title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: SSRI and SNRI antidepressants may cause jaw pain/jaw spasm reversible syndrome (although it is not common). Buspirone appears to be successful in treating bruxism on SSRI/SNRI induced jaw clenching.


title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: Serotonin reuptake inhibitors should not be abruptly discontinued after extended therapy, and whenever possible, should be tapered over several weeks to minimize discontinuation-related symptoms which may include nausea, headache, dizziness, chills, body aches, paresthesias, insomnia, and brain zaps. Paroxetine may produce discontinuation-related symptoms at a greater rate than other SSRIs, though qualitatively similar effects have been reported for all SSRIs. Discontinuation effects appear to be less for fluoxetine, perhaps owing to its long half-life and the natural tapering effect associated with its slow clearance from the body. One strategy for minimizing SSRI discontinuation symptoms is to switch the patient to fluoxetine and then taper and discontinue the fluoxetine.


title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: Serotonin syndrome is typically caused by the use of two or more serotonergic drugs, including SSRIs. Serotonin syndrome is a condition that can range from mild (most common) to deadly. Mild symptoms may consist of increased heart rate, fever, shivering, sweating, dilated pupils, myoclonus (intermittent jerking or twitching), as well as hyperreflexia. Concomitant use of SSRIs or SNRIs for depression with a triptan for migraine does not appear to heighten the risk of the serotonin syndrome. Taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) in combination with SSRIs can be fatal, since MAOIs disrupt monoamine oxidase, an enzyme which is needed to break down serotonin and other neurotransmitters. Without monoamine oxidase, the body is unable to eliminate excess neurotransmitters, allowing them to build up to dangerous levels. The prognosis for recovery in a hospital setting is generally good if serotonin syndrome is correctly identified. Treatment consists of discontinuing any serotonergic drugs and providing supportive care to manage agitation and hyperthermia, usually with benzodiazepines.


title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: Meta analyses of short duration randomized clinical trials have found that SSRI use is related to a higher risk of suicidal behavior in children and adolescents. For instance, a 2004 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) analysis of clinical trials on children with major depressive disorder found statistically significant increases of the risks of "possible suicidal ideation and suicidal behavior" by about 80%, and of agitation and hostility by about 130%. According to the FDA, the heightened risk of suicidality is within the first one to two months of treatment. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) places the excess risk in the "early stages of treatment". The European Psychiatric Association places the excess risk in the first two weeks of treatment and, based on a combination of epidemiological, prospective cohort, medical claims, and randomized clinical trial data, concludes that a protective effect dominates after this early period. A 2014 Cochrane review found that at six to nine months, suicidal ideation remained higher in children treated with antidepressants compared to those treated with psychological therapy.


title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: A recent comparison of aggression and hostility occurring during treatment with fluoxetine to placebo in children and adolescents found that no significant difference between the fluoxetine group and a placebo group. There is also evidence that higher rates of SSRI prescriptions are associated with lower rates of suicide in children, though since the evidence is correlational, the true nature of the relationship is unclear.


title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: In 2004, the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) in the United Kingdom judged fluoxetine (Prozac) to be the only antidepressant that offered a favorable risk-benefit ratio in children with depression, though it was also associated with a slight increase in the risk of self-harm and suicidal ideation. Only two SSRIs are licensed for use with children in the UK, sertraline (Zoloft) and fluvoxamine (Luvox), and only for the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder. Fluoxetine is not licensed for this use.


title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: A 2017 meta-analysis found that antidepressants including SSRIs were associated with significantly increased risk of death (+33%) and new cardiovascular complications (+14%) in the general population. Conversely, risks were not greater in people with existing cardiovascular disease.


title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: SSRI use in pregnancy has been associated with a variety of risks with varying degrees of proof of causation. As depression is independently associated with negative pregnancy outcomes, determining the extent to which observed associations between antidepressant use and specific adverse outcomes reflects a causative relationship has been difficult in some cases. In other cases, the attribution of adverse outcomes to antidepressant exposure seems fairly clear.


title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: SSRI use in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion of about 1.7-fold. Use is also associated with preterm birth.


title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: A systematic review of the risk of major birth defects in antidepressant-exposed pregnancies found a small increase (3% to 24%) in the risk of major malformations and a risk of cardiovascular birth defects that did not differ from non-exposed pregnancies. Other studies have found an increased risk of cardiovascular birth defects among depressed mothers not undergoing SSRI treatment, suggesting the possibility of ascertainment bias, e.g. that worried mothers may pursue more aggressive testing of their infants. Another study found no increase in cardiovascular birth defects and a 27% increased risk of major malformations in SSRI exposed pregnancies.


title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: The FDA issued a statement on July 19, 2006, stating nursing mothers on SSRIs must discuss treatment with their physicians. However, the medical literature on the safety of SSRIs has determined that some SSRIs like Sertraline and Paroxetine are considered safe for breastfeeding.


title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: Several studies have documented neonatal abstinence syndrome, a syndrome of neurological, gastrointestinal, autonomic, endocrine and/or respiratory symptoms among a large minority of infants with intrauterine exposure. These syndromes are short-lived, but insufficient long-term data is available to determine whether there are long-term effects.


title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: Persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPHN) is a serious and life-threatening, but very rare, lung condition that occurs soon after birth of the newborn. Newborn babies with PPHN have high pressure in their lung blood vessels and are not able to get enough oxygen into their bloodstream. About 1 to 2 babies per 1000 babies born in the U.S. develop PPHN shortly after birth, and often they need intensive medical care. It is associated with about a 25% risk of significant long-term neurological deficits. A 2014 meta analysis found no increased risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension associated with exposure to SSRI's in early pregnancy and a slight increase in risk associates with exposure late in pregnancy; "an estimated 286 to 351 women would need to be treated with an SSRI in late pregnancy to result in an average of one additional case of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn". A review published in 2012 reached conclusions very similar to those of the 2014 study.


title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: According to a 2015 review available data found that "some signal exists suggesting that antenatal exposure to SSRIs may increase the risk of ASDs (autism spectrum disorders)" even though a large cohort study published in 2013 and a cohort study using data from Finland's national register between the years 1996 and 2010 and published in 2016 found no significant association between SSRI use and autism in offspring. The 2016 Finland study also found no association with ADHD, but did find an association with increased rates of depression diagnoses in early adolescence.


title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: SSRIs appear safer in overdose when compared with traditional antidepressants, such as the tricyclic antidepressants. This relative safety is supported both by case series and studies of deaths per numbers of prescriptions. However, case reports of SSRI poisoning have indicated that severe toxicity can occur and deaths have been reported following massive single ingestions, although this is exceedingly uncommon when compared to the tricyclic antidepressants.


title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: Because of the wide therapeutic index of the SSRIs, most patients will have mild or no symptoms following moderate overdoses. The most commonly reported severe effect following SSRI overdose is serotonin syndrome; serotonin toxicity is usually associated with very high overdoses or multiple drug ingestion. Other reported significant effects include coma, seizures, and cardiac toxicity.


title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: Poisoning is also known in animals, and some toxicity information is available for veterinary treatment.


title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: In adults and children with bipolar disorder, SSRIs may cause a bipolar switch from depression into hypomania/mania. When taken with mood stabilizers, the risk of switching is not increased, however when taking SSRI's as a monotherapy, the risk of switching may be twice or three times that of the average. The changes are not often easy to detect and require monitoring by family and mental health professionals. This switch might happen even with no prior (hypo)manic episodes and might therefore not be foreseen by the psychiatrist.


title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: Painkillers of the NSAIDs drug family may interfere and reduce efficiency of SSRIs and may compound the increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeds caused by SSRI use. NSAIDs include:


title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: There are a number of potential pharmacokinetic interactions between the various individual SSRIs and other medications. Most of these arise from the fact that every SSRI has the ability to inhibit certain P450 cytochromes.


title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: The CYP2D6 enzyme is entirely responsible for the metabolism of hydrocodone, codeine and dihydrocodeine to their active metabolites (hydromorphone, morphine, and dihydromorphine, respectively), which in turn undergo phase 2 glucuronidation. These opioids (and to a lesser extent oxycodone, tramadol, and methadone) have interaction potential with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. The concomitant use of some SSRIs (paroxetine and fluoxetine) with codeine may decrease the plasma concentration of active metabolite morphine, which may result in reduced analgesic efficacy.


title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: Another important interaction of certain SSRIs involves paroxetine, a potent inhibitor of CYP2D6, and tamoxifen, an agent used commonly in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. Tamoxifen is a prodrug that is metabolised by the hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme system, especially CYP2D6, to its active metabolites. Concomitant use of paroxetine and tamoxifen in women with breast cancer is associated with a higher risk of death, as much as a 91 percent in women who used it the longest.


title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: Although described as SNRIs, duloxetine (Cymbalta), venlafaxine (Effexor), and desvenlafaxine (Pristiq) are in fact relatively selective as serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs). They are about at least 10-fold selective for inhibition of serotonin reuptake over norepinephrine reuptake. The selectivity ratios are approximately 1:30 for venlafaxine, 1:10 for duloxetine, and 1:14 for desvenlafaxine. At low doses, these SNRIs act mostly as SSRIs; only at higher doses do they also prominently inhibit norepinephrine reuptake. Milnacipran (Ixel, Savella) and its stereoisomer levomilnacipran (Fetzima) are the only widely marketed SNRIs that inhibit serotonin and norepinephrine to similar degrees, both with ratios close to 1:1.


title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: Vilazodone (Viibryd) and vortioxetine (Trintellix) are SRIs that also act as modulators of serotonin receptors and are described as serotonin modulators and stimulators (SMS). Vilazodone is a 5-HT receptor partial agonist while vortioxetine is a 5-HT receptor agonist and 5-HT and 5-HT receptor antagonist. Litoxetine (SL 81–0385) and lubazodone (YM-992, YM-35995) are similar drugs that were never marketed. They are SRIs and litoxetine is also a 5-HT receptor antagonist while lubazodone is also a 5-HT receptor antagonist.


title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: In the brain, messages are passed from a nerve cell to another via a chemical synapse, a small gap between the cells. The presynaptic cell that sends the information releases neurotransmitters including serotonin into that gap. The neurotransmitters are then recognized by receptors on the surface of the recipient postsynaptic cell, which upon this stimulation, in turn, relays the signal. About 10% of the neurotransmitters are lost in this process; the other 90% are released from the receptors and taken up again by monoamine transporters into the sending presynaptic cell, a process called "reuptake".


