title: Noah Glass

text: Glass grew up in Newton, Massachusetts, and attended Newton North High School, where he played lacrosse. In 1999, he matriculated at Yale, where he majored in political science and was a member of the Scroll and Key secret society. Upon graduating from Yale in 2003, Glass worked for Endeavor, establishing that non-profit's office in Johannesburg, South Africa. After a stint at Industrial Light and Magic, Glass worked on several projects with Marc Canter, founder of MacroMind which later became Macromedia, birthplace of the Shockwave multimedia platform.


title: Noah Glass

text: He later developed an app that allowed a user to enter an audio blog entry from a remote cell phone location. His small start-up, known as AudBlog, was eventually folded into a partnership with Evan Williams, of Blogger.com. The duo then created Odeo, a podcasting company.


title: Noah Glass

text: In 2006, while with Odeo, Glass helped to create and develop the seed idea for what would eventually become known as Twitter. Not only was he the prime motivating force leading to its eventual development, Glass is acknowledged as being responsible for coining the name "Twitter", which began as the abbreviated version, "Twttr". In the book, "Hatching Twitter", by Nick Bilton, Glass is given credit as being a Twitter co-founder, having helped realize the idea, and designing some of its core features.


title: Linda Thompson (actress)

text: Linda Diane Thompson (born 1950) is an American songwriter, former actress and beauty pageant winner.


title: Linda Thompson (actress)

text: Thompson began her acting career as a "Hee Haw Honey" on the American television variety show "Hee Haw". She was also a girlfriend of Elvis Presley, before marrying Olympic decathlon champion Caitlyn Jenner, and then music producer David Foster.


title: Linda Thompson (actress)

text: Thompson was born in 1950 and raised in Memphis, Tennessee, the daughter of Margie (née White) and Sanford Abel Thompson. Her older brother, Sam, was one of Elvis Presley's bodyguards.


title: Linda Thompson (actress)

text: Thompson was Miss Shelby County (1969) In September 1970, she was named "Miss Mid-South Fair" in Memphis.


title: Linda Thompson (actress)

text: In 1970, Thompson was named "Miss Memphis State University" and was third runner-up in the 1970 Miss Tennessee pageant (which is the state preliminary to the Miss America pageant).


title: Linda Thompson (actress)

text: Thompson was Miss Tennessee Universe in 1972, which is also known as Miss Tennessee USA and under the Miss USA and Miss Universe umbrella:


title: Linda Thompson (actress)

text: Jeanne LeMay Dumas, Thompson's best friend, recounts this first meeting with Elvis in an interview for her book, "Elvis, Linda and Me"" and later became Elvis' personal secretary. Dumas said:


title: Linda Thompson (actress)

text: In 1977, Thompson became a regular on the television series "Hee Haw". She later had small one-episode roles in such television series as "CHiPs", "Starsky & Hutch", "Vega$", "Fantasy Island", "The Fall Guy" and "Beverly Hills, 90210".


title: Linda Thompson (actress)

text: Thompson starred in several television pilots, including "Mars Base One" and "Two for Two". She appeared in several films, including "Three on a Meathook" (1972), "Rabbit Test" (1978) and "Original Intent" (1991). She had a small role in "The Bodyguard" (1992).


title: Linda Thompson (actress)

text: She appeared as Linda Jenner in a workout video by then-spouse Caitlyn Jenner, four documentaries about Elvis Presley between 1997 and 2004, and in the short-lived "Princes of Malibu", a reality series about then-husband David Foster's efforts to improve her two sons and herself.


title: Linda Thompson (actress)

text: She began her career as a lyricist with the Kenny Rogers single "Our Perfect Song" from his album "The Heart of the Matter" (1985). Thompson collaborated with composer Richard Marx on Josh Groban's first hit record, "To Where You Are", with composer Steve Dorff on the Celine Dion hit "Miracle", with Andreas Carlsson for "Drowning" by the Backstreet Boys, and composer David Foster on several compositions, including "No Explanation" for the film "Pretty Woman" (1990), and "I Have Nothing" for the film "The Bodyguard" (1992), for which they were nominated both for the Academy Award for Best Song in 1993 and the Grammy Award for Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or for Television in 1994, and "Grown-Up Christmas List".


title: Linda Thompson (actress)

text: In 1999, Linda Thompson, Clint Eastwood and Carole Bayer Sager wrote "Why Should I Care" for the film "True Crime". In 2001, she wrote "Drowning" for the American boyband Backstreet Boys. In 2011, Thompson, Foster and Jackie Evancho collaborated on the title track for Evancho's album "Dream With Me".


title: Linda Thompson (actress)

text: Thompson and Foster received the 2003 Emmy Award for Outstanding Music and Lyrics for "Aren't They All Our Children" for "The Concert for World Children's Day", which aired November 14, 2002.


title: Linda Thompson (actress)

text: In 2016, HarperCollins imprint Dey Street Books published Thompson's memoir, "A Little Thing Called Life", which featured on The New York Times Best Seller list.


title: Linda Thompson (actress)

text: On July 6, 1972, Thompson attended a private movie screening hosted by Elvis Presley at the Memphian Theater in Memphis. Thompson was 22 at the time. She and Presley subsequently dated for four years before breaking up around Christmas 1976. They broke up because, like Priscilla before her, Thompson wanted a "normal" life, which was not possible with Presley's lifestyle. However, they broke up on good terms and remained good friends until Presley's death.


title: Linda Thompson (actress)

text: In 1980, Thompson began a relationship with Olympic gold medal decathlete Caitlyn Jenner prior to Jenner's transition. The couple married on January 5, 1981, in Oahu, Hawaii. They have two sons together, Brandon and Sam Brody, known as Brody. The couple separated in 1986 after Jenner came out to Thompson as a trans woman, and they eventually divorced after going through counseling.


title: Linda Thompson (actress)

text: On June 22, 1991, Thompson married Canadian composer and record producer David Foster; they divorced in 2005.


title: Linda Thompson (actress)

text: Thompson won a BMI Film & TV Award in 1994 for Most Performed Song from a Film ("I Have Nothing"), composed by Thompson and David Foster for the soundtrack for "The Bodyguard." She shared Special Recognition Awards in 1997 and 2004 with several others for work related to the Olympics, including lyrics for the official 1996 Olympic theme song, "The Power of the Dream", sung by Celine Dion.


title: Jeff Daniels

text: Jeffrey Warren Daniels (born February 19, 1955) is an American actor, comedian, musician, and playwright, known for his work on stage and screen playing diverse characters switching between comedy and drama. He is the recipient of several accolades, including two Primetime Emmy Awards, in addition to nominations for three Tony Awards, five Screen Actors Guild Awards, and five Golden Globe Awards.


title: Jeff Daniels

text: He made his film debut in Miloš Forman's drama "Ragtime" (1981) followed by James L. Brooks' "Terms of Endearment" (1983), and Mike Nichols' "Heartburn" (1986). He then received two Golden Globe Award nominations for Woody Allen's "The Purple Rose of Cairo" (1985) and Jonathan Demme's "Something Wild" (1986). The following decade he starred in "Gettysburg" (1993), action film "Speed" (1994), the comedy "Dumb and Dumber" (1994), the family film "101 Dalmatians" (1996), and fantasy film "Pleasantville" (1998). During the 2000s, Daniels starred in critically acclaimed films such as Stephen Daldry's psychological drama "The Hours" (2002), Noah Baumbach's coming of age comedy "The Squid and the Whale" (2005), George Clooney's historical drama "Good Night, and Good Luck" (2005), and the Truman Capote drama "Infamous" (2006). He also appeared in the science fiction action film "Looper" (2012), Danny Boyle's drama "Steve Jobs" (2015), and Ridley Scott's science fiction film "The Martian" (2015).


title: Jeff Daniels

text: From 2012 to 2014, Daniels starred as Will McAvoy in the HBO political drama series "The Newsroom", for which he won the 2013 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series and received Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Award nominations. He won a second Primetime Emmy Award in 2018 for his performance in the Netflix miniseries "Godless" (2017). That same year he was nominated for portraying John P. O'Neill in the Hulu miniseries "The Looming Tower" (2018). In 2020 he played FBI director James Comey in "The Comey Rule" for Showtime.


title: Jeff Daniels

text: Daniels has also received several award nominations for his work on stage, including Tony Award nominations for Best Actor for his roles in the plays Yasmina Reza's "God of Carnage", David Harrower's "Blackbird", and Aaron Sorkin's "To Kill a Mockingbird". He is the founder and current executive director of the Chelsea, Michigan Purple Rose Theatre Company.


title: Jeff Daniels

text: Daniels was born in Athens, Georgia, to Marjorie J. (née Ferguson) and Robert Lee "Bob" Daniels (1929–2012). He spent the first 6 weeks of his life in Georgia, where his father was then teaching, before moving back to his parents' native Michigan, where he grew up in Chelsea. His father owned the Chelsea Lumber Company and was a one-time mayor of the town.


title: Jeff Daniels

text: Daniels was raised Methodist. He briefly attended Central Michigan University and participated in the school's theater program. In the summer of 1976, he attended the Eastern Michigan University drama school to participate in a special Bicentennial Repertory program, where he performed in "The Hot l Baltimore" and three other plays performed in repertoire. Marshall W. Mason was the guest director at EMU, and he invited Daniels to come to New York to work at the Circle Repertory Theatre, where he performed in "Fifth of July" by Lanford Wilson in the 1977–78 season. Daniels performed in New York in "The Shortchanged Review" (1979) at Second Stage Theatre. It was the first show of the inaugural season for Second Stage Theatre.


title: Jeff Daniels

text: During the mid-1970s through to the early 1990s, Daniels starred in several New York productions, on and off Broadway. On Broadway, he has appeared in Lanford Wilson's "Fifth of July" (1980) alongside William Hurt, for which Daniels was nominated for a Drama Desk Award for Best Supporting Actor. He also starred in A. R. Gurney's "The Golden Age" (1984) with Stockard Channing.


title: Jeff Daniels

text: Daniels made his screen debut in Miloš Forman's "Ragtime" in 1981. His next film was in James L. Brooks’s "Terms of Endearment," which won the Academy Award for Best Picture. The film follows an emotional relationship between mother (Shirley MacLaine) and daughter (Debra Winger). Daniels plays Winger's callow and unfaithful husband, a role which would prove to be his breakthrough.


title: Jeff Daniels

text: In 1985, Daniels starred in Woody Allen’s "The Purple Rose Of Cairo" alongside Mia Farrow and Danny Aiello. The film was met with critical praise earning a 91% on Rotten Tomatoes with the consensus reading, "lighthearted and sweet, "Purple Rose" stands as one of Woody Allen's more inventive – and enchantingly whimsical – pictures." Daniels garnered a Golden Globe nomination for his performance It was the film that inspired the name for the theater company he established.


