title: Addis Ababa

text: Addis Ababa is located in the heart of the Oromia state and the major ecosystem services to the city provided by Oromia state. The city was abandoned by the Oromo since the late 19th century due to its conquest by Menelik. Oromos were physically removed from the vicinity of the city during the Haile Selassie and Derg eras. Article 49(5) of the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia states: In 2000, Oromia's capital was moved from Addis Ababa to Adama. Because this move sparked considerable controversy and protests among Oromo students, the Oromo Peoples' Democratic Organization (OPDO), part of the ruling EPRDF coalition, on 10 June 2005, officially announced plans to move the regional capital back to Addis Ababa. Due to the historical and natural connection between the city and the Oromo people, the Oromia Government has asserted its ownership of Addis Ababa. Both the current mayor of Addis Ababa, Adanech Abebe, and the former mayor, Takele Uma Banti are from the former ruling party of Oromia.


title: Addis Ababa

text: Addis Ababa lies at an elevation of and is a grassland biome, located at . The city lies at the foot of Mount Entoto and forms part of the watershed for the Awash. From its lowest point, around Bole International Airport, at above sea level in the southern periphery, Addis Ababa rises to over in the Entoto Mountains to the north.


title: Addis Ababa

text: The city is divided into 10 boroughs, called subcities (, kifle ketema), and 99 wards (, kebele). The 10 subcities are:


title: Addis Ababa

text: Addis Ababa has a subtropical highland climate (Köppen: "Cwb") with precipitation varying considerably by the month. The city has a complex mix of alpine climate zones, with temperature differences of up to , depending on elevation and prevailing wind patterns. The high elevation moderates temperatures year-round, and the city's position near the equator means that temperatures are very constant from month to month. As such the climate would be maritime if its elevation was not taken into account, as no month is above in mean temperatures.


title: Addis Ababa

text: Mid-November to January is a season for occasional rain. The highland climate regions are characterised by dry winters, and this is the dry season in Addis Ababa. During this season the daily maximum temperatures are usually not more than , and the night-time minimum temperatures can drop to freezing. The short rainy season is from February to May. During this period, the difference between the daytime maximum temperatures and the night-time minimum temperatures is not as great as during other times of the year, with minimum temperatures in the range of . At this time of the year, the city experiences warm temperatures and pleasant rainfall. The long wet season is from June to mid-September; it is the major winter season of the country. This period coincides with summer, but the temperatures are much lower than at other times of year because of the frequent rain and hail and the abundance of cloud cover and fewer hours of sunshine. This time of the year is characterised by dark, chilly and wet days and nights. The autumn which follows is a transitional period between the wet and dry seasons.


title: Addis Ababa

text: The highest temperature on record was 26 February 2019, while the lowest temperature on record was recorded on multiple occasions.


title: Addis Ababa

text: As of the 2007 population census conducted by the Ethiopian national statistics authorities, Addis Ababa has a total population of 2,739,551 urban and rural inhabitants. For the capital city 662,728 households were counted living in 628,984 housing units, which results in an average of 5.3 persons to a household. Although all Ethiopian ethnic groups are represented in Addis Ababa because it is the capital of the country, the largest groups include the Amhara (47.05%), Oromo (19.51%), Gurage (16.34%), Tigrayan (6.18%), Silt'e (2.94%), and Gamo (1.68%). Languages spoken as mother tongues include Amharic (70.99%), Afaan Oromo (10.72%), Gurage (8.37%), Tigrinya (3.60%), Silt'e (1.82%) and Gamo (1.03%). The religion with the most believers in Addis Ababa is Ethiopian Orthodox with 74.66% of the population, while 16.21% are Muslim, 7.77% Protestant, and 0.48% Catholic.


title: Addis Ababa

text: In the previous census, conducted in 1994, the city's population was reported to be 2,112,737, of whom 1,023,452 were men and 1,089,285 were women. At that time not all of the population were urban inhabitants; only 2,084,588 or 98.7% were. For the entire administrative council there were 404,783 households in 376,568 housing units, with an average of 5.2 persons per household. The major ethnic groups included the Amhara (48.27%), Oromo (19.24%), Gurage (13.54%; 9.40% Sebat Bet, and 4.14% Sodo), Tigrayan 7.65%, Silt'e 3.98%, and foreigners from Eritrea 1.34%. Languages spoken included Amharic (72.64%), Afaan Oromo (10.01%), Gurage (6.45%), Tigrinya (5.41%), and Silt'e 2.29%. In 1994 the predominant religion was also Ethiopian Orthodox with 82.0% of the population, while 12.67% were Muslim, 3.87% Protestant, and 0.78% Catholic.


title: Addis Ababa

text: According to the 2007 national census, 98.64% of the housing units of Addis Ababa had access to safe drinking water, while 14.9% had flush toilets, 70.7% pit toilets (both ventilated and unventilated), and 14.3% had no toilet facilities. In 2014, there were 63 public toilets in the city, with plans to build more. Values for other reported common indicators of the standard of living for Addis Ababa include the following: 0.1% of the inhabitants fall into the lowest wealth quintile; adult literacy for men is 93.6% and for women 79.95%, the highest in the nation for both sexes; and the civic infant mortality rate is 45 infant deaths per 1,000 live births, which is less than the nationwide average of 77; at least half of these deaths occurred in the infants' first month of life.


title: Addis Ababa

text: The economic activities in Addis Ababa are diverse. According to official statistics from the federal government, some 119,197 people in the city are engaged in trade and commerce; 113,977 in manufacturing and industry; 80,391 homemakers of a different variety; 71,186 in civil administration; 50,538 in transport and communication; 42,514 in education, health and social services; 32,685 in hotel and catering services; and 16,602 in agriculture. In addition to the residents of rural parts of Addis Ababa, the city dwellers also participate in animal husbandry and the cultivation of gardens. of land is irrigated annually, on which 129,880 quintals of vegetables are cultivated. It is a relatively clean and safe city, with the most common crimes being pickpocketing, scams and minor burglary. The city has recently been in a construction boom with tall buildings rising in many places. Various luxury services have also become available and the construction of shopping malls has recently increased. According to Tia Goldenberg of "IOL", area spa professionals said that some people have labelled the city, "the spa capital of Africa."


title: Addis Ababa

text: The Ethiopian Airlines has its headquarters on the grounds of Addis Ababa Bole International Airport in Addis Ababa.


title: Addis Ababa

text: The city hosts the We Are the Future centre, a child care centre that provides children with a higher standard of living. The centre is managed under the direction of the mayor's office, and the international NGO Glocal Forum serves as the fundraiser and program planner and coordinator for the WAF child centre in each city. Each WAF city is linked to several peer cities and public and private partners to create a unique international coalition.


title: Addis Ababa

text: Launched in 2004, the program is the result of a strategic partnership between the Glocal Forum, the Quincy Jones Listen Up Foundation, and Mr Hani Masri, with the support of the World Bank, UN agencies and major companies.


title: Addis Ababa

text: Tourism is a growing industry within Addis Ababa and Ethiopia as a whole. In July 2015, the European Council on Tourism and Trade named Ethiopia the best nation for inbound tourism. The COVID-19 pandemic and Tigray War caused a decrease in tourism.


title: Addis Ababa

text: Addis Ababa Zoo kept 15 lions in 2011. Their hair samples were used in a genetic analysis, which revealed that they were genetically diverse. It was therefore proposed to include them in a captive breeding programme.


title: Addis Ababa

text: Under the Ethiopian Constitution of 1995, the city of Addis Ababa is one of the two federal cities that are accountable to the Federal Government of Ethiopia. The other city with the same status is Dire Dawa in the east of the country and both are federal cities. Earlier, following the establishment of the federal structure in 1991 under the Transitional Charter of Ethiopia, the City Government of Addis Ababa was one of the then-new 14 regional governments. However, that structure was changed by the federal constitution in 1995 and as a result, Addis Ababa does not have statehood status.


title: Addis Ababa

text: The administration of Addis Ababa city consists of the Mayor, who leads the executive branch, and the City Council, which enacts city regulations. However, as part of the Federal Government, the federal legislature enacts laws that are binding in Addis Ababa. Members of the City Council are directly elected by the residents of the city and the council, in turn, elects the Mayor among its members. The term of office for elected officials is five years. However, the Federal Government, when it deems necessary, can dissolve the City Council and the entire administration and replace it with a temporary administration until elections take place next. Residents of Addis Ababa are represented in the federal legislature, the House of Peoples' Representatives. However, the city is not represented in the House of Federation, which is the federal upper house constituted by the representatives of the member states. The executive branch under the Mayor comprises the City Manager and various branches of civil service offices.


title: Addis Ababa

text: Adanech Abebe is serving as the Mayor of Addis Ababa since 2020, preceded by Takele Uma Banti. She is the first woman to hold mayorship since its creation in 1910. Before Takele, the Federal Government appointed Berhane Deressa to lead the temporary caretaker administration that served from 9 May 2006 to 30 October 2008 following the 2005 election crisis. In the 2005 national election, the ruling EPRDF party suffered a major defeat in Addis Ababa. However, the opposition who won in Addis Ababa did not take part in the government both on the regional and federal levels. This situation forced the EPRDF-led Federal Government to assign a temporary administration until a new election was carried out. As a result, Berhane Deressa, an independent citizen, was appointed.


title: Addis Ababa

text: Some of the notable past mayors of Addis Ababa are Arkebe Oqubay (2003–06), Zewde Teklu (1985–89), Alemu Abebe (1977–85) and Zewde Gebrehiwot (1960–69).


title: Addis Ababa

text: Addis Ababa is considered to be extremely safe in comparison to the other cities in the region. However, there are a number of crimes within the city including theft, scams, mugging, robbery and others. Rural-urban migration and unemployment has been preliminary factors affecting the city by elevating crime rate.


title: Addis Ababa

text: Among the places of worship, there are predominantly Christian churches and temples: Seventh-day Adventist Church, Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus (Lutheran World Federation), Ethiopian Kale Heywet Church, Ethiopian Catholic Archeparchy of Addis Ababa (Catholic Church), Ethiopian Full Gospel Believers' Church and also Muslim mosques.


