title: Vladivostok

text: Over fifty newspapers and regional editions to Moscow publications are issued in Vladivostok. The largest newspaper of the Primorsky Krai and the whole Russian Far East is "Vladivostok News" with a circulation of 124,000 copies at the beginning of 1996. Its founder, joint-stock company Vladivostok-News, also issues a weekly English-language newspaper Vladivostok News. The subjects of the publications issued in these newspapers vary from information about Vladivostok and Primorye to major international events. Newspaper "Zolotoy Rog" ("Golden Horn") gives every detail of economic news. Entertainment materials and cultural news constitute a larger part of Novosti (News) newspaper which is the most popular among Primorye's young people. Also, new online mass media about the Russian Far East for foreigners is the Far East Times. This source invites readers to take part in the informational support of R.F.E. for visitors, travellers and businessmen.


title: Vladivostok

text: Vladivostok operates many online news agencies, such as NewsVL.ru, Primamedia, Primorye24 and Vesti-Primorye. From 2012 to 2017 there operates youth online magazine Vladivostok-3000.


title: Vladivostok

text: As of 2020, there operate nineteen radio stations, including three 24-hour local stations. Radio VBC (FM 101,7 MHz, since 1993) broadcasts classic and modern rock music, oldies and music of the 1980s–1990s. Radio Lemma (FM 102,7 MHz, since 1996) broadcasts news, radio shows and various Russian and European-American songs. Vladivostok FM (FM 106,4 MHz, was launched in 2008) broadcasts local news and popular music (Top 40). The State broadcasting company "Vladivostok" broadcasts local news and music programs from 7 to 9, from 12 to 14 and from 18 to 19 on weekdays on the frequency of Radio Rossii (Radio of Russia).


title: Vladivostok

text: Maxim Gorky Academic Theater, named after the Russian author Maxim Gorky, was founded in 1931 and is used for drama, musical and children's theater performances.


title: Vladivostok

text: There are five professional theaters in the city. In 2014, they were visited by 369,800 spectators. The Primorsky Regional Academic Drama Theater named after Maxim Gorky is the oldest state theater in Vladivostok, opened on 3 November 1932. The theater employs 202 people: 41 actors (of them, three folk and nine honored artists of Russia).


title: Vladivostok

text: The Primorsky Pushkin Theater was built in 1907–1908, and is currently one of the main cultural centers of the city. In the 1930s–40s, the following still operating ones were successively opened: the Drama Theater of the Pacific Fleet, the Primorsky Regional Puppet Theater, and the Primorsky Regional Drama Theater of Youth. The regional puppet theater gave 484 performances in 2015, which were attended by more than 52,000 spectators. There are 500 puppets in the theater, where 15 artists work. The troupe regularly goes on tour to Europe and Asia.


title: Vladivostok

text: In September 2012, a granite statue of the actor Yul Brynner (1920–1985) was inaugurated in Yul Brynner Park, directly in front of the house where he was born at 15 Aleutskaya St.


title: Vladivostok

text: Russian rock band Mumiy Troll hails from Vladivostok and frequently puts on shows there. In addition, the city hosted the "VladiROCKstok" International Music Festival in September 1996. Hosted by the mayor and governor, and organized by two young American expatriates, the festival drew nearly 10,000 people and top-tier musical acts from St. Petersburg (Akvarium and DDT) and Seattle (Supersuckers, Goodness), as well as several leading local bands.


title: Vladivostok

text: Nowadays there is another annual music festival in Vladivostok, Vladivostok Rocks International Music Festival and Conference (V-ROX). Vladivostok Rocks is a three-day open-air city festival and international conference for the music industry and contemporary cultural management. It offers the opportunity for aspiring artists and producers to gain exposure to new audiences and leading international professionals.


title: Vladivostok

text: Musical theater in Vladivostok is represented by the Primorsky Regional Philharmonic Society, the largest concert organization in Primorsky Krai. The Philharmonic has organized the Pacific Symphony Orchestra and the Governor's Brass Orchestra. In 2013, the Primorsky Opera and Ballet Theater was opened. On January 1, 2016, it was transformed into a branch of the Mariinsky Theater. The Russian Opera House houses the State Primorsky Opera and Ballet Theater.


title: Vladivostok

text: The Vladimir K. Arseniev Museum of Far East History, opened in 1890, is the main museum of Primorsky Krai. Besides the main facility, it has three branches in Vladivostok itself (including Arsenyev's Memorial House), and five branches elsewhere in the state. Among the items in the museum's collection are the famous 15th-century Yongning Temple Steles from the lower Amur.


title: Vladivostok

text: The active development of art museums in Vladivostok began in the 1950s. In 1960, the House of Artists was built, in which there were exhibition halls. In 1965, the Primorsky State Art Gallery was separated into a separate institution, and later, on the basis of its collection, the Children's Art Gallery was created. In Soviet times, one of the largest areas for exhibitions in Vladivostok was the exhibition hall of the Primorsky branch of the Union of Artists of Soviet Russia. In 1989 the gallery of contemporary art "Artetage" was opened.


title: Vladivostok

text: In 1995, the Arka gallery of contemporary art was opened, the first exposition of which consisted of 100 paintings donated by the collector Alexander Glezer. The gallery participates in international exhibitions and fairs. In 2005, a non-commercial private gallery "Roytau" appeared. In recent years, the centers of contemporary art "Salt" (created on the basis of the FEFU art museum) and "Zarya", have been active.


title: Vladivostok

text: In 2014, 21 movie theaters operated in Vladivostok, and the total number of film screenings was 1,501,000.


title: Vladivostok

text: Most of the city's movie theaters – Ocean, Galaktika, Moscow (formerly called New Wave movie theater), Neptune 3D (formerly called Neptune and Borodino), Illusion, Vladivostok – are renovated movie theaters s built in the Soviet years. Among them stands out "Ocean" with the largest (22 by 10 meters) screen in the Far East of the country, located in the city's downtown in the area of Sports Harbor. Together with the "Ussuri" movie theater, it is the venue for the annual international film festival "Pacific Meridians" (since 2002). Since December 2014 the IMAX 3D hall has been operating in the Ocean movie theater.


title: Vladivostok

text: Parks and squares in Vladivostok include Pokrovskiy Park, Minnyy Gorodok, Detskiy Razvlekatelnyy Park, Park of Sergeya Lazo, Admiralskiy Skver, Skver im. Neveskogo, Nagornyy Park, Skver im. Sukhanova, Fantaziya Park, Skver Rybatskoy Slavy, Skver im. A.I.Shchetininoy.


title: Vladivostok

text: Pokrovskiy Park was once a cemetery. Converted into a park in 1934 but was closed in 1990. Since 1990 the land the park sits on belongs to the Russian Orthodox Church. During the rebuilding of the Orthodox Church, graves were found.


title: Vladivostok

text: Minny Gorodok is a public park. Minny Gorodok means "Mine Borough Park" in English. The park is a former military base that was founded in 1880. The military base was used for storing mines in underground storage. Converted into a park in 1985, Minny Gorodok contains several lakes, ponds, and an ice-skating rink.


title: Vladivostok

text: Detsky Razvlekatelny Park is a children's amusement park located near Downtown Vladivostok. The park contains a carousel, gaming machines, a Ferris wheel, cafés, an aquarium, movie theater and a stadium.


title: Vladivostok

text: Admiralsky Skver is a landmark located near Downtown Vladivostok. The Square is an open space, dominated by the Triumfalnaya Arka. South of the square sits a museum of Soviet submarine S-56.


title: Vladivostok

text: Vladivostok is home to the soccer club FC Luch-Energiya Vladivostok, which plays in the Russian First Division, ice hockey club Admiral Vladivostok from the Kontinental Hockey League's Chernyshev Division, and basketball club Spartak Primorye, of the Russian Basketball Super League. It is also home to the Vostok Vladivostok motorcycle speedway club.


title: Vladivostok

text: Vladivostok annually hosts various contests. In 2022, the 35th Regatta boat for the Goblet of Peter the Great and the 19th Russian Championship of Conrad-25R yachts were held.


title: Vladivostok

text: Local ecologists from the "Ecocenter" organization have claimed that much of Vladivostok's suburbs are polluted and that living in them can be classified as a health hazard. The pollution has a number of causes, according to "Ecocenter" geochemical expert Sergey Shlykov. Vladivostok has about eighty industrial sites, which may not be many compared to Russia's most industrialized areas, but those around the city are particularly environmentally unfriendly, such as shipbuilding and repairing, power stations, printing, fur farming, and mining.


title: Vladivostok

text: In addition, Vladivostok has particularly vulnerable geography which compounds the effect of pollution. Winds cannot clear pollution from some of the most densely populated areas around the Pervaya and Vtoraya Rechka as they sit in basins which the winds blow over. In addition, there is little snow in winter and no leaves or grass to catch the dust to make it settle down.


title: Vladivostok

text: In 2010, arches with the names of each of Vladivostok's twin towns were placed in a park within the city.