title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: SSRIs inhibit the reuptake of serotonin. As a result, the serotonin stays in the synaptic gap longer than it normally would, and may repeatedly stimulate the receptors of the recipient cell. In the short run, this leads to an increase in signaling across synapses in which serotonin serves as the primary neurotransmitter. On chronic dosing, the increased occupancy of post-synaptic serotonin receptors signals the pre-synaptic neuron to synthesize and release less serotonin. Serotonin levels within the synapse drop, then rise again, ultimately leading to downregulation of post-synaptic serotonin receptors. Other, indirect effects may include increased norepinephrine output, increased neuronal cyclic AMP levels, and increased levels of regulatory factors such as BDNF and CREB. Owing to the lack of a widely accepted comprehensive theory of the biology of mood disorders, there is no widely accepted theory of how these changes lead to the mood-elevating and anti-anxiety effects of SSRIs.. Their effects on serotonin blood levels, which take weeks to take effect, appear to be largely responsible for their slow-to-appear psychiatric effects.


title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: In addition to their actions as reuptake inhibitors of serotonin, some SSRIs are also, coincidentally, ligands of the sigma receptors. Fluvoxamine is an agonist of the σ receptor, while sertraline is an antagonist of the σ receptor, and paroxetine does not significantly interact with the σ receptor. None of the SSRIs have significant affinity for the σ receptor, and the SNRIs, unlike the SSRIs, do not interact with either of the sigma receptors. Fluvoxamine has by far the strongest activity of the SSRIs at the σ receptor. High occupancy of the σ receptor by clinical dosages of fluvoxamine has been observed in the human brain in positron emission tomography (PET) research. It is thought that agonism of the σ receptor by fluvoxamine may have beneficial effects on cognition. In contrast to fluvoxamine, the relevance of the σ receptor in the actions of the other SSRIs is uncertain and questionable due to their very low affinity for the receptor relative to the SERT.


title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: The role of inflammation and the immune system in depression has been extensively studied. The evidence supporting this link has been shown in numerous studies over the past ten years. Nationwide studies and meta-analyses of smaller cohort studies have uncovered a correlation between pre-existing inflammatory conditions such as type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), or hepatitis, and an increased risk of depression. Data also shows that using pro-inflammatory agents in the treatment of diseases like melanoma can lead to depression. Several meta-analytical studies have found increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in depressed patients. This link has led scientists to investigate the effects of antidepressants on the immune system.


title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: SSRIs were originally invented with the goal of increasing levels of available serotonin in the extracellular spaces. However, the delayed response between when patients first begin SSRI treatment to when they see effects has led scientists to believe that other molecules are involved in the efficacy of these drugs. To investigate the apparent anti-inflammatory effects of SSRIs, both Kohler et al. and Więdłocha et al. conducted meta-analyses which have shown that after antidepressant treatment the levels of cytokines associated with inflammation are decreased. A large cohort study conducted by researchers in the Netherlands investigated the association between depressive disorders, symptoms, and antidepressants with inflammation. The study showed decreased levels of interleukin (IL)-6, a cytokine that has proinflammatory effects, in patients taking SSRIs compared to non-medicated patients.


title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: Treatment with SSRIs has shown reduced production of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-6, and interferon (IFN)-γ, which leads to a decrease in inflammation levels and subsequently a decrease in the activation level of the immune response. These inflammatory cytokines have been shown to activate microglia which are specialized macrophages that reside in the brain. Macrophages are a subset of immune cells responsible for host defense in the innate immune system. Macrophages can release cytokines and other chemicals to cause an inflammatory response. Peripheral inflammation can induce an inflammatory response in microglia and can cause neuroinflammation. SSRIs inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production which leads to less activation of microglia and peripheral macrophages. SSRIs not only inhibit the production of these proinflammatory cytokines, they also have been shown to upregulate anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10. Taken together, this reduces the overall inflammatory immune response.


title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: In addition to affecting cytokine production, there is evidence that treatment with SSRIs has effects on the proliferation and viability of immune system cells involved in both innate and adaptive immunity. Evidence shows that SSRIs can inhibit proliferation in T-cells, which are important cells for adaptive immunity and can induce inflammation. SSRIs can also induce apoptosis, programmed cell death, in T-cells. The full mechanism of action for the anti-inflammatory effects of SSRIs is not fully known. However, there is evidence for various pathways to have a hand in the mechanism. One such possible mechanism is the increased levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) as a result of interference with activation of protein kinase A (PKA), a cAMP dependent protein. Other possible pathways include interference with calcium ion channels, or inducing cell death pathways like MAPK and Notch signaling pathway.


title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: The anti-inflammatory effects of SSRIs have prompted studies of the efficacy of SSRIs in the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, RA, inflammatory bowel diseases, and septic shock. These studies have been performed in animal models but have shown consistent immune regulatory effects. Fluoxetine, an SSRI, has also shown efficacy in animal models of graft vs. host disease. SSRIs have also been used successfully as pain relievers in patients undergoing oncology treatment. The effectiveness of this has been hypothesized to be at least in part due to the anti-inflammatory effects of SSRIs.


title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: Large bodies of research are devoted to using genetic markers to predict whether patients will respond to SSRIs or have side effects that will cause their discontinuation, although these tests are not yet ready for widespread clinical use.


title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: SSRIs are described as 'selective' because they affect only the reuptake pumps responsible for serotonin, as opposed to earlier antidepressants, which affect other monoamine neurotransmitters as well, and as a result, SSRIs have fewer side effects.


title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: There appears to be no significant difference in effectiveness between SSRIs and tricyclic antidepressants, which were the most commonly used class of antidepressants before the development of SSRIs. However, SSRIs have the important advantage that their toxic dose is high, and, therefore, they are much more difficult to use as a means to commit suicide. Further, they have fewer and milder side effects. Tricyclic antidepressants also have a higher risk of serious cardiovascular side effects, which SSRIs lack.


title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: SSRIs act on signal pathways such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) on the postsynaptic neuronal cell, which leads to the release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF enhances the growth and survival of cortical neurons and synapses.


title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: A study examining publication of results from FDA-evaluated antidepressants concluded that those with favorable results were much more likely to be published than those with negative results. Furthermore, an investigation of 185 meta-analyses on antidepressants found that 79% of them had authors affiliated in some way to pharmaceutical companies and that they were reluctant to report caveats for antidepressants.


title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

text: David Healy has argued that warning signs were available for many years prior to regulatory authorities moving to put warnings on antidepressant labels that they might cause suicidal thoughts. At the time these warnings were added, others argued that the evidence for harm remained unpersuasive and others continued to do so after the warnings were added.


title: Airbus A321

text: The Airbus A321 is a member of the Airbus A320 family of short to medium range, narrow-body, commercial passenger twin engine jet airliners; it carries 185 to 236 passengers. It has a stretched fuselage which was the first derivative of the baseline A320 and entered service in 1994, about six years after the original A320. The aircraft shares a common type rating with all other Airbus A320-family variants, allowing previous A320-family pilots to fly the aircraft without the need for further training.


title: Airbus A321

text: In December 2010, Airbus announced a new generation of the A320 family, the A320neo (new engine option). The similarly lengthened fuselage A321neo variant offers new, more efficient engines, combined with airframe improvements and the addition of winglets (called "Sharklets" by Airbus). The aircraft delivers fuel savings of up to 15%. The A321neo carries up to 244 passengers, with a maximum range of for the long-range version when carrying no more than 206 passengers.


title: Airbus A321

text: Final assembly of the aircraft takes place in Hamburg, Germany, and in Mobile, Alabama, United States. , a total of 2,451 A321 airliners have been delivered, of which 2,404 are in service. In addition, another 3,419 aircraft are on firm order (comprising 7 A321ceo and 3,412 A321neo). American Airlines is the largest operator of the Airbus A321 with 262 airplanes in its fleet.


title: Airbus A321

text: The Airbus A321 was the first derivative of the A320, also known as the "Stretched A320", "A320-500" and "A325". Its launch came on 24 November 1988, around the same time as the A320 entered service, after commitments for 183 aircraft from 10 customers were secured.


title: Airbus A321

text: The maiden flight of the Airbus A321 came on 11 March 1993, when the prototype, registration F-WWIA, flew with IAE V2500 engines; the second prototype, equipped with CFM56-5B turbofans, flew in May 1993. Lufthansa and Alitalia were the first to order the stretched Airbuses, with 20 and 40 aircraft requested, respectively. The first of Lufthansa's V2500-A5-powered A321s arrived on 27 January 1994, while Alitalia received its first CFM56-5B-powered aircraft on 22 March 1994. The A321-100 entered service in January 1994 with Lufthansa.


title: Airbus A321

text: Final assembly for the A321 was carried out in Germany (then West Germany), a first for any Airbus. This came after a dispute between the French, who claimed that the move would incur $150 million (€135 million) in unnecessary expenditure associated with the new plant, and the Germans, who claimed that it would be more productive for Airbus in the long run. The second production line was located in Hamburg, which later produced the smaller Airbus A319 and A318. For the first time, Airbus entered the bond market, through which it raised $480 million (€475 million) to finance development costs. An additional $180 million (€175 million) was borrowed from European Investment Bank and private investors.


title: Airbus A321

text: The A321 is the largest variant of the A320 family. The A321-200's length exceeds , increasing maximum takeoff weight to . Wingspan remained unchanged, supplementing various wingtip devices. Two suppliers provided turbofan engines for the A321: CFM International with its CFM56 and International Aero Engines with the V2500 engine, both in the thrust range of .


title: Airbus A321

text: Over 30 years since launch, the A321 Maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) grew by 20% from the -100 to the A321XLR, seating became 10% more dense with 244 seats, up by 24, and range doubled from .


title: Airbus A321

text: By 2019, 4,200 had been ordered—one-quarter of all Airbus single-aisles—including 2,400 neos, one-third of all A320neo orders.


