title: Randy Rhoads

text: Rhoads' funeral was held at the First Lutheran Church in Burbank, California. Serving as pallbearers at the funeral were Osbourne, Aldridge, Sarzo, and Rhoads' former Quiet Riot bandmate Kevin DuBrow. On his coffin were flowers and two photos of the guitarist, one showing Rhoads and Osbourne on stage in San Francisco. Rhoads was buried at Mountain View Cemetery in San Bernardino, California. On his tomb is the inscription "An inspiration for all young people."


title: Randy Rhoads

text: Rhoads stood tall and weighed . He was an avid collector of toy trains, and he traveled around England in search of them when he first arrived from the United States to record "Blizzard of Ozz" in 1980. He told Osbourne bandmate and close friend Rudy Sarzo that he and Sharon Arden were having a few celebratory drinks together in a hotel one night and ended up sleeping together. At the time, Ozzy Osbourne was trying to save his marriage to first wife Thelma, and Sharon was just his manager.


title: Randy Rhoads

text: Osbourne has said that Rhoads did not use drugs and drank very little, preferring Anisette when he did drink. Osbourne says that while Rhoads did not like to party, he made up for it by smoking cigarettes heavily, saying "He could have won a gold medal in the Lung Cancer Olympics, could Randy Rhoads."


title: Randy Rhoads

text: Shortly before leaving Quiet Riot in 1979, Rhoads presented hand-drawn pictures of a polka-dot Flying V-style guitar to Karl Sandoval, a California luthier. The guitar Sandoval built for Rhoads became one of the guitarist's trademark instruments. Rhoads's guitars included:


title: Randy Rhoads

text: Rhoads claimed "The MXR Distortion Plus is the only gadget I use a lot." His effects pedals included:


title: Randy Rhoads

text: In December 2019, Ozzy Osbourne offered a $25,000 reward for information leading to the recovery of several pieces of equipment, most of it once belonging to Rhoads, stolen from the premises of Musonia music school on the night of November 28, 2019.


title: Randy Rhoads

text: Among the items stolen were a 1963 Harmony Rocket (Rhoads' first electric guitar), a Peavey Amp Head which was part of Quiet Riot's original stage gear, a very rare "Randy Rhoads Series" Marshall Head (Prototype No. 1 or 2 donated to the Rhoads family by the Marshall Company), and a Great Depression-era Silver French Besson trumpet originally owned by his mother, as well as numerous gifts from fans, memorabilia, all photos of Rhoads, and other "miscellaneous instruments". The items were recovered just a few days later from a dumpster.


title: Randy Rhoads

text: He placed fourth on "Guitar World" Magazine's 100 Greatest Heavy Metal Guitarists, and 26th in "Guitar World"s 50 Fastest Guitarists list.


title: Randy Rhoads

text: Rhoads's biggest influences as a guitarist were Leslie West, Ritchie Blackmore, Michael Schenker, Gary Moore, Charlie Christian, and John Williams.


title: Randy Rhoads

text: In the years since his death Rhoads' work has been very influential within genres such as neoclassical metal, highly regarded by such players as Dimebag Darrell of Pantera, John Petrucci of Dream Theater, Zakk Wylde, Michael Romeo, Alexi Laiho, Mick Thomson of Slipknot, Paul Gilbert of Mr. Big, Buckethead, Michael Angelo Batio, Tom Morello of Rage Against the Machine, and Mike McCready of Pearl Jam.


title: Randy Rhoads

text: Aldridge, who Rhoads had regarded as his favorite drummer since seeing him perform on television with Black Oak Arkansas in the 1970s, has said that working with a musician as talented as Rhoads "was inspirational. It was life-changing". From a musical standpoint, he has said that playing with Rhoads was the high point of his career, stating "It was very exciting. From a musical perspective, it was probably the high-water mark of my career. Working with people like Randy Rhoads, guys like that, they kind of grab you by the scruff of your neck and lift you up to their level."


title: Randy Rhoads

text: Rhoads' talent was not always met with such praise during his lifetime. Fellow guitarist Eddie Van Halen was somewhat dismissive of Rhoads' playing, saying in 1982 "Everything he did he learned from me" and "I don't really think he did anything that I haven't done", but said that "He was good". J. D. Considine of "Rolling Stone" Magazine was critical of his playing, referring to Rhoads in his review of "Diary Of A Madman" as "a junior-league Eddie Van Halen – bustling with chops but somewhat short on imagination". Years later, however, the magazine listed Rhoads as one of the greatest guitarists of all time.


title: Randy Rhoads

text: Just before his death Jackson Guitars created a signature model, the Jackson Randy Rhoads (though Rhoads had originally called his white pinstriped V "the Concorde"). Rhoads received one prototype – a black offset V hardtail that is the basis of today's RR line of Jackson guitars – but died before the guitar went into production.


title: Randy Rhoads

text: Jackson Guitars released an exact replica of Rhoads' original white "shortwing" V. His original guitar was handled, photographed, and measured extensively by Jackson's luthiers to produce the most precise replica possible. The guitar comes with black gaffer's tape covering the top wing and the back of the guitar, just like Rhoads'. Only 60 of the guitars were manufactured, each with the symbolic price tag of $12,619.56, which is Rhoads' birthday. In 2010, Gibson Guitars announced a new custom shop signature guitar modeled after Rhoads' 1974 Les Paul Custom.


title: Randy Rhoads

text: As a tribute to Rhoads, Marshall Amplification released the 1959RR at NAMM 2008. The amp is a limited-edition all-white Marshall Super Lead 100-watt head modeled after Rhoads' own Super Lead amp. Marshall engineers looked extensively at Rhoads' actual amplifier and made the 1959RR to those exact specifications, down to the special high-gain modification Rhoads requested when he visited the Marshall factory in 1980.


title: Randy Rhoads

text: In April 2011, author Joel McIver announced the publication of the first fully comprehensive Rhoads biography, "Crazy Train: The High Life and Tragic Death of Randy Rhoads", with a foreword written by Zakk Wylde and an afterword by Yngwie Malmsteen. In June 2012, Velocity Publishing Group announced a comprehensive Rhoads biography, written by Steven Rosen and Andrew Klein, and containing over 400 pages of material.


title: Randy Rhoads

text: May 31, 2011, marked the 30th anniversary and remaster-release of "Blizzard of Ozz" and "Diary of a Madman". Both albums were remastered and restored to their original state with Bob Daisley's bass and Lee Kerslake's drums intact. "Blizzard" has three bonus tracks: "You, Looking at Me, Looking at You", "Goodbye to Romance" (2010 Vocal & Guitar Mix), and "RR" (Randy Rhoads in-studio guitar solo). Originally, "Diary" was to include long fade-out versions of "You Can't Kill Rock and Roll", "Tonight", and "Diary of a Madman" (2010 Re-mix version), but they were not included in the re-issue. The Legacy version of "Diary of a Madman" includes a second CD called "Ozzy Live", a live album pulled together from multiple performances on the 1981 Blizzard of Ozz tour. This performance features the same line-up as the "Tribute" album. Also included exclusively in the special box set are the 180-gram vinyl versions of the original albums, a 100-page coffee table book and the DVD "Thirty Years After the Blizzard", that includes unreleased Rhoads video footage.


title: Randy Rhoads

text: Producer Kevin Churko, who mixed the 2010 "Ozzy Live" CD, has stated that Epic Records has "a lot more in the vault" for future releases of Rhoads' material with Osbourne, as many of the band's live performances from that era were recorded.


title: Randy Rhoads

text: Rhoads' mother, Delores Rhoads, created the Randy Rhoads Scholarship Endowment at California State University, Northridge that gives annual scholarships to guitar students in memory of her son.


title: Randy Rhoads

text: On January 18, 2017, Rhoads was inducted into the Hall of Heavy Metal History for defining heavy metal lead guitar.


title: Randy Rhoads

text: Rhoads was formally inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on October 30th, 2021, as a recipient of the Musical Excellence Award. Speaking (via video message) at the induction were Ozzy Osbourne, and guitarists Tom Morello of Rage Against the Machine, Zakk Wylde (formerly of Osbourne's band, and greatly influenced by Rhoads in his youth) and Kirk Hammett of Metallica.


title: Damien Chazelle

text: Damien Sayre Chazelle (; born January 19, 1985) is a French-American film director, screenwriter and producer. He is known for his films "Whiplash" (2014), "La La Land" (2016), and "First Man" (2018).


title: Damien Chazelle

text: For "Whiplash", he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. His biggest commercial success came with "La La Land", which was nominated for 14 Academy Awards, winning six including Best Director, making him the youngest person to win the award at age 32. He has since directed the Netflix limited series "The Eddy" (2020) and the period comedy-drama film "Babylon" (2022).


title: Damien Chazelle

text: Chazelle was born in Providence, Rhode Island to a Catholic family. His father who is French, Bernard Chazelle, is the Eugene Higgins Professor of computer science at Princeton University, and was born in Clamart, France. His mother, Celia, is from an English-Canadian family based in Calgary, Alberta, and teaches medieval history at The College of New Jersey.


title: Damien Chazelle

text: Chazelle was raised in Princeton, New Jersey, where, although a Catholic, he attended a Hebrew school for four years due to his parents' dissatisfaction with other local schools. Chazelle has a sister, Anna, who is an actress. Their English-born maternal grandfather, John Martin, is the son of stage actress Eileen Earle.


title: Damien Chazelle

text: Filmmaking was Chazelle's first love, but he subsequently wanted to be a musician and struggled to make it as a jazz drummer at Princeton High School. He has said that he had an intense music teacher in the Princeton High School Studio Band, who was the inspiration for the character of Terence Fletcher (J.K. Simmons) in Chazelle's breakout film "Whiplash". Unlike the film's protagonist Andrew Neiman (Miles Teller), Chazelle stated that he knew instinctively that he never had the talent to be a great drummer and after high school, pursued filmmaking again. He studied filmmaking in the Visual and Environmental Studies department at Harvard University and graduated in 2007.


title: Damien Chazelle

text: At Harvard, he lived in Currier House as roommates with composer and frequent collaborator Justin Hurwitz. The two were among the original members of the indie-pop group Chester French, formed during their freshman year.