title: Vladivostok

text: From Vladivostok ferry port next to the train station, a ferry of the DBS Cruise Ferry travels regularly to Donghae, South Korea and from there to Sakaiminato on the Japanese main island of Honshu.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: Gilligan's Island is an American sitcom created and produced by Sherwood Schwartz. The show's ensemble cast features Bob Denver, Alan Hale Jr., Jim Backus, Natalie Schafer, Tina Louise, Russell Johnson and Dawn Wells. It aired for three seasons on the CBS network from September 26, 1964, to April 17, 1967. The series follows the comic adventures of seven castaways as they try to survive on an island where they are shipwrecked. Most episodes revolve around the dissimilar castaways' conflicts and their unsuccessful attempts to escape their plight, with Gilligan usually being responsible for the failures.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: "Gilligan's Island" ran for 98 episodes. All 36 episodes of the first season were filmed in black and white and were later colorized for syndication. The show's second and third seasons (62 episodes) and the three television film sequels (aired between 1978 and 1982) were filmed in color.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: The show received solid ratings during its original run, then grew in popularity during decades of syndication, especially in the 1970s and 1980s when many markets ran the show in the late afternoon. Today, the title character of Gilligan is recognized as an American cultural icon.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: The two-man crew of the charter boat SS "Minnow" and five passengers on a "three-hour tour" from Honolulu run into a typhoon and are shipwrecked on an uncharted island somewhere in the Pacific Ocean. (The exact location is said to be in conflicting longitudes/latitudes in three episodes.) Their efforts to be rescued are typically thwarted by the inadvertent conduct of the hapless first mate, Gilligan. In 1997, show creator Sherwood Schwartz explained that the underlying concept, people with different characters and backgrounds being in a situation where they need to learn how to get along and cooperate with each other to survive, is still "the most important idea in the world today".


title: Gilligan's Island

text: The pilot episode, "Marooned", was filmed in November 1963. The pilot featured seven characters (as in the series), but only four of the characters—and their associated actors—were carried forward into the series: Gilligan (Denver), the Skipper (Hale) and the Howells (Backus and Schafer).


title: Gilligan's Island

text: Because of the three significant character and casting changes between the pilot episode and the first series episode, the pilot was not shown before the series first aired on September 26, 1964. The original pilot eventually aired over 29 years later on TBS.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: The three characters who did not carry forward from the pilot were two secretaries and a high school teacher. In the pilot, the scientifically inclined Professor was instead a high school teacher played by John Gabriel. Ginger the movie star was still red-haired Ginger, but she worked as a secretary and was played by Kit Smythe. She was more sarcastic than the later incarnation. Mary Ann the Kansas farm girl was instead Bunny, Ginger's co-worker, played as a cheerful "dumb blonde" by Nancy McCarthy.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: The pilot's opening and ending songs were two similar calypso-styled tracks written by John Williams and performed by Sherwood Schwartz impersonating singer Sir Lancelot. The lyrics of both differ from those of the TV series and the pilot's opening theme song was longer. The short scenes during this initial music include Gilligan taking the Howells' luggage to the boat before cast-off and Gilligan trying to give a cup of coffee to the Skipper during the storm that would ultimately maroon the boat.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: After the opening theme song and credits end, the pilot proper begins with the seven castaways waking up on the beached SS "Minnow". It continues with them performing various tasks, including exploring the island, trying to fix the transmitter, building huts and finding food. Contrary to some descriptions, the pilot's storylines contained no detailed accounts of the pilot characters' backgrounds. The pilot concludes with the ending theme song and credits. The background music and even the laugh tracks of the pilot appear all but identical to those used during the series.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: The first episode actually broadcast, "Two on a Raft", is sometimes incorrectly referred to as the series pilot. This episode begins with the same scene of Gilligan and the Skipper awakening on the boat as in the pilot (though slightly differently cut, to eliminate most shots of the departed actors) and continues with the characters sitting on the beach listening to a radio news report about their disappearance. No equivalent scene or background information is in the pilot, except for the description of the passengers in the original theme song. Rather than reshooting the rest of the pilot story for broadcast, the show just proceeded. The plot thus skips over the topics of the pilot; the bulk of the episode tells of Gilligan and the Skipper setting off on a raft to try to bring help but unknowingly landing back on the other side of the same island.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: The scene with the radio report is one of two scenes that reveal the names of the Skipper (Jonas Grumby) and the Professor (Roy Hinkley); the names are used in a similar radio report early in the series. The name Jonas Grumby appears nowhere else in the series except for an episode in which the Maritime Board of Review blames the Skipper for the loss of the "Minnow". The name Roy Hinkley is used one other time when Mr. Howell introduces the Professor as Roy Huntley and the Professor corrects him, to which Mr. Howell replies, "Brinkley, Brinkley."


title: Gilligan's Island

text: The plot for the pilot episode was recycled into that season's Christmas episode, "Birds Gotta Fly, Fish Gotta Talk", in which the story of the pilot episode, concerning the practical problems on landing, is related through a series of flashbacks. Footage featuring characters that had been recast was reshot using the current actors. For scenes including only Denver, Hale, Backus and Schafer, the original footage was reused.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: The last episode of the show, "Gilligan the Goddess", aired on April 17, 1967 and ended just like the rest, with the castaways still stranded on the island. It was not known at the time that it would be the series finale, as a fourth season was expected but then canceled.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: The shipwrecked castaways want to leave the island and various opportunities present themselves but fail due to some bumbling error committed by Gilligan. Sometimes this results in Gilligan saving the others from some unforeseen flaw in their plan.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: Most of the slapstick comedic sequences between Hale and Denver were inspired by Laurel and Hardy, particularly when Hale breaks the fourth wall by looking directly into the camera expressing his frustration with Denver's clumsiness as Oliver Hardy often did.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: The show was filmed at the CBS Radford Studios complex in Studio City, Los Angeles. The same stage was later used for "The Mary Tyler Moore Show" and "Roseanne", the latter of which featured a daydream parodying "Gilligan's Island" in one episode. The lagoon was drained and used as a parking lot during the show's off-season and was the last surviving element of the show when it was demolished in 1997 as part of an expansion project.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: Four boats were used as the SS "Minnow". One was used in the opening credits and rented in Ala Wai Yacht Harbor in Honolulu. Another, the "Bluejacket", was used in the opening credits shown during the second and third seasons and eventually turned up for sale on Vancouver Island in August 2006, after running aground on a reef in the Hecate Strait on the way south from Alaska. One boat was used for beach scenes after being towed to Kauai in Hawaii. The fourth "Minnow" was built on the CBS Studios set in the second season. The "Minnow" was named in reference to Newton Minow, chairman of the U.S. FCC, in response to Minow's landmark 1961 speech "Television and the Public Interest"; the speech lambasted television producers for producing, among other things, "formula comedies about totally unbelievable" characters and creating a "vast wasteland" of bad television.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: The final day of filming the pilot was Friday, November 22, 1963, the day of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. The cast and crew learned of the assassination late that morning, Hawaii time. Between the filming of scenes, they crowded around a radio listening to news bulletins. A reminder of the tragedy appears in the opening sequence of the show's first season, when the theme song is played. As the "Minnow" is leaving the harbor and heading out to sea, an American flag flying at half staff can be seen in the background.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: The United States Coast Guard occasionally received telegrams and letters from concerned citizens, who apparently did not realize it was a scripted show, pleading for them to rescue the people on the deserted island. The Coast Guard forwarded these to producer Sherwood Schwartz. In homage to those telegrams, the film "Rescue from Gilligan's Island" showed the successful rescue where Gilligan lights a fire aboard the castaways' makeshift raft and is chastised for a thoughtless, dangerous action by the others. However, the resultant smoke attracts the attention of a US Coast Guard helicopter, whose pilot commends Gilligan's fire; otherwise, the castaways would have been adrift and unnoticed.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: Bob Denver was not the first choice to play Gilligan; actor Jerry Van Dyke was offered the role, but he turned it down, believing that the show would never be successful. He chose instead to play the lead in "My Mother the Car", which premiered the following year and is frequently cited as one of the worst television shows of all time; it was canceled after one season. The producers looked to Bob Denver, the actor who had played Maynard G. Krebs, the beatnik in "The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis".


title: Gilligan's Island

text: Natalie Schafer had it written into her contract that no close-ups would be made of her, but after a while in the series it was forgotten. Schafer was 63 when the pilot was shot, although reportedly no one on the set or in the cast knew her real age and she refused to divulge it. Originally, she only accepted the role because the pilot was filmed on location in Hawaii. She looked at the job as nothing more than a free vacation, as she was convinced that a show this silly would "never go".


title: Gilligan's Island

text: Tina Louise clashed with producer Sherwood Schwartz because she initially believed that she was hired as the central character. The character of Ginger was originally written as a hard-nosed, sharp-tongued temptress, but Louise argued that this portrayal was too harsh and refused to play her as written. A compromise was reached; Louise agreed to play Ginger as a Marilyn Monroe/Jayne Mansfield type. Her temperament reportedly made her difficult to work with, but when it came time to shoot, she was always professional. Louise continued to disagree with producers over her role and was the only cast member who refused to appear in any of the three post-series TV movies, saying that the role had killed her career as a serious actress. After many years of distancing herself from the show, she appeared in a reunion of the cast on a late-night television talk show in 1988 and on an episode of "Roseanne" in 1995 when the "Roseanne" cast re-enacted "Gilligan's Island". In the pilot episode, the character of Ginger was played by actress Kit Smythe.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: John Gabriel was originally cast as the academic character, a high school teacher. After testing, the network didn't believe the character scored well with the audience. Auditions were held for the revised role of the Professor, which included Dabney Coleman, but was ultimately won by Russell Johnson. Prior to his acting career, Johnson had served as a bombardier in 44 combat missions over the Pacific during World War II. On March 4, 1945, the B-25 he was flying as the navigator was shot down, killing the copilot and breaking both of Johnson's ankles. At the time of his audition he was working in film and not very interested in a television show unless it was going to be his own. His film career had been going well, tallying several science fiction and western film credits, including a role opposite Ronald Reagan in the 1953 film "Law and Order". In addition to film, Johnson had landed roles on multiple popular television series such as "The Adventures of Superman", "The Twilight Zone" and "The Outer Limits". With six other leads, his agent had to talk him into going to the audition, but after meeting Sherwood Schwartz, he started to warm up to the idea of playing the Professor. In discussing his role, he laughingly said he was unsure what was more difficult, remembering the Professor's technically oriented lines, or looking up what they meant.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: Dawn Wells was a former Miss Nevada when she auditioned for the Mary Ann role. Her competition included Raquel Welch and Pat Priest. The pilot episode featured a different character ("Bunny") played by actress Nancy McCarthy. After it was shot, the network decided to recast the roles of the Professor and the two young women. Mary Ann became a simple farm girl from Winfield, Kansas.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: The music and lyrics for the theme song, "The Ballad of Gilligan's Isle", were written by Sherwood Schwartz and George Wyle. One version was used for the first season and another for the second and third seasons. In the original song, the Professor and Mary Ann, originally considered "second-billed co-stars", were referred to as "the rest", but with the growing popularity of those characters, their names were inserted into the lyrics in the second season. The "Gilligan" theme song underwent this one major change because star Bob Denver personally asked studio executives to add Johnson and Wells to the song. When the studio at first refused, saying it would be too expensive to reshoot, Denver insisted, even going so far as to state that if Johnson and Wells were not included, he wanted his name out of the song as well. The studio caved in and "the Professor and Mary Ann" were added. The theme song in the original pilot did not even mention the character Ginger, with the last two mentioned by name being "the Millionaire and Mrs. Millionaire" followed by "...and the other tourists".