title: Addis Ababa

text: In most churches, Emperor Haile Selassie employed political propagandic panel that demonstrate his imperial power, cult of personality and ultranationalist views. Saint George's Cathedral has central of subjects involving incident of Second Italo-Ethiopian War that he struggled for independence. This church named after an Ark (tabot) carried during Battle of Adwa. It was once ruined by Fascist Italian government in 1937 but was immediately reconstructed after liberation of Ethiopia in 1941. The church, located at the northern end of Churchill Road—is unique octagonal architecture—has a museum of imperial weaponry including swords and tridents and giant helmets made from the manes of lions which was used during the Italian invasion. Holy Trinity Cathedral also sits in the city serving as the headquarter of Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. As a largest and highest cathedral in the country, Holy Trinity Cathedral was founded in commemoration of victory against the Italian invasion, and second most important place after the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion in Axum. Before reign of Emperor Menelik II, the church was monastery. The church served burial of major prominent people in Ethiopia, also tombs of imperial family such as Haile Selassie and his wife Menen Asfaw, the third patriarch Abuna Tekle Haymanot and Abune Paulos. Former Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi also interred to this church. Other include British Ethiopianist and suffragate Sylvia Pankhurst also entombed here. The Ba'etta Mariam Orthodox Church embodies Menelik Palace and Mausoleum and the biggest church around the place with smaller churches stand in front of it. It is frequently visited church. The other nearby church is Gebbi Gabriel which has unique decorated cross at the dome of the church and at its entrance.


title: Addis Ababa

text: From mosque, the most notable is the Grand Anwar Mosque, which was located in Merkato, at the heart of the city. It was built in 1922 by the order of Italian government. Nur Mosque counted as an oldest Islamic temple recently rebuilt with Islamic architecture characterized by the use of domes, towers and piers.


title: Addis Ababa

text: Mayor Kuma Demeksa embarked on a quest to improve investment for the buildings in the city. Addis Ababa is the headquarters of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa and the African Union.


title: Addis Ababa

text: Notable taller architecture in Addis Ababa includes the CBE headquarters, NIB international bank, Zemen bank, Hibret bank, Huda Tower, Nani Tower, Bank Misr Building, as well as the approved Angola World Trade Center Tower, Abyssinia Bank Tower, Mexico Square Tower, and the $200m AU Conference Center and Office Complex.


title: Addis Ababa

text: Notable buildings include St George's Cathedral (founded in 1896 and also home to a museum), Holy Trinity Cathedral (once the largest Ethiopian Orthodox Cathedral and the location of Sylvia Pankhurst's tomb) as well as the burial place of Emperor Haile Selassie and the Imperial family, and those who fought the Italian invasion during World War II.


title: Addis Ababa

text: In the Merkato district, which is the largest open market in Africa, is the Grand Anwar Mosque, the biggest mosque in Ethiopia built during the Italian occupation. A few meters to the southwest of the Anwar Mosque is the Raguel Church built after the liberation by Empress Menen. The proximity of the mosque and the church has symbolized the long peaceful relations between Christianity and Islam in Ethiopia. The Roman Catholic Cathedral of the Holy Family is also in the Merkato district. Near Bole International Airport is the new Medhane Alem (Savior of the World) Orthodox Cathedral, which is the second-largest in Africa.


title: Addis Ababa

text: The Entoto Mountains start among the northern suburbs. Suburbs of the city include Shiro Meda and Entoto in the north, Urael and Bole (home to Bole International Airport) in the east, Nifas Silk in the south-east, Mekanisa in the south, and Keraniyo and Kolfe in the west. Kolfe was mentioned in Nelson Mandela's Autobiography "A Long Walk to Freedom", as the place he got military training.


title: Addis Ababa

text: Addis Ababa has a distinct architectural style. Unlike many African cities, Addis Ababa was not built as a colonial settlement. This means that the city has not a European style of architecture. This changed with the Italian invasion of Ethiopia in 1936. The Piazza district in the city centre is the most evident indicator of Italian influence. The buildings are very much Italian in style and there are many Italian restaurants, as well as small cafes, and European-style shopping centres.


title: Addis Ababa

text: Parks include the Africa Park, which is situated along Menelik II Avenue and Unity Park at the Palace.


title: Addis Ababa

text: Other features of the city include the large Mercato market, the Jan Meda racecourse, Bihere Tsige Recreation Centre and a railway line to Djibouti.


title: Addis Ababa

text: The city is home to the Ethiopian National Library, the Ethiopian Ethnological Museum (and former Guenete Leul Palace), the Addis Ababa Museum, the Ethiopian Natural History Museum, the Ethiopian Railway Museum and National Postal Museum.


title: Addis Ababa

text: There is also Menelik's old Imperial palace which remains the official seat of government, and the National Palace formerly known as the Jubilee Palace (built to mark Emperor Haile Selassie's Silver Jubilee in 1955) which is the residence of the President of Ethiopia. Jubilee Palace was also modeled after Buckingham Palace in the United Kingdom. Africa Hall is located across Menelik II avenue from this Palace and is where the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa is headquartered as well as most UN offices in Ethiopia. It is also the site of the founding of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), which eventually became the African Union (AU). The African Union is now housed in a new headquarters built on the site of the demolished Akaki Prison, on land donated by Ethiopia for this purpose in the southwestern part of the city. The Hager Fikir Theatre, the oldest theatre in Ethiopia, is located in the Piazza district. Near Holy Trinity Cathedral is the art deco Parliament building, built during the reign of Emperor Haile Selassie, with its clock tower. It continues to serve as the seat of Parliament today. Across from the Parliament is the Shengo Hall, built by the Derg regime of Mengistu Haile Mariam as its new parliament hall. The Shengo Hall was the world's largest pre-fabricated building, which was constructed in Finland before being assembled in Addis Ababa. It is used for large meetings and conventions. Itegue Taitu Hotel, built-in 1898 (Ethiopian Calendar) in the middle of the city (Piazza), was the first hotel in Ethiopia.


title: Addis Ababa

text: Meskel Square is one of the noted squares in the city and is the site for the annual Meskel at the end of September annually when thousands gather in celebration.


title: Addis Ababa

text: The fossilized skeleton and a plaster replica of the early hominid Lucy (known in Ethiopia as "Dinkinesh") is preserved at the National Museum of Ethiopia.


title: Addis Ababa

text: Addis Ababa is a melting pot of different communities throughout the country's regions, along with Dire Dawa. In Addis Ababa, cultural assimilation is ubiquitous and widely known.


title: Addis Ababa

text: The National Museum of Ethiopia hosts many artifacts and artistic treasures in Ethiopia. It is also home of archaeological exhibition. The partial specimen of Australopithecus afarensis, and its successor Selam are noteworthy among viewed galleries in the museum. The museum also has wide-range ceremonial costumes of Solomonic dynasty, which was initiated in 1936. Arts include mostly works of Afewerk Tekle, one of the most renowned gallery, and the depiction of meeting between Solomon and Queen of Sheba.


title: Addis Ababa

text: Addis Ababa is home of many theatres, including the long run Hager Fikir Theatre, which served many prominent figures performance. In addition, the Ethiopian National Theatre is also located in the city's hub. It was founded by Emperor Haile Selassie in 1955, who eponymously renamed it. Historically, the Amhara culture dominated the country's art scene; rituals connected to priesthood based on Coptic church, most often using improvised art such as "shinsheba" and "qene".


title: Addis Ababa

text: Tekle Hawariat introduced modern European dramas based on "La Fontaine" fable around 1916. Mattewos Bekele and Iyoel Yohannes became famous playwright, and Makonnen Endalkachew's "David and Orion" and "King David III" was renowned by that time. In the Derg era, propagandic communist pieces often conceded and several new theatres were opened until the successive government under EPRDF altered new form of cultural life with continuation of development.


title: Addis Ababa

text: There are variety of scientific and research institutes in Addis Ababa. The Addis Ababa Science and Technology University has a goal of to bring "Ethiopia economically and industrialized state". The university was founded in 2011 under Directive of the Council of Ministers No. 216/2011. The city is home of various scientific organizations notably the Science and Technology Information Center. Addis Ababa has a science museum built by MadaTech's exhibition crew. The national museum is 250 square foot with 30 interactive images of scientific objects. The museum was launched by Jewish-American businessman Mark Gelfand, who spent his money more than in MadaTech and sought resurrection of science museum in all over of the world. Some prominent facilities of scientific and technology include the Ethiopian Biotechnology Institute, while the National Intelligence and Security Service also headquartered in Addis Ababa responsible for upholding national security of the country.


title: Addis Ababa

text: Addis Ababa has the largest mass media concentration in the country. Radio stations generally state-owned with 50 community licensed by the Ethiopian Broadcasting Authority, with four licensing opts for 29 local languages. The Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation is a public broadcaster which has its headquarters in Addis Ababa. Private television commenced with the launch of EBS TV in 2008, and many private channels grew in the beginning of 2016. For example, Kana TV, Fana TV, LTV and JTV Ethiopia. As of October 2016, the Ethiopian Broadcasting Agency licensed with Fana Broadcasting Corporate, Walta Information Center and Arki Broadcasting Service and Ed Stelar Training as commercial FM stations. There were reached eight analogue and nine television stations in Ethiopia. Nine stations were available in Addis Ababa and were public owned.


title: Addis Ababa

text: Addis Ababa serves major sporting events, notably the Jan Meda International Cross Country. It hosts four races, with senior and junior (under-20) for both sexes. The city is known for annual 10 km road event called the Great Ethiopian Run, created by athlete Haile Gebrselassie, Peter Middlebrook and Abi Masefield in late October 2000. Yet, course records were broken by Deriba Merga (28:18.61 in 2006) and Yalemzerf Yehualaw (31:55 in 2019) of both men and women respectively.


title: Addis Ababa

text: Addis Ababa is a home of Addis Ababa Stadium, Abebe Bikila Stadium named after Shambel Abebe Bikila, and Nyala Stadiums. The 2008 African Championships in Athletics were held in Addis Ababa.


title: Addis Ababa

text: Emperor Menelik II started modernizing Addis Ababa by introducing new educational scheme in the early 20th century. He replaced this by centuries old traditional Christian schools with secular one. The first school was opened in 1906. However Menelik faced disapprobation by general populace who adapted traditional element, though he encouraged to expand educational institution, forced parents to send their children to school.


title: Addis Ababa

text: Addis Ababa University was founded in 1950 and was originally named "University College of Addis Ababa", then renamed in 1962 for the former Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie I who had donated his Genete Leul Palace to be the university's main campus in the previous year. It is the home of the Institute of Ethiopian Studies and the Ethnological Museum. The city also has numerous public universities and private colleges including Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Ethiopian Civil Service University, Admas University College, St. Mary's University, Unity University, Kotebe Metropolitan University and Rift Valley University.


title: Addis Ababa

text: In 2022 the new Abrehot Library was completed on former parkland opposite the Parliament Building. It is the largest library in Ethiopia.


title: Addis Ababa

text: Researches indicate that an increase of private education sector in Addis Ababa is as a result of demand of quality education. In 2002/2003, the number of privately owned school accounted for 98, 78, 53, 41, and 67 percent of preschool, primary, secondary, technical and vocational and colleges institutions compared to survey of 1994. Adequate enrollment to school however frequently met with problematic, parents often prefer their children to enroll private school than governmental. Those primary schools always successful at resourcing, business and financial management, and educational protocol that do not offer more bureaucratic administrations.