title: Jeff Daniels

text: In 1986, he starred in Jonathan Demme's "Something Wild" as an unassuming businessman swept up into a wild night by a mysterious woman (Melanie Griffith) and earned his second Golden Globe nomination.


title: Jeff Daniels

text: During the 1990s, Daniels continued his work in the theater with "Redwood Curtain" (1993), Off-Broadway, he starred in Lanford Wilson's "Lemon Sky" with Cynthia Nixon where he received a Drama Desk nomination for and an Obie Award for his performance in the Circle Repertory Company production of "Johnny Got His Gun". Daniels appeared in an Off-Broadway production of David Harrower's "Blackbird" alongside Allison Pill, with whom he would later reunite in Aaron Sorkin's "The Newsroom".


title: Jeff Daniels

text: In 1991 Daniels founded the Purple Rose Theatre Company, a nonprofit stage company in Chelsea, Michigan, named after the 1985 Woody Allen movie, "The Purple Rose of Cairo", which Daniels starred in. Daniels has written more than a dozen plays for the company.


title: Jeff Daniels

text: In 1990, Daniels starred in two films ("Love Hurts" and "The Butcher's Wife"). His next significant role was as Colonel Joshua Chamberlain in "Gettysburg." Daniels reprised the role of Chamberlain 10 years later in the prequel film "Gods and Generals".


title: Jeff Daniels

text: In 1994 Daniels would co-star with Jim Carrey in one of his most commercially successful films, "Dumb and Dumber". It was a noted departure for Daniels, owing to his status as a dramatic actor. That same year Daniels appeared with Keanu Reeves in the action blockbuster "Speed"; the film was an enormous hit, grossing over $350 million at the box office.


title: Jeff Daniels

text: Daniels would then host "Saturday Night Live" a second time before the release of the 1996 Disney live-action remake of "101 Dalmatians." Daniels plays a grungy cop Alvin Strayer along with Eric Stoltz in 2 Days in the Valley. Daniels starred as the owner of a litter of dalmatians stolen by the evil Cruella De Vil (Glenn Close). The film was successful, grossing $320 million. Also in 1996 was the family hit film "Fly Away Home" with Daniels as the supportive single father of Anna Paquin's goose-raising preteen. Daniels then had a critical and commercial misfire with "Trial and Error" (1997). He would rebound, however, with 1998's "Pleasantville" as diner owner Bill Johnson, who learns to act as an individual and rebel against the norm at the urging of Tobey Maguire's David. Also starring Reese Witherspoon, Joan Allen, and Don Knotts, "Pleasantville" was nominated for three Academy Awards. Daniels starred alongside Christopher Lloyd in the critically and commercially unsuccessful film, "My Favorite Martian".


title: Jeff Daniels

text: Daniels starred in the TV films "The Crossing", "Cheaters", and the direct-to-video release "Chasing Sleep". At this point, in the early 2000s, he began to focus more on his theater work at The Purple Rose Theatre as well as writing, starring, and directing the films "Escanaba in da Moonlight" and "Super Sucker".


title: Jeff Daniels

text: Daniels's next major film role would be in Clint Eastwood's "Blood Work", which received mixed reviews and was a commercial failure. He would rebound later that year with Stephen Daldry's Academy Award-winning "The Hours" alongside Meryl Streep, Julianne Moore, and Nicole Kidman. The film was also a financial success, grossing well over $100 million. "Gods and Generals" followed in 2003, as did the action film "I Witness," which co-starred James Spader. Daniels then starred in "Imaginary Heroes" and the 2004 television film adaptation of fellow Michigander and friend Mitch Albom's bestseller "The Five People You Meet in Heaven".


title: Jeff Daniels

text: The year 2005 proved to be a strong year for Daniels as he garnered notice as the star of the lauded Noah Baumbach film "The Squid and the Whale" with Laura Linney. Daniels received his third Golden Globe nomination for the film, about a divorcing couple and the effect the split has on their children. That year Daniels also starred in the family film adaptation of "Because of Winn-Dixie." He would round out the year with a supporting role in George Clooney's Oscar-nominated film "Good Night and Good Luck," starring David Straithairn, Patricia Clarkson, Robert Downey Jr., and Frank Langella.


title: Jeff Daniels

text: In 2006, Daniels appeared in the Truman Capote biopic "Infamous" starring Toby Jones, Sandra Bullock, Gwyneth Paltrow, and Sigourney Weaver. The film was compared by critics to Bennett Miller's 2005 film "Capote" starring Philip Seymour Hoffman, Catherine Keener, and Chris Cooper.


title: Jeff Daniels

text: Daniels then starred in Barry Sonnenfeld's family film "RV", alongside Robin Williams, as the redneck comic foil to Williams' uptight businessman. He also starred in two other independent films, "Mama's Boy" and "The Lookout," for which he was nominated for a Satellite Award.


title: Jeff Daniels

text: He then took back-to-back supporting roles in political thrillers: "Traitor" with Don Cheadle and "State of Play" with Russell Crowe and Rachel McAdams. Also in 2009, Daniels appeared in the indie hit "Away We Go".


title: Jeff Daniels

text: In 2009, after a 16-year-long absence, Daniels returned to Broadway in Yasmina Reza's original play "God of Carnage" alongside Hope Davis, James Gandolfini, and Marcia Gay Harden. The play centers around two sets of parents who agree to meet because of a fight among their respective sons. Their meeting starts out civilized, however, as the evening goes on, the parents become increasingly childish, resulting in the evening's devolving into chaos. The play debuted at The Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre in previews on February 28, 2009, and officially on March 22, 2009. Originally planned for a limited engagement to close July 19, 2009, the run was extended through February 28, 2010, before converting to an open-ended run. Daniels received his first Tony Award Nomination for Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play for his performance. The show won the Tony Award for Best Play.


title: Jeff Daniels

text: In 2010, Daniels continued his theater work and had a starring role in the little-seen indie "Howl," alongside James Franco as Allen Ginsberg.


title: Jeff Daniels

text: Daniels was featured on the cover of the April–May 2011 issue of "Guitar Aficionado" magazine as well as the July–August 2011 issue of "Making Music", where he discussed his experiences with music. In 2012 Daniels became the new announcing voice for Apple with the iPhone 5 ads.


title: Jeff Daniels

text: Daniels had a career resurgence with his turn in Aaron Sorkin's HBO drama series "The Newsroom" (2012–2014) as fictional news anchor Will McAvoy. The opening scene of the pilot episode "We Just Decided To", in which Daniels gives a monologue on the state of American greatness, has been viewed more than 13 million times. While the show received mixed reviews, Daniels won the Primetime Emmy Award for Lead Actor in a Drama Series for the first season. The series ran for two more seasons, for which Daniels was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award. The show also starred Emily Mortimer, John Gallagher Jr., Sam Waterston, Olivia Munn, Alison Pill, Dev Patel, and Jane Fonda.


title: Jeff Daniels

text: In 2015, Daniels reunited with Sorkin in the biographical drama film "Steve Jobs" with Michael Fassbender, and Kate Winslet. He portrayed CEO John Sculley. Daniels starred alongside Michael Fassbender, and Kate Winslet, both of whom received Academy Award nominations for their performances. The film was directed by Academy Award-winner Danny Boyle and written by Academy Award winner Aaron Sorkin. The film was a critical success earning an 86% on Rotten Tomatoes with the consensus reading, "Like the tech giant co-founded by its subject, Steve Jobs gathers brilliant people to deliver a product whose elegance belies the intricate complexities at its core." Sorkin won the Golden Globe for its screenplay.


title: Jeff Daniels

text: He played David in "" and was set to reprise the role in the planned "The Divergent Series: Ascendant". In 2014 he reprised his role as Harry Dunne in "Dumb and Dumber To" reuniting with Jim Carrey.


title: Jeff Daniels

text: In 2016, Daniels returned to Broadway in the Revival of David Harrower's "Blackbird" alongside Michelle Williams. The play depicts a young woman (Williams) meeting a middle-aged man (Daniels), 15 years after being sexually abused by him when she was twelve. The play ran at the Belasco Theatre on February 5, 2016 (37 previews), and opened officially on March 10 (through June 11, 108 performances) where it was directed by Joe Mantello and received widespread critical acclaim. Daniels was nominated for his second Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play. Williams received a Tony Award nomination as well.


title: Jeff Daniels

text: In 2017, Daniels starred in Netflix's western miniseries "Godless" where he portrayed the villain Frank Griffin. He starred alongside Michelle Dockery, Merritt Wever, and Sam Waterston. Daniels won critical praise for his performance and was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Supporting Actor in a Miniseries, which he won.


title: Jeff Daniels

text: In 2018, Daniels's Hulu's miniseries "The Looming Tower" traces the rising threat of Osama bin Laden and Al-Qaeda in the late 1990s and how the rivalry between the FBI and CIA during that time may have inadvertently set the path for the tragedy of 9/11. Daniels played John O'Neill, the chief of the New York FBI's Counter-terrorism Center. The ensemble included Bill Camp, Michael Stuhlbarg, and Peter Sarsgaard. Daniels won widespread critical acclaim and received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Best Actor in a Limited Series.


title: Jeff Daniels

text: In 2018, Daniels starred as Atticus Finch, reuniting with Aaron Sorkin in his stage adaptation of "To Kill a Mockingbird". The play opened on Broadway at the Shubert Theatre. The production began previews on November 1, 2018, prior to its official opening on December 13, 2018. During the week ending on December 23, 2018, the production grossed over $1.5 million, breaking the record for box office grosses for a non-musical play in a theater owned by The Shubert Organization. Daniels received his third Tony Award nomination for Best Actor in a Play. The show received 8 other Tony Award nominations. In June 2019, producer Scott Rudin announced that Daniels would leave the production in November 2019 and would be succeeded by Ed Harris. Daniels' last performance was on November 3, 2019.


title: Jeff Daniels

text: Daniels narrated the History Channel miniseries on George Washington titled "Washington" (2020). The 3 part documentary series premiered on February 16, 2020.


title: Jeff Daniels

text: On September 27, 2020, Daniels portrayed FBI director James Comey in the 2 part limited series, "The Comey Rule" which debuted on Showtime. The project is based on Comey's memoir, "A Higher Loyalty" (2018), and was written and directed by Billy Ray. The cast included Brendan Gleeson as Donald Trump, Jennifer Ehle as Patrice Comey, Holly Hunter as Sally Yates, and Michael Kelly as Andrew McCabe. Daniels won critical praise for his performance as Comey and received a Golden Globe Award nomination.