title: Airbus A321

text: The Airbus A321 is a narrow-body (single-aisle) aircraft with a retractable tricycle landing gear, powered by two wing pylon-mounted turbofan engines. It is a low-wing cantilever monoplane with a conventional tail unit having a single vertical stabilizer and rudder. Changes from the A320 include a fuselage stretch and some modifications to the wing. The fuselage was lengthened by a plug ahead of the wing and a plug behind it, making the A321 longer than the A320. The length increase required the overwing window exits of the A320 to be converted into door exits and repositioned in front of and behind the wings. To maintain performance, double-slotted flaps and minor trailing edge modifications were included, increasing the wing area from to . The centre fuselage and undercarriage were reinforced to accommodate a increase in maximum takeoff weight, taking it to .


title: Airbus A321

text: The original derivative of the A321, the A321-100, had shorter range than the A320 because no extra fuel tank was added to compensate for the increased weight. The MTOW of the A321-100 is . The A321-100 entered service with Lufthansa in 1994. Only about 90 were produced; a few were later converted to the A321-200 variant.


title: Airbus A321

text: Airbus began development of the heavier and longer-range A321-200 in 1995 to give the A321 full-passenger transcontinental US range. This was achieved through higher thrust engines (V2533-A5 or CFM56-5B3), minor structural strengthening, and an increase in fuel capacity with the installation of one or two optional tanks in the rear underfloor hold. The additional fuel tanks increased the total capacity to . These modifications also increased the maximum takeoff weight of the A321-200 to . This variant first flew in December 1996, and entered service with Monarch Airlines in April 1997. The following month, Middle East Airlines received its first A321-200 in May 1997. Its direct competitors include the 757-200 and the 737-900/900ER.


title: Airbus A321

text: On 1 December 2010, Airbus launched the A320neo family ("neo" for "New Engine Option") with more range and 15% better fuel efficiency, thanks to new CFM International LEAP-1A or Pratt & Whitney PW1000G engines and large sharklets.


title: Airbus A321

text: In October 2014, Airbus started marketing a longer range maximum takeoff weight variant with three auxiliary fuel tanks, giving it more operational range than a Boeing 757-200.


title: Airbus A321

text: Airbus launched the A321LR (Long Range) on 13 January 2015; it has a range of with 206 seats in two classes.


title: Airbus A321

text: The proposed A321XLR, with an increased range of , was to be launched in 2019 to enter service in 2021 or 2022 and compete with the Boeing NMA.


title: Airbus A321

text: In November, Airbus indicated that the A321XLR would have an MTOW over and more range than the A321LR.


title: Airbus A321

text: The A321XLR was launched at the June 2019 Paris Air Show, with 4,700 nmi of range from 2023, including a new permanent Rear Centre Tank (RCT) for more fuel, a strengthened landing gear for a MTOW; and an optimised wing trailing-edge flap configuration to preserve take-off performance. The company announced in June 2022 that the aircraft had completed its first flight.


title: Airbus A321

text: While no freighter version of the A321 has been built new by Airbus, a first attempt of converting used A320/321 into freighter aircraft was undertaken by Airbus Freighter Conversion GmbH. The program, however, was canceled in 2011 before any aircraft were converted.


title: Airbus A321

text: On 17 June 2015, ST Aerospace signed agreements with Airbus and EFW for a collaboration to launch the A320/A321 passenger-to-freighter (P2F) conversion programme.


title: Airbus A321

text: The initial converted aircraft first flew on 22 January 2020. On 27 October 2020, the first A321-200P2F was delivered to launch operator Qantas Airways.


title: Airbus A321

text: Sine Draco Aviation also offers an A321 passenger-to-freighter conversion programme; its first conversion is expected for the first quarter of 2022.


title: Airbus A321

text: American Airlines and China Southern Airlines operate the largest A321 fleets of 260 and 149 aircraft, respectively.


title: Airbus A321

text: For the Airbus A321, 32 aviation accidents and incidents have occurred, including 6 hull-loss accidents or criminal occurrences with a total of 377 fatalities as of August 2019.


title: Braun Strowman

text: Adam Joseph Scherr (born September 6, 1983) is an American professional wrestler and former strongman. He is currently signed to WWE, where he performs on the SmackDown brand under the ring name Braun Strowman.


title: Braun Strowman

text: In WWE, he is a one-time Universal Champion, one-time Intercontinental Champion, and two-time Raw Tag Team Champion (with Nicholas and Seth Rollins, respectively). He is also the winner of the 2018 Men's Money in the Bank contract, the winner of the titular match at the Greatest Royal Rumble event, and the winner of the 2019 André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal (making him the only wrestler to win both a Rumble and an André Battle Royal).


title: Braun Strowman

text: Strowman headlined many pay-per-view events for WWE. He is tied with Shayna Baszler for the most eliminations in a single Elimination Chamber match with five, tied with Brock Lesnar for the most eliminations in a single Royal Rumble match with 13, holds the record for most eliminations in a single André Battle Royal with 14, and he is tied for the most eliminations in a single Survivor Series elimination match with four. Upon debuting on the main roster in 2015, Strowman was associated with the villainous stable, The Wyatt Family, wearing a black sheep mask and being physically dominant. Throughout his appearances with WWE, Strowman was portrayed as an unstoppable monster, earning the moniker "The Monster Among Men," as well as "The Monster of all Monsters" upon his return in 2022.


title: Braun Strowman

text: Adam Scherr was born on September 6, 1983, in Sherrills Ford, North Carolina, near Charlotte, to Sara and Rick "Crusher" Scherr. His father is widely regarded as one of the greatest slow-pitch softball players of all time, and is a USSSA Hall of Fame member who still holds the All Time World Series records in home runs (101), hits (166), and RBI (202). Scherr has a younger sister named Hannah. As he grew older, he spent time in Arkansas and Tennessee. As a young boy, he attended Bandys High School, where he was on the football, track and field, and wrestling teams. He went through a significant growth spurt in high school; he was 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m) during his freshman year and grew to 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) by the time he graduated. After graduating in 2001, he "goofed off" until 2003, when he enrolled in a community college. He spent the next four years playing football semi-professionally for the Hickory Hornets, supplementing his income by working as a doorman and mechanic. Scherr attended the NFL Scouting Combine in 2007, but he ultimately did not turn professional. In the late 2000s, he began competing in amateur strongman competitions.


title: Braun Strowman

text: Scherr earned his Strongman Corporation (ASC) Professional Card by winning the NAS Amateur National Championships on November 5, 2011. He won the 2012 Arnold Amateur Strongman Championships on March 4, which took place during the Arnold Sports Festival alongside the 2012 Arnold Strongman Classic. This victory earned Scherr an invite to the 2013 Arnold Strongman Classic. He competed in the SCL North American Championships on July 8, 2012, finishing in 5th place overall as well as competing in the Giants Live Poland event on July 21, finishing in 7th place overall.


title: Braun Strowman

text: Scherr signed a contract with the professional wrestling promotion WWE in early 2013 and was assigned to the WWE Performance Center in Orlando, Florida, where he adopted the ring name Braun Stowman (with the first name a reference to Milwaukee Brewers left fielder Ryan Braun). In 2014, he made appearances as one of Adam Rose's "Rosebuds" in his Exotic Express gimmick. He made his professional wrestling debut at an NXT live event in Jacksonville, Florida on December 19, 2014, defeating Chad Gable. On June 2, 2015, Strowman appeared at a "Main Event" taping in a dark match, where he defeated an unidentified wrestler.


title: Braun Strowman

text: On the August 24 episode of "Raw", Scherr, under the tweaked ring name Braun Strowman, made his main roster debut by attacking Dean Ambrose and Roman Reigns and establishing himself as the newest member of The Wyatt Family alongside Bray Wyatt, Luke Harper and Erick Rowan. Strowman had his first televised singles match on the August 31 episode of "Raw", defeating Ambrose by disqualification. Strowman wrestled in his first WWE pay-per-view event match on September 20 at Night of Champions, where The Wyatt Family defeated Ambrose, Reigns and Chris Jericho in a six-man tag team match after Jericho passed out to Strowman's lifting arm triangle choke. On December 13 at , The Wyatt Family defeated The ECW Originals (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley (collectively known as The Dudley Boyz), Rhyno and Tommy Dreamer) in an eight-man tag team elimination tables match.


title: Braun Strowman

text: On January 24, 2016, Strowman appeared at the Royal Rumble and scored among the most eliminations in the Royal Rumble match for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship, eliminating five opponents before being eliminated by Brock Lesnar, only to return to the match and help his fellow Wyatt Family members eliminate Lesnar. At Fastlane on February 21, The Wyatt Family lost to Big Show, Kane and Ryback, but got their win back in a rematch the next night on "Raw". On April 3 at WrestleMania 32, he appeared during The Rock and John Cena's confrontation with The Wyatt Family. The Wyatt Family were originally scheduled to face The League of Nations on May 1 at Payback, but the match was canceled after Wyatt suffered a legitimate injury. The Wyatt Family soon began a feud with the WWE Tag Team Champions The New Day, defeating them in a six-man tag team match on July 24 at Battleground.


title: Braun Strowman

text: As part of the 2016 WWE draft, Strowman was drafted to the Raw brand while Wyatt and Rowan were drafted to SmackDown instead, separating himself from The Wyatt Family and beginning his singles career. Over the following weeks on "Raw", Strowman modified his appearance and defeated James Ellsworth and several other local wrestlers who put up no challenge. On the September 5 episode of "Raw", Sin Cara challenged Strowman due to him disrespecting "luchadores"; Strowman defeated Sin Cara by countout and by pinfall in the following weeks. On the October 17 episode of "Raw", Strowman was confronted by Sami Zayn after easily defeating three local competitors in a one-on-three handicap match. Strowman was scheduled to compete against Zayn the following week on "Raw", but the match never started as both men attacked each other before the bell rang. On the October 31 episode of "Raw", Strowman won a battle royal by last eliminating Zayn for a spot on Team Raw for the traditional Survivor Series five-on-five elimination match. At the event on November 20, Strowman eliminated Dean Ambrose, but was the first man to be eliminated from Team Raw after being counted out due to interference by James Ellsworth, who was put through a table after being chased up the entrance ramp by Strowman. Team Raw lost the match. On the December 12 episode of "Raw", Raw general manager Mick Foley announced a match between Strowman and Zayn for on December 18, being announced as a ten-minute time limit match in which Strowman had ten minutes to defeat Zayn, which Strowman was unable to do. The following night on "Raw", Strowman demanded a match against Zayn, but Foley had given Zayn the night off which prompted Strowman to attack Sin Cara and Titus O'Neil during their match and later attacked Seth Rollins and Roman Reigns during their match against Chris Jericho and Kevin Owens. Strowman defeated Zayn in a Last Man Standing match on the January 2, 2017 episode of "Raw" to end their feud.