title: Damien Chazelle

text: Chazelle wrote and directed his debut feature, "Guy and Madeline on a Park Bench", as part of his senior thesis project with classmate Justin Hurwitz at Harvard. The film premiered at Tribeca Film Festival in 2009 and received various awards on the festival circuit, before being picked up by Variance Films for limited release and opening to critical acclaim.


title: Damien Chazelle

text: After graduation, Chazelle moved to Los Angeles with the ultimate goal of attracting interest to produce his musical "La La Land". Chazelle worked as a "writer-for-hire" in Hollywood; among his writing credits are "The Last Exorcism Part II" (2013) and "Grand Piano" (2013). He was also brought in by J. J. Abrams' Bad Robot Productions to re-write a draft of "10 Cloverfield Lane" (2016) with the intention of also directing, but Chazelle ultimately chose to direct "Whiplash" instead.


title: Damien Chazelle

text: Chazelle initially described "Whiplash" as a writing reaction to being stuck on another script: "I just thought, that's not working, let me put it away and write this thing about being a jazz drummer in high school." He stated he initially did not want to show the script around, as it felt too personal, and "I put it in a drawer". Although nobody was initially interested in producing the film, his script was featured on Black List in 2012 as one of the best unmade films of that year. The project was eventually picked up by Right of Way Films and Blumhouse Productions, who suggested that Chazelle turn a portion of his script into a short film as proof-of-concept. The 18-minute short was accepted at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival, where it was well-received; financing was then raised for the feature film, and, in 2014, it was released to an overwhelmingly positive critical reaction. "Whiplash" received numerous awards on the festival circuit and earned five Oscar nominations, including Best Adapted Screenplay for Chazelle, winning three.


title: Damien Chazelle

text: Thanks to the success of "Whiplash", Chazelle was able to attract financiers for his musical "La La Land". The film opened the Venice International Film Festival on August 31, 2016, and began a limited release in the United States on December 9, 2016, with a wider release on December 16, 2016. It has received rave reviews from critics and numerous awards. Chazelle was particularly praised for his work on the film and received several top honors, including a Golden Globe and an Academy Award for Best Director, making Chazelle the youngest director to win each award, at age 32.


title: Damien Chazelle

text: Chazelle next reunited with Gosling on the film "First Man" (2018), for Universal Pictures. With a screenplay by Josh Singer, the biopic is based on author James R. Hansen's "", written about the astronaut. The film received positive reviews, with Owen Gleiberman of "Variety" writing that "Chazelle orchestrates a dashingly original mood of adventure drenched in anxiety".


title: Damien Chazelle

text: Chazelle directed the first two episodes of the May 2020-released Netflix musical drama television miniseries "The Eddy". The series is written by Jack Thorne, with Grammy-winning songwriter Glen Ballard and Alan Poul attached as executive producers. The series is set in Paris and consists of eight episodes.


title: Damien Chazelle

text: In July 2019, "Variety" reported that his next film, called "Babylon", set in 1920s Hollywood, was scheduled to be released in 2021, co-produced by his wife, Olivia Hamilton. Chazelle was eyeing Emma Stone to star; Brad Pitt has also been rumored to have a role. In November 2019, "The Hollywood Reporter" reported that "Babylon" would have a limited release on December 25, 2022, before expanding into wide release on January 6, 2023. In December 2020, it was reported that Li Jun Li was cast as Anna May Wong and that Margot Robbie was in talks to replace Stone. In 2018 it was reported that Apple TV+ had given the director a direct-to-series order for an untitled drama series to be made for the streaming service, but no other information has been released yet. In December 2022, Chazelle and Hamilton signed a first-look deal with Paramount Pictures.


title: Damien Chazelle

text: Chazelle married producer Jasmine McGlade in 2010; they divorced in 2014. In October 2017, Chazelle and actress Olivia Hamilton, a Princeton University graduate and former McKinsey & Company consultant, announced their engagement, and the couple married September 22, 2018. They have a son who was born in November 2019.


title: Anthony Quinn

text: Manuel Antonio Rodolfo Quinn Oaxaca (April 21, 1915 – June 3, 2001), known professionally as Anthony Quinn, was a Mexican-American actor. He was known for his portrayal of earthy, passionate characters "marked by a brutal and elemental virility" in numerous critically acclaimed films both in Hollywood and abroad. His notable films include "La Strada", "The Guns of Navarone", "Guns for San Sebastian", "Lawrence of Arabia", "The Shoes of the Fisherman", "The Message", "Lion of the Desert", and "Jungle Fever". He also had an Oscar-nominated titular role in "Zorba the Greek".


title: Anthony Quinn

text: Quinn won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor twice: for "Viva Zapata!" in 1952 and "Lust for Life" in 1956. In addition, he received two Academy Award nominations in the Best Leading Actor category, along with five Golden Globe nominations and two BAFTA Award nominations. In 1987, he was presented with the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Lifetime Achievement Award. Through both his artistic endeavors and civil rights activism, he remains a seminal figure of Latin-American representation in the media of the United States.


title: Anthony Quinn

text: Manuel Antonio Rodolfo Quinn Oaxaca was born April 21, 1915, in Chihuahua, Mexico, during the Mexican Revolution to Manuela "Nellie" (née Oaxaca) and Francisco "Frank" Quinn. Frank Quinn was born to an Irish immigrant father from County Cork, and a Mexican mother. Frank reportedly rode with Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa, then later moved to the East Los Angeles neighborhood of City Terrace and became an assistant cameraman at a movie studio. In Quinn's autobiography, "The Original Sin: A Self-portrait by Anthony Quinn", he denied being the son of an "Irish adventurer" and attributed that tale to Hollywood publicists. Quinn later said he was not accepted in Mexico because of his surname.


title: Anthony Quinn

text: When he was six years old, Quinn attended a Catholic church and even contemplated becoming a priest. However, at the age of 11 he joined the Pentecostals at the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel, which was founded and led by the evangelical preacher Aimee Semple McPherson. For a time, Quinn played in the church's band and was an apprentice preacher with the evangelist. "I have known most of the great actresses of my time, and not one of them could touch her," Quinn once said of the spellbinding McPherson, whom he credited with inspiring Zorba's gesture of the dramatically outstretched hand.


title: Anthony Quinn

text: Quinn grew up first in El Paso, Texas, and later in East Los Angeles and in the Echo Park area of Los Angeles, California. He attended Hammel Street Elementary School, Belvedere Junior High School, Polytechnic High School and Belmont High School in Los Angeles, with future baseball player and "General Hospital" star John Beradino, but left before graduating. In June 1987, Tucson High School in Arizona awarded him an honorary high school diploma.


title: Anthony Quinn

text: As a young man, Quinn boxed professionally to earn money, then studied art and architecture under Frank Lloyd Wright at the designer's Arizona residence and his Wisconsin studio, Taliesin. The two men became friends. When Quinn mentioned that he was drawn to acting, Wright encouraged him. Quinn said he had been offered $800 per week by a film studio and did not know what to do. Wright replied, "Take it, you'll never make that much with me." During a 1999 interview on "Private Screenings with Robert Osborne", Quinn said the contract was for only $300 per week.


title: Anthony Quinn

text: After a short time performing on the stage, Quinn launched his film career performing character roles in the 1936 films "The Plainsman"( as a Cheyenne Indian after Custer's defeat with Gary Cooper), "Parole" (in which he made his debut) and "The Milky Way", his first motion picture, although he was not credited. He played "ethnic" villains in Paramount films such as "Dangerous to Know" (1938), with Anna May Wong, and "Road to Morocco" with Bing Crosby and Bob Hope, and played a more sympathetic Crazy Horse in "They Died with Their Boots On", with Errol Flynn.


title: Anthony Quinn

text: A breakthrough in his career occurred in 1941 when he received an offer to play a matador in the bullfighting-themed "Blood and Sand" with Tyrone Power and Rita Hayworth. In 1942, Quinn co-starred alongside Power in another critical and financial success, the swashbuckling adventure "The Black Swan". In 1943, he had a role in the Oscar-nominated western "The Ox-Bow Incident". He co-starred in "Sinbad the Sailor" (1947) with Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. and Maureen O'Hara.


title: Anthony Quinn

text: By 1947, Quinn had appeared in more than fifty films and had played a variety of characters, including Indians, Mafia dons, Hawaiian chiefs, Filipino freedom-fighters, Chinese guerrillas, and Arab sheiks. He returned to the theater, replacing Marlon Brando as Stanley Kowalski in "A Streetcar Named Desire" on Broadway. In 1947, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States.


title: Anthony Quinn

text: He returned to Hollywood in the early 1950s and was cast in a series of B-adventures such as "Mask of the Avenger" (1951). He solidified his position as one of Hollywood's premier actors in Elia Kazan's "Viva Zapata!" (1952), opposite Marlon Brando. Quinn's performance as Zapata's brother won him an Oscar for Best Supporting Actor while Brando lost the Oscar for Best Actor to Gary Cooper in "High Noon". Quinn holds the distinction of being the first Mexican-American to win an Academy Award.


title: Anthony Quinn

text: In the late 1950s, Quinn traveled to Rome, where he collaborated with several renowned Italian filmmakers and established himself as a star of world cinema. He worked with Dino De Laurentiis and Carlo Ponti in the Kirk Douglas film "Ulysses", and starred as Attila the Hun, with Sophia Loren, in "Attila". In 1953, he turned in one of his best performances as a dim-witted, thuggish and volatile strongman in Federico Fellini's Oscar-winning "La Strada" (1954), opposite Giulietta Masina.


title: Anthony Quinn

text: Quinn won his second Oscar for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of painter Paul Gauguin in Vincente Minnelli's "Lust for Life" (1956), alongside Kirk Douglas, who portrayed Vincent van Gogh. Quinn also starred as Quasimodo in the French-language film "The Hunchback of Notre Dame". Even after his return to the United States, Quinn would continue to periodically appear in European films. His frequent portrayal of Italian characters and appearance in Italian films led to the popular misconception that he was in fact Italian.


title: Anthony Quinn

text: The following year, he received an Oscar nomination for Best Actor for his part in George Cukor's "Wild Is the Wind". Quinn starred in the film "The Savage Innocents" (1959) as Inuk, an Eskimo who finds himself caught between two clashing cultures. He teamed with Kirk Douglas once again in the western "Last Train from Gun Hill" (1959).


