title: Dingo

text: There are two main opinions regarding this process of interbreeding. The first, and likely most common, position states that the "pure" dingo should be preserved via strong controls of the wild dog populations, and only "pure" or "nearly-pure" dingoes should be protected. The second position is relatively new and is of the opinion that people must accept that the dingo has changed and that it is impossible to bring the "pure" dingo back. Conservation of these dogs should therefore be based on where and how they live, as well as their cultural and ecological role, instead of concentrating on precise definitions or concerns about "genetic purity". Both positions are controversially discussed.


title: Dingo

text: Due to this interbreeding, there is a wider range of fur colours, skull shapes and body size in the modern-day wild dog population than in the time before the arrival of the Europeans. Over the course of the last 40 years, there has been an increase of about 20% in the average wild dog body size. It is currently unknown whether, in the case of the disappearance of "pure" dingoes, remaining hybrids would alter the predation pressure on other animals. It is also unclear what kind of role these hybrids would play in the Australian ecosystems. However, it is unlikely that the dynamics of the various ecosystems will be excessively disturbed by this process.


title: Dingo

text: In 2011, a total of 3,941 samples were included in the first continent-wide DNA study of wild dogs. The study found that 46% were pure dingoes which exhibited no dog alleles (gene expressions). There was evidence of hybridisation in every region sampled. In Central Australia only 13% were hybrids, however in southeastern Australia 99% were hybrids or feral dogs. Pure dingo distribution was 88% in the Northern Territory, intermediate numbers in Western Australia, South Australia and Queensland, and 1% in New South Wales and Victoria. Almost all wild dogs showed some dingo ancestry, with only 3% of dogs showing less than 80% dingo ancestry. This indicates that domestic dogs have a low survival rate in the wild or that most hybridisation is the result of roaming dogs that return to their owners. No populations of feral dogs have been found in Australia.


title: Dingo

text: In 2016, a three dimensional geometric morphometric analysis of the skulls of dingoes, dogs and their hybrids found that dingo-dog hybrids exhibit morphology closer to the dingo than to the parent group dog. Hybridisation did not push the unique "Canis dingo" cranial morphology towards the wolf phenotype, therefore hybrids cannot be distinguished from dingoes based on cranial measures. The study suggests that the wild dingo morphology is dominant when compared with the recessive dog breed morphology, and concludes that although hybridisation introduces dog DNA into the dingo population, the native cranial morphology remains resistant to change.


title: In Time

text: In Time is a 2011 American science fiction action film written, directed and produced by Andrew Niccol. Amanda Seyfried and Justin Timberlake star as inhabitants of a society which uses time from one's lifespan as its primary currency, with each individual possessing a clock on their arm that counts down how long they have to live. Cillian Murphy, Vincent Kartheiser, Olivia Wilde, Matt Bomer, Johnny Galecki, and Alex Pettyfer also star. The film was released on October 28, 2011.


title: In Time

text: In 2169, people are genetically engineered to stop aging on their 25th birthday. Everyone has a timer on their forearm that shows their remaining time, when it reaches zero the person "times out" and dies instantly. Time has become the universal currency, transferred directly between people or stored in capsules. The country is divided into areas called Time Zones; Dayton is the poorest, a ghetto where people rarely have over 24 hours on their clocks. The richest area is New Greenwich, where people are wealthy enough to be effectively immortal.


title: In Time

text: Will Salas is a factory worker who lives in Dayton with his mother Rachel. One night, he rescues a drunken man named Henry Hamilton from time thieves Fortis and his gang the Minutemen. While hiding, Hamilton reveals to Will that the people of New Greenwich hoard most of the time while constantly increasing prices to keep poorer people dying. The following day, he transfers all but five minutes of his time to a sleeping Will before deliberately timing out and dying. Raymond Leon, the leader of the police-like Timekeepers, assumes that Will killed Hamilton and pursues him.