title: Gilligan's Island

text: The first-season version was recorded by the folk group The Wellingtons. The second-season version, which incorporated more of a sea shanty sound, was uncredited, but according to Russell Johnson in his book "Here on Gilligan's Isle", it was performed by a group called the Eligibles.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: The show's original pilot episode featured a calypso theme song by future film composer John Williams and different lyrics. The original length of the voyage was "a six-hour ride", not "a three-hour tour". John Williams (or Johnny Williams as he was often listed in the show credits) also started out as the composer of the incidental music for the show (from 1964 to 1965), but was replaced by Gerald Fried for the remaining seasons (1965–1967).


title: Gilligan's Island

text: The band Little Roger and the Goosebumps recorded "Stairway to Gilligan's Island," a parody of Led Zeppelin's "Stairway to Heaven", substituting the words to the "Gilligan's Island" theme song. In 1987, The Iceman parodied Madonna's "La Isla Bonita" as "La Isla Gilligan." "Weird Al" Yankovic recorded a song called "Isle Thing", a parody of Tone Lōc's "Wild Thing", about a rapper whose girlfriend introduces him to the show. Yankovic also mentions the show in his song "Stop Draggin' My Car Around" and he used one verse from the closing theme lyrics in "Amish Paradise" (1996), a parody of Coolio's "Gangsta's Paradise" (1995). The song has also been covered by many bands, including Bowling for Soup for the TBS show "The Real Gilligan's Island". Israel Kamakawiwoole also recorded a comic tribute to the theme song on his album E Ala E. The TV series ALF had a 2-part episode "Somewhere Over the Rerun"/"The Ballad of Gilligan's Island" in which ALF dreams he's on Gilligan's Island; guest stars Bob Denver, Alan Hale, Dawn Wells and Russell Johnson reprise their "Gilligan's Island" roles. The chorus to rap group Big Tymers' Still Fly is said to be an interpolation of the section of the theme-song referring to the cast members.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: During the 1966–1967 television season, "Gilligan's Island" aired on Mondays at 7:30 p.m. Eastern time. Though the sitcom's ratings had fallen well out of the top-30 programs, during the last few weeks of its third season, the series was still winning its timeslot against its main competition, "The Monkees", which aired at the same time on NBC-TV. Therefore, CBS assured Sherwood Schwartz that "Gilligan's Island" would definitely be picked up for a fourth year.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: CBS, however, had signaled its intention to cancel the long-running Western series "Gunsmoke", which had been airing late on Saturday nights during the 1966–1967 television season. Under pressure from CBS network president William S. Paley and his wife Babe, along with many network affiliates and longtime fans of "Gunsmoke", CBS rescheduled the Western to an earlier time slot on Mondays at 7:30 p.m. eastern time. As a result, "Gilligan's Island" was quietly canceled at practically the last minute, while the cast members were all on vacation. Some of the cast had bought houses near the set, based on Sherwood Schwartz's verbal confirmation that the series would be renewed for a fourth season.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: Three television film sequels were made—the first independently, the other two by MCA/Universal Television.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: In a 1978 television film, "Rescue from Gilligan's Island", the castaways successfully leave the island but have difficulty reintegrating into society. During a reunion cruise on the first Christmas after their rescue, fate intervenes and they find themselves wrecked on the same island at the end of the film. It starred the original cast, except for Tina Louise, who refused to participate because of her disputes with the producers and who was replaced by Judith Baldwin. The plot involved Soviet agents seeking a memory disc from a spy satellite that landed on the island and facilitated their rescue.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: In a 1979 sequel, "The Castaways on Gilligan's Island", they are rescued once again and the Howells convert the island into a getaway resort with the other five castaways as "silent partners". Ginger was again played by Judith Baldwin.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: In a second sequel, "The Harlem Globetrotters on Gilligan's Island" (1981), villains played by Martin Landau and then-wife Barbara Bain try to take over the island to gain access to a vein of "supremium", a valuable but volatile fictional element. This time, Ginger was played by Constance Forslund. They are thwarted by the timely intervention of the Harlem Globetrotters. Jim Backus, who was in poor health at the time, was written out of the script by saying Thurston Howell III was tending to Howell Industries back on the mainland. David Ruprecht played the role of his son, Thurston Howell IV, who was asked to manage the resort. However, Backus insisted on keeping continuity and made a cameo appearance at the end of the film.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: In 2008, Sherwood Schwartz stated he would like a modern-day movie adaptation of "Gilligan's Island" with Michael Cera as Gilligan and Beyonce Knowles as Ginger.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: "The New Adventures of Gilligan" is a Filmation-produced animated remake that aired on ABC on Saturday mornings from September 7, 1974, to September 4, 1977, for 24 episodes (16 installments airing in 1974–75 and eight new ones combined with repeats in 1975–76). The voices were provided by the original cast except for Ginger and Mary Ann (both were voiced by Jane Webb). Dawn Wells could not participate because she was in a touring production. An additional character was Gilligan's pet, Snubby the Monkey.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: "Gilligan's Planet" is an animated science-fiction version produced by Filmation and starring the voices of the "Gilligan's Island" cast, save for Tina Louise (Dawn Wells voiced both Mary Ann and Ginger). In a follow-up to "The New Adventures of Gilligan", the castaways escape from the island by building a spaceship and get shipwrecked on a distant planet. Only 12 episodes aired on CBS between September 18, 1982 and September 3, 1983. In the episode "Let Sleeping Minnows Lie", they travel to an island, get shipwrecked there and Gilligan observes, "First we were stranded on an island, then we were stranded on a planet and now we're stranded on an island on a planet."


title: Gilligan's Island

text: "Good Morning America" featured a "Gilligan's Island" reunion presided over by guest host Kathie Lee Gifford on November 26, 1982. The entire cast was present, except for Jim Backus who was unable to attend but appeared via a live video remote from Los Angeles.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: All seven of the original cast members (along with Sherwood Schwartz) reunited on television for one last time on a 1988 episode of "The Late Show" with Ross Shafer.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: In the "Baywatch" episode "Now Sit Right Back and You'll Hear a Tale" (S02E16), first aired in February 1992, Bob Denver and Dawn Wells re-take their original roles in a sequence dreamed by the lifeguard Eddie Kramer. The "Baywatch" co-creator, Douglas Schwartz, is a nephew of Sherwood Schwartz. The episode was written by Lloyd J. Schwartz, a son of Sherwood.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: "E! True Hollywood Story" presented a backstage history of the show in 2000, featuring interviews with some of the stars or their widows.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: "Surviving Gilligan's Island" (2001) is a docudrama in which Bob Denver, Dawn Wells and Russell Johnson reminisce about the show.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: Syndication is handled by Warner Bros. Television (under Turner Entertainment Co., which in 1986 acquired United Artists Television's share of the series as part of the classic pre-1986 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer library). It aired on TBS from 1986 to 2003, where it also aired with colorization on season one for a while. TBS would air Gilligan’s Island weekday mornings at 8:05am/et throughout the 90s often paired with "Bewitched". TNT aired it at some point in the 1990s and also aired the colorized season one. Nick at Nite later aired the series from 2000 to 2001. It then shifted to TV Land, where it aired from 2001 to 2003 (and again from January to June 2014). Then, in 2004, it aired on Hallmark Channel.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: Warner/Turner also handles the two Filmation-produced animated sequel series. The three TV movie sequels are handled by other companies.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: In the UK Gilligan's Island had a very brief run on ITV in April 1965 but was dropped after 13 episodes.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: Warner Home Video released all three seasons of "Gilligan's Island" on DVD in Region 1 between 2004 and 2005. "The Complete First Season" features all 36 episodes unedited with the original theme song in their original black-and-white format. The special features include the rare pilot episode with commentary with creator Sherwood Schwartz and three other featurettes.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: "The Complete Second Season" includes all 32 season-two episodes in color. Bonuses for this set include: a season-two introduction with Russell Johnson and Sherwood Schwartz and audio commentary on the season's third episode, "The Little Dictator".


title: Gilligan's Island

text: "The Complete Third Season" includes all 30 season-three episodes. Special features include a season introduction with Russell Johnson and Sherwood Schwartz, commentary on the season's fourth episode, "The Producer", guest-starring Phil Silvers and a 15-minute documentary titled "Gilligan's Island: A Pop Culture Phenomenon".


