title: The Boondocks (2005 TV series)

text: In June 2020, when the initial run of "The Boondocks" was uploaded to HBO Max, the Season 3 episode "The Story of Jimmy Rebel" was intentionally excluded due to perceived racial insensitivities over the episode's portrayal of a racist country singer named Jimmy Rebel (a parody of real-life white supremacist country singer Johnny Rebel). Upon being asked for comment, an Adult Swim representative stated that "When Adult Swim transitions series to a new platform we determine what episodes are selected through creative and cultural filters and our standards and practices policies. Oftentimes these decisions are made in collaboration with the show’s creator”. Episodes of "Aqua Teen Hunger Force" and "The Shivering Truth" were also excluded from the service for similar reasons.


title: The Boondocks (2005 TV series)

text: McGruder launched a Kickstarter campaign to raise $200,000 in order to produce a live-action film focusing on the character Uncle Ruckus. He stated that crowdfunding would be the sole source of funding for the film's budget. The campaign was from January 30 through March 1, 2013, 7:00 p.m. EST, ending with 2,667 backers and $129,963 of the $200,000 goal. The project ultimately never got off the ground.


title: The Boondocks (2005 TV series)

text: At Annecy 2019, Sony Pictures Animation announced it would be producing a "reimagining" of the television series. On June 12, 2019, a reboot of the series was officially announced with McGruder and voice actor John Witherspoon confirmed to be returning from the original series, before his death on October 29, 2019. On September 18, 2019, it was announced that the reboot would stream on HBO Max in Fall 2020 but this was later postponed to 2021 and then to 2022. The service ordered two seasons, 24 episodes total with a 50-minute special. The complete run of the original 2005 series was also made available on the service. In February 2022, it was announced by actor Cedric Yarbrough that Sony had shelved the reboot.


title: The Boondocks (2005 TV series)

text: Outside the U.S, "The Boondocks" airs on NITV and The Comedy Channel in Australia. In Canada, Teletoon aired the first two seasons as part of its late-night Teletoon at Night programming block, including several episodes that didn't air in the U.S. It also aired in Quebec on Télétoon's Télétoon la nuit block on March 9, 2007. Sony Entertainment Television (and later Sony Max) as well as Vuzu broadcasts the show in South Africa. It has also been aired on TV3 and TV6 in Sweden, and it aired in New Zealand on Comedy Central. MTV Italy and Comedy Central Italy in Italy, and on channel TV3+ in Denmark.


title: The Boondocks (2005 TV series)

text: In Russia, "The Boondocks" is aired on channel 2×2 under the name of "Гетто" ("Getto", Russian for "Ghetto"). In Poland, it is broadcast on AXN as "Boondocks". In France, it airs on MCM. It airs on Sony Entertainment Television in Latin America, as well as Sony Yay in India. It also airs uncensored and uncut in the Arab World on OSN.


title: The Boondocks (2005 TV series)

text: In Japan, it was broadcast on Animax but Seasons 1 and 2 only. That intro theme song is Megalopolis Patrol by the Japanese hip-hop trio, Soul'd Out. It also aired in Latin America on Animax (Latin America).


title: The Boondocks (2005 TV series)

text: All four seasons have been released on DVD by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, both individually and as a box set spanning the entire series. Seasons 1 and 2 are presented in the original aspect ratio used for production, rather than the ratio achieved by cropping the image to fit television screens in use at the time of their original airing. The 16:9 ratio was used for broadcasts of Seasons 3 and 4 and is preserved on the DVD sets.


title: Wizz Air

text: Wizz Air, legally incorporated as Wizz Air Hungary Ltd. () is a Hungarian ultra-low-cost carrier with its head office in Budapest, Hungary. The airline serves many cities across Europe, as well as some destinations in North Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia. It has the largest fleet of any Hungarian airline, although it is not a flag carrier, and serves 44 countries. Its Jersey-based parent company, Wizz Air Holdings plc, is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index. As of 2020, the airline has its largest bases at Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport and London Luton Airport and flies to 164 airports.


title: Wizz Air

text: The airline was established in September 2003. The lead investor is Indigo Partners, an American private equity firm specialising in transportation investments. The first flight was made from Katowice International Airport on 19 May 2004. The airline's CEO is József Váradi, former CEO of Malév Hungarian Airlines. The company is registered in Pest County, Hungary.


title: Wizz Air

text: In November 2017, Wizz Air announced its planned launch of a British division called Wizz Air UK, based at London Luton mainly to take advantage of landing slots acquired when Monarch Airlines entered administration that year. The airline applied successfully to the CAA for an AOC and a Type A Operating Licence. The airline launched operations in March 2018 using British registered aircraft. Wizz Air UK was to start taking over UK-bound flights previously operated by Wizz Air, and plans called for the airline to employ up to 100 staff by the end of 2018.


title: Wizz Air

text: In November 2018, Wizz Air announced plans to reactivate its Wizz Air Ukraine subsidiary, approximately three years after its closure. The airline would seek to complete certification in 2019 following the acquisition of twenty A320/321 neo jets. Bases were to be developed in Kyiv and cities across the country, with a planned passenger throughput of 6 million per annum by 2025.


title: Wizz Air

text: By early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic created a case of force majeure in European aviation, gradually forcing airline fleets to land, including the majority of Wizz Air aircraft. Although it was announced in March that no redundancies were planned, one-fifth of the staff was redeemed when it became clear that air travel across the continent was shutting down. In April 2020, based on passenger numbers, Wizz Air became Europe's largest low-cost airline with 78,000 passengers. By mid-June, they had reached 40 percent of their previous year's normal weekly revenue, while the proportion of no-shows fell from 80 percent in April to 30 percent. In July 2020, the airline announced that it will form a joint venture with the Abu Dhabi Developmental Holding Company.


title: Wizz Air

text: In October 2020, Wizz took delivery of an A330-200F cargo aircraft (HA-LHU, formerly Qatar Cargo), operating it on behalf of the Hungarian Government as 'Hungary Air Cargo'. The same month, it announced that its first Scandinavian base would be opened at Oslo's Gardermoen Airport in November 2020; the two aircraft based there would also undertake domestic flights within Norway. However, ticket sales for domestic flights after 13 June 2021 were subsequently stopped.


title: Wizz Air

text: In 2020, Wizz Air carried a total of 16.6 million passengers, 42 per cent of the 40 million passengers of the previous year. At the same time, the airline also tried to view the pandemic as an opportunity, opening 260 new routes and 13 bases, one of them at London's second largest airport, Gatwick.


title: Wizz Air

text: In the spring of 2021, as the third wave of the coronavirus epidemic arrived, the airline's CEO pitched Wizz Air to investors as a "rare ray of investment hope". He said that he hoped that air transport would be restored by 2024–2025, and that he was confident that Wizz Air would be the only airline to continue its investments, made possible by the fact that it had the highest liquidity in the entire airline industry.


title: Wizz Air

text: Wizz Air has prioritised fleet development and airport construction in its investments, with the opening of Brașov Airport planned for November 2022.


title: Wizz Air

text: On 3 February 2021, Wizz Air announced the opening of its second base in Bosnia and Herzegovina, after Tuzla; the airline would open a base at Sarajevo with one Airbus A320. The airline announced nine new destinations from Sarajevo with 21 weekly departures.


title: Wizz Air

text: In April 2021, as planned, Wizz Air added Abu Dhabi to its services, offering connections to Europe beyond the UAE to neighbouring Arab countries.


title: Wizz Air

text: By July 2021, Wizz Air had reached their 2019 capacity. Their plan was to develop their fleet of 140 aircraft to a capacity of 500 by the end of the decade.


title: Wizz Air

text: In August 2021, company management announced that they plan to hire 4,600 new pilots by 2030, with the first part of their plan to train and hire nearly 500 pilots by the end of 2021.


title: Wizz Air

text: In September 2021, rival low-cost carrier EasyJet claimed it had rejected a takeover offer from Wizz Air.


title: Wizz Air

text: On 14 November 2021, on the first day of the Dubai Airshow, Wizz Air was one of four airlines that ordered additional A321neo jets. Wizz Air is due to receive a total of 75 A321neo and 27 A321XLRs, adding up to 102 new aircraft.


title: Wizz Air

text: In May 2022, Wizz Air said it had signed a memorandum of understanding with Saudi Arabia's Ministry of Investment to collaborate on potential investment and operating models to boost the country's tourism industry and increase its connectivity. The same month, the company announced its intention to form a subsidiary in Malta, named Wizz Air Malta. In August 2022, it was announced that former Ryanair executive Diarmuid O Conghaile would join the newly formed company as managing director from 1 November 2022.


title: Wizz Air

text: Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, four Wizz Air aircraft were stranded in Ukraine, three in Kyiv and one in Lviv.


title: Wizz Air

text: Flying was curtailed for two weeks by the outbreak of war, but Wizz Air soon returned to normal operations with the exception of the Ukrainian and Russian markets, which remained suspended.


title: Wizz Air

text: In March 2022, amid the invasion, Wizz Air provided 100,000 free airline tickets to refugees for short-distance flights from Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania.


title: Wizz Air

text: Since March 2015, Wizz Air's head office has been in Laurus Offices ("Laurus Irodaház"), Building B, Budapest. Previously headquartered at Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport, Wizz Air signed the Laurus lease in October 2010 and moved there with 150 employees in June 2011. The airline occupied over of space in an office building refurbished after the airline's arrival. The facility, with open-plan offices, housed about 150 employees. Before the time its head office was at the airport, it was in the Airport Business Park C2 in Vecsés, close to the airport.


title: Wizz Air

text: As is common with European low-cost carriers, Wizz Air prefers operating out of smaller or secondary airports to reduce costs and fees. It also has a buy-on-board food service called Wizz Café, and a service called Wizz Boutique for other items.


title: Wizz Air

text: On 8 June 2022, the company signed a memorandum of understanding with European aircraft manufacturer Airbus to work on the development of hydrogen-powered aircraft.


title: Wizz Air

text: Wizz Air started new services between Katowice and London Luton in 2008. In January 2008, flights started from Gdansk to Gothenburg, Bournemouth and Coventry. In summer 2008, Wizz Air restarted summer seasonal services from Katowice and Budapest to Girona, as well as a new weekly service to Girona from Gdańsk. Other summer services from Budapest are Heraklion, Corfu, Burgas and Varna; from Katowice to Crete-Heraklion and Burgas; and Warsaw to Corfu and Burgas. It also restarted its three-times-weekly service from London–Luton to Burgas. On 2 October 2008, Wizz Air announced that a number of its Romanian services would have increased frequency following an order for three Airbus A320 aircraft.