title: In Time

text: Will visits his friend Borel, who warns him against having so much time in Dayton. He gives Borel ten years, one for each year of their friendship. Will then sets off to meet his mother, intending to take her with him to New Greenwich. His mother runs short of time and can't afford bus fare, she is forced to run to meet Will but times out and dies in his arms. Heartbroken and angry, Will vows to avenge his mother's death by taking the people of New Greenwich for everything they have.


title: In Time

text: Arriving in New Greenwich, Will meets time-loaning businessman Philippe Weis and his daughter Sylvia at a casino. While playing poker, Will wins over a millennium while nearly timing himself out. He catches Sylvia's eye and she invites him to a party. Will is confronted at the party by Timekeeper Leon and arrested. Leon confiscates all but two hours of Will's time, disbelieving that Will didn't kill Hamilton.


title: In Time

text: Will escapes and takes Sylvia to Dayton as a hostage, but Fortis' gang ambushes and robs them, leaving them with 30 minutes each. Will attempts to get some time back from Borel, but his wife Greta tearfully explains that he has drunk himself to death. They manage to get a day each by selling Sylvia's earrings at a pawn shop. Will then calls Weis to demand a 1,000-year ransom to be paid to the people in Dayton in exchange for Sylvia's safe return. Weis refuses and Will releases Sylvia just as Timekeeper Leon finds Will. Sylvia shoots Leon in the arm and Will gives him enough time to survive until the other Timekeepers arrive. Will and Sylvia steal Leon's car and use it to pull over a New Greenwich resident, whom they rob of her time.


title: In Time

text: Will and Sylvia rob Weis' time banks, giving the time capsules to the needy. They soon realize they can't significantly change anything, as prices are raised faster to compensate for the extra time. Fortis' gang ambushes them intending to collect the reward for their capture, but Will kills Fortis and his gang. Will and Sylvia then decide to rob Weis' vault of a one-million year capsule. Leon chases them back to Dayton but fails to stop them from distributing the stolen time; Leon times out, having neglected to collect his day's salary. Will and Sylvia nearly time out themselves but survive by taking Leon's salary.


title: In Time

text: TV reports show factories in Dayton shutting down as everyone has enough time and abandons their jobs. Having seen the consequences of his obsession with the pair, Leon's colleague Jaeger orders the Timekeepers to return home. Will and Sylvia progress to larger banks, still trying to crash the system.


title: In Time

text: Before the film was titled "In Time", the names "Now" and "I'm.mortal" were used. On July 12, 2010, it was reported that Amanda Seyfried had been offered a lead role. On July 27, 2010, it was confirmed that Justin Timberlake had been offered a lead role. On August 9, 2010, Cillian Murphy was confirmed to have joined the cast.


title: In Time

text: The first photos from the set were revealed on October 28, 2010. 20th Century Fox and New Regency distributed the film, and Marc Abraham and Eric Newman's Strike Entertainment produced it.


title: In Time

text: In an interview with Kristopher Tapley of "In Contention", Roger Deakins stated that he would be shooting the film in digital, which makes this the first film to be shot in digital by the veteran cinematographer.


title: In Time

text: The Dayton scenes were filmed primarily in the Skid Row and Boyle Heights neighborhoods of Los Angeles, while the New Greenwich scenes were filmed primarily in Century City, Bel Air, and Malibu. Although the names of the ghetto-like zone and wealthy enclave reflect Dayton and Greenwich, respectively, the maps used by the Timekeepers are maps of Los Angeles.


title: In Time

text: For the retrofuturistic setting, the production's vehicle suppliers assembled a fleet of cars and trucks from used car lots and junkyards. Although an old Citroën DS 21 and Cadillac Seville feature, center stage goes to a fleet of seemingly immaculate Dodge Challengers and Lincoln Continentals. The rich drive around in the high gloss Lincolns, all of which have been smoothed, lowered and fitted with oversized disc wheels on low profile rubber. The Dodges are the Time Keeper's "cop cars". These too have been smoothed and externally customized, with grilles front and rear covering the lights, and low profile tires on disc wheels. In stark contrast to the Lincolns, paintwork is matte black. A slim police light-bar is fitted internally, behind the windshield.


