title: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

text: The meeting record provides firsthand insight into the debate on the Declaration's adoption. South Africa's position can be seen as an attempt to protect its system of apartheid, which clearly violated several articles in the Declaration. Saudi Arabia's abstention was prompted primarily by two of the Declaration's articles: Article 18, which states that everyone has the right "to change his religion or belief", and Article 16, on equal marriage rights. The abstentions by the six communist nations centred on the view that the Declaration did not go far enough in condemning fascism and Nazism; Eleanor Roosevelt attributed the actual point of contention as being Article 13, which provided the right of citizens to leave their countries. Other observers point to the Soviet bloc's opposition to the Declaration's "negative rights", such as provisions calling on governments not to violate certain civil and political rights.


title: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

text: The British delegation, while voting in favour of the Declaration, expressed frustration that the proposed document had moral obligations but lacked legal force; it would not be until 1976 that the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights came into force, giving a legal status to most of the Declaration.


title: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

text: The majority of current UN member states gained sovereignty and joined the organization later, which accounts for the relatively small number of states entitled to the historical vote.


title: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

text: 10 December, the anniversary of the adoption of the Universal Declaration, is celebrated annually as World Human Rights Day or International Human Rights Day. The commemoration is observed by individuals, community and religious groups, human rights organizations, parliaments, governments, and the United Nations. Decadal commemorations are often accompanied by campaigns to promote awareness of the Declaration and of human rights in general. 2008 marked the 60th anniversary of the Declaration, and was accompanied by year-long activities around the theme "Dignity and justice for all of us". Likewise, the 70th anniversary in 2018 was marked by the global "#StandUpForHumanRights" campaign, which targeted youth.


title: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

text: In giving our approval to the declaration today, it is of primary importance that we keep clearly in mind the basic character of the document. It is not a treaty; it is not an international agreement. It is not and does not purport to be a statement of law or of legal obligation. It is a declaration of basic principles of human rights and freedoms, to be stamped with the approval of the General Assembly by formal vote of its members, and to serve as a common standard of achievement for all peoples of all nations.


title: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

text: The UDHR is considered groundbreaking for providing a comprehensive and universal set of principles in a secular, apolitical document that explicitly transcends cultures, religions, legal systems, and political ideologies. Its claim to universality has been described as "boundlessly idealistic" and the "most ambitious feature".


title: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

text: The Declaration was officially adopted as a bilingual document in English and French, with official translations in Chinese, Russian and Spanish, all of which are official working languages of the UN. Due to its inherently universalist nature, the United Nations has made a concerted effort to translate the document into as many languages as possible, in collaboration with private and public entities and individuals. In 1999, the "Guinness Book of Records" described the Declaration as the world's "Most Translated Document", with 298 translations; the record was once again certified a decade later when the text reached 370 different languages and dialects. The UDHR achieved a milestone of over 500 translations in 2016, and as of 2021, has been translated into 530 languages, remaining the most translated document.


title: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

text: In its preamble, governments commit themselves and their people to progressive measures that secure the universal and effective recognition and observance of the human rights set out in the Declaration. Eleanor Roosevelt supported the adoption of the text as a declaration, rather than as a treaty, because she believed that it would have the same kind of influence on global society as the United States Declaration of Independence had within the United States. Even though it is not legally binding, the Declaration has been incorporated into or influenced most national constitutions since 1948. It has also served as the foundation for a growing number of national laws, international laws, and treaties, as well as for a growing number of regional, subnational, and national institutions protecting and promoting human rights.


title: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

text: The Declaration's all-encompassing provisions serve as a "yardstick" and point of reference by which countries' commitments to human rights are judged, such as through the treaty bodies and other mechanisms of various human rights treaties that monitor implementation.


title: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

text: In international law, a declaration is distinct from a treaty in that it generally states aspirations or understandings among the parties, rather than binding obligations. The Declaration was explicitly adopted to reflect and elaborate on the customary international law reflected in the "fundamental freedoms" and "human rights" referenced in the United Nations Charter, which is binding on all member states. For this reason, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a fundamental constitutive document of the United Nations and, by extension, all 193 parties of the United Nations Charter.


title: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

text: Nevertheless, the status of the Declaration as a legally enforceable document varies widely around the world: some countries have incorporated it into their domestic laws, while other countries consider it merely a statement of ideals, with no binding provisions.


title: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

text: Many international lawyers believe that the Declaration forms part of customary international law and is a powerful tool in applying diplomatic and moral pressure to governments that violate its articles. One prominent international jurist described the UDHR as being "universally regarded as expounding generally accepted norms." Other legal scholars have further argued that the Declaration constitutes "jus cogens", fundamental principles of international law from which no state may deviate or derogate. The 1968 United Nations International Conference on Human Rights advised that the Declaration "constitutes an obligation for the members of the international community" to all persons.


title: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

text: The Declaration has served as the foundation for two binding United Nations human rights covenants: the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The principles of the Declaration are elaborated in other binding international treaties such as the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, the International Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, the United Nations Convention Against Torture, and many more. The Declaration continues to be widely cited by governments, academics, advocates, and constitutional courts, and by individuals who appeal to its principles for the protection of their recognized human rights.


title: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

text: According to a 2022 study, the UDHR "significantly accelerated the adoption of a particular set of [national] constitutional rights." One scholar estimates that at least 90 national constitutions drafted since the Declaration's adoption in 1948 "contain statements of fundamental rights which, where they do not faithfully reproduce the provisions of the Universal Declaration, are at least inspired by it." At least 20 African nations that attained independence in the decades immediately following 1948 explicitly referenced the UDHR in their constitutions. As of 2014, the constitutions that still directly cite the Declaration are those of Afghanistan, Benin, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Chad, Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Guinea, Haiti, Mali, Mauritania, Nicaragua, Niger, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Somalia, Spain, Togo, and Yemen. Moreover, the constitutions of Portugal, Romania, São Tomé and Príncipe, and Spain compel their courts to "interpret" constitutional norms consistently with the Universal Declaration.


title: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

text: Judicial and political figures in many nations have directly invoked the UDHR as an influence or inspiration on their courts, constitutions, or legal codes. Indian courts have ruled the Indian Constitution "[embodies] most of the articles contained in the Declaration". Nations as diverse as Antigua, Chad, Chile, Kazakhstan, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Zimbabwe have derived constitutional and legal provisions from the Declaration. In some cases, specific provisions of the UDHR are incorporated or otherwise reflected in national law. The right to health or to protection of health is found in the constitutions of Belgium, Kyrgyzstan, Paraguay, Peru, Thailand, and Togo; constitutional obligations on the government to provide health services exist in Armenia, Cambodia, Ethiopia, Finland, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Paraguay, Thailand, and Yemen.


title: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

text: A survey of U.S. cases through 1988 found five references to the Declaration by the United States Supreme Court; sixteen references by federal courts of appeal; twenty-four references by federal district courts; one reference by a bankruptcy court; and several references by five state courts. Likewise, research conducted in 1994 identified 94 references to the Declaration by federal and state courts across the U.S.


title: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

text: In 2004, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in "Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain" that the Declaration "does not of its own force impose obligations as a matter of international law", and that the political branches of the U.S. federal government can "scrutinize" the nation's obligations to international instruments and their enforceability. However, U.S. courts and legislatures may still use the Declaration to inform or interpret laws concerned with human rights, a position shared by the courts of Belgium, the Netherlands, India, and Sri Lanka.


title: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

text: The Universal Declaration has received praise from a number of notable activists, jurists, and political leaders. Lebanese philosopher and diplomat Charles Malik called it "an international document of the first order of importance", while Eleanor Roosevelt—first chairperson of the Commission on Human Rights (CHR) that helped draft the Declaration—stated that it "may well become the international Magna Carta of all men everywhere." At the 1993 United Nations World Conference on Human Rights, one of the largest international gatherings on human rights, diplomats and officials representing 100 nations reaffirmed their governments' "commitment to the purposes and principles contained in the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights" and emphasized that the Declaration as "the source of inspiration and has been the basis for the United Nations in making advances in standard setting as contained in the existing international human rights instruments." In a speech on 5 October 1995, Pope John Paul II called the Declaration "one of the highest expressions of the human conscience of our time", despite the Vatican never adopting it. In a statement on 10 December 2003 on behalf of the European Union, Marcello Spatafora said that the Declaration "placed human rights at the centre of the framework of principles and obligations shaping relations within the international community".


title: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

text: As a pillar of international human rights, the UDHR enjoys widespread support among international and nongovernmental organizations. The International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH), one of the oldest human rights organizations, has as its core mandate the promotion of the respect for all rights set out in the Declaration, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Amnesty International, the third oldest international human rights organization, has regularly observed Human Rights Day and organized worldwide events to bring awareness and support of the UDHR. Some organizations, such as the Quaker United Nations Office, the American Friends Service Committee, and Youth for Human Rights International (YHRI) have developed curriculum or programmes to educate young people on the UDHR.


title: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

text: Specific provisions of the UDHR are cited or elaborated by interest groups in relation to their specific area of focus. In 1997, the council of the American Library Association (ALA) endorsed Articles 18 through 20 concerning freedoms of thought, opinion, and expression, which were codified in the ALA Universal Right to Free Expression and the Library Bill of Rights. The Declaration formed the basis of the ALA's claim that censorship, invasion of privacy, and interference of opinions are human rights violations.


title: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

text: Most Muslim-majority countries that were then members of the United Nations signed the Declaration in 1948, including Afghanistan, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, and Syria; Turkey, which had an overwhelmingly Muslim population but an officially secular government, also voted in favour. Saudi Arabia was the sole abstainer on the Declaration among Muslim nations, claiming that it violated "Sharia" law. Pakistan, officially an Islamic state, signed the declaration and critiqued the Saudi position, strongly arguing in favour of including freedom of religion.


title: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

text: Moreover, some Muslim diplomats would later help draft other United Nations human rights treaties. For example, Iraq's representative to the UN, Bedia Afnan's insistence on wording that recognized gender equality resulted in Article 3 within the ICCPR and ICESCR, which, together with the UDHR, form the International Bill of Rights. Pakistani diplomat Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah influenced the drafting of the Declaration, especially with respect to women's rights, and played a role in the preparation of the 1951 Genocide Convention.


title: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

text: In 1982, the Iranian representative to the United Nations, who represented the country's newly installed Islamic republic, said that the Declaration was "a secular understanding of the Judeo-Christian tradition" that could not be implemented by Muslims without conflict with Sharia.