title: Wizz Air

text: In February 2012, Wizz Air announced that it would start flights from Debrecen International Airport to London, beginning 18 June 2012. On 11 September 2012, Wizz Air announced new routes to and from Tel Aviv, Israel.


title: Wizz Air

text: On 12 April 2013, Wizz Air announced that it would start flights from Budapest Airport to Baku's Heydar Aliyev International Airport starting from 17 June 2013. On 26 June 2013, Wizz Air announced entry into the Slovakian market, adding one new route from Košice International Airport starting from September 2013.


title: Wizz Air

text: On 26 June 2015, the airline opened its 19th base at Tuzla International Airport in Bosnia and Herzegovina and deployed one new Airbus A320 aircraft at the airport. With one aircraft stationed at the airport, Wizz Air opened new routes to Memmingen Airport (near Munich) and Sandefjord Airport, Torp (near Oslo), commencing on 26 June 2015, as well as to Frankfurt–Hahn Airport and Stockholm Skavsta Airport, commencing on 28 June 2015.


title: Wizz Air

text: In February 2016, Wizz Air announced a new base at David the Builder Kutaisi International Airport (serving Kutaisi in Georgia). In October 2016 Wizz Air announced a new base at Chișinău International Airport (serving Chișinău) in Moldova. In December 2016, Wizz Air announced a new base in Varna, Bulgaria.


title: Wizz Air

text: In February 2017, Wizz Air announced a new base at London Luton Airport in the United Kingdom. Also in 2017, the company added three new routes, to Tel Aviv, Israel; Pristina, Kosovo; and Kutaisi, Georgia, for a total of over 500 routes.


title: Wizz Air

text: In January 2018, Wizz Air announced a new base at Vienna International Airport in Austria. Three Airbus 320/321 are planned to be based in Vienna and the company will operate a total of 17 new routes from the Austrian capital.


title: Wizz Air

text: In November 2018, the airline announced it would open a base at Kraków John Paul II International Airport in Poland, starting with 12 routes.


title: Wizz Air

text: In May 2021, Wizz Air announced the termination of all its domestic routes in Norway, which had been operating for less than a year.


title: Wizz Air

text: In March 2022, Wizz Air announced that it will commence scheduled flights to the city of Hambantota, Sri Lanka from Abu Dhabi, UAE.


title: Wizz Air

text: In November 2019, Wizz Air dismissed concerns about its part in environmental damage raised by the "flight shame" movement, basing its response on the airline's per-passenger emission level. The company said it would reduce per capita emissions by an additional 30 percent by 2030. Wizz Air also condemned inefficient airlines such as Lufthansa that offered business class and used outdated technologies, which according to Wizz Air cause far more environmental damage.


title: Wizz Air

text: As part of Wizz Air's fuel-saving strategy, all phases of take-off and landing are continuously monitored for maximum environmental optimization, which has a significant impact on further continuous reductions in CO emissions.


title: Wizz Air

text: In May 2022, they announced that they are aiming to switch from fossil fuels to hydrogen propulsion within 10-15 years as part of a pilot project with Airbus. The need for this ongoing transition has been explained not only by direct environmental and technological considerations, but also by business reasons, saying that over time both passengers and investors will increasingly expect airlines to operate in a more environmentally friendly way.


title: Wizz Air

text: In November 2022, Wizz Air signed an agreement with the Austrian energy company OMV to purchase nearly 185,000 tonnes of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) from 2023 to 2030.SAF, produced from sustainable feedstocks such as edible oil and green hydrogen, could be a key element in the aviation industry's goal of zero carbon emissions by 2050. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) estimates that SAF could contribute around 65 percent to the aviation sector's net zero emissions reduction target by 2050.


title: Wizz Air

text: The cooperation with OMV under the "SAF contract" provides Wizz Air with the opportunity to move forward with its strategy to continuously reduce its carbon intensity per passenger-kilometre and reduce its carbon intensity by a further 25 percent by 2030 and to eliminate its carbon emissions completely by 2050. The Wizz Air-OMV agreement demonstrates the airline's commitment to ensuring that its passengers choose the most environmentally responsible way of flying by choosing to fly with Wizz Air.


title: Wizz Air

text: A few days before the "SAF contract" was signed, Wizz Air won the Global Environmental Sustainability Airline Group of the Year. The award was presented for the first time by CAPA (Centre for Aviation) at the Asia Aviation Summit and Sustainability Expo 2022 in Singapore. CAPA, a member of the Aviation Week Network, is one of the world's most trusted sources of market information for the aviation and tourism industries. In addition to global recognition, Wizz Air also won the Sustainable Airline of the Year Award in the Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA) region. The citation stated that Wizz Air was among the top performing airlines in most categories, according to CAPA's Environmental Sustainability Airline Performance Assessment Report 2021 and 2022.


title: Wizz Air

text: On 8 June 2013, Wizz Air Flight 3141, an Airbus A320-232 (registration HA-LWM) from Bucharest Henri Coandă Airport, Romania to Rome-Ciampino, Italy, made an emergency landing at Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport when the crew encountered problems lowering one of the main undercarriages and locking it into position. The aircraft diverted to Fiumicino because of the longer runway, and firefighters applied foam after landing as a precautionary measure. The aircraft was evacuated using slides. Initial reports of injured passengers were denied by both Wizz Air and Rome Fiumicino Airport, who said some passengers requested medical checkups but reported no injuries.


title: Wizz Air

text: Wizz Air is well known for a strong opposition to any activities of its employees in trade unions. Because of that approach to its employees the company is facing many accusations. One of the first cases was already closed by the Romanian supreme court in 2019 with a verdict that Wizz Air discriminated against its workers. Other cases blaming Wizz Air for a similar attitude against its employees are still open in Ukraine and other countries. In October 2020, the Prime Minister of Norway stated she would not fly with Wizz Air after the company resumed its flights in the country. Wizz Air claimed to allow its employees to be organized in assemblies.


title: Rene Russo

text: Rene Marie Russo (born February 17, 1954) is an American actress and model. She began her career as a fashion model in the 1970s, appearing on magazine covers such as "Vogue" and "Cosmopolitan". She made her film debut in the 1989 comedy "Major League", and rose to international prominence in a number of thrillers and action films throughout the 1990s, including "Lethal Weapon 3" (1992), "In the Line of Fire" (1993), "Outbreak" (1995), "Get Shorty" (1995), "Ransom" (1996), "Lethal Weapon 4" (1998), and "The Thomas Crown Affair" (1999).


title: Rene Russo

text: After headlining the family comedy "Yours, Mine & Ours" (2005), Russo took a five-year break from acting. She returned to the screen as Frigga, the mother of the titular hero, in the superhero film "Thor" (2011), a role she reprised in "" (2013) and "" (2019). In 2014, Russo starred in the acclaimed crime thriller "Nightcrawler", for which she won the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress and was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role. She has also appeared in "The Intern" (2015), "Just Getting Started" (2017), and "Velvet Buzzsaw" (2019).


title: Rene Russo

text: Russo was born in 1954 Burbank, California, to Shirley (née Balocca), a factory worker and barmaid, and Nino Russo, a sculptor and car mechanic who left the family when Russo was two. Her father was of Italian descent, while her mother had Italian, German, and English ancestry. Russo grew up with her mother and her sister, Toni (who was married to lyricist Bernie Taupin between 1979 and 1991), and attended Burroughs High School, where her classmates included director Ron Howard. She was plagued with scoliosis and had to wear a full-torso brace. Her tall height also earned her the nickname "Jolly Green Giant" from her classmates. In a 2019 interview with "Financial Times", she indeed described herself as a "geek", and admitted that the bullying she endured during high school made her drop out in the tenth grade. Growing up, Russo did not have any "ambitions", remarking that she "was too busy just trying to survive, along with my sister and my mom —money was tight, my mom worked two jobs". She began taking a variety of part-time jobs to help her family, including working in an eyeglass factory and as a movie theater cashier. She eventually got scouted for modelling and went to New York City, which she described as a "scary place compared to where I grew up".


title: Rene Russo

text: After allegedly being spotted at a 1972 Rolling Stones concert by John Crosby, an agent from International Creative Management, Russo originally began her career as a model. With Crosby's encouragement, Russo applied to, and was signed by, Ford Modeling Agency. She became one of the top models of the 1970s and early 1980s, appearing on magazine covers for "Vogue", "Mademoiselle", and "Cosmopolitan", as well as advertisements for perfume and cosmetics. "Vogue" in a 2016 article, wrote: "In the '70s, Russo stood for a sexiness that was both accessible and aspirational: She could vamp it up with the best of them, posing for Francesco Scavullo in decadent furs, or swathed in Versace for Richard Avedon, but Russo wasn't your average pinup. The poise she brought to her images made her the first choice for editorial shoots that demanded models with tenacity, whether she was bound for the boardroom in a power suit or posing on a beach with Tony Spinelli".


title: Rene Russo

text: Demand for her as a model began to wane as she entered her 30s. She did a few more commercials and then turned her back on modeling for a period of time. She studied theater and acting, and began appearing in theater roles at small theaters in Los Angeles and elsewhere in California. At one point, she took acting lessons from veteran actor Allan Rich, whom she credits with introducing her to the craft of acting. Russo made her debut in a television series in 1987, with a supporting role in the short-lived ABC production "Sable," based on the comic book, "Jon Sable: Freelance" by Mike Grell. She made her feature film debut as the girlfriend of a former baseball star in "Major League", a comedy written and directed by David S. Ward. The film was a critical success.


title: Rene Russo

text: In 1990, Russo appeared in the fantasy comedy film "Mr. Destiny", with Jim Belushi, playing the wife in what was an alternate reality of an ordinary guy's life. In 1991, she had her first leading film role in "One Good Cop", as the wife of a New York City Police Department detective (played by Michael Keaton). In 1992, Russo achieved breakout success with her role as internal affairs detective Lorna Cole, opposite Mel Gibson and Danny Glover, in the action film "Lethal Weapon 3". The film made US$320 million worldwide, becoming the fifth highest-grossing film of 1992 and the highest-grossing film in the "Lethal Weapon" film series. Her other 1992 film release was the science fiction film "Freejack", which despite an overall negative response, earned Russo a nomination for the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress.