title: Braun Strowman

text: On January 27 at the Royal Rumble, Strowman interfered during Kevin Owens and Roman Reigns' title match, helping Owens retain the Universal Championship. Later that night, Strowman entered the Royal Rumble match at #7, eliminating Mojo Rawley, Big Cass, Kalisto, Mark Henry, Big Show, James Ellsworth and Tye Dillinger before being eliminated by Baron Corbin. On the January 30 episode of "Raw", Strowman challenged for his first world championship when he took on Kevin Owens for the Universal Championship as he was granted the match by Foley after video proof of Owens promising Strowman a title match, which Strowman won by disqualification after Reigns interfered and attacked him. Strowman then continued to demand better competition, easily defeating four local competitors and then being granted a match with Reigns at Fastlane who also had attacked him in his match against Samoa Joe, causing Joe to win. At the event on March 5, Strowman lost to Reigns, marking his first loss by pinfall. At WrestleMania 33 on April 2, Strowman competed in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal, which was won by Mojo Rawley.


title: Braun Strowman

text: On the April 10 episode of "Raw", Strowman continued his feud with Reigns, attacking him and kayfabe injuring his shoulder. Despite playing a villain, Strowman received a very positive fan response, partially due to the negative fan reaction of Reigns. At Payback on April 30, Strowman defeated Reigns. During a match against Big Show on the April 17 episode of "Raw", Strowman performed a superplex on Big Show off the ropes, causing the ring to implode and collapse; the match subsequently ended in a no contest. After the May 8 episode of "Raw", WWE claimed that Strowman had a legitimate injury with a shattered elbow and would therefore be sidelined for about six months. This also caused a change in the schedule, with the planned match between him and Brock Lesnar at Great Balls of Fire having to be scrapped. Strowman underwent surgery three days later on May 11. However, Dave Meltzer of the "Wrestling Observer Newsletter" reported that while Strowman's elbow injury was indeed legitimate, it was minor, scheduled to sideline him for only two months, with WWE exaggerating it in order for him to make a surprise return "four months early". On the June 19 episode of "Raw", Strowman returned from injury, attacking Roman Reigns. This led to an ambulance match at Great Balls of Fire on July 9, which Strowman won. At SummerSlam on August 20, Strowman challenged for Lesnar's Universal Championship in a fatal-four-way match also involving Reigns and Samoa Joe in a losing effort. Strowman faced Lesnar for the championship at No Mercy on September 24, but was unsuccessful once again.


title: Braun Strowman

text: Strowman later became involved in The Miz's feud with the reformed stable The Shield, leading to a five-on-three handicap TLC match at on October 22, where he, Miz, Cesaro and Sheamus, and Kane faced Dean Ambrose, Seth Rollins and Kurt Angle. During the match, Strowman's teammates turned on him by throwing him into the back of a garbage truck, turning Strowman face in the process. His team lost the match. Strowman returned to "Raw" the following week, attacking Miz and The Miztourage (Curtis Axel and Bo Dallas). At Survivor Series on November 19, Strowman was a part of Team Raw, defeating Team SmackDown as Strowman and Triple H were the sole survivors of the team. On the December 11 episode of "Raw", Strowman fought Kane to a double countout in a match to determine the #1 contender to the Universal Championship on January 28, 2018 at the Royal Rumble, leading to the match being changed to a triple threat match involving also Kane and Lesnar. At the Royal Rumble, Strowman failed to win the title. The next night on "Raw", Strowman defeated Kane in Last Man Standing match to qualify for the Elimination Chamber match at the titular pay-per-view to determine the #1 contender for the Universal Championship. At Elimination Chamber on February 25, Strowman eliminated The Miz, Elias, John Cena, Finn Bálor and Seth Rollins (setting the new record for the most eliminations in a single Elimination Chamber match), but was the last man eliminated by Roman Reigns.


title: Braun Strowman

text: On the March 12 episode of "Raw", Strowman, despite lacking a partner, won a tag team battle royal to determine the #1 contenders for the Raw Tag Team Championship at WrestleMania 34. Raw general manager Kurt Angle allowed Strowman to challenge for the titles, under the provision he choose a partner at WrestleMania. At WrestleMania on April 8, Strowman chose a young fan in attendance named Nicholas to be his partner (in reality, son of referee John Cone). The duo defeated champions Cesaro and Sheamus, winning his first championship in WWE and making Nicholas the youngest champion of any kind in WWE history. The following night on "Raw", Strowman and Nicholas relinquished the titles due to Nicholas' "scheduling conflict" (school). On April 27 at the Greatest Royal Rumble in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Strowman won the namesake match and in doing so broke the record for most eliminations in a Royal Rumble match with 13, beating Roman Reigns' previous record of 12. Strowman then entered into a feud with Kevin Owens. He and Bobby Lashley defeated Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn at Backlash on May 6, and won the Money in the Bank ladder match at the namesake pay-per-view on June 17. At Extreme Rules on July 15, Owens defeated Strowman in a steel cage match after Strowman performed a chokeslam off the cage through an announce table on Owens, giving Owens the win as his feet touched the floor first per the rules. At SummerSlam on August 19, Strowman defeated Owens with his Money in the Bank contract on the line in two minutes, ending their feud. Later that same night, Strowman announced he would be cashing in on the winner of the main event and challenging them after the match. However, then-reigning Universal Champion Brock Lesnar attacked Strowman during his match with Roman Reigns, leaving Strowman unable to cash in when Reigns won the title after pinning Lesnar.


title: Braun Strowman

text: Strowman attempted another cash-in on Reigns the next night on "Raw", but was stopped by The Shield, who attacked Strowman before the match became official. Strowman formed an alliance with Dolph Ziggler and Drew McIntyre by helping them attack The Shield, turning heel. At Hell in a Cell on September 16, Strowman cashed in his Money in the Bank briefcase on Reigns, but due to interference from Brock Lesnar, the match ended in a no contest. At Super Show-Down on October 6, Strowman, Ziggler and McIntyre lost to The Shield, but defeated them two days later on "Raw". On the October 15 episode of "Raw", Strowman, Ziggler and McIntyre lost to The Shield again after McIntyre accidentally kicked Strowman during the match. Afterwards, Strowman powerslammed Ziggler before being attacked by McIntyre, dissolving their partnership and turning face again. At Crown Jewel on November 2, Strowman lost to Lesnar after a pre-match attack by Raw general manager Baron Corbin and five F-5s, in which Strowman kicked out of four F-5s. On November 18 at Survivor Series, Strowman was again attacked by Corbin, along with McIntyre and Bobby Lashley, after Team Raw defeated Team SmackDown in the traditional tag team elimination match. The following night on "Raw", Strowman was again attacked by Corbin, Lashley and McIntyre, which was used to write him off television, as WWE revealed that Strowman was suffering an legit elbow injury, which would require surgery. Strowman returned at on December 16, defeating Corbin in a Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match to earn a Universal Championship match against Brock Lesnar at the Royal Rumble and Corbin was stripped of all authoritative power. On the January 14, 2019 episode of "Raw", he was removed from the Universal Championship match after damaging Vince McMahon's limo after chasing Baron Corbin, and refusing to pay for the damages. However, he instead participated in the Royal Rumble match on January 27, replacing John Cena, who wasn't medically cleared to compete. He was the last man eliminated by eventual winner Seth Rollins. Strowman continued his feud with Corbin, leading to a no-disqualification match at Elimination Chamber on February 17, which Strowman lost after interference from McIntyre and Lashley. The following night on "Raw", Strowman defeated Corbin in a tables match, ending their feud.


title: Braun Strowman

text: Strowman was then involved in a storyline with Colin Jost and Michael Che of "Saturday Night Live" ("SNL") fame. On the March 4 episode of "Raw", the "SNL" duo appeared and were announced as special correspondents for WrestleMania 35; in a backstage segment later that night, Jost questioned the legitimacy of professional wrestling, resulting in Strowman attacking him. On the March 18 episode of "Raw", Strowman announced his participation in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal. He challenged the duo to also enter the battle royal, which was made official by WrestleMania 35 host Alexa Bliss. The match, which took place on the kickoff show on April 7, saw Strowman emerge victorious after last eliminating Jost. Strowman broke another record, of most eliminations in that particular match as well with 14 eliminations overall. On the April 29 episode of "Raw", Strowman was announced as one of the entrants in the Money in the Bank ladder match at the titular event on May 19. However, on the May 13 episode of "Raw", Strowman lost to Sami Zayn, who had the help of Corbin and McIntrye, forfeiting his spot in the match to Zayn in the process. On the June 3 episode of "Raw", Strowman defeated Bobby Lashley in an arm wrestling match, but was then attacked by Lashley, setting up a match at Super ShowDown on June 7 which Strowman also won. On the July 1 episode of "Raw", Strowman faced Lashley in a Falls Count Anywhere match which ended in a no contest after Strowman crashed Lashley through the LED boards on the stage where Strowman suffered a kayfabe ruptured spleen. Strowman defeated Lashley in a Last Man Standing match at Extreme Rules on July 14 to end the feud.


title: Braun Strowman

text: In August, Strowman entered into a storyline with Universal Champion Seth Rollins after saving Rollins from an attack by The O.C. (AJ Styles, Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson). Strowman and Rollins defeated Gallows and Anderson to win the Raw Tag Team Championship on the August 19 episode of "Raw". A Universal Championship match between Strowman and Rollins was subsequently arranged for Clash of Champions, with the duo also having to defend the tag titles against Dolph Ziggler and Robert Roode at the event. At the event on September 15, Strowman and Rollins lost the tag titles to Ziggler and Roode in the opening match, and in the main event, Strowman lost to Rollins. Strowman then started an on-air feud with boxer Tyson Fury. This led to a brawl on October 7 episode of "Raw", due to neither man wanting to offer an apology. Strowman lost to Fury at Crown Jewel on October 31 after he was counted out, and after the match, Strowman laid out Fury with a Running Powerslam to end their feud.