title: Addis Ababa

text: Private school often raise school fee that thought to be an exploitative practice without reasonable price. For example, it was observed in Unity University that led to protest. There is an improvement of school expansion in all sorts.


title: Addis Ababa

text: Public transport is through public buses from three different companies (Anbessa City Bus Service Enterprise, Sheger, Alliance), Light Rail or blue and white taxis. The taxis are usually minibuses that can seat at most twelve people, which follow somewhat pre-defined routes. The minibus taxis are typically operated by two people, the driver and a "weyala" who collects fares and calls out the taxi's destination. Sedan taxis work like normal taxis and are driven to the desired destination on demand. In recent years, new taxi companies have appeared, which use other designs, including one large company using yellow sedan taxis and a few ride-hailing companies (Ride taxi, Feres, etc.) have become widely accessible in the city.


title: Addis Ababa

text: The construction of the Addis Ababa Ring Road was initiated in 1998 to implement the city master plan and enhance peripheral development. The Ring Road was divided into three major phases that connect all the five main gates in and out of Addis Ababa with all other regions (Jimma, Bishoftu, Dessie, Gojjam and Ambo). For this project, China Road and Bridge Corporation (CRBC) was the partner of Addis Ababa City Roads Authority (AACRA). The Ring Road has greatly helped to decongest and alleviate city traffic.


title: Addis Ababa

text: Addis Ababa originally had a railway connection with Djibouti City, with a picturesque French-style railway station, but this route has been abandoned. The new Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railway started operation in September 2016, running parallel to the route of the original railway line.


title: Addis Ababa

text: Addis Ababa opened its light rail system to the public on 20 September 2015. The system is the first of its kind in sub-Saharan Africa.


title: Addis Ababa

text: The Ethiopian Railway Corporation reached a funding agreement worth millions of dollars with the Export and Import Bank of China in September 2010 and the light rail project was completed in January 2015. The route is a network with two lines; the operational line running from the centre to the south of the city. Upon completion, the east–west line will run from Ayat to the Torhailoch ring-road, and from Menelik Square to Merkato Bus Station, Meskel Square and Akaki.


title: Deep Throat (film)

text: Deep Throat is a 1972 American pornographic film that was at the forefront of the Golden Age of Porn (1969–1984). The film was written and directed by Gerard Damiano, who was listed in the credits as "Jerry Gerard"; produced by Louis Peraino, credited as "Lou Perry"; and starring Linda Lovelace, the pseudonym given to Linda Susan Boreman.


title: Deep Throat (film)

text: One of the first pornographic films to feature a plot, character development, and relatively high production values, "Deep Throat" earned mainstream attention and launched the "porno chic" trend, even though the film was banned in some jurisdictions and was the subject of obscenity trials. Lovelace later wrote that she was coerced and sexually assaulted during the production, and that the film is genuine rape pornography.


title: Deep Throat (film)

text: Linda Lovelace, a sexually frustrated woman, asks her friend Helen for advice on how to achieve an orgasm. After a sex party provides no help, Helen recommends that Linda visit a psychiatrist, Dr. Young. The doctor discovers that Linda's clitoris is located in her throat, and after he helps her to develop her oral sex skills, the infatuated Linda asks him to marry her. He informs her that she can settle for a job as his therapist, performing her particular oral technique—thereafter known as "deep throat"—on various men, until she finds the one to marry. Meanwhile, the doctor documents her exploits while repeatedly having sex with his nurse. Linda finally meets a man who can make her happy, agreeing to marry him. The movie ends with the line "The End. And Deep Throat to you all."


title: Deep Throat (film)

text: The scenes involving Lovelace were shot in North Miami, Florida, over six days in January 1972. The interior scenes were shot at a hotel between 123rd and 124th Streets on Biscayne Boulevard, then known as the Voyager Inn. The building was subsequently converted to a dormitory for Johnson & Wales University. The scenes involving Carol Connors were shot in New York City.


title: Deep Throat (film)

text: The movie was produced by Louis "Butchie" Peraino, who was listed in the credits as "Lou Perry". Peraino was the owner of Plymouth Distributing, which he later renamed Arrow Film and Video. The entire production cost of $22,500 (equivalent to $ today), and an additional $25,000 ($ today) for music, was provided by Peraino's father, Anthony Peraino, a member of the Colombo crime family. Gerard Damiano, who had rights to one-third of the profits, was reportedly paid a lump sum of $25,000 once the film became popular and was forced out of the partnership. John Franzese also had a financial stake in the film.


title: Deep Throat (film)

text: In a March 1973 column, critic Roger Ebert wrote: "It is all very well and good for Linda Lovelace, the star of the movie, to advocate sexual freedom; but the energy she brings to her role is less awesome than discouraging. If you have to work this hard at sexual freedom, maybe it isn't worth the effort." A review in "Variety" stated that although the film "doesn't quite live up to its reputation as the "Ben-Hur" of porno pix, it is a superior piece which stands a head above the competition." Al Goldstein wrote a rave review in his "Screw" magazine, saying "I was never so moved by any theatrical performance since stuttering through my own bar mitzvah."


title: Deep Throat (film)

text: "Deep Throat" officially premiered at the World Theater in New York on June 12, 1972, and was advertised in "The New York Times" under the bowdlerized title "Throat".


title: Deep Throat (film)

text: The film's popularity helped launch a period of upper-middle class interest in explicit pornography referred to by Ralph Blumenthal of "The New York Times" as "porno chic". Several mainstream celebrities admitted to having seen "Deep Throat", including Martin Scorsese, Brian De Palma, Truman Capote, Jack Nicholson, Johnny Carson, Spiro Agnew, Frank Sinatra, Philip Dresmann and Louis Derfert. Barbara Walters mentions having seen the film in her autobiography, "". Jimmy McMillan considers it to be his favorite film.


title: Deep Throat (film)

text: The film's title soon became a pop culture reference, most notably when Howard Simons, the then-managing editor of "The Washington Post", chose it as the code name for a well-guarded secret inside informant during the Watergate scandal that plagued the administration of President Richard M. Nixon, who many years later was revealed to be assistant FBI director W. Mark Felt.


title: Deep Throat (film)

text: "Deep Throat" grossed $1 million (equivalent to $ million today) in its first seven weeks of release in 1972, including a then-porn film single-screen record of $30,033 ($ today) in its opening week at New York City's New World Theatre. The film made a then-record $3 million ($ million today) in its first six months of release and was still ranked among the top 10 highest-grossing films, as ranked by "Variety", 48 weeks after its release.


title: Deep Throat (film)

text: Estimates of the film's total revenues have varied widely: numbers as high as $600 million (equivalent to $ billion today) have been cited, which would make "Deep Throat" one of the highest-grossing films of all time. With an average ticket price of $5 ($ today), box-office takings of $600 million would imply 120 million admissions, an unrealistic figure. Although subsequent sales of the film on home video certainly brought additional revenue, the FBI's estimate that the film produced an income of approximately $100 million ($ million today) may be closer to the truth. Michael Hiltzik of the "Los Angeles Times" also argues for a lower figure in a February 2005 article, pointing out that "Deep Throat" was banned outright in large parts of the US (as well as many other countries), and only tended to find screenings in a small network of adult theaters in larger urban centers. The directors of "Inside Deep Throat" responded to the article, suggesting that actual revenues from the film were possibly even higher than the $600 million figure. Hiltzik was unsatisfied with the directors' response, writing that their method was to "construct a seemingly solid box office figure out of layers and layers of speculation piled upon a foundation of sand".


title: Deep Throat (film)

text: Roger Ebert noted as well in his review of "Inside Deep Throat", a 2005 documentary about the film's cultural legacy, that many theaters that screened the film were mob-connected enterprises, which probably also "inflated box office receipts as a way of laundering income from drugs and prostitution" and other illegal activities.


title: Deep Throat (film)

text: In 2006, a censored edition of the film was released on DVD for fans of pop culture and those wishing to own a non-X-rated copy of the infamous movie. "Deep Throat" was the first film to be inducted into the XRCO Hall of Fame.


title: Deep Throat (film)

text: In her first two biographies, Linda Boreman characterized having made the film as a liberating experience; in her third and fourth biographies, both of which were written after she had come out with her stories of sexual abuse, rape, and forced prostitution in the porn business, she charged that she had not consented to many of the depicted sexual acts and that she had been coerced to perform by her abusive then-husband Chuck Traynor, who received $1,250 (equivalent to $ today) for her acting. She also claimed that Traynor threatened to kill her, brandishing handguns and rifles to control her.


title: Deep Throat (film)

text: In 1986, she testified before the Meese Commission, "Virtually every time someone watches that movie, they're watching me being raped." In the "Toronto Sun" on March 20, 1981, she said, "It is a crime that movie is still showing; there was a gun to my head the entire time." While the other people present on the set did not support the gun charge, both Traynor and Damiano confirmed in interviews that Traynor was extremely controlling towards Boreman and also hit her on occasion. In the documentary "Inside Deep Throat", it is claimed that bruises are visible on Boreman's body in the movie.


title: Deep Throat (film)

text: These allegations were cited in the UK Government's Rapid Evidence Assessment on "The evidence of harm to adults relating to exposure to extreme pornographic material" as part of its plans to criminalize possession of what it termed "extreme pornography".


title: Deep Throat (film)

text: In various United States communities, the movie was shown to juries to determine whether it was obscene; the outcomes varied widely and the movie was banned in numerous locations.


title: Deep Throat (film)

text: In August 1972, after a jury in New York had found the movie not to be obscene, prosecutors decided to charge Mature Enterprises, the company that owned the World Theater, for promotion of obscene material, taking them to trial in December. During the trial, a psychiatrist testified that the film portrayed acts that were "well within the bounds of normal behavior". A film critic testified the movie had social value because it showed sympathy for female desires, because the script contained humor and because it was filmed "with clarity and lack of grain". Conversely, in response to a claim the film was a spoof of sexual behavior, a New York University professor said, "I do not see how you can spoof fellatio by showing continuous performance of fellatio." On March 1, 1973, Judge Joel J. Tyler ruled "Deep Throat" to be obscene, issuing his opinion on the film as "this feast of carrion and squalor", "a nadir of decadence" and "a Sodom and Gomorrah gone wild before the fire". Judge Tyler fined Mature Enterprises $100,000 (equivalent to $ today), which was later reduced on appeal. The ruling would inadvertently contribute to the film's becoming perhaps the most popular X-rated movie of all time.