title: Rene Russo

text: Throughout the 1990s, Russo took on major roles in a number of commercially and critically successful films. In 1993, she starred with Clint Eastwood in the thriller film "In the Line of Fire," directed by Wolfgang Petersen, playing a federal agent involved with the sole active-duty Secret Service agent remaining from the detail guarding John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas, at the time of his assassination in 1963. The film made US$176.9 million globally, and received three Academy Awards nominations. In 1995, Petersen cast her as a medical doctor, who uncovers a newly discovered Ebola-like virus which came to the United States from Africa in an infected monkey, in the medical disaster film "Outbreak", with Dustin Hoffman. The film grossed over US$189 million worldwide. She starred as a B movie actress, opposite John Travolta, in the crime comedy "Get Shorty," directed by Barry Sonnenfeld. Upon its release, "Get Shorty" opened atop at the North American box office and remained number one for three consecutive weeks.


title: Rene Russo

text: In 1996, Russo played a clinical psychologist and the love interest of a former golf prodigy with little ambition in the romantic comedy "Tin Cup", with Kevin Costner, and reunited with Mel Gibson to play his wife in the crime thriller "Ransom," directed by Ron Howard. While "Tin Cup" was a moderate commercial success, "Ransom" was the 6th highest-grossing film of 1996, with a worldwide gross of US$309.5 million. In 1997, Russo portrayed exotic animal owner Gertrude Lintz in the little-seen comedy "Buddy", and in 1998, reprised her role in "Lethal Weapon 4", the final film in the series, which made US$285.4 million. In 1999, she starred as an insurance investigator and the lover of a billionaire, alongside Pierce Brosnan, in the heist film "The Thomas Crown Affair" directed by John McTiernan. Critic Kenneth Turan, in his review for the film, wrote: "[Her] smart, gritty performance is the best thing about this remake of the stylish caper movie "Thomas Crown"." The production grossed US$124.3 million worldwide.


title: Rene Russo

text: In 2000, Russo obtained the role of villain Natasha Fatale, opposite Robert De Niro and Piper Perabo, in the adventure comedy "The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle", directed by Des McAnuff and based on the television cartoon of the same name by Jay Ward. The film received mixed reviews from critics and went largely unnoticed at the box office. For her portrayal, she received a Saturn Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress, and conversely, a Razzie Award nomination for Worst Supporting Actress. She reunited with De Niro to play the producer of a reality police show in the comedy "Showtime" (2002), also starring Eddie Murphy. Budgeted at US$85 million, the film grossed US$77.7 million.


title: Rene Russo

text: The comedy "Big Trouble", which was based on the novel by Dave Barry and featured her as a devoted mother, was originally scheduled for release on September 21, 2001, and had a strong advertising push. The events of September 11 of that year cast a pall over the movie's comedic smuggling of a nuclear device onto an airplane. Consequently, the film was pushed back until 2002, and the promotion campaign was toned down almost to the point of abandonment. The film came to theaters and left quickly afterwards, without generating much of an impact.


title: Rene Russo

text: Russo starred in and produced the film "Two for the Money" (2005), with Al Pacino and Matthew McConaughey, playing the wife of a sports gambling agent. In "Yours, Mine & Ours" (also 2005), Russo starred with Dennis Quaid, as a widowed handbag designer with ten kids. While "Film Journal International" felt that the "secret to the film's modest success can be summed up" in Russo and Quaid's performances, "Daily Radar" wrote that "the able-bodied actors fulfill the slapstick demands of this run-of-the-mill family comedy based on the 1968 movie with Henry Fonda and Lucille Ball". Despite receiving overwhelmingly negative reviews from critics, the film made over US$72 million worldwide and marked her only commercial success in the decade. Following its release, Russo took a five-year hiatus from acting, opting to focus on her health and personal life.


title: Rene Russo

text: In 2010, Russo returned to the screen in the superhero film "Thor", released in 2011, after being persuaded by director Kenneth Branagh in December 2009, who asked her to portray Frigga, the mother of the titular hero. However, most of her scenes were removed in editing. She received more screen time in "" (2013). She credited those films, which made more than US$1 billion combined, with introducing her to a new generation of filmgoers. "The funny thing is now I have kids coming up to me, and I'm thinking, 'how do you know my movies?' And they say, 'That's "Thor"'s mummy'."


title: Rene Russo

text: In 2014, Russo appeared as a morning news director, alongside Jake Gyllenhaal, in the crime thriller "Nightcrawler", written and directed by her husband Dan Gilroy. The film was met with widespread praise and several critics listed it as one of the best films of 2014. "Indiewire" asserted: "Russo is an integral part of the narrative and she gives as good as she gets. The role is easily her finest in several years and the rich material uncorks a wealth of inventiveness from the actress. There's not a lot of imaginatively drawn roles for aging women, but Russo sinks her teeth into the role of a coldblooded vampiress protective of her own uncertain hold in the newsroom." Budgeted at US$8.5 million, the film grossed US$50.3 million.


title: Rene Russo

text: Russo portrayed a groupie and the mother of director G.J. Echternkamp in his independent comedy "Frank and Cindy" (2015), based on the 2007 documentary of the same name. In 2015, she reunited once again with Robert De Niro, playing an in-house massage therapist and his love interest, in the comedy "The Intern", directed by Nancy Meyers. "The New York Post" and "The Washington Post" found her to be a highlight in her role, and the film grossed US$194.6 million globally. Russo starred with Morgan Freeman and Tommy Lee Jones in another comedy, "Just Getting Started" (2017), as the regional director of the luxury resort Villa Capri in Palm Springs, California. "Variety" felt that the three actors "do little more than embarrass themselves here", as part of an overall negative response.


title: Rene Russo

text: In "Velvet Buzzsaw" (2019), Russo worked again with Jake Gyllenhaal and Dan Gilroy, playing a tough art gallery owner haunted by the mysterious nature of a series of paintings by an unknown artist. The film was released by Netflix, to positive reviews. She briefly reprised her role of Frigga in "".


title: Rene Russo

text: Russo married screenwriter Dan Gilroy on March 14, 1992. They met while working on the film "Freejack" (1992). They have one daughter, Rose, who has ventured into modelling, and live in Brentwood, California.


title: Rene Russo

text: Russo revealed during a 2014 taping of "The Queen Latifah Show" that she has bipolar disorder. While the condition has plagued her since childhood, an emotionally turbulent time prompted her to start taking medication, despite initial apprehension.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: Gaspard Thomas Ulliel (; 25 November 198419 January 2022) was a French actor. He was known for having portrayed the young Hannibal Lecter in "Hannibal Rising" (2007), fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent in the biopic "Saint Laurent" (2014), and for being the face of Chanel men's fragrance Bleu de Chanel for twelve years. He also voiced Jack Frost in the French version of "Rise of the Guardians" (2012), and portrayed Anton Mogart in the Disney+ miniseries "Moon Knight" (2022).


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: Ulliel made his feature film debut in "Brotherhood of the Wolf" (2001), and had his breakthrough in "Strayed" (2003). He was nominated for the César Award for Most Promising Actor for three consecutive years for his performances in "Summer Things" (2002), "Strayed" (2003), and "A Very Long Engagement" (2004); winning that award in 2005 for his performance as World War I soldier Manech in "A Very Long Engagement". In 2015, he earned his first César nomination for Best Actor for his performance in "Saint Laurent". In 2017, he won the César Award for Best Actor for his role as a terminally ill playwright in "It's Only the End of the World" (2016). He became a Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters in France in 2015.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: His other notable works include "The Last Day" (2004), "Paris, je t'aime" (2006), "Jacquou le Croquant" (2007), "The Princess of Montpensier" (2010), "To the Ends of the World" (2018), and "Twice Upon a Time" (2019).


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: Ulliel died on 19 January 2022 at the age of 37, following a skiing accident at La Rosière resort in Savoie, France.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: Ulliel was born in the Paris suburb of Neuilly-sur-Seine to Christine, a stylist and runway show producer, and Serge Ulliel, a fashion designer. Ulliel was an only child. His great-grandfather, Raoul Ulliel (1889–1943), was a bronzesmith who distinguished himself in combat during World War I. His paternal grandmother was of Italian and Spanish descent.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: He had a scar on his left cheek as a result of a doberman attacking him with its claws when he attempted to ride the dog like a horse at the age of six. He once quipped that the scar increased his emotional acting abilities because it looked like a dimple. His obituary in the French newspaper "Libération" described him as having the "most famous scar in French cinema".


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: Ulliel wanted to be a jazz musician and even tried playing the saxophone for a couple of years, but he quit because he thought he wasn't talented. He also learned how to play the piano. He was also interested in architecture and photography.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: He dreamed of becoming a film director and attended the University of Saint-Denis in Paris, where he studied cinema for two years until he quit to focus on his acting career.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: Ulliel began acting while he was still at school, at eleven years old, when a friend of a friend of his mother was working at an agency and was looking for young actors. She asked Ulliel if he wanted to give it a try and he said "yes", but just for fun. It was only after he turned seventeen that he really decided to continue working in this industry. He left the University of Saint-Denis after two years because he was getting more offers as an actor, but he still dreamed about writing and directing his own film, stating in a 2011 interview for "Anthem Magazine"; "I wake up every morning with this idea stuck in my mind that I want to write and direct my own film one day. As I work more and more on different sets, I see how hard it is to be a director. It's insane the amount of work and confidence that goes into it. I’m so respectful of filmmakers and I admire what they do. I hope that one day I'll find the right subject and the confidence to try it. I'm still young."