title: Braun Strowman

text: As part of the 2019 draft, Strowman was drafted to the SmackDown brand. At Survivor Series on November 24, Strowman was a part of Team SmackDown in the 5-on-5-on-5 Survivor Series match between Team Raw, Team SmackDown and Team NXT, which Strowman's team won. At Royal Rumble on January 26, 2020, Strowman entered at #14 but was eliminated by Brock Lesnar and Keith Lee. On the January 31 episode of "SmackDown", despite interferences from Sami Zayn and Cesaro, Strowman defeated Shinsuke Nakamura to win the Intercontinental Championship for the first time in his career, marking his first singles title in WWE. However, at Elimination Chamber on March 8, Strowman lost the title to Sami Zayn in a 3-on-1 handicap match also involving Nakamura and Cesaro; Zayn pinned Strowman.


title: Braun Strowman

text: In April, it was announced that Strowman would replace Roman Reigns at WrestleMania 36, facing Goldberg for the Universal Championship, after Reigns opted to pull out of the event amid concerns surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic that had already affected the pay-per-view. On the first night of WrestleMania on April 4, Strowman defeated Goldberg to win the Universal Championship, his first world championship. He then began a feud with Bray Wyatt, leading to a title match at Money in the Bank on May 10, which Strowman won. After retaining the title against John Morrison and The Miz at Backlash on June 14, Strowman rekindled his rivalry with Wyatt, who challenged him to a non-title "Wyatt Swamp Fight" on the June 26 episode of "SmackDown", which Strowman accepted. At The Horror Show at Extreme Rules on July 19, Strowman lost after being dragged down into a lake by Wyatt, who used multiple illusions in the match. On the August 14 episode of "SmackDown", Strowman, now sporting a shaved head, acted more sinister as he showed no compassion towards Alexa Bliss and physically attacked her with a gorilla press, turning heel for the first time since 2018. At SummerSlam on August 23, Strowman lost the Universal Championship to Wyatt in a Falls Count Anywhere match, ending his reign at 141 days, after which both he and Wyatt were attacked by a returning Roman Reigns. At Payback on August 30, Strowman failed to win back the title after he was pinned by Reigns.


title: Braun Strowman

text: As part of the 2020 Draft in October, Strowman was drafted to the Raw brand. At Survivor Series on November 22, Strowman was a part of Team Raw, who defeated Team SmackDown in a clean sweep. The following night on "Raw", Strowman was indefinitely suspended after headbutting WWE official Adam Pearce. At Royal Rumble on January 31, 2021, he entered at #30, eliminating Sheamus, Cesaro, and AJ Styles but was eliminated by eventual winner Edge. On the February 22 episode of "Raw", he faced Bobby Lashley for an opportunity to be added to the WWE Championship match scheduled the following week, but lost.


title: Braun Strowman

text: On the March 1 episode of "Raw", Strowman and WWE official Adam Pearce faced Raw Tag Team Champions The Hurt Business, but lost after Shane McMahon got up the ring apron and forced Strowman to tag Pearce in, causing Benjamin to roll up Pearce and get the win for him and Alexander. The next week, Strowman demanded an apology from McMahon, who played a prank on Strowman by mocking him and pretending to flee the arena, before calling him "stupid" behind his back, turning face again. McMahon was scheduled to face Strowman at Fastlane on March 21, but McMahon suffered a left knee injury preparing for the match, instead having Elias take his place in the match; Strowman defeated Elias. On the first night of WrestleMania 37 on April 10, Strowman defeated McMahon in a steel cage match, ending their feud.


title: Braun Strowman

text: On the "Raw" after WrestleMania, Strowman faced Drew McIntyre and Randy Orton in a triple threat match for a WWE Championship match at WrestleMania Backlash but failed to win after McIntyre pinned Orton. On the April 26 episode of "Raw", Strowman defeated McIntyre to gain entry into the WWE Championship match following interference from Mace and T-Bar. On the May 10 episode of "Raw", Strowman interfered in the main event match and assaulted both McIntyre and Lashley, sending the latter through the barricade with a powerslam. At WrestleMania Backlash on May 16, Strowman failed to win the title from Lashley in a triple threat match also involving McIntyre. This would turn out to be his final match for the company as he was released on June 2, 2021.


title: Braun Strowman

text: Scherr made his independent debut at "Free The Narrative 2: The Monsters In Us All", defeating the show's creator EC3. In January 2022, it was announced that Scherr would team with the former Erick Rowan (now Erick Redbeard) in a match against Bully Ray and nZo, which took place at Northeast Wrestling's WrestleFest XXVI on January 22, with Scherr and Redbeard winning the match. It marked the first time Scherr and Redbeard had teamed together in five years.


title: Braun Strowman

text: Scherr debuted at the ROH pay-per-view Final Battle on December 11, 2021, where he, EC3, and Westin Blake formed the new Control Your Narrative stable and attacked Eli Isom, Dak Draper and Brian Johnson. On February 17, 2022, Scherr along with fellow professional wrestler EC3, announced the formation of their own wrestling promotion, Control Your Narrative (CYN). The company started tapings for their impending television deal in March; taking inspiration from "Fight Club", the promotion featured talent booking their own storylines in a way that resembles the early stages of "Fight Club"s "Project: Mayhem".


title: Braun Strowman

text: On September 1, 2022, Scherr was reported to have re-signed with WWE. On the September 5 episode of "Raw", Braun Strowman returned to WWE and attacked every single competitor in a fatal four way tag team match. It was then reported that he would move to the SmackDown brand as a face. Strowman then began a short feud with Alpha Academy (Chad Gable and Otis), defeating Otis on the September 23 episode of "SmackDown", and Gable on the October 3 episode of "Raw". On the October 14 episode of "SmackDown", Strowman was confronted by Omos, starting a feud between the two. At Crown Jewel on November 5, Strowman defeated Omos.


title: Braun Strowman

text: Scherr supports the Green Bay Packers. He is the godfather of Knash Rotunda, Bray Wyatt and JoJo Offerman's son.


title: Braun Strowman

text: Scherr, as Braun Strowman, is a playable character in the video games "WWE 2K17", "WWE 2K18", "WWE 2K19", "WWE 2K20," and "WWE 2K Battlegrounds" and "WWE 2K22".


title: Fast Times at Ridgemont High

text: Fast Times at Ridgemont High is a 1982 American coming-of-age comedy-drama film directed by Amy Heckerling (in her feature directorial debut), from a screenplay by Cameron Crowe, based on his 1981 book "Fast Times at Ridgemont High: A True Story". Crowe went undercover at Clairemont High School in San Diego and wrote about his experiences.


title: Fast Times at Ridgemont High

text: The film chronicles a school year in the lives of sophomores Stacy Hamilton (Jennifer Jason Leigh) and Mark Ratner (Brian Backer) and their older friends Linda Barrett (Phoebe Cates) and Mike Damone (Robert Romanus), both of whom believe themselves wiser in the ways of romance than their younger counterparts. The ensemble cast of characters form two subplots with Jeff Spicoli (Sean Penn), a perpetually stoned surfer, facing off against history teacher Mr. Hand (Ray Walston), and Stacy's older brother, Brad (Judge Reinhold), a senior who works in entry-level jobs to pay for his car and ponders ending his two-year relationship with his girlfriend, Lisa (Amanda Wyss).


title: Fast Times at Ridgemont High

text: In addition to Penn, Reinhold, Cates, and Leigh, the film marks early appearances by several actors who later became stars, including Nicolas Cage, Eric Stoltz, Forest Whitaker, and Anthony Edwards (the first two in their feature film debuts).


title: Fast Times at Ridgemont High

text: In 2005, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".


title: Fast Times at Ridgemont High

text: Brad Hamilton is a popular senior at Ridgemont High School, a fictional school in the San Fernando Valley, and looks forward to his final year of school. He has a job at All-American Burger, his 1960 Buick LeSabre is almost paid for, and plans to break up with his girlfriend Lisa so he can be completely eligible during his senior year. His perfect life is threatened after an exchange with an obnoxious customer results in his firing from All-American Burger. When Brad tries to tell Lisa how much he needs her, she informs him that she wants to break up with him to date other guys. Brad gets a job at Captain Hook Fish & Chips, but quits in humiliation when a beautiful older woman laughs at him wearing a pirate costume while making a food delivery.


title: Fast Times at Ridgemont High

text: Brad's sister Stacy is a 15-year-old freshman and a virgin. She works at a pizza parlor at Ridgemont Mall alongside her outspoken older friend, Linda Barrett. One night at work, Stacy takes an order from Ron Johnson, a 26-year-old stereo salesman, who asks her out after she tells him she's 19. She later sneaks out of her house for a date with him and loses her virginity that night in the dugout of a baseball field. She later tells Linda about the experience, stating how much it hurt. Linda offers advice to Stacy on the matter, which she often does, as the more worldly and experienced of the two. Ron sends her flowers the next day.


title: Fast Times at Ridgemont High

text: Mike Damone is a smooth-talker who earns money taking sports bets and scalping concert tickets; he fancies himself a worldly ladies' man. His shy but amiable best friend, Mark Ratner, works as an usher at the movie theater across from the pizza parlor at the mall. When Mark develops a crush on Stacy, Damone lets Mark in on his five secrets for picking up girls. Damone later persuades Mark to ask Stacy out on a date to a German restaurant. Afterwards, at her home, Stacy invites Mark into her bedroom, where they look at her photo album together. They begin to kiss, but a nervous Mark abruptly leaves after Stacy attempts to seduce him. She mistakenly interprets his shyness as disinterest. Linda quickly advises her to move on and find another boy. After he drops by her house unannounced, Stacy becomes interested in Damone. She invites him to her pool, which quickly leads to them having sex in the pool house during which he ejaculates very quickly. Her brother Brad, who has become sullen and withdrawn since his breakup with Lisa and the loss of his job at All-American Burger, is caught masturbating in the bathroom by Linda after he fantasizes about her exposing her breasts to him at the pool.


title: Fast Times at Ridgemont High

text: Stacy later informs Damone that he has gotten her pregnant, and he tells her she wanted sex more than he did, which she denies. She asks for him to cover half the cost of an abortion and provide her with a ride to the clinic, and he agrees. However, unable to come up with his half despite attempts to call in debts owed from his business dealings, Damone abandons Stacy on the day of her appointment. She lies and asks her brother Brad to drive her to a bowling alley to meet friends, but he sees her cross the street to the abortion clinic. Brad waits for Stacy and he confronts her about the abortion. Stacy makes Brad promise not to tell their parents, but does not divulge who got her pregnant. When Stacy tells Linda that Damone abandoned her and did not pay his half, Linda becomes furious. The next day, Damone finds his car spray-painted "Prick" and his school locker painted "little prick", as revenge. Mark confronts Damone about his involvement with Stacy. They almost get into a fight, but their gym teacher breaks it up.