title: Deep Throat (film)

text: In 1976, there was a series of federal cases in Memphis, Tennessee, where over 60 individuals and companies, including the Perainos and actor Harry Reems, were indicted for conspiracy to distribute obscenity across state lines. Damiano and Lovelace were granted immunity in exchange for testimony. Federal District Court judge Harry W. Wellford heard the case with the trial ending with a conviction. This was the first time that an actor had been prosecuted by the federal government on obscenity charges (Lenny Bruce had been prosecuted in the 1960s by local authorities). Reems became a "cause célèbre" and received considerable support from Hollywood circles. On appeal, he was represented by Alan Dershowitz, and his conviction was overturned: the Miller test (the three-pronged standard from the U.S. Supreme Court's 1973 decision in "Miller v. California" that determines what constitutes obscenity) had been applied in his case. The Federal Bureau of Investigation case known as "Miporn" convicted and sentenced, on April 30, 1977, Michael Cherubino to five months' imprisonment and fined $4,000, Anthony Novello to six months' imprisonment, Joseph Peraino to one year's imprisonment and fined $10,000 (including a $10,000 fine to his company, Plymouth Distributors Inc.), Louis Peraino to one year's imprisonment and fined $10,000 (including a $10,000 fine to each of his two companies, Bryanston Distributors Inc. and Gerard Damiano Productions Inc.), Anthony Battista to four months' imprisonment and fined $4,000, Carl Carter to six months' imprisonment and fined $6,500, Mel Friedman to nine months' imprisonment and fined $7,500, and Mario Desalvo to three months' imprisonment and fined $3,500.


title: Deep Throat (film)

text: In the UK, the movie was banned upon release, and the ban was upheld by the courts 10 years later. The uncut DVD of the movie was finally given an R18 rating in 2000, which allowed it to be sold in licensed sex shops in the UK.


title: Deep Throat (film)

text: "Deep Throat" was released without a copyright notice. Because Peraino had used four wall distribution for all of "Deep Throat"s releases, that left the potential for the film to be classified as an unpublished work, preventing it from falling into the public domain. Peraino sold the rights to the film to Arrow Productions for home video release (including a copyright notice) at some point prior to 2009. Despite Arrow holding the rights, rival pornography distributor VCX began distributing "Deep Throat" as retaliation for Arrow's distribution of "Debbie Does Dallas" and "The Devil in Miss Jones", two films VCX asserted were under their copyright. (In the former case, "Debbie Does Dallas" was determined to be public domain in a 1987 court ruling.) In order to prevent VCX from challenging the copyright on "Deep Throat", Arrow Productions agreed in 2011 to voluntarily stop distributing "Debbie Does Dallas" and "The Devil in Miss Jones", thus leaving their copyright status unresolved.


title: Deep Throat (film)

text: In April 1978, pirate station Lucky 7 in Syracuse, New York illegally aired "Deep Throat" (and also "Behind the Green Door", as well as non-pornographic fare such as episodes of "Star Trek"). The pirates have never been identified.


title: Deep Throat (film)

text: On February 23, 2008, the Netherlands Public Broadcasting corporations VPRO and BNN screened "Deep Throat" on national television as part of a themed night on the history of pornographic films, and the influence of pornography in youth culture in the Netherlands. Although the film aired after 10 p.m., following a guideline for adult television, and was embedded in a discussion program, several political parties (especially Dutch cabinet member party Christian Union) were clamoring for steps to be taken to prevent airing. The Minister of Education and Media, Ronald Plasterk, declared that he could not and did not want to forbid the airing of the film. The movie was seen by 907,000 viewers.


title: Deep Throat (film)

text: In December 2014, "The Rialto Report", a web site devoted to the history of the so-called Golden Age of Porn, made the surprise announcement that the supporting actress billed as Dolly Sharp, who had vanished into obscurity shortly after the release of "Deep Throat", was in fact Helen Wood (1935–1998), a former Broadway performer who, as a teenager, had a major role in the 1953 Hollywood musical "Give a Girl a Break".


title: Deep Throat (film)

text: An original soundtrack album for the film was released in 1972. Few copies exist today and when on the market, they have sold for as much as US$300. The album contains both instrumental and vocals tracks as well as short snippets of dialog from the film (indicated with quotations in the list below). All artists are unknown. A remixed and remastered CD and LP version is available from Light in the Attic Records (see links). Director Gerard Damiano reportedly edited the sex scenes to conform to different musical cues. The film opens with an instrumental track that echoes the hook of the 1968 easy listening hit, "Do You Know the Way to San Jose".


title: Deep Throat (film)

text: The original sequel to "Deep Throat"—"Deep Throat Part II"—was written and directed by Joseph W. Sarno and featured the original stars Linda Lovelace and Harry Reems. Shot in New York City in early 1973, it was released in New York in February 1974 with an MPAA "R" rating. Although attributed to Damiano Films, "Deep Throat" director Gerard Damiano was not involved with its production. The film was produced, however, by "Deep Throat" producer Louis Peraino, who had in the meantime founded the mainstream distribution company Bryanston Films. The version of "Deep Throat Part II" currently available on DVD is bowdlerized to the point where the film contains virtually no sexual content of any sort, probably a byproduct of its efforts to receive an MPAA R rating at the time of its release. An Italian DVD release of the film, however, contains its original softcore sex scenes. It has long been claimed that "Deep Throat Part II" was originally shot with the intention of releasing it as a hardcore feature and that hardcore sequences shot for the film were stolen while the film was in post-production. Director Joe Sarno, however, has insisted in interviews that this is not the case.


title: Deep Throat (film)

text: Vivid Entertainment owner Steven Hirsch told XFANZ reporters at the FAME Awards in June 2008 that the company is producing a remake of "Deep Throat". The making of this film was the subject of the Showtime original series "Deeper Throat".


title: Deep Throat (film)

text: Vivid had planned to release its remake but Arrow Productions, the copyright owner, did not like the deviation from the original storyline or the manner in which the film was directed and cast. They then withdrew permission to make the remake to "Deep Throat", and forced Steve Hirsch to remarket and edit his movie for copyright purposes.


title: Deep Throat (film)

text: Hirsch changed the name of the title to "Throat: A Cautionary Tale", and it was released in March 2009.


title: Deep Throat (film)

text: In 2022, which marked the 50th anniversary of the film, the film was restored and re-released and several screenings were held. Since all of the principals and the director Damiano have since died, the movies restoration was overseen by Damiano children Christar and Gerard Damiano Jr., in collaboration with Robin Leonardi, the surviving daughter of another adult industry trailblazer, and a contemporary of the original "Deep Throat" trio, Gloria Leonard.


title: George Peppard

text: George Peppard (; October 1, 1928 – May 8, 1994) was an American actor. He is best remembered for his role as struggling writer Paul Varjak in the 1961 film "Breakfast at Tiffany's", and for playing commando leader Lt.Col./Col. John "Hannibal" Smith in the 1980s television series "The A-Team".


title: George Peppard

text: Peppard secured a major role when he starred alongside Audrey Hepburn in "Breakfast at Tiffany's" (1961), and later portrayed a character based on Howard Hughes in "The Carpetbaggers" (1964). On television, he played the title role of millionaire insurance investigator and sleuth Thomas Banacek in the early-1970s mystery series "Banacek". He played Col. John "Hannibal" Smith, the cigar-smoking leader of a renegade commando squad in the hit 1980s action show "The A-Team".


title: George Peppard

text: George Peppard, Jr. was born October 1, 1928, in Detroit, the son of building contractor George Peppard, Sr. and opera singer and voice teacher Vernelle Rohrer. His mother had five miscarriages before George. His family lost all their money in the Depression, and his father had to leave George and his mother in Detroit while he went looking for work. He graduated from Dearborn High School in Dearborn, Michigan in 1946.


title: George Peppard

text: Peppard enlisted in the United States Marine Corps July 8, 1946, and rose to the rank of corporal, leaving the Corps at the end of his enlistment in January 1948.


title: George Peppard

text: During 1948 and 1949, he studied civil engineering at Purdue University where he was a member of the Purdue Playmakers theatre troupe and Beta Theta Pi fraternity. He became interested in acting, being an admirer of Walter Huston in particular. "I just decided I didn't want to be an engineer," he said later. "It was the best decision I ever made."


title: George Peppard

text: Peppard then transferred to Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University) in Pittsburgh, where he earned his bachelor's degree in 1955. (It took longer than normal because he dropped out for a year when his father died in 1951 and he had to finish his father's jobs.) He also trained at the Pittsburgh Playhouse. While living in Pittsburgh, Peppard worked as a radio DJ at WLOA in Braddock, Pennsylvania. While giving a weather update, he infamously called incoming snow flurries "flow snurries". This was an anecdote he repeated in several later interviews, including one with former NFL player Rocky Bleier for WPXI.


title: George Peppard

text: In addition to acting, Peppard was a pilot. He spent a portion of his 1966 honeymoon training to fly his Learjet in Wichita, Kansas.


title: George Peppard

text: Peppard made his stage debut in 1949 at the Pittsburgh Playhouse. After moving to New York City, Peppard enrolled in the Actors Studio, where he studied the Method with Lee Strasberg. He did a variety of jobs to pay his way during this time, such as working as a disc jockey, being a radio station engineer, teaching fencing, driving a taxi and being a mechanic in a motorcycle repair shop.


title: George Peppard

text: He worked in summer stock in New England and appeared at the open air Oregon Shakespeare Festival in Ashland, Oregon for two seasons.


title: George Peppard

text: He appeared with Paul Newman, in "The United States Steel Hour" (1956), as the singing, guitar-playing baseball player Piney Woods in "Bang the Drum Slowly", directed by Daniel Petrie.


title: George Peppard

text: In April 1956, he appeared in a segment of an episode of "Cameras Three" performing from "The Shoemaker's Holiday"; "The New York Times" called his performance "beguiling".


title: George Peppard

text: In July 1956, he signed to make his film debut in "The Strange One" directed by Jack Garfein, based on the play "End as a Man". It was the first film from Garfein as director and Calder Willingham as producer, plus for Peppard, Ben Gazzara, Geoffrey Horne, Pat Hingle, Arthur Storch and Clifton James. Filming took place in Florida. "I wouldn't say I was nervous," said Peppard, "just excited."


title: George Peppard

text: On his return to New York he performed in "Out to Kill" on TV for "Kraft". In September he joined the cast of "Girls of Summer" directed by Jack Garfein with Shelley Winters, Storch and Hingle, plus a title song by Stephen Sondheim. This reached Broadway in November. Brooks Atkinson said Peppard "expertly plays a sly, malicious dance teacher." It had only a short run.


