title: Bob Hoskins

text: On 8 August 2012, Hoskins announced his retirement from acting, having been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 2011.


title: Bob Hoskins

text: When asked in an interview which living person he most despised, Hoskins named Tony Blair and said, "He's done even more damage than Thatcher." He hated Blair to the point that he decided in 2010, for the first time in his life, not to vote for Labour, by then led by Gordon Brown.


title: Bob Hoskins

text: Hoskins often made light of his similarities with film actor Danny DeVito, who he joked would play him in a film about his life.


title: Bob Hoskins

text: With his first wife Jane Livesey, Hoskins had two children: Alex (born 1968) and Sarah (born 1972). With his second wife, Linda Banwell, he had two more children: Rosa (born ) and Jack (born ). Hoskins divided his time between the Hampstead area of London and Chiddingly, East Sussex.


title: Bob Hoskins

text: Hoskins was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 2011. He subsequently retired from acting in August 2012.


title: Bob Hoskins

text: On 29 April 2014, he died of pneumonia at a London hospital, aged 71. He was survived by his wife Linda and his four children.


title: Bob Hoskins

text: Among actors who paid tribute at his funeral were Stephen Fry, Samuel L. Jackson and Helen Mirren, who said that "London will miss one of her best and most loving sons." Hoskins is buried in Highgate Cemetery in London.


title: Yeat

text: Noah Olivier Smith (born February 26, 2000), known professionally as Yeat (occasionally stylized as YËAT ), is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer. He gained recognition in mid-2021 after the release of his mixtape "4L" and debut studio album "Up 2 Më", with tracks from the latter, including "Gët Busy", "Turban", "Twizzy Rich", and "Monëy So Big", gaining popularity on TikTok. In 2022, he released his second studio album, "2 Alivë", and the EP "Lyfë".


title: Yeat

text: Yeat is recognized as being part of a new wave of SoundCloud rap which is characterized by rage rap and synth-based instrumentals reminiscent of American rapper Playboi Carti.


title: Yeat

text: Noah Olivier Smith was born on February 26, 2000, in Irvine, California. Smith's mother is Romanian while his father is Mexican-American. Smith's paternal grandmother is Mexican and hails from Tijuana while his paternal grandfather is a white American. His father was a member of a band and owned many instruments. Yeat grew up in Portland, Oregon and was later raised in Lake Oswego, Oregon and attended Lakeridge High School. After graduating, Yeat moved to New York City to pursue his music career before eventually moving to Los Angeles, where he currently lives.


title: Yeat

text: Yeat began his career in 2015, originally making music under the name Lil Yeat, but these releases have since been deleted from the Internet. On June 30, 2018, Yeat made his first public appearance under his current moniker, premiering a track called "Brink" on Elevator, a YouTube channel. Yeat has stated that he created the name Yeat while high and trying to come up with one word that sounds familiar to people. His stage name has also been described as a combination of "yeet" and "heat." Yeat has mentioned how his use of LSD was able to help him pursue his music career. He released his first mixtape, "Deep Blue Strips" on September 20, 2018. On February 21, 2019, he premiered the music video for his track "Stay Up" on Elevator.


title: Yeat

text: Yeat achieved viral success online through platforms such as TikTok in 2021. Writing for "Pitchfork", Mano Sundaresan commented "Cutting his teeth in the influential online rap collective Slayworld over the last few years, Yeat was always a little stranger than his peers, and consequently cast as a minor figure. But in 2021, his surrealist bent became his superpower." Yeat's music began to gain traction online following his "4L" mixtape, which was released June 11, 2021. The "4L" project notably included "Sorry Bout That" and "Money Twërk".


title: Yeat

text: In August, he released the EP "Trëndi" which had increased success with "Mad Bout That" and "Fukit". Also in August, a snippet of his song "Gët Busy" went viral online, attracting considerable media and fan attention upon its release. The song was particularly cited by media outlets for its line: "this song already was turnt but here's a bell", which was immediately followed by the ringing of church bells (which are often incorporated into his songs). Fellow rappers Drake and Lil Yachty also referenced the line.


title: Yeat

text: On September 10, Yeat released his album "Up 2 Më" through a one-album deal with Interscope Records. The album received generally positive reception from music reviewers. After this Interscope deal ended, Yeat had fulfilled a promise he made to Zack Bia, signing to the latter's Field Trip Recordings and Conor Ambrose's Listen To The Kids in a joint venture with Geffen Records and Interscope Records.


title: Yeat

text: On January 22, 2022, "Up 2 Më" made its debut on the "Billboard" 200, reaching number 183. Also in January, Yeat announced a release date for his next album "2 Alivë" for mid-February. His song "U Could Tëll" was featured in the "Euphoria" episode "You Who Cannot See, Think of Those Who Can", which premiered in February.


title: Yeat

text: He released the single "Still Countin" on February 11, alongside a music video directed by Cole Bennett. On February 18, Yeat released his debut album "2 Alivë" through Geffen Records, Interscope Records, Field Trip Recordings, Listen To The Kids and Twizzy Rich. It debuted at number 6 on the "Billboard" 200 with around 36,000 units sold, making for his highest charting project. On April 1, the deluxe version of "2 Alivë" titled "2 Alivë (Geëk Pack)" was released. On April 29, he released a single with Internet Money Records titled "No Handoutz".


title: Yeat

text: Yeat was also commissioned to create a song for a Lyrical Lemonade-produced trailer cut of "". "Rich Minion" released on June 28. The song was soon associated with "GentleMinions", an Internet meme to watch the film.


title: Yeat

text: On September 2, Yeat released "Talk", a single from his "Lyfë" EP, which released a week later on September 9.


title: Yeat

text: Yeat began making music that had Auto-Tune-infused vocals. In 2021, he adopted a more aggressive and synth-based sound, joining a growing group of rappers that used "rage beats", a sound that became a SoundCloud staple influenced and pioneered by the lively vocal deliveries and EDM-influenced beat selections of artists such as Playboi Carti, SoFaygo, & Ken Carson. His vocal style has drawn comparisons to notable rappers like Playboi Carti, Future, and Young Thug. Yeat has stated the latter two are some of his biggest inspirations. He also cited American rapper T-Pain as one of his biggest influences growing up calling him "The GOAT of Auto-Tune". Yeat's signature vocal preset is based on a vocal chain given to him by frequent collaborator and fellow musician Weiland, who once gave Yeat a vocal chain to record with that was based on the vocal effects Weiland used to record his own music.


title: Yeat

text: Yeat has also been noted to employ a unique lingo in his music, coming up with ad-libs and phrases such as "twizzy", "krunk", and "luh geeky", and often referencing Tonka in his lyrics. His father was one of the inspirations for him creating these unique words, as he himself would make up his own words when Yeat was a child.


title: Yeat

text: Certain aspects of Yeat's music have led him to be associated with various Internet memes and trends, especially the frequent use of bell sounds in his song's beats.


title: Yeat

text: Twizzy Rich Entertainment is an independent record label that was founded by Yeat in 2021 currently based out of Los Angeles, California.


title: GeForce 30 series

text: The GeForce 30 series is a suite of graphics processing units (GPUs) designed and marketed by Nvidia, succeeding the GeForce 20 series. The GeForce 30 series is based on the Ampere architecture, which feature Nvidia's second-generation ray tracing (RT) cores and third generation Tensor Cores. Through Nvidia RTX, hardware-enabled ray tracing is possible on GeForce 30 series cards.


title: GeForce 30 series

text: The lineup, designed to compete with AMD's Radeon RX 6000 series of cards, consist of the entry-level and previously laptop-exclusive RTX 3050 and laptop-exclusive RTX 3050 Ti, mid-range RTX 3060, upper-midrange RTX 3060 Ti, high-end RTX 3070, RTX 3070 Ti and the enthusiast RTX 3080 10 GB, RTX 3080 12 GB, RTX 3080 Ti, RTX 3090, and RTX 3090 Ti. This is the last generation from NVIDIA to have official support for Windows 7 and 8.x as the latest drivers available for this generation require Windows 10.


title: GeForce 30 series

text: The GeForce 30 series began shipping on September 17, 2020. The initial launch, consisting of the RTX 3070, RTX 3080, and RTX 3090, occurred during the ongoing 2020–present global chip shortage, resulting in widespread and notable shortages of the series as a whole that lasted from the series' launch until 2022.


title: GeForce 30 series

text: The GeForce 30 series was succeeded by the GeForce 40 series, powered by the Ada Lovelace microarchitecture.


title: GeForce 30 series

text: Launch day for the RTX 3080 was September 17, 2020. The lack of pre-order functionality and high demand exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, and boost in scalping, resulted in a large number of online retailers struggling with the sheer number of purchases. Newegg had completely sold out as expected on Black Friday. Long lines formed outside physical stores with stock, such as Micro Center in the United States, and in Japan. Twitter users reported that they used bots to buy large numbers of cards to resell for higher prices.


title: GeForce 30 series

text: Nvidia released a statement the following day, apologizing for the difficulties with their online store, which went down on launch day due to high traffic. On October 2, Nvidia announced that it would delay the release of RTX 3070 cards by two weeks to guarantee availability. On October 5, Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang announced delays due to supply shortages, which were expected to go on until 2021. On October 9, the company announced that all Founder's Edition graphic cards in the United States would temporarily be sold via Best Buy, while the official web store would be upgraded to improve the shopping experience. In early December, Nvidia blamed continued component shortages on Samsung wafer shortages, resulting in chip shortages, among other factors.


title: GeForce 30 series

text: Shortages of RTX 30 series cards continued into 2021, and has been ongoing ever since its release. In an effort to limit purchases by cryptominers, Nvidia announced in February that the RTX 3060 cards would be able to detect algorithms for mining of the Ethereum cryptocurrency and halve the hash rate. Shortly after release, NVIDIA accidentally released a driver update which disabled the detection. In March, TechRadar reported that the shortages could continue until the third quarter of the year, in part blaming a global GDDR6 memory shortage and the cards' supply being bought out by cryptominers. In April, Hong Kong Customs and Excise seized 300 non-video CMP cards.


title: GeForce 30 series

text: Nvidia officially announced new RTX 3080, RTX 3070, RTX 3060 Ti Lite Hash Rate (LHR) SKUs on May 18, 2021, which limits the Ethash mining hash rate.