title: Jeff Daniels

text: In 2019, it was announced that Showtime has given a straight-to-series order to "American Rust", a drama based on Philipp Meyer’s debut novel of the same name. Daniels is set to executive produce the project and star alongside Maura Tierney and Bill Camp.


title: Jeff Daniels

text: In June 2021, it was announced that Daniels would be returning to his role of Atticus Finch in the Broadway production of "To Kill a Mockingbird" starting in October.


title: Jeff Daniels

text: Daniels narrated the 9/11 documentary from Apple TV+ entitled "" which was released on September 1, 2021.


title: Jeff Daniels

text: The Purple Rose Theatre Company (or PRTC) was founded by Daniels in 1991. Originally known as the Garage Theatre, The Rose takes its name from Woody Allen's 1985 film "The Purple Rose of Cairo", which starred Daniels and Mia Farrow. The theatre provides resources for training actors, playwrights, and other theatre artists residing in the Midwest and develops new plays based on life in the Great Lakes Basin. The main performance space and administrative offices occupy a building in Chelsea, Michigan, once owned by Daniels' grandfather. The theatre produces four shows a year on a 3/4 thrust stage in a 168-seat house. The PRTC is a 501(c)3 not-for-profit organization and operates under a Small Professional Theatre (SPT) Agreement with the Actors' Equity Association (AEA). The Purple Rose offers a year-long apprenticeship program for young artists entering a career in theatre. Apprentices are paid a modest stipend and work as many as 80 hours per week gaining experience in lighting, sound, stage management, design, set construction, and administrative/box office work. The seven apprentices also maintain and clean the theatre's facilities. The program was inspired by Daniels' experience as an apprentice with the Circle Repertory Company in New York City.


title: Jeff Daniels

text: In 1986, he moved back to his hometown of Chelsea, Michigan, and as of 2016 he still primarily resides there. In 1979, Daniels married his college sweetheart, a fellow Michigan resident also from Chelsea, Kathleen Rosemary Treado. The couple have three children: Benjamin (born 1984), Lucas (born 1987), and Nellie (born 1990).


title: Jeff Daniels

text: Daniels has appeared as the TV spokesman for the Michigan Economic Development Corporation, promoting Michigan's effectiveness in bringing in new companies, featured on CNBC. He was inducted into the Michigan Walk of Fame on May 25, 2006, in Lansing, Michigan, and delivered the winter commencement address at the University of Michigan on December 20, 2009, at which he was granted an Honorary Doctorate in Fine Arts.


title: Jeff Daniels

text: In 2020, Daniels endorsed Joe Biden in the presidential election against Donald Trump. He narrated a campaign ad for Biden titled "America Needs Michigan", focusing on the swing state of Michigan. In the ad Daniels states, "Michigan deserves a president who believes in things like decency, honesty and respect", adding that he voted for Biden.


title: Jeff Daniels

text: In 2022, a nematode parasite that kills tarantulas was named "Tarantobelus jeffdanielsi" to honour his role in "Arachnophobia".


title: Jeff Daniels

text: Daniels has written and recorded six full-length albums with proceeds benefitting The Purple Rose Theater.


title: Christopher Meloni

text: Christopher Peter Meloni (; born April 2, 1961) is an American actor. He is known for his television roles as NYPD Detective Elliot Stabler on the NBC legal drama "" for its first 12 seasons and its spin-off "", and as inmate Chris Keller on the HBO prison drama "Oz". Meloni starred in and executive produced the Syfy series "Happy!" from 2017 to 2019. His films include "Man of Steel", "Wet Hot American Summer", "Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle", "12 Monkeys", "Runaway Bride", "42", and "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas".


title: Christopher Meloni

text: Meloni was born in Washington, D.C., the youngest of three children of Cecile (née Chagnon; 1926–2016), a homemaker, and Charles Robert Meloni (1927–2012), an endocrinologist. He has an older brother and sister. His maternal ancestry is French Canadian, and he is a descendant of Matthias Farnsworth. His paternal ancestry is Italian; one great-grandfather was born in Sardinia and another was born in Velva.


title: Christopher Meloni

text: Meloni attended St. Stephen's School (now St. Stephen's & St. Agnes School) in Alexandria, Virginia, and played quarterback on the football team. He studied acting at the University of Colorado at Boulder and graduated with a degree in history in 1983. After graduation, Meloni went to New York, where he continued his studies with Sanford Meisner at the Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre as well as the Center for the Media Arts.


title: Christopher Meloni

text: Meloni worked as a construction worker prior to getting his acting break. He has also worked as a bouncer, bartender, and personal trainer.


title: Christopher Meloni

text: Meloni worked his way up the acting ladder with commercials, short-lived TV series, and bit parts in a number of films.


title: Christopher Meloni

text: His first noticeable role was the hotheaded son of a Mafia don in the 1996 thriller "Bound". He appeared as Robbie Sinclair's friend Spike in "Dinosaurs" in the early 1990s. He played criminal Jimmy Liery in eight episodes of "NYPD Blue" during 1996-1997 and the fiancé of Julia Roberts's character in the 1999 romantic comedy "Runaway Bride".


title: Christopher Meloni

text: "Law & Order" producer Dick Wolf signed Meloni to play Elliot Stabler on "" in 1999. Meloni appeared on both "Oz" and "Law & Order: SVU" simultaneously until "Oz" was cancelled in 2003. Meloni was nominated for the 2006 Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series for his role as Elliot Stabler.


title: Christopher Meloni

text: In May 2011, Meloni announced that he had been unable to agree on a contract and would not be returning for season 13 of "SVU". His character was written out as having put in his retirement papers. After nearly a decade, Meloni announced in March 2020 that he would be reprising his role of Stabler in the "Law & Order" franchise on a spin-off show titled "". Meloni appeared in a crossover event during season 22 of "SVU".


title: Christopher Meloni

text: Meloni appeared as the character Gene in "Wet Hot American Summer" in 2001, the puppet-loving pediatrician Dr. Norris in a 2003 episode of "Scrubs", and the character of "Freakshow" in the 2004 comedy "Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle". He made a cameo in its sequel, "Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay", as The Grand Wizard. In 2005, he appeared on Episode 107 of MTV2's adult puppet show "Wonder Showzen" in a series of parody public service announcements warning of the threat of cooties. He had an uncredited role as a gay hotel desk clerk in "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas".


title: Christopher Meloni

text: In July 2009, Meloni portrayed DC Comics character Hal Jordan/Green Lantern in the DC Universe Animated Original Movie "". He briefly appeared in the first episode of the Comedy Central series "Michael & Michael Have Issues", portraying himself for a fake film starring Michael Ian Black and Michael Showalter.


title: Christopher Meloni

text: In 2012, Meloni joined the cast of "True Blood" during the series' fifth season as Roman, a "powerful, 500-year-old vampire who sits at the head of the table of the Vampire Authority."


title: Christopher Meloni

text: Meloni played Colonel Hardy, a supporting role, in the Superman reboot film "Man of Steel", which was released in 2013. That year, he played Brooklyn Dodgers manager Leo Durocher in the historical baseball feature "42". Meloni starred in the 2014 comedy "They Came Together". He stars as John Taylor in the video game "". In 2016, Meloni shot the heist film "Marauders".


title: Christopher Meloni

text: Meloni starred in and executive produced the Syfy series "Happy!", based on the comic book series created by writer Grant Morrison and artist Darick Robertson, which premiered in 2017. The series was canceled on June 4, 2019.


title: Christopher Meloni

text: In 2018, Meloni guest starred in two episodes of the FX drama series "Pose", opposite Dominique Jackson. He appeared on the third season of "The Handmaid's Tale" as Commander Winslow in 2019.


title: Christopher Meloni

text: In 2004 and 2006, respectively, Meloni competed in the fourth and the eighth series of Bravo's "Celebrity Poker Showdown"; in the eighth series he finished in second place, behind Robin Tunney, and ahead of Macy Gray, Joy Behar, and Andy Dick. He played for Feed the Children.


title: Christopher Meloni

text: He appeared on "Celebrity Jeopardy!" on November 10, 2006, defeating fellow "Law & Order" stars Sam Waterston and Kathryn Erbe. Meloni split his $50,000 charity prize between the Big Apple Circus Clown Care Program and the Montefiore Advocacy Center. He also appeared on the program's Million Dollar Celebrity Invitational that aired on December 17, 2009. Although defeated by Joshua Malina and Harry Shearer, he won a $25,000 charity prize in the name of Smile Train.


title: Christopher Meloni

text: Meloni has appeared in many public service announcements in support of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender issues. In 1999, Meloni jokingly kissed Lee Tergesen (who played Tobias Beecher, Meloni's on-screen boyfriend on "Oz") at an awards dinner for GLAAD. In 2006, Meloni was given the Human Rights Campaign's Equality Award, along with actor Jake Gyllenhaal and director Ang Lee, for his work on behalf of LGBT issues. In addition, in 2011, Meloni appeared in the Human Rights Campaign's "New Yorkers for Marriage Equality" video.


title: Christopher Meloni

text: Meloni married Doris Sherman Meloni (née Williams), a production designer, on July 1, 1995. They have two children through surrogacy, daughter Sophia Eva Pietra Meloni (b. March 23, 2001) and son Dante Amadeo Meloni (b. January 2, 2004). Mariska Hargitay, who co-starred with Meloni on "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit", and remained close friends with him, is the godmother to his daughter.


title: Christopher Meloni

text: Meloni has a Cubist-inspired representation of the crucifixion of Christ tattooed on his upper left arm, a butterfly tattoo on his left upper thigh, and a Chinese astrological chart of his family on his right lower leg. In 2007, Meloni was inducted into his high school's athletic Hall of Fame as a member of the undefeated 1978 football team, for which he was quarterback.


title: Christopher Meloni

text: In 2021, on an episode of PBS' "Finding Your Roots", it was revealed that Meloni is a distant relative of Nancy Pelosi.


title: IPhone XR

text: The iPhone XR (stylized and marketed as iPhone Xʀ; Roman numeral "X" pronounced "ten") is a smartphone designed and manufactured by Apple Inc. It is part of the twelfth generation of the iPhone. Pre-orders began on October 19, 2018, with an official release on October 26, 2018. The iPhone XR is the least expensive device in Apple's twelfth generation of iPhones, which also includes the iPhone XS and XS Max, and was therefore considered an "affordable flagship" or "budget flagship" phone at its release.