title: George Peppard

text: The bulk of his work around this time was for television: "The Kaiser Aluminum Hour" ("A Real Fine Cutting Edge", directed by George Roy Hill), "Studio One in Hollywood" ("A Walk in the Forest"), "The Alcoa Hour" ("The Big Build-Up" with E.G. Marshall), "Matinee Theatre" ("End of the Rope" with John Drew Barrymore, "Thread That Runs So True", "Aftermath"), "Kraft Theatre" ("The Long Flight"), "Alfred Hitchcock Presents" ("The Diplomatic Corpse", with Peter Lorre directed by Paul Henreid), and "Suspicion" ("The Eye of Truth" with Joseph Cotten based on a script by Eric Ambler). "The Strange One" came out in April 1957 but despite some strong reviews - "The New York Times" called Peppard "resolute". - it was not a financial success.


title: George Peppard

text: In September 1957, he appeared in a trial run of a play by Robert Thom, "The Minotaur", directed by Sidney Lumet.


title: George Peppard

text: Peppard played a key role in "Little Moon of Alban" (1958) alongside Christopher Plummer for the "Hallmark Hall of Fame". The "Los Angeles Times" called him "excellent".


title: George Peppard

text: In May 1958, Peppard played his second film role, a support part in the Korean War movie "Pork Chop Hill" (1959) directed by Lewis Milestone. He was cast in part because he was unfamiliar to moviegoers.


title: George Peppard

text: In October 1958 Peppard appeared on Broadway in "The Pleasure of His Company" (1958) starring Cyril Ritchard, who also directed. Peppard played the boyfriend who wants to marry Dolores Hart who was Ritchard's daughter; "The New York Times" called Peppard "admirable". The play was a hit and ran for a year.


title: George Peppard

text: During the show's run Peppard auditioned successfully for MGM's "Home from the Hill" (1960) and the studio signed him to a long-term contract - which he had not wanted to do but was a condition for the film. In February 1959, Hedda Hopper announced Peppard would leave "Company" to make two films for MGM. "Home from the Hill" and "The Subterraneans".


title: George Peppard

text: "Home from the Hill" was a prestigious film directed by Vincente Minnelli and starring Robert Mitchum, who played Peppard's father. It featured several young actors MGM were hoping to develop, including Peppard, George Hamilton and Luana Patten. During filming Peppard said "Brando is a dead talent - I saw him in "The Young Lions"” but said Peck is "a man of integrity as a star and a person. Lee Strasberg is the only person I know who is brilliant."


title: George Peppard

text: "I want to be an actor and proud of my craft," said Peppard. "I would like to be an actor who is starred but being a star is something you can't count on whereas acting is something I can work on." It was a success at the box office, although the film's high cost meant that it was not profitable.


title: George Peppard

text: Peppard's next film for MGM was "The Subterraneans", an adaptation of the 1958 novel by Jack Kerouac co starring Leslie Caron. It flopped and Peppard said "I couldn't get arrested" afterwards.


title: George Peppard

text: He had meant to follow "The Subterraneans" by returning to Broadway with Julie Harris in "The Warm Peninsular" but this did not happen. In April 1959 Hedda Hopper said he would be in "Chatauqua" but that was not made until a decade later, starring Elvis Presley, as "The Trouble with Girls" (1969). At the end of 1959 Hopper predicted Peppard would be a big star saying "he has great emotional power, is a fine athlete, and does offbeat characters such as James Dean excelled in." Sol Siegel announced he would play the lead in "Two Weeks in Another Town". (Kirk Douglas ended up playing it.) He was also announced for the role of Arthur Blake in a film about the first Olympics called "And Seven from America" which was never made.


title: George Peppard

text: Peppard returned to television to star in an episode of the anthology series "Startime", "Incident at a Corner" (1960) under the direction of Alfred Hitchcock alongside Vera Miles. He played Teddy Roosevelt on television in an episode of "Our American Heritage", "The Invincible Teddy" (1961).


title: George Peppard

text: His good looks, elegant manner and acting skills landed Peppard his most famous film role as Paul Varjak in "Breakfast at Tiffany's" with Audrey Hepburn, based on a story by Truman Capote. Director Blake Edwards had not wanted Peppard, but was overruled by the producers. He was cast in July 1960. During filming Peppard did not get along with Hepburn or Patricia Neal, the latter calling him "cold and conceited".


title: George Peppard

text: In November 1961, a newspaper article dubbed him "the next big thing". Peppard said he had turned down two TV series and was "concentrating on big screen roles." His contract with MGM was for two pictures a year, allowing for one outside film and six TV appearances a year, plus the right to star in a play every second year. "In a series you don't have time to develop a character," he said. "There's no build up; in the first segment you're already established."


title: George Peppard

text: He was meant to appear in "Unarmed in Paradise" which was not made. He bought a script by Robert Blees called "Baby Talk" but it was also unmade.


title: George Peppard

text: Instead MGM cast him in the lead of their epic western "How the West Was Won" in 1962 (his character spanned three sections of the episodic Cinerama extravaganza). It was a massive hit.


title: George Peppard

text: He followed this with a war story for Carl Foreman, "The Victors" (1963), made in Europe. He was offered $200,000 to appear in "The Long Ships" but did not want to go to Yugoslavia for six months. He was going to do "Next Time We Love" with Ross Hunter but it was never made.


title: George Peppard

text: He starred in "The Carpetbaggers", a 150-minute saga of a ruthless, Hughes-like aviation and film mogul based on a best-selling novel of the same name by Harold Robbins. The cast included Elizabeth Ashley, who had an affair with Peppard during filming and later married him. She described him as "some kind of Nordic god – six feet tall with beautiful blond hair, blue eyes and a body out of every high school cheerleader's teenage lust fantasy." Ashley claimed Peppard "was never late on set and he had nothing but scorn for actors who weren't professional enough to keep that together."


title: George Peppard

text: Never was one of those actors who believes his job is to take the money, hit the mark and say the lines and let it go at that. He felt that as an above-the-title star he had the responsibility to use his muscle and power to try and make it better and that has never stopped in him. He was unrelenting about it, to the point where a lot of executives and directors came to feel he was a pain in the ass. But the really talented people loved working with him because of all his wonderful creative energy.


title: George Peppard

text: "My performances bore me", said Peppard in a 1964 interview, adding that his ambition was to deliver "one great performance. And I must say I feel a little presumptuous to shoot for that. But that's the goal, like a hockey goal. I figure I've got a choice ... not of the outcome but of the objective. And my objective is that one performance."


title: George Peppard

text: Peppard returned to television to do "Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre", "The Game with Glass Pieces".


title: George Peppard

text: For MGM he appeared in "Operation Crossbow" (1965), a war film with Sophia Loren. It was the first film he made under a new contract with MGM to do one movie a year for three years.


title: George Peppard

text: He was meant to follow this with an adaptation of the play "Merrily We Roll Along" but it was never made.


title: George Peppard

text: "I'm an actor not a star," he said around this time, adding that he looked for "three things" in a film, "a good director, a good part and a good script. If I get two out of three of those I'm satisfied."


title: George Peppard

text: Peppard starred in a thriller, "The Third Day" (1965) with Ashley who had become his second wife. The film was directed by Jack Smight who claimed Warner Bros only agreed to finance it because they had a deal with Peppard. Peppard said when he made the film "I wasn't just broke I was up to my ears in debt."


title: George Peppard

text: He was announced for "The Last Night of Don Juan" for Michael Gordon but it was not made. He was cast as the lead in "Sands of the Kalahari" (1965) at a fee of $200,000 but walked off the set after only a few days of filming in March 1965 and had to be replaced by Stuart Whitman. Paramount sued Peppard for $930,555 in damages and he countersued.


title: George Peppard

text: What tormented George so badly was that he was caught between being an actor and a movie star. He did not start off as an untalented pretty nothing who had to be grateful for any piece of meat that was thrown his way. He was intelligent and talented but because he was six foot tall with blond hair and blue eyes he had been put in the slot of being a movie star at a time when the movie studios were still very powerful and expected you to play the game by their rules... I don't think it was possible to be a male movie star who looked like he did and got hot when he did and not be trapped by it.


title: George Peppard

text: He had a huge hit with "The Blue Max" (1966), playing a German World War One ace, alongside James Mason and Ursula Andress, directed by John Guillermin. "He could carry these big films," said "Filmink".


title: George Peppard

text: Peppard played a German Jew fighting for the Allies in "Tobruk" (1967) alongside Rock Hudson. "It's a big mistake to think I'm making a lot of money and turning out a lot of crap," he said in a 1966 interview.


title: George Peppard

text: Seeking to ensure his financial security, Peppard bought a cattle ranch. The funding required by this venture prompted Peppard to sign a multi-million-dollar, five-picture contract with Universal in August 1966 – two films for the first year, then one each in the following three. Ashley claimed this ultimately hurt Peppard's career.


title: George Peppard

text: The first two films under the contract were "Rough Night in Jericho" (1967), a Western with Dean Martin, and "What's So Bad About Feeling Good?" (1968), a comedy directed by George Seaton with Mary Tyler Moore; these were followed by a private eye film directed by Guillermin, "P.J." (1968), and "House of Cards" (1968), a thriller directed by Guillermin and shot in Europe. None of these films was particularly successful at the box office. Ashley says that doing these films caused Peppard to start drinking. She also claimed Peppard turned down "The Heart is a Lonely Hunter" because he did not want to play a weak or possibly homosexual character.


title: George Peppard

text: In 1967, he bought the script "Midnight Fair" by Sheridan Greenway, to produce. In 1968 he announced he had co-written a script "Watch Them Die", which he planned to direct, but not play a starring role. It was never made. Neither was a version of "The Most Dangerous Game" for MGM, announced in 1967.


title: George Peppard

text: He did a thriller, "Pendulum" (1969), directed by George Schaefer with Jean Seberg, and went to England to make "The Executioner" (1970) with Joan Collins.


title: George Peppard

text: In "Cannon for Cordoba" (1970) he played the steely Captain Rod Douglas, who has been put in charge of gathering a group of soldiers on a dangerous mission into Mexico. It was not a success. Neither was "One More Train to Rob" (1971), another Western. Ashley wrote "he became more and more frustrated and disillusioned from hating the kind of pictures he had to do. There were no good scripts, no good directors and at some point it became icily clear that there weren't going to be any."


title: George Peppard

text: In March 1971 Peppard announced his company, Tradewind Productions, had optioned a novel by Stanley Ellin, "The Eighth Circle", but it was not made.


title: George Peppard

text: Peppard starred in a Western TV movie "The Bravos" (1972) with Pernell Roberts. He returned to features with "The Groundstar Conspiracy" (1972) co starring Michael Sarrazin, shot in Canada for Universal; Peppard's fee was $400,000.