title: GeForce 30 series

text: Nvidia released the RTX 3080 Ti on June 3, and the RTX 3070 Ti one week later, on June 10. Both included the cryptocurrency mining hash rate limiter.


title: GeForce 30 series

text: There have been multiple attempts to meet the demand. EVGA has a system designed to put people into a queue; the goal is to prevent cards from selling out quickly and decrease wait time.


title: GeForce 30 series

text: Besides the Founders Edition, there are also a variety of aftermarket cards, referred to as "custom cards" by Nvidia. The graphics chip is taken from Nvidia and parts of the card are modified according to the company's specifications. Such modifications include: clock speeds, fans, heat sinks, connectors, and aesthetics. Such aftermarket cards tend to perform better than Nvidia's in-house cards, but such increased performance comes with tradeoffs in temperature and power consumption. Manufacturers include: Gigabyte, MSI, ZOTAC, Asus, EVGA, INNO3D.


title: GeForce 30 series

text: Nvidia officially released the GeForce RTX 3080 12GB graphics card on January 11, 2022 and the desktop GeForce RTX 3050 graphics card on January 27, 2022. The RTX 3050 had previously only had a laptop variant that was launched on May 11, 2021 along with the laptop variant of the RTX 3050 Ti that currently still has no desktop variant. Nvidia officially released the GeForce RTX 3090 Ti on March 29, 2022.


title: Christopher Judge

text: Douglas Christopher Judge (born October 13, 1964) is an American actor best known for playing Teal'c in the Canadian-American military science fiction television series "Stargate SG-1," and Kratos in the 2018 video game "God of War" and its sequel "God of War Ragnarök" (2022) replacing long-time voice actor Terrence C. Carson. He attended the University of Oregon on a football scholarship and was a Pacific-10 Conference player.


title: Christopher Judge

text: Judge was born and raised in Los Angeles, California. He has one younger brother, Jeff Judge, also an actor. Christopher wanted to be an actor from an early age, and studied drama in high school. "The television set was my babysitter growing up. I can remember wanting to invoke the feelings that I was getting from television—I wanted to be the one who was the catalyst for those feelings in other people. Performing was something I've always known I was going to do." He always knew that sports would be a stepping stone to an acting career. Judge was an All-L.A. City football player at Carson High School and graduated from Carson in 1982. He played for Coach Gene Vollnogle.


title: Christopher Judge

text: Judge received a scholarship from the University of Oregon and played defensive back and safety for the Ducks from 1982 to 1985. He led in kickoff return yardage for 1983-84 and interceptions in 1984, and earned the Casanova Award in 1982, given to the freshman or newcomer of the year. While at Oregon, Judge was a Pacific-10 Conference Selection in 1984 and played in the 1985 Hula Bowl.


title: Christopher Judge

text: Judge won a contest to host a radio show in Oregon, and in his senior year he won a regional contest to host the West Coast FOX KLSR Morning Show, an "MTV talk show type thing"; he used this experience to get an agent and move back to Los Angeles.


title: Christopher Judge

text: In 1989 Judge began studying at the Howard Fine Studio in LA. A few of his early roles were in the 1990s "Bird on a Wire", "Cadence", "Neon Rider" and "MacGyver" with future "Stargate SG-1" star Richard Dean Anderson. In the ensuing years, Judge had small parts in various television shows and films such as "21 Jump Street" (with future "SG-1" director Peter DeLuise), "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air", and "House Party 2", and as a regular on "Sirens" from 1994 to 1995.


title: Christopher Judge

text: Judge's largest role came in 1997 with "Stargate SG-1". While at a friend's house, he saw his friend's roommate practicing for an audition for the show and was intrigued. While the roommate was away, Judge looked at the audition notes, then called his agent, insisted he get him an audition, or lose him as a client. At the audition, there were three actors trying out for each of the other principal roles, but eight or ten for the role of Teal'c. Judge was confident that he had acquired the part when they dismissed everyone who had read for the part except him.


title: Christopher Judge

text: Judge's subsequent work includes guest spots on "Andromeda", "Stargate Atlantis", "The Mentalist", the television film "Personal Effects", and the films "Snow Dogs" and "A Dog's Breakfast", the latter written and directed by fellow Stargate actor David Hewlett. Judge appeared in "Anonymous", the October 26, 2010 episode of "", and as one of Bane's henchmen in the 2012 film "The Dark Knight Rises".


title: Christopher Judge

text: Judge wrote four "Stargate SG-1" episodes: season five's "The Warrior", season six's "The Changeling", season seven's "Birthright", and season eight's "Sacrifices".


title: Christopher Judge

text: After "Stargate SG-1" was cancelled, Judge began writing a script for a show called "Rage of Angels" that would have enabled him to play "the lead in an hour formatted show and prove that a black lead can be commercially viable and sustainable in overseas markets." The script was marketed as a two-hour, back door pilot with MGM, but is now apparently with Direct TV and Starz Media.


title: Christopher Judge

text: Judge has also done voice acting for animated series and video games, including Magneto on "", and the canceled "". In the season eight episode, "Avatar", Teal'c informs SG-1 that he plays "Def Jam Vendetta", alluding to the fact that Judge had provided the voice of D-Mob, the main antagonist in that game. He once again appeared as D-Mob in the sequel, , this time as a good guy and as the boss for your main character/hero. He is also known for voicing Jericho in "Turok".


title: Christopher Judge

text: Judge provided the voice of Zodak on the revived "He-Man and the Masters of the Universe" cartoon as well as Coach Grey in the Action Man CGI series.


title: Christopher Judge

text: On June 14, 2016, Judge confirmed he was the voice actor for Kratos in the 2018 "God of War", replacing long time Kratos voice actor Terrence C. Carson. He reprised the role in "God of War Ragnarök".


title: Christopher Judge

text: Judge voiced King T'Challa/Black Panther in the August 2021 "War for Wakanda" DLC expansion of the "Marvel's Avengers" video game by Square Enix and Crystal Dynamics.


title: Christopher Judge

text: His son Cameron Judge is a professional Canadian football linebacker for the Calgary Stampeders. Cameron played college football for UCLA and was drafted 2nd overall in the 2017 CFL Draft; Christopher Jordan played college football for Cal Poly and was drafted 71st overall in the 2019 CFL Draft.


title: Christopher Judge

text: According to tweets from Judge, he could not walk in 2019, and he had to get surgery to have both his hips replaced, alongside back and knee surgery.


title: Christopher Judge

text: In 2002, Judge was nominated for a Saturn Award in the category of Best Supporting Actor in a Television Series for his work on "Stargate SG-1". On February 13 at the 2019 D.I.C.E. Awards, Judge accepted the award for Outstanding Achievement in Character for his work as Kratos in "God of War".


title: Christopher Judge

text: In 2019, Judge was nominated for the British Academy Games Award for Performer at the 15th British Academy Games Awards but he lost to his co-star Jeremy Davies.


title: Christopher Judge

text: In 2022, Judge won the award for Best Performance at Game Awards 2022 for his performance in God of War Ragnarök as Kratos.


title: Molotov cocktail

text: A Molotov cocktail (among several other names – "see other names") is a hand thrown incendiary weapon constructed from a frangible container filled with flammable substances equipped with a fuse (typically a glass bottle filled with flammable liquids sealed with a cloth wick). In use, the fuse attached to the container is lit and the weapon is thrown, shattering on impact. This ignites the flammable substances contained in the bottle and spreads flames as the fuel burns.


title: Molotov cocktail

text: Due to their relative ease of production, Molotov cocktails are typically improvised weapons. Their improvised usage spans from criminals, rioters, football hooligans, urban guerrillas, terrorists, irregular soldiers, freedom fighters, and even regular soldiers, in the latter case often due to a shortage of equivalent military-issued weapons. Despite its improvised and rebellious nature, many modern militaries exercise the use of Molotov cocktails.


title: Molotov cocktail

text: However, Molotov cocktails are not always improvised in the field. It is not uncommon for them to be mass-produced to a certain standard as part of preparation for combat. Some examples of this being done are the anti-invasion preparations of the British Home Guard during WWII and the Ukrainian volunteer units during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. During World War II, Molotov cocktails were even factory produced in several countries, such as: Finland, Nazi Germany,<ref name="brandhandgranate 48/57"></ref> Soviet Union, Sweden and the United States, some featuring specially designed frangible containers and fuzes (such as the US Frangible Grenade M1 for example).


title: Molotov cocktail

text: The name "Molotov cocktail" was coined by the Finns during the Winter War () in 1939. The name was a pejorative reference to Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov, who was one of the architects of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact on the eve of World War II.


title: Molotov cocktail

text: The name's origin came from the propaganda Molotov produced during the Winter War, mainly his declaration on Soviet state radio that incendiary bombing missions over Finland were actually "airborne humanitarian food deliveries" for their "starving" neighbours. As a result, the Finns sarcastically dubbed the Soviet incendiary cluster bombs "Molotov bread baskets" () in reference to Molotov's propaganda broadcasts. When the hand-held bottle firebomb was developed to attack and destroy Soviet tanks, the Finns called it the "Molotov cocktail", as "a drink to go with his food parcels".


title: Molotov cocktail

text: Despite the now infamous name, the formal Finnish military term for the weapon type was (and still is) actually "burn-bottle" (, Fenno-Swedish: "brännflaska").


title: Molotov cocktail

text: The weapon most often known as Molotov cocktail goes under a great variety of other names around the globe. Some are more formal than others but the weapon is often given a descriptive name in the respective language.


title: Molotov cocktail

text: A Molotov cocktail is a glass bottle containing a flammable substance such as petrol (gasoline), alcohol or a napalm-like mixture and a source of ignition, such as a burning cloth wick, held in place by the bottle's stopper. The wick is usually soaked in alcohol or kerosene rather than petrol. For winter warfare, a method of ignition has been to attach storm matches to the side of the bottle, as these are less likely to be put out by wind. Some examples are fitted with ballast for improved throwing accuracy (such as filling ⅓ of the bottle with sand).


title: Molotov cocktail

text: In action, the wick/match is lit and the bottle hurled at a target such as a vehicle or fortification. When the bottle smashes on impact, the ensuing cloud of fuel droplets and vapour is ignited by the attached wick, causing an immediate fireball followed by spreading flames as the remainder of the fuel is consumed.


