Leap year

text: In Finland, the tradition is that if a man refuses a woman's proposal on leap day, he should buy her the fabrics for a skirt.


title: Leap year

text: In France, since 1980, a satirical newspaper titled "La Bougie du Sapeur" is published only on leap year, on February 29.


title: Leap year

text: In Greece, marriage in a leap year is considered unlucky. One in five engaged couples in Greece will plan to avoid getting married in a leap year.


title: Leap year

text: In February 1988 the town of Anthony in Texas, declared itself "leap year capital of the world", and an international leapling birthday club was started.


title: Leap year

text: A person born on February 29 may be called a "leapling" or a "leaper". In common years, they usually celebrate their birthdays on February 28. In some situations, March 1 is used as the birthday in a non-leap year, since it is the day following February 28.


title: Leap year

text: Technically, a leapling will have fewer "birthday anniversaries" than their age in years. This phenomenon may be exploited for dramatic effect when a person is declared to be only a quarter of their actual age, by counting their leap-year birthday anniversaries only. For example, in Gilbert and Sullivan's 1879 comic opera "The Pirates of Penzance", Frederic (the pirate apprentice) discovers that he is bound to serve the pirates until his 21st "birthday" (that is, when he turns 88 years old, since 1900 was not a leap year) rather than until his 21st "year".


title: Leap year

text: The Civil Code of Taiwan since October 10, 1929, implies that the legal birthday of a leapling is February 28 in common years:


title: Leap year

text: Since 1990 non-retroactively, Hong Kong considers the legal birthday of a leapling March 1 in common years:


title: Zoom Video Communications

text: Zoom Video Communications, Inc. (commonly shortened to Zoom, and stylized as zoom) is an American communications technology company headquartered in San Jose, California. It provides videotelephony and online chat services through a cloud-based peer-to-peer software platform used for video communications (Meetings), messaging (Chat), voice calls (Phone), conference rooms for video meetings (Rooms), virtual events (Events) and contact centers (Contact Center), and offers an open platform allowing third-party developers to build custom applications on its unified communications platform (Developer Platform).


title: Zoom Video Communications

text: Eric Yuan, a former Cisco engineer and executive, founded Zoom in 2011, and launched its software in 2013. Zoom's revenue growth, and perceived ease-of-use and reliability of its software, resulted in a $1 billion valuation in 2017, making it a "unicorn" company. The company first became profitable in 2019, and completed an initial public offering that year. The company joined the NASDAQ-100 stock index on April 30, 2020.


title: Zoom Video Communications

text: Beginning in early 2020, Zoom's software usage saw a remarkable global increase after quarantine measures were adopted in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Its software products have faced public and media scrutiny related to security and privacy issues, though the company has taken measures to address these issues.


title: Zoom Video Communications

text: Zoom was founded by Eric Yuan, a former corporate vice president for Cisco Webex. He left Cisco in April 2011 with 40 engineers to start a new company, originally named Saasbee, Inc. The company had trouble finding investors because many people thought the videotelephony market was already saturated. In June 2011, the company raised $3million of seed money from WebEx founder Subrah Iyar, former Cisco SVP and General Counsel Dan Scheinman, and venture capitalists Matt Ocko, TSVC, and Bill Tai.


title: Zoom Video Communications

text: In May 2012, the company changed its name to Zoom, influenced by Thacher Hurd's children's book "Zoom City". In September 2012, Zoom launched a beta version that could host conferences with up to 15 video participants. In November 2012, the company signed Stanford University as its first customer. The service was launched in January 2013 after the company raised a $6million Series A round from Qualcomm Ventures, Yahoo! founder Jerry Yang, WebEx founder Subrah Iyar, and former Cisco SVP and General Counsel Dan Scheinman. Zoom launched version 1.0 of the program allowing the maximum number of participants per conference to be 25. By the end of its first month, Zoom had 400,000 users and by May 2013 it had 1million users.


title: Zoom Video Communications

text: In July 2013, Zoom established partnerships with B2B collaboration software providers, such as Redbooth (then Teambox), and also created a program named Works with Zoom, which established partnerships with Logitech, Vaddio, and InFocus. In September 2013, the company raised $6.5million in a Series B round from Horizon Ventures, and existing investors. At that time, it had 3million daily meeting participants. In April 2020, daily meeting participants increased to more than 200million.


title: Zoom Video Communications

text: On February 4, 2015, the company received US$30million in Series C funding from investors including Emergence Capital, Horizons Ventures (Li Ka-shing), Qualcomm Ventures, Jerry Yang, and Patrick Soon-Shiong. At that time, Zoom had 40million users, with 65,000 organizations subscribed and a total of 1billion meeting minutes since it was established. Over the course of 2015 and 2016, the company integrated its software with Slack, Salesforce, and Skype for Business. With version 2.5 in October 2015, Zoom increased the maximum number of participants allowed per conference to 50 and later to 1,000 for business customers. In November 2015, former president of RingCentral David Berman was named president of the company, and Peter Gassner, the founder and CEO of Veeva Systems, joined Zoom's board of directors.


title: Zoom Video Communications

text: In January 2017, the company raised US$100million in Series D funding from Sequoia Capital at a US$1billion valuation, making it a unicorn. In April 2017, Zoom launched a scalable telehealth product allowing doctors to host remote consultations with patients. In May, Zoom announced integration with Polycom's conferencing systems, enabling features such as multiple screen and device meetings, HD and wireless screen sharing, and calendar integration with Microsoft Outlook, Google Calendar, and iCal. From September 25–27, 2017, Zoom hosted Zoomtopia 2017, its first annual user conference. At this conference, Zoom announced a partnership with Meta to integrate Zoom with augmented reality, integration with Slack and Workplace by Facebook, and first steps towards an artificial intelligence speech recognition program.


title: Zoom Video Communications

text: On April 18, 2019, the company became a public company via an initial public offering. After pricing at US$36 per share, the share price increased over 72% on the first day of trading. Prior to the IPO, Dropbox invested $5million in Zoom.