title: George Peppard

text: In August 1971, Peppard signed to star in "Banacek" (1972–1974), part of "The NBC Mystery Movie" series, starring in 90-minute whodunits as a wealthy Boston playboy who solves thefts for insurance companies for a finder's fee. Sixteen regular episodes were produced over two seasons. Peppard also did some second unit directing. "Ever since "The Carpetbaggers" I've played the iron-jawed cold-eyed killer and that gets to be a goddamed bore," he said in 1972. "Acting is not the most creative thing in the world and when you play a man of action it gets to be a long day. Banacek is the best character I've played in a long time."


title: George Peppard

text: In February 1972, Peppard stood trial in Boston, accused of attempting to rape a stripper in his hotel room. He was cleared of the charges. The same year, he and Ashley were divorced, with Peppard to pay her $2,000 per month alimony plus $350 per month child support for their son Christian.


title: George Peppard

text: Peppard starred in "Newman's Law" (1974), an action film originally called "Newman". When "Banacek" ended Peppard wanted to take time off to focus on producing and directing, including a project called "The Total Beast". However alimony and child support obligations forced him back to acting. He made some TV movies "One of Our Own" (1975), a medical drama, and "" (1975), as Sam Sheppard, for which his fee was $100,000. "One of Our Own" had been a pilot for a TV series which was picked up - "Doctors' Hospital" (1975) lasted 15 episodes.


title: George Peppard

text: Peppard starred in the science-fiction film "Damnation Alley" (1977), which has gone on to attain a substantial cult following. Peppard's role in the film was reportedly turned down by Steve McQueen because of salary issues. The movie cost $8.5 million - Peppard said Jack Smight's original cut was "wonderful" but claimed the film was re-edited by executives.


title: George Peppard

text: With fewer interesting roles coming his way, he acted in, directed and produced the drama "Five Days from Home" in 1979.


title: George Peppard

text: Peppard later said the low point of his career came over a three-year period around the time of "Five Days from Home". "It was a bad time", he said in 1983. "I was heavily in debt. My career seemed to be going nowhere. Not much work over a three-year period. Every morning I'd wake up and realize I was getting deeper and deeper into debt".


title: George Peppard

text: He had to sell his car and take out a second mortgage on his home to finance "Five Days from Home". Eventually, he got his money back and was able to concentrate on his career."I'm quite proud of it," he said in 1979. "I sold many assets to help make it but I don't mind. It was the best time of my life."


title: George Peppard

text: He had the lead in the TV movies "Crisis in Mid-air" (1979) and "Torn Between Two Lovers" (1979) and went to Europe for "From Hell to Victory" (1979).


title: George Peppard

text: In a rare game show appearance, Peppard did a week of shows on "Password Plus" in 1979, in which he could often be seen smoking cigarettes while filming. Out of five shows, the first was never broadcast on NBC, but aired much later on GSN and Buzzr, because of on-camera comments made by Peppard regarding personal dissatisfaction he felt related to his treatment by the NBC officials who supervised the production of "Password Plus". As a result of this, Goodson-Todman banned Peppard from appearing on any of their game shows ever again for that incident, which cost them a lot since they had to film an extra episode two weeks later to make up for the pulled episode.


title: George Peppard

text: In April 1979, Peppard said "I want to act again - and I need a good role. The Sam Shepherd story I did for TV was the only good role I've had in the last seven to ten years." He added he was developing two movies and a TV drama series plus an educational series.


title: George Peppard

text: In 1980, Peppard was offered, and accepted, the role of Blake Carrington in the television series "Dynasty". During the filming of the pilot episode, which also featured Linda Evans and Bo Hopkins, Peppard repeatedly clashed with the show's producers, Richard and Esther Shapiro; among other things, he felt that his role was too similar to that of J. R. Ewing in the series "Dallas". Three weeks later, before filming was to begin on additional episodes, Peppard was fired and the part was offered to John Forsythe; the scenes with Peppard were re-shot and Forsythe became the permanent star of the show.


title: George Peppard

text: "It was a big blow," Peppard noted subsequently, adding he felt Forsythe ultimately did "a better job (as Blake Carrington) than I could have done." Ironically, this led to his being available to be cast in NBC's "The A-Team", the number one rated television show in its first season in 1982.


title: George Peppard

text: "I'm so glad I wasn't drinking," he said later, having stopped in 1979. "I bet a lot of people thought when I did certain things, I had been drinking and now they found out it wasn't the booze at all. It was me."


title: George Peppard

text: During that same period, Peppard also had a role as a cowboy in the science fiction film "Battle Beyond the Stars" (1980). He travelled to Canada to make "Your Ticket Is No Longer Valid" (1981) with Richard Harris, to New Zealand for "Race for the Yankee Zephyr" (1982) and Spain for "Hit Man" (1982).


title: George Peppard

text: "I almost disappeared for awhile, between ages 45 and 55," he later reflected. "Nobody wants to work with someone who quits three series. They think you're insane to quit a series with all the millions of dollars to be made there. It gets to be like crossing the mob. You find out some people you thought were your friends aren't really."


title: George Peppard

text: In 1982, Peppard auditioned for and won the role of Colonel John "Hannibal" Smith in the television action adventure series "The A-Team", acting alongside Mr. T, Dirk Benedict and Dwight Schultz. In the series, the A-Team was a team of renegade commandos on the run from the military for "a crime they did not commit" while serving in the Vietnam War. The A-Team members made their collective living as soldiers of fortune, but they helped only people who came to them with justified grievances.


title: George Peppard

text: As "Hannibal" Smith, Peppard played the leader of the A-Team, distinguished by his cigar smoking, confident smirk, black leather gloves, disguises, and distinctive catch phrase, "I love it when a plan comes together." Peppard was attracted to the role partly because Smith was a master of disguise enabling Peppard to play a variety of characters. "I love the character of Hannibal," he said. "It inspires my fantasy. And, frankly, I need the money."


title: George Peppard

text: "I wanted to change from leading man to character actor for years now but have never been given the chance before," he added.


title: George Peppard

text: The show started filming in late 1982 and premiered in January 1983. It was an instant ratings success, going straight into the top ten most watched shows in the country. The series, which ran for five seasons on NBC from 1983 to 1987, made Peppard known to a new generation and is arguably his best-known role. His fee was reportedly $50,000 an episode. This went up to $65,000, making him one of the best paid stars on television.


title: George Peppard

text: Peppard said "the first year of the show "it was kind of like "Monty Python" - absolutely ridiculous. It was fresh, it was fun, it was silly - building an airplane out of a lawn-mower engine - fun stuff done very straight." After that, though "it became very boring to me and not very good."


title: George Peppard

text: It has been reported that the role was originally written with James Coburn in mind, but Coburn declined, and thus it went to Peppard. Peppard was reportedly annoyed by Mr. T upstaging him in his public image, and at one point in their relationship, refused to speak directly to Mr. T. Instead, he sent messages through intermediaries (including at times fellow cast members, particularly Dirk Benedict), and for this, Peppard was occasionally portrayed by the press as not a team player. Melinda Culea claimed it was Peppard who got her fired after the first season.


title: George Peppard

text: "It's the first time I ever had money in the bank," Peppard said later. "Four California divorces and 25 years of alimony will see to it you have no money in the bank. It was a giant boost to my career, and made me a viable actor for other roles."


title: George Peppard

text: During the series' run Peppard guest starred on the "Tales of the Unexpected" episode "The Dirty Detail" (1983).


title: George Peppard

text: Peppard's last series was intended to be several television movie features entitled "Man Against the Mob" (1988) and set in the 1940s. In these TV detective films, Peppard played Los Angeles Police Detective Sgt. Frank Doakey. The second film "" was broadcast in December 1989. A third film in this series was planned, but Peppard died before it was filmed.


title: George Peppard

text: In his later years Peppard appeared in several stage productions. In 1988, he portrayed Ernest Hemingway in the play "PAPA", which played a number of cities including Boise, Idaho; Atlanta, Georgia; and San Francisco. Peppard financed it, and played in it. In 1988, he said, "Once I saw this thing, I knew that if I was going to do it, I'd have to stick with it. I've got a couple bucks in the bank, so I'm not working on anything else. I got an adrenalin rush when I first read this play - part joy, part fear." Peppard said he understood Hemingway. "We were both married four times; that's one similarity. Up until ten years ago I used to drink a lot, as he did. And then, he had to deal with living the life of a famous person."


title: George Peppard

text: The play was well received. Peppard said of his image, "There's a George Peppard out there that I don't know. He's been written about, and various people have interpreted him various ways. There are people who've made up stories, apocryphal, about me. There are people who didn't like me much."


title: George Peppard

text: He appeared in "Silence Like Glass" (1989) and "Night of the Fox" (1990). In 1989, he said "I'm afraid I'm typecast. It was discouraging when it first happened. I was sad. I had hoped to do lots of different kinds of roles. But fear and insecurity guides casting decisions. Movies and TV have to make money. And people get used to you playing a part and doing certain things. If you don't do it, they get disappointed and it shows up at the box office."


title: George Peppard

text: In 1990, he was seeking finance for "The Crystal Contract", a film about an international cocaine cartel in which he would produce and star (but was never made)." I would like to do another series because it would mean steady work - and because I would like one more hit."


title: George Peppard

text: In 1992, he toured in "The Lion in Winter", in which he played Henry II to Susan Clark's Eleanor of Aquitaine. ""I haven't been as happy as I am for a long time," he said. "When you find a part you are right for and you love, it's a source of happiness, believe me... If I could have my wish come true, I'd spend the next two years doing nothing but this play."


title: George Peppard

text: His last television role was guest-starring in a 1994 episode of "Matlock" entitled "The P.I". The episode, co-starring Tracy Nelson, was meant to serve as a backdoor pilot for a series about a father and his estranged daughter both working as private investigators. The episode aired eight days before Peppard's death.


title: George Peppard

text: In 1990 he said, "Getting married and having a bad divorce is just like breaking your leg. The same leg, in the same place. I'm lucky I don't walk with a cane."


title: George Peppard

text: Peppard resided in a Greek revival-style white cottage in Hollywood Hills, California, until the time of his death. His home featured elegant porches on three sides and a guest house in the back. Later owned by designer Brenda Antin, who spent a year renovating it, the small home was purchased by writer/actress Lena Dunham in 2015 for $2.7 million.


title: George Peppard

text: Peppard overcame a serious alcohol problem in 1978, after which he became deeply involved in helping other alcoholics. "I knew I had to stop and I did," he said in 1983. "Looking back now I'm ashamed of some of the things I did when I was drinking."


title: George Peppard

text: He had smoked three packs of cigarettes a day for most of his life. After being formally diagnosed with lung cancer in 1992 and having an operation to remove part of one lung, he quit smoking.