title: Gilligan's Island

text: "The Complete Series Collection" contains all the same bonuses and featurettes for a complete series box set in 2007. In April 2012, the series was reissued in new DVD releases.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: In August 2006, an executive at Warner Bros. announced plans that "Gilligan's Island", in addition to other classic TV series owned by the studio, would be digitally re-mastered in HD. The original TV series was shot on high-resolution film but scaled down for broadcast.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: On January 20, 2014, TV Land became the first network to air theatrical-style widescreen HD remastered episodes of "Gilligan's Island". This marked the first time the WB remastered episodes were seen by fans and the general public.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: Two board games based on the show, both called "The Gilligan's Island Game" featuring a monkey, Thurston Howell III, Gilligan and the Skipper on the box cover, were manufactured by Game Gems and released in 1965. "The New Adventures of Gilligan", based on the short-lived cartoon of the same name and featuring all castaways, was manufactured by Milton Bradley and was released in 1974.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: A video game based on the series, called "The Adventures of Gilligan's Island" and manufactured by Bandai, was released for the Nintendo Entertainment System in July 1990. The game features the likenesses of all the original castaways except for Ginger, who is completely absent from the game.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: A video slot machine, manufactured by International Game Technology and loosely based on the show, was released in 2004.


title: Gilligan's Island

text: The question of which of these two characters fans of the show prefer has endured long after the end of the series. The question has inspired commercials, essays, videos and a sermon. By most accounts, the wholesome Mary Ann has consistently outpolled the glamorous movie-star Ginger by a sizable margin. Bob Denver admitted he was a Mary Ann fan. According to Bob Denver in a 2001 interview, Wells received 3,000–5,000 fan letters weekly, whereas Louise may have gotten 1,500 or 2,000.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: In mathematics, a matrix (plural matrices) is a rectangular array or table of numbers, symbols, or expressions, arranged in rows and columns, which is used to represent a mathematical object or a property of such an object.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: is a matrix with two rows and three columns. This is often referred to as a "two by three matrix", a "-matrix", or a matrix of dimension .


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Without further specifications, matrices represent linear maps, and allow explicit computations in linear algebra. Therefore, the study of matrices is a large part of linear algebra, and most properties and operations of abstract linear algebra can be expressed in terms of matrices. For example, matrix multiplication represents composition of linear maps.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Not all matrices are related to linear algebra. This is, in particular, the case in graph theory, of incidence matrices, and adjacency matrices. "This article focuses on matrices related to linear algebra, and, unless otherwise specified, all matrices represent linear maps or may be viewed as such."


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Square matrices, matrices with the same number of rows and columns, play a major role in matrix theory. Square matrices of a given dimension form a noncommutative ring, which is one of the most common examples of a noncommutative ring. The determinant of a square matrix is a number associated to the matrix, which is fundamental for the study of a square matrix; for example, a square matrix is invertible if and only if it has a nonzero determinant, and the eigenvalues of a square matrix are the roots of a polynomial determinant.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: In geometry, matrices are widely used for specifying and representing geometric transformations (for example rotations) and coordinate changes. In numerical analysis, many computational problems are solved by reducing them to a matrix computation, and this often involves computing with matrices of huge dimension. Matrices are used in most areas of mathematics and most scientific fields, either directly, or through their use in geometry and numerical analysis.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: A "matrix" is a rectangular array of numbers (or other mathematical objects), called the "entries" of the matrix. Matrices are subject to standard operations such as addition and multiplication. Most commonly, a matrix over a field "F" is a rectangular array of elements of "F". A real matrix and a complex matrix are matrices whose entries are respectively real numbers or complex numbers. More general types of entries are discussed below. For instance, this is a real matrix:


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: The numbers, symbols, or expressions in the matrix are called its "entries" or its "elements". The horizontal and vertical lines of entries in a matrix are called "rows" and "columns", respectively.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: The size of a matrix is defined by the number of rows and columns it contains. There is no limit to the numbers of rows and columns a matrix (in the usual sense) can have as long as they are positive integers. A matrix with "m" rows and "n" columns is called an "m"×"n" matrix, or "m"-by-"n" matrix, while "m" and "n" are called its "dimensions". For example, the matrix A above is a 3×2 matrix.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Matrices with a single row are called "row vectors", and those with a single column are called "column vectors". A matrix with the same number of rows and columns is called a "square matrix". A matrix with an infinite number of rows or columns (or both) is called an "infinite matrix". In some contexts, such as computer algebra programs, it is useful to consider a matrix with no rows or no columns, called an "empty matrix".


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: The specifics of symbolic matrix notation vary widely, with some prevailing trends. Matrices are usually symbolized using upper-case letters (such as A in the examples above), while the corresponding lower-case letters, with two subscript indices (e.g., "a", or "a"), represent the entries. In addition to using upper-case letters to symbolize matrices, many authors use a special typographical style, commonly boldface upright (non-italic), to further distinguish matrices from other mathematical objects. An alternative notation involves the use of a double-underline with the variable name, with or without boldface style (as in the case of formula_6).


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: The entry in the "i"-th row and "j"-th column of a matrix A is sometimes referred to as the "i","j", ("i","j"), or ("i","j")th entry of the matrix, and most commonly denoted as "a", or "a". Alternative notations for that entry are "A"["i,j"] or "A". For example, the (1,3) entry of the following matrix A is 5 (also denoted "a", "a", "A"["1,3"] or "A"):


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Sometimes, the entries of a matrix can be defined by a formula such as "a" = "f"("i", "j"). For example, each of the entries of the following matrix A is determined by the formula "a" = "i" − "j".


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: In this case, the matrix itself is sometimes defined by that formula, within square brackets or double parentheses. For example, the matrix above is defined as A = ["i"−"j"], or A = (("i"−"j")). If matrix size is "m" × "n", the above-mentioned formula "f"("i", "j") is valid for any "i" = 1, ..., "m" and any "j" = 1, ..., "n". This can be either specified separately, or indicated using "m" × "n" as a subscript. For instance, the matrix A above is 3 × 4, and can be defined as A = ["i" − "j"] ("i" = 1, 2, 3; "j" = 1, ..., 4), or A = ["i" − "j"].


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Some programming languages utilize doubly subscripted arrays (or arrays of arrays) to represent an "m"-×-"n" matrix. Some programming languages start the numbering of array indexes at zero, in which case the entries of an "m"-by-"n" matrix are indexed by and . This article follows the more common convention in mathematical writing where enumeration starts from 1.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: An asterisk is occasionally used to refer to whole rows or columns in a matrix. For example, "a" refers to the i row of A, and "a" refers to the j column of A.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: The set of all "m"-by-"n" real matrices is often denoted formula_9 or formula_10 The set of all "m"-by-"n" matrices over another field or over a ring , is similarly denoted formula_11 or formula_12 If , that is, in the case of square matrices, one does not repeat the dimension: formula_13 or Often, formula_14 is used in place of formula_15


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: There are a number of basic operations that can be applied to modify matrices, called "matrix addition", "scalar multiplication", "transposition", "matrix multiplication", "row operations", and "submatrix".


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Familiar properties of numbers extend to these operations of matrices: for example, addition is commutative, that is, the matrix sum does not depend on the order of the summands: A+B=B+A.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: The transpose is compatible with addition and scalar multiplication, as expressed by ("c"A) = "c"(A) and (A+B)=A+B. Finally, (A)=A.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: "Multiplication" of two matrices is defined if and only if the number of columns of the left matrix is the same as the number of rows of the right matrix. If A is an "m"-by-"n" matrix and B is an "n"-by-"p" matrix, then their "matrix product" AB is the "m"-by-"p" matrix whose entries are given by dot product of the corresponding row of A and the corresponding column of B:


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: where 1 ≤ "i" ≤ "m" and 1 ≤ "j" ≤ "p". For example, the underlined entry 2340 in the product is calculated as


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Matrix multiplication satisfies the rules (AB)C = A(BC) (associativity), and (A + B)C = AC + BC as well as C(A + B) = CA + CB (left and right distributivity), whenever the size of the matrices is such that the various products are defined. The product AB may be defined without BA being defined, namely if A and B are "m"-by-"n" and "n"-by-"k" matrices, respectively, and Even if both products are defined, they generally need not be equal, that is:


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: In other words, matrix multiplication is not commutative, in marked contrast to (rational, real, or complex) numbers, whose product is independent of the order of the factors. An example of two matrices not commuting with each other is:


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Besides the ordinary matrix multiplication just described, other less frequently used operations on matrices that can be considered forms of multiplication also exist, such as the Hadamard product and the Kronecker product. They arise in solving matrix equations such as the Sylvester equation.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: These operations are used in several ways, including solving linear equations and finding matrix inverses.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: A submatrix of a matrix is obtained by deleting any collection of rows and/or columns. For example, from the following 3-by-4 matrix, we can construct a 2-by-3 submatrix by removing row 3 and column 2:


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: A principal submatrix is a square submatrix obtained by removing certain rows and columns. The definition varies from author to author. According to some authors, a principal submatrix is a submatrix in which the set of row indices that remain is the same as the set of column indices that remain. Other authors define a principal submatrix as one in which the first "k" rows and columns, for some number "k", are the ones that remain; this type of submatrix has also been called a leading principal submatrix.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Matrices can be used to compactly write and work with multiple linear equations, that is, systems of linear equations. For example, if A is an "m"-by-"n" matrix, x designates a column vector (that is, "n"×1-matrix) of "n" variables "x", "x", ..., "x", and b is an "m"×1-column vector, then the matrix equation


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Using matrices, this can be solved more compactly than would be possible by writing out all the equations separately. If "n" = "m" and the equations are independent, then this can be done by writing


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: where A is the inverse matrix of A. If A has no inverse, solutions—if any—can be found using its generalized inverse.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Matrices and matrix multiplication reveal their essential features when related to "linear transformations", also known as "linear maps". A real "m"-by-"n" matrix A gives rise to a linear transformation R → R mapping each vector x in R to the (matrix) product Ax, which is a vector in R. Conversely, each linear transformation "f": R → R arises from a unique "m"-by-"n" matrix A: explicitly, the of A is the "i" coordinate of "f"(e), where e = (0...,0,1,0...,0) is the unit vector with 1 in the "j" position and 0 elsewhere. The matrix A is said to represent the linear map "f", and A is called the "transformation matrix" of "f".