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: He made his acting debut with a small part in one episode of "Une femme en blanc", a 1997 miniseries for French television starring Sandrine Bonnaire. He continued appearing in made-for-television films and TV series during the late 1990s and early 2000s, and then became known as a film actor in France.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: In 2001, Ulliel made his feature film debut with a minor role in Christophe Gans's "Brotherhood of the Wolf", alongside Vincent Cassel and Monica Bellucci.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: In 2002, Ulliel played the role of Loic in Michel Blanc's romantic comedy-drama film "Summer Things", for which he earned his first César Award nomination for Most Promising Actor, as well as winning the Lumières Award for Most Promising Actor.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: He also performed at the drama school Cours Florent, where he was discovered by director André Téchiné, who cast him in the lead role of his World War II drama film "Strayed" in 2003, starring opposite Emmanuelle Béart as a mysterious teenager who protects her family. For his breakthrough performance in the film, Ulliel was nominated for a César Award for Most Promising Actor, and won the Étoiles d'Or for Best Male Newcomer.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: Ulliel had his first English-speaking role in Peter Greenaway's 2004 film "The Tulse Luper Suitcases, Part 2: Vaux to the Sea", where he played a French man named Leon.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: In 2004, he starred in Jean-Pierre Jeunet's World War I drama "A Very Long Engagement", co-starring with Audrey Tautou and Marion Cotillard, and won a César Award for Most Promising Actor for his performance as soldier Manech Langonnet, the fiancé of Mathilde, Tautou's character, who disappeared in the trenches in 1917 and whom she refuses to believe is dead and starts investigating what happened to him. That same year, he also starred in Rodolphe Marconi's drama "The Last Day", opposite Mélanie Laurent and Nicole Garcia.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: In 2006, he appeared in Gus Van Sant's "Le Marais" segment of the anthology film "Paris, je t'aime", opposite Marianne Faithfull and Elias McConnell, in which he played Gaspard, a young gay man flirting with a male print shop worker played by McConnell.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: In 2007, Ulliel starred in the title role in the movie "Hannibal Rising", his major English-language film where he portrayed the young Hannibal Lecter. That same year, he also played the title role in Laurent Boutonnat's historical film "Jacquou le Croquant", based on the 1899 novel by Eugène Le Roy about a peasant who leads a revolt against the Count of Nansac.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: In 2008, he starred as François, a scientist researching black holes in the sci-fi film "The Third Part of the World", directed by Eric Forestier. He also starred as Joseph, the son of Isabelle Huppert's character in Rithy Panh's drama "The Sea Wall", based on the 1950 "novel of the same name" by Marguerite Duras.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: In 2009, Ulliel starred opposite Jean Reno in the thriller "Inside Ring" (also known as "Ultimate Heist"), directed by Laurent Tuel. He also portrayed the angel Xas in Niki Caro's English-language romantic drama film "The Vintner's Luck", based on the 1998 novel "The Vintner's Luck" by Elizabeth Knox, in which he appeared opposite Jérémie Renier, Vera Farmiga, and Keisha Castle-Hughes. That same year, he also starred as Nathanaël in Alain Tasma's drama "Ultimatum", set in 1990's Israel during Gulf War.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: In 2010, he portrayed Henry I, Duke of Guise in Bertrand Tavernier's romance film "The Princess of Montpensier", based on the 1662 novel of the same name by Madame de La Fayette. In 2011, he played William in Emmanuel Mouret's comedy film "The Art of Love".


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: In 2012, Ulliel made his stage debut in "Que faire de Mister Sloane?", an adaptation of English author Joe Orton's 1963 play, "Entertaining Mr. Sloane", in which he played the title role and was directed by Michel Fau at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris. That same year, he also voiced Jack Frost in the French version of the animated film "Rise of the Guardians"; and played Balthazar, one of the four sons of Nicole Garcia's character in Brigitte Roüan's comedy film, "A Greek Type of Problem".


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: He portrayed French fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent in the 2014 biographical film "Saint Laurent" directed by Bertrand Bonello, which earned him a Lumières Award for Best Actor and nominations for the César, and for the Globe de Cristal for Best Actor.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: In December 2014, Ulliel was a member of the jury of the Cinecoles Short Film section at the 14th Marrakech International Film Festival.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: In 2015, Ulliel starred as Tomas in an adaptation of Lars Norén's play "Démons", directed by Marcial Di Fonzo Bo at the Théâtre du Rond-Point in Paris.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: In 2016, he appeared in two films: the lead role in Xavier Dolan's "It's Only the End of the World" as Louis, a playwright who returns home after twelve years to tell his family that he's dying, in which he starred opposite Marion Cotillard, Vincent Cassel, Léa Seydoux and Nathalie Baye; and in Stéphanie Di Giusto's "The Dancer", an unconventional biopic of American dancer Loie Fuller where Ulliel portrayed Count Louis d'Orsay.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: In 2017, he was nominated for the Jury Prize for Best Actor at the Riviera International Film Festival for his role in Xavier Dolan's "It's Only the End of the World" alongside co-star Vincent Cassel. Ulliel also won his second César Award, this time for Best Actor, for his performance in the film, and also earned second nominations for Best Actor in both the Lumières, and the Globe de Cristal awards (the latter with Cassel also nominated).


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: In 2018, he co-starred with Isabelle Huppert in Benoît Jacquot's drama "Eva", adapted from the 1945 novel "Eve" by James Hadley Chase. That same year, he voiced British poet Percy Bysshe Shelley in "Le Brasier Shelley", a pictureless film in 3D sound; portrayed French soldier Robert Tassen opposite Gérard Depardieu in Guillaume Nicloux's First Indochina War drama "To the Ends of the World"; and also starred in 's science-fiction film ; and in Pierre Schoeller's French Revolution film, "One Nation, One King", opposite Louis Garrel, Niels Schneider and Adèle Haenel.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: In 2019, he portrayed actor Igor Maleski in Justine Triet's comedy-drama film "Sibyl"; and played the lead role in the Arte/Netflix's time-travel miniseries "Twice Upon a Time", directed by Guillaume Nicloux, where Ulliel starred as Vincent Dauda, a man who gets delivered by mistake a mysterious wooden box that allows him to travel back in time to save his relationship with his ex-girlfriend, portrayed by Freya Mavor.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: Between April and May 2021, Ulliel filmed Alex Lutz and Arthur Sanigou's "La Vengeance au Triple Galop", a comedy TV film for France's Canal Plus (and a parody of the 1983 Australian TV series "Return to Eden"), where he appeared as plastic surgeon Danley Marchal-Widkins opposite Marion Cotillard and Audrey Lamy. This was Ulliel's last film to be released during his lifetime, and it was broadcast by Canal Plus on 4 October 2021.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: In June 2021, Ulliel finished shooting his penultimate film (and his last live-action) "More Than Ever", directed by Emily Atef, which made its world premiere at the Cannes Film Festival on 21 May 2022.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: In July 2021, Ulliel joined the cast of the Disney+ streaming superhero miniseries "Moon Knight", set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe and released on 30 March 2022. He portrayed the villain Anton Mogart / Midnight Man opposite Oscar Isaac, Ethan Hawke and May Calamawy, guest starring in the episode "The Friendly Type".


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: Ulliel voiced the doll Scott in Bertrand Bonello's hybrid live-action and animation film "Coma", which had its world premiere at the Berlin Film Festival where it competed in the Encounters section on 12 February 2022, marking it as the first film released after Ulliel's death. Bonello said on 24 December 2021 that he had just finished filming "Coma", which makes it the last film that Ulliel filmed. but Ulliel's presence in "Coma" was kept a secret until it was selected for the Berlin Film Festival in February 2022. He was also set to collaborate for the third time with Bonello in the science-fiction film "The Beast", co-starring with Léa Seydoux. Shooting was scheduled to start in April 2022.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: In December 2021, Ulliel started shooting "Tikkoun", a Canal Plus's crime thriller miniseries about the carbon tax fraud where he would play a character inspired by French businessman Arnaud Mimran, In January 2022, Ulliel was on a break from shooting "Tikkoun", when he died after a skiing accident. The production was directed by Xavier Giannoli, still had 84 more days of shooting and Ulliel was expected to return to the set on 24 January. On 18 February 2022, Canal Plus confirmed to France's "Le HuffPost" that actor Niels Schneider will replace Ulliel in the miniseries. Ulliel and Schneider were friends and co-stars in the films "One Nation, One King" (2018) and "Sibyl" (2019).


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: In 2003, at the age of 19, Ulliel walked the runway for the first and only time for Hedi Slimane's Dior Homme Autumn/Winter 2003 fashion show entitled "Luster".


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: In 2007, Ulliel appeared on the cover of the February issue of French "Vogue" with supermodel Doutzen Kroes.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: In 2008, Ulliel was the face of Longchamp, a French leather and luxury goods company, along with Kate Moss.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: Ulliel was announced as the face for Chanel new men's fragrance, Bleu de Chanel, on 16 February 2010, making him Chanel's first male ambassador. His first television commercial for the campaign was directed by Martin Scorsese, filmed in New York City and debuted on 25 August 2010.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: Ulliel's second commercial for Bleu de Chanel was directed by James Gray and released on 5 February 2015. It was filmed in Los Angeles and featured Jimi Hendrix's cover of Bob Dylan's "All Along the Watchtower".


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: His third commercial for Bleu de Chanel was released on 1 June 2018 and was directed by Steve McQueen. Shot in Bangkok and London, it featured Ulliel crossing the city looking for a woman while David Bowie's "Starman" plays in the background.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: In June 2020, Ulliel narrated the last episode of the "Chanel Parfumeur" series, "I Am a Fragrance Trail", in both French and English.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: Ulliel was the face of Bleu de Chanel for twelve years. His last campaign for the fragrance was released on 8 December 2020. Upon his death, Chanel released a statement on their official Instagram and Facebook accounts paying tribute to him. Chanel also paid tribute to Ulliel during their Spring/Summer 2022 Haute Couture show at Paris Fashion Week on 25 January 2022. A model dressed as a bride finished the show by holding a bouquet of camellias—Coco Chanel's favorite flower—tinted midnight blue as a nod to Ulliel and the Bleu de Chanel perfume.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: Ulliel's androgynous look in films such as 2003's "Strayed", 2006's "Paris, je t'aime", and his performance as Yves Saint Laurent in the 2014 film "Saint Laurent", turned him into a gay icon.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: In January 2007, Ulliel was included on The Washington Post's "What's In and Out for 2007" list in the "In" category.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: On season 4, episode 5 of "Call My Agent!", Sigourney Weaver (playing herself) wants Ulliel to be cast as the male lead in her upcoming film.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: On 24 January 2022, he jumped from No. 8979 to No. 1 on IMDb's STARMeter chart based on page views following his death.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: Ulliel dated French actress and singer Cécile Cassel (the younger sister of Vincent Cassel) from 2005 to 2007, and Chanel's then-International VIP relations officer, Jordane Crantelle, from 2008 to 2011. He was in a relationship with French model and singer Gaëlle Pietri from 2013 to 2020, with whom he had a son who was born in January 2016.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: In 2012, Ulliel supported the charity campaign "Juste Un Coeur" ("Just One Heart") by choosing a blue T-shirt whose sales were donated to UNICEF's Action Against Hunger. That same year, he donated the coat he had worn in the 2010 "Bleu de Chanel" commercial to be auctioned off for the "Vestiaire Solidaire" ("Solidarity Closet") campaign in support of the French Telethon and the French Muscular Dystrophy Association (AFM).