title: Anthony Quinn

text: He appeared on Broadway to great acclaim in "Becket", as King Henry II to Laurence Olivier's Thomas Becket in 1960. Quinn's performance earned him a Tony Award nomination for best leading actor and "Becket" received the award for best play. An erroneous story arose in later years that during the run Quinn and Olivier switched roles and Quinn played Becket to Olivier's King. In fact, Quinn left the production for a film, never having played Becket, and director Peter Glenville suggested a road tour with Olivier as Henry. Olivier happily agreed and Arthur Kennedy took on the role of Becket for the tour and brief return to Broadway.


title: Anthony Quinn

text: As the decade ended, Quinn allowed his age to show and began his transformation into a major character actor. His physique filled out, his hair grayed, and his once smooth, swarthy face weathered and became more rugged. He played a Greek resistance fighter in "The Guns of Navarone" (1961), an aging boxer in "Requiem for a Heavyweight", and the Bedouin shaikh Auda abu Tayi in "Lawrence of Arabia" (both 1962). "Lawrence of Arabia'- would go on to win the Oscar and Golden Globe for best picture, and Quinn received a Golden Globe nomination for best actor alongside co-star Peter O'Toole. He also played the title role in the 1961 film "Barabbas", based on a novel by Pär Lagerkvist. In 1962, he returned to Broadway, playing the role of Caesario Grimaldi in the Tony Award-nominated "Tchin-Tchin", and had the lead role in the film "Requiem for a Heavyweight".


title: Anthony Quinn

text: The success of "Zorba the Greek" in 1964 resulted in another Oscar nomination for Best Actor. Other films included "The 25th Hour", "The Magus", "Guns for San Sebastian" and "The Shoes of the Fisherman". In 1969, he starred in "The Secret of Santa Vittoria" with Anna Magnani; each was nominated for a Golden Globe Award.


title: Anthony Quinn

text: Quinn starred as a liberal sociology professor in the campus unrest drama "R. P. M." (1970), opposite Ann-Margret. In 1971, after the success of a TV movie named "The City", where Quinn played Mayor Thomas Jefferson Alcala, he starred in the television series, "The Man and the City". Quinn's subsequent television appearances were sporadic, including "Jesus of Nazareth".


title: Anthony Quinn

text: In 1972, he co-starred with Yaphet Kotto in the blaxploitation film "Across 110th Street". He played NYPD Captain Frank Martelli, who along with Kotto, was investigating a robbery-homicide of Italian and Black gangsters in Harlem, New York City. He played the old racist violent Captain, against Kotto's modern, educated, enlightened Lieutenant.


title: Anthony Quinn

text: In 1976, Quinn starred in the movie "Mohammad, Messenger of God" (also known as "The Message"), about the origin of Islam, as Hamza, a highly respected uncle of Mohammad, the prophet of Islam. In 1981, he starred in "Lion of the Desert". Quinn played real-life Bedouin leader Omar Mukhtar, who fought Benito Mussolini's Italian troops in the deserts of Libya.


title: Anthony Quinn

text: In 1979, Quinn starred in the film "The Passage", as a Basque shepherd during WWII. He was tasked with leading a scientist and his family across the Pyrenees, while pursued by Nazis. Also starred James Mason and Malcolm McDowell.


title: Anthony Quinn

text: In 1983, he reprised his role as Zorba for 362 performances in a successful musical version, called "Zorba", opposite fellow film co-star Lila Kedrova, reprising her role as Madame Hortense. Quinn performed in the musical both on Broadway and at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C.


title: Anthony Quinn

text: In 1990, he starred in "The Old Man and the Sea", a television movie based on the novel by Ernest Hemingway. Quinn's film career slowed during the 1990s, but he nonetheless continued to work steadily, appearing in "Revenge" (1990), "Jungle Fever" (1991), "Last Action Hero" (1993), "A Walk in the Clouds" (1995) and "Seven Servants" (1996).


title: Anthony Quinn

text: In 1994, Quinn played the role of Zeus in five television movies focusing on the legendary journeys of Hercules. These were, in order, "Hercules and the Amazon Women", "Hercules and the Lost Kingdom", "Hercules and the Circle of Fire", "Hercules in the Underworld", and "Hercules in the Maze of the Minotaur".


title: Anthony Quinn

text: In 1995, Quinn starred in his last movie in a lead role in the film "Seven Servants", by Daryush Shokof.


title: Anthony Quinn

text: Quinn's first wife was the actress Katherine DeMille, the adopted daughter of Cecil B. DeMille; they wed in 1937. The couple had five children: Christopher (1938–1941), Christina (born December 1, 1941), Catalina (born November 21, 1942), Duncan (born August 4, 1945), and Valentina (born December 26, 1952). Their first child, Christopher, aged two, drowned in the lily pond of next-door neighbor W. C. Fields.


title: Anthony Quinn

text: In 1965, Quinn and DeMille divorced because of his affair with Italian costume designer Jolanda Addolori (died 2016), whom he married in 1966. They had three children: Francesco Quinn (March 22, 1963 – August 5, 2011), Danny Quinn (born April 16, 1964), and Lorenzo Quinn (born May 7, 1966).


title: Anthony Quinn

text: In the 1970s, during his marriage to Addolori, Quinn also had two children with Friedel Dunbar, an event producer in Los Angeles: Sean Quinn (born February 7, 1973) and Alexander Anthony Quinn (born December 30, 1976).


title: Anthony Quinn

text: By the 1990s, Quinn then had two children with his secretary, Katherine Benvin; daughter Antonia Patricia Rose Quinn (born July 23, 1993) and son Ryan Nicholas Quinn (born July 5, 1996). His marriage with Addolori finally ended in divorce in August 1997. He then married Benvin in December 1997 and remained married to her until his death.


title: Anthony Quinn

text: Quinn, who experienced discrimination growing up in Los Angeles, participated in various civil rights and social causes. He provided funding for Latino advocacy group the Spanish-Speaking People's Congress. He assisted in fundraising efforts for the legal defense of Mexican-American youth in the racially charged Sleepy Lagoon murder trial in 1942. While in Paris, he and several other prominent Americans, composed a petition endorsing the 1963 March on Washington; the petition, which was reprinted in several high-profile publications, was intended to rally support among Americans living abroad, according to Elliott Miller, writing in "CounterPunch". In 1969, Quinn visited with Native American student activists occupying Alcatraz Island in protest, promising to offer assistance. In 1970, Quinn was a panelist at the Mexican-American Conference. In 1971, he narrated a documentary film by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, discussing job discrimination faced by Hispanic Americans. He was a supporter of the United Farm Workers organization led by his friend and labor activist Cesar Chavez.


title: Anthony Quinn

text: Art critic Donald Kuspit explains, "Examining Quinn's many expressions of creativity together—his art, collecting, and acting—we can see that he was a creative genius."


title: Anthony Quinn

text: Early in life Quinn had an interest in painting and drawing. Throughout his teenage years he won various art competitions in California and focused his studies at Polytechnic High School in Los Angeles on drafting. Later, Quinn studied briefly under Frank Lloyd Wright through the Taliesin Fellowship — an opportunity created by winning first prize in an architectural design contest. Through Wright's recommendation, Quinn took acting lessons as a form of post-operative speech therapy, which led to an acting career that spanned over six decades.


title: Anthony Quinn

text: Apart from art classes taken in Chicago during the 1950s, Quinn never attended art school; nonetheless, taking advantage of books, museums, and amassing a sizable collection, he managed to give himself an effective education in the language of modern art. By the early 1980s, his work had caught the eyes of various gallery owners and was exhibited internationally, in Mexico City, Los Angeles, New York City and Paris. His work is now represented in both public and private collections throughout the world.


title: Anthony Quinn

text: He wrote two memoirs, "The Original Sin" (1972) and "One Man Tango" (1997), a number of scripts, and a series of unpublished stories currently in the collection of his archive.


title: Anthony Quinn

text: Quinn made an appearance at the John Gotti trial, according to John H. Davis, author of "Mafia Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Gambino Crime Family". He told reporters he wanted to play Paul Castellano, the boss of the Gambino family after Carlo Gambino. Gotti had Castellano murdered, becoming the boss of the Gambino family thereafter. Gotti was on trial concerning a variety of felony charges when Quinn visited the courtroom.


title: Anthony Quinn

text: Although he tried to shake hands with Gotti, federal marshals prevented him from doing so, Davis says. The actor interpreted the testimony of Sammy ("The Bull") Gravano, Gotti's underboss, against Gotti as "a friend who betrays a friend." He had not come to "judge" Gotti, Quinn insisted, but only because he wanted to portray Castellano, who inspired the actor because he had had a "thirty-year-old" mistress, which Quinn believed was "a beautiful thing". He would later portray Gambino family underboss Aniello Dellacroce in the 1996 HBO film "Gotti", as well as Joe Masseria in the 1991 film "Mobsters".


title: Anthony Quinn

text: Quinn had a personal relationship with New York City Mafia crime boss Frank Costello and other Genovese gangsters.


title: Anthony Quinn

text: Quinn spent his last years in Bristol, Rhode Island. He died of respiratory failure (due to complications from radiation treatment for lung cancer) on June 3, 2001, in Boston, at age 86. Quinn's funeral was held in the First Baptist Church in America in College Hill, Providence, Rhode Island. His wife asked for the permission of Bristol authorities to bury him in his favorite spot in the backyard of his house, near an old maple tree. They had bought the property in 1995; it had a view of the Narragansett Bay. Permission was granted and he was laid to rest there.


title: Anthony Quinn

text: On January 5, 1982, the Belvedere County Public Library in East Los Angeles was renamed in honor of Anthony Quinn. The present library sits on the site of his family's former home.


title: Anthony Quinn

text: In 1984, artist Eloy Torrez produced a 70-foot (21 m) high portrait mural of Quinn titled both "Anthony Quinn" and "The Pope of Broadway" in Los Angeles. It depicts Quinn in his famous "Zorba the Greek" role, and it remains one of the largest portrait murals in California, United States. Both the portrait mural and Anthony Quinn himself are the subject of a 2018 Google Arts & Culture exhibit.


title: Anthony Quinn

text: In his birthplace of Chihuahua, Mexico, there is a statue of Quinn doing his famous "Zorba the Greek" dance.