title: Fast Times at Ridgemont High

text: Jeff Spicoli is a carefree stoner and surfer who runs afoul of history teacher Mr. Hand. One night, Spicoli wrecks the 1979 Chevrolet Camaro of Ridgemont star football player Charles Jefferson during a joyride with Jefferson's younger brother. Spicoli covers up the damage by making it look like the car was destroyed by fans of Ridgemont's sports rival, Lincoln High School. When Ridgemont plays Lincoln, Jefferson, furious about his car, brutally tackles several of Lincoln's players and almost single-handedly wins the game. On the evening of the graduation dance, Mr. Hand visits Spicoli's house and informs him that he must make up the eight hours of class time he has wasted over the school year. They have a history session that lasts until Mr. Hand is satisfied that Spicoli has understood the lesson, and the two show that they respect each other.


title: Fast Times at Ridgemont High

text: In the end, Mark and Stacy start dating again, and Mark makes peace with his best friend Damone. Brad takes a job at a convenience store and is promoted to manager after foiling an armed robbery with some help from an oblivious Spicoli. Damone is busted scalping Ozzy Osbourne tickets and is forced to take a job at 7-Eleven. Linda attends college in Riverside and moves in with her abnormal-psychology professor. Spicoli saves Brooke Shields from drowning and blows the reward money hiring rock band Van Halen to play at his birthday party. Mr. Hand maintains his belief that "everyone" is on dope.


title: Fast Times at Ridgemont High

text: Other minor appearances include Martin Brest, who soon afterward directed the mega-hit "Beverly Hills Cop"; sports broadcaster Stu Nahan as himself; Taylor Negron as the Pizza Guy; Pamela Springsteen, sister of Bruce; Lana Clarkson, the future murder victim of Phil Spector; Anthony Edwards, future star on the hit film "Top Gun"; Crowe's future wife Nancy Wilson of the band Heart; and producer Stuart Cornfeld, who had produced "The Elephant Man" and "History of the World, Part I".


title: Fast Times at Ridgemont High

text: The film is adapted from a book Crowe wrote after a year spent at Clairemont High School in San Diego, California. He went undercover to do research for his 1981 book "Fast Times at Ridgemont High: A True Story", about his observations of the high school and the students he befriended there, including then-student Andy Rathbone, on whom the character Mark "Rat" Ratner was modeled.


title: Fast Times at Ridgemont High

text: Nicolas Cage made his feature-film debut, portraying an unnamed co-worker of Brad's at All-American Burger, credited as "Nicolas Coppola." It was also the film debut for Eric Stoltz and provided early roles for Anthony Edwards and Forest Whitaker. Crowe's future wife Nancy Wilson of Heart has a cameo as the "Beautiful Girl in Car" who laughs at Brad in his Captain Hook uniform during a traffic-light stop. Tom Hanks was considered for the role of Brad Hamilton. Justine Bateman was offered the role of Linda Barrett, but she turned it down to star in "Family Ties". Matthew Broderick was offered the role of Jeff Spicoli, but turned it down. Jodie Foster was considered for the role of Stacy Hamilton.


title: Fast Times at Ridgemont High

text: The soundtrack album "Fast Times at Ridgemont High: Music from the Motion Picture" was released by Elektra Records on July 30, 1982. It peaked at #54 on the US "Billboard" 200 album chart. The soundtrack features the work of many quintessential 1980s rock artists.


title: Fast Times at Ridgemont High

text: Several of the movie's songs were released as singles, including Jackson Browne's "Somebody's Baby", which reached #7 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 singles chart. Other singles were the title track by Sammy Hagar, a cover of The Tymes' "So Much in Love" by Timothy B. Schmit which reached #59 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 singles chart, "Raised on the Radio" by the Ravyns and "Waffle Stomp" by Joe Walsh. In addition to Schmit and Walsh, the album features solo tracks by other members of the Eagles: Don Henley and Don Felder. The soundtrack also included "I Don't Know (Spicoli's Theme)" by Jimmy Buffett and "Goodbye Goodbye" by Oingo Boingo (led by Danny Elfman).


title: Fast Times at Ridgemont High

text: Five tracks in the film not included on the soundtrack are "Moving in Stereo" by the Cars; "American Girl" by Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers; "We Got the Beat" by the Go Go's, which is the movie's opening theme; Led Zeppelin's "Kashmir"; and "Jingle Bell Rock" by Bobby Helms. In addition, the live band at the prom dance during the end of the film played two songs also not on the soundtrack: The Eagles' "Life in the Fast Lane" and Sam the Sham's "Wooly Bully".


title: Fast Times at Ridgemont High

text: The Donna Summer track "Highway Runner", was recorded in 1981 for her double album titled "I'm a Rainbow"; however, the album was shelved by Geffen Records but ultimately released in 1996 by Mercury Records.


title: Fast Times at Ridgemont High

text: Todd Rundgren also recorded the song "Attitude" for the film at Crowe's request. It was not included in the film, but was released on Rundgren's "Demos and Lost Albums" in 2001. A track titled "Fast Times" was recorded by Heart but was not used in the film. The track ended up on their 1982 album "Private Audition".


title: Fast Times at Ridgemont High

text: Heckerling, in the DVD audio commentary, states that the 1970s artists, like the Eagles, were introduced by one of the film's producers. Coincidentally, Irving Azoff, one of the film's producers, was the personal manager for the Eagles and Stevie Nicks.


title: Fast Times at Ridgemont High

text: Universal gave the film a limited theatrical release on August 13, 1982, opening in 498 theaters. It earned $2.5 million in its opening weekend. The release was widened to 713 theaters, earning $3.25 million. The film ranked 29th among U.S. releases in 1982, earning more than $27 million, six times its $4.5 million budget, and later gaining popularity through television and home video releases.


title: Fast Times at Ridgemont High

text: Over the years, the film has obtained an iconic status. In an interview, Penn stated: "None of us had any idea it would take on a life of its own."


title: Fast Times at Ridgemont High

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 78% based on 58 reviews, with an average rating of 6.70/10. The site's critical consensus reads "While "Fast Times at Ridgemont High" features Sean Penn's legendary performance, the film endures because it accurately captured the small details of school, work, and teenage life." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 61 out of 100, based on 21 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Fast Times at Ridgemont High

text: Roger Ebert called it a "scuz-pit of a movie", but praised the performances by Leigh, Penn, Cates, and Reinhold. Janet Maslin wrote that it was "a jumbled but appealing teen-age comedy with something of a fresh perspective on the subject."


title: Fast Times at Ridgemont High

text: As time went on, however, the film was increasingly seen as a classic. In an essay written for the Criterion Collection edition in 2021, critic Dana Stevens wrote, ""Fast Times" is the polar opposite of exploitation. Deep in its horny heart, this is the story of one fifteen-year-old girl’s clumsy and sometimes painful introduction to the world of sex, related without judgment or preconception or the least hint of sentimentalization. Heckerling’s film is a raunchy crowd-pleaser replete with stoner humor, a masturbation gag, and a blow-job tutorial that makes use of school-cafeteria carrots. But it is also attuned to the emotional lives of teenagers—girls and boys—in ways that place it far ahead of its time."


title: Fast Times at Ridgemont High

text: Crowe's screenplay was nominated for a WGA Award for best comedy adapted from another medium. The film ranks No. 15 on Bravo's "100 Funniest Movies" and No. 2 on Entertainment Weekly's list of the "50 Best High School Movies".


title: Fast Times at Ridgemont High

text: The film inspired a short-lived 1986 television series titled "Fast Times". Ray Walston and Vincent Schiavelli reprised their roles as Hand and Vargas on the show. Other characters from the movie were played by different actors, most notably Patrick Dempsey as Mike Damone.


title: Philadelphia Experiment

text: The Philadelphia Experiment was an alleged event claimed to have been witnessed by an ex-merchant mariner named Carl M. Allen at the United States Navy's Philadelphia Naval Shipyard in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, sometime around October 28, 1943. Allen described an experiment where the U.S. Navy attempted to render invisible the destroyer escort and the bizarre results that followed.


title: Philadelphia Experiment

text: The story first surfaced in late 1955 when Allen sent a book full of hand written annotations referring to the experiment to a U.S. Navy research organization and, a little later, a series of letters making further claims to a UFO book writer. Allen's account of the event is widely understood to be a hoax. Several different, and sometimes contradictory versions of the alleged experiment have circulated over the years in paranormal literature and popular movies. The U.S. Navy maintains that no such experiment was ever conducted, that the details of the story contradict well-established facts about USS "Eldridge", and that the physics the experiment is claimed to be based on is non-existent.


title: Philadelphia Experiment

text: The story of a "Philadelphia Experiment" originated in late 1955 when Carl M. Allen sent an anonymous package marked "Happy Easter" containing a copy of Morris K. Jessup's book "The Case for the UFO: Unidentified Flying Objects" to the U.S. Office of Naval Research. The book was filled with handwritten notes in its margins, written with three different shades of blue ink, appearing to detail a debate among three individuals, only one of whom is given a name: "Jemi". They commented on Jessup's ideas about the propulsion for flying saucers, discuss alien races, and express concern that Jessup was too close to discovering their technology.


title: Philadelphia Experiment

text: The commenters referred to each other as "Gypsies", and discussed two different types of "people" living in outer space. Their text contained non-standard use of capitalization and punctuation, and detailed a lengthy discussion of the merits of various elements of Jessup's assumptions in the book. There were oblique references to the Philadelphia Experiment (one commenter reassures his fellow annotators who have highlighted a certain theory which Jessup advanced).


title: Philadelphia Experiment

text: Shortly thereafter (January 1956) Allen began sending a series of letters to Jessup, using his given name as well as "Carlos Miguel Allende". The first known letter warned Jessup not to investigate the levitation of unidentified flying objects. Allen put forward a story of dangerous science based on unpublished theories by Albert Einstein. He further claimed a scientist named Franklin Reno put these theories into practice at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard in October 1943.