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: can be viewed as the transform of the unit square into a parallelogram with vertices at , , , and . The parallelogram pictured at the right is obtained by multiplying A with each of the column vectors formula_25, and formula_26 in turn. These vectors define the vertices of the unit square.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: The following table shows several 2×2 real matrices with the associated linear maps of R. The original is mapped to the grid and shapes. The origin (0,0) is marked with a black point.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Under the 1-to-1 correspondence between matrices and linear maps, matrix multiplication corresponds to composition of maps: if a "k"-by-"m" matrix B represents another linear map "g": R → R, then the composition is represented by BA since


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: The rank of a matrix A is the maximum number of linearly independent row vectors of the matrix, which is the same as the maximum number of linearly independent column vectors. Equivalently it is the dimension of the image of the linear map represented by A. The rank–nullity theorem states that the dimension of the kernel of a matrix plus the rank equals the number of columns of the matrix.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: A square matrix is a matrix with the same number of rows and columns. An "n"-by-"n" matrix is known as a square matrix of order "n." Any two square matrices of the same order can be added and multiplied.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: The entries "a" form the main diagonal of a square matrix. They lie on the imaginary line that runs from the top left corner to the bottom right corner of the matrix.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: If all entries of A below the main diagonal are zero, A is called an "upper triangular matrix". Similarly if all entries of "A" above the main diagonal are zero, A is called a "lower triangular matrix". If all entries outside the main diagonal are zero, A is called a diagonal matrix.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: The "identity matrix" I of size "n" is the "n"-by-"n" matrix in which all the elements on the main diagonal are equal to 1 and all other elements are equal to 0, for example,


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: It is a square matrix of order "n", and also a special kind of diagonal matrix. It is called an identity matrix because multiplication with it leaves a matrix unchanged:


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: A nonzero scalar multiple of an identity matrix is called a "scalar" matrix. If the matrix entries come from a field, the scalar matrices form a group, under matrix multiplication, that is isomorphic to the multiplicative group of nonzero elements of the field.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: A square matrix A that is equal to its transpose, that is, A = A, is a symmetric matrix. If instead, A is equal to the negative of its transpose, that is, A = −A, then A is a skew-symmetric matrix. In complex matrices, symmetry is often replaced by the concept of Hermitian matrices, which satisfy A = A, where the star or asterisk denotes the conjugate transpose of the matrix, that is, the transpose of the complex conjugate of A.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: By the spectral theorem, real symmetric matrices and complex Hermitian matrices have an eigenbasis; that is, every vector is expressible as a linear combination of eigenvectors. In both cases, all eigenvalues are real. This theorem can be generalized to infinite-dimensional situations related to matrices with infinitely many rows and columns, see below.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: where I is the "n"×"n" identity matrix with 1s on the main diagonal and 0s elsewhere. If B exists, it is unique and is called the "inverse matrix" of A, denoted A.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: has a positive value for every nonzero vector in . If only yields negative values then is "negative-definite"; if does produce both negative and positive values then is "indefinite". If the quadratic form yields only non-negative values (positive or zero), the symmetric matrix is called "positive-semidefinite" (or if only non-positive values, then negative-semidefinite); hence the matrix is indefinite precisely when it is neither positive-semidefinite nor negative-semidefinite.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: A symmetric matrix is positive-definite if and only if all its eigenvalues are positive, that is, the matrix is positive-semidefinite and it is invertible. The table at the right shows two possibilities for 2-by-2 matrices.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: In the case of complex matrices, the same terminology and result apply, with "symmetric matrix", "quadratic form", "bilinear form", and "transpose" replaced respectively by Hermitian matrix, Hermitian form, sesquilinear form, and conjugate transpose .


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: An "orthogonal matrix" is a square matrix with real entries whose columns and rows are orthogonal unit vectors (that is, orthonormal vectors). Equivalently, a matrix A is orthogonal if its transpose is equal to its inverse:


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: An orthogonal matrix A is necessarily invertible (with inverse ), unitary (), and normal (). The determinant of any orthogonal matrix is either or . A "special orthogonal matrix" is an orthogonal matrix with determinant +1. As a linear transformation, every orthogonal matrix with determinant is a pure rotation without reflection, i.e., the transformation preserves the orientation of the transformed structure, while every orthogonal matrix with determinant reverses the orientation, i.e., is a composition of a pure reflection and a (possibly null) rotation. The identity matrices have determinant , and are pure rotations by an angle zero.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: The trace, tr(A) of a square matrix A is the sum of its diagonal entries. While matrix multiplication is not commutative as mentioned above, the trace of the product of two matrices is independent of the order of the factors:


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: It follows that the trace of the product of more than two matrices is independent of cyclic permutations of the matrices, however this does not in general apply for arbitrary permutations (for example, tr(ABC) ≠ tr(BAC), in general). Also, the trace of a matrix is equal to that of its transpose, that is,


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: The "determinant" of a square matrix A (denoted det(A) or |A|) is a number encoding certain properties of the matrix. A matrix is invertible if and only if its determinant is nonzero. Its absolute value equals the area (in R) or volume (in R) of the image of the unit square (or cube), while its sign corresponds to the orientation of the corresponding linear map: the determinant is positive if and only if the orientation is preserved.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: The determinant of 3-by-3 matrices involves 6 terms (rule of Sarrus). The more lengthy Leibniz formula generalises these two formulae to all dimensions.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Adding a multiple of any row to another row, or a multiple of any column to another column does not change the determinant. Interchanging two rows or two columns affects the determinant by multiplying it by −1. Using these operations, any matrix can be transformed to a lower (or upper) triangular matrix, and for such matrices, the determinant equals the product of the entries on the main diagonal; this provides a method to calculate the determinant of any matrix. Finally, the Laplace expansion expresses the determinant in terms of minors, that is, determinants of smaller matrices. This expansion can be used for a recursive definition of determinants (taking as starting case the determinant of a 1-by-1 matrix, which is its unique entry, or even the determinant of a 0-by-0 matrix, which is 1), that can be seen to be equivalent to the Leibniz formula. Determinants can be used to solve linear systems using Cramer's rule, where the division of the determinants of two related square matrices equates to the value of each of the system's variables.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: are called an "eigenvalue" and an "eigenvector" of A, respectively. The number λ is an eigenvalue of an "n"×"n"-matrix A if and only if A−λI is not invertible, which is equivalent to


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: The polynomial "p" in an indeterminate "X" given by evaluation of the determinant det("X"I−A) is called the characteristic polynomial of A. It is a monic polynomial of degree "n". Therefore the polynomial equation "p"(λ)=0 has at most "n" different solutions, that is, eigenvalues of the matrix. They may be complex even if the entries of A are real. According to the Cayley–Hamilton theorem, "p"(A) = 0, that is, the result of substituting the matrix itself into its own characteristic polynomial yields the zero matrix.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Matrix calculations can be often performed with different techniques. Many problems can be solved by both direct algorithms or iterative approaches. For example, the eigenvectors of a square matrix can be obtained by finding a sequence of vectors x converging to an eigenvector when "n" tends to infinity.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: To choose the most appropriate algorithm for each specific problem, it is important to determine both the effectiveness and precision of all the available algorithms. The domain studying these matters is called numerical linear algebra. As with other numerical situations, two main aspects are the complexity of algorithms and their numerical stability.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Determining the complexity of an algorithm means finding upper bounds or estimates of how many elementary operations such as additions and multiplications of scalars are necessary to perform some algorithm, for example, multiplication of matrices. Calculating the matrix product of two "n"-by-"n" matrices using the definition given above needs "n" multiplications, since for any of the "n" entries of the product, "n" multiplications are necessary. The Strassen algorithm outperforms this "naive" algorithm; it needs only "n" multiplications. A refined approach also incorporates specific features of the computing devices.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: In many practical situations additional information about the matrices involved is known. An important case are sparse matrices, that is, matrices most of whose entries are zero. There are specifically adapted algorithms for, say, solving linear systems Ax = b for sparse matrices A, such as the conjugate gradient method.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: An algorithm is, roughly speaking, numerically stable, if little deviations in the input values do not lead to big deviations in the result. For example, calculating the inverse of a matrix via Laplace expansion (adj(A) denotes the adjugate matrix of A)


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: may lead to significant rounding errors if the determinant of the matrix is very small. The norm of a matrix can be used to capture the conditioning of linear algebraic problems, such as computing a matrix's inverse.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Most computer programming languages support arrays but are not designed with built-in commands for matrices. Instead, available external libraries provide matrix operations on arrays, in nearly all currently used programming languages. Matrix manipulation was among the earliest numerical applications of computers. The original Dartmouth BASIC had built-in commands for matrix arithmetic on arrays from its second edition implementation in 1964. As early as the 1970s, some engineering desktop computers such as the HP 9830 had ROM cartridges to add BASIC commands for matrices. Some computer languages such as APL were designed to manipulate matrices, and various mathematical programs can be used to aid computing with matrices.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: There are several methods to render matrices into a more easily accessible form. They are generally referred to as "matrix decomposition" or "matrix factorization" techniques. The interest of all these techniques is that they preserve certain properties of the matrices in question, such as determinant, rank, or inverse, so that these quantities can be calculated after applying the transformation, or that certain matrix operations are algorithmically easier to carry out for some types of matrices.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: The LU decomposition factors matrices as a product of lower (L) and an upper triangular matrices (U). Once this decomposition is calculated, linear systems can be solved more efficiently, by a simple technique called forward and back substitution. Likewise, inverses of triangular matrices are algorithmically easier to calculate. The "Gaussian elimination" is a similar algorithm; it transforms any matrix to row echelon form. Both methods proceed by multiplying the matrix by suitable elementary matrices, which correspond to permuting rows or columns and adding multiples of one row to another row. Singular value decomposition expresses any matrix A as a product UDV, where U and V are unitary matrices and D is a diagonal matrix.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: The eigendecomposition or "diagonalization" expresses A as a product VDV, where D is a diagonal matrix and V is a suitable invertible matrix. If A can be written in this form, it is called diagonalizable. More generally, and applicable to all matrices, the Jordan decomposition transforms a matrix into Jordan normal form, that is to say matrices whose only nonzero entries are the eigenvalues λ to λ of A, placed on the main diagonal and possibly entries equal to one directly above the main diagonal, as shown at the right. Given the eigendecomposition, the "n" power of A (that is, "n"-fold iterated matrix multiplication) can be calculated via