title: IPhone XR

text: The XR shares key internal hardware but with features removed/downgraded to reduce the price. The XR features the same processor as the XS and XS Max, the Apple A12 Bionic chip built with a 7 nanometer process, which Apple claims to be the "smartest and most powerful chip" ever put into a smartphone. Instead of the OLED screen on the XS, the XR has a 6.1-inch Liquid Retina LED-backlit LCD IPS panel display, which Apple claims is the "most advanced LCD in the industry." According to Apple, the full charge of the XR battery lasts up to one-and-a-half hours longer than that of its direct predecessor, the iPhone 8 Plus.


title: IPhone XR

text: The iPhone XR was available in six colors: black, white, blue, yellow, coral (a shade of pink and orange), and Product Red. It is the second iPhone to be released in white, yellow and blue, the first being the iPhone 5C in 2013. Internationally, the phone supports dual SIMs through a Nano-SIM and an eSIM. In mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau, dual Nano-SIM (in a single tray) is offered instead. The iPhone XR was available in three storage capacities: 64 GB, 128 GB, and 256 GB. The 256 GB version was discontinued with the release of the iPhone 11 and 11 Pro; while the iPhone XS was discontinued and replaced by the iPhone 11 Pro, the iPhone XR continued on sale at a lower price point with the iPhone 11 succeeding as the "affordable flagship".


title: IPhone XR

text: The iPhone XR was Apple's best selling 2018 model. It also became the top-selling and the most popular smartphone globally in Q3 2019. As of September 2020, the iPhone XR has sold 77.4 million units worldwide, making it the eighth best-selling smartphone of all time.


title: IPhone XR

text: In May 2020, Apple started selling refurbished iPhone XR models starting at US$499. The price was subsequently lowered to US$369. The iPhone XR as well as the iPhone 12 Pro with its Max variant were discontinued and removed from Apple's website after the announcement of the iPhone 13 and iPhone 13 Pro on September 14, 2021, but is still available through third party retailers today.


title: IPhone XR

text: The iPhone XR was announced by Phil Schiller on September 12, 2018, at the Steve Jobs Theater in the Apple Park campus, alongside the higher-priced iPhone XS and XS Max.


title: IPhone XR

text: The XR has a similar design to the iPhone X and iPhone XS. However, it has slightly larger bezels, an aluminum frame, and is available in a wide variety of colors. Similar to other X-branded iPhones, all models come with a black front. The XR has an IP67 rating for dust and water resistance, which means it can be immersed in 1-metre deep water for up to 30 minutes.


title: IPhone XR

text: Released as part of the same twelfth generation, the XR has similar hardware to the XS, but with a few features removed to reduce the price. The XR features the same system-on-chip (SoC) as the XS and XS Max, the Apple A12 Bionic chip built with a 7 nanometer


title: IPhone XR

text: The XR has an LCD display known as "Liquid Retina" instead of the OLED screen used on the X, XS, and XS Max. The display on the XR has a resolution of 1792 × 828 pixels and a pixel density of 326 ppi, compared with 458 ppi on other X-branded iPhones. However, it has 120 Hz Touch Sample Rate which is the same as the XS and XS Max. Instead of 3D Touch, the XR comes with Haptic Touch where the user long-presses until they feel a vibration from the Taptic Engine. The screen-to-body ratio of the XR is 79.3%, much higher than the 67.5% of the iPhone 8 Plus but is still lower than most other phones in its price category.


title: IPhone XR

text: Unlike most other phones in the X-series, the XR ships with a single camera on the rear on the phone, featuring exactly the same main camera sensor as on the XS and XS Max, utilizing a 1/2.55" sensor size and 1.4μm pixel size. Unlike the XS, it does not have optical zoom because of the single camera. DxOMark gave the camera on the iPhone XR a rating of 101, giving the title "Top-ranked single-lens phone". Despite the rear single-camera setup, a modified version of Portrait Mode is included. It works unaltered while using the TrueDepth front camera, but with the rear camera, it attempts to calculate the depth of field using a combination of the focus pixels on the image sensor and AI, resulting in more limitations including lower resolution depth data and subjects not being close enough due to the wide-angle lens being used instead of the missing telephoto lens. Just like the iPhone XS and XS Max, the iPhone XR also offers an adjustable depth of field through software, allowing the user to adjust the background bokeh effect after taking a photo.


title: IPhone XR

text: The XR initially shipped with iOS 12 installed out of the box and is compatible with iOS 13, which was released to the public on September 19, 2019. It received iOS 14 on September 16, 2020 and iOS 15 on September 20, 2021, and received iOS 16 on September 12, 2022.


title: IPhone XR

text: Some online media outlets criticized the iPhone XR's display for having a low resolution and a low pixel per inch density, relative to other phones on the market at the time of release at the price point. However, other online media outlets ignored these concerns, saying that under normal use, users should not be able to discern the pixels.


title: IPhone XR

text: Apple, as part of an environmental initiative, removed the EarPods and power adapter from all new iPhone boxes starting in October 2020, including the iPhone XR. It is claimed that removing these items will reduce e-waste and permit a smaller iPhone box, allowing more devices to be shipped simultaneously to decrease carbon footprint. Apple now includes a USB-C to Lightning cable, which is compatible with increasingly prevalent USB-C charging sources, but incompatible with the previous (and currently more common) USB-A power adapter that Apple included with its devices, leading to Apple recommending users who don't have a USB-C based charging source to use existing USB-A to Lightning cables or buying a USB-C power adapter separately.


title: Bugatti

text: Automobiles Ettore Bugatti was a German then French manufacturer of high-performance automobiles. The company was founded in 1909 in the then-German city of Molsheim, Alsace, by the Italian-born industrial designer Ettore Bugatti. The cars were known for their design beauty and for their many race victories. Famous Bugatti automobiles include the Type 35 Grand Prix cars, the Type 41 "Royale", the Type 57 "Atlantic" and the Type 55 sports car.


title: Bugatti

text: The death of Ettore Bugatti in 1947 proved to be a severe blow for the marque, and the death of his son Jean Bugatti in 1939 meant that there was no successor to lead the factory. No more than about 8,000 cars were made. The company struggled financially, and it released one last model in the 1950s before eventually being purchased for its airplane parts business in 1963.


title: Bugatti

text: Founder Ettore Bugatti was born in Milan, Italy, and the automobile company that bears his name was founded in 1909 in Molsheim located in the Alsace region which was part of the German Empire from 1871 to 1919. The company was known both for the level of detail of its engineering in its automobiles, and for the artistic manner in which the designs were executed, given the artistic nature of Ettore's family (his father, Carlo Bugatti (1856–1940), was an important Art Nouveau furniture and jewelry designer).


title: Bugatti

text: During the war Ettore Bugatti was sent away, initially to Milan and later to Paris, but as soon as hostilities had been concluded he returned to his factory at Molsheim. Less than four months after the Versailles Treaty formalised the transfer of Alsace from Germany to France, Bugatti was able to obtain, at the last minute, a stand at the 15th Paris motor show in October 1919. He exhibited three light cars, all of them closely based on their pre-war equivalents, and each fitted with the same overhead camshaft 4-cylinder 1,368cc engine with four valves per cylinder. Smallest of the three was a "Type 13" with a racing body (constructed by Bugatti themselves) and using a chassis with a wheelbase. The others were a "Type 22" and a "Type 23" with wheelbases of respectively.


title: Bugatti

text: The company also enjoyed great success in early Grand Prix motor racing: in 1929 a privately entered Bugatti won the first ever Monaco Grand Prix. Racing success culminated with driver Jean-Pierre Wimille winning the 24 hours of Le Mans twice (in 1937 with Robert Benoist and 1939 with Pierre Veyron).


title: Bugatti

text: Bugatti cars were extremely successful in racing. The little Bugatti Type 10 swept the top four positions at its first race. The 1924 Bugatti Type 35 is one of the most successful racing cars. The Type 35 was developed by Bugatti with master engineer and racing driver Jean Chassagne who also drove it in the car's first ever Grand Prix in 1924 Lyon. Bugattis swept to victory in the Targa Florio for five years straight from 1925 through 1929. Louis Chiron held the most podiums in Bugatti cars, and the modern marque revival Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S. named the 1999 Bugatti 18/3 Chiron concept car in his honour. But it was the final racing success at Le Mans that is most remembered—Jean-Pierre Wimille and Pierre Veyron won the 1939 race with just one car and meagre resources.


title: Bugatti

text: In the 1930s, Ettore Bugatti got involved in the creation of a racer airplane, hoping to beat the Germans in the Deutsch de la Meurthe prize. This would be the Bugatti 100P, which never flew. It was designed by Belgian engineer Louis de Monge who had already applied Bugatti Brescia engines in his "Type 7.5" lifting body.


title: Bugatti

text: The death of Ettore Bugatti's son, Jean Bugatti, on 11 August 1939 marked a turning point in the company's fortunes. Jean died while testing a Type 57 tank-bodied race car near the Molsheim factory.


title: Bugatti

text: World War II left the Molsheim factory in ruins and the company lost control of the property. During the war, Bugatti planned a new factory at Levallois, a northwestern suburb of Paris. After the war, Bugatti designed and planned to build a series of new cars, including the Type 73 road car and Type 73C single seat racing car, but in all Bugatti built only five Type 73 cars.


title: Bugatti

text: Development of a 375 cc supercharged car was stopped when Ettore Bugatti died on 21 August 1947. Following Ettore Bugatti's death, the business declined further and made its last appearance as a business in its own right at a Paris Motor Show in October 1952.


title: Bugatti

text: Bugattis are noticeably focused on design. Engine blocks were hand scraped to ensure that the surfaces were so flat that gaskets were not required for sealing, many of the exposed surfaces of the engine compartment featured "guilloché" (engine turned) finishes on them, and safety wires had been threaded through almost every fastener in intricately laced patterns. Rather than bolt the springs to the axles as most manufacturers did, Bugatti's axles were forged such that the spring passed through a carefully sized opening in the axle, a much more elegant solution requiring fewer parts. He famously described his arch competitor Bentley's cars as "the world's fastest lorries" for focusing on durability. According to Bugatti, "weight was the enemy".


title: Bugatti

text: Relatives of Harold Carr found a rare 1937 Bugatti Type 57S Atalante when cataloguing the doctor's belongings after his death in 2009. Carr's Type 57S is notable because it was originally owned by British race car driver Earl Howe. Because much of the car's original equipment is intact, it can be restored without relying on replacement parts.