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: In 2018, he signed a petition supporting Aquarius, the humanitarian ship chartered by the European sea rescue organization SOS Méditerranée and carried out in partnership with Doctors Without Borders, demanding the ship to be allowed to return to the sea and continue to rescue people in mortal danger in international waters after being prevented from saving refugees and turned back from the rescue zone off the coast of Libya in June 2018.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: In March 2021, he signed the petition of France's Society of Film Directors (SRF) entitled "Un jour sans fin" ("An Endless Day"), asking President Emmanuel Macron to reopen theaters in France following a decision to close them in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: Ulliel was an environmentalist and committed to planetary health. He said in a 2019 interview for "Madame Figaro" that he was trying to fly less frequently for the sake of the environment, "but only action by governments will really make a difference." In 2019, he signed the petition "Résister et créer" ("Resist and Create"), created by the movement "On Est Prêt" along with Cyril Dion to challenge the world of cinema at a time of mobilizations for the climate, and also narrated the campaign "Nos objets ont plein d’avenirs" ("Our objects have plenty of future"), designed by DDB Paris for Ademe and the Ministry of Ecological and Solidarity Transition, which highlights all the actions to be taken to extend the life of objects and help preserve the planet's resources and reduce the production of waste.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: While supporting the Monte-Carlo Gala for Planetary Health in September 2021, he said: "We are facing an unprecedented ecological crisis. Never before has our planet and life on earth been so threatened. [...] I want to be part of those fighting to leave a healthy planet for our future generations. Let's see this as a hopeful wake-up call. It is still within our reach, but not for long - we have entered this highly decisive period. Today, there are no more important concerns or priorities to address."


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: On 18 January 2022 at around 4:00 pm, Ulliel was critically injured while skiing at the La Rosière resort in Savoie, France, when he collided with another skier at an intersection between two blue/intermediate slopes after turning left, presumably to join his friends on an adjoining slope, and suffered serious brain trauma. Ulliel was airlifted by helicopter to the trauma unit of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes in nearby La Tronche, where he died the following day around 4:00 p.m. at the age of 37. According to French magazine "Paris Match", Ulliel arrived brain dead at the hospital.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: An investigation indicated that both skiers fell to the ground after the collision, and that Ulliel was motionless and unconscious when rescuers arrived. The director of the La Rosière resort, Jean Regaldo, told France's BFM TV that Ulliel was not wearing a helmet when rescuers arrived. Helmets are not required on French ski slopes. Regaldo also said weather conditions were "perfect" at the time of the accident and that there were no rocks in the area of the collision, which he described as easily accessible. The other skier, a Lithuanian man in his forties, was wearing a helmet and was not injured. He told the investigators that the collision was not too violent.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: Upon hearing the Lithuanian skier and other eyewitnesses of the accident, the public prosecutor of Albertville, Anne Gaches, stated that wearing a helmet "would not necessarily have changed things", and that "it was not noted excessive speed, inappropriate behavior or fault of one of the two skiers". Following their testimonies, the prosecutor also declared that the two skiers evolved side by side and ran into each other. "For the moment, it is difficult to say whether it was the shock or the fall that led to Mr. Ulliel's death", she said. Gaches also stated that no autopsy would be performed on Ulliel's body. The resort offered psychological support for both the Lithuanian skier, who was very shocked, and for Ulliel's relatives. Ulliel was on vacation at the resort with his ex-girlfriend, Gaëlle Pietri, and their six-year-old son.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: On 27 January 2022, a memorial service for Ulliel was held at the Church of St. Eustache in Paris. It was attended by nearly a thousand people, including his family, friends and co-stars such as Audrey Tautou, Marion Cotillard, Louis Garrel, Jérémie Rénier (who also acted as a pallbearer), Isabelle Huppert, Vincent Lindon, Niels Schneider, Nathalie Baye, Léa Seydoux and Vincent Cassel. He was buried in a private ceremony at the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. The La Rosière resort also paid tribute to Ulliel by symbolically stopping the ski lifts for one minute in tribute to him at 3:58 pm, which was the time of his accident on 18 January.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: Among those who paid tribute to Ulliel following his death were France's president Emmanuel Macron, who described Ulliel as "an icon of French elegance who dazzled the cameras", France's Prime Minister Jean Castex, and France's Culture Minister Roselyne Bachelot, as well as peers and collaborators such as Xavier Dolan, Martin Scorsese, Marion Cotillard, Isabelle Huppert, Juliette Binoche, Chanel, Disney, Cannes Film Festival director Thierry Fremaux, Cannes Film Festival president Pierre Lescure, Jean Dujardin, Peter Webber, Pierre Niney, Louis Garrel, André Téchiné, and Bertrand Bonello.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: On 25 February 2022, the 47th César Awards ceremony opened with a tribute video to Ulliel featuring his last scene in the 2016 film "It's Only the End of the World", and a message on the screen that read "this ceremony is dedicated to Gaspard Ulliel". Later in the evening, Xavier Dolan, who directed Ulliel in "It's Only the End of the World", paid a tribute to him in the form of a letter addressed to Ulliel's mother, which he finished by saying, ""Because a mother's love is stronger than anything. I believe it. Stronger than life. Stronger than art itself. And certainly stronger than death."" Dolan's speech was followed by the ceremony's "In Memoriam" segment, which also began with a tribute to Ulliel featuring scenes from the films "A Very Long Engagement" and "Saint Laurent".


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: On 27 February 2022, Ulliel was honored in the "In Memoriam" segment from the 28th SAG Awards ceremony, which featured his last scene in "A Very Long Engagement". Despite not being mentioned during the Oscars' In Memoriam segment on 27 March 2022, Ulliel was included in the online memorial from the official website of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences among other artists who had died recently.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: On 13 April 2022, that week's episode of the Marvel Studios miniseries "Moon Knight", which featured Ulliel guest starring in the role of Anton Mogart, was dedicated to his memory with a tribute in the end credits. Marvel Studios also shared a tribute to Ulliel on their social media.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: Following Ulliel's death, politicians and ski professionals urged for helmets to be made obligatory on the French slopes. Jean-Marc Peillex, the mayor of Saint-Gervais-les-Bains in Haute-Savoie, stated that they must impose helmet-wearing to reduce the risk of serious accidents and also reexamine on a case-by-case basis the dangerousness of different pistes and potentially reclassify their colors. When asked if helmets should be made compulsory for skiing in France – like they are in other European countries – during a press conference on 20 January 2022, government spokesperson Gabriel Attal said that it was "not the moment to begin a debate around the subject." It was reported that 97% of children under the age 12 do wear a helmet in France, but the National Mountain Safety Observation System noted that this percentage decreases as people get older. The Canadian Medical Association Journal estimates that wearing a helmet reduces the risk of head injury by 35%.


title: Gaspard Ulliel

text: On 19 February 2022, Ulliel's ex-girlfriend, Gaëlle Pietri, announced that the family wanted to honor his memory by contributing to the French non-governmental organization Tara Ocean Foundation, which has the mission of raising awareness about the impact of climate change and the current ecological crisis on the oceans. Pietri said: "Gaspard was a diver, sensitive to climate issues and concerned about the protection of underwater biodiversity, he would have liked the momentum generated by his death to go to the defense of these causes that were close to his heart." A special page was opened on the foundation's website in memory of Ulliel to support this cause.


title: Álvaro Morata

text: Álvaro Borja Morata Martín (; born 23 October 1992) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a striker for La Liga club Atlético Madrid and the Spain national team.


title: Álvaro Morata

text: He began his career at Real Madrid, making his debut with the senior team in late 2010. After winning the 2013–14 UEFA Champions League, he moved to Juventus for €20 million in 2014, winning the double of Serie A and the Coppa Italia in both of his seasons in Turin. After being bought back by Real for €30 million, he won another La Liga and the UEFA Champions League in 2016–17 before joining Chelsea in 2017 for a club record fee of around £60 million. In January 2019, he moved to Atlético Madrid on loan and joined the club permanently on 1 July 2020. Morata moved back to Juventus on loan in 2020.


title: Álvaro Morata

text: Morata earned 34 caps for Spain at youth level, helping the country win the 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Championship. He made his senior debut in 2014, and has represented Spain at UEFA Euro 2016, Euro 2020 and the 2022 FIFA World Cup.


title: Álvaro Morata

text: Morata signed for Real Madrid in 2008 from neighbouring Getafe after starting out at Atlético Madrid, and appeared for Real Madrid C while still a junior. In July 2010, after a successful season with the Juvenil A team, where he won two youth titles and scored 34 goals, he was promoted to Real Madrid Castilla, Real's reserve team. Later that month, first-team manager José Mourinho took Morata and four of his teammates on a preseason tour in the United States.


title: Álvaro Morata

text: On 15 August 2010, Morata made his debut with Castilla in a friendly match with Alcorcón, scoring the only goal of the game. His Segunda División B debut came on 29 August in a 3–2 win against Coruxo, and he scored his first competitive goal in a 1–1 draw against Alcalá on 31 October.


title: Álvaro Morata

text: On 12 December 2010, Morata made his debut for the first team when he was brought on as a substitute for Ángel Di María in the 88th minute of a 3–1 La Liga win at Real Zaragoza. Ten days later he made his first appearance in the Copa del Rey, again coming off the bench in the last few minutes. In January 2011, after Gonzalo Higuaín's injury, the Spanish media expected Morata to be his replacement in the main squad. Mourinho, however, rejected this, saying that "Morata is not yet ready to be a starter at Madrid. He trains with us, but he has to continue learning with Castilla". In this period Morata scored five goals in four matches with the reserves, while Emmanuel Adebayor was signed to replace Higuaín in the first team.


title: Álvaro Morata

text: On 13 February 2011, Morata scored the first hat-trick of his career, in a 7–1 victory against Deportivo Fabril. He finished his first season as a senior with 14 league goals – joint top scorer in the squad with Joselu – but Castilla failed to gain promotion in the play-offs.


title: Álvaro Morata

text: Morata scored his first competitive goal with Real's first team on 11 November 2012, coming on in the 83rd minute and scoring the winner after just 60 seconds in a 2–1 away win against Levante. In his first official start, at home against Rayo Vallecano on 17 February of the following year, he scored the opener after just three minutes, but was substituted before the half-hour mark to make room for Raúl Albiol, after Sergio Ramos was sent off in a 2–0 home victory.


title: Álvaro Morata

text: On 2 March 2013, Morata played the full 90 minutes of "El Clásico" against Barcelona, assisting Karim Benzema to score the opener in an eventual 2–1 home win. In the following season, he became a regular member of the first-team squad under new coach Carlo Ancelotti, but expressed a desire for more minutes during the January transfer window.


title: Álvaro Morata

text: On 18 March 2014, Morata scored his first goal in the UEFA Champions League, the third goal in a 3–1 win over Schalke 04 at the Santiago Bernabéu in the round of 16. On 17 May, in the last game of the league campaign, he scored two late goals against Espanyol to help Real to a 3–1 home win, and finish with eight goals in the competition. He also featured in the club's victory in the UEFA Champions League Final against Atlético Madrid, playing the last ten minutes of regular time and extra time after replacing Benzema.