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: and the power of a diagonal matrix can be calculated by taking the corresponding powers of the diagonal entries, which is much easier than doing the exponentiation for A instead. This can be used to compute the matrix exponential "e", a need frequently arising in solving linear differential equations, matrix logarithms and square roots of matrices. To avoid numerically ill-conditioned situations, further algorithms such as the Schur decomposition can be employed.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Matrices can be generalized in different ways. Abstract algebra uses matrices with entries in more general fields or even rings, while linear algebra codifies properties of matrices in the notion of linear maps. It is possible to consider matrices with infinitely many columns and rows. Another extension is tensors, which can be seen as higher-dimensional arrays of numbers, as opposed to vectors, which can often be realized as sequences of numbers, while matrices are rectangular or two-dimensional arrays of numbers. Matrices, subject to certain requirements tend to form groups known as matrix groups. Similarly under certain conditions matrices form rings known as matrix rings. Though the product of matrices is not in general commutative yet certain matrices form fields known as matrix fields.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: This article focuses on matrices whose entries are real or complex numbers. However, matrices can be considered with much more general types of entries than real or complex numbers. As a first step of generalization, any field, that is, a set where addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division operations are defined and well-behaved, may be used instead of R or C, for example rational numbers or finite fields. For example, coding theory makes use of matrices over finite fields. Wherever eigenvalues are considered, as these are roots of a polynomial they may exist only in a larger field than that of the entries of the matrix; for instance, they may be complex in the case of a matrix with real entries. The possibility to reinterpret the entries of a matrix as elements of a larger field (for example, to view a real matrix as a complex matrix whose entries happen to be all real) then allows considering each square matrix to possess a full set of eigenvalues. Alternatively one can consider only matrices with entries in an algebraically closed field, such as C, from the outset.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: More generally, matrices with entries in a ring "R" are widely used in mathematics. Rings are a more general notion than fields in that a division operation need not exist. The very same addition and multiplication operations of matrices extend to this setting, too. The set M("n", "R") (also denoted M(R)) of all square "n"-by-"n" matrices over "R" is a ring called matrix ring, isomorphic to the endomorphism ring of the left "R"-module "R". If the ring "R" is commutative, that is, its multiplication is commutative, then the ring M("n", "R") is also an associative algebra over "R". The determinant of square matrices over a commutative ring "R" can still be defined using the Leibniz formula; such a matrix is invertible if and only if its determinant is invertible in "R", generalising the situation over a field "F", where every nonzero element is invertible. Matrices over superrings are called supermatrices.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Matrices do not always have all their entries in the same ring– or even in any ring at all. One special but common case is block matrices, which may be considered as matrices whose entries themselves are matrices. The entries need not be square matrices, and thus need not be members of any ring; but their sizes must fulfill certain compatibility conditions.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Linear maps R → R are equivalent to "m"-by-"n" matrices, as described above. More generally, any linear map between finite-dimensional vector spaces can be described by a matrix A = ("a"), after choosing bases v, ..., v of "V", and w, ..., w of "W" (so "n" is the dimension of "V" and "m" is the dimension of "W"), which is such that


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: In other words, column "j" of "A" expresses the image of v in terms of the basis vectors w of "W"; thus this relation uniquely determines the entries of the matrix A. The matrix depends on the choice of the bases: different choices of bases give rise to different, but equivalent matrices. Many of the above concrete notions can be reinterpreted in this light, for example, the transpose matrix A describes the transpose of the linear map given by A, with respect to the dual bases.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: These properties can be restated more naturally: the category of all matrices with entries in a field formula_35 with multiplication as composition is equivalent to the category of finite-dimensional vector spaces and linear maps over this field.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: More generally, the set of "m"×"n" matrices can be used to represent the "R"-linear maps between the free modules "R" and "R" for an arbitrary ring "R" with unity. When "n"="m" composition of these maps is possible, and this gives rise to the matrix ring of "n"×"n" matrices representing the endomorphism ring of "R".


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: A group is a mathematical structure consisting of a set of objects together with a binary operation, that is, an operation combining any two objects to a third, subject to certain requirements. A group in which the objects are matrices and the group operation is matrix multiplication is called a "matrix group". Since a group every element must be invertible, the most general matrix groups are the groups of all invertible matrices of a given size, called the general linear groups.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Any property of matrices that is preserved under matrix products and inverses can be used to define further matrix groups. For example, matrices with a given size and with a determinant of 1 form a subgroup of (that is, a smaller group contained in) their general linear group, called a special linear group. Orthogonal matrices, determined by the condition


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: form the orthogonal group. Every orthogonal matrix has determinant 1 or −1. Orthogonal matrices with determinant 1 form a subgroup called "special orthogonal group".


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Every finite group is isomorphic to a matrix group, as one can see by considering the regular representation of the symmetric group. General groups can be studied using matrix groups, which are comparatively well understood, by means of representation theory.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: It is also possible to consider matrices with infinitely many rows and/or columns even if, being infinite objects, one cannot write down such matrices explicitly. All that matters is that for every element in the set indexing rows, and every element in the set indexing columns, there is a well-defined entry (these index sets need not even be subsets of the natural numbers). The basic operations of addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, and transposition can still be defined without problem; however, matrix multiplication may involve infinite summations to define the resulting entries, and these are not defined in general.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: If "R" is any ring with unity, then the ring of endomorphisms of formula_36 as a right "R" module is isomorphic to the ring of column finite matrices formula_37 whose entries are indexed by formula_38, and whose columns each contain only finitely many nonzero entries. The endomorphisms of "M" considered as a left "R" module result in an analogous object, the row finite matrices formula_39 whose rows each only have finitely many nonzero entries.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: If infinite matrices are used to describe linear maps, then only those matrices can be used all of whose columns have but a finite number of nonzero entries, for the following reason. For a matrix A to describe a linear map "f": "V"→"W", bases for both spaces must have been chosen; recall that by definition this means that every vector in the space can be written uniquely as a (finite) linear combination of basis vectors, so that written as a (column) vector"v" of coefficients, only finitely many entries "v" are nonzero. Now the columns of A describe the images by "f" of individual basis vectors of "V" in the basis of "W", which is only meaningful if these columns have only finitely many nonzero entries. There is no restriction on the rows of "A" however: in the product A·"v" there are only finitely many nonzero coefficients of "v" involved, so every one of its entries, even if it is given as an infinite sum of products, involves only finitely many nonzero terms and is therefore well defined. Moreover, this amounts to forming a linear combination of the columns of A that effectively involves only finitely many of them, whence the result has only finitely many nonzero entries because each of those columns does. Products of two matrices of the given type are well defined (provided that the column-index and row-index sets match), are of the same type, and correspond to the composition of linear maps.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: If "R" is a normed ring, then the condition of row or column finiteness can be relaxed. With the norm in place, absolutely convergent series can be used instead of finite sums. For example, the matrices whose column sums are absolutely convergent sequences form a ring. Analogously, the matrices whose row sums are absolutely convergent series also form a ring.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Infinite matrices can also be used to describe operators on Hilbert spaces, where convergence and continuity questions arise, which again results in certain constraints that must be imposed. However, the explicit point of view of matrices tends to obfuscate the matter, and the abstract and more powerful tools of functional analysis can be used instead.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: An "empty matrix" is a matrix in which the number of rows or columns (or both) is zero. Empty matrices help dealing with maps involving the zero vector space. For example, if "A" is a 3-by-0 matrix and "B" is a 0-by-3 matrix, then "AB" is the 3-by-3 zero matrix corresponding to the null map from a 3-dimensional space "V" to itself, while "BA" is a 0-by-0 matrix. There is no common notation for empty matrices, but most computer algebra systems allow creating and computing with them. The determinant of the 0-by-0 matrix is 1 as follows regarding the empty product occurring in the Leibniz formula for the determinant as 1. This value is also consistent with the fact that the identity map from any finite-dimensional space to itself has determinant1, a fact that is often used as a part of the characterization of determinants.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: There are numerous applications of matrices, both in mathematics and other sciences. Some of them merely take advantage of the compact representation of a set of numbers in a matrix. For example, in game theory and economics, the payoff matrix encodes the payoff for two players, depending on which out of a given (finite) set of alternatives the players choose. Text mining and automated thesaurus compilation makes use of document-term matrices such as tf-idf to track frequencies of certain words in several documents.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: under which addition and multiplication of complex numbers and matrices correspond to each other. For example, 2-by-2 rotation matrices represent the multiplication with some complex number of absolute value 1, as above. A similar interpretation is possible for quaternions and Clifford algebras in general.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Early encryption techniques such as the Hill cipher also used matrices. However, due to the linear nature of matrices, these codes are comparatively easy to break. Computer graphics uses matrices both to represent objects and to calculate transformations of objects using affine rotation matrices to accomplish tasks such as projecting a three-dimensional object onto a two-dimensional screen, corresponding to a theoretical camera observation. Matrices over a polynomial ring are important in the study of control theory.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Chemistry makes use of matrices in various ways, particularly since the use of quantum theory to discuss molecular bonding and spectroscopy. Examples are the overlap matrix and the Fock matrix used in solving the Roothaan equations to obtain the molecular orbitals of the Hartree–Fock method.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: The adjacency matrix of a finite graph is a basic notion of graph theory. It records which vertices of the graph are connected by an edge. Matrices containing just two different values (1 and 0 meaning for example "yes" and "no", respectively) are called logical matrices. The distance (or cost) matrix contains information about distances of the edges. These concepts can be applied to websites connected by hyperlinks or cities connected by roads etc., in which case (unless the connection network is extremely dense) the matrices tend to be sparse, that is, contain few nonzero entries. Therefore, specifically tailored matrix algorithms can be used in network theory.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: The Hessian matrix of a differentiable function "ƒ": R → R consists of the second derivatives of "ƒ" with respect to the several coordinate directions, that is,