title: George Peppard

text: Despite health problems in his later years, he continued acting. In 1994, just before his death, Peppard completed a pilot with Tracy Nelson for a new series called "The P.I." It aired as an episode of "Matlock" and was to be spun off into a new television series with Peppard playing an aging detective and Nelson his daughter/sidekick.


title: George Peppard

text: Peppard, born and raised in Dearborn, Michigan, was one of Dearborn's most famous residents, after Ford Motor Company founder Henry Ford and legendary long-serving Congressman John Dingell. He was buried simply and plainly with his mother and father in his home town's Northview Cemetery, as he had wished.


title: George Peppard

text: In April 2017, Peppard's name resurfaced in the media after Northview Cemetery was vandalized and 37 headstones were overturned. The Peppard family headstone was not damaged, and the cemetery was subsequently restored.


title: George Peppard

text: In 1990, Peppard said, "an enormous amount of my film work has been spent charging up a hill saying, "Follow me, men! This way!" Even though I did "Breakfast at Tiffany's," nobody seemed to think I could do comedy. I always played the man of action. And men of action are not terribly deep characters, and not real vocal characters."


title: George Peppard

text: He added, "I trained for seven years before I started getting screen work as a stage actor. I love working for an audience. Aside from that, despite all the uniforms and the guns, I think I am at my base a character actor... Being a star has never interested me. Stars, , are a pain. Stars to me are in the sky. The important question is, "How good an actor are you?" And now I have some hope, because I'm of an age where I could be considered for character roles."


title: George Peppard

text: Shortly before he died, he said, "If you look at my movie list, you'll see some really good movies and then the start of ones that were not so good. But I was making enough money to send my children to good schools, have a house for them and give them a center in their lives."


title: Diageo

text: Diageo plc () is a multinational alcoholic beverage company, with its headquarters in London, England. It operates from 132 sites around the world. It was the world's largest distiller before being overtaken by Kweichow Moutai of China in 2017. It is a major distributor of Scotch whisky and other spirits.


title: Diageo

text: Its leading brands include Johnnie Walker, Guinness, Smirnoff, Baileys liqueur, Captain Morgan rum and Tanqueray and Gordon's gin.


title: Diageo

text: Diageo has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. It has a secondary listing on the New York Stock Exchange.


title: Diageo

text: Diageo is an invented name that was created by the branding consultancy Wolff Olins in 1997. The name is composed of the Latin word "diēs", meaning "day", and the Greek root "geo-", meaning "world"; and is meant to reference the company slogan "Celebrating Life, Every Day, Everywhere".


title: Diageo

text: Diageo was formed in 1997 from the merger of Guinness plc and Grand Metropolitan. Its creation was driven by the executives Anthony Greener and Philip Yea at Guinness, along with George Bull and John McGrath of Grand Metropolitan. Anthony Greener was the first executive chairman. Shares in Diageo began trading on the London Stock Exchange on 17 December 1997.


title: Diageo

text: Diageo owned Pillsbury until 2000 when it was sold to General Mills. In 2002, Diageo sold the Burger King fast food restaurant chain to a consortium led by US firm Texas Pacific for US$1.5 billion.


title: Diageo

text: In 2003, Diageo signed a joint venture with tequila brand Jose Cuervo to buy Don Julio Tequila, selling Jose Cuervo a 50 per cent stake for US$100 million.


title: Diageo

text: In May 2012, Diageo agreed to acquire Ypióca, the largest-selling brand of premium cachaça in Brazil, for £300 million.


title: Diageo

text: In June 2012, Diageo announced a £1 billion investment in Scotch whisky production over the following five years, with at least one new distillery to be constructed, several existing facilities to be expanded, and overall production capacity to be increased by 30 to 40 per cent. This did not, however, involve retaining the original Johnnie Walker plant, in Kilmarnock, which had already closed its doors in March of the same year.


title: Diageo

text: In November 2012, Diageo acquired 53.4 per cent stake in the Indian spirits company United Spirits for £1.28 billion.


title: Diageo

text: Since 2011, Diageo has had a controlling stake in the parent company Sichan Chengdu Shuijingfang Group Company, which it bought outright in 2013.


title: Diageo

text: In November 2014, Diageo agreed to sell Bushmills Irish whiskey to Jose Cuervo in exchange for US$408 million and full ownership of tequila brand Don Julio.


title: Diageo

text: In April 2015, Diageo acquired a 100 percent share in South African beer producer United National Breweries (UNB), but it was announced in December 2018 that Diageo had entered into an agreement for the sale of UNB, expected to close in the second half of 2019.


title: Diageo

text: In October 2015, Diageo announced the sale of most of its wine business to Treasury Wine Estates. Other brands, such as Navarro Correas and Chalone Vineyard, were sold separately.


title: Diageo

text: In December 2015, Diageo announced a US$10 million investment in Danish whisky brand Stauning, to facilitate expansion of production.


title: Diageo

text: In March 2016, the company sold Grand Marnier, a cognac and bitter orange-based liqueur, to the Italian beverage company Campari Group.


title: Diageo

text: In February 2017, Diageo announced plans to open a Guinness brewery and tourist attraction in Baltimore County, Maryland. The brewery could potentially host as many as 300,000 visitors per year.


title: Diageo

text: In June 2017, the Casamigos tequila brand – a super-premium US-based tequila, launched in 2013 – became the latest addition to Diageo.


title: Diageo

text: In February 2018, Diageo announced plans for limited edition bottles of its 12-year-old Black Label blended whisky named Jane Walker, as opposed to Johnnie Walker, to be sold. The label featured a striding woman on the label, rather than the top-hatted man normally associated with the brand.


title: Diageo

text: In November 2018, Diageo agreed to sell Seagram's VO, Seagram's 83, Myers's Rum, Popov vodka, Booth's Gin, Goldschläger, Yukon Jack, Sambuca, and 11 other brands to the Sazerac Company for US$550 million.


title: Diageo

text: In February 2019, Diageo increased its stake in Chinese baijiu company Sichuan Shuijingfang Company Limited (SJF) to almost 70% through a partial-tender offer.


title: Diageo

text: In January 2020, Diageo agreed to pay US$5 million to settle charges brought by the US Securities and Exchange Commission that alleged the company had pressured distributors to buy products in excess of demand in order to hit performance goals.


title: Diageo

text: In October 2021, Diageo announced plans to invest $500m to expand its manufacturing in Mexico for the tequila category. Construction of the new facilities in Jalisco, Mexico is expected to begin in 2021.


title: Diageo

text: In October 2022, it was announced Diageo had acquired the Australian cold brew coffee liqueur brand, Mr Black.


title: Diageo

text: In November 2022, it was announced that Diageo would acquire Balcones Distilling, a whiskey distiller based in Texas.


title: Diageo

text: Johnnie Walker, Buchanan's, Cardhu, Justerini & Brooks, Bell's, Black & White, White Horse, Logan, Caol Ila, Vat 69, Oban, Talisker, Lagavulin, Glenkinchie, Dalwhinnie, Cragganmore, Clynelish, The Singleton (Glen Ord, Dufftown, Glendullan), Dimple, Royal Lochnagar, Glen Elgin, Knockando, Windsor, Grand Old Parr, Auchroisk, Benrinnes, Blair Athol, Dailuaine, Glenlossie, Glen Spey, Inchgower, Linkwood, Mannochmore, Mortlach, Strathmill, Teaninich.


title: Diageo

text: Guinness, Harp Lager, Hop House 13, Kilkenny, Rockshore Irish Lager, Senator, Meta Abo, Smithwick's, Tusker


title: Diageo

text: Diageo operates in 180 countries across five regions: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Africa, and Latin America and the Caribbean.


title: Diageo

text: In 2016, Diageo was ranked 11th out of 4,255 companies worldwide for diversity and inclusiveness in the Thomson Reuters Diversity and Inclusion (D&I) Index.


title: Diageo

text: Diageo also owns a 34% stake in the Moet Hennessy drinks division of French luxury goods company LVMH.


title: Diageo

text: In 2017, the company was awarded top place in the Institute of Directors' and Chartered Quality Institute's Good Governance Index.


title: Diageo

text: Diageo's head office is in Great Marlborough Street, London after moving from its previous location in Park Royal, London Borough of Brent, on the site of a former Guinness brewery which had closed in 2004 after producing beer since 1936. Diageo's previous head office facility had been located in Henrietta Place, in the Marylebone district of the City of Westminster in London, since 1996. In 2009, Diageo announced that it was closing the Henrietta Place facility as part of a cost reduction programme and moved its employees to the Park Royal site.


title: Diageo

text: In December 2003, Diageo provoked controversy over its decision to change its Cardhu brand Scotch whisky from a single malt to a blended malt whilst retaining the original name and bottle style. Diageo took this action because it did not have sufficient reserves to meet demand in the Spanish market, where Cardhu had been successful. After a meeting of producers, Diageo agreed to make changes. In 2006, the Cardhu brand changed back to being a single malt.


title: Diageo

text: In July 2009, Diageo announced that, after nearly 200 years of association with the town of Kilmarnock, Scotland, they would be closing the Johnnie Walker blending and bottling plant as part of a restructuring to the business. This would make 700 workers unemployed and caused outrage from the press, local people, and politicians. A campaign against this decision was launched by the local SNP MSP Willie Coffey and Labour MP Des Browne. A petition was drawn up against the plans, which also involved the closure of the historic Port Dundas grain distillery in Glasgow.


title: Diageo

text: In February 2009, it was reported in "The Guardian" that the company had restructured itself so as to avoid paying tax in the UK.


title: Diageo

text: The National Puerto Rican Coalition planned to run a series of ads in New York City and Puerto Rico urging a boycott of Diageo-owned alcoholic drinks to protest the corporation's production move of its Captain Morgan rum from Puerto Rico to the U.S. Virgin Islands, which will provide it with US$2.7 billion in tax benefits over 30 years.


title: Diageo

text: In 2011, Diageo agreed to pay more than US$16 million to settle U.S. civil regulatory charges that it made improper payments to foreign officials. Regulators accused the British company of violating the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act through its subsidiaries to obtain lucrative sales and tax benefits for its Johnnie Walker and Windsor Scotch whiskies and other brands.


title: Diageo

text: On 9 May 2012 Scottish craft brewery BrewDog revealed that Diageo had threatened to withdraw funding from the British Institute of Innkeeping Scotland's annual awards if BrewDog was to be named winner of the Best Bar Operator award. Diageo was forced to issue an apology.