title: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

text: On 30 June 2000, member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, which represents most of the Muslim world, officially resolved to support the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, an alternative document that says people have "freedom and right to a dignified life in accordance with the Islamic Shari'ah", without any discrimination on grounds of "race, colour, language, sex, religious belief, political affiliation, social status or other considerations". The Cairo Declaration is widely acknowledged to be a response to the UDHR, and uses similar universalist language, albeit derived solely from Islamic jurisprudence.


title: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

text: Regarding the promulgation of the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, T. Jeremy Gunn, Professor of Law and Political Science at the International University of Rabat in Morocco, has stated:


title: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

text: the twenty-two-member League of Arab States (Arab League)—each of whose members also belongs to the OIC and is majority-Muslim—created its own human rights instruments and institutions (based in Cairo) that set it apart from the international human rights regime. While the term "Arab" denotes an ethnicity and "Muslim" references a religion, all majority-Arab countries are also majority-Muslim countries, though the opposite does not hold. Indeed, the preponderance of Muslim-majority countries is not Arab. It has long been recognized that the Muslim-majority Arab world ranks particularly poorly with respect to human rights. According to the 2009 Arab Human Development Report, written by Arab experts for the United Nations Development Programme Regional Bureau for Arab States, "Arab states seem content to ratify certain international human rights treaties, but do not go so far as to recognize the role of international mechanisms in making human rights effective." [...] The resistance to implementation of international human rights standards in parts of the Muslim and Arab worlds is perhaps most salient with the panoply of rights related to religion. In terms of the UDHR, the core of the resistance is centered on issues of the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion (Article 18), prohibition of discrimination on the basis of religion (Article 2), and the prohibition of discrimination against women (preamble, Article 2, Article 16). The same resistance to universal standards, already present in the UDHR, continued in subsequent elaborations of human rights, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and the 1981 Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief.


title: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

text: A number of scholars in different fields have expressed concerns with the Declaration's alleged Western bias. Abdulaziz Sachedina observes that Muslims broadly agree with the Declaration's universalist premise, which is shared by Islam, but differ on specific contents, which many find "insensitive to particular Muslim cultural values, especially when it comes to speaking about individual rights in the context of collective and family values in Muslim society". However, he notes that most Muslim scholars, while opposing the inherently secular framework of the document, do respect and acknowledge some of its "foundations". Sachedina adds that many Christians similarly criticize the Declaration for reflecting a secular and liberal bias in opposition to certain religious values.


title: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

text: Kazakh religion scholars Galym Zhussipbek and Zhanar Nagayeva have argued that the rejection or failed implementation of human rights in Muslim-majority countries and their seeming incompatibility with "Sharia" law originates from the current "epistemological crisis of conservative Islamic scholarship and Muslim mind", rooted in the centuries-old confinement of a role for reason within strict limits, and in the disappearance of rationalistic discursive theology ("kalam") as a dynamic science. Furthermore, they affirm the necessity of undertaking an epistemological reform in Islamic scholarship, which denotes the incorporation of international standards of human rights and justice into the epistemology and methodology of Islamic jurisprudence ("usul al-fiqh").


title: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

text: What needs to be pointed out to those who uphold the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to be the highest, or sole, model, of a charter of equality and liberty for all human beings, is that given the Western origin and orientation of this Declaration, the "universality" of the assumptions on which it is based is—at the very least—problematic and subject to questioning. Furthermore, the alleged incompatibility between the concept of human rights and religion in general, or particular religions such as Islam, needs to be examined in an unbiased way.


title: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

text: Faisal Kutty, a Muslim Canadian human rights activist, opines that a "strong argument can be made that the current formulation of international human rights constitutes a cultural structure in which western society finds itself easily at home [...]. It is important to acknowledge and appreciate that other societies may have equally valid alternative conceptions of human rights."


title: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

text: Irene Oh, the director of the peace studies programme at Georgetown University, has argued that Muslim reservations towards some provisions of the UDHR, and the broader debate about the document's secular and Western bias, could be resolved through mutual dialogue grounded in comparative descriptive ethics.


title: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

text: Groups such as Amnesty International and War Resisters International have advocated for "The Right to Refuse to Kill" to be added to the Universal Declaration, as has Seán MacBride, a former Assistant Secretary-General of the United Nations and Nobel Peace Prize laureate. War Resisters International has stated that the right to conscientious objection to military service is primarily derived from Article 18 of the UDHR, which preserves the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion. Some steps have been taken within the UN to make the right more explicit, with the Human Rights Council repeatedly affirming that Article 18 enshrines "the right of everyone to have conscientious objection to military service as a legitimate exercise of the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion".


title: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

text: The American Anthropological Association criticized the UDHR during its drafting process, warning that its definition of universal rights reflected a Western paradigm that was unfair to non-Western nations. They further argued that the West's history of colonialism and evangelism made them a problematic moral representative for the rest of the world. They proposed three notes for consideration with underlying themes of cultural relativism:


title: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

text: During the lead up to the World Conference on Human Rights held in 1993, ministers from several Asian states adopted the Bangkok Declaration, reaffirming their governments' commitment to the principles of the United Nations Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They stated their view of the interdependence and indivisibility of human rights and stressed the need for universality, objectivity, and non-selectivity of human rights. However, at the same time, they emphasized the principles of sovereignty and non-interference, calling for greater emphasis on economic, social, and cultural rights—in particular, the right to economic development by establishing international collaboration directives between the signatories. The Bangkok Declaration is considered to be a landmark expression of Asian values with respect to human rights, which offers an extended critique of human rights universalism.


title: Andrew Cunanan

text: Andrew Phillip Cunanan (August 31, 1969 – July 23, 1997) was an American spree killer who murdered five people over three months from April 27 to July 15, 1997. His victims include Italian fashion designer Gianni Versace and Chicago real estate developer Lee Miglin. Cunanan died by suicide on July 23, 1997, eight days after murdering Versace.


title: Andrew Cunanan

text: The youngest of four children, Andrew Phillip Cunanan was born August 31, 1969, in National City, California, to Modesto "Pete" Dungao Cunanan (1930-2005), a Filipino-American, and Mary Anne Schillaci (1938-2012), an Italian-American. Modesto was serving in the United States Navy in the Vietnam War at the time of his son's birth. After leaving the Navy, where he had served as a chief petty officer, Modesto worked as a stockbroker.


title: Andrew Cunanan

text: In his youth, Cunanan lived with his family in National City and attended Bonita Vista Middle School. In 1981, his father enrolled him in The Bishop's School, an independent day school located in the affluent La Jolla neighborhood of San Diego. There Cunanan met his lifelong best friend, Elizabeth "Liz" Cote.


title: Andrew Cunanan

text: As a teenager, Cunanan developed a reputation as a prolific liar, given to telling tall tales about his family and personal life. He was adept at changing his appearance according to what he felt was most attractive at a given moment. Cunanan identified as gay in high school, when he began having liaisons with wealthy older men. He was voted "least likely to be forgotten." After graduating from high school in 1987, Cunanan enrolled at the University of California, San Diego (UC San Diego), where he majored in American history.


title: Andrew Cunanan

text: In 1988, when Cunanan was 19, his father deserted his family and moved to the Philippines to evade arrest for embezzlement. That same year, Cunanan had begun frequenting local gay clubs and restaurants, and his mother, who was deeply religious, learned about his sexual orientation. During an argument, Cunanan threw his mother against a wall, dislocating her shoulder. Later examination of his behavior indicates that he may have suffered from antisocial personality disorder, characterized by a lack of remorse and empathy. In 1989, Cunanan dropped out of UC San Diego and settled in the Castro District of San Francisco, a center of gay culture, moving in with Cote and her boyfriend, Phil Merrill.


title: Andrew Cunanan

text: In San Francisco, Cunanan continued his practice of befriending wealthy older men, and also reportedly began creating violent pornography. He also socialized in the Hillcrest and La Jolla neighborhoods of San Diego, as well as in Scottsdale, Arizona, "apparently living off the largesse of one wealthy patron or another." Cunanan is also believed to have been dealing drugs, including prescription opioids, cocaine, and marijuana. He used several aliases: Andrew DeSilva, Lt. Cmdr. Andy Cummings, Drew Cunningham, and Curt Matthew Demaris.


title: Andrew Cunanan

text: Cunanan allegedly first met fashion designer Gianni Versace in San Francisco in October 1990, when Versace was in town to fit the costumes he had designed for the San Francisco Opera production of Richard Strauss's opera "Capriccio", although Versace's family has always denied that the two men ever met. In December 1995, Cunanan met David Madson, a Minneapolis architect, in a San Francisco bar. They began a long-distance relationship shortly after, but Madson ended the relationship in the spring of 1996, telling friends he sensed something "shady" about Cunanan. Cunanan told friends that Madson was the "love of my life".


title: Andrew Cunanan

text: In September 1996, Cunanan broke up with Norman Blachford, a wealthy older man who had been hosting and financially supporting him. He soon maxed out his credit cards. Cunanan's close friend Jeffrey "Jeff" Trail, a former Naval officer working as a district manager for a propane delivery company in Minneapolis, had told his former roommate Michael Williams that Cunanan had resumed selling drugs. Cunanan also was known to regularly consume these drugs, especially methamphetamine.


title: Andrew Cunanan

text: By April 1997, friends reported Cunanan was abusing painkillers and was drinking alcohol "like there was no tomorrow". Later that month, he told friends he was leaving San Diego for Minneapolis to "take care of some business matters" with Trail, who had recently distanced himself from Cunanan. Trail expected Cunanan to return to San Francisco upon leaving Minneapolis. Before Cunanan's visit, Trail told his sister that he "did not want Andrew to come." A week before his death, Trail told Williams that he had had a "huge falling out" with Cunanan and said, "I made a lot of enemies this weekend... I've got to get out of here. They're going to kill me."


title: Andrew Cunanan

text: On April 24, Cunanan and four friends attended a going-away party at Hillcrest's California Cuisine, a rare occasion when Cunanan did not cover the tab. He had reached the credit limit on both his credit cards, and had to ask for a credit extension to afford his plane ticket to Minneapolis. Upon arriving there the next day, Cunanan stayed with Madson, a mutual friend of his and Trail's, in Madson's apartment. That night, Cunanan and Madson dined at Nye's Restaurant and visited The Gay 90's nightclub. On April 26, Cunanan stayed in Trail's apartment while Trail was out of town with his boyfriend, Jon Hackett. The following afternoon, Trail told Hackett that he needed to have a "pretty important" conversation with Cunanan. When Trail and Hackett later returned to the apartment, there was no sign of Cunanan or his belongings. Trail left his apartment to see Cunanan shortly after 9 p.m. and was likely let into Madson's apartment at 9:45 p.m.