title: Molotov cocktail

text: Other flammable liquids, such as diesel fuel, methanol, turpentine, jet fuel, acetone, and isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol), have been used in place of, or combined with, petrol. Thickening agents, such as solvents, extruded polystyrene (XPS) foam (known colloquially as styrofoam), baking soda, petroleum jelly, tar, strips of tyre tubing, nitrocellulose, motor oil, rubber cement, detergent and dish soap, have been added to promote adhesion of the burning liquid and to create clouds of thick, choking smoke. There also exist variations on the Molotov cocktail-concept where the bottle is filled with a smoke generating mixture such as sulfur trioxide solved in chlorosulfonic acid. These so-called "smoke bottles" do not need a source for ignition, as the mixture reacts with the air once the bottle is smashed.


title: Molotov cocktail

text: Improvised incendiary devices of this type were used in warfare for the first time in the Spanish Civil War between July 1936 and April 1939, before they became known as "Molotov cocktails". In 1936, General Francisco Franco ordered Spanish Nationalist forces to use the weapon against Soviet T-26 tanks supporting the Spanish Republicans in a failed assault on the Nationalist stronghold of Seseña, near Toledo, south of Madrid. After that, both sides used simple petrol bombs flame with toxic gas or petrol-soaked blankets with some success. Tom Wintringham, a veteran of the International Brigades, later publicised his recommended method of using them:


title: Molotov cocktail

text: The Battle of Khalkhin Gol, a border conflict of 1939 ostensibly between Mongolia and Manchukuo, saw heavy fighting between Japanese and Soviet forces. Short of anti-tank equipment, Japanese infantry attacked Soviet tanks with gasoline-filled bottles. Japanese infantrymen claimed that several hundred Soviet tanks had been destroyed this way, though Soviet loss records do not support this assessment.


title: Molotov cocktail

text: On 30 November 1939, the Soviet Union attacked Finland, starting what came to be known as the Winter War. The Finnish perfected the design and tactical use of the petrol bomb. The fuel for the Molotov cocktail was refined to a slightly sticky mixture of alcohol, kerosene, tar, and potassium chlorate. Further refinements included the attachment of wind-proof matches or a phial of chemicals that would ignite on breakage, thereby removing the need to pre-ignite the bottle, and leaving the bottle about one-third empty was found to make breaking more likely.


title: Molotov cocktail

text: Molotov cocktails were eventually mass-produced by the Alko corporation at its Rajamäki distillery, bundled with matches to light them. Production totalled 450,000 during the Winter War. The original recipe of the Molotov cocktail was a mixture of ethanol, tar and gasoline in a bottle. The bottle had two long pyrotechnic storm matches attached to either side. Before use, one or both of the matches was lit; when the bottle broke on impact, the mixture ignited. The storm matches were found to be safer to use than a burning rag on the mouth of the bottle.


title: Molotov cocktail

text: Early in 1940, with the prospect of immediate invasion, the possibilities of the petrol bomb gripped the imagination of the British public. For laypersons, the petrol bomb had the benefit of using entirely familiar and available materials, and they were quickly improvised in large numbers, with the intention of using them against enemy tanks.


title: Molotov cocktail

text: The Finns had found that they were effective when used in the right way and in sufficient numbers. Although the experience of the Spanish Civil War received more publicity, the more sophisticated petroleum warfare tactics of the Finns were not lost on British commanders. In his 5 June address to LDV leaders, General Ironside said:


title: Molotov cocktail

text: Wintringham advised that a tank that was isolated from supporting infantry was potentially vulnerable to men who had the required determination and cunning to get close. Rifles or even a shotgun would be sufficient to persuade the crew to close all the hatches, and then the view from the tank is very limited; a turret-mounted machine gun has a very slow traverse and cannot hope to fend off attackers coming from all directions. Once sufficiently close, it is possible to hide where the tank's gunner cannot see: "The most dangerous distance away from a tank is 200 yards; the safest distance is six inches." Petrol bombs will soon produce a pall of blinding smoke, and a well-placed explosive package or even a stout iron bar in the tracks can immobilise the vehicle, leaving it at the mercy of further petrol bombs – which will suffocate the engine and possibly the crew – or an explosive charge or anti-tank mine.


title: Molotov cocktail

text: By August 1940, the War Office produced training instructions for the creation and use of Molotov cocktails. The instructions suggested scoring the bottles vertically with a diamond to ensure breakage and providing fuel-soaked rag, windproof matches or a length of cinema film (then composed of highly flammable nitrocellulose) as a source of ignition.


title: Molotov cocktail

text: On 29 July 1940, manufacturers Albright & Wilson of Oldbury demonstrated to the RAF how their white phosphorus could be used to ignite incendiary bombs. The demonstration involved throwing glass bottles containing a mixture of petrol and phosphorus at pieces of wood and into a hut. On breaking, the phosphorus was exposed to the air and spontaneously ignited; the petrol also burned, resulting in a fierce fire. Because of safety concerns, the RAF was not interested in white phosphorus as a source of ignition, but the idea of a self-igniting petrol bomb took hold. Initially known as an A.W. bomb, it was officially named the No. 76 Grenade, but more commonly known as the SIP (Self-Igniting Phosphorus) grenade. The perfected list of ingredients was white phosphorus, benzene, water and a two-inch strip of raw rubber; all in a half-pint bottle sealed with a crown stopper. Over time, the rubber would slowly dissolve, making the contents slightly sticky, and the mixture would separate into two layers – this was intentional, and the grenade should not be shaken to mix the layers, as this would only delay ignition. When thrown against a hard surface, the glass would shatter and the contents would instantly ignite, liberating choking fumes of phosphorus pentoxide and sulfur dioxide as well as producing a great deal of heat. Strict instructions were issued to store the grenades safely, preferably underwater and certainly never in a house. Mainly issued to the Home Guard as an anti-tank weapon, it was produced in vast numbers; by August 1941 well over 6,000,000 had been manufactured.


title: Molotov cocktail

text: There were many who were sceptical about the efficacy of Molotov cocktails and SIPs grenades against the more modern German tanks. Weapon designer Stuart Macrae witnessed a trial of the SIPs grenade at Farnborough: "There was some concern that, if the tank drivers could not pull up quickly enough and hop out, they were likely to be frizzled to death, but after looking at the bottles they said they would be happy to take a chance." The drivers were proved right, trials on modern British tanks confirmed that Molotov and SIP grenades caused the occupants of the tanks "no inconvenience whatsoever."


title: Molotov cocktail

text: Wintringham, though enthusiastic about improvised weapons, cautioned against a reliance on petrol bombs and repeatedly emphasised the importance of using explosive charges.


title: Molotov cocktail

text: The US army designated Molotov cocktails as frangible grenades. They presented a notable amount of variations, from those that used thin fuel with varied ignition systems, to those that used obscurants and chemical weapons. Various frangible grenade designs were developed, with those investiged by the NDRC showing the highest technological level. These incendiary devices employed the most technologically advanced fillers in the conflict.


title: Molotov cocktail

text: The M1 frangible grenade was the standard US device, but each division of the army could come up with its own. Two non-industrial models of these grenades were developed and manufactured in a certain quantity. In all, about five thousand were manufactured. The frangible grenades featured standardized chemical igniters, some were specific to each flammable filler.


title: Molotov cocktail

text: Most of the frangible devices were made in an improvised way, with no standardization regarding the bottle and filling. The frangible grenades were eventually declared obsolete, due to the very limited destructive effect.


title: Molotov cocktail

text: The Polish Home Army developed a version which ignited on impact without the need of a wick. Ignition was caused by a reaction between concentrated sulfuric acid mixed with the fuel and a mixture of potassium chlorate and sugar which was crystallized from solution onto a rag attached to the bottle.


title: Molotov cocktail

text: During the Norwegian campaign in 1940 the Norwegian Army lacking suitable anti-tank weaponry had to rely on petrol bombs and other improvised weapons to fight German armour. Instructions sent to army units in April 1940 from Norwegian High Command encouraged soldiers to start ad-hoc production of "Hitler cocktails" (a different take on the Finnish nickname for the weapon) to fight tanks and armoured cars. During the campaign there were instances of these petrol bombs being quite effective against the lighter tanks employed in Norway by Germany, such as the Panzer I and Panzer II.


title: Molotov cocktail

text: The United States Marine Corps developed a version during World War II that used a tube of nitric acid and a lump of metallic sodium to ignite a mixture of petrol and diesel fuel.


title: Molotov cocktail

text: During the Second Battle of Fallujah in 2004, U.S. Marines employed Molotov cocktails made with "one part liquid laundry detergent, two parts gas" while clearing houses "when contact is made in a house and the enemy must be burned out". The tactic "was developed in response to the enemy's tactics" of guerrilla warfare and particularly martyrdom tactics which often resulted in U.S. Marine casualties. The cocktail was a less expedient alternative to white phosphorus mortar rounds or propane tanks detonated with C4 (nicknamed the "House Guest"), all of which proved effective at burning out engaged enemy combatants.


title: Molotov cocktail

text: During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Ukrainian Defense Ministry told civilians to make Molotov cocktails, locally called "Bandera smoothies", to fight Russian troops. The defense ministry distributed a recipe for producing Molotov cocktails to civilians through Ukrainian television, which included the use of styrofoam as a thickening agent to aid in helping the burning liquid stick to vehicles or other targets. The Pravda Brewery of Lviv, which converted from making beer to Molotov cocktails, said that their recipe was "3 cups polystyrene, 2 cups grated soap, 500 millilitres gasoline, 100 millilitres oil, 1 jumbo tampon fuse." The Russian media control organisation Roskomnadzor sued Twitter for not removing instructions for how to prepare and use molotov cocktails, so that Twitter had to pay a fine of 3 million rubles (USD 41,000).


title: Molotov cocktail

text: Molotov cocktails were reportedly used in the United States for arson attacks on shops and other buildings during the 1992 Los Angeles riots.


title: Molotov cocktail

text: Molotov cocktails were also used by protesters and civilian militia in Ukraine during violent outbreaks of the Euromaidan and the Revolution of Dignity. Protesters during the Ferguson riots used Molotov cocktails.


title: Molotov cocktail

text: In Bangladesh during anti government protests at the time of the 2014 national election, many buses and cars were targeted with petrol bombs. A number of people burnt to death and many more were injured during the period 2013–2014 due to petrol bomb attacks.