title: Anthony Quinn

text: There is an Anthony Quinn Bay and Beach in Rhodes, Greece, just south of the village of Faliraki (also called Falirakion or Falirákion). Quinn bought the land during the filming of "The Guns of Navarone" in Rhodes; however, it was reclaimed by the Greek government in 1984 due to a change in property law.


title: Anthony Quinn

text: Since 2002, the National Council of La Raza has given the "Anthony Quinn Award for Excellence in Motion Pictures" as an ALMA Award. His widow, Katherine Benvin Quinn, established the Anthony Quinn Foundation, which advocates the importance of arts in education.


title: David Strathairn

text: David Russell Strathairn (; born January 26, 1949) is an American actor. Known for his leading roles on stage and screen, he has often portrayed historical figures such as Edward R. Murrow, J. Robert Oppenheimer, William H. Seward, and John Dos Passos. He has received various accolades including an Independent Spirit Award, a Primetime Emmy Award, and a Volpi Cup, and has been nominated for an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award, two Golden Globe Awards, and four Screen Actors Guild Awards.


title: David Strathairn

text: Strathairn made his acting debut in his fellow Williams College graduate John Sayles' film "Return of the Secaucus 7" (1980). He continued acting in films such as "Matewan" (1987), "Eight Men Out" (1988), "City of Hope" (1991), "A League of Their Own" (1992), "Sneakers" (1992), "Passion Fish" (1992), "The Firm" (1993), "The River Wild" (1995), "L.A. Confidential" (1997), and "Limbo" (1999). Strathairn gained prominence for his portrayal as journalist Edward R. Murrow in George Clooney's "Good Night, and Good Luck" (2005), for which he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor. He is also recognized for his role as CIA Deputy Director Noah Vosen in "The Bourne Ultimatum" (2007), and "The Bourne Legacy" (2012). He appeared in Steven Spielberg's "Lincoln" (2012), Chloe Zhao's "Nomadland" (2020), and Guillermo del Toro's "Nightmare Alley" (2021).


title: David Strathairn

text: Also known for his lengthy work on television, he made his debut in the soap opera "Search for Tomorrow" in 1984. He portrayed Robert Wegler in the acclaimed HBO drama series "The Sopranos" (2004). He received a Primetime Emmy Award win and a Golden Globe Award nomination for his performance in the HBO television film "Temple Grandin" (2010). He portrayed John Dos Passos in the HBO film "Hemingway & Gellhorn" (2012). He's had recurring roles in the Syfy series "Alphas" (2011-2012), the NBC series "The Blacklist" (2015-2016), the Showtime series "Billions" (2017-2019), and the SyFy, then Amazon Prime Video, series "The Expanse" (2018 - 2019).


title: David Strathairn

text: Strathairn was born in San Francisco, California, the second of three children of Thomas Scott Strathairn, Jr., a physician, and Mary Frances (née Frazier), a nurse. He is of Scottish descent through his paternal grandfather, Thomas Scott Strathairn, a native of Crieff, and of Native Hawaiian ancestry through his paternal grandmother, Josephine Lei Victoria Alana. Strathairn attended Redwood High School in Larkspur, California, and graduated from Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts, in 1970. At Williams, he met fellow actor Gordon Clapp and director John Sayles, with whom he has collaborated on a number of projects.


title: David Strathairn

text: He studied clowning at the Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Clown College in Venice, Florida, and briefly worked as a clown in a traveling circus.


title: David Strathairn

text: Strathairn was nominated for an Academy Award for his stirring portrayal of CBS newsman Edward R. Murrow in the 2005 biographical film "Good Night, and Good Luck". The film explored Murrow's clash with Senator Joseph McCarthy over McCarthy's Communist witch-hunts in the 1950s. Strathairn also received Best Actor Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild (SAG) nominations for his performance. In 2010, he won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie for his portrayal of Dr. Carlock in the HBO television film "Temple Grandin". For that role, he also won the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film and was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film.


title: David Strathairn

text: Other notable film roles include his portrayals of the title character in "Harrison's Flowers" (2000); Col. Craig Harrington in "Memphis Belle" (1990); Whistler, the wisecracking blind techie, in "Sneakers" (1992); convict Ray McDeere in the legal thriller "The Firm" (1993); abusive husband Joe St. George in "Dolores Claiborne" (1995); Pierce Patchett, a millionaire involved in the seedy side of 1950s Los Angeles in "L.A. Confidential" (1997); Theseus, Duke of Athens, in the 1999 version of "A Midsummer Night's Dream"; and baseball player Eddie Cicotte in "Eight Men Out" (1988).


title: David Strathairn

text: Strathairn is a character actor, appearing in supporting roles in many independent and Hollywood films. In this capacity, he has co-starred in "Twisted" as a psychiatrist; in "The River Wild" as a husband; and in "Blue Car" as a teacher.


title: David Strathairn

text: He has worked with his Williams College classmate and director John Sayles. He made his film debut in "Return of the Secaucus 7", and worked in the films "Passion Fish", "Matewan", "Limbo" and "City of Hope", for which he won the Independent Spirit Award. Alongside Sayles, he played one of the "men in black" in the 1983 film "The Brother from Another Planet". Strathairn created the role of Edwin Booth with Maryann Plunkett in a workshop production of "Booth! A House Divided", by W. Stuart McDowell, at The Players in New York City.


title: David Strathairn

text: Strathairn's television work also includes a wide range of roles: Moss, the bookselling nebbish on the critically acclaimed "The Days and Nights of Molly Dodd"; Captain Keller, the father of Helen Keller in the 2000 remake of "The Miracle Worker"; Capt. Frederick Benteen, a U.S. 7th Cavalry officer under General Custer's command in "Son of the Morning Star"; and a far-out (both figuratively and literally) televangelist in "Paradise", the pilot episode for a TV series on Showtime that was not successful. Strathairn had a recurring role on the hit television drama "The Sopranos". Strathairn starred in the "Miami Vice" episode "Out Where the Buses Don't Run."


title: David Strathairn

text: Strathairn appeared in "We Are Marshall", a 2006 film about the rebirth of Marshall University's football program after the 1970 plane crash that killed most of the team's members; and "Cold Souls", starring Paul Giamatti as a fictionalized version of himself, who enlists a company's services to deep freeze his soul, directed by Sophie Barthes. In 2006 he did a campaign ad for then congressional candidate (now Senator) Kirsten Gillibrand. He reprised his role as Edward R. Murrow in a speech similar to the one from "Good Night, and Good Luck", but was altered to reference Gillibrand's opponent John Sweeney.


title: David Strathairn

text: Strathairn plays the lead role in the 2007 independent film, "Steel Toes", a film by David Gow (writer/co-director/producer) and Mark Adam (co-director/DOP/editor). The film is based on Gow's stage play "Cherry Docs", in which Strathairn starred for its American premiere at the Wilma Theatre in Philadelphia.


title: David Strathairn

text: He played a role in Paramount Pictures' children's film "The Spiderwick Chronicles" (2008) as Arthur Spiderwick. Strathairn appeared in the "American Experience" PBS anthology series documentary, "The Trials of J. Robert Oppenheimer", a biography of the physicist. He first played Oppenheimer in the 1989 CBS TV movie "Day One". He plays William Flynn, an FBI agent dealing with anarchism in 1920s New York City, in "No God, No Master".


title: David Strathairn

text: In 2009, Strathairn performed in "The People Speak", a documentary feature film that uses dramatic and musical performances of the letters, diaries, and speeches of everyday Americans. It was adapted from the historian Howard Zinn's "A People's History of the United States".


title: David Strathairn

text: In 2018-19, Strathairn appeared on the third and fourth seasons of SyFy's "The Expanse" as Klaes Ashford.


title: David Strathairn

text: In 2020, Strathairn was one of the few genuine actors in the Oscar-winner "Nomadland", directed by Chloé Zhao. David appears alongside his son Tay, the first time they have acted together on screen since 1988's "Eight Men Out" when Tay was just eight years old.


title: David Strathairn

text: Strathairn stars in the upcoming film "Remember This", based on the stage play about the life of a Polish diplomat and war hero Jan Karski. The film is executive-produced by Eva Anisko and directed by Jeff Hutchens and Derek Goldman.


title: David Strathairn

text: Strathairn is also a stage actor and has performed over 30 theatrical roles. He performed several roles in stage plays by Harold Pinter. He played Stanley in two consecutive New York Classic Stage Company (CSC) productions of Pinter's 1957 play "The Birthday Party", directed by Carey Perloff (since 1992 artistic director of the American Conservatory Theater), in 1988 and 1989; the dual roles of prison Officer and Prisoner in Pinter's 1989 play "Mountain Language" (in a double bill with the second CSC Rep production of "The Birthday Party"); Edwin Booth in a workshop production by W. Stuart McDowell at The Players in 1989; Kerner, in Tom Stoppard's "Hapgood" (1994); and Devlin, opposite Lindsay Duncan's Rebecca, in Pinter's 1996 two-hander "Ashes to Ashes" in the 1999 New York premiere by the Roundabout Theatre Company.


title: David Strathairn

text: In 2015 Strathairn appeared in Anton Chekov's "The Cherry Orchard" with Mary McDonnell at People's Light theater in Malvern, Pennsylvania. He lent his voice talents to an adaptation in the form of a radio play of Sinclair Lewis' "It Can't Happen Here" by the Berkeley Repertory Theatre in October 2020.


title: David Strathairn

text: Strathairn plays Jan Karski in the one-man play "Remember This: The Lesson of Jan Karski", written by Clark Young and Derek Goldman. The play is an original production by The Laboratory for Global Performance and Politics at Georgetown University. In 2021, Strathairn garnered critical acclaim for a production of "Remember This" at the Chicago Shakespeare Theater.


title: David Strathairn

text: Strathairn narrated a biographical video to introduce Barack Obama before his acceptance speech at the 2008 Democratic National Convention.


title: The infernal names

text: The Infernal Names is a compiled list of adversarial or antihero figures from mythology intended for use in Satanic ritual. The following names are as listed in "The Satanic Bible" (1969), written by Church of Satan founder Anton Szandor LaVey. When calling the names, all of them may be recited, or a given number of those most significant to the respective working may be chosen.


title: The infernal names

text: Not all were demons in their source culture; this list represents LaVey's interpretation of them and is presented below as they were written in the "Satanic" "Bible", and therefore is prone to historical errors and personal misconceptions.