title: Bugatti

text: On 10 July 2009, a 1925 Bugatti Brescia Type 22 which had lain at the bottom of Lake Maggiore on the border of Switzerland and Italy for 75 years was recovered from the lake. The Mullin Museum in Oxnard, California bought it at auction for $351,343 at Bonham's Rétromobile sale in Paris in 2010.


title: Bugatti

text: The company attempted a comeback under Roland Bugatti in the mid-1950s with the mid-engined Type 251 race car. Designed with help from Gioacchino Colombo, the car failed to perform to expectations and the company's attempts at automobile production were halted.


title: Bugatti

text: In the 1960s, Virgil Exner designed a Bugatti as part of his "Revival Cars" project. A show version of this car was actually built by Ghia using the last Bugatti Type 101 chassis, and was shown at the 1965 Turin Motor Show. Finance was not forthcoming, and Exner then turned his attention to a revival of Stutz.


title: Bugatti

text: Bugatti continued manufacturing airplane parts and was sold to Hispano-Suiza, also a former auto maker turned aircraft supplier, in 1963. Snecma took over Hispano-Suiza in 1968. After acquiring Messier, Snecma merged Messier and Bugatti into Messier-Bugatti in 1977.


title: Bugatti

text: Italian entrepreneur Romano Artioli acquired the Bugatti brand in 1987, and established Bugatti Automobili S.p.A.. Artioli commissioned architect Giampaolo Benedini to design the factory which was built in Campogalliano, Modena, Italy. Construction of the plant began in 1988, alongside the development of the first model, and it was inaugurated two years later—in 1990. By 1989, the plans for the new Bugatti revival were presented by Paolo Stanzani and Marcello Gandini, designers of the Lamborghini Miura and Lamborghini Countach.


title: Bugatti

text: The first production vehicle was the Bugatti EB110 GT which featured a 3.5-litre, 5-valve per cylinder, quad-turbocharged 60° V12 engine, a six-speed gearbox, and four-wheel drive. Stanzani proposed an aluminium honeycomb chassis, which was used for all early prototypes. He and president Artioli clashed over engineering decisions so Stanzani left the project and Artioli sought Nicola Materazzi to replace him in June 1990. Materazzi, who had been the chief designer for the Ferrari 288 GTO and Ferrari F40 replaced the aluminium chassis with a carbon fibre one manufactured by Aerospatiale and also altered the torque distribution of the car from 40:60 to 27:73. He remained Director until late 1992.


title: Bugatti

text: Racing car designer Mauro Forghieri served as Bugatti's technical director from 1993 through 1994. On 27 August 1993, through his holding company, ACBN Holdings S.A. of Luxembourg, Romano Artioli purchased Lotus Cars from General Motors. Plans were made to list Bugatti shares on international stock exchanges.


title: Bugatti

text: Perhaps the most famous Bugatti EB110 owner was seven-time Formula One World Champion racing driver Michael Schumacher who purchased an EB110 in 1994. Schumacher sold his EB110, which had been repaired after a severe 1994 crash, to Modena Motorsport, a Ferrari service and race preparation garage in Germany.


title: Bugatti

text: By the time the EB110 came to market, the North American and European economies were in recession. Poor economic conditions forced the company to fail and operations ceased in September 1995. A model specific to the US market called the "Bugatti America" was in the preparatory stages when the company ceased operations.


title: Bugatti

text: Bugatti's liquidators sold Lotus Cars to Proton of Malaysia. German firm Dauer Racing purchased the EB110 licence and remaining parts stock in 1997 in order to produce five more EB110 SS vehicles. These five SS versions of the EB110 were greatly refined by Dauer. The Campogalliano factory was sold to a furniture-making company, which became defunct prior to moving in, leaving the building unoccupied. After Dauer stopped producing cars in 2011, Toscana-Motors GmbH of Germany purchased the remaining parts stock from Dauer.


title: Bugatti

text: Ex vice-president Jean-Marc Borel and ex-employees Federico Trombi, Gianni Sighinolfi and Nicola Materazzi established the B Engineering company and designed and built the Edonis using the chassis and engine from the Bugatti EB110 SS, but simplifying the turbocharging system and driveline (from 4WD to 2WD).


title: Bugatti

text: Volkswagen Group acquired the Bugatti brand in 1998. Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S. commissioned Giorgetto Giugiaro of ItalDesign to produce Bugatti Automobiles's first concept vehicle, the EB118, a coupé that debuted at the 1998 Paris Auto Show. The EB118 concept featured a , W-18 engine. After its Paris debut, the EB118 concept was shown again in 1999 at the Geneva Auto Show and the Tokyo Motor Show. Bugatti introduced its next concepts, the EB 218 at the 1999 Geneva Motor Show and the 18/3 Chiron at the 1999 Frankfurt Motor Show (IAA).


title: Bugatti

text: Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S. began assembling its first regular-production vehicle, the Bugatti Veyron 16.4 (the 1001 PS super car with an 8-litre W-16 engine with four turbochargers) in September 2005 at the Bugatti Molsheim, France assembly "studio". On 23 February 2015, Bugatti sold its last Veyron Grand Sport Vitesse, which was named La Finale.


title: Bugatti

text: The Bugatti Chiron is a mid-engined, two-seated sports car, designed by Achim Anscheidt, developed as the successor to the Bugatti Veyron. The Chiron was first revealed at the Geneva Motor Show on March 1, 2016.


title: Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah

text: Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah () is an Indian sitcom based on the weekly column "Duniya Ne Undha Chasma" by Taarak Mehta in "Chitralekha" magazine. It is produced by Asit Kumar Modi. It premiered on 28 July 2008 and airs on Sony SAB and is also digitally available on SonyLIV. The show holds the Guinness World Record for the longest-running Indian daily sitcom on television by episode count.


title: Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah

text: The series takes place at the Gokuldham Co-operative Housing Society, an apartment complex in Powder Gali, Film City Road, Goregaon East, Mumbai, and focuses on the members of Gokuldham Society who come from different backgrounds.


title: Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah

text: The residents of Gokuldham are shown facing many problems and finding solutions for those problems. The show also occasionally highlights social issues. Most of the episodes are based on Jethalal being stuck in a problem and Taarak Mehta, his best friend, whom he calls his "Fire Brigade", rescues him. Society Members live like a family and help each other in their problems, to promote unity in diversity. The members of Gokuldham celebrate all the festivals and organise various events too.


title: Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah

text: The producers initially approached the Star Plus and Zee TV channels, to host the series, however when they rejected their offer, Sony SAB decided to accept the script. The filming for the series takes place in film city in Mumbai. External filming for specific scenes has taken place in locations, for example: Gujarat, New Delhi, Goa and in overseas locations such as London, Brussels, Paris, Hong Kong and Singapore.


title: Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah

text: On completing 1000 episodes on 6 November 2012, Asit Kumarr Modi stated that it took eight years to get the show on air:


title: Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah

text: In February 2015, Joshi, Vakani, and Lodha hosted the red carpet at the 60th Britannia Filmfare Awards to promote the "Clean India" campaign. From March to June 2020, filming shut down in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India. During the same period it was revealed that it was originally planned for two years and might have gone off-air in 2010 itself as per original plan. But viewers' love made it a seamless series. The show started broadcasting its new episodes from 22 July 2020.


title: Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah

text: The series was also dubbed in Telugu as "Tarak Mama Ayyo Rama" for ETV Plus and Marathi as "Gokuldhamchi Duniyadari" for Fakt Marathi.


title: Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah

text: In the first week of 2017, the show stood in the fourth position with 6,004 TVT ratings. In the fourth week, the show entered the top five and stood in the fifth position with 6,059 TVT ratings. In March 2017, the show remained within the top five shows urban-rural metrics. In the 25th week of 2017, the show stood at the top spot with 6,092 TVT ratings. In the 26th week of 2017, the show stood at third spot with 6,049 TVT ratings. It is the longest-running scripted show on Indian television. In the first week of 2018, the show topped the chart with 6961 TVT ratings.


title: Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah

text: In the 42nd week of 2019, the show stood at the first position with 7952 TVT ratings. In week 29 of 2020, the show emerged as number one show post-COVID-19 lockdown with 6477 TVT ratings.


title: Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah

text: Polish Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Culture and National Heritage, Piotr Glinski visited the sets of Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah in February 2016.


title: Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah

text: Special episode "Anand Ka Safar" to pay tribute to Rajesh Khanna aired in July 2012 in which the cast members danced on Khanna's songs.


title: Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah

text: Crossover episodes with "C.I.D." named Mahasangam aired in July 2014 in which CID visits Gokuldham Society to solve a murder mystery case.


title: Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah

text: An animated series based on the characters of the Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah titled "Taarak Mehta Kka Chhota Chashmah" started airing on Sony Yay from 19 April 2021.