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: It encodes information about the local growth behaviour of the function: given a critical point x=("x"...,"x"), that is, a point where the first partial derivatives formula_42 of "ƒ" vanish, the function has a local minimum if the Hessian matrix is positive definite. Quadratic programming can be used to find global minima or maxima of quadratic functions closely related to the ones attached to matrices (see above).


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Another matrix frequently used in geometrical situations is the Jacobi matrix of a differentiable map "f": R → R. If "f", ..., "f" denote the components of "f", then the Jacobi matrix is defined as


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: If "n" > "m", and if the rank of the Jacobi matrix attains its maximal value "m", "f" is locally invertible at that point, by the implicit function theorem.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Partial differential equations can be classified by considering the matrix of coefficients of the highest-order differential operators of the equation. For elliptic partial differential equations this matrix is positive definite, which has a decisive influence on the set of possible solutions of the equation in question.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: The finite element method is an important numerical method to solve partial differential equations, widely applied in simulating complex physical systems. It attempts to approximate the solution to some equation by piecewise linear functions, where the pieces are chosen concerning a sufficiently fine grid, which in turn can be recast as a matrix equation.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Stochastic matrices are square matrices whose rows are probability vectors, that is, whose entries are non-negative and sum up to one. Stochastic matrices are used to define Markov chains with finitely many states. A row of the stochastic matrix gives the probability distribution for the next position of some particle currently in the state that corresponds to the row. Properties of the Markov chain-like absorbing states, that is, states that any particle attains eventually, can be read off the eigenvectors of the transition matrices.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Statistics also makes use of matrices in many different forms. Descriptive statistics is concerned with describing data sets, which can often be represented as data matrices, which may then be subjected to dimensionality reduction techniques. The covariance matrix encodes the mutual variance of several random variables. Another technique using matrices are linear least squares, a method that approximates a finite set of pairs ("x", "y"), ("x", "y"), ..., ("x", "y"), by a linear function


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: which can be formulated in terms of matrices, related to the singular value decomposition of matrices.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Random matrices are matrices whose entries are random numbers, subject to suitable probability distributions, such as matrix normal distribution. Beyond probability theory, they are applied in domains ranging from number theory to physics.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Linear transformations and the associated symmetries play a key role in modern physics. For example, elementary particles in quantum field theory are classified as representations of the Lorentz group of special relativity and, more specifically, by their behavior under the spin group. Concrete representations involving the Pauli matrices and more general gamma matrices are an integral part of the physical description of fermions, which behave as spinors. For the three lightest quarks, there is a group-theoretical representation involving the special unitary group SU(3); for their calculations, physicists use a convenient matrix representation known as the Gell-Mann matrices, which are also used for the SU(3) gauge group that forms the basis of the modern description of strong nuclear interactions, quantum chromodynamics. The Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix, in turn, expresses the fact that the basic quark states that are important for weak interactions are not the same as, but linearly related to the basic quark states that define particles with specific and distinct masses.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: The first model of quantum mechanics (Heisenberg, 1925) represented the theory's operators by infinite-dimensional matrices acting on quantum states. This is also referred to as matrix mechanics. One particular example is the density matrix that characterizes the "mixed" state of a quantum system as a linear combination of elementary, "pure" eigenstates.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Another matrix serves as a key tool for describing the scattering experiments that form the cornerstone of experimental particle physics: Collision reactions such as occur in particle accelerators, where non-interacting particles head towards each other and collide in a small interaction zone, with a new set of non-interacting particles as the result, can be described as the scalar product of outgoing particle states and a linear combination of ingoing particle states. The linear combination is given by a matrix known as the S-matrix, which encodes all information about the possible interactions between particles.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: A general application of matrices in physics is the description of linearly coupled harmonic systems. The equations of motion of such systems can be described in matrix form, with a mass matrix multiplying a generalized velocity to give the kinetic term, and a force matrix multiplying a displacement vector to characterize the interactions. The best way to obtain solutions is to determine the system's eigenvectors, its normal modes, by diagonalizing the matrix equation. Techniques like this are crucial when it comes to the internal dynamics of molecules: the internal vibrations of systems consisting of mutually bound component atoms. They are also needed for describing mechanical vibrations, and oscillations in electrical circuits.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Geometrical optics provides further matrix applications. In this approximative theory, the wave nature of light is neglected. The result is a model in which light rays are indeed geometrical rays. If the deflection of light rays by optical elements is small, the action of a lens or reflective element on a given light ray can be expressed as multiplication of a two-component vector with a two-by-two matrix called ray transfer matrix analysis: the vector's components are the light ray's slope and its distance from the optical axis, while the matrix encodes the properties of the optical element. Actually, there are two kinds of matrices, viz. a "refraction matrix" describing the refraction at a lens surface, and a "translation matrix", describing the translation of the plane of reference to the next refracting surface, where another refraction matrix applies.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: The optical system, consisting of a combination of lenses and/or reflective elements, is simply described by the matrix resulting from the product of the components' matrices.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Traditional mesh analysis and nodal analysis in electronics lead to a system of linear equations that can be described with a matrix.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: The behaviour of many electronic components can be described using matrices. Let "A" be a 2-dimensional vector with the component's input voltage "v" and input current "i" as its elements, and let "B" be a 2-dimensional vector with the component's output voltage "v" and output current "i" as its elements. Then the behaviour of the electronic component can be described by "B" = "H" · "A", where "H" is a 2 x 2 matrix containing one impedance element ("h"), one admittance element ("h"), and two dimensionless elements ("h" and "h"). Calculating a circuit now reduces to multiplying matrices.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Matrices have a long history of application in solving linear equations but they were known as arrays until the 1800s. The Chinese text "The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art" written in 10th–2nd century BCE is the first example of the use of array methods to solve simultaneous equations, including the concept of determinants. In 1545 Italian mathematician Gerolamo Cardano introduced the method to Europe when he published "Ars Magna". The Japanese mathematician Seki used the same array methods to solve simultaneous equations in 1683. The Dutch mathematician" "Jan de Witt represented transformations using arrays in his 1659 book "Elements of Curves" (1659). Between 1700 and 1710 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz publicized the use of arrays for recording information or solutions and experimented with over 50 different systems of arrays. Cramer presented his rule in 1750.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: The term "matrix" (Latin for "womb","dam" (non-human female animal kept for breeding),"source", "origin", "list", "register", derived from "mater"—mother) was coined by James Joseph Sylvester in 1850, who understood a matrix as an object giving rise to several determinants today called minors, that is to say, determinants of smaller matrices that derive from the original one by removing columns and rows. In an 1851 paper, Sylvester explains:


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Arthur Cayley published a treatise on geometric transformations using matrices that were not rotated versions of the coefficients being investigated as had previously been done. Instead, he defined operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division as transformations of those matrices and showed the associative and distributive properties held true. Cayley investigated and demonstrated the non-commutative property of matrix multiplication as well as the commutative property of matrix addition. Early matrix theory had limited the use of arrays almost exclusively to determinants and Arthur Cayley's abstract matrix operations were revolutionary. He was instrumental in proposing a matrix concept independent of equation systems. In 1858 Cayley published his "A memoir on the theory of matrices" in which he proposed and demonstrated the Cayley–Hamilton theorem.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: The English mathematician Cuthbert Edmund Cullis was the first to use modern bracket notation for matrices in 1913 and he simultaneously demonstrated the first significant use of the notation A = ["a"] to represent a matrix where "a" refers to the" i"th row and the "j"th column.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: The modern study of determinants sprang from several sources. Number-theoretical problems led Gauss to relate coefficients of quadratic forms, that is, expressions such as and linear maps in three dimensions to matrices. Eisenstein further developed these notions, including the remark that, in modern parlance, matrix products are non-commutative. Cauchy was the first to prove general statements about determinants, using as definition of the determinant of a matrix A = ["a"] the following: replace the powers "a" by "a" in the polynomial


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: where Π denotes the product of the indicated terms. He also showed, in 1829, that the eigenvalues of symmetric matrices are real. Jacobi studied "functional determinants"—later called Jacobi determinants by Sylvester—which can be used to describe geometric transformations at a local (or infinitesimal) level, see above; Kronecker's "Vorlesungen über die Theorie der Determinanten" and Weierstrass' "Zur Determinantentheorie", both published in 1903, first treated determinants axiomatically, as opposed to previous more concrete approaches such as the mentioned formula of Cauchy. At that point, determinants were firmly established.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Many theorems were first established for small matrices only, for example, the Cayley–Hamilton theorem was proved for 2×2 matrices by Cayley in the aforementioned memoir, and by Hamilton for 4×4 matrices. Frobenius, working on bilinear forms, generalized the theorem to all dimensions (1898). Also at the end of the 19th century, the Gauss–Jordan elimination (generalizing a special case now known as Gauss elimination) was established by Wilhelm Jordan. In the early 20th century, matrices attained a central role in linear algebra, partially due to their use in classification of the hypercomplex number systems of the previous century.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: The inception of matrix mechanics by Heisenberg, Born and Jordan led to studying matrices with infinitely many rows and columns. Later, von Neumann carried out the mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics, by further developing functional analytic notions such as linear operators on Hilbert spaces, which, very roughly speaking, correspond to Euclidean space, but with an infinity of independent directions.