title: Emily VanCamp

text: Emily Irene VanCamp (; born May 12, 1986) is a Canadian actress. She first came to prominence for her work with producer Greg Berlanti, who cast her as a series regular on The WB drama "Everwood" (2002–2006) and the ABC drama "Brothers & Sisters" (2007–2010). VanCamp gained further recognition by portraying the lead role of Emily Thorne on the ABC series "Revenge" from 2011 to 2015. From 2018 to 2021, VanCamp starred on the Fox medical drama series "The Resident". She also plays Sharon Carter / Agent 13 / Power Broker in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), appearing in the films "" (2014) and "" (2016), as well as the 2021 Disney+ series "The Falcon and the Winter Soldier" and "What If...?"


title: Emily VanCamp

text: VanCamp was born on May 12, 1986, in Port Perry, Ontario. Her father, Robert VanCamp, is an animal nutritionist, and her first job was working for him, delivering food to clients in and around her hometown. VanCamp started to dance at age three. At age 11, she wanted to become a professional dancer and convinced her parents to let her attend a summer training program in Montreal. When she was 12, she was accepted to the École supérieure de ballet du Québec, the training program of Les Grands Ballets Canadiens, and moved in with a local French-Canadian family.


title: Emily VanCamp

text: In 1998, VanCamp became interested in acting after visiting her sister Katie on the set of the film "Ladies Room". She started taking acting classes on Saturday afternoons, found an agent, and after working on a few commercials, was cast in the second part of a special three-part episode of the Canadian children's horror anthology television series "Are You Afraid of the Dark?" called "The Silver Sight", in which she played opposite a 17-year-old Elisha Cuthbert. VanCamp's character was present in one scene and did not speak any dialogue.


title: Emily VanCamp

text: VanCamp followed this with a role as a teenage Jackie Bouvier in the Emmy-nominated CBS TV movie "Jackie Bouvier Kennedy Onassis" and a guest spot on the YTV sitcom "Radio Active". The following year saw the release of her first theatrical film, the lesbian-themed drama "Lost and Delirious", in which she played a supporting role as Jessica Paré's sister, and another television guest spot in an episode of the short-lived medical horror series "All Souls", where she played a hit-and-run victim with spinal trauma. VanCamp also had roles in the miniseries "Dice", directed by Rachel Talalay, and in the TV film "Redeemer", directed by Graeme Clifford, which aired in early 2002.


title: Emily VanCamp

text: VanCamp's breakthrough came at age 15 when she was cast as Sam Dolan, a series regular role, in the WB mid-season show "Glory Days" (known in Europe as "Demontown"), the third TV series from "Dawson's Creek" creator Kevin Williamson. The horror mystery received mildly positive reviews, but was a ratings disappointment and was cancelled after nine episodes. VanCamp's performance as the lead character's younger sister caught the eye of former "Dawson's Creek" writer Greg Berlanti. Her performance reminded him of Katie Holmes, and he "desperately wanted to work with her". He cast her in his forthcoming first show, "Everwood", also for the WB. VanCamp played Amy, Dr. Abbott's daughter, who immediately forms a friendship with Dr. Brown's son Ephram, played by Gregory Smith. A significant portion of the show was devoted to the relationships between the two families, and in particular to Amy and Ephram. She gained a certain amount of recognition for the role, in which her character was confronted with drugs, depression, and an alienation from her family, receiving four Teen Choice Awards nominations and one Young Artist Awards nomination during the course of the show's run.


title: Emily VanCamp

text: While on breaks from "Everwood", VanCamp starred in a few film projects, including the thrillers "No Good Deed" and "A Different Loyalty", as well as "Rings", a horror short film that bridges the events between "The Ring" and "The Ring Two", and ties directly into her appearance in the opening scene of the latter film.


title: Emily VanCamp

text: VanCamp filmed the post-apocalyptic horror film "Carriers" in the summer of 2006, which was not released until 2009. Early 2007 had the broadcast of a season-eight "" episode, in which her drug-addict character Charlotte Truex cannot recall her actions on the night her mother was murdered, and the premiere of the independent drama "Black Irish", where her character Kathleen McKay, the sister of lead actor Michael Angarano's character Cole, has to deal with teenage pregnancy.


title: Emily VanCamp

text: VanCamp's next big role came at age 20 when "Everwood" creator Greg Berlanti cast her as a regular midway into the first season of the ABC drama "Brothers & Sisters", which he was showrunning, offering her the part directly. The Jon Robin Baitz–created series chronicles the lives of the Walkers, a wealthy family who owns a food company. After their patriarch dies, it is revealed he has a secret child from a long-standing affair, Rebecca Harper, played by VanCamp.


title: Emily VanCamp

text: VanCamp remained a regular on "Brothers & Sisters" during the show's first four seasons and returned as a guest for a few episodes in the fifth and final season to wrap up her character's storyline. While working on the show, she found the time to star in the independent drama "Norman" in mid-2008, which earned her awards from the San Diego Film Festival and the Breckenridge Festival of Film, her only wins to date. The film has her playing the girlfriend of main character Norman Long, played by Dan Byrd, who pretends he is dying of cancer. VanCamp also starred in the two-part TV film "Ben Hur", the latest adaptation of Lew Wallace's , in which she played Ben-Hur's wife Esther.


title: Emily VanCamp

text: VanCamp starred in "Hallmark Hall of Fame" film "Beyond the Blackboard", based on the true story of Stacey Bess, whom VanCamp plays. The film aired on CBS on April 24, 2011. She was then cast as Amanda Clarke / Emily Thorne in the ABC drama "Revenge", which was given a series order in May 2011. As the first TV show VanCamp truly headlined, "Revenge" gave her a significant amount of recognition, including multiple Teen Choice Awards nominations.


title: Emily VanCamp

text: VanCamp co-starred in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film "" as Sharon Carter, a potential loyal friend of Chris Evans' titular hero and the great-niece of Peggy Carter, played by Hayley Atwell. The film was shot from April through June 2013 and was released on April 4, 2014. VanCamp reprised her role in the 2016 sequel "", the 2021 Disney+ series "The Falcon and the Winter Soldier", and the animated series "What If...?"


title: Emily VanCamp

text: VanCamp starred in the independent drama "The Girl in the Book", which started filming in mid-June 2013 in New York City. Based on a true story, the film centers on VanCamp's character Alice, a 28-year-old assistant book editor and aspiring writer. To fund its post-production, the film's producers launched a crowdfunding Kickstarter campaign on June 17, 2013, which successfully surpassed its $65,000 goal on July 1.


title: Emily VanCamp

text: In 2016, she starred in the French-Canadian independent drama "Boundaries", also known as ""Pays"" in French, which was her first bilingual role where she spoke in fluent French.


title: Emily VanCamp

text: In March 2017, VanCamp was cast as nurse practitioner Nic Nevin, the female lead in the Fox medical drama "The Resident", whose character has a complicated romantic history and relationship with the main character Conrad Hawkins, played by Matt Czuchry. In May 2017, Fox ordered the pilot to series. In August 2021, VanCamp left "The Resident" after four seasons.