title: Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah

text: The show faced a controversy on 25 April 2022 in episode number 3441 where a tribute to legendary singers Lata Mangeshkar, Mohammed Rafi, Mukesh, Kishore Kumar, SP Balasubrahmanyam, Bappi Lahiri was given, it wrongly mentioned 1965 as year of Sino-Indian War and Aye Mere Watan Ke Logo song instead of 1962. However the team issued a public apology the same day hours after the broadcast of that episode by correcting their mistake.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: Los Angeles International Airport , commonly referred to as LAX (with each letter pronounced individually), is the primary international airport serving Los Angeles, California and its surrounding metropolitan area. LAX is located in the Westchester neighborhood of Los Angeles, southwest of Downtown Los Angeles, with the commercial and residential areas of Westchester to the north, the city of El Segundo to the south and the city of Inglewood to the east. LAX is the closest airport to the Westside and the South Bay.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: The airport is operated by Los Angeles World Airports (LAWA), a branch of the Los Angeles city government, that also operates Van Nuys Airport for general aviation. The airport covers of land and has four parallel runways.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: In 2019, LAX handled 88,068,013 passengers, making it the world's third-busiest and the United States' second-busiest airport following Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport. As the largest and busiest international airport on the U.S. West Coast, LAX is a major international gateway to the United States, and also serves a connection point for passengers traveling internationally (such as East and Southeast Asia, Australasia, Mexico and Central America). The airport holds the record for the world's busiest origin and destination airport, because relative to other airports, many more travelers begin or end their trips in Los Angeles than use it as a connection. It is also the only airport to rank among the top five U.S. airports for both passenger and cargo traffic. LAX serves as a major hub or focus city for more passenger airlines than any other airport in the United States.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: Although LAX is the busiest airport in the Greater Los Angeles Area, several other airports, including Hollywood-Burbank Airport, John Wayne Airport (Orange County), Long Beach Airport, Ontario International Airport, and San Bernardino International Airport serve the region.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: In 1926, the Los Angeles City Council and the Chamber of Commerce recognized the need for the city to have its own airport to tap into the fledgling, but quickly growing aviation industry. Several locations were considered, but the final choice was a field in the southern part of Westchester. The location had been promoted by real estate agent William W. Mines, and Mines Field as it was known, had already been selected to host the 1928 National Air Races. On August 13, 1928 the city leased the land and the newly formed Department of Airports began converting the fields once used to grow wheat, barley and lima beans into dirt landing strips.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: The airport opened on October 1, 1928 and the first structure, Hangar No. 1, was erected in 1929. The building still stands at the airport, remaining in active use and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Over the next year, the airport started to come together: the dirt runway was replaced with an all-weather surface and more hangars, a restaurant, and a control tower were built. On June 7, 1930, the facility was dedicated and renamed Los Angeles Municipal Airport.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: The airport was used by private pilots and flying schools, but the city’s vision was that Los Angeles would become the main passenger hub for the area. However, the airport failed to entice any carriers away from the established Burbank Airport or the Grand Central Airport in Glendale.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: World War II put a pause on any further development of the airport for passenger use. Before the United States entered the war, the aviation manufacturers located around the airport were busy providing aircraft for the allied powers, while the flying schools found themselves in high demand. In January 1942, the military assumed control of the airport, stationing fighter planes at the airfield and building naval gun batteries in the ocean dunes to the west.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: Meanwhile, airport managers published a master plan for the land, and in early 1943 and convinced voters to back a $12.5 million bond for airport improvements. With a plan and funding in place, the airlines were finally convinced to make the move.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: After the end of the war, four temporary terminals were quickly erected on the north side of the airport and on December 9, 1946, American Airlines, Trans World Airlines (TWA), United Airlines, Southwest Airways and Western Airlines began passenger operations at the airport, with Pan American Airways (Pan Am) joining the next month. The airport was renamed Los Angeles International Airport in 1949.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: The temporary terminals would remain in place for 15 years but quickly became inadequate, especially as air travel entered the "jet age" and other cities invested in modern facilities. Airport leaders once again convinced voters to back a $59 million bond on June 5, 1956.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: The current layout of the passenger facilities was established in 1958 with a plan to build a series of terminals and parking facilities, arranged in the shape of the letter U, in the central portion of the property. The original plan called for the terminal buildings connected at the center of the property by a huge steel-and-glass dome. The dome was never built, but a smaller Theme Building built in the central area became a focal point for people coming to the airport.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: The first of the new passenger buildings, Terminals 7 and 8, were opened for United Airlines on June 25, 1961, following opening festivities that lasted several days. Terminals 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 opened later that same year.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: A major expansion of the airport came in the early 1980s, ahead of the 1984 Summer Olympic Games. In November 1983 a second-level roadway was added, Terminal 1 opened in January 1984 and the Tom Bradley International Terminal opened in June 1984. The original terminals also received expansions and updates in the 1980s.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: Since 2008, the airport has been undergoing another major expansion. All of the terminals are being refurbished, and the Tom Bradley International Terminal was completely rebuilt, with a West Gates concourse added. Outside of the terminal area, a 4,300 stall parking structure, a Los Angeles Metro Rail station, and a consolidated rental car facility are being built. All will be connected to the terminal area by the LAX Automated People Mover. In the near future, airport managers plan to build two more terminals (0 and 9). All together, these projects are expected to cost of $14 billion and bring LAX's total gates from 146 to 182.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: Before the 1930s, US airports used a two-letter abbreviation and at that time, "LA" served as the designation for Los Angeles Airport. With the rapid growth in the aviation industry, in 1947, the identifiers expanded to three letters and "LA" received an extra letter to become "LAX." The letter "X" does not otherwise have any specific meaning in this identifier. "LAX" is also used for the Port of Los Angeles in San Pedro and by Amtrak for Union Station in downtown Los Angeles.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: 24R/06L and 24L/06R (designated the North Airfield Complex) are north of the airport terminals, and 25R/07L and 25L/07R (designated the South Airfield Complex) are south of the airport terminals.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: LAX is located with the Pacific Ocean to the west and residential communities on all other sides. Since 1972, Los Angeles World Airports has adopted a "Preferential Runway Use Policy" to minimize noise levels in the communities closest to LAX.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: Typically the loudest operations at an airport are from departing aircraft (as engines operate at full power), so during daytime hours (6:30am to midnight), LAX prefers to operate under the "Westerly Operations" air traffic pattern, named for the prevailing west winds. Under "Westerly Operations", departing aircraft take off to the west (over the ocean), and arriving aircraft approach from the east. To reduce noise to areas north and south of the airport, LAX prefers to use the "inboard" runways (06R/24L and 07L/25R) closest to the central terminal area and further from residential areas for departures, and the "outboard" runways are preferred for arrivals. Historically, over 90% of flights have used the "inboard" departures and "outboard" arrivals scheme.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: During nighttime hours, when there are fewer aircraft operations and residential areas tend to be more noise sensitive, additional changes are made to reduce noise. Between 10pm and 7am, air traffic controls try to use the "outboard" runways as little as possible and between midnight and 6:30am the air traffic pattern shifts to "Over-Ocean Operations" where departing aircraft continue to take off to the west, but arriving aircraft also approach from the west (over the ocean).


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: There are times when the Over-Ocean and Westerly operations are not possible, particularly when the winds originate from the east, typically during inclement weather and Santa Ana winds events. When that happens, the airport shifts to the non-preferred "Easterly Operations" air traffic pattern where departing aircraft take off to the east, and arriving aircraft approach from the west.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: The South Airfield Complex tends to see more operations than the North, due to a larger number of passenger gates and air cargo operations. Runways in the North Airfield Complex are separated by . Plans have been advanced and approved to increase the separation by , which would allow a central taxiway between runways, despite opposition from residents living north of LAX. The separation between the two runways in the South Airfield Complex has already increased by to accommodate a central taxiway.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: LAX has nine passenger terminals with a total of 146 gates arranged in the shape of the letter U or a horseshoe that are identified by numbers except for the Tom Bradley International Terminal. The Midfield Satellite Concourse, now renamed the West Gates, an expansion for international flights reached through the Tom Bradley Terminal, opened on May 1, 2021. There are of cargo facilities at LAX, as well as a heliport operated by Bravo Aviation.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: The distinctive Theme Building, designed by Pereira & Luckman architect Paul Williams in the Googie style and built in 1961 by Robert E. McKee Construction Co., resembles a flying saucer that has landed on its four legs. A restaurant with a sweeping view of the airport is suspended beneath two arches that form the legs. The Los Angeles City Council designated the building a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument in 1992. A $4 million renovation, with retro-futuristic interior and electric lighting designed by Walt Disney Imagineering, was completed before the Encounter Restaurant opened there in 1997 but is no longer in business. Visitors are able to take the elevator up to the observation deck of the "Theme Building", which had previously been closed after the September 11, 2001 attacks for security reasons. A memorial to the victims of the 9/11 attacks is located on the grounds, as three of the four hijacked planes were originally destined for LAX. The Bob Hope USO expanded and relocated to the first floor of the Theme Building in 2018.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: LAWA currently has several plans to modernize LAX, at a cost of $14 billion. These include terminal and runway improvements, which will enhance the passenger experience, reduce overcrowding, and provide airport access to the latest class of very large passenger aircraft; this would bring LAX's total gates from 146 to 182.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: It is the world's fourth-busiest airport by passenger traffic and eleventh-busiest by cargo traffic, serving over 87 million passengers and 2 million tons of freight and mail in 2018. It is the busiest airport in the state of California, and the second-busiest airport by passenger boardings in the United States. In terms of international passengers, the second busiest airport for international traffic in the United States, behind only JFK in New York City.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: The number of aircraft movements (landings and takeoffs) was 700,362 in 2017, the third most of any airport in the world.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: In the secure area of the airport, tunnels or above-ground connectors link terminals 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and B (Tom Bradley International Terminal). Connectors are currently under construction between terminals 1, 2, 3 and B.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: LAX Shuttle route A operates in a counter-clockwise loop around the Central Terminal Area, providing frequent service for connecting passengers. However, connecting passengers who use these shuttles must leave and then later re-enter security.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: Route A Terminal Connector operates in a counter-clockwise loop around the Central Terminal Area, providing frequent service for connecting passengers. However, connecting passengers who use these shuttles must leave and then later re-enter security.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: Route C City Bus Center connects the Central Terminal Area and the LAX City Bus Center which is served by transit buses from Beach Cities Transit, Culver CityBus, Los Angeles Metro, Santa Monica Big Blue Bus and Torrance Transit. Buses on this route also serve the Employee South Lot.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: Route E Economy Parking connects the Central Terminal Area and the Intermodal Transport Facility–West, the airport's economy parking garage.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: Route M Metro Connector connects the Central Terminal Area and the Aviation/LAX station on the Metro C Line, away. Buses also stop at the "Remote Rental Car Depot," a bus stop served by shuttles to smaller rental car companies.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: Route X LAX Employee Lots connects the Central Terminal Area and the Employee Parking Lots. The route has three service patterns, the East Lot route only stops at Terminals 1, 2, 3, and B; the West Lot route only stops at Terminals 4, 5, 6, and 7; and the South Lot route stops at all terminals and also stops at the City Bus Center as Route C.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: Most transit buses operate from the LAX City Bus Center, which is located away from the Central Terminal Area on 96th Street, east of Sepulveda Boulevard.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: LAX Shuttle route C offers free connections between the LAX City Bus Center and the Central Terminal Area.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: The LAX City Bus Center is served by Beach Cities Transit line 109 to Redondo Beach, Culver CityBus lines 6 and Rapid 6 to Culver City and UCLA, Los Angeles Metro Bus lines to South Gate, to Norwalk, to Downey and to Long Beach, Santa Monica Big Blue Bus lines 3 and Rapid 3 to Santa Monica, and Torrance Transit line 8 to Torrance. During the overnight hours, Los Angeles Metro line offers service to Downtown Los Angeles.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: The LAX City Bus Center will eventually be replaced by the LAX/Metro Transit Center station, which will be connected to the rest of LAX by the Automated People Mover system.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: There is also a bus stop at Sepulveda Boulevard and Century Boulevard that is a walk away from Terminals 1 and 7/8 that is served by LADOT Commuter Express line to Sylmar and Encino. This bus stop is also served by some of the same routes as the LAX City Bus Center: Los Angeles Metro lines 40 (overnight only), 117 and 232 and Torrance Transit line 8.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: The FlyAway bus is a nonstop motorcoach/shuttle service run by LAWA, which provides scheduled service between LAX and Union Station in Downtown LA or the FlyAway Terminal at the Van Nuys Airport in the San Fernando Valley.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: FlyAway buses stop at every LAX terminal in a counter-clockwise direction, starting at terminal 1. The service hours vary based on the line, with most leaving on or near the top of the hour. Buses use the regional system of high-occupancy vehicle lanes and high-occupancy toll lanes (Metro ExpressLanes) to expedite their trips.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: LAX does not currently have a direct connection to the Los Angeles Metro Rail system. LAX Shuttle route G offers free connections between the Central Terminal Area and the Aviation/LAX station on the C Line, away.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: The LAX Automated People Mover (APM), currently under construction by LAWA, is a rail line that will connect the terminal area with long- and short-term parking facilities, a connection to the Los Angeles Metro Rail and other transit at the LAX/Metro Transit Center, and a consolidated facility for all airport rental car agencies.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: The APM project is estimated to cost $5.5 billion and is scheduled to begin operation in 2023, with the connection to Metro Rail opening in 2024.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: LAX's terminals are immediately west of the interchange between Century Boulevard and Sepulveda Boulevard (State Route 1). Interstate 405 can be reached to the east via Century Boulevard. Interstate 105 is to the south via Sepulveda Boulevard, through the Airport Tunnel that crosses under the airport runways.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: Arriving passengers take a shuttle or walk to the LAXit waiting area east of Terminal 1 for taxi or ride-share pickups. Taxicab services are operated by nine city-authorized taxi companies and regulated by Authorized Taxicab Supervision Inc. (ATS). ATS queues up taxis at the LAXit waiting area.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: A number of private shuttle companies also offer limousine and bus services to LAX, including from suburban areas such as Lancaster, Palmdale, and Santa Clarita. Bakersfield had a similar service to LAX, but it suspended operations during the 2020 pandemic.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: Continental Airlines once had its corporate headquarters on the airport property. At a 1962 press conference in the office of Mayor of Los Angeles Sam Yorty, Continental Airlines announced that it planned to move its headquarters to Los Angeles in July 1963. In 1963 Continental Airlines headquarters moved to a two-story, $2.3 million building on the grounds of the airport. The July 2009 "Continental Magazine" issue stated that the move "underlined Continental Airlines western and Pacific orientation". On July 1, 1983 the airline's headquarters were relocated to the America Tower in the Neartown area of Houston.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: In addition to Continental Airlines, Western Airlines and Flying Tiger Line also had their headquarters at LAX.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: The Flight Path Museum LAX, formerly known as the Flight Path Learning Center, is a museum located at 6661 Imperial Highway and was formerly known as the "West Imperial Terminal". This building used to house some charter flights. It sat empty for 10 years until it was re-opened as a learning center for LAX.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: The center contains information on the history of aviation, several pictures of the airport, as well as aircraft scale models, flight attendant uniforms, and general airline memorabilia such as playing cards, china, magazines, signs, a TWA gate information sign.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: The museum's library contains an extensive collection of rare items such as aircraft manufacturer company newsletters/magazines, technical manuals for both military and civilian aircraft, industry magazines dating back to World War II and before, historic photographs and other invaluable references on aircraft operation and manufacturing.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: The museum has on display "The Spirit of Seventy-Six," a DC-3 that flew in commercial airline service, before serving as a corporate aircraft for Union 76 Oil Company for 32 years. The plane was built in the Douglas Aircraft Company plant in Santa Monica in January 1941, which was a major producer of both commercial and military aircraft.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: During its history there have been numerous incidents, but only the most notable are summarized below:


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: The "Imperial Hill" area of El Segundo is a prime location for aircraft spotting, especially for takeoffs. Part of the Imperial Hill area has been set aside as a city park, Clutter's Park.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: Another popular spotting location sits under the final approach for runways 24 L&R on a lawn next to the Westchester In-N-Out Burger on Sepulveda Boulevard. This is one of the few remaining locations in Southern California from which spotters may watch such a wide variety of low-flying commercial airliners from directly underneath a flight path.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: One can also do aircraft spotting at a small park in the take-off pattern that (normally) goes out over the Pacific. The park is on the east side of the street Vista Del Mar from where it takes its name, Vista Del Mar Park.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: At 12:51 p.m. on Friday, September 21, 2012, a Shuttle Carrier Aircraft carrying the Space Shuttle "Endeavour" landed at LAX on runway 25L. An estimated 10,000 people saw the shuttle land. Interstate 105 was backed up for miles at a standstill. Imperial Highway was shut down for spectators. It was quickly taken off the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft, a modified Boeing 747, and was moved to a United Airlines hangar. The shuttle spent about a month in the hangar while it was prepared to be transported to the California Science Center.


title: Los Angeles International Airport

text: Numerous films and television shows have been set or filmed partially at LAX, at least partly due to the airport's proximity to Hollywood studios and Los Angeles. Film shoots at the Los Angeles airports, including LAX, produced $590 million for the Los Angeles region from 2002 to 2005.


title: First French Empire

text: The First French Empire, officially the French Republic, then the French Empire (; Latin: ) after 1809, also known as Napoleonic France, was the empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, who established French hegemony over much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century. It lasted from 18 May 1804 to 11 April 1814 and again briefly from 20 March 1815 to 7 July 1815.


title: First French Empire

text: Although France had already established a colonial empire overseas since the early 17th century, the French state had remained a kingdom under the Bourbons and a republic after the French Revolution. Historians refer to Napoleon's regime as the "First Empire" to distinguish it from the restorationist "Second Empire" (1852–1870) ruled by his nephew Napoleon III. The First French Empire is considered by some to be a "Republican empire."


title: First French Empire

text: On 18 May 1804, Napoleon was granted the title Emperor of the French ("", ) by the French and was crowned on 2 December 1804, signifying the end of the French Consulate and of the French First Republic. Despite his coronation, the empire continued to be called the "French Republic" until 1809. The French Empire achieved military supremacy in mainland Europe through notable victories in the War of the Third Coalition against Austria, Prussia, Russia, Britain and allied nations, notably at the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805. French dominance was reaffirmed during the War of the Fourth Coalition, at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt in 1806 and the Battle of Friedland in 1807, before Napoleon's final defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.


title: First French Empire

text: A series of wars, known collectively as the Napoleonic Wars, extended French influence to much of Western Europe and into Poland. At its height in 1812, the French Empire had 130 departments, ruled over 44 million subjects, maintained an extensive military presence in Germany, Italy, Spain, and Poland, and counted Austria and Prussia as nominal allies. Early French victories exported many ideological features of the Revolution throughout Europe: the introduction of the Napoleonic Code throughout the continent increased legal equality, established jury systems and legalized divorce, and seigneurial dues and seigneurial justice were abolished, as were aristocratic privileges in all places except Poland. France's defeat in 1814 (and then again in 1815), marked the end of the First French Empire and the beginning of the Bourbon Restoration.


title: First French Empire

text: In 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte was confronted by Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès—one of five Directors constituting the executive branch of the French government—who sought his support for a "coup d'état" to overthrow the Constitution of the Year III. The plot included Bonaparte's brother Lucien, then serving as speaker of the Council of Five Hundred, Roger Ducos, another Director, and Talleyrand. On 9 November 1799 (18 Brumaire VIII under the French Republican Calendar) and the following day, troops led by Bonaparte seized control. They dispersed the legislative councils, leaving a rump legislature to name Bonaparte, Sieyès and Ducos as provisional Consuls to administer the government. Although Sieyès expected to dominate the new regime, the Consulate, he was outmaneuvered by Bonaparte, who drafted the Constitution of the Year VIII and secured his own election as First Consul. He thus became the most powerful person in France, a power that was increased by the Constitution of the Year X, which made him First Consul for life.


title: First French Empire

text: The Battle of Marengo (14 June 1800) inaugurated the political idea that was to continue its development until Napoleon's Moscow campaign. Napoleon planned only to keep the Duchy of Milan for France, setting aside Austria, and was thought to prepare a new campaign in the East. The Peace of Amiens, which cost him control of Egypt, was a temporary truce. He gradually extended his authority in Italy by annexing the Piedmont and by acquiring Genoa, Parma, Tuscany and Naples, and added this Italian territory to his Cisalpine Republic. Then he laid siege to the Roman state and initiated the Concordat of 1801 to control the material claims of the pope. When he recognised his error of raising the authority of the pope from that of a figurehead, Napoleon produced the "Articles Organiques" (1802) with the goal of becoming the legal protector of the papacy, like Charlemagne. To conceal his plans before their actual execution, he aroused French colonial aspirations against Britain and the memory of the 1763 Treaty of Paris, exacerbating British envy of France, whose borders now extended to the Rhine and beyond, to Hanover, Hamburg and Cuxhaven. Napoleon would have ruling elites from a fusion of the new bourgeoisie and the old aristocracy.


title: First French Empire

text: On 12 May 1802, the French Tribunat voted unanimously, with the exception of Carnot, in favour of the Life Consulship for the leader of France. This action was confirmed by the Corps Législatif. A general plebiscite followed thereafter resulting in 3,653,600 votes aye and 8,272 votes nay. On 2 August 1802 (14 Thermidor, An X), Napoleon Bonaparte was proclaimed Consul for life.


title: First French Empire

text: Pro-revolutionary sentiment swept through Germany aided by the "Recess of 1803", which brought Bavaria, Württemberg and Baden to France's side. William Pitt the Younger, back in power over Britain, appealed once more for an Anglo-Austro-Russian coalition against Napoleon to stop the ideals of revolutionary France from spreading.


title: First French Empire

text: On 18 May 1804, Napoleon was given the title of "Emperor of the French" by the Senate; finally, on 2 December 1804, he was solemnly crowned, after receiving the Iron Crown of the Lombard kings, and was consecrated by Pope Pius VII in Notre-Dame de Paris.


title: First French Empire

text: In four campaigns, the Emperor transformed his "Carolingian" feudal republican and federal empire into one modelled on the Roman Empire. The memories of imperial Rome were for a third time, after Julius Caesar and Charlemagne, used to modify the historical evolution of France. Though the vague plan for an invasion of Great Britain was never executed, the Battle of Ulm and the Battle of Austerlitz overshadowed the defeat of Trafalgar, and the camp at Boulogne put at Napoleon's disposal the best military resources he had commanded, in the form of "La Grande Armée".