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead in their "Principia Mathematica" (1910–1913) use the word "matrix" in the context of their axiom of reducibility. They proposed this axiom as a means to reduce any function to one of lower type, successively, so that at the "bottom" (0 order) the function is identical to its extension:


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: For example, a function Φ("x, y") of two variables "x" and "y" can be reduced to a "collection" of functions of a single variable, for example, "y", by "considering" the function for all possible values of "individuals" "a" substituted in place of variable "x". And then the resulting collection of functions of the single variable "y", that is, , can be reduced to a "matrix" of values by "considering" the function for all possible values of "individuals" "b" substituted in place of variable "y":


title: Matrix (mathematics)

text: Alfred Tarski in his 1946 "Introduction to Logic" used the word "matrix" synonymously with the notion of truth table as used in mathematical logic.


title: Mouni Roy

text: Mouni Roy (born 28 September 1985) is an Indian actress who primarily works in Hindi films and Hindi television. She made her acting debut with "Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi" (2006). Roy became one of the highest-paid Hindi television actresses after starring as a shape-shifting serpent in the supernatural thriller "Naagin" (2015–2016) and its sequel " Naagin 2" (2016–2017). She is a receipent of various awards including Indian Television Academy Awards and Gold Awards.


title: Mouni Roy

text: After featuring in several other shows, she gained wider attention for playing Sati in "Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev" (2011). She has participated in "Zara Nachke Dikha" (2008) and "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 7" (2014).


title: Mouni Roy

text: Roy made her film debut with "Hero Hitler in Love" (2011) and her Hindi film debut with "Gold" (2018). She received critical acclaim for her performance as Junoon in "".


title: Mouni Roy

text: Roy was born in Cooch Behar, West Bengal on 28 September 1985 into a Bengali Hindu family. Her grandfather, Shekhar Chandra Roy was a well-known Jatra theatre artist. Her mother Mukti was a theatre artist, and her father Anil Roy was an office superintendent of the Cooch Behar Zilla Parishad. She did her schooling till class 12th from Kendriya Vidyalaya in Baburhat, Cooch Behar and then went to Delhi.


title: Mouni Roy

text: She took up mass communication at Jamia Milia Islamia at her parents' insistence, but left the course midway and went to Mumbai to try her luck in the Bollywood film industry. She finished her part 1 exams and did not return to Delhi after that. Mouni had an interest in acting since her childhood and cited actresses Madhubala, Madhuri Dixit and Waheeda Rehman as her acting idols.


title: Mouni Roy

text: Roy started her career in 2006 with the Ekta Kapoor drama "Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi", playing the role of Krishna Tulsi opposite Pulkit Samrat. She then participated and won the first season of "Zara Nachke Dikha". Then, she appeared as Shivani in the series "Kasturi". In 2008, she participated in "Pati Patni Aur Woh". In 2010, she played Roop in "Do Saheliyaan."


title: Mouni Roy

text: In 2011, Roy starred in the Punjabi movie "Hero Hitler in Love". She attained fame after playing the role of Sati in Life OK's mythological series "Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev" from 2011 to 2014. During that time she played the lead as Meera opposite Aditya Redij in Life OK's "Junoon – Aisi Nafrat Toh Kaisa Ishq" in 2013. In 2014, Roy participated in the dance reality show on Colors "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa" in its seventh season along with Punit Pathak.


title: Mouni Roy

text: In 2015, Roy returned to television with Ekta Kapoor's supernatural series "Naagin", playing the role of Shivanya. The series topped the TRP charts, making her a household name not only in India but in other countries as well. She became one of the players of Bijlani's team Mumbai Tigers in "Box Cricket League". She hosted the dance show "So You Think You Can Dance" on &TV. She played a double role in Season 2 of "Naagin", with Karanvir Bohra playing the male lead. Her chemistry with Bijlani in season 1 and with Bohra in season 2 was highly appreciated by audience and established her as a leading actress in Indian television. In 2016, Roy voiced the role of Sita in the animated film "Mahayoddha Rama". In the same year, she appeared in the song "Nachna Aunda Ni" in "Tum Bin 2".


title: Mouni Roy

text: In 2018, Roy made her Bollywood debut alongside Akshay Kumar in "Gold" directed by Reema Kagti. Her performance was praised. "Hindustan Times" wrote, "Mouni Roy as Akshay's wife Monobina is just the right mixture of crotchety and charming. With her grasp of Bengali, she brings that extra something to the film's milieu." Suparna Sharma of "Asian Age" reviewed her performance and sensuality: "Her Monobina is created out of Punjabi men and women's fetishised fantasy of married Bengali women – snappy and scolding, but also sexy and sultry." With global earnings of 1.5 billion, "Gold" emerged as a commercial success and became first Indian film to have a theatrical release in South Arabia.


title: Mouni Roy

text: Roy followed the success of "Gold" with an item number named "Gali Gali" in December 2018; it featured in the Hindi version of "." The song was a recreation of a track from "Tridev" (1989).


title: Mouni Roy

text: In May 2019, she made a cameo appearance in the final few episodes of "Naagin 3" as Mahanaagrani Shivangi.


title: Mouni Roy

text: Roy's first film release in 2019 was "Romeo Akbar Walter", which also starred John Abraham and Jackie Shroff. Her performance as a R&AW spy drew mixed reviews. A Bollywood Hungama review stated, "Mouni Roy has an interesting part to essay. Though she does well, her character gets a raw deal." Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV criticised the length of her role: "Mouni Roy, cast as the hero's colleague and beloved, pops up now and then in an eminently forgettable role." "Romeo Akbar Walter" underperformed at the box office. Her next film, "Made in China" was released on the occasion of Diwali. Roy took Gujarati lessons for the film in which she enacted a disturbed housewife. In a review by Vibha Maru of India Today, her performance was described as "a surprise package. Though given a small role, Mouni comes with much power, owning every bit of the screen time she gets in the film." "Made in China" faced competition from "Housefull 4" and "Saand Ki Aankh", but proved a commercial success.


title: Mouni Roy

text: In 2020, she appeared as a pregnant R&AW spy named Uma Kulkarni in her first OTT feature film "London Confidential". Though critics were not impressed by the film, they praised Roy. Rediff.com wrote, "Mouni Roy shows conviction in playing her part and is in a different avatar from her earlier performances in "Gold" and "Made in China"." In 2022, Roy appeared as judge in the fifth season of the reality show "Dance India Dance Li'l Masters".


title: Mouni Roy

text: Roy was slated to play the female lead in Nawazuddin Siddiqui-starrer "Bole Chudiyan", but she quit after clashes with the filmmakers. She played the main antagonist ""Junoon"" in the 2022 film co-starring Ranbir Kapoor, Alia Bhatt and Amitabh Bachchan. It released on 9 September and Roy received rave reviews from critics and audience alike. She will also be making a guest appearance in Vikas Bahl's "Ganpath: Part One" (2022), and has been reportedly signed as the leading lady in Sanjay Gupta's sports drama, opposite Harshvardhan Rane and Meezaan Jafri, and Milan Luthria's web series based on Arnab Ray's book "Sultan of Delhi: Ascension", also featuring Tahir Raj Bhasin and Neha Sharma.


title: Mouni Roy

text: On 27 January 2022, following three years of dating, Roy and Dubai-based businessman Suraj Nambiar got married in traditional Bengali and Malayali ceremonies in Panaji, Goa.


title: Alfonso Cuarón

text: Alfonso Cuarón Orozco ( , ; born 28 November 1961) is a Mexican filmmaker. He is known for directing films in a variety of genres including the family drama "A Little Princess" (1995), the romantic drama "Great Expectations" (1998), the coming of age road film "Y tu mamá también" (2001), the fantasy film "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban" (2004), the science fiction films "Children of Men" (2006) and "Gravity" (2013), the semi-autobiographical drama "Roma" (2018), and the 2009 short "I Am Autism".


title: Alfonso Cuarón

text: Cuarón has received 10 Academy Award nominations, winning four including Best Director for "Gravity" and "Roma", Best Film Editing for "Gravity", and Best Cinematography for "Roma". He is the first Mexico-born filmmaker to win the Best Director award, and one of only four people to have been nominated for Academy Awards in six different categories.


title: Alfonso Cuarón

text: Cuarón was born in Mexico City, the son of Alfredo Cuarón, a doctor specializing in nuclear medicine, and Cristina Orozco, a pharmaceutical biochemist. He has two brothers; Carlos, also a filmmaker, and Alfredo, a conservation biologist. Cuarón studied philosophy at the National Autonomous University of Mexico and filmmaking at the Centro Universitario de Estudios Cinematográficos, a school within the same university. There he met the director Carlos Marcovich and cinematographer Emmanuel Lubezki, and they made what would be his first short film, "Vengeance Is Mine".


title: Alfonso Cuarón

text: Cuarón began working on television in Mexico, first as a technician and then as a director. His television work led to assignments as an assistant director for several film productions including "La Gran Fiesta", "" and "Romero", and in 1991 he landed his first big-screen directorial assignment.