title: Emily VanCamp

text: VanCamp has three sisters. She speaks French fluently and "feels at home" when she hears the language. She is also an accomplished dancer who studied and trained in ballet, jazz, hip-hop, and tap as a child; she credits her dance training with helping her through her fight scenes on "Revenge". She believes that if she had not gone into acting, she would have probably either continued dancing or done something related to cooking. VanCamp began dating English actor and "Revenge" co-star Josh Bowman in late 2011. On May 11, 2017, the couple announced they were engaged, and married on December 15, 2018, in the Bahamas. In 2021, VanCamp announced the birth of their first child, a daughter, on her Instagram account. VanCamp is also an equal pay supporter, and is involved in charitable efforts to help endangered tigers.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Mechanical engineering is an engineering branch that combines engineering physics and mathematics principles with materials science, to design, analyze, manufacture, and maintain mechanical systems. It is one of the oldest and broadest of the engineering branches.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: The mechanical engineering field requires an understanding of core areas including mechanics, dynamics, thermodynamics, materials science, structural analysis, and electricity. In addition to these core principles, mechanical engineers use tools such as computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), and product lifecycle management to design and analyze manufacturing plants, industrial equipment and machinery, heating and cooling systems, transport systems, aircraft, watercraft, robotics, medical devices, weapons, and others. It is the branch of engineering that involves the design, production, and operation of machinery.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Mechanical engineering emerged as a field during the Industrial Revolution in Europe in the 18th century; however, its development can be traced back several thousand years around the world. In the 19th century, developments in physics led to the development of mechanical engineering science. The field has continually evolved to incorporate advancements; today mechanical engineers are pursuing developments in such areas as composites, mechatronics, and nanotechnology. It also overlaps with aerospace engineering, metallurgical engineering, civil engineering, structural engineering, electrical engineering, manufacturing engineering, chemical engineering, industrial engineering, and other engineering disciplines to varying amounts. Mechanical engineers may also work in the field of biomedical engineering, specifically with biomechanics, transport phenomena, biomechatronics, bionanotechnology, and modelling of biological systems.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: The application of mechanical engineering can be seen in the archives of various ancient and medieval societies. The six classic simple machines were known in the ancient Near East. The wedge and the inclined plane (ramp) were known since prehistoric times. The wheel, along with the wheel and axle mechanism, was invented in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) during the 5th millennium BC. The lever mechanism first appeared around 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where it was used in a simple balance scale, and to move large objects in ancient Egyptian technology. The lever was also used in the shadoof water-lifting device, the first crane machine, which appeared in Mesopotamia circa 3000 BC. The earliest evidence of pulleys date back to Mesopotamia in the early 2nd millennium BC.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: The Sakia was developed in the Kingdom of Kush during the 4th century BC. It relied on animal power reducing the tow on the requirement of human energy. Reservoirs in the form of Hafirs were developed in Kush to store water and boost irrigation. Bloomeries and blast furnaces were developed during the seventh century BC in Meroe. Kushite sundials applied mathematics in the form of advanced trigonometry.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: The earliest practical water-powered machines, the water wheel and watermill, first appeared in the Persian Empire, in what are now Iraq and Iran, by the early 4th century BC. In ancient Greece, the works of Archimedes (287–212 BC) influenced mechanics in the Western tradition. In Roman Egypt, Heron of Alexandria (c. 10–70 AD) created the first steam-powered device (Aeolipile). In China, Zhang Heng (78–139 AD) improved a water clock and invented a seismometer, and Ma Jun (200–265 AD) invented a chariot with differential gears. The medieval Chinese horologist and engineer Su Song (1020–1101 AD) incorporated an escapement mechanism into his astronomical clock tower two centuries before escapement devices were found in medieval European clocks. He also invented the world's first known endless power-transmitting chain drive.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: During the Islamic Golden Age (7th to 15th century), Muslim inventors made remarkable contributions in the field of mechanical technology. Al-Jazari, who was one of them, wrote his famous "Book of Ingenious Devices" in 1206 and presented many mechanical designs.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: In the 17th century, important breakthroughs in the foundations of mechanical engineering occurred in England and the Continent. The Dutch mathematician and physicist Christiaan Huygens invented the pendulum clock in 1657, which was the first reliable timekeeper for almost 300 years, and published a work dedicated to clock designs and the theory behind them. In England, Isaac Newton formulated Newton's Laws of Motion and developed the calculus, which would become the mathematical basis of physics. Newton was reluctant to publish his works for years, but he was finally persuaded to do so by his colleagues, such as Edmond Halley. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who earlier designed a mechanical calculator, is also credited with developing the calculus during the same time period.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: During the early 19th century Industrial Revolution, machine tools were developed in England, Germany, and Scotland. This allowed mechanical engineering to develop as a separate field within engineering. They brought with them manufacturing machines and the engines to power them. The first British professional society of mechanical engineers was formed in 1847 Institution of Mechanical Engineers, thirty years after the civil engineers formed the first such professional society Institution of Civil Engineers. On the European continent, Johann von Zimmermann (1820–1901) founded the first factory for grinding machines in Chemnitz, Germany in 1848.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: In the United States, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) was formed in 1880, becoming the third such professional engineering society, after the American Society of Civil Engineers (1852) and the American Institute of Mining Engineers (1871). The first schools in the United States to offer an engineering education were the United States Military Academy in 1817, an institution now known as Norwich University in 1819, and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1825. Education in mechanical engineering has historically been based on a strong foundation in mathematics and science.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Degrees in mechanical engineering are offered at various universities worldwide. Mechanical engineering programs typically take four to five years of study depending on the place and university and result in a Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng. or B.E.), Bachelor of Science (B.Sc. or B.S.), Bachelor of Science Engineering (B.Sc.Eng.), Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech.), Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering (B.M.E.), or Bachelor of Applied Science (B.A.Sc.) degree, in or with emphasis in mechanical engineering. In Spain, Portugal and most of South America, where neither B.S. nor B.Tech. programs have been adopted, the formal name for the degree is "Mechanical Engineer", and the course work is based on five or six years of training. In Italy the course work is based on five years of education, and training, but in order to qualify as an Engineer one has to pass a state exam at the end of the course. In Greece, the coursework is based on a five-year curriculum.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: In the United States, most undergraduate mechanical engineering programs are accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) to ensure similar course requirements and standards among universities. The ABET web site lists 302 accredited mechanical engineering programs as of 11 March 2014. Mechanical engineering programs in Canada are accredited by the Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (CEAB), and most other countries offering engineering degrees have similar accreditation societies.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: In Australia, mechanical engineering degrees are awarded as Bachelor of Engineering (Mechanical) or similar nomenclature, although there are an increasing number of specialisations. The degree takes four years of full-time study to achieve. To ensure quality in engineering degrees, Engineers Australia accredits engineering degrees awarded by Australian universities in accordance with the global Washington Accord. Before the degree can be awarded, the student must complete at least 3 months of on the job work experience in an engineering firm. Similar systems are also present in South Africa and are overseen by the Engineering Council of South Africa (ECSA).


title: Mechanical engineering

text: In India, to become an engineer, one needs to have an engineering degree like a B.Tech or B.E, have a diploma in engineering, or by completing a course in an engineering trade like fitter from the Industrial Training Institute (ITIs) to receive a "ITI Trade Certificate" and also pass the All India Trade Test (AITT) with an engineering trade conducted by the National Council of Vocational Training (NCVT) by which one is awarded a "National Trade Certificate". A similar system is used in Nepal.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Some mechanical engineers go on to pursue a postgraduate degree such as a Master of Engineering, Master of Technology, Master of Science, Master of Engineering Management (M.Eng.Mgt. or M.E.M.), a Doctor of Philosophy in engineering (Eng.D. or Ph.D.) or an engineer's degree. The master's and engineer's degrees may or may not include research. The Doctor of Philosophy includes a significant research component and is often viewed as the entry point to academia. The Engineer's degree exists at a few institutions at an intermediate level between the master's degree and the doctorate.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Standards set by each country's accreditation society are intended to provide uniformity in fundamental subject material, promote competence among graduating engineers, and to maintain confidence in the engineering profession as a whole. Engineering programs in the U.S., for example, are required by ABET to show that their students can "work professionally in both thermal and mechanical systems areas." The specific courses required to graduate, however, may differ from program to program. Universities and institutes of technology will often combine multiple subjects into a single class or split a subject into multiple classes, depending on the faculty available and the university's major area(s) of research.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Mechanical engineers are also expected to understand and be able to apply basic concepts from chemistry, physics, tribology, chemical engineering, civil engineering, and electrical engineering. All mechanical engineering programs include multiple semesters of mathematical classes including calculus, and advanced mathematical concepts including differential equations, partial differential equations, linear algebra, abstract algebra, and differential geometry, among others.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: In addition to the core mechanical engineering curriculum, many mechanical engineering programs offer more specialized programs and classes, such as control systems, robotics, transport and logistics, cryogenics, fuel technology, automotive engineering, biomechanics, vibration, optics and others, if a separate department does not exist for these subjects.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Most mechanical engineering programs also require varying amounts of research or community projects to gain practical problem-solving experience. In the United States it is common for mechanical engineering students to complete one or more internships while studying, though this is not typically mandated by the university. Cooperative education is another option. Future work skills research puts demand on study components that feed student's creativity and innovation.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Mechanical engineers research, design, develop, build, and test mechanical and thermal devices, including tools, engines, and machines.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Mechanical engineers design and oversee the manufacturing of many products ranging from medical devices to new batteries. They also design power-producing machines such as electric generators, internal combustion engines, and steam and gas turbines as well as power-using machines, such as refrigeration and air-conditioning systems.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Like other engineers, mechanical engineers use computers to help create and analyze designs, run simulations and test how a machine is likely to work.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Engineers may seek license by a state, provincial, or national government. The purpose of this process is to ensure that engineers possess the necessary technical knowledge, real-world experience, and knowledge of the local legal system to practice engineering at a professional level. Once certified, the engineer is given the title of Professional Engineer (United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Bangladesh and South Africa), Chartered Engineer (in the United Kingdom, Ireland, India and Zimbabwe), "Chartered Professional Engineer" (in Australia and New Zealand) or "European Engineer" (much of the European Union).


title: Mechanical engineering

text: In the U.S., to become a licensed Professional Engineer (PE), an engineer must pass the comprehensive FE (Fundamentals of Engineering) exam, work a minimum of 4 years as an "Engineering Intern (EI)" or "Engineer-in-Training (EIT)", and pass the "Principles and Practice" or PE (Practicing Engineer or Professional Engineer) exams. The requirements and steps of this process are set forth by the National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES), composed of engineering and land surveying licensing boards representing all U.S. states and territories.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: In the UK, current graduates require a BEng plus an appropriate master's degree or an integrated MEng degree, a minimum of 4 years post graduate on the job competency development and a peer reviewed project report to become a Chartered Mechanical Engineer (CEng, MIMechE) through the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. CEng MIMechE can also be obtained via an examination route administered by the City and Guilds of London Institute.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: In most developed countries, certain engineering tasks, such as the design of bridges, electric power plants, and chemical plants, must be approved by a professional engineer or a chartered engineer. "Only a licensed engineer, for instance, may prepare, sign, seal and submit engineering plans and drawings to a public authority for approval, or to seal engineering work for public and private clients." This requirement can be written into state and provincial legislation, such as in the Canadian provinces, for example the Ontario or Quebec's Engineer Act.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: In other countries, such as Australia, and the UK, no such legislation exists; however, practically all certifying bodies maintain a code of ethics independent of legislation, that they expect all members to abide by or risk expulsion.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: The total number of engineers employed in the U.S. in 2015 was roughly 1.6 million. Of these, 278,340 were mechanical engineers (17.28%), the largest discipline by size. In 2012, the median annual income of mechanical engineers in the U.S. workforce was $80,580. The median income was highest when working for the government ($92,030), and lowest in education ($57,090). In 2014, the total number of mechanical engineering jobs was projected to grow 5% over the next decade. As of 2009, the average starting salary was $58,800 with a bachelor's degree.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: The field of mechanical engineering can be thought of as a collection of many mechanical engineering science disciplines. Several of these subdisciplines which are typically taught at the undergraduate level are listed below, with a brief explanation and the most common application of each. Some of these subdisciplines are unique to mechanical engineering, while others are a combination of mechanical engineering and one or more other disciplines. Most work that a mechanical engineer does uses skills and techniques from several of these subdisciplines, as well as specialized subdisciplines. Specialized subdisciplines, as used in this article, are more likely to be the subject of graduate studies or on-the-job training than undergraduate research. Several specialized subdisciplines are discussed in this section.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Mechanics is, in the most general sense, the study of forces and their effect upon matter. Typically, engineering mechanics is used to analyze and predict the acceleration and deformation (both elastic and plastic) of objects under known forces (also called loads) or stresses. Subdisciplines of mechanics include


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Mechanical engineers typically use mechanics in the design or analysis phases of engineering. If the engineering project were the design of a vehicle, statics might be employed to design the frame of the vehicle, in order to evaluate where the stresses will be most intense. Dynamics might be used when designing the car's engine, to evaluate the forces in the pistons and cams as the engine cycles. Mechanics of materials might be used to choose appropriate materials for the frame and engine. Fluid mechanics might be used to design a ventilation system for the vehicle (see HVAC), or to design the intake system for the engine.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Mechatronics is a combination of mechanics and electronics. It is an interdisciplinary branch of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and software engineering that is concerned with integrating electrical and mechanical engineering to create hybrid automation systems. In this way, machines can be automated through the use of electric motors, servo-mechanisms, and other electrical systems in conjunction with special software. A common example of a mechatronics system is a CD-ROM drive. Mechanical systems open and close the drive, spin the CD and move the laser, while an optical system reads the data on the CD and converts it to bits. Integrated software controls the process and communicates the contents of the CD to the computer.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Robotics is the application of mechatronics to create robots, which are often used in industry to perform tasks that are dangerous, unpleasant, or repetitive. These robots may be of any shape and size, but all are preprogrammed and interact physically with the world. To create a robot, an engineer typically employs kinematics (to determine the robot's range of motion) and mechanics (to determine the stresses within the robot).