title: Andrew Cunanan

text: Cunanan's killings began in Minneapolis on April 27, 1997, with the murder of his friend, 28-year-old Jeffrey Trail. After an earlier argument in Trail's apartment, Cunanan stole Trail's gun and took it to David Madson's loft apartment. Cunanan rang Trail from Madson's apartment to come and retrieve his gun. On arrival Cunanan beat Trail to death with a hammer in front of Madson. On April 29, one of Madson's coworkers, concerned about his absence from work, visited his apartment to check on him. They discovered Trail's body rolled in a rug and placed behind a sofa. Trail's watch had stopped at 9:55pm, believed by authorities to be the time of the killing.


title: Andrew Cunanan

text: Madson, 33, was Cunanan's second victim. Authorities believe Madson remained in his apartment with Cunanan two days after Trail's murder, as one neighbor witnessed both men in the apartment elevator on April 28, and another neighbor witnessed the pair walking Madson's dog on April 29. Investigators then treated Madson as a suspect in Trail's murder, but Madson's family insisted he was held hostage by Cunanan. On May 2, Madson and Cunanan were seen north of Minneapolis, driving in Madson's Jeep and eating lunch together in a bar. The following morning, Madson's body was found on the east shore of Rush Lake near Rush City, Minnesota, with gunshot wounds to the head and back from a .40-caliber Taurus PT100 semi-automatic pistol Cunanan had taken from Trail's home.


title: Andrew Cunanan

text: On May 3, Cunanan drove to Chicago, Illinois, and killed 72-year-old Lee Miglin, a prominent real estate developer. He bound Miglin's hands and feet and wrapped his head with duct tape, then stabbed Miglin more than twenty times with a screwdriver, slit his throat with a hacksaw, and stole his car. Miglin's family maintain that the killing was random, but former FBI agent Gregg McCrary argues it is unlikely that Cunanan would have bound and tortured Miglin without some motive.


title: Andrew Cunanan

text: Investigators noted Miglin's 1994 green Lexus LS sedan was missing from his garage and found Madson's red Jeep parked on the street near Miglin's house. Miglin's Lexus was equipped with a car phone, which, according to records, was activated on May 4 in Union County, Pennsylvania. Authorities began monitoring the phone's activity and found it was also activated on May 8 in Philadelphia and on May 9 near Penns Grove and Carneys Point Township, New Jersey.


title: Andrew Cunanan

text: On May 9, in Pennsville Township, New Jersey, at Finn's Point National Cemetery, Cunanan shot and killed 45-year-old cemetery caretaker William Reese. Later that day, when Reese did not return home for dinner, his wife visited the cemetery to check on him and found the caretaker's office door ajar with the radio playing inside. She then called the police, who found Reese shot in the head by the same Taurus pistol Cunanan used to murder Madson. Unlike Cunanan's other victims, whom he killed for seemingly personal reasons, authorities believe Cunanan murdered Reese simply for his 1995 red Chevrolet pickup truck. Cunanan used this truck to drive to Florida.


title: Andrew Cunanan

text: On May 12, Cunanan began staying at the Normandy Plaza Hotel in Miami Beach, Florida, where he paid $29 per night in cash. On June 12, he was listed on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list. While the manhunt unsuccessfully focused on Reese's stolen truck that Cunanan was using, he "hid in plain sight" for two months. Cunanan used his own name to pawn a stolen item on July 7, despite knowing that police routinely reviewed pawn shop records. On July 14, seemingly out of money, Cunanan checked out of his hotel without paying for his last night there.


title: Andrew Cunanan

text: Around 8:45am on July 15, Cunanan murdered 50-year-old Gianni Versace on the front steps of Casa Casuarina, his mansion in Miami Beach. Versace was returning from a visit to the News Cafe, where he picked up magazines, when he was shot once in the back of the head and once in the left cheek with the same Taurus pistol Cunanan used to murder Madson and Reese. A witness pursued Cunanan but was unable to catch him as he fled into a nearby parking garage. Versace was pronounced dead at Jackson Memorial Hospital at 9:21am.


title: Andrew Cunanan

text: Responding police found Reese's stolen vehicle in a nearby parking garage. It contained Cunanan's clothes and clippings of newspaper reports about the earlier murders.


title: Andrew Cunanan

text: On July 23, 1997, Cunanan's body was found in a luxury houseboat in Miami Beach, after a caretaker reported to police of hearing a gunshot. He shot himself in the head with the Taurus pistol stolen from Trail; it was the same weapon he used to kill Madson, Reese, and Versace.


title: Andrew Cunanan

text: Cunanan's motivation remains unknown; at the time of the murders there was extensive public and press speculation linking the crimes to Cunanan's alleged discovery that he was HIV positive, although an autopsy revealed he was HIV negative.


title: Andrew Cunanan

text: Although police searched the houseboat where Cunanan died, he left no suicide note and few personal belongings. Investigators noted Cunanan's reputation for acquiring money and expensive possessions from wealthy older men. Police considered few of the findings to be of note, except multiple tubes of hydrocortisone cream and a fairly extensive collection of fiction by C. S. Lewis.


title: Andrew Cunanan

text: Cunanan was portrayed by Shane Perdue in the film "The Versace Murder" (1998), Jonathan Trent in the film "Murder in Fashion" (2009), Luke Morrison in the television film "House of Versace" (2013), and Darren Criss (who won an Emmy Award for his performance) in (2018), the second season of the television series "American Crime Story". Cunanan has been used in songs by Shyne ("Bad Boyz", 2000) and Modest Mouse ("Pistol (A. Cunanan, Miami, FL. 1996)", 2015)


title: Andrew Cunanan

text: He has also been the subject of several true crime television series' episodes: "Mugshots" on Court TV, with "Andrew Cunanan – The Versace Killer", and "Six Degrees of Murder", with "The Body in the Rug". He has also been featured on ABC's news television series "20/20", and Investigation Discovery's show "Most Evil" in various episodes, where he is examined by Columbia University forensic psychiatrist Michael H. Stone.


title: Andrew Cunanan

text: In a 2018 "Saturday Night Live" sketch featuring John Mulaney, he is mentioned as having portrayed the son in the fictional incest-themed sitcom from 1987, "Switcheroo".


title: Paul Anderson (actor)

text: Paul Anderson (born 19 November 1978) is an English film and television actor who came to prominence for portraying Arthur Shelby Jr. in "Peaky Blinders", Mr Anderson in the 2015 film "The Revenant", and Sebastian Moran in "".


title: Paul Anderson (actor)

text: Anderson decided to pursue acting in the mid 2000s, after working for many years as a ticket scalper and aspiring musician, and enrolled at the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art. He began his acting career by appearing in plays written by his friend Gregory Burke, and made his screen debut with Burke's critically acclaimed 2014 film "'71". He had his first leading role in the 2009 British movie, "The Firm".


title: Paul Anderson (actor)

text: Anderson's break came when, in 2013, he was cast as a main character in the BBC Two show "Peaky Blinders" as Arthur Shelby, a gangster in post First World War Birmingham. Since then, Anderson has appeared in many major films, including Ron Howard's "In the Heart of the Sea" and "The Revenant," as well as "Brimstone", which was released in 2016.


title: Seth Curry

text: Seth Adham Curry (born August 23, 1990) is an American professional basketball player for the Brooklyn Nets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for one year at Liberty University before transferring to Duke. He is the son of former NBA player Dell Curry and the younger brother of NBA player Stephen Curry. He currently ranks third in NBA history in career three-point field goal percentage.


title: Seth Curry

text: Curry is the son of former National Basketball Association (NBA) player Dell Curry and former Virginia Tech women's volleyball player Sonya Curry. He grew up in Charlotte, North Carolina, while his father, Dell, played for the Charlotte Hornets. As a child, Curry's father would take him and his older brother, Stephen, to his games where they would often shoot around with the team in warm-ups. Curry is a 2008 graduate of Charlotte Christian School where he was a three-year starter for the Knights' basketball team. His senior year, Curry averaged 22.3 points, 5.0 rebounds, and 5.0 assists while shooting 52 percent from the field. At the end of the season, he earned all-conference, all-state, and first team SAA All-American accolades. In his three years on varsity, Charlotte Christian amassed a 105–24 overall record including a state final appearance in 2006. Curry was also on the Charlotte Christian academic honor roll all four years.


title: Seth Curry

text: After high school, Curry chose to attend Liberty University. In his freshman season at Liberty, he led all freshmen nationally in average points per game scored with 20.2 a game. Curry broke the Big South Conference single-season scoring record for a freshman. He wore the jersey number 30 at Liberty, the same number his dad and older brother wore in their careers.


title: Seth Curry

text: Curry transferred from Liberty University to Duke after the 2008–09 season. Per transfer rules, Curry sat out the 2009–10 basketball season. At Duke, he also chose to wear his family number 30.


title: Seth Curry

text: As a redshirt sophomore, Curry was named a starter after a toe injury sidelined Kyrie Irving. In a game against Miami (Ohio), Curry led the team with 17 points on 57% shooting. He scored a season high 22 points against North Carolina on February 9, 2011. On December 29, 2012, he scored a career-high 31 against Santa Clara. At the end of his senior year, Curry was named to the All-ACC first team and was named a second team All-American by "Sporting News".


title: Seth Curry

text: Curry went undrafted in the 2013 NBA draft. On August 23, 2013, he signed a non-guaranteed contract with the Golden State Warriors. He was, however, later waived by Golden State on October 25, 2013, after appearing in six preseason games.


title: Seth Curry

text: On November 1, 2013, Curry was acquired by the Santa Cruz Warriors of the NBA Development League as an affiliate player. On November 22, in his D-League debut, Curry recorded 36 points on 12-of-19 shooting, as well as 6 assists and 3 rebounds.


title: Seth Curry

text: On December 24, Curry signed with the Memphis Grizzlies. On January 5, 2014, Curry both made his NBA debut and was waived by the Grizzlies.


title: Seth Curry

text: Four days later, Curry was reacquired by the Santa Cruz Warriors. On February 3, 2014, Curry was named to the Futures All-Star roster for the 2014 NBA D-League All-Star Game.