title: Philadelphia Experiment

text: Allen claimed to have witnessed this experiment while serving aboard the . In Allen's account, a destroyer escort was successfully made invisible, but the ship inexplicably teleported to Norfolk, Virginia, for several minutes, and then reappeared in the Philadelphia yard. The ship's crew was supposed to have suffered various side effects, including insanity, intangibility, and being "frozen" in place. When Jessup wrote back requesting more information to corroborate his story Allen said his memory would have to be recovered and referred Jessup to what seems to be a non-existent Philadelphia newspaper article that Allen claimed covered the incident.


title: Philadelphia Experiment

text: In 1957, Jessup was invited to the Office of Naval Research where he was shown the annotated copy of his book. Jessup noticed the handwriting of the annotations resembled the letters he received from Allen. (Twelve years later, Allen would say that he authored all of the annotations in order "to scare the hell out of Jessup".)


title: Philadelphia Experiment

text: Two officers at ONR, Captain Sidney Sherby and Commander George W. Hoover, took a personal interest in the matter. Hoover later explained that his duties as Special Projects Officer required him to investigate many publications and that he ultimately found nothing of substance to the alleged invisibility experiment. Hoover discussed the annotations with Austin N. Stanton, president of Varo Manufacturing Corporation of Garland, Texas, during meetings about Varo's contract work for ONR.


title: Philadelphia Experiment

text: Stanton became so interested that Varo's office began producing mimeographed copies of Jessup's book with the annotations and Allen's letters, first a dozen and eventually 127 copies. These copies came to be known as the "Varo edition". Besides noting handwriting of the individual named "Jemi" (addressed as such by the others and using blue-violet ink), the anonymous introduction to the Varo edition concludes that there were two other individuals making annotations, "Mr. A" (identified as Allen by Jessup, in blue ink), "Mr. B" (in blue-green ink).


title: Philadelphia Experiment

text: Jessup tried to publish more books on the subject of UFOs, but was unsuccessful. Losing his publisher and experiencing a succession of downturns in his personal life led him to take his own life in Florida on April 30, 1959.


title: Philadelphia Experiment

text: The various book writers who tried to get more information from Carl Allen found his responses elusive, or couldn't find him at all. One reporter from Allen's home town of New Kensington, Pennsylvania, interviewed his family and was handed a pile of documents and books, all scribbled with Allen's annotations. They described Allen as a "fantastic mind", but also a drifter and a "master leg-puller".


title: Philadelphia Experiment

text: In 1965 Vincent Gaddis published a book of Forteana, titled "Invisible Horizons: True Mysteries of the Sea." In it he recounted the story of the experiment from the Varo annotations.


title: Philadelphia Experiment

text: George E. Simpson and Neal R. Burger published a 1978 novel titled "Thin Air." In this book, set in the present day, a Naval Investigative Service officer investigates several threads linking wartime invisibility experiments to a conspiracy involving matter transmission technology.


title: Philadelphia Experiment

text: Large-scale popularization of the story came about in 1979 when the author Charles Berlitz, who had written a best selling book on the Bermuda Triangle, and his co-author, ufologist William L. Moore, published "The Philadelphia Experiment: Project Invisibility," which purported to be a factual account. The book expanded on stories of bizarre happenings, lost unified field theories by Albert Einstein, and government coverups, all based on the Allende/Allen letters to Jessup.


title: Philadelphia Experiment

text: Moore and Berlitz devoted one of the last chapters in "The Philadelphia Experiment: Project Invisibility" to "The Force Fields Of Townsend Brown", namely the experimenter and then-U.S. Navy technician Thomas Townsend Brown. Paul LaViolette's 2008 book "Secrets of Antigravity Propulsion" also recounts some mysterious involvement of Townsend Brown.


title: Philadelphia Experiment

text: The story was adapted into a 1984 time travel film called "The Philadelphia Experiment", directed by Stewart Raffill. Though only loosely based on the prior accounts of the "Experiment", it served to dramatize the core elements of the original story. In 1989, Alfred Bielek claimed to have been aboard the USS "Eldridge" during the Experiment. Addressing the MUFON Conference in 1990, Bielek asserted that Raffill's film was largely consistent with the events he claimed to have witnessed in 1943. Bielek would later add details to his claims on radio talk shows, conferences, and the Internet.


title: Philadelphia Experiment

text: The experiment was allegedly based on an aspect of some unified field theory, a term coined by Albert Einstein to describe a class of potential theories; such theories would aim to describe – mathematically and physically – the interrelated nature of the forces of electromagnetism and gravity, in other words, uniting their respective fields into a single field.


title: Philadelphia Experiment

text: According to some accounts, unspecified "researchers" thought that some version of this field would enable using large electrical generators to bend light around an object via refraction, so that the object became completely invisible. The Navy regarded this as of military value and it sponsored the experiment.


title: Philadelphia Experiment

text: Another unattributed version of the story proposes that researchers were preparing magnetic and gravitational measurements of the seafloor to detect anomalies, supposedly based on Einstein's attempts to understand gravity. In this version, there were also related secret experiments in Nazi Germany to find anti-gravity, allegedly led by SS-Obergruppenführer Hans Kammler.


title: Philadelphia Experiment

text: There are no reliable, attributable accounts, but in most accounts of the supposed experiment, USS "Eldridge" was fitted with the required equipment at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard. Testing began in the summer of 1943, and it was supposedly successful to a limited extent. One test resulted in "Eldridge" being rendered nearly invisible with some witnesses reporting a "greenish fog" appearing in its place. Crew members complained of severe nausea afterwards.


title: Philadelphia Experiment

text: Also, reportedly, when the ship reappeared, some sailors were embedded in the metal structures of the ship, including one sailor who ended up on a deck level below where he began and had his hand embedded in the steel hull of the ship as well as some sailors who went "completely bananas". There is also a claim the experiment was altered after that point at the request of the Navy, limiting it to creating a stealth technology that would render USS "Eldridge" invisible to radar. None of these allegations have been independently substantiated.


title: Philadelphia Experiment

text: Other versions of the story give the date of the experiment as October 28, 1943. In this version time, "Eldridge" not only became invisible, but disappeared from the area and teleported to Norfolk, Virginia, over away. It is claimed that "Eldridge" sat for some time in view of men aboard the ship , whereupon "Eldridge" vanished and then reappeared in Philadelphia at the site it had originally occupied.


title: Philadelphia Experiment

text: Many versions of the tale include descriptions of serious side effects for the crew. Some crew members were said to have been physically fused to bulkheads while others suffered from mental disorders, some re-materialized inside out, and still others vanished. It is also claimed that the ship's crew may have been subjected to brainwashing to maintain the secrecy of the experiment.


title: Philadelphia Experiment

text: The historian Mike Dash notes that many authors who publicized the "Philadelphia Experiment" story after that of Jessup appeared to have conducted little or no research of their own. Through the late 1970s, for example, Allende/Allen was often described as mysterious and difficult to locate, but Goerman determined Allende/Allen's identity after only a few telephone calls.


title: Philadelphia Experiment

text: Others speculate that much of the key literature emphasizes dramatic embellishment rather than pertinent research. Berlitz's and Moore's account of the story ("The Philadelphia Experiment: Project Invisibility") claimed to include factual information, such as transcripts of an interview with a scientist involved in the experiment, but their work has also been criticized for plagiarizing key story elements from the novel "Thin Air" which was published a year earlier.


title: Philadelphia Experiment

text: Personnel at the Fourth Naval District have suggested that the alleged event was a misunderstanding of routine research during World War II at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard. One theory is that "the foundation for the apocryphal stories arose from degaussing experiments which have the effect of making a ship undetectable or 'invisible' to magnetic mines." Another possible origin of the stories about levitation, teleportation, and effects on human crew might be attributed to experiments with the generating plant of the destroyer , wherein a higher-frequency generator produced corona discharges, although none of the crew reported suffering effects from the experiment.


title: Philadelphia Experiment

text: Observers have argued that it is inappropriate to grant credence to an unusual story promoted by one individual in the absence of corroborating evidence. Robert Goerman wrote in "Fate" magazine in 1980, that "Carlos Allende"/"Carl Allen", who is said to have corresponded with Jessup, was Carl Meredith Allen of New Kensington, Pennsylvania, who had an established history of psychiatric illness and who may have fabricated the primary history of the experiment as a result of his mental illness. Goerman later realized that Allen was a family friend and "a creative and imaginative loner ... sending bizarre writings and claims".


title: Philadelphia Experiment

text: The USS "Eldridge" was not commissioned until August 27, 1943, and it remained in port in New York City until September 1943. The October experiment allegedly took place while the ship was on its first shakedown cruise in the Bahamas, although proponents of the story claim that the ship's logs might have been falsified or else still be classified.


title: Philadelphia Experiment

text: The Office of Naval Research (ONR) stated in September 1996, "ONR has never conducted investigations on radar invisibility, either in 1943 or at any other time." Pointing out that the ONR was not established until 1946, it denounces the accounts of "The Philadelphia Experiment" as complete "science fiction".


title: Philadelphia Experiment

text: A reunion of Navy veterans who had served aboard USS "Eldridge" told a Philadelphia newspaper in April 1999 that their ship had never made port in Philadelphia. Further evidence discounting the Philadelphia Experiment timeline comes from USS "Eldridge’s" complete World War II action report, including the remarks section of the 1943 deck log, available on microfilm.


title: Philadelphia Experiment

text: Researcher Jacques Vallée describes a procedure on board , which was docked alongside the "Eldridge" in 1943. The operation involved the generation of a powerful electromagnetic field on board the ship in order to deperm or degauss it, with the goal of rendering the ship undetectable or "invisible" to magnetically fused undersea mines and torpedoes. This system was invented by a Canadian, Charles F. Goodeve, when he held the rank of commander in the Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve, and the Royal Navy and other navies used it widely during World War II.


title: Philadelphia Experiment

text: British ships of the era often included such degaussing systems built into the upper decks (the conduits are still visible on the deck of in London, for example). Degaussing is still used today. However, it has no effect on visible light or radar. Vallée speculates that accounts of USS "Engstrom's" degaussing might have been garbled and confabulated in subsequent retellings, and that these accounts may have influenced the story of "The Philadelphia Experiment".