title: Molotov cocktail

text: In the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests, protesters used Molotov cocktails to defend themselves from police or to create roadblocks. Protesters also attacked an MTR station and caused severe damage. A journalist was also hit by a Molotov cocktail during the protests.


title: Molotov cocktail

text: During the protests in Venezuela from 2014 and into 2017, protesters had been using Molotov cocktails similar to those used by demonstrators in other countries. As the 2017 Venezuelan protests intensified, demonstrators began using "Puputovs", a play on words of Molotov, with glass devices filled with excrement being thrown at authorities after the PSUV ruling-party official, Jacqueline Faría, mocked protesters who had to crawl through sewage in Caracas' Guaire River to avoid tear gas.


title: Molotov cocktail

text: On 8 May, the hashtag #puputov became the top trend on Twitter in Venezuela as reports of authorities vomiting after being drenched in excrement began to circulate. A month later on 4 June 2017 during protests against Donald Trump in Portland, Oregon, police claimed protesters began throwing balloons filled with "unknown, foul-smelling liquid" at officers.


title: Molotov cocktail

text: As incendiary devices, Molotov cocktails are illegal to manufacture or possess in many regions. In the United States, Molotov cocktails are considered "destructive devices" under the National Firearms Act and are regulated by the ATF. Wil Casey Floyd, from Elkhart Lake, Wisconsin, was arrested after throwing Molotov cocktails at Seattle police officers during a protest in May 2016; he pleaded guilty for using the incendiary devices in February 2018.


title: Molotov cocktail

text: In Simpson County, Kentucky, 20-year-old Trey Alexander Gwathney-Law attempted to burn Franklin-Simpson County Middle School with five Molotov cocktails; he was found guilty of making and possessing illegal firearms and was sentenced to 20 years in prison in 2018.


title: Molotov cocktail

text: Due to the Molotov's ease of production and use by civilian forces, the Molotov cocktail has become a symbol of civil uprising and revolution. The Molotov's extensive use by civilian, and partisan forces has also thereby led to the Molotov becoming a symbol representing civil unrest. The Molotov has strong association with anarchism due to anarchists' use of the Molotov, and anarchists engaging in civil uprisings and unrest across the world, with protesters organizing from Chile and Iran, to Egypt and Hong Kong. The contrast of a Molotov cocktail and an organized force has become a popular symbol in popular culture, and often utilized as a weapon in various video games.


title: Catch-22

text: Catch-22 is a satirical war novel by American author Joseph Heller. He began writing it in 1953; the novel was first published in 1961. Often cited as one of the most significant novels of the twentieth century, it uses a distinctive non-chronological third-person omniscient narration, describing events from the points of view of different characters. The separate storylines are out of sequence so the timeline develops along with the plot.


title: Catch-22

text: The novel is set during World War II, from 1942 to 1944. It mainly follows the life of antihero Captain John Yossarian, a U.S. Army Air Forces B-25 bombardier. Most of the events in the book occur while the fictional 256th US Army Air Squadron is based on the island of Pianosa, in the Mediterranean Sea west of Italy, although it also covers episodes from basic training at Lowry Field in Colorado and Air Corps training at Santa Ana Army Air Base in California. The novel examines the absurdity of war and military life through the experiences of Yossarian and his cohorts, who attempt to maintain their sanity while fulfilling their service requirements so that they may return home.


title: Catch-22

text: The book was made into a film adaptation in 1970, directed by Mike Nichols. In 1994, Heller published a sequel to the 1961 novel entitled "Closing Time".


title: Catch-22

text: The development of the novel can be split into segments. The first (chapters 1–11) broadly follows the story fragmented between characters, but in a single chronological time in 1944. The second (chapters 12–20) flashes back to focus primarily on the "Great Big Siege of Bologna" before once again jumping to the chronological present of 1944 in the third part (chapter 21–25). The fourth (chapters 26–28) flashes back to the origins and growth of Milo's syndicate, with the fifth part (chapter 28–32) returning again to the narrative present and maintaining the tone of the previous four. The sixth and final part (chapter 32 and on) remains in the story's present, but takes a much darker turn and spends the remaining chapters focusing on the serious and brutal nature of war and life in general.


title: Catch-22

text: Previously the reader had been cushioned from experiencing the full horror of events, but in the final section, the events are laid bare. The horror begins with the attack on the undefended Italian mountain village, with the following chapters involving despair (Doc Daneeka and the chaplain), disappearance in combat (Orr and Clevinger), disappearance caused by the army (Dunbar) or death of most of Yossarian's friends (Nately, McWatt, Kid Sampson, Dobbs, Chief White Halfoat and Hungry Joe), culminating in the horrors of Chapter 39, in particular the rape and murder of the innocent young woman Michaela. In Chapter 41 the full details of the death of Snowden are finally revealed.


title: Catch-22

text: Nevertheless, the novel ends on an upbeat note with Yossarian learning of Orr's miraculous escape to Sweden and Yossarian's pledge to follow him there.


title: Catch-22

text: Many events in the book are repeatedly described from differing points of view, so the reader learns more about each event from each iteration, with the new information often completing a joke, the setup of which was told several chapters previously. The narrative's events are out of sequence, but events are referred to as if the reader is already familiar with them so that the reader must ultimately piece together a timeline of events. Specific words, phrases, and questions are also repeated frequently, generally to comic effect.


title: Catch-22

text: Much of Heller's prose in "Catch-22" is circular and repetitive, exemplifying in its form the structure of a Catch-22. Circular reasoning is widely used by some characters to justify their actions and opinions. Heller revels in paradox. For example: "The Texan turned out to be good-natured, generous and likable. In three days no one could stand him"; and "The case against Clevinger was open and shut. The only thing missing was something to charge him with." This atmosphere of apparently logical irrationality pervades the book. This style is also recognizable regarding how exactly Clevinger's trial would be executed by Lieutenant Scheisskopf: "As a member of the Action Board, Lieutenant Scheisskopf was one of the judges who would weigh the merits of the case against Clevenger as presented by the prosecutor. Lieutenant Scheisskopf was also the prosecutor. Clevinger had an officer defending him. The officer defending him was Lieutenant Scheisskopf."


title: Catch-22

text: While a few characters are most prominent, especially Yossarian and the Chaplain, the majority of named characters are described in detail with fleshed out or multidimensional personas to the extent that there are few if any "minor characters". There are no traditional heroes in the novel, reflecting the underlying commentary that war has no heroes, only victims.


title: Catch-22

text: Although its nonchronological structure may at first seem random, "Catch-22" is highly structured. It is founded on a structure of free association; ideas run into one another through seemingly random connections. For example, Chapter 1, titled "The Texan", ends with "everybody but the CID man, who had caught a cold from the fighter captain and come down with pneumonia." Chapter 2, titled "Clevinger", begins with "In a way, the CID man was pretty lucky because outside the hospital the war was still going on." The CID man connects the two chapters like a free association bridge and eventually Chapter 2 flows from the CID man to Clevinger through more free association links.


title: Catch-22

text: Yossarian comes to fear his commanding officers more than he fears the Germans attempting to shoot him down and he feels that "they" are "out to get him". The reason Yossarian fears his commanders more than the enemy is that as he flies more missions, Colonel Cathcart increases the number of required combat missions before a soldier may return home; he reaches the magic number only to have it retroactively raised. He comes to despair of ever getting home and is greatly relieved when he is sent to the hospital for a condition that is almost jaundice. In Yossarian's words:


title: Catch-22

text: Much of the farce in the novel is fueled by intentional and unintentional miscommunication, occasionally leading to tragic consequences. For example, Cathcart's desire to become a general is thwarted by ex-P.F.C. Wintergreen sabotaging his correspondence. Major Major's and Yossarian's mis-censoring of correspondence is blamed on the Chaplain, who is threatened with imprisonment as a result.


title: Catch-22

text: Yossarian questions the idea that God is all-powerful, all-good, and all knowing. The narrator seems to believe that God, if not evil, is incompetent. In chapter 18, Yossarian states that he "believes in the God he doesn't believe in", this version of God having created Hitler, the war, and all the failures of human life and society, as exemplified in the following passage:"And don't tell me God works in mysterious ways", Yossarian continued, hurtling over her objections. "There's nothing so mysterious about it. He's not working at all. He's playing or else He's forgotten all about us. That's the kind of God you people talk about—a country bumpkin, a clumsy, bungling, brainless, conceited, uncouth hayseed. Good God, how much reverence can you have for a Supreme Being who finds it necessary to include such phenomena as phlegm and tooth decay in His divine system of creation? What in the world was running through that warped, evil, scatological mind of His when He robbed old people of the power to control their bowel movements? Why in the world did he ever create pain? … Oh, He was really being charitable to us when He gave us pain! [to warn us of danger] Why couldn't He have used a doorbell instead to notify us, or one of His celestial choirs? Or a system of blue-and-red neon tubes right in the middle of each person's forehead. Any jukebox manufacturer worth his salt could have done that. Why couldn't He? … What a colossal, immortal blunderer! When you consider the opportunity and power He had to really do a job, and then look at the stupid, ugly little mess He made of it instead, His sheer incompetence is almost staggering. …"Later Heller writes of Yossarian wandering through a war-torn Italian city (Chapter 39): "Yossarian quickened his pace to get away, almost ran. The night was filled with horrors, and he thought he knew how Christ must have felt as he walked through the world, like a psychiatrist through a ward full of nuts, like a victim through a prison full of thieves. What a welcome sight a leper must have been. At the next corner a man was beating a small boy brutally in the midst of an immobile crowd of adult spectators who made no effort to intervene ..."


title: Catch-22

text: While the military's enemies are Germans, none appear in the story as enemy combatants. This ironic situation is epitomized in the single appearance of German personnel in the novel, who act as pilots employed by the squadron's mess officer, Milo Minderbinder, to bomb the American encampment on Pianosa. This predicament indicates a tension between traditional motives for violence and the modern economic machine, which seems to generate violence simply as another means to profit, quite independent of geographical or ideological constraints which creates a military–industrial complex. Heller emphasizes the danger of profit-seeking by portraying Milo without "evil intent". Milo's actions are portrayed as the result of greed, not malice.


title: Catch-22

text: The novel has over 50 named characters, many of which have titular chapters dedicated to expanding on their personalities or motivations.