title: Seth Curry

text: On March 21, 2014, Curry signed a 10-day contract with the Cleveland Cavaliers. The next day, he appeared in his second NBA game, recording three points in nine minutes of action against the Houston Rockets. The Cavaliers decided not to offer Curry a second 10-day contract, and he returned to Santa Cruz the following day. Curry finished the 2013–14 NBA D-League season with averages of 19.7 points, 3.1 rebounds, 5.8 assists and 1.4 steals in 38 games.


title: Seth Curry

text: During his time at Santa Cruz, Curry played in the back court with Mychel Thompson. At the same time their respective brothers, Stephen Curry and Klay Thompson, were playing together in the Golden State backcourt in a tandem nicknamed the "Splash Brothers."


title: Seth Curry

text: In July 2014, Curry joined the Orlando Magic for the Orlando Summer League and the Phoenix Suns for the Las Vegas Summer League. On September 29, 2014, he signed with the Magic. On October 7, 2014, Curry's D-League rights were acquired by the Magic's affiliated team, the Erie BayHawks, in a trade with the Santa Cruz Warriors. This was done in preparation for Curry returning to the D-League following training camp, as the Magic were now able to send him to their affiliated team instead of Curry returning to Santa Cruz. As anticipated the Magic waived Curry at the conclusion of training camp on October 25, and five days later he was acquired by the Erie BayHawks for the start of D-League training camp. In his debut for Erie in the team's season opener on November 14, Curry scored 23 points on 9-of-24 shooting in a win over the Idaho Stampede. On February 4, 2015, he was named to the Futures All-Star team for the 2015 NBA D-League All-Star Game for the second time in his career.


title: Seth Curry

text: On March 11, 2015, Curry signed a 10-day contract with the Phoenix Suns. He made his Suns debut later that day in a 106–97 win over the Minnesota Timberwolves.


title: Seth Curry

text: After Curry's 10-day contract by the Suns expired on March 21, he returned to the BayHawks. In 43 games for Erie in 2014–15, he averaged 23.8 points, 3.9 rebounds, 4.2 assists and 1.4 steals per game.


title: Seth Curry

text: In July 2015, Curry joined the New Orleans Pelicans for the 2015 NBA Summer League. After averaging 24.3 points per game in Las Vegas, Curry earned All-NBA Summer League first team honors. On July 22, he signed a two-year, $2 million guaranteed deal with the Sacramento Kings. Considered a "shooting guard trapped in a point guard's body", Curry's three-point shooting was a key reason the Kings signed him, as outside shooting had long been the Kings' Achilles heel. He made his debut for the Kings on October 30, recording two points, one rebound and one assist in a 132–114 win over the Los Angeles Lakers. On November 28, he scored 9 points on 3-of-4 shooting and 3-of-3 from three-point range in a loss to the Golden State Warriors. On February 26, 2016, Curry played extended minutes in the Kings' 117–107 loss to the Los Angeles Clippers due to starting point guard Rajon Rondo sitting out with an injury. In 26 minutes of action off the bench, he recorded a then career-high 19 points and 4 rebounds. On March 25, he made his first career start, scoring 12 points in 26 minutes against the Phoenix Suns. Three days later, in just his third NBA start, Curry scored a career-high 21 points in a 105–93 loss to the Portland Trail Blazers. He matched his career high on April 1, scoring 21 points against the Miami Heat. On April 9, he made a career-high six three-pointers and scored 20 points on 6-of-10 shooting off the bench in a 114–112 win over the Oklahoma City Thunder. Two days later, he recorded his first career double-double with 20 points and a career-high 15 assists in a career-high 38 minutes of action as the starting point guard, helping the Kings defeat the Phoenix Suns 105–101.


title: Seth Curry

text: After the 2015–16 season, Curry declined his $1 million player option for the 2016–17 season in order to become a restricted free agent. On June 27, 2016, the Kings tendered a qualifying offer to Curry, but on July 3, the team rescinded their qualifying offer, making Curry an unrestricted free agent.


title: Seth Curry

text: On July 15, 2016, Curry signed with the Dallas Mavericks. He made his debut for the Mavericks in their season opener on October 26 against the Indiana Pacers. In 16 minutes off the bench, he recorded seven points, three rebounds, one assist and three steals in a 130–121 overtime loss. On November 8, he scored a then career-high 23 points in a 109–97 win over the Los Angeles Lakers. He tied that mark on November 21, scoring 23 points with five three-pointers as a starter in a 96–91 loss to the San Antonio Spurs. Curry missed four games in early December with a right knee sprain. On January 29, 2017, he had career highs of 24 points and 10 rebounds to lead the Mavericks to a 105–101 win over San Antonio. On February 24, 2017, he set a new career high with 31 points in a 97–84 loss to the Minnesota Timberwolves. Three days later, he had a 29-point effort to go with five three-pointers in a 96–89 win over the Miami Heat.


title: Seth Curry

text: On October 7, 2017, Curry was ruled out indefinitely after being diagnosed with a stress reaction of his left tibia. On February 6, 2018, he was ruled out for the entire season after it was determined he required surgery on his left tibia.


title: Seth Curry

text: On July 6, 2018, Curry signed a two-year contract with the Portland Trail Blazers, which included a player option for the second year. On January 26, 2019, he scored 22 points in a 120–111 win over the Atlanta Hawks. On February 5, he was selected to compete in the Three-Point Contest during All-Star Weekend. On March 9, he scored 22 points in a 127–120 win over the Phoenix Suns. Curry later went to the 2019 NBA playoffs with Portland and made it to the Western Conference Finals to face his brother Steph and the Golden State Warriors, who swept them 4–0 to knock them out of the playoffs.


title: Seth Curry

text: On July 10, 2019, he signed a four-year contract to return to the Dallas Mavericks. On February 28, 2020, Curry scored a career-high 37 points on 13-of-15 shooting and 8-of-9 from three-point range in a 126–118 loss to the Miami Heat.


title: Seth Curry

text: On November 18, 2020, Curry was traded to the Philadelphia 76ers in exchange for Josh Richardson and the draft rights to Tyler Bey. On June 16, 2021, during the second round of the playoffs, Curry recorded a new playoff career-high of 36 points in a Game 5 losing effort against the Atlanta Hawks.


title: Seth Curry

text: On February 10, 2022, Curry was traded, along with Ben Simmons, Andre Drummond and two future first-round picks, to the Brooklyn Nets in exchange for James Harden and Paul Millsap. In his debut for the Nets on February 14, Curry led the team in scoring with 23 points in a 109–85 win against the Sacramento Kings and helped the team end an 11-game losing streak. On May 9, he underwent left ankle surgery.


title: Seth Curry

text: Curry competed for the United States in the 2009 FIBA Under-19 World Championship in New Zealand, winning the tournament by defeating Greece 88–80 in the final. For the tournament, Curry averaged 9.0 points, 2.2 rebounds and 1.1 assists per game.


title: Seth Curry

text: On September 14, 2019, Curry married former professional volleyball player Callie Rivers, daughter of his former head coach Doc Rivers and sister of his former Duke teammate Austin Rivers. Their daughter was born in May 2018. She gave birth to a second child, a son, in November 2021. Curry's older brother, Stephen, is the starting point guard for the Golden State Warriors and won four championships, while his younger sister, Sydel, played college volleyball at Elon University and is married to Suns guard Damion Lee. Curry is a Christian.


title: Florence Welch

text: Florence Leontine Mary Welch (born 28 August 1986) is an English singer, the lead vocalist and primary songwriter of the indie rock band Florence and the Machine. The band's debut studio album, "Lungs" (2009), topped the UK Albums Chart and won the Brit Award for Best British Album. Their next four albums also achieved chart success. In 2018, Welch released a book titled "Useless Magic", a collection of lyrics and poems written by her, along with illustrations.


title: Florence Welch

text: Florence Leontine Mary Welch was born on 28 August 1986 in Camberwell, London to parents Nick Russell Welch, an advertising executive and Evelyn Welch (née Samuels), an American immigrant from New York City who was educated at Harvard University and the Warburg Institute, University of London. Evelyn is Vice-Chancellor of the University of Bristol. Through her mother, Welch has both British and American citizenship.


title: Florence Welch

text: Welch is the niece of satirist Craig Brown via Brown's wife and Welch's aunt, Frances Welch, and granddaughter of Colin Welch (James Colin Ross Welch), former deputy editor of "The Daily Telegraph" and former "Daily Mail" parliamentary sketchwriter, originally of Cambridgeshire. Welch's maternal uncle is actor and director John Stockwell. She also has a sister, Grace, who inspired Welch's song by the same name.


title: Florence Welch

text: During her youth, Welch was encouraged by her Scottish paternal grandmother, Cybil Welch (née Russell), to pursue her performing and singing talents. Welch's deceased grandmothers inspired numerous songs on Florence and the Machine's debut album "Lungs" (2009). In her youth, Welch also sang at family weddings and funerals. Aged ten, she performed the song of Yum-Yum from "The Mikado" by Gilbert and Sullivan at Colin Welch's memorial service.


title: Florence Welch

text: Welch's parents divorced when she was thirteen, and her mother eventually married their next-door neighbour, Professor Peter Openshaw. Around this time, her maternal grandmother, who had bipolar disorder, died from suicide.


title: Florence Welch

text: In Florence and the Machine's 2018 single "Hunger", she opened up for the first time about a teenage eating disorder. She has also spoken of being a highly imaginative and fearful child. "I learned ways to manage that terror – drink, drugs, controlling food..."


title: Florence Welch

text: Welch was educated at Thomas's London Day School, Battersea then went on to Alleyn's School, South East London, where she did well academically. However, Welch often got in trouble in school for impromptu singing and for singing too loudly in the school's choir.


title: Florence Welch

text: Despite an early love of reading and literature, she was also diagnosed with mild dyslexia owing to problems with spelling, alongside dyspraxia, a developmental coordination disorder that does not affect her reading ability, but caused issues with organization. Music and books gave her a reprieve from what she felt made her different from others. "I used reading as a form of escape. I was shy and sensitive, and so reading gave me a safe space."


title: Florence Welch

text: On leaving secondary school and "just bumming around Camberwell where I lived, working at a bar and thought that I should start doing something with life", Welch studied illustration at Camberwell College of Arts before dropping out to focus on her music. Initially, she had intended to take a year out from her studies to "see where the music would go and then it started going somewhere so [she] never went back".