title: Philadelphia Experiment

text: Vallée cites a veteran who served on board USS "Engstrom" and who suggests it might have travelled from Philadelphia to Norfolk and back again in a single day at a time when merchant ships could not, by use of the Chesapeake & Delaware Canal and Chesapeake Bay, which at the time was open only to naval vessels. Use of that channel was kept quiet: German submarines had ravaged shipping along the East Coast during Operation Drumbeat, and thus military ships unable to protect themselves were secretly moved via canals to avoid the threat.


title: Philadelphia Experiment

text: The same veteran claims to be the man that Allende witnessed "disappearing" at a bar. He claims that when the fight broke out, friendly barmaids whisked him out of the bar before the police arrived, because he was under age for drinking. They then covered for him by claiming that he had disappeared.


title: Manatee

text: Manatees (family Trichechidae, genus Trichechus) are large, fully aquatic, mostly herbivorous marine mammals sometimes known as sea cows. There are three accepted living species of Trichechidae, representing three of the four living species in the order Sirenia: the Amazonian manatee ("Trichechus inunguis"), the West Indian manatee ("Trichechus manatus"), and the West African manatee ("Trichechus senegalensis"). They measure up to long, weigh as much as , and have paddle-like tails.


title: Manatee

text: Manatees are herbivores and eat over 60 different freshwater and saltwater plants. Manatees inhabit the shallow, marshy coastal areas and rivers of the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, the Amazon basin, and West Africa.


title: Manatee

text: The main causes of death for manatees are human-related issues, such as habitat destruction and human objects. Their slow-moving, curious nature has led to violent collisions with propeller-driven boats and ships. Some manatees have been found with over 50 scars on them from propeller blades. Natural causes of death include adverse temperatures, predation by crocodiles on young, and disease.


title: Manatee

text: The etymology of the name is unclear, with connections having been made to Latin "hand" and to pre-Columbian Taíno "manati" "breast". The term "sea cow" is a reference to the species' slow, peaceful, herbivorous nature, reminiscent of that of bovines.


title: Manatee

text: Manatees are three of the four living species in the order Sirenia. The fourth is the Eastern Hemisphere's dugong. The Sirenia are thought to have evolved from four-legged land mammals more than 60 million years ago, with the closest living relatives being the Proboscidea (elephants) and Hyracoidea (hyraxes).


title: Manatee

text: Manatees weigh , and average in length, sometimes growing to and and females tend to be larger and heavier than males. At birth, baby manatees weigh about each. The female manatee has two teats, one under each flipper, a characteristic that was used to make early links between the manatee and elephants.


title: Manatee

text: The lids of manatees' small, widely spaced eyes close in a circular manner. The manatee has a large, flexible, prehensile upper lip, used to gather food and eat and for social interaction and communication. Manatees have shorter snouts than their fellow sirenians, the dugongs.


title: Manatee

text: Manatee adults have no incisor or canine teeth, just a set of cheek teeth, which are not clearly differentiated into molars and premolars. These teeth are repeatedly replaced throughout life, with new teeth growing at the rear as older teeth fall out from farther forward in the mouth, somewhat as elephants' teeth do. At any time, a manatee typically has no more than six teeth in each jaw of its mouth.


title: Manatee

text: The manatee's tail is paddle-shaped, and is the clearest visible difference between manatees and dugongs; a dugong tail is fluked, similar in shape to that of a whale.


title: Manatee

text: The manatee is unusual among mammals in having just six cervical vertebrae, a number that may be due to mutations in the homeotic genes. All other mammals have seven cervical vertebrae, other than the two-toed and three-toed sloths.


title: Manatee

text: Like the horse, the manatee has a simple stomach, but a large cecum, in which it can digest tough plant matter. Generally, the intestines are about 45 meters, unusually long for an animal of the manatee's size.


title: Manatee

text: Fossil remains of manatee ancestors - also known as sirenians - date back to the Early Eocene. It is thought that they reached the isolated area of the South American continent and became known as Trichechidae. In the Late Miocene, trichechids were likely restricted in South American coastal rivers and they fed on many freshwater plants. Dugongs inhabited the West Atlantic and Caribbean waters and fed on seagrass meadows instead. As the sea grasses began to grow, manatees adapted to the changing environment by growing supernumerary molars. Sea levels lowered and increased erosion and silt runoff was caused by glaciation. This increased the tooth wear of the bottom-feeding manatees.


title: Manatee

text: Apart from mothers with their young, or males following a receptive female, manatees are generally solitary animals. Manatees spend approximately 50% of the day sleeping submerged, surfacing for air regularly at intervals of less than 20 minutes. The remainder of the time is mostly spent grazing in shallow waters at depths of . The Florida subspecies ("T. m. latirostris") has been known to live up to 60 years.


title: Manatee

text: Manatees are capable of understanding discrimination tasks and show signs of complex associative learning. They also have good long-term memory. They demonstrate discrimination and task-learning abilities similar to dolphins and pinnipeds in acoustic and visual studies. Social interactions between manatees are highly complex and intricate, which may indicate higher intelligence than previously thought, although they remain poorly understood by science.


title: Manatee

text: Manatees typically breed once every two years; generally only a single calf is born. Gestation lasts about 12 months and to wean the calf takes a further 12 to 18 months, although females may have more than one estrous cycle per year.


title: Manatee

text: Manatees emit a wide range of sounds used in communication, especially between cows and their calves. Their ears are large internally but the external openings are small, and they are located four inches behind each eye. Adults communicate to maintain contact and during sexual and play behaviors. Taste and smell, in addition to sight, sound, and touch, may also be forms of communication.


title: Manatee

text: Manatees are herbivores and eat over 60 different freshwater (e.g., floating hyacinth, pickerel weed, alligator weed, water lettuce, hydrilla, water celery, musk grass, mangrove leaves) and saltwater plants (e.g., sea grasses, shoal grass, manatee grass, turtle grass, widgeon grass, sea clover, and marine algae). Using their divided upper lip, an adult manatee will commonly eat up to 10%–15% of their body weight (about 50 kg) per day. Consuming such an amount requires the manatee to graze for up to seven hours a day. To be able to cope with the high levels of cellulose in their plant based diet, manatees utilize hindgut fermentation to help with the digestion process. Manatees have been known to eat small numbers of fish from nets.


title: Manatee

text: Manatees use their flippers to "walk" along the bottom whilst they dig for plants and roots in the substrate. When plants are detected, the flippers are used to scoop the vegetation toward the manatee's lips. The manatee has prehensile lips; the upper lip pad is split into left and right sides which can move independently. The lips use seven muscles to manipulate and tear at plants. Manatees use their lips and front flippers to move the plants into the mouth. The manatee does not have front teeth, however, behind the lips, on the roof of the mouth, there are dense, ridged pads. These horny ridges, and the manatee's lower jaw, tear through ingested plant material.


title: Manatee

text: Manatees have four rows of teeth. There are 6 to 8 high-crowned, open-rooted molars located along each side of the upper and lower jaw giving a total of 24 to 32 flat, rough-textured teeth. Eating gritty vegetation abrades the teeth, particularly the enamel crown; however, research indicates that the enamel structure in manatee molars is weak. To compensate for this, manatee teeth are continually replaced. When anterior molars wear down, they are shed. Posterior molars erupt at the back of the row and slowly move forward to replace these like enamel crowns on a conveyor belt, similarly to elephants. This process continues throughout the manatee's lifetime. The rate at which the teeth migrate forward depends on how quickly the anterior teeth abrade. Some studies indicate that the rate is about 1 cm/month although other studies indicate 0.1 cm/month.


title: Manatee

text: Manatees inhabit the shallow, marshy coastal areas and rivers of the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico ("T. manatus", West Indian manatee), the Amazon basin ("T. inunguis", Amazonian manatee), and West Africa ("T. senegalensis", West African manatee).


title: Manatee

text: West Indian manatees prefer warmer temperatures and are known to congregate in shallow waters. They frequently migrate through brackish water estuaries to freshwater springs. They cannot survive below 15 °C (60 °F). Their natural source for warmth during winter is warm, spring-fed rivers.


title: Manatee

text: The coast of the state of Georgia is usually the northernmost range of the West Indian manatees because their low metabolic rate does not protect them in cold water. Prolonged exposure to water below 20 °C (68 °F) can cause "cold stress syndrome" and death.


title: Manatee

text: Manatees have been seen as far north as Cape Cod, and in 1995 and again in 2006, one was seen in New York City and Rhode Island's Narragansett Bay. A manatee was spotted in the Wolf River harbor near the Mississippi River in downtown Memphis in 2006, and was later found dead downriver in McKellar Lake. Another manatee was found dead on a New Jersey beach in February 2020, considered especially unusual given the time of year. At the time of the manatee's discovery, the water temperature in the area was below 6.5 °C (43.7 °F).


title: Manatee

text: The West Indian manatee migrates into Florida rivers—such as the Crystal, the Homosassa, and the Chassahowitzka rivers, whose headsprings are 22 °C (72 °F) all year. Between November and March each year, about 600 West Indian manatees gather in the rivers in Citrus County, Florida such as the Crystal River National Wildlife Refuge.


title: Manatee

text: In winter, manatees often gather near the warm-water outflows of power plants along the Florida coast, instead of migrating south as they once did. Some conservationists are concerned that these manatees have become too reliant on these artificially warmed areas. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is trying to find a new way to heat the water for manatees that depended on plants that have closed.


title: Manatee

text: Studies suggest that Florida manatees need access to fresh water for proper regulation of water and salts in their bodies.


title: Manatee

text: Accurate population estimates of the Florida manatee ("T. manatus") are difficult. They have been called scientifically weak because they vary widely from year to year, some areas showing increases, others decreases, and little strong evidence of increases except in two areas. Manatee counts are highly variable without an accurate way to estimate numbers: In Florida in 1996, a winter survey found 2,639 manatees; in 1997, a January survey found 2,229, and a February survey found 1,706. A statewide synoptic survey in January 2010 found 5,067 manatees living in Florida, the highest number recorded to that time.


title: Manatee

text: As of January 2016, the USFWS estimates the range-wide manatee population to be at least 13,000; as of January 2018, at least 6,100 are estimated to be in Florida.


title: Manatee

text: Population viability studies conducted in 1997 found that decreasing adult survival and eventual extinction were a probable future outcome for Florida manatees unless they got more protection. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service proposed downgrading the manatee's status from endangered to threatened in January 2016 after more than 40 years of the manatee's being classified as on the endangered.