title: Catch-22

text: Heller wanted to be a writer from an early age. His experiences as a bombardier during World War II inspired "Catch-22"; Heller later said that he "never had a bad officer". In a 1977 essay on "Catch-22", Heller stated that the "antiwar and antigovernment feelings in the book" were a product of the Korean War and the 1950s rather than World War II itself. Heller's criticisms are not intended for World War II but for the Cold War and McCarthyism.


title: Catch-22

text: The influence of the 1950s on "Catch-22" is evident through Heller's extensive use of anachronism. Though the novel is ostensibly set in World War II, Heller intentionally included anachronisms like loyalty oaths and computers (IBM machines) to situate the novel in the context of the 1950s. Many of the characters are based on or connected to individuals from the 1950s:


title: Catch-22

text: Czech writer Arnošt Lustig recounts in his book "3x18" that Joseph Heller told him that he would never have written "Catch-22" had he not first read "The Good Soldier Švejk" by Jaroslav Hašek.


title: Catch-22

text: In 1998, some critics raised the possibility that Heller's book had questionable similarities to Louis Falstein's 1950 novel, "Face of a Hero". Falstein never raised the issue between "Catch-22" publication and his death in 1995 and Heller claimed never to have been aware of the obscure novel. Heller said that the novel had been influenced by Céline, Waugh and Nabokov. Many of the similarities have been stated to be attributable to the authors' experiences, both having served as U.S. Army Air Forces aircrew in Italy in World War II. However, their themes and styles are different.


title: Catch-22

text: A "Catch-22" is "a problem for which the only solution is denied by a circumstance inherent in the problem or by a rule." For example, losing something is typically a conventional problem; to solve it, one looks for the lost item until one finds it. But if the thing lost is one's glasses, one cannot see to look for them – a Catch-22. The term "Catch-22" is also used more broadly to mean a tricky problem or a no-win or absurd situation.


title: Catch-22

text: In the book, Catch-22 is a military rule typifying bureaucratic operation and reasoning. The rule is not stated in a precise form, but the principal example in the book fits the definition above: If one is crazy, one does not have to fly missions; and one must be crazy to fly. But one has to apply to be excused, and applying demonstrates that one is not crazy. As a result, one must continue flying, either not applying to be excused, or applying and being refused. The narrator explains:


title: Catch-22

text: There was only one catch and that was Catch-22, which specified that a concern for one's safety in the face of dangers that were real and immediate was the process of a rational mind. Orr was crazy and could be grounded. All he had to do was ask; and as soon as he did, he would no longer be crazy and would have to fly more missions. Orr would be crazy to fly more missions and sane if he didn't, but if he were sane he had to fly them. If he flew them he was crazy and didn't have to, but if he didn't want to he was sane and had to. Yossarian was moved very deeply by the absolute simplicity of this clause of Catch-22 and let out a respectful whistle. (p. 56, ch. 5)


title: Catch-22

text: Other forms of Catch-22 are invoked throughout the novel to justify various bureaucratic actions. At one point, victims of harassment by military police quote the MPs' explanation of one of Catch-22's provisions: "Catch-22 states that agents enforcing Catch-22 need not prove that Catch-22 actually contains whatever provision the accused violator is accused of violating." Another character explains: "Catch-22 says they have a right to do anything we can't stop them from doing."


title: Catch-22

text: Yossarian comes to realize that Catch-22 does not actually exist, but because the powers that be claim it does, and the world believes it does, it nevertheless has potent effects. Indeed, because it does not exist, there is no way it can be repealed, undone, overthrown, or denounced. The combination of force with specious and spurious legalistic justification is one of the book's primary motifs.


title: Catch-22

text: The motif of bureaucratic absurdity is further explored in 1994's "Closing Time", Heller's sequel to "Catch-22". This darker, slower-paced, apocalyptic novel explores the pre- and post-war lives of some of the major characters in "Catch-22", with particular emphasis on the relationship between Yossarian and tail gunner Sammy Singer.


title: Catch-22

text: "Catch-22" contains allusions to many works of literature. Howard Jacobson, in his 2004 introduction to the Vintage Classics publication, wrote that the novel was "positioned teasingly ... between literature and literature's opposites – between Shakespeare and Rabelais and Dickens and Dostoevsky and Gogol and Céline and the Absurdists and of course Kafka on the one hand, and on the other vaudeville and slapstick and Bilko and Abbott and Costello and Tom and Jerry and the Goons (if Heller had ever heard of the Goons)."


title: Catch-22

text: One critic argues that it is Kafka's influence that can be seen most strongly in the novel: "Like Kafka's heroes, Yossarian is riddled with anxiety and caught in an inexorable nightmare – in his case created by Colonel Cathcart and the inevitability of his raising the number of missions he has to fly."


title: Catch-22

text: The idea for "Catch-22" was based on Joseph Heller's personal experience in World War II. The feelings that Yossarian and the other bomber crew felt were taken directly from problems he suffered while on duty. Heller flew 60 bombing missions from May to October in 1944. Heller was able to make it out of the war, but it took until 1953 before he could start writing about it. For this reason, the book contains references to post World War II phenomena like IBM computers and loyalty oaths. The war experience turned Heller into a "tortured, funny, deeply peculiar human being".


title: Catch-22

text: After publication in 1961, "Catch-22" became very popular among teenagers at the time. "Catch-22" seemed to embody the feelings that young people had toward the Vietnam War. A common joke was that every student who went off to college at the time took along a copy of "Catch-22". The popularity of the book created a cult following, which led to more than eight million copies being sold in the United States. On October 26, 1986, professor and author John W. Aldridge wrote a piece in "The New York Times" celebrating the 25th anniversary of the publishing of "Catch-22". He commented that Heller's book presaged the chaos in the world that was to come:


title: Catch-22

text: The comic fable that ends in horror has become more and more clearly a reflection of the altogether uncomic and horrifying realities of the world in which we live and hope to survive.


title: Catch-22

text: Although "Catch-22" is considered by many to be an anti-war novel, Heller stated in a talk he gave at the New York Public Library on August 31, 1998, that he and the other men he knew in World War II considered the war to be "noble" and "nobody really objected to fighting it". The anti-war reputation of the novel was fueled instead by the pacifist, anti-war ethos among young Americans surrounding the Vietnam War.


title: Catch-22

text: The title refers to a fictional bureaucratic stipulation that embodies illogical and immoral reasoning. The opening chapter of the novel was first published, in 1955, by "New World Writing" as "Catch-18", but Heller's agent, Candida Donadio, asked him to change the title, to avert its confusion with Leon Uris's recently published "Mila 18". The implications in Judaism of the number 18 — which refers to "chai", meaning "alive", in Gematria — were relevant to Heller's somewhat greater emphasis on Jewish themes in early drafts of his novel.


title: Catch-22

text: Parallels among a number of character exchanges in the novel suggested the doubled-one title of "Catch-11", but the 1960 release of "Ocean's Eleven" eliminated that. "Catch-17" was rejected so as not to be confused with the World War II film "Stalag 17", as was "Catch-14", apparently because the publisher did not believe that 14 was a "funny number". Eventually, the title came to be "Catch-22", which, like 11, has a duplicated digit, with the 2 also referring to a number of "déjà vu"-like events common in the novel.


title: Catch-22

text: "Catch-22" was sold to Simon & Schuster, where it had been championed by editor Robert Gottlieb, who, along with Nina Bourne, would edit and oversee the marketing of the book. Gottlieb was a strong advocate for the book along with Peter Schwed and Justin Kaplan. Henry Simon, a vice president at Simon & Schuster, found it repetitive and offensive. The editorial board decided to contract the book when Heller agreed to revisions; he signed for .


title: Catch-22

text: Officially published on October 10, 1961, the hardcover sold for $5.95. The book was not a best-seller in hardcover in the United States. Though twelve thousand copies were sold by Thanksgiving, it never entered "The New York Times" Best Seller list. It received good notices and was nominated for the National Book Award in March 1962, though Walker Percy's "The Moviegoer" won. "Catch-22" went through four printings in hardcover but sold well on only the East Coast. The book never established itself nationally until it was published in paperback for 75 cents.


title: Catch-22

text: Upon publication in Great Britain, the book became the No. 1 best-seller. Don Fine of Dell Paperbacks bought the paperback reprint rights to "Catch-22" for $32,000. Between the paperback's release in September 1962 and April 1963, it sold 1.1 million copies.


title: Catch-22

text: In August 1962, Donadio brokered the sale of movie rights to Columbia Pictures for $100,000 plus $25,000 to write a treatment or a first draft of a screenplay.


title: Catch-22

text: The initial reviews of the book ranged from very positive to very negative. There were positive reviews from "The Nation" ("the best novel to come out in years"), the "New York Herald Tribune" ("A wild, moving, shocking, hilarious, raging, exhilarating, giant roller-coaster of a book") and "The New York Times" ("A dazzling performance that will outrage nearly as many readers as it delights"). On the other hand, "The New Yorker" ("doesn't even seem to be written; instead, it gives the impression of having been shouted onto paper", "what remains is a debris of sour jokes") and a second review from the "New York Times" ("repetitive and monotonous. Or one can say that it is too short because none of its many interesting characters and actions is given enough play to become a controlling interest") disliked it. One commentator of "Catch-22" recognized that "many early audiences liked the book for just the same reasons that caused others to hate it". The book had a cult following though, especially among teenagers and college students. Heller remarks that in 1962, after appearing on the "Today" show he went out drinking with the host at the time, John Chancellor, who handed him stickers that Chancellor had got privately printed reading "YOSSARIAN LIVES". Heller also said that Chancellor had been secretly putting them on the walls of the corridors and executive bathrooms in the NBC building.


title: Catch-22

text: Although the novel won no awards upon release, it has remained in print and is seen as one of the most significant American novels of the 20th century. Scholar and fellow World War II veteran Hugh Nibley said it was the most accurate book he ever read about the military. ten million copies have been sold.


title: Catch-22

text: Although he continued writing, including a sequel novel "Closing Time", Heller's later works were inevitably overshadowed by the success of "Catch-22". When asked by critics why he had never managed to write another novel as good as his first, Heller would retort with a smile, "Who has?"


title: Catch-22

text: "Catch-22" has landed on the list of the American Library Association's banned and challenged classics.