title: Florence Welch

text: According to Welch, the band name "Florence + the Machine" had "started off as a private joke that got out of hand. I made music with my friend, who we called Isabella Machine, to which I was Florence Robot. When I was about an hour away from my first gig, I still didn't have a name, so I thought 'Okay, I'll be Florence Robot/Isa Machine', before realizing that name was so long it'd drive me mad". In 2006, Welch's performances with Isabella Summers in small London venues under the joint name Florence Robot/Isa Machine began to attract notice.


title: Florence Welch

text: In 2007, Welch recorded with a band named Ashok, who released an album titled "Plans" on the Filthy Lucre/About Records label. This album included the earliest version of her later hit "Kiss with a Fist", which at this point was titled "Happy Slap".


title: Florence Welch

text: Florence and the Machine released their debut studio album "Lungs" in the United Kingdom on 6 July 2009. The album was officially launched with a set at the Rivoli Ballroom in Brockley, south-east London. It peaked at number one in the UK and number two in Ireland. As of 6 August 2009, the album had sold over 100,000 copies in the UK and by 10 August it had been at number two for five consecutive weeks. Following its 25 July 2009 release for download in the United States, the album debuted at number seventeen on the "Billboard" Heatseekers Albums chart, ultimately peaking at number one. The album was released physically in the US on 20 October by Universal Republic. The album was produced by James Ford, Paul Epworth, Steve Mackey and Charlie Hugall.


title: Florence Welch

text: Welch contributed vocals to David Byrne and Fatboy Slim's 2010 album "Here Lies Love", an album about Imelda Marcos. As of January 2011, Welch was working with Drake on material slated for his upcoming album.


title: Florence Welch

text: On 27 February 2011, Welch replaced pregnant Dido and sang her portion of Best Original Song nominee "If I Rise" (from "127 Hours") with A. R. Rahman at the 83rd Academy Awards.


title: Florence Welch

text: The band's second studio album, "Ceremonials", was released on 31 October 2011. In the album, Florence's "obsession with drowning" is represented through the use of repeated water imagery. It debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart and number six on the US "Billboard" 200. On 12 January 2012, Florence and the Machine were nominated for two Brit Awards, with the awards ceremony taking place on 21 February 2012 at the O2 Arena, London. On 26 April 2012, the band released "Breath of Life", a song which was recorded as the official theme song for the fantasy film "Snow White and the Huntsman". On 5 July 2012, a remix of "Spectrum" by Scottish musician Calvin Harris was released as the fourth single from "Ceremonials", becoming the band's first UK number-one hit. Welch expressed excitement about putting new material together for a third album once the band finished touring at the end of September 2012.


title: Florence Welch

text: Welch led a tribute to Amy Winehouse by performing Winehouse's song "Back to Black" and the Annie Lennox-classic "Walking on Broken Glass" during the VH1 Divas Celebrates Soul concert held in December 2011. The group performed in Times Square on 31 December 2011 for the 40th annual "Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve" special.


title: Florence Welch

text: In October 2012, she was featured on Scottish singer-songwriter and producer Calvin Harris' song "Sweet Nothing", which debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart, marking Welch's second number one. The song was taken from Harris' third studio album "18 Months" and is the fifth single from the album. "Sweet Nothing" also peaked at number one in Ireland and number two in Australia and New Zealand. "Sweet Nothing" was certified Platinum in Australia.


title: Florence Welch

text: On 29 November 2012 Florence joined the Rolling Stones at the O2 Arena in London to sing "Gimme Shelter". Her performance with Mick Jagger was described as "sexy" and "electrifying."


title: Florence Welch

text: In February 2015, Florence and the Machine announced their third album, "How Big, How Blue, How Beautiful", which was released on 1 June 2015. The album reached #1 in many markets including the US, the UK, Australia, and Canada. The record spawned two top 40 UK hits, and earned three Grammy nominations.


title: Florence Welch

text: During June 2015, Dave Grohl of the Foo Fighters broke his leg on stage prior to his band's upcoming Glastonbury Festival headline performance, causing Florence and the Machine to be the headline band. They headlined the festival for the first time on 26 June 2015.


title: Florence Welch

text: In September 2016, during an interview with Heat Radio, American singer Lady Gaga revealed that she and Florence had recorded a song together. The track, titled "Hey Girl", was later featured on Gaga's fifth album "Joanne". Footage of their studio session was featured in Gaga's Netflix documentary "" (2017).


title: Florence Welch

text: In May 2017, Welch contributed a song titled "To Be Human" to the "Wonder Woman" soundtrack. Co-written with Rick Nowels, the song is performed on the film's soundtrack by Sia and Labrinth.


title: Florence Welch

text: On 12 April 2018, Florence and the Machine released a song titled "Sky Full of Song" and an accompanying music video on YouTube, directed by AG Rojas. The song was released for Record Store Day on April 21, which supports brick and mortar record stores; a limited edition 7" vinyl was also released. Also in 2018 "Hunger" was released. Florence and the Machine's fourth studio album "High as Hope" was released on 29 June 2018.


title: Florence Welch

text: On 22 May 2018, Florence Welch performed a duet with Mick Jagger, at London Stadium, during the Rolling Stones' No Filter Tour. They sang "Wild Horses".


title: Florence Welch

text: In July 2018, Welch published her first book "Useless Magic: Lyrics and Poetry". The book showcases her lyrics and poetry, alongside corresponding artwork from the time of her first album "Lungs" to her 2018 release "High as Hope".


title: Florence Welch

text: On 28 April 2021, Welch announced that she would contribute music and lyrics to a musical adaptation of F. Scott Fitzgerald's "The Great Gatsby", with producer Thomas Bartlett co-writing the adaptation's music and Martyna Majok writing the book and Rebecca Frecknall directing.


title: Florence Welch

text: In January 2022, it was confirmed that the band would be headlining a few summer festivals which lead to many theorizing that Welch's fifth studio album could possibly be released during the first semester of 2022.


title: Florence Welch

text: By the end of February, some selected fans started receiving medieval-styled tarot cards, the cards had the words "King" and "Florence + the Machine – Chapter 1" written on them. On 23 February 2022, Welch released a single, "King", and an accompanying music video, directed by Autumn de Wilde.


title: Florence Welch

text: On 7 March 2022, the second single was released alongside a music video, also directed by de Wilde, titled "Heaven Is Here".


title: Florence Welch

text: On 9 March 2022, Welch announced through her Instagram page that the band's fifth studio album would be titled "Dance Fever" and would have 14 songs, in her words "A fairytale in 14 songs".


title: Florence Welch

text: On 10 March 2022, the third single was released called "My Love" which also featured a music video directed by Autumn de Wilde. The single premiered on BBC Radio 1's morning show "Breakfast with Greg James" where Welch was the special guest and announced the release date of their upcoming album "Dance Fever", 13 May 2022.


title: Florence Welch

text: Welch has been compared to other singers such as Kate Bush, Stevie Nicks, Siouxsie Sioux, PJ Harvey, Shirley Manson, Alison Goldfrapp, Tori Amos and Björk. When describing "Lungs", Welch said, "When I was writing these songs, I used to refer to myself as Florence 'Robot...because I really like what a machine thinks organic instruments really sound like." Welch possesses a contralto vocal range.


title: Florence Welch

text: During interviews, Welch has cited singers Grace Slick, Alanis Morissette and Stevie Nicks as influences and "heroes." She told "Rolling Stone" in 2010, "I'm pretty obsessed with [Stevie] Nicks, from her style to her voice. I like watching her on YouTube and her old performances, the way she moves and everything."


title: Florence Welch

text: She has also listed in her early influences the likes of John Cale, Otis Redding, Siouxsie Sioux, David Byrne and Lou Reed. In a review of "Ceremonials", Jody Rosen of "Rolling Stone" described Florence and the Machine's style as "dark, robust and romantic", deeming the ballad "Only If for a Night" as a mix of "classic soul and midnight-on-the-moors English art rock". Welch stated that her lyrics related to Renaissance artists : "We're dealing with all of the same things they did: love and death, time and pain, heaven and hell". Welch has used religious imagery in her music and performances, though she has stated, "I'm not a religious person. Sex, violence, love, death, are the topics that I'm constantly wrestling with, it's all connected back to religion."


title: Florence Welch

text: Nick Welch, her father, contributed a "rock and roll element to the family mix"; in his twenties, he lived in a West End squat and attended the Squatters' Ball organised by Heathcote Williams where the 101ers played regularly. A self-confessed "frustrated performer", if Nick, as he put it, "nudged Flo in any way, it's only been to listen to the Ramones rather than Green Day." Evelyn, Welch's mother, had an equally strong, yet completely different influence on her daughter. A visit to one of her mother's renaissance lectures left teenage Florence deeply impressed. She explained, "I aspire to something like that, but with music. I hope that my music has some of the big themes—sex, death, love, violence—that will still be part of the human story in 200 years' time."


title: Florence Welch

text: Welch is known for her distinctive clothing style, often performing concerts wearing light Gucci dresses, barefoot and without jewellery. "Vogue" described her style as Bohemian and called her "the queen of Bohemian style."


title: Florence Welch

text: When discussing her fashion style, Welch said that, "For the stage, it's The Lady of Shalott meets Ophelia...mixed with scary gothic bat lady. But in real life I'm kind of prim." Welch often mixes artistic influences both in her fashion style and music, with a strong nod towards the style of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. 2011 saw Gucci dressing her for her summer tour and a performance at the Chanel runway show at Paris Fashion Week. Welch describes 1970s American drag queen troupe the Cockettes and French chanson singer Françoise Hardy as fashion mentors.


title: Florence Welch

text: Welch has also named Fleetwood Mac member Stevie Nicks as a musical, fashion and general influence. Welch can sometimes be seen in concert paying homage to Nicks' famous billowing stage dress.


title: Florence Welch

text: Welch has spoken about being a "fantasist" as a child, stating, "[I was] constantly reading books, thinking, "I'm not a mermaid. I can't breathe underwater. I can't fly." One of the saddest and most heartbreaking things is that I remember really wanting to be able to magically change my appearance.", and stated that this impacted her image and sound. Her style and mannerisms have led fans and the media comparing her to a witch, a mermaid, and a fairy.


title: Florence Welch

text: Welch considers herself an introvert, and is passionate about reading and literature. She has held many events with her fan-run book club, Between Two Books. "It's a huge generalization to say that all readers are introverts; I'm sure there's a lot of extroverted bookworms out there, but, for me, it's nice to know people of similar inclinations can actually come together in a social way and talk about something that is inherently solitary."