title: Álvaro Morata

text: On 19 July 2014, Juventus announced that they had reached an agreement for the fee of €20 million for the transfer of Morata, who signed a five-year deal, with Real Madrid having the option to buy him back in the future. He made his debut in Serie A on 13 September, replacing Fernando Llorente for the final minute of a 2–0 home win against Udinese; two weeks later he again came on in place of his compatriot, and headed his first goal for his new club as they won 3–0 at Atalanta.


title: Álvaro Morata

text: On 5 October 2014, in a 3–2 home win against Roma, Morata came on as a substitute and was sent off for a foul on Kostas Manolas, who was ordered off for retaliating. On 9 November he scored twice in a 7–0 home demolition of Parma, with Llorente – whom he replaced after 71 minutes – adding a further two. Morata came on for the final ten minutes of the Supercoppa Italiana against Napoli in Doha, Qatar on 22 December, and scored in the penalty shoot-out which Juventus lost 5–6.


title: Álvaro Morata

text: On 28 January 2015, Morata played the last 13 minutes of the Coppa Italia fixture against Parma, and scored the game's only goal at the Stadio Ennio Tardini to qualify for the semi-finals. The following month, at home against Borussia Dortmund in the UEFA Champions League round of 16, he scored the winner in the 43rd minute of the first leg; he also started and found the net in the return match, helping Juve to a 3–0 win at the Westfalenstadion.


title: Álvaro Morata

text: On 7 April 2015, Morata was sent off for a foul on Alessandro Diamanti as Juventus defeated Fiorentina in the cup semi-final, thus missing the final. One week later, he won a penalty in the first leg of the Champions League quarter-final against Monaco, which was converted by Arturo Vidal in a 1–0 home win. In the first leg of the semi-final, against Real Madrid, he put the hosts ahead with a tap-in in the eighth minute, as the match ended in a 2–1 home victory, and he repeated the feat in the return match, on both occasions not celebrating scoring against his former club. On 6 June, in the final against Barcelona in Berlin, he scored the equaliser early in the second half of a 1–3 loss.


title: Álvaro Morata

text: In early August 2015, Morata was ruled out for a month due to a soleus muscle tear in his left calf during training, and was sidelined for the 2015 Supercoppa Italiana. In his second appearance after returning to action, on 15 September, he featured for 85 minutes and scored the winner in a 2–1 win at Manchester City in the UEFA Champions League group phase. On 30 September, he scored to help defeat Sevilla 2–0 at the Juventus Stadium, his fifth goal in as many appearances in the competition to equal Alessandro Del Piero's record. On 24 November, he was nominated for the UEFA Team of the Year.


title: Álvaro Morata

text: On 10 December 2015, Morata signed a contract extension until 2020. On 20 March 2016, in the Derby della Mole away to neighbours Torino, he came off the bench in the first half and scored twice in a 4–1 victory. On 21 May, he again came off the bench to score the winning goal in the 20th minute of extra time to win the Coppa Italia final 1–0 against A.C. Milan in Rome's Stadio Olimpico.


title: Álvaro Morata

text: On 21 June 2016, Real Madrid exercised their buy-back clause to re-sign Morata from Juventus for €30 million. His first competitive appearance was on 9 August, as he started in a 3–2 win over fellow Spaniards Sevilla in the 2016 UEFA Super Cup, being replaced by Benzema after 62 minutes. His first goal came in a 2–1 home win over Celta on 27 August.


title: Álvaro Morata

text: On 5 April 2017, Morata profited from manager Zinedine Zidane's rotations and scored three times in a 4–2 away win against Leganés to keep his team two points clear of Barcelona with a game in hand. In spite of spending the vast majority of the season as backup to Benzema, he scored 15 league goals as the club was crowned champions for the first time in five years. He added three goals in nine appearances in the UEFA Champions League, which Real Madrid won for the second successive year.


title: Álvaro Morata

text: On 19 July 2017, Chelsea announced that they had agreed terms with Real Madrid for the transfer of Morata, for a reported club-record fee of around £60 million. On 21 July, he successfully passed his medical and officially became a Chelsea player.


title: Álvaro Morata

text: Morata made his competitive debut in the 2017 FA Community Shield match against Arsenal, coming on as a substitute in the 74th minute as his team lost on penalties after drawing 1–1 in normal time, with Morata missing in the shoot-out. On 12 August 2017, he scored and provided an assist for David Luiz in his first appearance in the Premier League, a 2–3 defeat at home to Burnley – his goal was a header in the 69th minute of the game to cut the deficit to 3–1. On 23 September, he scored his first hat-trick for Chelsea in a 4–0 away win against Stoke City; this made him the 17th Chelsea player to score a hat-trick in the Premier League.


title: Álvaro Morata

text: On 5 November 2017, Morata scored in the 1–0 home defeat of Manchester United, coached by his former boss Mourinho. He took his league tally to ten goals on 26 December, helping Chelsea to a 2–0 win over Brighton & Hove Albion, also at Stamford Bridge.


title: Álvaro Morata

text: On 17 January 2018, Morata was sent off after picking up a booking for diving, then another seconds later for dissent, in a third round FA Cup replay win over Norwich City. He finished his first year with 15 goals in all competitions, and the Blues finished fifth in the league table.


title: Álvaro Morata

text: Morata opened his account for the following campaign on 18 August 2018, scoring the second goal in a 3–2 home victory against Arsenal. On 4 October, he scored the winner in a 1–0 win over MOL Vidi in the group stage of the UEFA Europa League. A month later, he scored twice to help beat Crystal Palace 3–1 in a league fixture at home.


title: Álvaro Morata

text: On 27 January 2019, Morata returned to Atlético Madrid after 12 years, joining the club on an 18-month loan deal. He made his league debut on 3 February, in a 0–1 away loss against Real Betis. He scored his first goal on 24 February, in a 2–0 home win over Villarreal.


title: Álvaro Morata

text: On 6 July 2019, Atlético Madrid confirmed the permanent signing of Morata from Chelsea and he would officially join the club on 1 July 2020, for a fee around £58 million.


title: Álvaro Morata

text: On 18 August 2019, Morata scored the only goal in Atlético Madrid's La Liga opener win against Getafe. On 1 October 2019, Morata marked his 300th professional game with an assist for the game's opening goal in a 2–0 away win against Russian side Lokomotiv Moscow. On 22 October, he scored his first Champions League goal for Atlético by heading home Renan Lodi's cross for the only goal of the game in a 1–0 win at home against German side Bayer Leverkusen. This also made him the first player to score for both Real Madrid and Atlético in the Champions League. On 11 March 2020, in the Champions League last 16 second leg away to defending champions Liverpool, Morata came on as a late substitute in extra time and scored the final goal of the game in a 3–2 away win, thus winning the tie 4–2 on aggregate, ensuring his team's qualification to the quarter-finals of the competition.


title: Álvaro Morata

text: Morata returned to Juventus on 22 September 2020, on a one-year loan worth €10 million, with an option for purchase at €45 million. Juventus also reserve the right to extend the loan for a further year for another €10 million; in this case, the option for purchase is worth €35 million. He made his first appearance for the club since his return on 27 September, in a 2–2 away draw against Roma in Serie A. He scored his first goal for the club since his return on 17 October, in a 1–1 away draw to Crotone. Morata scored a brace on 20 October, to help Juventus win 2–0 in the UEFA Champions League group stage match against Dynamo Kyiv away from home. On 28 October, he had three goals disallowed for offside against Barcelona in a Champions League group stage game, which Juventus lost 2–0 at home. On 20 January 2021, Morata won the Supercoppa Italiana, beating 2–0 Napoli in a match where he scored the second goal.


title: Álvaro Morata

text: In July 2022, Atlético Madrid confirmed that Morata will return to Madrid at the end of his loan spell at Juventus.


title: Álvaro Morata

text: Morata was selected to the Spain under-17 team for the 2009 U-17 World Cup in Nigeria, playing four matches and scoring two goals as Spain finished third. Subsequently, he represented the under-19s at the Japan International Tournament, helping Spain finish second behind the hosts.


title: Álvaro Morata

text: Morata was selected by Spain for the 2011 UEFA European Under-19 Championship in Romania, helping the national team win the tournament with six goals, the highest in the competition. He made his debut with the under-21s at the 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Championship in Israel, scoring the only goal in each of the first two group games against Russia and Germany, in the 82nd and 86th minutes respectively. He closed out a perfect group stage with his third goal, against the Netherlands in a 3–0 win. Spain won the tournament, and he finished as the competition's top scorer.


title: Álvaro Morata

text: On 7 November 2014, Morata was called up to manager Vicente del Bosque's senior squad for matches against Belarus and Germany. He made his debut against Belarus on the 15th, replacing Isco for the last ten minutes of a 3–0 win in Huelva for the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifiers. In the same competition, on 27 March 2015, he scored his first senior international goal, the only goal in a victory over Ukraine in Seville.


title: Álvaro Morata

text: Selected for the finals in France, Morata started and scored a brace in a 3–0 group win against Turkey in Nice. On 2 September 2017, coming off the bench in the 77th minute, he scored once to help the hosts defeat Italy 3–0 in the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers.


title: Álvaro Morata

text: On 21 May 2018, Morata was left out of Spain's 23-man squad for the World Cup finals, following what was described by "The Guardian" as "an indifferent season at Chelsea."


title: Álvaro Morata

text: On 24 May 2021, he was included in Luis Enrique's 24-man squad for UEFA Euro 2020. On 19 June, In Spain's second group match of the tournament against Poland, Morata scored the opening goal in an eventual 1–1 draw. Morata scored Spain's fourth goal of the Euro 2020 round of 16 in the 100th minute of the game against Croatia, resulting in a 5–3 victory on 28 June. In the semi-finals against Italy, he came off the bench to score an equalising goal, which sent the match to extra-time and eventually to a penalty-shootout. Spain was eliminated after losing the shootout by 4–2, in which his penalty was saved by Gianluigi Donnarumma. However, his goal against Italy was his sixth in the European Championship, allowing him to become Spain's top scorer in the competition, overtaking Fernando Torres' former record of five goals in the competition.


title: Álvaro Morata

text: In November 2022, he was named in the final squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar. During the group stage, he scored a goal each in all three matches against Costa Rica, Germany and Japan, eqauling the same record for Spain by Telmo Zarra in 1950.


title: Álvaro Morata

text: In his younger days, Morata was compared to Real Madrid and Spain's Fernando Morientes due to his playing style. During his first season at Juventus he stood out for his pace, energy, physicality and work-rate on the pitch, while his technique, opportunism, heading ability and positional sense saw him score several crucial goals.