title: Catch-22

text: In 1972, the school board in Strongsville, Ohio removed "Catch-22", as well as two books by Kurt Vonnegut, from school libraries and the curriculum. Five families sued the school board. The Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals rejected the claim, stating that school boards had the right to control the curriculum. The decision was overturned on appeal in 1976. The court wrote, "A library is a storehouse of knowledge. Here we are concerned with the right of students to receive information which they and their teachers desire them to have." In 1982, the U.S. Supreme Court employed a similar rationale in its decision in "Island Trees School District v. Pico" on the removal of library books.


title: Catch-22

text: Because the book refers to women as "whores", it was challenged at the Dallas, Texas, Independent School District (1974) and Snoqualmie, Washington (1979).


title: Catch-22

text: This list covers the first and most recent printed publications by the original publisher Simon & Schuster as well as all other formats. Other print publishers include Dell, Corgi, Vintage, Knopf, Black Swan, Grasset & Fasquelle, and Wahlström & Widstrand.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: Caín Ramirez Velasquez (born July 28, 1982) is an American professional wrestler and retired mixed martial artist, currently appearing for Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA). He is widely known for his time in the Ultimate Fighting Championship, where he competed in the heavyweight division and became a two-time UFC Heavyweight Champion.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: In 2019, Velasquez retired from mixed martial arts. That same year, Velasquez embarked on a professional wrestling career, firstly working for the Mexican "Lucha Libre" promotion AAA before moving to the American WWE promotion. In April 2020, he was released from his WWE contract due to budget cuts resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: In March 2022, he was charged with attempted murder and additional gun assault charges after engaging in a car chase and allegedly shooting at a man who was alleged to have molested one of Velasquez's 4-year-old relatives, missing the man and hitting the man's father instead.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: Caín Velasquez was born in Salinas, California to Efraín and Isabel Velasquez. Efraín had moved to the U.S. from Sonora, Mexico as an illegal immigrant, where he met American-born Isabel. They started a relationship and later married, which allowed Efraín to attain U.S. citizenship. The Velasquez family had three children: Efraín Jr., Adela and Caín.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: Velasquez was raised in Yuma, Arizona. He graduated from Kofa High School where, in four years of wrestling, he compiled a record of 110–10 and won the 5A Arizona Wrestling Championship twice. Velasquez also played football for three years. As a senior, he served as captain of both his wrestling and football teams. As a football player, he played linebacker.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: After high school, he attended Iowa Central Community College, wrestling for one season (2001–02) and winning the NJCAA National Championship in the heavyweight (285 lb limit) division. Afterwards, Velasquez transferred to Arizona State University. He wrestled for the Sun Devils for three seasons and compiled a record of 86–17, placing 5th in the country in 2005, and 4th in 2006. While at ASU earning All-American status twice, Velasquez wrestled alongside future UFC fighters Ryan Bader and C.B. Dollaway. He graduated from ASU in 2006, earning a bachelor's degree in interdisciplinary studies.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: Velasquez began his mixed martial arts career right after college, joining American Kickboxing Academy. Velasquez is a brown belt in Guerrilla Jiu-Jitsu under Dave Camarillo, a black belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu under Leandro Vieira, and an NCAA Division I Wrestler.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: Velasquez made his MMA debut on October 7, 2006, against Jesse Fujarczyk at , he won by TKO in the first round. Velasquez faced then-undefeated Jeremiah Constant at BodogFight: St. Petersburg, winning via TKO in the first round.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: Velasquez then faced Denis Stojnić at . Velasquez won by TKO in the second round and was awarded 'Knockout of the Night" honors for his performance.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: Velasquez's next fight was at UFC 99 against former kickboxer and heavyweight contender Cheick Kongo. Velasquez was once again dominant, landing 251 strikes and winning the bout by unanimous decision (30–27, 30–27, and 30–27).


title: Cain Velasquez

text: His next opponent was expected to be Shane Carwin with the winner likely challenging for the UFC Heavyweight Championship held by Brock Lesnar.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: However, that bout was scrapped and Velasquez was instead told he would be fighting UFC newcomer Ben Rothwell at UFC 104. He defeated Rothwell by second-round TKO.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: Velasquez faced former Pride Heavyweight Champion and former Interim UFC Heavyweight Champion Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira on February 20, 2010, at UFC 110. Going into the fight, some commentators predicted that Nogueira would take the victory due to a supposed lack of striking power for Velasquez. Velasquez defeated Nogueira via first-round KO, earning "Knockout of the Night" honors.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: With his victory over Nogueira, Velasquez earned a UFC Heavyweight Championship fight with then-champion Brock Lesnar at UFC 121. UFC brought back "UFC Primetime" to promote Lesnar vs. Velasquez. Velasquez defeated Lesnar via TKO in the first round, earning "Knockout of the Night" honors.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: Velasquez suffered a torn rotator cuff in his right shoulder during his fight with Lesnar and was expected to be side-lined for at least six to eight months. Surgery on the shoulder was successful and Velasquez planned to return as early as Fall 2011.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: Velasquez was expected to make his first title defense against Junior dos Santos, with a target date of November 19, 2011, at UFC 139, but the fight was later moved to November 12, 2011, to headline the first UFC on Fox 1 event. Velasquez lost via KO (punches) at 1 minute and 4 seconds of the first round. It was later revealed that Dos Santos had a minor knee injury (a torn meniscus) and took an injection of cortisone into the knee before the fight. This was followed by the revelation that Velasquez had reinjured his rotator cuff approximately a week before the fight. Junior dos Santos had knee surgery following the fight.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: Velasquez was originally set to fight Frank Mir on May 26, 2012, at UFC 146. However, Mir was moved up to face Junior dos Santos after Alistair Overeem was suspended for elevated testosterone levels. Velasquez instead faced Antônio Silva. Velasquez defeated Silva via first-round TKO, in a fight that saw Silva bleed profusely from his forehead. After the fight, Dana White strongly hinted that Velasquez would be the next fighter to challenge for the UFC Heavyweight Championship. It is widely thought that White made the decision to have the rematch with Dos Santos at such an unexpected time as both fighters were injured going into their first fight.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: A rematch with dos Santos was expected to take place on September 22, 2012, at UFC 152. However, the date for the rematch was later set for UFC 155. In the rematch, Velasquez defeated Dos Santos in a dominant performance via unanimous decision (50–45, 50–43, and 50–44) to regain the UFC heavyweight title. Velasquez became the first fighter in UFC history to post triple digits in significant strikes landed and double digits in takedowns landed in a single fight, landing 111 significant strikes and eleven takedowns.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: In his first title defense, Velasquez faced Antônio Silva in a rematch on May 25, 2013, at UFC 160. Velasquez won via TKO in the first round.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: A rubber match with Junior dos Santos took place at UFC 166 on October 19, 2013, in Houston, Texas. Velasquez TKO at 3:09 of the fifth round, successfully defending his title.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: On April 29, 2014, the UFC selected Velasquez and Fabrício Werdum as coaches for the inaugural installment of "", with the two expected to face each other on November 15, 2014, at UFC 180. However, on October 21, 2014, Velasquez pulled out of the bout due to a torn meniscus and sprained MCL in his right knee, and was replaced by Mark Hunt. On October 23, 2014, Velasquez underwent successful surgery to repair his torn meniscus.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: A rescheduled bout with UFC Interim Heavyweight Champion Fabrício Werdum took place on June 13, 2015, at UFC 188. In a back-and-forth affair, Velasquez lost the fight via guillotine choke submission in the third round. Velasquez would later admit that he had not adequately prepared for the fight, held in Mexico City which sits at an altitude of 7,300 feet, as he had only moved his camp to elevation two weeks before the day of the card. In contrast, Werdum had spent more than a month in Mexico City to get used to the higher altitude.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: A rematch with Werdum was expected to take place on February 6, 2016, at UFC Fight Night 82 until both fighters backed out citing injuries.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: Velasquez next faced Travis Browne on July 9, 2016, at UFC 200. He won the fight via TKO in the closing seconds of the first round.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: The rematch against Werdum was rescheduled and expected to take place on December 30, 2016, at UFC 207. However, the Nevada State Athletic Commission failed to approve Velasquez to fight, determining after physical examinations and interviews that he was unfit to compete due to bone spurs on his back.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: As the first fight of his new, four-fight contract, Velasquez headlined UFC's inaugural event on ESPN, against Francis Ngannou on February 17, 2019. He lost the fight via knockout less than thirty seconds into round one.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: On October 4, 2019, after Velasquez's first appearance for the WWE, it was revealed that Velasquez would be withdrawing from the USADA testing pool to focus on his professional wrestling career. Velasquez announced his retirement from MMA on October 11, 2019.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: Velasquez has a style that could be described as "swarming". He moves forward constantly, giving opponents very little room to land clean strikes, all while utilizing powerful and extremely swift punching combinations. He typically starts with a jab, follows up with a hard straight right, and then adds hooks and uppercuts as the fight progresses. He is strong in the clinch, where he throws long combinations that typically end in a takedown.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: If Velasquez knocks his opponent to the ground during a fight, he often uses grappling skills to maintain a dominant position while he continues to strike from above. He does not usually attempt submissions. His wins have come either by striking from punches or by decision.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: Velasquez was often praised for his cardiovascular training; he had tremendous endurance that allowed him to continue to fight aggressively after his opponents became exhausted, earning him the nickname "Cardio Cain". Velasquez's strong cardio also allowed him to throw more strikes. As of July 2013, he was ranked Number 1 for the most strikes landed per minute in the UFC.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: Velasquez has been a fan of professional wrestling since he was young. On July 19, 2018, it was reported that he trained in the WWE Performance Center under head coach Norman Smiley and later attended Diamond Dallas Page's yoga session. He had attended an NXT event the previous night.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: In March 2019, Velasquez signed a multi-match agreement with Mexican professional wrestling promotion Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide as a heavyweight competitor. Velasquez made his debut for the promotion at Triplemanía XXVII in a "trios" match, teaming with Cody Rhodes and Psycho Clown to face Texano Jr, Taurus, and Killer Kross.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: Velasquez's debut surprised many fans, as he donned a "luchador" mask throughout the whole match and displayed many athletic moves, such as using a hurricanrana. Velasquez picked up the victory for his team by submitting Texano Jr. with a Kimura lock. Velasquez's in-ring debut received positive reviews by the "Wrestling Observer Newsletter"'s Dave Meltzer and many other professional wrestling journalists, as well as other professional wrestlers and Velasquez's American Kickboxing Academy teammate Daniel Cormier. Velasquez competed in his second and final AAA match at Lucha Invades NY, where he teamed with Brian Cage and Psycho Clown to defeat Rey Escorpión, Texano Jr., and Taurus.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: On October 4, 2019, on the first episode of "SmackDown" on "Fox", which was also the show's 20th Anniversary, Velasquez made his WWE debut, accompanied by Rey Mysterio, coming out to confront and eventually attack Brock Lesnar after his WWE Championship victory as a measure of revenge for Lesnar attacking Mysterio and his son, Dominik, earlier in the week. Velasquez took Lesnar down and pummeled him with punches before Lesnar escaped the ring and retreated. Velasquez then was scheduled to face Lesnar at Crown Jewel for the WWE Championship on October 31, which Velasquez lost. Following the match, Lesnar attacked Velasquez with a steel chair and delivered an F-5 onto another steel chair, before Mysterio intervened and saved him. In January 2020, WWE had planned to use Velasquez at their Royal Rumble pay-per-view event, but he suffered an injury and the idea was scrapped. On April 28, 2020, Velasquez was released from his WWE contract due to budget cuts resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: On October 9, 2021, it was announced that Velasquez would be returning to AAA in December. Nine days later on October 18, it was announced that Velasquez would team with Psycho Clown and Pagano to face "Los Mercenarios" (Rey Escorpión and Taurus) and a mystery partner at Triplemanía Regia II. At the event, Velasquez's team defeated Escorpión, Taurus, and L.A. Park.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: On December 3, 2022, Velasquez made his return to AAA, teaming with Pagano and Blue Demon Jr. to defeat "La Empresa" (Sam Adonis and Gringo Loco) and Taurus at an event held at the Mullett Arena on the campus of his alma mater Arizona State University.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: Velasquez speaks English and Spanish. He has been a guest star on the Spanish-language television networks Telemundo and Univision, as well as Mexico's Televisa Deportes. In addition to his Spanish-language TV appearances, he was also a featured guest on the TBS late night show "Lopez Tonight". Velasquez is known for sporting a prominent "Brown Pride" tattoo on his upper chest. He says this tattoo is a tribute to his Mexican heritage.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: Velasquez and his wife Michelle have a daughter born in 2009 and a son born in 2018. The couple married on May 28, 2011.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: On February 28, 2022, Velasquez allegedly shot at a man in Santa Clara County, California and hit an unintended victim. The man who Velasquez allegedly intended to shoot, Harry Goularte Jr., had been arrested prior to the shooting for allegedly committing child sexual abuse on Velasquez's son at a daycare owned by Goularte's family. Goularte was later released from custody on a personal recognizance bond. An armed Velasquez allegedly chased after a vehicle that contained Goularte Jr., his stepfather, and mother. Velasquez was alleged to have rammed the vehicle before pulling out his firearm and shooting at the man through the window but missed, and instead hit the man's stepfather and caused him non-life threatening injuries.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: Velasquez was later arrested and booked into the Santa Clara County jail on an attempted first-degree murder charge. In court on March 2, Velasquez was formally charged with one count of attempted first-degree murder, as well as several additional charges including one count of shooting at a motor vehicle, three counts of assault with a firearm, three counts of assault with a deadly weapon, one count of willfully discharging a firearm from a vehicle, and one count of carrying a loaded firearm with intent to commit a felony. On March 7, Velasquez was denied bail after the judge determined the "risk is too great" for Velasquez to potentially cause more issues to the public. Velasquez's lawyer, Mark Geragos, presented 37 letters of support for Velasquez from people such as Dana White, Khabib Nurmagomedov, Fabricio Werdum, Kelvin Gastelum, Henry Cejudo, Daniel Cormier, Cung Le, Islam Makhachev and Scott Coker. On April 12, 2022, the judge granted continuance until May 6 for a plea hearing. In the May 6 plea hearing, the second continuance was granted, pushing the hearing back to June 10. On May 16, Velasquez was denied bail a second time, with the judge citing his "reckless disregard for human life". At the June 10 plea hearing, a third continuance was requested by both parties due to discovery issues, and after being accepted by the prosecutor, the hearing was rescheduled for June 30.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: On July 20, Velasquez's attorney filed a petition in the 6th District Court of Appeal, asking him to be immediately released on bond or expedited hearing in the superior court. In the August 5 motion hearing Velasquez pled not guilty to all charges, including the attempted murder charge. He was then scheduled to appear at a pre-trial hearing on September 26. After being incarcerated for eight months, Velasquez was granted $1 million bail on November 8. His bail was posted and Velasquez was released from custody the next day. As per the condition of his bail, Velasquez will be placed under house arrest until the conclusion of his trial. On November 22, Velasquez was granted permission from the court to travel to Tempe, Arizona to partake in a Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide professional wrestling event. Per the court, Velasquez was allowed to be without his ankle monitoring device while performing in-ring, but he was to be assisted by police throughout the course of his travel. On December 3, Velasquez participated in the Tempe event, winning his return match.