title: Florence Welch

text: Although many of her songs contain Christian themes and elements, Welch has said she does not follow any particular religion. "I went to Catholic school, and the first songs I remember liking were hymns. I find it's nice to mix the mundane and the magical, the irrelevant with the huge themes. Sex, love, death, marriage, guilt—mix that with seeing a huge sky or going for a walk or turning the page of a book. Living is dealing with the everyday and the notion that you're going to die."


title: Florence Welch

text: Welch has been open about her struggles with anxiety and depression, as well as with alcohol. Many of her songs reflect these issues. In 2019, she discussed her panic attacks with Sinéad Burke. She explained, "My hands go tingly, my lips go tingly. I sort of think that it's very serious and I'm about to die and I have to lie on the floor and breathe…I know I'm having a panic attack, really. But I also really want someone to take me to hospital."


title: Florence Welch

text: In 2015, Welch broke her foot after leaping off the stage at the Coachella Festival. She revealed that she used to drink alcohol before every performance, telling "Billboard": "I'm quite shy, really—that's probably why I used to drink a lot. But I don't any more. When I finally took time off to make this new record, I had time to strengthen. And when I was coming back into the fray, I really didn't want to lose that. I thought I could go dive-bomb back into it, but look what happened. I dived into it and literally broke myself."


title: Florence Welch

text: In 2016, Welch voiced her support for Remain during the United Kingdoms EU Membership referendum. Welch is also a vocal advocate for LGBT rights, and regularly waves the rainbow flag at her concerts, particularly during her song "Spectrum (Say My Name)".


title: Florence Welch

text: In 2018, she tweeted her support for the removal of the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland. The removal passed and legalised abortion access within the country.


title: Florence Welch

text: In 2019, Welch expressed her support for women's rights during concerts in Las Vegas, Nevada, Chicago, Illinois, Raleigh, North Carolina and Columbia, Maryland. She encouraged her audience to donate to the ACLU instead of buying concert merchandise.


title: Florence Welch

text: In March 2022, Florence expressed her support for Ukraine during the Russian-Ukrainian War. The Florence + the Machine video for "Heaven Is Here" was recently filmed in Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine. Welch wrote on her Twitter: "Two of the dancers in this video are currently sheltering. To my brave and beautiful sisters Maryne and Anastasiia. I love you. I wish I could put my arms around you. Strength." She also shared an article about the ways to help Ukraine. In September 2022 it was announced via Twitter that proceeds from a Florence + the Machine zine would be donated to the charitable foundation Future for Ukraine. The zine features photographs taken in November 2021 in Kyiv while shooting music videos for "Dance Fever".


title: Siren (mythology)

text: In Greek mythology, the sirens (Ancient Greek: singular: ; plural: ) were humanlike beings with alluring voices; they appear in a scene in the Odyssey in which Odysseus saves his crew's lives. Roman poets placed them on some small islands called Sirenum scopuli. In some later, rationalized traditions, the literal geography of the "flowery" island of Anthemoessa, or Anthemusa, is fixed: sometimes on Cape Pelorum and at others in the islands known as the Sirenuse, near Paestum, or in Capreae. All such locations were surrounded by cliffs and rocks.


title: Siren (mythology)

text: Sirens continued to be used as a symbol for the dangerous temptation embodied by women regularly throughout Christian art of the medieval era.


title: Siren (mythology)

text: The etymology of the name is contested. Robert S. P. Beekes has suggested a Pre-Greek origin. Others connect the name to σειρά ("seirá", "rope, cord") and εἴρω ("eírō", "to tie, join, fasten"), resulting in the meaning "binder, entangler", i.e. one who binds or entangles through magic song. This could be connected to the famous scene of Odysseus being bound to the mast of his ship, in order to resist their song.


title: Siren (mythology)

text: Sirens were later often used as a synonym for mermaids, and portrayed with upper human bodies and fish tails. This combination became iconic in the medieval period. The circumstances leading to the commingling involve the treatment of sirens in the medieval "Physiologus" and bestiaries, both iconographically, as well as textually in translations from Latin to vulgar languages, as described below.


title: Siren (mythology)

text: The sirens of Greek mythology first appeared in Homer's "Odyssey," where Homer did not provide any physical descriptions, and their visual appearance was left to the readers' imagination. It was Apollonius of Rhodes in "Argonautica" (3rd century BC) who described the sirens in writing as part woman and part bird. By the 7th century BC, sirens were regularly depicted in art as human-headed birds. They may have been influenced by the ba-bird of Egyptian religion. In early Greek art, the sirens were generally represented as large birds with women's heads, bird feathers and scaly feet. Later depictions shifted to show sirens with human upper bodies and bird legs, with or without wings. They were often shown playing a variety of musical instruments, especially the lyre, kithara, and aulos.


title: Siren (mythology)

text: The tenth-century Byzantine dictionary "Suda" stated that sirens () had the form of sparrows from their chests up, and below they were women or, alternatively, that they were little birds with women's faces.


title: Siren (mythology)

text: Originally, sirens were shown as male or female, but the male siren disappeared from art around the fifth century BC.


title: Siren (mythology)

text: Some surviving Classical period examples had already depicted the siren as mermaid-like. The sirens are depicted as mermaids or "tritonesses" in examples dating to the 3rd century BC, including an earthenware bowl found in Athens and a terracotta oil lamp possibly from the Roman period.


title: Siren (mythology)

text: The first known literary attestation of siren as a "mermaid" appeared in the Anglo-Latin catalogue "Liber Monstrorum" (early 8th century AD), where it says that sirens were "sea-girls... with the body of a maiden, but have scaly fishes' tails".


title: Siren (mythology)

text: As will be explained below, the siren appeared in a number of illustrated manuscripts of the "Physiologus" and its successors called the bestiaries. The siren was depicted as a half-woman and half-fish mermaid in the 9th century Berne "Physiologus", as an early example, but continued to be illustrated with both bird-like parts (wings, clawed feet) and fish-like tail.


title: Siren (mythology)

text: Although a Sophocles fragment makes Phorcys their father, when sirens are named, they are usually as daughters of the river god Achelous, either by the Muse Terpsichore, Melpomene or Calliope or lastly by Sterope, daughter of King Porthaon of Calydon.


title: Siren (mythology)

text: In Euripides's play "Helen" (167), Helen in her anguish calls upon "Winged maidens, daughters of the Earth (Chthon)." Although they lured mariners, the Greeks portrayed the sirens in their "meadow starred with flowers" and not as sea deities. Epimenides claimed that the sirens were children of Oceanus and Ge. Sirens are found in many Greek stories, notably in Homer's "Odyssey".


title: Siren (mythology)

text: Their number is variously reported as from two to eight. In the "Odyssey", Homer says nothing of their origin or names, but gives the number of the sirens as two. Later writers mention both their names and number: some state that there were three, Peisinoe, Aglaope and Thelxiepeia or Aglaonoe, Aglaopheme and Thelxiepeia; Parthenope, Ligeia, and Leucosia; Apollonius followed Hesiod gives their names as Thelxinoe, Molpe, and Aglaophonos; Suidas gives their names as Thelxiepeia, Peisinoe, and Ligeia; Hyginus gives the number of the sirens as four: Teles, Raidne, Molpe, and Thelxiope; Eustathius states that they were two, Aglaopheme and Thelxiepeia; an ancient vase painting attests the two names as Himerope and Thelxiepeia.


title: Siren (mythology)

text: Their individual names are variously rendered in the later sources as Thelxiepeia/Thelxiope/Thelxinoe, Molpe, Himerope, Aglaophonos/Aglaope/Aglaopheme, Pisinoe/Peisinoë/Peisithoe, Parthenope, Ligeia, Leucosia, Raidne, and Teles.


title: Siren (mythology)

text: According to Ovid (43 BC–17 AD), the sirens were the companions of young Persephone. Demeter gave them wings to search for Persephone when she was abducted by Hades. However, the "Fabulae" of Hyginus (64 BC–17 AD) has Demeter cursing the sirens for failing to intervene in the abduction of Persephone. According to Hyginus, Sirens were fated to live only until the mortals who heard their songs were able to pass by them.


title: Siren (mythology)

text: One legend says that Hera, queen of the gods, persuaded the sirens to enter a singing contest with the Muses. The Muses won the competition and then plucked out all of the sirens' feathers and made crowns out of them. Out of their anguish from losing the competition, writes Stephanus of Byzantium, the sirens turned white and fell into the sea at Aptera ("featherless"), where they formed the islands in the bay that were called "Leukai" ("the white ones", modern Souda).


title: Siren (mythology)

text: In the "Argonautica" (third century BC), Jason had been warned by Chiron that Orpheus would be necessary in his journey. When Orpheus heard their voices, he drew out his lyre and played his music more beautifully than they, drowning out their voices. One of the crew, however, the sharp-eared hero Butes, heard the song and leapt into the sea, but he was caught up and carried safely away by the goddess Aphrodite.


title: Siren (mythology)

text: Odysseus was curious as to what the sirens sang to him, and so, on the advice of Circe, he had all of his sailors plug their ears with beeswax and tie him to the mast. He ordered his men to leave him tied tightly to the mast, no matter how much he might beg. When he heard their beautiful song, he ordered the sailors to untie him but they bound him tighter. When they had passed out of earshot, Odysseus demonstrated with his frowns to be released. Some post-Homeric authors state that the sirens were fated to die if someone heard their singing and escaped them, and that after Odysseus passed by they therefore flung themselves into the water and perished.


title: Siren (mythology)

text: The first-century Roman historian Pliny the Elder discounted sirens as a pure fable, "although Dinon, the father of Clearchus, a celebrated writer, asserts that they exist in India, and that they charm men by their song, and, having first lulled them to sleep, tear them to pieces."


title: Siren (mythology)

text: Statues of sirens in a funerary context are attested since the classical era, in mainland Greece, as well as Asia Minor and Magna Graecia. The so-called "Siren of Canosa"—Canosa di Puglia is a site in Apulia that was part of Magna Graecia—was said to accompany the dead among grave goods in a burial. She appeared to have some psychopomp characteristics, guiding the dead on the afterlife journey. The cast terracotta figure bears traces of its original white pigment. The woman bears the feet, wings and tail of a bird. The sculpture is conserved in the National Archaeological Museum of Spain, in Madrid.