title: First French Empire

text: In the War of the Third Coalition, Napoleon swept away the remnants of the old Holy Roman Empire and created in southern Germany the vassal states of Bavaria, Baden, Württemberg, Hesse-Darmstadt and Saxony, which were reorganized into the Confederation of the Rhine. The Treaty of Pressburg, signed on 26 December 1805, extracted extensive territorial concessions from Austria, on top of a large financial indemnity. Napoleon's creation of the Kingdom of Italy, the occupation of Ancona, and his annexation of Venetia and its former Adriatic territories marked a new stage in the French Empire's progress.


title: First French Empire

text: To create satellite states, Napoleon installed his relatives as rulers of many European states. The Bonapartes began to marry into old European monarchies, gaining sovereignty over many nations. Older brother Joseph Bonaparte replaced the dispossessed Bourbons in Naples; younger brother Louis Bonaparte was installed on the throne of the Kingdom of Holland, formed from the Batavian Republic; brother-in-law Joachim Murat became Grand-Duke of Berg; youngest brother Jérôme Bonaparte was made son-in-law to the King of Württemberg and King of Westphalia, adopted son Eugène de Beauharnais was appointed Viceroy of Italy; and adopted daughter and second cousin Stéphanie de Beauharnais married Karl (Charles), the son of the Grand Duke of Baden. In addition to the vassal titles, Napoleon's closest relatives were also granted the title of French Prince and formed the Imperial House of France.


title: First French Empire

text: Met with opposition, Napoleon would not tolerate any neutral power. On 6 August 1806 the Habsburgs abdicated their title of Holy Roman Emperor in order to prevent Napoleon from becoming the next Emperor, ending a political power which had endured for over a thousand years. Prussia had been offered the territory of Hanover to stay out of the Third Coalition. With the diplomatic situation changing, Napoleon offered Great Britain the province as part of a peace proposal. To this, combined with growing tensions in Germany over French hegemony, Prussia responded by forming an alliance with Russia and sending troops into Bavaria on 1 October 1806. During the War of the Fourth Coalition, Napoleon destroyed the Prussian armies at Jena and Auerstedt. Successive victories at Eylau and Friedland against the Russians finally ruined Frederick the Great's formerly mighty kingdom, obliging Russia and Prussia to make peace with France at Tilsit.


title: First French Empire

text: The Treaties of Tilsit ended the war between Russia and France and began an alliance between the two empires that held as much power as the rest of Europe. The two empires secretly agreed to aid each other in disputes. France pledged to aid Russia against the Ottoman Empire, while Russia agreed to join the Continental System against Britain. Napoleon also forced Alexander to enter the Anglo-Russian War and to instigate the Finnish War against Sweden in order to force Sweden to join the Continental System.


title: First French Empire

text: More specifically, Alexander agreed to evacuate Wallachia and Moldavia, which had been occupied by Russian forces as part of the Russo-Turkish War. The Ionian Islands and Cattaro, which had been captured by Russian admirals Ushakov and Senyavin, were to be handed over to the French. In recompense, Napoleon guaranteed the sovereignty of the Duchy of Oldenburg and several other small states ruled by the Russian emperor's German relatives.


title: First French Empire

text: The treaty removed about half of Prussia's territory: Cottbus was given to Saxony, the left bank of the Elbe was awarded to the newly created Kingdom of Westphalia, Białystok was given to Russia, and the rest of the Polish lands in Prussian possession were set up as the Duchy of Warsaw. Prussia was ordered to reduce its army to 40,000 men and to pay an indemnity of 100,000,000 francs. Observers in Prussia viewed the treaty as unfair and as a national humiliation.


title: First French Empire

text: Talleyrand had advised Napoleon to pursue milder terms; the treaties marked an important stage in his estrangement from the emperor. After Tilsit, instead of trying to reconcile Europe, as Talleyrand had advised, Napoleon wanted to defeat Britain and complete his Italian dominion. To the coalition of the northern powers, he added the league of the Baltic and Mediterranean ports, and to the bombardment of Copenhagen by the Royal Navy he responded with a second decree of blockade, dated from Milan on 17 December 1807.


title: First French Empire

text: The application of the Concordat and the taking of Naples led to Napoleon's first struggles with the Pope, centered around Pius VII renewing the theocratic affirmations of Pope Gregory VII. The emperor's Roman ambition was made more visible by the occupation of the Kingdom of Naples and of the Marches, and by the entry of Miollis into Rome; while General Junot invaded Portugal, Marshal Murat took control of formerly Roman Spain as Regent. Soon after, Napoleon had his brother, Joseph, crowned King of Spain and sent him there to take control.


title: First French Empire

text: Napoleon tried to succeed in the Iberian Peninsula as he had done in Italy, in the Netherlands, and in Hesse. However, the exile of the Spanish Royal Family to Bayonne, together with the enthroning of Joseph Bonaparte, turned the Spanish against Napoleon. After the "Dos de Mayo" riots and subsequent reprisals, the Spanish government began an effective guerrilla campaign, under the oversight of local "Juntas". The Iberian Peninsula became a war zone from the Pyrenees to the Straits of Gibraltar and saw the Grande Armée facing the remnants of the Spanish Army, as well as British and Portuguese forces. General Dupont capitulated at Bailén to General Castaños, and Junot at Cintra, Portugal to General Wellesley.


title: First French Empire

text: Spain used up the soldiers needed for Napoleon's other fields of battle, and they had to be replaced by conscripts. Spanish resistance affected Austria, and indicated the potential of national resistance. The provocations of Talleyrand and Britain strengthened the idea that the Austrians could emulate the Spanish. On 10 April 1809, Austria invaded France's ally, Bavaria. The campaign of 1809, however, would not be nearly as long and troublesome for France as the one in Spain and Portugal. Following a short and decisive action in Bavaria, Napoleon opened up the road to the Austrian capital of Vienna for a second time. At Aspern, Napoleon suffered his first serious tactical defeat, along with the death of Jean Lannes, an able Marshal and dear friend of the emperor. The victory at Wagram, however, forced Austria to sue for peace. The Treaty of Schönbrunn, signed on 14 December 1809, resulted in the annexation of the Illyrian Provinces and recognized past French conquests.


title: First French Empire

text: The Pope was forcibly deported to Savona, and his domains were incorporated into the French Empire. The Senate's decision on 17 February 1810 created the title "King of Rome", and made Rome the capital of Italy. Between 1810 and 1812 Napoleon's divorce of Joséphine, and his marriage with Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria, followed by the birth of his son, shed light upon his future policy. He gradually withdrew power from his siblings and concentrated his affection and ambition on his son, the guarantee of the continuance of his dynasty, marking the high point of the Empire.


title: First French Empire

text: Undermining forces, however, had already begun to impinge on the faults inherent in Napoleon's achievements. Britain, protected by the English Channel and its navy, was persistently active, and rebellion of both the governing and of the governed broke out everywhere. Napoleon, though he underrated it, soon felt his failure in coping with the Peninsular War. Men like Baron von Stein, August von Hardenberg and Johann von Scharnhorst had begun secretly preparing Prussia's retaliation.


title: First French Empire

text: The alliance arranged at Tilsit was seriously shaken by the Austrian marriage, the threat of Polish restoration to Russia, and the Continental System. The very persons whom he had placed in power were counteracting his plans. With many of his siblings and relations performing unsuccessfully or even betraying him, Napoleon found himself obliged to revoke their power. Caroline Bonaparte conspired against her brother and against her husband Murat; the hypochondriac Louis, now Dutch in his sympathies, found the supervision of the blockade taken from him, and also the defense of the Scheldt, which he had refused to ensure. Jérôme Bonaparte lost control of the blockade on the North Sea shores. The very nature of things was against the new dynasties, as it had been against the old.


title: First French Empire

text: After national insurrections and family recriminations came treachery from Napoleon's ministers. Talleyrand betrayed his designs to Metternich and suffered dismissal. Joseph Fouché, corresponding with Austria in 1809 and 1810, entered into an understanding with Louis and also with Britain, while Bourrienne was convicted of speculation. By consequence of the spirit of conquest Napoleon had aroused, many of his marshals and officials, having tasted victory, dreamed of sovereign power: Bernadotte, who had helped him to the Consulate, played Napoleon false to win the crown of Sweden. Soult, like Murat, coveted the Spanish throne after that of Portugal, thus anticipating the treason of 1812.


title: First French Empire

text: The country itself, though flattered by conquests, was tired of self-sacrifice. The unpopularity of conscription gradually turned many of Napoleon's subjects against him. Amidst profound silence from the press and the assemblies, a protest was raised against imperial power by the literary world, against the excommunicated sovereign by Catholicism, and against the author of the continental blockade by the discontented bourgeoisie, ruined by the crisis of 1811. Even as he lost his military principles, Napoleon maintained his gift for brilliance. His Six Days' Campaign, which took place at the very end of the War of the Sixth Coalition, is often regarded as his greatest display of leadership and military prowess. But by then it was the end (or "the finish"), and it was during the years before when the nations of Europe conspired against France. While Napoleon and his holdings idled and worsened, the rest of Europe agreed to avenge the revolutionary events of 1792.


title: First French Empire

text: Napoleon had hardly succeeded in putting down the revolt in Germany when the emperor of Russia himself headed a European insurrection against Napoleon. To put an end to this, to ensure his own access to the Mediterranean and exclude his chief rival, Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812. Despite his victorious advance, the taking of Smolensk, the victory on the Moskva, and the entry into Moscow, he was defeated by the country and the climate, and by Alexander's refusal to make terms. After this came the terrible retreat in the harsh Russian winter, while all of Europe was turning against him. Pushed back, as he had been in Spain, from bastion to bastion, after the action on the Berezina, Napoleon had to fall back upon the frontiers of 1809, and then—having refused the peace offered to him by Austria at the Congress of Prague (4 June – 10 August 1813), from fear of losing Italy, where each of his victories had marked a stage in the accomplishment of his dream—on those of 1805, despite the victories at Lützen and Bautzen, and on those of 1802 after his disastrous defeat at Leipzig, when Bernadotte—now Crown Prince of Sweden—turned upon him, General Moreau also joined the Allies, and longstanding allied nations, such as Saxony and Bavaria, forsook him as well.


title: First French Empire

text: Following his retreat from Russia, Napoleon continued to retreat, this time from Germany. After the loss of Spain, reconquered by an Allied army led by Wellington, the uprising in the Netherlands preliminary to the invasion and the manifesto of Frankfurt (1 December 1813) which proclaimed it, he was forced to fall back upon the frontiers of 1795; and was later driven further back upon those of 1792—despite the forceful campaign of 1814 against the invaders. Paris capitulated on 30 March 1814, and the "Delenda Carthago", pronounced against Britain, was spoken of Napoleon. The Empire briefly fell with Napoleon's abdication at Fontainebleau on 11 April 1814.