title: Cain Velasquez

text: On June 29, news surfaced that a civil lawsuit against Harry Goularte Jr. was filed on behalf of Velasquez's son, claiming that Goularte sexually molested him. The lawsuit was filed also against Goularte's mother and stepfather who operate the child-care business where the alleged sexual abuse took place. The first hearing for the lawsuit took place on September 6, 2022.


title: 2019–20 UEFA Champions League

text: The 2019–20 UEFA Champions League was the 65th season of Europe's premier club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the 28th season since it was renamed from the European Champion Clubs' Cup to the UEFA Champions League.


title: 2019–20 UEFA Champions League

text: Bayern Munich defeated Paris Saint-Germain in the final, played at the Estádio da Luz in Lisbon, Portugal, 1–0 and became the first European Cup winners to win all their matches during the tournament. In addition, the Germans secured their second continental treble, becoming only the second European club to do so, and became the first team to claim any European competition with a 100% winning record. As winners, they earned the right to play against Sevilla, the winners of the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League, in the 2020 UEFA Super Cup, and also qualified for the 2020 FIFA Club World Cup in Qatar. They would go on to win both competitions. Since they had already qualified for the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League group stage through their league performance, the berth originally reserved for the Champions League title holders was given to the team that was top of the 2019–20 Eredivisie (Ajax), the 11th-ranked association according to next season's access list, when it was suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: 2019–20 UEFA Champions League

text: Due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the tournament was suspended in mid-March 2020 and resumed in August. The quarter-finals onwards were played as single-match knockout ties at neutral venues in Lisbon, Portugal (Estádio da Luz and Estádio José Alvalade) behind closed doors from 12 to 23 August. In keeping with its introduction the campaign prior, the video assistant referee (VAR) system was in use from the play-off round onwards.


title: 2019–20 UEFA Champions League

text: Liverpool were the defending champions, but they – along with the previous season's other finalists, Tottenham Hotspur – were eliminated in the round of 16, following defeats to Atlético Madrid and RB Leipzig respectively.


title: 2019–20 UEFA Champions League

text: A total of 79 teams from 54 of the 55 UEFA member associations participated in the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League (the exception being Liechtenstein, which did not organise a domestic league). The association ranking based on the UEFA country coefficients was used to determine the number of participating teams for each association:


title: 2019–20 UEFA Champions League

text: For the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League, the associations were allocated places according to their 2018 UEFA country coefficients, which took into account their performance in European competitions from 2013–14 to 2017–18.


title: 2019–20 UEFA Champions League

text: Apart from the allocation based on the country coefficients, associations could have additional teams participating in the Champions League, as noted below:


title: 2019–20 UEFA Champions League

text: Changes were made to the default access list, if the Champions League and/or Europa League title holders qualified for the tournament via their domestic leagues. In any case where a spot in the Champions League was vacated, teams of the highest-ranked associations in earlier rounds of the appropriate path were promoted accordingly.


title: 2019–20 UEFA Champions League

text: League positions of the previous season shown in parentheses (TH: Champions League title holders; EL: Europa League title holders).


title: 2019–20 UEFA Champions League

text: The schedule of the competition was as follows (all draws were held at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland, unless stated otherwise).


title: 2019–20 UEFA Champions League

text: The competition was suspended on 17 March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe. A working group was set up by UEFA to decide the calendar of the remainder of the season. On 17 June 2020, UEFA announced the revised schedule for the quarter-finals, semi-finals and final of the competition, to be played in single-leg matches.


title: 2019–20 UEFA Champions League

text: The round of 16 ties were to be played across four weeks, with the first legs being played across two weeks in February and the second legs across two weeks in March. Because of this, the first leg ties were unaffected by the pandemic, but the second leg ties were affected in different ways. All of the four matches in the first week of fixtures went ahead but due to the increased severity of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain and France, Valencia's and PSG's home games were played behind closed doors. On 15 March, UEFA announced a halt to the competition meaning that the remaining second leg games would be postponed indefinitely. A taskforce was convened to reschedule the rest of the season. On 23 March, it was announced that the Atatürk Olympic Stadium in Istanbul, Turkey would no longer host the competition final, originally scheduled for 30 May, but would host the 2021 final instead. This was later postponed further to 2023.


title: 2019–20 UEFA Champions League

text: On 17 June, it was announced that the Champions League would return on 7 August and conclude on 23 August, with the rest of the tournament to be held in Portugal, with the exception of the four unplayed round of 16 second legs, which would be played at their original venues. The last 8 of the competition would be played as a mini-tournament style with remaining fixtures to be played as single legged ties. All remaining ties of the competition were played behind closed doors due to the remaining presence of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe.


title: 2019–20 UEFA Champions League

text: In the qualifying rounds and the play-off round, teams were divided into seeded and unseeded teams based on their 2019 UEFA club coefficients, and then drawn into two-legged home-and-away ties.


title: 2019–20 UEFA Champions League

text: In the preliminary round, teams were divided into seeded and unseeded teams based on their 2019 UEFA club coefficients, and then drawn into one-legged semi-final and final ties. The losers of both semi-final and final rounds entered the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League second qualifying round.


title: 2019–20 UEFA Champions League

text: The losers entered the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League second qualifying round, except one team who was drawn to receive a bye to the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League third qualifying round.