title: Siren (mythology)

text: The sirens were called the Muses of the lower world. Classical scholar Walter Copland Perry (1814–1911) observed: "Their song, though irresistibly sweet, was no less sad than sweet, and lapped both body and soul in a fatal lethargy, the forerunner of death and corruption." Their song is continually calling on Persephone.


title: Siren (mythology)

text: The term "siren song" refers to an appeal that is hard to resist but that, if heeded, will lead to a bad conclusion. Later writers have implied that the sirens were cannibals, based on Circe's description of them "lolling there in their meadow, round them heaps of corpses rotting away, rags of skin shriveling on their bones." As linguist Jane Ellen Harrison (1850–1928) notes of "The Ker as siren": "It is strange and beautiful that Homer should make the sirens appeal to the spirit, not to the flesh." The siren song is a promise to Odysseus of mantic truths; with a false promise that he will live to tell them, they sing,


title: Siren (mythology)

text: "They are mantic creatures like the Sphinx with whom they have much in common, knowing both the past and the future", Harrison observed. "Their song takes effect at midday, in a windless calm. The end of that song is death." That the sailors' flesh is rotting away, suggests it has not been eaten. It has been suggested that, with their feathers stolen, their divine nature kept them alive, but unable to provide food for their visitors, who starved to death by refusing to leave.


title: Siren (mythology)

text: Saint Jerome, who produced the Latin Vulgate version of the bible, used the word "sirens" to translate Hebrew "tannīm" ("jackals") in the Book of Isaiah 13:22, and also to translate a word for "owls" in the Book of Jeremiah 50:39.


title: Siren (mythology)

text: The siren is allegorically described as a beautiful courtesan or prostitute, who sings pleasant melody to men, and is symbolic vice of Pleasure in the preaching of Clement of Alexandria (2nd century). Later writers such as Ambrose (4th century) reiterated the notion that the siren stood as symbol or allegory for worldly temptations. and not an endorsement of the Greek myth.


title: Siren (mythology)

text: The early Christian euhemerist interpretation of mythologized human beings received a long-lasting boost from the "Etymologiae" by Isidore of Seville (c. 560–636):


title: Siren (mythology)

text: The siren and the onocentaur, two hybrid creatures, appear as the subject of a single chapter in the "Physiologus", owing to the fact that they appear together in the Septuagint translation of the aforementioned Isaiah 13:21–22, and 34:14. They also appear together in some Latin bestiaries of the First Family subgroup called B-Isidore ("B-Is").


title: Siren (mythology)

text: The siren's bird-like description from classical sources was retained in the Latin version of the "Physiologus" (6th century) and a number of subsequent bestiaries into the 13th century, but at some time during the interim, the mermaid shape was introduced to this body of works.


title: Siren (mythology)

text: The siren was illustrated as a woman-fish (mermaid) in the "Bern Physiologus" dated to the mid 9th century, even though this contradicted the accompanying text which described it as avian. An English-made Latin bestiary dated 1220–1250 also depicted a group of sirens as mermaids with fishtails swimming in the sea, even though the text stated they resembled winged fowl () down to their feet.


title: Siren (mythology)

text: Illustrating the siren as a pure mermaid became commonplace in the "second family" bestiaries, and she was shown holding a musical instrument in the classical tradition, but also sometimes holding apparently an eel-fish. An example of the siren-mermaid holding such a fish is found in one of the earlier codices in this group, dated the late 12th century.


title: Siren (mythology)

text: A counterexample is also given where the illustrated sirens (group of three) are bird-like, conforming to the text.


title: Siren (mythology)

text: The siren was sometimes drawn as a hybrid with a human torso, a fish-like lower body, and bird-like wings and feet. While in the Harley 3244 (cf. fig. top right) the wings sprout from around the shoulders, in other hybrid types, the style places the siren's wings "hanging at the waist".


title: Siren (mythology)

text: Thus the comb and mirror, which are now emblematic of mermaids across Europe, derive from the bestiaries that describe the siren as a vain creature requiring those accoutrements.


title: Siren (mythology)

text: It is explained that the siren's "other part" may be "like fish or like bird" in Guillaume le clerc's Old French verse bestiary (1210 or 1211), as well as Philippe de Thaun's Anglo-Norman verse bestiary (c. 1121–1139).


title: Siren (mythology)

text: There also appeared medieval works that conflated sirens with mermaids while citing "Physiologus" as their source.


title: Siren (mythology)

text: Italian poet Dante Alighieri depicts a siren in Canto 19 of "Purgatorio", the second canticle of the "Divine Comedy". Here, the pilgrim dreams of a female that is described as "stuttering, cross-eyed, and crooked on her feet, with stunted hands, and pallid in color." It is not until the pilgrim "gazes" upon her that she is turned desirable and is revealed by herself to be a siren. This siren then claims that she "turned Ulysses from his course, desirous of my / song, and whoever becomes used to me rarely / leaves me, so wholly do I satisfy him!" Given that Dante did not have access to the "Odyssey", the siren's claim that she turned Ulysses from his course is inherently false because the sirens in the "Odyssey" do not manage to turn Ulysses from his path. Ulysses and his men were warned by Circe and prepared for their encounter by stuffing their ears full of wax, except for Ulysses, who wishes to be bound to the ship's mast as he wants to hear the siren's song. Scholars claim that Dante may have "misinterpreted" the siren's claim from an episode in Cicero's "De finibus." The pilgrim's dream comes to an end when a lady "holy and quick" who had not yet been present before suddenly appears and says, "O Virgil, Virgil, who is this?" Virgil, the pilgrim's guide, then steps forward and tears the clothes from the siren's belly which, "awakened me [the pilgrim] with the stench that issued from it." This marks ending the encounter between the pilgrim and the siren.


title: Siren (mythology)

text: In Geoffrey of Monmouth's "Historia Regum Britanniae" (), Brutus of Troy encounters sirens at the Pillars of Hercules on his way to Britain to fulfil a prophecy that he will establish an empire there. The sirens surround and nearly overturn his ships, until Brutus escapes to the Tyrrhenian Sea.


title: Siren (mythology)

text: By the time of the Renaissance, female court musicians known as courtesans filled the role of an unmarried companion, and musical performances by unmarried women could be seen as immoral. Seen as a creature who could control a man's reason, female singers became associated with the mythological figure of the siren, who usually took a half-human, half-animal form somewhere on the cusp between nature and culture.


title: Siren (mythology)

text: Leonardo da Vinci wrote of them in his notebooks, stating "The siren sings so sweetly that she lulls the mariners to sleep; then she climbs upon the ships and kills the sleeping mariners."


title: Siren (mythology)

text: however, in the 17th century, some Jesuit writers began to assert their actual existence, including Cornelius a Lapide, who said of woman, "her glance is that of the fabled basilisk, her voice a siren's voice—with her voice she enchants, with her beauty she deprives of reason—voice and sight alike deal destruction and death." also argued for their existence, and Athanasius Kircher argued that compartments must have been built for them aboard Noah's Ark.


title: Siren (mythology)

text: Charles Burney expounded , in "A General History of Music": "The name, according to Bochart, who derives it from the Phoenician, implies a "songstress." Hence it is probable, that in ancient times there may have been excellent singers, but of corrupt morals, on the coast of Sicily, who by seducing voyagers, gave rise to this fable."


title: Siren (mythology)

text: John Lemprière in his "Classical Dictionary" (1827) wrote, "Some suppose that the sirens were a number of lascivious women in Sicily, who prostituted themselves to strangers, and made them forget their pursuits while drowned in unlawful pleasures. The etymology of Bochart, who deduces the name from a Phoenician term denoting a "songstress," favors the explanation given of the fable by Damm. This distinguished critic makes the sirens to have been excellent singers, and divesting the fables respecting them of all their terrific features, he supposes that by the charms of music and song they detained travellers, and made them altogether forgetful of their native land."


title: Siren (mythology)

text: English artist William Etty portrayed the sirens as young women in fully human form in his 1837 painting "The Sirens and Ulysses", a practice copied by future artists.


title: Taapsee Pannu

text: Taapsee Pannu (born 1 August 1987) is an Indian actress who works primarily in Hindi, Telugu and Tamil films. She is the recipient of two Filmfare Awards.


title: Taapsee Pannu

text: After a brief modelling career, Pannu ventured into acting with the Telugu film "Jhummandi Naadam" (2010) and then entered Tamil cinema with the critically and commercially acclaimed "Aadukalam" (2011). She subsequently appeared in notable Tamil and Telugu films like "Mr. Perfect" (2011), "Sahasam" (2013), "Arrambam" (2013), "Kanchana 2" (2015), "Ghazi" (2017), and "Game Over" (2019).


title: Taapsee Pannu

text: In Hindi films she often works in Women centric films, in which she play lead female character. She debuted in Hindi films in 2013 with the a comedy film called "Chashme Baddoor". She later worked in Hindi films such as "Baby" (2015), "Pink" (2016), "Naam Shabana" (2017), "The Ghazi Attack" (2017), "Judwaa 2" (2017), "Mulk" (2018), "Manmarziyaan" (2018), "Badla" (2019), "Mission Mangal" (2019), "Saand Ki Aankh" (2019), "Thappad" (2020), "Haseen Dillruba" (2021), "Rashmi Rocket" (2021), "Dobaaraa" (2022) and "Blurr" (2022), she produced the last film.


title: Taapsee Pannu

text: Apart from acting, Pannu runs an event management company called "The Wedding Factory". She is also the owner of the badminton franchise "Pune 7 Aces", which plays in the Premier Badminton League.


title: Taapsee Pannu

text: Taapsee Pannu was born on 1 August 1987 in New Delhi to Dilmohan Singh Pannu and Nirmaljeet. She is a Jat Sikh. Her father is a retired real estate agent while her mother is a homemaker. She also has a younger sister, Shagun. She did her schooling at the Mata Jai Kaur Public School in Ashok Vihar and studied Computer Science Engineering at the Guru Tegh Bahadur Institute of Technology.


title: Taapsee Pannu

text: After graduating, Pannu worked as a software engineer. She became a full-time model after she auditioned and was selected for Channel V's 2008 talent show "Get Gorgeous", which eventually led her to acting. Pannu has been appearing in numerous print and television commercials and won several titles during her modelling days, including "Pantaloons Femina Miss Fresh Face" and "Safi Femina Miss Beautiful Skin" at the 2008 Femina Miss India contest.