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Robots are used extensively in industrial automation engineering. They allow businesses to save money on labor, perform tasks that are either too dangerous or too precise for humans to perform them economically, and to ensure better quality. Many companies employ assembly lines of robots, especially in Automotive Industries and some factories are so robotized that they can run by themselves. Outside the factory, robots have been employed in bomb disposal, space exploration, and many other fields. Robots are also sold for various residential applications, from recreation to domestic applications.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Structural analysis is the branch of mechanical engineering (and also civil engineering) devoted to examining why and how objects fail and to fix the objects and their performance. Structural failures occur in two general modes: static failure, and fatigue failure. "Static structural failure" occurs when, upon being loaded (having a force applied) the object being analyzed either breaks or is deformed plastically, depending on the criterion for failure. "Fatigue failure" occurs when an object fails after a number of repeated loading and unloading cycles. Fatigue failure occurs because of imperfections in the object: a microscopic crack on the surface of the object, for instance, will grow slightly with each cycle (propagation) until the crack is large enough to cause ultimate failure.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Failure is not simply defined as when a part breaks, however; it is defined as when a part does not operate as intended. Some systems, such as the perforated top sections of some plastic bags, are designed to break. If these systems do not break, failure analysis might be employed to determine the cause.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Structural analysis is often used by mechanical engineers after a failure has occurred, or when designing to prevent failure. Engineers often use online documents and books such as those published by ASM to aid them in determining the type of failure and possible causes.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Once theory is applied to a mechanical design, physical testing is often performed to verify calculated results. Structural analysis may be used in an office when designing parts, in the field to analyze failed parts, or in laboratories where parts might undergo controlled failure tests.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Thermodynamics is an applied science used in several branches of engineering, including mechanical and chemical engineering. At its simplest, thermodynamics is the study of energy, its use and transformation through a system. Typically, engineering thermodynamics is concerned with changing energy from one form to another. As an example, automotive engines convert chemical energy (enthalpy) from the fuel into heat, and then into mechanical work that eventually turns the wheels.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Thermodynamics principles are used by mechanical engineers in the fields of heat transfer, thermofluids, and energy conversion. Mechanical engineers use thermo-science to design engines and power plants, heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, heat exchangers, heat sinks, radiators, refrigeration, insulation, and others.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Drafting or technical drawing is the means by which mechanical engineers design products and create instructions for manufacturing parts. A technical drawing can be a computer model or hand-drawn schematic showing all the dimensions necessary to manufacture a part, as well as assembly notes, a list of required materials, and other pertinent information. A U.S. mechanical engineer or skilled worker who creates technical drawings may be referred to as a drafter or draftsman. Drafting has historically been a two-dimensional process, but computer-aided design (CAD) programs now allow the designer to create in three dimensions.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Instructions for manufacturing a part must be fed to the necessary machinery, either manually, through programmed instructions, or through the use of a computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) or combined CAD/CAM program. Optionally, an engineer may also manually manufacture a part using the technical drawings. However, with the advent of computer numerically controlled (CNC) manufacturing, parts can now be fabricated without the need for constant technician input. Manually manufactured parts generally consist of spray coatings, surface finishes, and other processes that cannot economically or practically be done by a machine.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Drafting is used in nearly every subdiscipline of mechanical engineering, and by many other branches of engineering and architecture. Three-dimensional models created using CAD software are also commonly used in finite element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD).


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Many mechanical engineering companies, especially those in industrialized nations, have begun to incorporate computer-aided engineering (CAE) programs into their existing design and analysis processes, including 2D and 3D solid modeling computer-aided design (CAD). This method has many benefits, including easier and more exhaustive visualization of products, the ability to create virtual assemblies of parts, and the ease of use in designing mating interfaces and tolerances.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Other CAE programs commonly used by mechanical engineers include product lifecycle management (PLM) tools and analysis tools used to perform complex simulations. Analysis tools may be used to predict product response to expected loads, including fatigue life and manufacturability. These tools include finite element analysis (FEA), computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM).


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Using CAE programs, a mechanical design team can quickly and cheaply iterate the design process to develop a product that better meets cost, performance, and other constraints. No physical prototype need be created until the design nears completion, allowing hundreds or thousands of designs to be evaluated, instead of a relative few. In addition, CAE analysis programs can model complicated physical phenomena which cannot be solved by hand, such as viscoelasticity, complex contact between mating parts, or non-Newtonian flows.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: As mechanical engineering begins to merge with other disciplines, as seen in mechatronics, multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) is being used with other CAE programs to automate and improve the iterative design process. MDO tools wrap around existing CAE processes, allowing product evaluation to continue even after the analyst goes home for the day. They also use sophisticated optimization algorithms to more intelligently explore possible designs, often finding better, innovative solutions to difficult multidisciplinary design problems.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Mechanical engineers are constantly pushing the boundaries of what is physically possible in order to produce safer, cheaper, and more efficient machines and mechanical systems. Some technologies at the cutting edge of mechanical engineering are listed below (see also exploratory engineering).


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Micron-scale mechanical components such as springs, gears, fluidic and heat transfer devices are fabricated from a variety of substrate materials such as silicon, glass and polymers like SU8. Examples of MEMS components are the accelerometers that are used as car airbag sensors, modern cell phones, gyroscopes for precise positioning and microfluidic devices used in biomedical applications.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Friction stir welding, a new type of welding, was discovered in 1991 by The Welding Institute (TWI). The innovative steady state (non-fusion) welding technique joins materials previously un-weldable, including several aluminum alloys. It plays an important role in the future construction of airplanes, potentially replacing rivets. Current uses of this technology to date include welding the seams of the aluminum main Space Shuttle external tank, Orion Crew Vehicle, Boeing Delta II and Delta IV Expendable Launch Vehicles and the SpaceX Falcon 1 rocket, armor plating for amphibious assault ships, and welding the wings and fuselage panels of the new Eclipse 500 aircraft from Eclipse Aviation among an increasingly growing pool of uses.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Composites or composite materials are a combination of materials which provide different physical characteristics than either material separately. Composite material research within mechanical engineering typically focuses on designing (and, subsequently, finding applications for) stronger or more rigid materials while attempting to reduce weight, susceptibility to corrosion, and other undesirable factors. Carbon fiber reinforced composites, for instance, have been used in such diverse applications as spacecraft and fishing rods.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Mechatronics is the synergistic combination of mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, and software engineering. The discipline of mechatronics began as a way to combine mechanical principles with electrical engineering. Mechatronic concepts are used in the majority of electro-mechanical systems. Typical electro-mechanical sensors used in mechatronics are strain gauges, thermocouples, and pressure transducers.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: At the smallest scales, mechanical engineering becomes nanotechnology—one speculative goal of which is to create a molecular assembler to build molecules and materials via mechanosynthesis. For now that goal remains within exploratory engineering. Areas of current mechanical engineering research in nanotechnology include nanofilters, nanofilms, and nanostructures, among others.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Finite Element Analysis is a computational tool used to estimate stress, strain, and deflection of solid bodies. It uses a mesh setup with user-defined sizes to measure physical quantities at a node. The more nodes there are, the higher the precision. This field is not new, as the basis of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) or Finite Element Method (FEM) dates back to 1941. But the evolution of computers has made FEA/FEM a viable option for analysis of structural problems. Many commercial codes such as NASTRAN, ANSYS, and ABAQUS are widely used in industry for research and the design of components. Some 3D modeling and CAD software packages have added FEA modules. In the recent times, cloud simulation platforms like SimScale are becoming more common.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Other techniques such as finite difference method (FDM) and finite-volume method (FVM) are employed to solve problems relating heat and mass transfer, fluid flows, fluid surface interaction, etc.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Biomechanics is the application of mechanical principles to biological systems, such as humans, animals, plants, organs, and cells. Biomechanics also aids in creating prosthetic limbs and artificial organs for humans. Biomechanics is closely related to engineering, because it often uses traditional engineering sciences to analyze biological systems. Some simple applications of Newtonian mechanics and/or materials sciences can supply correct approximations to the mechanics of many biological systems.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: In the past decade, reverse engineering of materials found in nature such as bone matter has gained funding in academia. The structure of bone matter is optimized for its purpose of bearing a large amount of compressive stress per unit weight. The goal is to replace crude steel with bio-material for structural design.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Over the past decade the Finite element method (FEM) has also entered the Biomedical sector highlighting further engineering aspects of Biomechanics. FEM has since then established itself as an alternative to in vivo surgical assessment and gained the wide acceptance of academia. The main advantage of Computational Biomechanics lies in its ability to determine the endo-anatomical response of an anatomy, without being subject to ethical restrictions. This has led FE modelling to the point of becoming ubiquitous in several fields of Biomechanics while several projects have even adopted an open source philosophy (e.g. BioSpine).