title: 2019–20 UEFA Champions League

text: The second qualifying round was split into two separate sections: Champions Path (for league champions) and League Path (for league non-champions). The losers from both Champions Path and League Path entered the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League third qualifying round.


title: 2019–20 UEFA Champions League

text: The third qualifying round was split into two separate sections: Champions Path (for league champions) and League Path (for league non-champions). The losers from the Champions Path entered the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League play-off round, while the losers from the League Path entered the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League group stage.


title: 2019–20 UEFA Champions League

text: The play-off round was split into two separate sections: Champions Path (for league champions) and League Path (for league non-champions). The losers from both Champions Path and League Path entered the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League group stage. From this stage, the video assistant referee was used.


title: 2019–20 UEFA Champions League

text: The draw for the group stage was held on 29 August 2019, 18:00 CEST, at the Grimaldi Forum in Monaco. The 32 teams were drawn into eight groups of four, with the restriction that teams from the same association could not be drawn against each other. For the draw, the teams were seeded into four pots based on the following principles:


title: 2019–20 UEFA Champions League

text: In each group, teams played against each other home-and-away in a round-robin format. The group winners and runners-up advanced to the round of 16, while the third-placed teams entered the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League round of 32. The matchdays were 17–18 September, 1–2 October, 22–23 October, 5–6 November, 26–27 November, and 10–11 December 2019.


title: 2019–20 UEFA Champions League

text: The youth teams of the clubs that qualified for the group stage also participated in the 2019–20 UEFA Youth League on the same matchdays, where they competed in the UEFA Champions League Path (the youth domestic champions of the top 32 associations competed in a separate Domestic Champions Path until the play-offs).


title: 2019–20 UEFA Champions League

text: A total of sixteen national associations were represented in the group stage. Atalanta made their debut appearance in the group stage.


title: 2019–20 UEFA Champions League

text: In the knockout phase, teams played against each other over two legs on a home-and-away basis, except for the one-match final.


title: 2019–20 UEFA Champions League

text: Votes were cast for players of the season by coaches of the 32 teams in the group stage, together with 55 journalists selected by the European Sports Media (ESM) group, representing each of UEFA's member associations. The coaches were not allowed to vote for players from their own teams. Jury members selected their top three players, with the first receiving five points, the second three and the third one. The shortlist of the top three players was announced on 16 September 2020. The award winners were announced and presented during the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League group stage draw in Switzerland on 1 October 2020.


title: Tammy Wynette

text: Tammy Wynette (born Virginia Wynette Pugh; May 5, 1942 – April 6, 1998) was an American country music artist, as well as an actress and author. She is considered among the genre's most influential and successful artists. Along with the late Loretta Lynn, Wynette helped bring a woman's perspective to the male-dominated country music field that helped other women find representation in the genre. Her characteristic vocal delivery has been acclaimed by critics, journalists and writers for conveying unique emotion. Twenty of her singles topped the "Billboard" country chart during her career. Her signature song "Stand by Your Man" received both acclaim and criticism for its portrayal of women's loyalty towards their husbands.


title: Tammy Wynette

text: Wynette was born and raised in Itawamba County, Mississippi, by her mother, stepfather, and maternal grandparents. During childhood, Wynette picked cotton on her family's farm but also had aspirations of becoming a singer. She performed music through her teen years and married Euple Byrd at age 17. With several marital setbacks, Wynette enrolled in cosmetology school and later appeared on a local country music television program. Wynette then divorced and moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue a country music career in 1965. She soon met her second husband, Don Chapel, and eventually signed with Epic Records. Under the production of Billy Sherrill, her first single was released in 1966 called "Apartment No. 9". In 1967, she had her first commercial success with the single "Your Good Girl's Gonna Go Bad". In the late sixties, Wynette's career rose further with the number one "Billboard" country singles "I Don't Wanna Play House", "D-I-V-O-R-C-E" and the self-penned "Stand by Your Man".


title: Tammy Wynette

text: As her career entered the 1970s, Wynette was among country music's most popular artists and regularly topped the charts. During the same time, she met and married fellow country artist George Jones. The pair had a recording career together that resulted in several number one country singles and a successful touring act. However, their relationship was tumultuous and they divorced in 1975. Wynette returned as a headlining solo performer following their separation. She also continued to have singles regularly make the upper reaches of the country charts into the 1980s. In 1991, Wynette had a commercial comeback with pop group the KLF, and continued recording through the 1990s. During this time, she also acted on several television shows, including "Capitol" (1986). Wynette had several more high-profile relationships before marrying her final husband, George Richey, in 1978. Several intestinal health problems led to hospitalizations and addictions to prescription pain killers, the latter of which was said to have led to her death in 1998.


title: Tammy Wynette

text: Wynette has sold an estimated 30 million records worldwide. She has received two Grammy Awards, three Country Music Association awards, and two Academy of Country Music Awards. Wynette was also among country music's first female performers to have discs certify gold and platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. Her influence as a country music artist led to several inductions into music associations. This includes inductions into the Country Music Hall of Fame and the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame.


title: Tammy Wynette

text: Virginia Wynette Pugh was born in Itawamba County, Mississippi in 1942. With only 800 people, Itawamba County did not have any official towns at the time of her birth. The farm where she was born on bordered the Alabama state line. Wynette later credited both Alabama and Mississippi as her home states. She was the only child born to Mildred Faye Russell and William Hollis Pugh. Russell was a school teacher, while her father was an aspiring musician who played guitar and sang in a group. Her father was diagnosed with an inoperable brain tumor and died when Wynette was only nine months old. Weeks before his death, Wynette's father brought her to the family piano and insisted she learn to play when she became old enough. Following his death, Wynette's mother moved to Memphis, Tennessee, where she worked in a defense plant during World War II. She was left in the care of her grandparents and picked cotton on their Mississippi farm. "I hated every minute I spent picking cotton," she recalled. Her mother's sister Carolyn was raised alongside Wynette and they developed a sister-like bond. She also learned to play the musical instruments that her father left behind.


title: Tammy Wynette

text: Wynette referred to her grandparents as "Mama" and "Daddy" while Mildred Russell was simply referred to as "Mother". Most people referred to young Virginia Pugh by her middle name, "Wynette". In 1946, Mildred Russell married Wynette's stepfather, Foy Lee. As a child, Wynette played basketball but was not allowed to wear the shorts provided to the girl's team. Instead, her grandfather had Wynette wear blue jeans. She later made the all-state basketball team in both 1958 and 1959. She also took piano lessons and learned to play by ear. After several lessons, the instructor told her mother she was "wasting her money" because of her natural ability on the instrument. In upper elementary school, Wynette befriended classmate Linda Cayson. The pair became close friends and later realized they could harmonize with one another. Along with another friend, they would form a trio called Wynette, Linda & Imogene. The trio often sang at gospel functions together. A local Methodist minister had both Linda and Wynette sing on his early-morning Saturday radio show on WERH. They also listened to music together, including country artists Ernest Tubb and Hank Williams.


title: Tammy Wynette

text: Wynette attended Tremont High School in Tremont, Mississippi. She was considered to be "popular" by high school friends. In 1960, she was voted "Miss Tremont High School" by her classmates. Wynette also smoked cigarettes. She also became fascinated with the opposite sex. "She was into datin' and boys long before we were," recalled friend Holly Ford. However, mother Mildred disapproved of her daughter dating and the pair often argued about it during her teenage years. During this period, Wynette fell in love with fellow church attendee, Billy Cole. Wynette insisted on getting married to Cole and attempted to keep it from her mother by mail-ordering eight dollar rings to her high school. However, Wynette's mother discovered her daughter's idea and stopped the courtship. Wynette temporarily moved to Birmingham, Alabama, when she was 17, where her mother and Foy Lee were living at the time. She soon moved back to her grandparents' farm after her mother found her difficult to control.


title: Tammy Wynette

text: At age 17, she married Euple Byrd, which caused friction with Wynette's mother. The couple lived temporarily at Euple's family home and then in a small apartment in Tupelo, Mississippi. By this point, Wynette had become pregnant with her first child and was given the opportunity to live rent-free at a home owned by her grandfather. Built in 1844, the home had no running water, heat, or electricity. Friend Linda Cayson helped Wynette nail cardboard boxes to the walls to keep the wind out during the winter months.


title: Tammy Wynette

text: In 1963, Euple obtained a job in Red Bay, Alabama, that allowed the family to move to a home with more amenities. To help sustain themselves financially, Wynette convinced her mother to help pay for her to attend Mrs. McGuire's School of Beauty. In the middle of her schooling, Euple found work in Memphis, Tennessee and the young family moved there. In Memphis, she obtained a job as a barmaid and sang for customers. Both the bar owner and the building's in-house pianist were impressed by Wynette's talents and encouraged a move to Nashville, Tennessee. However, the family soon returned to Tupelo where she finished cosmetology school. After becoming famous, she continued renewing her cosmetology license every year for the rest of her life, in case she ever had to go back to a daily job. Wynette ultimately left her first marriage and moved to Birmingham, Alabama.


title: Tammy Wynette

text: In 1964, Wynette moved to Birmingham and lived with her paternal grandparents, uncle, and cousins. She discovered that her cosmetology license could not transfer to Alabama so she enrolled at a beauty college. Her paternal family also encouraged Wynette's musical talents. Her uncle worked for the WBRC television station in Birmingham and helped his niece secure an audition for the "Country Boy Eddie" country music television show. The show's headliner, Eddie Burns, was impressed and agreed to have her on the program. On her first show, she sang a cover of Patsy Cline's "Sweet Dreams" while the camera pointed above her waist to avoid showing Wynette's pregnant body. Wynette performed on the program from six to eight o'clock each morning before going to school, and later, working at the Midfield Beauty Salon. She received 45 dollars per week. She befriended the show's pianist, David Vest, who helped record demos. The pair also performed together, often playing piano bars in the Birmingham area.


title: Tammy Wynette

text: Wynette also started visiting a local radio station called WYAM and met disc jockey Fred Lehner. She accompanied Lehner on a trip to Nashville, Tennessee, which inspired her to pursue a country music career. Meanwhile, Euple Byrd continued returning to Birmingham. Not officially divorced, the couple agreed to give their marriage one final chance and they lived in a Birmingham housing project near the steel industry. However, after Byrd secured a new job, he did not return to the residence, according to Wynette. In January 1966, she decided to make the move to Nashville with her three children and all their belongings in their car.