title: Álvaro Morata

text: A versatile and well-rounded forward, Morata is capable of playing as a main striker or linking up play between the lines, and has also played out wide on the wing.


title: Álvaro Morata

text: Morata was born in Madrid. He is son to Susana Martín and Alfonso Morata. His father is heavily involved in transfer negotiations alongside Morata's agent, Juanma López.


title: Álvaro Morata

text: In March 2014, Morata shaved off all of his hair in solidarity with sick children, saying "kids with cancer wanted to have my haircut but they couldn't, so I gave myself theirs."


title: Álvaro Morata

text: On 10 December 2016, he got engaged to his Italian girlfriend Alice Campello, and on 17 June 2017, the pair were married in Venice. Their twin sons Alessandro and Leonardo were born on 29 July 2018, and the player changed his kit number at Chelsea from 9 to 29 to honour them. On 29 September 2020, the couple's third son Edoardo was born.


title: Phencyclidine

text: Phencyclidine or phenylcyclohexyl piperidine (PCP), also known as angel dust among other names, is a dissociative anesthetic mainly used recreationally for its significant mind-altering effects. PCP may cause hallucinations, distorted perceptions of sounds, and violent behavior. As a recreational drug, it is typically smoked, but may be taken by mouth, snorted, or injected. It may also be mixed with cannabis or tobacco.


title: Phencyclidine

text: Adverse effects may include seizures, coma, addiction, and an increased risk of suicide. Flashbacks may occur despite stopping usage. Chemically, PCP is a member of the arylcyclohexylamine class, and pharmacologically, it is a dissociative anesthetic. PCP works primarily as an NMDA receptor antagonist.


title: Phencyclidine

text: PCP is most commonly used in the United States. While usage peaked in the US in the 1970s, between 2005 and 2011 an increase in visits to emergency departments as a result of the drug occurred. As of 2017 in the United States, about 1% of people in Twelfth grade reported using PCP in the prior year while 2.9% of those over the age of 25 reported using it at some point in their lives.


title: Phencyclidine

text: Behavioral effects can vary by dosage. Low doses produce a numbness in the extremities and intoxication, characterized by staggering, unsteady gait, slurred speech, bloodshot eyes, and loss of balance. Moderate doses (5–10 mg intranasal, or 0.01–0.02 mg/kg intramuscular or intravenous) will produce analgesia and anesthesia. High doses may lead to convulsions. The drug is often illegally produced under poorly controlled conditions; this means that users may be unaware of the actual dose they are taking.


title: Phencyclidine

text: Psychological effects include severe changes in body image, loss of ego boundaries, paranoia, and depersonalization. Psychosis, agitation and dysphoria, hallucinations, blurred vision, euphoria, and suicidal impulses are also reported, as well as occasional aggressive behavior. Like many other drugs, PCP has been known to alter mood states in an unpredictable fashion, causing some individuals to become detached, and others to become animated. PCP may induce feelings of strength, power, and invulnerability as well as a numbing effect on the mind.


title: Phencyclidine

text: Studies by the Drug Abuse Warning Network in the 1970s show that media reports of PCP-induced violence are greatly exaggerated and that incidents of violence are unusual and often limited to individuals with reputations for aggression regardless of drug use. Although uncommon, events of PCP-intoxicated individuals acting in an unpredictable fashion, possibly driven by their delusions or hallucinations, have been publicized. Other commonly cited types of incidents include inflicting property damage and self-mutilation of various types, such as pulling one's own teeth. These effects were not noted in its medicinal use in the 1950s and 1960s, however, and reports of physical violence on PCP have often been shown to be unfounded.


title: Phencyclidine

text: Recreational doses of the drug also occasionally appear to induce a psychotic state, with emotional and cognitive impairment that resembles a schizophrenic episode. Users generally report feeling detached from reality.


title: Phencyclidine

text: Symptoms are summarized by the mnemonic device RED DANES: rage, erythema (redness of skin), dilated pupils, delusions, amnesia, nystagmus (oscillation of the eyeball when moving laterally), excitation, and skin dryness.


title: Phencyclidine

text: PCP is self-administered and induces ΔFosB expression in the D1-type medium spiny neurons of the nucleus accumbens, and accordingly, excessive PCP use is known to cause addiction. PCP's rewarding and reinforcing effects are at least partly mediated by blocking the NMDA receptors in the glutamatergic inputs to D1-type medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens. PCP has been shown to produce conditioned place aversion and conditioned place preference in animal studies.


title: Phencyclidine

text: A 2019 review found that the transition rate from a diagnosis of hallucinogen-induced psychosis (which included PCP) to that of schizophrenia was 26%. This was lower than cannabis-induced psychosis (34%) but higher than amphetamine (22%), opioid (12%), alcohol (10%) and sedative (9%) induced psychoses. In comparison, the transition rate to schizophrenia for "brief, atypical and not otherwise specified" psychosis was found to be 36%.


title: Phencyclidine

text: PCP comes in both powder and liquid forms (PCP base is dissolved most often in ether), but typically it is sprayed onto leafy material such as cannabis, mint, oregano, tobacco, parsley, or ginger leaves, then smoked.


title: Phencyclidine

text: Management of PCP intoxication mostly consists of supportive care – controlling breathing, circulation, and body temperature – and, in the early stages, treating psychiatric symptoms. Benzodiazepines, such as lorazepam, are the drugs of choice to control agitation and seizures (when present). Typical antipsychotics such as phenothiazines and haloperidol have been used to control psychotic symptoms, but may produce many undesirable side effects – such as dystonia – and their use is therefore no longer preferred; phenothiazines are particularly risky, as they may lower the seizure threshold, worsen hyperthermia, and boost the anticholinergic effects of PCP. If an antipsychotic is given, intramuscular haloperidol has been recommended.


title: Phencyclidine

text: Forced acid diuresis (with ammonium chloride or, more safely, ascorbic acid) may increase clearance of PCP from the body, and was somewhat controversially recommended in the past as a decontamination measure. However, it is now known that only around 10% of a dose of PCP is removed by the kidneys, which would make increased urinary clearance of little consequence; furthermore, urinary acidification is dangerous, as it may induce acidosis and worsen rhabdomyolysis (muscle breakdown), a not-unusual manifestation of PCP toxicity.


title: Phencyclidine

text: PCP is well known for its primary action on the NMDA receptor, an ionotropic glutamate receptor, in rats and in rat brain homogenate. As such, PCP is an NMDA receptor antagonist. The role of NMDAR antagonism in the effect of PCP, ketamine, and related dissociative agents was first published in the early 1980s by David Lodge and colleagues. Other NMDA receptor antagonists include ketamine, tiletamine, dextromethorphan, nitrous oxide, and dizocilpine (MK-801).


title: Phencyclidine

text: Research also indicates that PCP inhibits nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) among other mechanisms. Analogues of PCP exhibit varying potency at nACh receptors and NMDA receptors. Findings demonstrate that presynaptic nAChRs and NMDA receptor interactions influence postsynaptic maturation of glutamatergic synapses and consequently impact synaptic development and plasticity in the brain. These effects can lead to inhibition of excitatory glutamate activity in certain brain regions such as the hippocampus and cerebellum thus potentially leading to memory loss as one of the effects of prolonged use. Acute effects on the cerebellum manifest as changes in blood pressure, breathing rate, pulse rate, and loss of muscular coordination during intoxication.


title: Phencyclidine

text: PCP, like ketamine, also acts as a potent dopamine D receptor partial agonist in rat brain homogenate and has affinity for the human cloned D receptor. This activity may be associated with some of the other more psychotic features of PCP intoxication, which is evidenced by the successful use of D receptor antagonists (such as haloperidol) in the treatment of PCP psychosis.


title: Phencyclidine

text: In addition to its well explored interactions with NMDA receptors, PCP has also been shown to inhibit dopamine reuptake, and thereby leads to increased extracellular levels of dopamine and hence increased dopaminergic neurotransmission. However, PCP has little affinity for the human monoamine transporters, including the dopamine transporter (DAT). Instead, its inhibition of monoamine reuptake may be mediated by interactions with allosteric sites on the monoamine transporters. PCP is notably a high-affinity ligand of the PCP site 2 (K = 154 nM), a not-well-characterized site associated with monoamine reuptake inhibition.


title: Phencyclidine

text: Studies on rats indicate that PCP interacts indirectly with opioid receptors (endorphin and enkephalin) to produce analgesia.


title: Phencyclidine

text: A binding study assessed PCP at 56 sites including neurotransmitter receptors and transporters and found that PCP had K values of >10,000 nM at all sites except the dizocilpine (MK-801) site of the NMDA receptor (K = 59 nM), the σ receptor (PC12) (K = 136 nM), and the serotonin transporter (K = 2,234 nM). The study notably found K values of >10,000 nM for the D receptor, the opioid receptors, the σ receptor, and the dopamine and norepinephrine transporters. These results suggest that PCP is a highly selective ligand of the NMDAR and σ receptor. However, PCP may also interact with allosteric sites on the monoamine transporters to produce inhibition of monoamine reuptake.


title: Phencyclidine

text: Phencyclidine is an NMDA receptor antagonist that blocks the activity of the NMDA receptor to cause anaesthesia and analgesia without causing cardiorespiratory depression. NMDA is an excitatory receptor in the brain, when activated normally the receptor acts as an ion channel and there is an influx of positive ions through the channel to cause nerve cell depolarisation. Phencyclidine enters the ion channel and binds, reversibly and non-competitively, inside the channel pore to block the entry of positive ions to the cell, thereby inhibiting cell depolarisation.


title: Phencyclidine

text: Some studies found that, like other NMDA receptor antagonists, PCP can cause a kind of brain damage called Olney's lesions in rats. Studies conducted on rats showed that high doses of the NMDA receptor antagonist dizocilpine caused reversible vacuoles to form in certain regions of the rats' brains. All studies of Olney's lesions have only been performed on non-human animals and may not apply to humans. One unpublished study by Frank Sharp reportedly showed no damage by the NDMA antagonist ketamine, a structurally similar drug, far beyond recreational doses, but due to the study never having been published, its validity is controversial.


title: Phencyclidine

text: PCP has also been shown to cause schizophrenia-like changes in "N"-acetylaspartate and "N"-acetylaspartylglutamate levels in the rat brain, which are detectable both in living rats and upon necropsy examination of brain tissue. It also induces symptoms in humans that mimic schizophrenia. PCP not only produced symptoms similar to schizophrenia, it also yielded electroencephalogram changes in the thalamocortical pathway (increased delta decreased alpha) and in the hippocampus (increase theta bursts) that were similar to those in schizophrenia. PCP-induced augmentation of dopamine release may link the NMDA and dopamine hypotheses of schizophrenia.