title: Diageo

text: In 2015, Diageo released an advertising campaign showing a young girl crying with her makeup smeared as her sister looks at her from the doorway, and the caption, "Who's following in your footsteps? Out of control drinking has consequences". The director of Rape Crisis Network Ireland said Diageo "blames victims of sexual violence for the crimes that have been committed against them. This is a harmful, regressive and hurtful message which targets the vulnerable."


title: Diageo

text: In November 2016, Diageo announced its intention of selling at auction Sir Edwin Landseer's iconic 1851 painting The Monarch of the Glen – which the company owns, but which has been on loan to the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh since 1999 – as it has "no direct link to our business or brands". Ian Jack, writing in The Guardian, stated that "any business with a sense of history would give the picture to a public gallery in Scotland, the place without which both the business and the picture would be nothing. It would be a decent thing.


title: Diageo

text: In July 2017, Diageo was accused of using its huge influence over Irish publicans to pressure some based in Cork city into swapping craft beer taps offering Irish-produced craft beer for Diageo beer brands, after several such pubs all did so over the course of one weekend. Diageo denied the accusation.


title: G-Eazy

text: Gerald Earl Gillum (born May 24, 1989), better known by his stage name G-Eazy, is an American rapper. His first major-label album, "These Things Happen", was released on June 23, 2014, and peaked at number 3 on the US "Billboard" 200. It featured the single "I Mean It", which reached number 98 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. His second studio album, "When It's Dark Out", was released on December 4, 2015, and peaked at number 5 on the US "Billboard" 200. It featured the single "Me, Myself & I" (with Bebe Rexha), which reached number 7 of the US "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: G-Eazy

text: His third album, "The Beautiful & Damned", was released on December 15, 2017, and peaked at number 3 on the US Billboard 200. It featured the single "No Limit" (featuring Cardi B and ASAP Rocky), which reached number 4 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: G-Eazy

text: When Gillum was in the first grade, his mother left his father, an associate professor of art at CSU Fresno. Gillum moved in with his grandparents in Berkeley, California. They later moved to North Oakland, although Gillum continued to attend school in Berkeley. Gillum attended Loyola University New Orleans and graduated in 2011.


title: G-Eazy

text: Starting out as a record producer, G-Eazy began working on singles while he was still a student at the Loyola University at New Orleans with his producer Christoph Andersson who also was a student there. He gained some recognition for being a part of the new hip hop scene back in the East Bay Area, joining with such artists as Lil B, Crohn and The Cataracs. He became a member of a local hip hop group called "The Bay Boyz", who had released several songs on their Myspace page. In 2010, G-Eazy was given an opportunity to open for some well-known artists, most notably Lil Wayne and Snoop Dogg.


title: G-Eazy

text: G-Eazy's mixtapes at this period of time were met with limited success. In August 2011, he released "The Endless Summer", with an updated version of the 1961 hit song "Runaround Sue", which garnered over four million views via YouTube. The music video was directed by Tyler Yee. The mixtape features guest appearances from Greg Banks, Erika Flowers and Devon Baldwin. In November 2011, Gillum embarked on a nationwide tour with Shwayze. "My Life Is a Party" was featured in the game "" on an in-game radio station.


title: G-Eazy

text: On June 16, 2012, G-Eazy performed all United States dates on the annual Vans Warped Tour. On July 25, 2012, the Excellent Adventure Tour was announced, which featured Hoodie Allen and G-Eazy. The two performed in cities across the U.S., including Pittsburgh, St. Louis, Columbus, Des Moines, New Orleans, Atlanta, Austin, and Philadelphia. On September 26, 2012, G-Eazy released his first full-length album, "Must Be Nice". The album, which was completely independent of a label, landed at number 3 on the iTunes Hip-Hop Chart. On July 9, 2013, G-Eazy, alongside 2 Chainz, opened for Lil Wayne's "America's Most Wanted Tour". On December 15, 2013, G-Eazy and Master Chen B performed "Lotta That" from "These Things Happen" in New York City. On January 15, 2014, G-Eazy announced his "These Things Happen Tour" with Rockie Fresh, KYLE, and Tory Lanez accompanying him. The tour ran for 40 stops throughout the United States and Canada from February until April 2014.


title: G-Eazy

text: On June 23, 2014, G-Eazy released his major-label debut album, "These Things Happen". The album topped the US "Billboard" Hip-Hop/R&B and Top Rap Albums charts, also earning him the number 3 spot on the US "Billboard" 200 and the Top Digital Albums Chart. The album has sold nearly 265,000 copies to date. On October 21, 2014, Gillum embarked on his sold-out "From the Bay to the Universe" tour. The tour traveled across the globe to countries like Australia and New Zealand. This was his first headlining tour overseas.


title: G-Eazy

text: During the summer of 2015, G-Eazy played some of the main stages at a series of notable music festivals, including Lollapalooza, Electric Forest, Bonnaroo, Outside Lands, Made in America, and Austin City Limits. With the rise of his music career, Gillum has also taken up in interest in fashion by releasing a collaboration with Rare Panther in the fall of 2015 and being named GQ Magazine's top 10 most stylish at New York Fashion Week. Gillum's second album, "When It's Dark Out", was released on December 4, 2015. On January 6, 2016, G-Eazy launched his second world tour. The tour saw G-Eazy tour the United States, Europe, and Australia. His single "Me, Myself & I", in collaboration with Bebe Rexha, peaked at number 7 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: G-Eazy

text: He co-headlined the Endless Summer tour with American rapper Logic, along with YG and Yo Gotti as supporting acts, from June to August. Before the tour, he announced his new mixtape, Endless Summer II. He cancelled the tape due to problems with sample clearance.


title: G-Eazy

text: In May 2016, G-Eazy confirmed that he would be featured on Britney Spears' single "Make Me...". The single was released on July 15, 2016, and serves as the lead single from Spears' ninth studio album.


title: G-Eazy

text: G-Eazy performed "Make Me..." and "Me, Myself & I" with Spears at the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards and the 2016 iHeartRadio Music Festival.


title: G-Eazy

text: Gillum released an EP with Guatemalan DJ Carnage called "Step Brothers" on March 27, 2017. G-Eazy released his new single, a collaboration with American singer Kehlani called "Good Life", which is a part of the eighth installment of the film franchise "Fast & Furious", titled "The Fate of the Furious". He was also featured in the new Dillon Francis single titled "Say Less".


title: G-Eazy

text: On June 14, 2017, G-Eazy announced through Instagram and Twitter that his next studio album, "The Beautiful & Damned", would be released in the fall of 2017. On November 8, 2017, the official release day was announced as December 15, as well as an accompanying short film.


title: G-Eazy

text: On December 5, 2017, G-Eazy released his second single from "The Beautiful & Damned" titled "Him & I" with Halsey, with whom he was in a relationship. They performed the song together on Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve of 2017. On February 27, 2019, G-Eazy released the single, "West Coast", featuring Blueface and released the video on March 28, 2019, adding ALLBLACK and YG.


title: G-Eazy

text: G-Eazy released an EP "B-Sides" on June 25, 2019, which contained the songs that wouldn't make it onto his upcoming album. This EP spawned the song "Bang" with American rapper Tyga. He later updated the EP on August 22 and September 19.


title: G-Eazy

text: Gillum released the single "I Wanna Rock", featuring American rapper Gunna, as the lead single of his EP "Scary Nights", on October 16. The EP was released on October 18.


title: G-Eazy

text: In March 2020, G-Eazy announced a new project featuring an indie rock sound titled "Everything's Strange Here." The album was officially released on June 26, 2020.


title: G-Eazy

text: G-Eazy released his long anticipated fourth studio album "These Things Happen Too" on September 24, 2021. It was supported by the singles "Running Wild (Tumblr Girls 2)" and "Breakdown" featuring Demi Lovato in the weeks leading up to the release date.


title: G-Eazy

text: In 2018, G-Eazy headlined a concert for Bay Area fire relief that raised $15 million, pulled out of H&M sponsorship deal after blowback about a sweatshirt advertisement that some considered to be racist, performed at an Everytown fundraiser on the eve of March For Our Lives, and used his platform to speak out against gun violence. Also that year, G-Eazy launched the Endless Summer Fund, which is a non-profit dedicated to helping young people reach their full potential and strengthening the Bay Area community.


title: G-Eazy

text: On May 2, 2018, Gillum was arrested in Stockholm, Sweden on suspicion of assault, possession and use of drugs, after he allegedly punched a security guard and was found to have cocaine in his pocket. Gillum pleaded guilty to violent resistance, drug possession, and assault against an official in court on May 4. He was sentenced to probation, and ordered to pay a fine of $10,000 and a $900 compensation fee to the security guard he assaulted. On September 13, 2021, Gillum was arrested and charged with assault in New York City. It was reported that he assaulted two men at the Boom Boom Room at the Standard.


title: Steve Huffman

text: Steve Huffman, also known by his Reddit username spez (), is an American web developer and entrepreneur. He is the co-founder and CEO of Reddit, a social news and discussion website, which ranks in the top 20 websites in the world. He also co-founded the airfare search-engine website Hipmunk.


title: Steve Huffman

text: Steve Huffman grew up in Warrenton, Virginia. At age 8, he began programming computers. He graduated in 2001 from Wakefield School in The Plains, Virginia. At the University of Virginia (UVA), he studied computer science, graduating in 2005.


title: Steve Huffman

text: During spring break of his senior year at UVA, Huffman and college roommate Alexis Ohanian drove to Boston, Massachusetts, to attend a lecture delivered by programmer-entrepreneur Paul Graham. Huffman and Ohanian talked with Graham after the lecture and he invited them to apply to his startup incubator Y Combinator. Huffman came up with their original idea, My Mobile Menu, which was intended to allow users to order food by SMS. The idea was rejected, but Graham asked Huffman and Ohanian to meet him in Boston to pitch another idea for a start-up; it was at this brainstorming session that the idea for what Graham called the "front page of the Internet" was created. Huffman and Ohanian were accepted in Y Combinator's first class. Huffman coded the entire site in Lisp. He and Ohanian launched Reddit in June 2005, funded by Y Combinator.


title: Steve Huffman

text: The site's audience grew rapidly in its first few months, and by August 2005, Huffman noticed their habitual user-base had grown so large that he no longer needed to fill the front page with content himself. At 23, Huffman and Ohanian sold Reddit to Condé Nast on October 31, 2006, for a reported $10 million to $20 million. Huffman remained with Reddit until 2009, when he left his role as acting CEO.


title: Steve Huffman

text: Huffman spent several months backpacking in Costa Rica before co-creating the travel website Hipmunk with Adam Goldstein, an author and software developer, in 2010. Funded by Y Combinator, Hipmunk launched in August 2010 with Huffman serving as CTO. In 2011, "Inc." named Huffman to its 30 under 30 list.