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Computational fluid dynamics, usually abbreviated as CFD, is a branch of fluid mechanics that uses numerical methods and algorithms to solve and analyze problems that involve fluid flows. Computers are used to perform the calculations required to simulate the interaction of liquids and gases with surfaces defined by boundary conditions. With high-speed supercomputers, better solutions can be achieved. Ongoing research yields software that improves the accuracy and speed of complex simulation scenarios such as turbulent flows. Initial validation of such software is performed using a wind tunnel with the final validation coming in full-scale testing, e.g. flight tests.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Acoustical engineering is one of many other sub-disciplines of mechanical engineering and is the application of acoustics. Acoustical engineering is the study of Sound and Vibration. These engineers work effectively to reduce noise pollution in mechanical devices and in buildings by soundproofing or removing sources of unwanted noise. The study of acoustics can range from designing a more efficient hearing aid, microphone, headphone, or recording studio to enhancing the sound quality of an orchestra hall. Acoustical engineering also deals with the vibration of different mechanical systems.


title: Mechanical engineering

text: Manufacturing engineering, aerospace engineering and automotive engineering are grouped with mechanical engineering at times. A bachelor's degree in these areas will typically have a difference of a few specialized classes.


title: Power Rangers (film)

text: Power Rangers (or Saban's Power Rangers) is a 2017 American superhero film based on the franchise of the same name (itself based on the "Super Sentai" franchise), and directed by Dean Israelite from a screenplay by John Gatins. It is the third installment in the "Power Rangers" film series, and is a reboot that loosely adapts "Day of the Dumpster", the pilot episode of "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers". The film features the main characters of the television series with a new cast, starring Dacre Montgomery, Naomi Scott, RJ Cyler, Becky G, Ludi Lin, Bill Hader, Bryan Cranston, and Elizabeth Banks. The film follows a group of teenagers who gain newfound powers, and must use them to protect Earth from an ancient reawakened threat. Franchise creator Haim Saban returned to produce the film under his investment firm.


title: Power Rangers (film)

text: "Power Rangers" premiered at the Regency Village Theater in Los Angeles on March 22, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 24, 2017, by Lionsgate. It was met with mixed reviews upon release, with praise for the visual effects, cinematography, musical score and performances (particularly Montgomery and Cyler), but criticism for its uneven tone, product placement, divergences from its source material, lack of action and especially the lack of ambition. It was also a box-office bomb, grossing $142 million worldwide against a budget of $105 million. The film was intended to launch a film series with multiple sequels, but all plans were cancelled due to its commercial failure, leading Saban to sell the franchise rights to Hasbro. Another reboot is in development.


title: Power Rangers (film)

text: In the Cenozoic era, a team of warriors known as the Power Rangers are tasked with protecting life on Earth and the Zeo Crystal. The Green Ranger, Rita Repulsa, betrays them and plans to dominate the universe. The Red Ranger, Zordon, survives Rita's attack and hides five of the Power Coins. He orders Alpha 5, his robotic assistant, to perform a meteor strike that kills him, the dinosaurs, and sends Rita to the bottom of the sea, foiling her scheme.


title: Power Rangers (film)

text: Sixty-five million years later in the town of Angel Grove, high school football star Jason Scott is dismissed from the team and placed under house arrest after an unsuccessful prank led to a car crash while escaping the police. In detention, he encounters autistic class nerd Billy Cranston and former cheerleader Kimberly Hart. Billy offers to deactivate Jason's ankle monitor if he will drive him to an old gold mine that evening. Once there, Jason leaves to explore and runs into Kimberly swimming in a lake. Billy detonates explosives to break some rock, attracting the attention of Jason, Kimberly, and nearby students Trini Kwan and Zack Taylor. The five discover the Power Coins and each takes one. While escaping mine security, their car is hit by a train. The five find themselves at home the next morning and discover that the coins have granted them superhuman abilities. Elsewhere, Rita's body is found. Waking, she goes on a rampage, hunting pieces of gold to raise her minion Goldar to find the Zeo Crystal.


title: Power Rangers (film)

text: The five teenagers return to the mine and discover an ancient spaceship where they meet Alpha 5 and Zordon's consciousness. They inform the teenagers about the Rangers' history and Rita, warning that they have two weeks until Rita has her full power, finds the Zeo Crystal, and uses it to destroy life on Earth. Zordon pleads with Jason to convince the team to help.


title: Power Rangers (film)

text: The five spend the next week training against simulated Putties and trying to morph. To inspire the Rangers, Alpha reveals the Zords. Zack takes his Zord out for a joyride and almost kills the other Rangers when he crashes it. This angers Jason, and they fight. While trying to separate the two, Billy spontaneously morphs. However, when he becomes conscious of it, the armor disappears. Angered at their lack of progress, Zordon dismisses the group. Jason returns to the ship to confront Zordon and discovers that once the Rangers morph, it will open the Morphing Grid and allow Zordon to restore himself to a physical body. Feeling betrayed, Jason accuses Zordon of bringing the team together for the sole purpose of escaping the Grid. That night, the team camped at the mine and bonded with each other.


title: Power Rangers (film)

text: Later that night, Rita attacks Trini and orders her to bring the Rangers to the docks. Trini informs them about Rita and they arrive to fight but are quickly defeated. Rita forces Billy to reveal the location of the Zeo Crystal, which he figured out is under a Krispy Kreme, kills him, and releases the others. The Rangers take Billy's body to the ship and ask Zordon to resurrect him. The Rangers agree they would give their lives for each other and resolve to defeat Rita. In doing so, they unlock the Morphing Grid. Zordon revives Billy, sacrificing being able to restore his physical self. With the team restored and confident, the Rangers morph into their armor.


title: Power Rangers (film)

text: Rita creates Goldar, raises an army of Putties, and attacks Angel Grove to find the Zeo Crystal. The Rangers battle the Putties and head to Angel Grove in their Zords. After the Rangers destroy the Putties, Goldar pushes the Rangers and their Zords into a fiery pit. In the pit, the Zords combine and form the Megazord. Rita merges with Goldar. The Rangers battle and destroy Goldar. After refusing Jason's offer to surrender, a defiant Rita tells the Rangers that more will come for the Zeo Crystal and leaps at the Megazord only to be slapped into space. The Rangers are praised as local heroes, and with Rita defeated, they return to their normal lives while keeping their new powers.


title: Power Rangers (film)

text: Back at school, the teacher announces that Tommy Oliver will be joining them, but the desk is empty save for a green jacket.


title: Power Rangers (film)

text: Jason David Frank and Amy Jo Johnson, two of the cast members of the original TV series, make cameo appearances as Angel Grove citizens.


title: Power Rangers (film)

text: Saban Capital Group and Lionsgate announced the film in May 2014, with Roberto Orci originally attached to produce. Ashley Miller and Zack Stentz were hired to write the film's script. When theirs was rejected, another script was proposed by Max Landis, which was also turned down as the studio wanted a grittier tone. Orci eventually left the project to work on "Star Trek Beyond" (2016). On April 2015, "TheWrap" reported that Dean Israelite was in negotiations to direct the film. Israelite told IGN in an interview that the film would be "completely playful, and it needs to be really fun and funny. But like "Project Almanac", it's going to feel very grounded at the same time, and very contemporary and have a real edge to it, and a real gut to it, it's going to be a fun, joyful [movie] but one that feels completely grounded in a real world, with real characters going through real things". Brian Tyler was brought on to compose the film's music. Israelite has said that the film updates itself from the original series, being more character-driven and incorporating naturalism and a grounded nature.


title: Power Rangers (film)

text: Actors began testing for the roles of the five Power Rangers on October 2015. On October 7, 2015, Naomi Scott was cast as Kimberly. Newcomers Dacre Montgomery, Ludi Lin and RJ Cyler were then cast as Jason, Zack, and Billy, respectively. At the month's end, Becky G was chosen to play Trini. When it came to casting the Rangers, director Dean Israelite said, "From the very beginning, diversity was a very important part of the whole process," and that while the characters' races were switched around, he added that, "We made sure that the essence of each of those characters are who they were in the original show, and this really will be an origin story of those characters." On February 2, 2016, it was announced that Elizabeth Banks would portray Rita Repulsa. Four months later, Bryan Cranston, who voiced Twin Man and Snizzard in the original series, announced he was cast as Zordon. Cranston revealed that he would perform motion-capture and CGI. In September 2016, Walter Emanuel Jones, the actor who played Zack in the original series, stated none of the original cast would cameo in the film. Towards the end of the month, comedian Bill Hader was cast as Alpha 5. In March 2017, it was reported that Amy Jo Johnson and Jason David Frank, who played Kimberly and Tommy in the original series, would cameo in the film, despite Jones' earlier comments.


title: Power Rangers (film)

text: Filming was originally set to begin in January 2016 but was rescheduled and began on February 29 in Vancouver. On May 28, 2016, filming was complete. Additional filming occurred in October 2016. A cast member claims that the film has broken the record for the longest wire jump, but this has not been independently confirmed.


title: Power Rangers (film)

text: The official soundtrack, with music by Brian Tyler, was released digitally on March 24, 2017, and on CD on April 4, distributed by Varèse Sarabande. "Give It All", a song by With You. featuring Santigold and Vince Staples was also featured on the soundtrack and played during the film's credits.


title: Power Rangers (film)

text: The film received its world premiere in Berlin, Germany on March 17, 2017. The then-five of the surviving actors who originally portrayed the Rangers in the series (Thuy Trang had passed away in 2001 and Jason David Frank passed away in 2022) attended the film's Los Angeles premiere on March 22, 2017. It was the first time they had been together publicly since 1995.


title: Power Rangers (film)

text: On March 3, 2016, Lionsgate released the first official photo of the five Rangers, and the following month, the company released the first official photo of Banks as Rita Repulsa. On May 5, the company unveiled the first official images of the Rangers' suits. Speaking of the suits, director Dean Israelite said that "The show was about kids coming of age, about metamorphosis, these suits needed to feel like they were catalyzed by these kids and their energy, their spirit", while production designer Andrew Menzies commented that the new suits are "an alien costume that grows on them, that’s not man-made. You can’t win everyone over, but we are trying to appeal to a more mature audience and gain new fans." A teaser poster was released in June, with additional character posters released in July, September, and October. On October 8, 2016, a "Discover The Power" teaser trailer for the film was released.


title: Power Rangers (film)

text: A fictional Angel Grove High School Newspaper website was created, alongside the official Power Rangers website, which features a GIF creator that allows users to make a GIF out of scenes from the teaser trailer. There is also an official toyline, produced by Bandai, and an extensive merchandising range was produced to promote the film.


title: Power Rangers (film)

text: Landis, whose draft was rejected, criticized the trailer, saying that it looked too similar to "Chronicle" (2012), a film that he had written. The trailer garnered mixed reactions, with some praising it for its darker, contemporary reimagining of the classic characters, while still looking action-packed and fun at the same time, and others criticizing it for its lack of connection to the original series, saying it appeared "brooding". The trailer received over 150 million views in the first two days after it was uploaded. Lionsgate revealed the T-Rex zord toy, among others, on October 28, 2016, and the Power Rangers Twitter account revealed the Megazord toy on November 4, 2016. On November 15, 2016, Lionsgate revealed the toys based on the film's individual Zords.