title: Phencyclidine

text: PCP is metabolized into PCHP, PPC and PCAA. The drug is metabolized 90% by oxidative hydroxylation in the liver during the first pass. Metabolites are glucuronidated and excreted in the urine. Nine percent of ingested PCP is excreted in its unchanged form.


title: Phencyclidine

text: When smoked, some of the compound is broken down by heat into 1-phenylcyclohexene (PC) and piperidine.


title: Phencyclidine

text: The time taken before the effects of PCP manifest is dependent on the route of administration. The onset of action for inhalation occurs in 2–5 minutes, whereas the effects may take 15 to 60 minutes when ingested orally.


title: Phencyclidine

text: Fewer than 30 different analogs of PCP were reported as being used on the street during the 1970s and 1980s, mainly in the United States. Only of a few of these compounds were widely used including rolicyclidine (PCPy), eticyclidine (PCE), and tenocyclidine (TCP). Less common analogs include 3-HO-PCP, 3-MeO-PCMo, and 3-MeO-PCP.


title: Phencyclidine

text: The generalized structural motif required for PCP-like activity is derived from structure-activity relationship studies of PCP derivatives. All of these derivatives are likely to share some of their psychoactive effects with PCP itself, although a range of potencies and varying mixtures of anesthetic, dissociative, and stimulant effects are known, depending on the particular drug and its substituents. In some countries such as the United States, Australia, and New Zealand, all of these compounds would be considered controlled substance analogs of PCP under the Federal Analog Act and are hence illegal drugs if sold for human consumption.


title: Phencyclidine

text: PCP was initially made in 1956 and brought to market as an anesthetic medication. Its use in humans was disallowed in the United States in 1965 due to the high rates of side effects, while its use in animals was disallowed in 1978. Moreover, ketamine was discovered and was better tolerated as an anesthetic. PCP is classified as a schedule II drug in the United States. A number of derivatives of PCP have been sold for recreational and non-medical use.


title: Phencyclidine

text: PCP is a Schedule II substance in the United States and its ACSCN is 7471. Its manufacturing quota for 2014 was 19 grams.


title: Phencyclidine

text: It is a Schedule I drug by the Controlled Drugs and Substances act in Canada, a List I drug of the Opium Law in the Netherlands, and a Class A substance in the United Kingdom.


title: Phencyclidine

text: PCP began to emerge as a recreational drug in major cities in the United States in 1960s. In 1978, "People" magazine and Mike Wallace of "60 Minutes" called PCP the country's "number one" drug problem. Although recreational use of the drug had always been relatively low, it began declining significantly in the 1980s. In surveys, the number of high school students admitting to trying PCP at least once fell from 13% in 1979 to less than 3% in 1990.


title: Straw man

text: A straw man (sometimes written as strawman) is a form of argument and an informal fallacy of having the impression of refuting an argument, whereas the real subject of the argument was not addressed or refuted, but instead replaced with a false one. One who engages in this fallacy is said to be "attacking a straw man".


title: Straw man

text: The typical straw man argument creates the illusion of having refuted or defeated an opponent's proposition through the covert replacement of it with a different proposition (i.e., "stand up a straw man") and the subsequent refutation of that false argument ("knock down a straw man") instead of the opponent's proposition. Straw man arguments have been used throughout history in polemical debate, particularly regarding highly charged emotional subjects.


title: Straw man

text: Straw man tactics in the United Kingdom may also be known as an Aunt Sally, after a pub game of the same name, where patrons throw sticks or battens at a post to knock off a skittle balanced on top.


title: Straw man

text: This reasoning is a fallacy of relevance: it fails to address the proposition in question by misrepresenting the opposing position.


title: Straw man

text: In 2006, Robert Talisse and Scott Aikin expanded the application and use of the straw man fallacy beyond that of previous rhetorical scholars, arguing that the straw man fallacy can take two forms: the original form that misrepresents the opponent's position, which they call the "representative form"; and a new form they call the "selection form".


title: Straw man

text: The selection form focuses on a partial and weaker (and easier to refute) representation of the opponent's position. Then the easier refutation of this weaker position is claimed to refute the opponent's complete position. They point out the similarity of the selection form to the fallacy of hasty generalization, in which the refutation of an opposing position that is weaker than the opponent's is claimed as a refutation of all opposing arguments. Because they have found significantly increased use of the selection form in modern political argumentation, they view its identification as an important new tool for the improvement of public discourse.


title: Straw man

text: Aikin and Casey expanded on this model in 2010, introducing a third form. Referring to the "representative form" as the classic "straw man", and the "selection form" as the "weak man", the third form is called the "hollow man". A hollow man argument is one that is a complete fabrication, where both the viewpoint and the opponent expressing it do not in fact exist, or at the very least the arguer has never encountered them. Such arguments frequently take the form of vague phrasing such as "some say," "someone out there thinks" or similar weasel words, or it might attribute a non-existent argument to a broad movement in general, rather than an individual or organization.


title: Straw man

text: A variation on the selection form, or "weak man" argument, that combines with an ad hominem and fallacy of composition is "nut picking", a neologism coined by Kevin Drum. A combination of "nut" (i.e., insane person) and "cherry picking", as well as a play on the word "nitpicking," nut picking refers to intentionally seeking out extremely fringe, non-representative statements from or members of an opposing group and parading these as evidence of that entire group's incompetence or irrationality.


title: Straw man

text: Bob attacked the non-existing argument: . Because such an argument is obviously false, Alice might start believing that she is wrong because what Bob said was clearly true. Her real argument, however, was not disproved, because she did not say anything about the temperature.


title: Straw man

text: The original proposal was to relax laws on beer. Person B has misconstrued/misrepresented this proposal by responding to it as if it had been "unrestricted access to intoxicants". It is a logical fallacy because Person A never advocated allowing said unrestricted access to intoxicants (this is also a slippery slope argument).


title: Straw man

text: In a 1977 appeal of a U.S. bank robbery conviction, a prosecuting attorney said in his oral argument:


title: Straw man

text: This was a straw man designed to alarm the appellate judges; the chance that the precedent set by one case would literally make it impossible to convict "any" bank robbers is remote.


title: Straw man

text: An example often given of a straw man is US President Richard Nixon's 1952 "Checkers speech". When campaigning for vice president in 1952, Nixon was accused of having illegally appropriated $18,000 in campaign funds for his personal use. In a televised response, based on an earlier Franklin D. Roosevelt's Fala speech, he spoke about another gift, a dog he had been given by a supporter:


title: Straw man

text: This was a straw man response; his critics had never criticized the dog as a gift or suggested he return it. This argument was successful at distracting many people from the funds and portraying his critics as nitpicking and heartless. Nixon received an outpouring of public support and remained on the ticket. He and Eisenhower were later elected.


title: Straw man

text: Christopher Tindale presents, as an example, the following passage from a draft of a bill (HCR 74) considered by the Louisiana State Legislature in 2001:


title: Straw man

text: Tindale comments that "the portrait painted of Darwinian ideology is a caricature, one not borne out by any objective survey of the works cited." The fact that similar misrepresentations of Darwinian thinking have been used to justify and approve racist practices is besides the point: the position that the legislation is attacking and dismissing is a straw man. In subsequent debate, this error was recognized, and the eventual bill omitted all mention of Darwin and Darwinist ideology. Darwin passionately opposed slavery and worked to intellectually confront the notions of "scientific racism" that were used to justify it.


title: Straw man

text: Perhaps the earliest known use of the phrase was by Martin Luther in his book "On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church" (1520), where he is responding to arguments of the Roman Catholic Church and clergy attempting to delegitimize his criticisms, specifically on the correct way to serve the Eucharist. The church claimed Martin Luther is arguing against serving the Eucharist according to one type of serving practice; Martin Luther states he never asserted that in his criticisms towards them and in fact they themselves are making this argument. Their persistence in making this false argument causes him to coin the phrase in this statement: "they assert the very things they assail, or they set up a man of straw whom they may attack."


title: Straw man

text: Rev. William Harrison. A Description of England 1577 complained that when men had lived in houses of willow they were men of oak, and that now they lived in houses of oak they were men of willow and "a great manie altogither of straw".


title: Straw man

text: As a fallacy, the identification and name of straw man arguments are of relatively recent date, although Aristotle makes remarks that suggest a similar concern; Douglas N. Walton identified "the first inclusion of it we can find in a textbook as an informal fallacy" in Stuart Chase's "Guides to Straight Thinking" from 1956 (p. 40). By contrast, Hamblin's classic text "Fallacies" (1970) neither mentions it as a distinct type, nor even as a historical term.


title: Straw man

text: The term's origins are a matter of debate, though the usage of the term in rhetoric suggests a human figure made of straw that is easy to knock down or destroy—such as a military training dummy, scarecrow, or effigy. A common but false etymology is that it refers to men who stood outside courthouses with a straw in their shoe to signal their willingness to be a false witness. The "Online Etymology Dictionary" states that the term “man of straw” can be traced back to 1620 as “an easily refuted imaginary opponent in an argument.”


title: Straw man

text: A "steel man argument" (or "steelmanning") is the opposite of a straw man argument. Steelmanning is the practice of addressing the strongest form of "the other person's argument [(the steel man argument)], even if it's not the one they presented". Creating the strongest form of the opponent's argument may involve removing flawed assumptions that could be easily refuted or developing the strongest points which counter one's own position, as "we know our belief's real weak points". Developing counters to these strongest arguments an opponent might bring results in producing an even stronger argument for one's own position. It has been advocated as a more productive strategy in political dialog that promotes real understanding and compromise instead of fueling partisanship by discussing only the weakest arguments of the opposition. Others, however, have argued against steelmanning because it still changes the argument given and can result in strawmanning. As a result, the steelman argument might be met with "Hey, I didn't mean that". Others have pointed toward the frequency with which people misinterpret the beliefs of others and how said misinterpretations are condescending. Karnofsky noted that he dislikes engaging with steelman arguments as they "rarely resemble his actual views".


title: Voynich manuscript

text: The Voynich manuscript is an illustrated codex hand-written in an otherwise unknown writing system, referred to as 'Voynichese'. The vellum on which it is written has been carbon-dated to the early 15th century (1404–1438), and stylistic analysis indicates it may have been composed in Italy during the Italian Renaissance. The origins, authorship, and purpose of the manuscript are debated. Various hypotheses have been suggested, including that it is an otherwise unrecorded script for a natural language or constructed language; an unread code, cypher, or other form of cryptography; or simply a meaningless hoax.