title: Taapsee Pannu

text: As a model, she endorsed brands such as Reliance Trends, Red FM 93.5, UniStyle Image, Coca-Cola, Motorola, Pantaloon, PVR Cinemas, Standard Chartered Bank, Dabur, Airtel, Tata Docomo, World Gold Council, Havells and Vardhman. After a few years, she lost interest in modeling as she thought that she could never gain proper recognition through modelling, but only through films, and finally decided to act.


title: Taapsee Pannu

text: Pannu made her cinematic debut in 2010 with K. Raghavendra Rao's romantic musical "Jhummandi Naadam". She played the role of the daughter of a USA–based millionaire who comes to India to research traditional Telugu music. Pannu got three more offers in Telugu prior to the film's release. Her next film "Aadukalam" (2011), marked her debut in Tamil cinema. She played the role of an Anglo-Indian girl falling in love with a rural man played by Dhanush. The film, set in the backdrop of Madurai, revolves around cockfights. It was critically acclaimed and proceeded to win six National Film Awards at the 58th National Film Awards. Speaking about her role, a reviewer from Sify said: "Debutant Taapsee is a promising find and she suits the character of an Anglo-Indian girl to the T." She returned to the Telugu film industry with "Vastadu Naa Raju" (2011), opposite Vishnu Manchu. She made a foray into Malayalam cinema later that year, with "Doubles" (2011), opposite Mammootty and Nadiya Moidu. Paresh C Palicha of "Rediff" commented: "Taapsee Pannu as Saira Banu, whose entry into the scene becomes the bone of contention between the siblings, has nothing noteworthy to do".


title: Taapsee Pannu

text: Pannu played a short role in her next release "Mr. Perfect" (2011). In it, she acted alongside Prabhas and Kajal Aggarwal. She starred in a high-budget film titled "Veera" (2011), opposite Ravi Teja and Kajal Aggarwal, which received moderate reviews. She was next seen in her second Tamil film "Vandhaan Vendraan", that fetched mixed reviews and did not fare well at the box office. Her next film was Krishna Vamsi's "Mogudu" where she acted as a traditional Telugu girl opposite Gopichand and garnered critical acclaim for her performance. She worked on several Telugu films at this time including "Gundello Godari", "Daruvu", and "Shadow".


title: Taapsee Pannu

text: In 2013, Pannu made her Hindi film debut with David Dhawan's "Chashme Baddoor", co-starring Siddharth, Rishi Kapoor, Divyendu Sharma and Ali Zafar. A remake of the eponymous 1981 film, it met with unanimous negative reviews but became a box-office success. Later, she was seen in the big budget action thriller "Arrambam" co-starring Ajith Kumar, Nayanthara and Arya. She was awarded Most Enthusiastic Performer–Female Award at the 2014 Edison Awards for her performance in the film.


title: Taapsee Pannu

text: After a year without releases, she was noted for her supporting role in Akshay Kumar in Neeraj Pandey's film "Baby" (2015), as undercover agent Shabana Khan. Later, she had two Tamil releases, the horror comedy "Muni 3", opposite Raghava Lawrence and Aishwarya R. Dhanush's "Vai Raja Vai", which featured her in a special appearance.


title: Taapsee Pannu

text: While filming for "Running Shaadi", Pannu was approached by Shoojit Sircar for the courtroom drama "Pink". She was "curious and excited" about the subject as it had not "been dealt with head-on yet in mainstream cinema." The film, which also starred Amitabh Bachchan, Kirti Kulhari and Andrea Tariang, followed three girls who fight a case against a politician's nephew for molestation. The film and Pannu's performance received positive reviews. Rajeev Masand noted that Pannu, along with other two ladies, "deliver natural performances as strong but emotionally vulnerable women, without a hint of affectation." With worldwide revenue of , "Pink" emerged as a commercial success. Pannu later said that the film proved to be a turning point in her career.


title: Taapsee Pannu

text: Pannu's first release of 2017 was the romantic comedy "Running Shaadi", where she played a Punjabi girl who helps couples in eloping to get married. The film received mixed critical reception but praised her acting. It was followed by the naval war drama "The Ghazi Attack", based on the mysterious sinking of PNS Ghazi during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. The film was shot simultaneously in Telugu and Hindi and performed modestly at the box-office. Pandey noticed that Pannu's seven-eight minute sequence in the role of special agent Shabana Khan in "Baby" was well received after which he "decided to give the story an arc." Pannu reprised her role in its spin-off titled, "Naam Shabana". For the role, she trained in different forms of mixed martial arts like Kūdō and Krav Maga. Both the film and Pannu's performance met with mixed response with Sarita A. Tanwar of "Daily News and Analysis" noting that she is "fantastic in every scene" and Udita Jhunjhunwala of "Mint" felt that she is "hardly likable" in the film. Pannu subsequent roles were of a ghost in Telugu horror comedy film "Anando Brahma" and the protagonist's girlfriend in the action-comedy "Judwaa 2". The latter, which was a reboot of the 1997 namesake film, proved to be commercial success, earning over .


title: Taapsee Pannu

text: "Dil Juunglee" (2018), co-starring Saqib Saleem, was Pannu's first release of the year. It failed to create an impact among the critics and the audience. Her followup was Shaad Ali's sports drama "Soorma" which was based on the life of field hockey player Sandeep Singh (played by Diljit Dosanjh). Despite mixed reviews, "Soorma" became a financial success. Pannu then depicted a lawyer in Anubhav Sinha's "Mulk". Pannu said that the film presents true patriotism and nationalism without taking sides. Pannu's performance was praised with Nandini Ramnath of "Scroll.in" calling her one of the "strong turns" of the film; it earned her a Filmfare Award for Best Actress (Critics) nomination.


title: Taapsee Pannu

text: After playing the role of an antagonist in the Telugu action thriller "Neevevaro", Pannu played the central role of Rumi Bagga, a free-spirited girl caught in a love triangle, in Anurag Kashyap's romantic drama "Manmarziyaan" alongside Abhishek Bachchan and Vicky Kaushal. The film premiered at 2018 Toronto International Film Festival to a positive critical reception, including for Pannu's performance. Anupama Chopra called her performance "mercurial and mysterious and maddening": "With her cloud of red hair enveloping her, Rumi seems, continually to be a woman on a warpath." The same year, she also acted in two short films: "Baarish aur Chowmein" and "Nitishastra".


title: Taapsee Pannu

text: Pannu had a string of releases in 2019 with the first one being Sujoy Ghosh's mystery thriller "Badla", an official remake of the 2016 Spanish film The "Invisible Guest". It also marked her second collaboration with Amitabh Bachchan. She was initially offered a supporting role and the film had a male lead. Pannu convinced the producer to have the lead role played by a female which he agreed on and offered her the role. "Badla" met with positive reviews, as did Pannu's performance as Naina Sethi, a shrewd businesswoman. In her review of the film, film critic Namrata Joshi mentioned that Pannu is "in fine form"; the film met with strong box-office results.


title: Taapsee Pannu

text: Pannu then essayed the role of a game designer who uses a wheelchair and battles a home invasion in the psychological thriller "Game Over", directed by Ashwin Saravanan. The film was shot simultaneously in Tamil and Telugu language. During the duration of the filming, Pannu had to be in a wheelchair for 12 hours for 25 days. The film and her performance were praised; Saibal Chatterjee said that Pannu "is never less than convincing" and "may be the primary reason why you must go out a watch this film."


title: Taapsee Pannu

text: She next played an ISRO scientist in the space drama "Mission Mangal" which was about India's first interplanetary expedition, Mars Orbiter Mission. Pannu liked the idea of a space film with several leading ladies in it. With a global collection of over , "Mission Mangal" proved Pannu's biggest financial success. Her final film of the year was Tushar Hiranandani's biographical film "Saand Ki Aankh", co-starring Bhumi Pednekar. Pannu portrayed the role of Prakashi Tomar who is one of the world's oldest sharpshooters for which she underwent three months of training in pistol shooting. Her role was well received with Anna M. M. Vetticad writing that both Pannu and Pednekar succeed in "delivering equally finely tuned, sensitive performances." Pannu and Pednekar received the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress.


title: Taapsee Pannu

text: Pannu's sole release of 2020 was Anubhav Sinha's social drama "Thappad", where she played the role of Amrita, a home-maker who files for divorce after her husband slaps her. She said that the character's "righteousness, her maturity to handle every situation" made her suffocate. The film and Pannu's performance met with critical acclaim. Shubhra Gupta of "The Indian Express" noted that she "drives the film, but the effort she puts into her performance shows." Pannu was awarded with the Filmfare Award for Best Actress and received a Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress nomination.


title: Taapsee Pannu

text: Pannu's first releasee of 2021 was the romantic murder mystery "Haseen Dillruba" opposite Vikrant Massey. The film premiered on 2 July 2021 on Netflix and emerged as the most-watched Hindi film on the platform that year. Both the film and Pannu's performance were however poorly received by critics, with Rohan Naahar from "Hindustan Times" calling it a "hot mess" and describing it as "illogical" and "ill-conceived" while adding that "Pannu’s performance as a bored housewife named Rani is all over the place". Film critic Shubhra Gupta from Indian Express stated "Pannu's delivery in her films remains same, only the costume changes"


title: Taapsee Pannu

text: She then appeared in the Tamil-language horror comedy "Annabelle Sethupathi" opposite Vijay Sethupathi. Her final film of the year was Rashmi Rocket, a sports drama that tells a story of an Indian track and field athlete who was subject to gender testing due to being diagnosed with hyperandrogenism. Ronak Kotecha of The Times of India commented, “Pannu once again proves her mettle. Her effort to celebrate Rashmi’s victory and endure her pain, is as real as it gets and the actress doesn't miss the beat when it comes to making us root for her character.”


title: Taapsee Pannu

text: In July 2021, she signed Telugu film "Mishan Impossible" directed by Swaroop RSJ. It is her comeback film in Telugu film industry after "Anando Brahma" in 2017. The film is slated to release on 1 April 2022.


title: Taapsee Pannu

text: In 2022, Pannu starred in "Looop Lapeta", an official remake of the 1998 German film "Run Lola Run". It released online on 4 February 2022 on Netflix. And a film directed by Srijit Mukherji, based on the life of former Test and ODI captain of the India women's national cricket team, Mithali Raj, titled "Shabaash Mithu", it upon release got panned by critics and audience and emerged as big disaster at the box-office. Her next film of this year was "Dobaaraa", which was remake of 2018 Spanish thriller movie Mirage (2018), her second collaboration with director Anurag Kashyap