title: In Time

text: The use of retrofuturism is one of many elements that the film shares with Niccol's earlier work, "Gattaca"; Niccol himself referred to it as "the bastard child of "Gattaca"". That film also features electrically powered vintage cars (notably a Rover P6 and again, a Citroën DS), as well as buildings of indeterminate age. "Gattaca" also deals with innate inequalities (though in its case genetic, rather than longevity) and also features a character seeking to cross the divide that his birthright is supposed to deny him. Similarly, he is pursued by law enforcement officers after being wrongly identified as having committed a murder.


title: In Time

text: The series "Tales of Tomorrow" in 1952 included an episode, "Time to Go" (episode 29), in which aliens from another galaxy, who have learned how to use time as a currency, set up a "time bank" on Earth. The aliens solicit Earthling customers to bank some of their time in the bank in order to earn interest in the form of extended life. However, the aliens use a loophole in the contract with their customers to take all of their time, thus leaving the Earthlings dead. In Harlan Ellison's 1965 short story "Repent, Harlequin!' Said the Ticktockman", the crime of being late is punished by a proportionate amount of time being "revoked" from one's life. The ultimate consequence is to run out of time and be "turned off". This is done by the Master Timekeeper, or "Ticktockman".


title: In Time

text: Many of the elements of "In Time" can be found in the 1987 short film "The Price of Life", made by Chanticleer Films. Its basic premise and storyline are so similar that "In Time" has been called an unacknowledged remake of the earlier film. "The Price of Life" was a 38-minute short film (story by Stephen Tolkin and Michel Monteaux) in which a time account is physically linked to every infant at birth, with death automatic when the balance drops to zero. An elite upper-class is portrayed as living hundreds of years or more. The protagonist is given a certain amount of time as an infant, and as a young boy adds days and years to his time account by buying valuables from people and selling them to visiting tourists from the rich enclave. After his sister dies after gambling away her time, the protagonist (now a young man) sets out on a journey to the enclave of "the Old Ones" in order to save the life of his mother, who is (literally) running out of time. He gets there and meets a beautiful older woman who co-opts him into the immortal lifestyle.


title: In Time

text: The novel and movie "Logan's Run" (1976) depict a world where everyone is destroyed when they reach the age of 30 in the film or 21 in the book. The antagonists are Sandmen who hunt Runners trying to avoid destruction.


title: In Time

text: David Firth's 2008 "A Short Cartoon About Time" also has the same concept of selling time for monetary gain.


title: In Time

text: On September 15, 2011, a lawsuit was filed against the film by attorneys acting on behalf of Harlan Ellison, author of "Repent, Harlequin!' Said the Ticktockman". The suit, naming New Regency, director Andrew Niccol and a number of anonymous John Does, appears to base its claim on the similarity that both the completed film and Ellison's story concern a dystopian future in which people have a set amount of time to live which can be revoked, given certain pertaining circumstances by a recognized authority known as a Timekeeper. Initially, the suit demanded an injunction against the film's release; however, Ellison later altered his suit to instead ask for screen credit before ultimately dropping the suit, with both sides releasing the following joint statement: "After seeing the film "In Time", Harlan Ellison decided to voluntarily dismiss the Action. No payment or screen credit was promised or given to Harlan Ellison. The parties wish each other well, and have no further comment on the matter."


title: In Time

text: "In Time" received mixed reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 37% of 174 critics gave the film a positive review, with an average rating of 5.30/10. The website's consensus reads, ""In Time"s intriguing premise and appealing cast are easily overpowered by the blunt, heavy-handed storytelling." Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, gives the film a score of 53 based on 36 reviews. CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was a "B-minus" on an A+ to F scale. Roger Ebert gave the film a positive review with 3 stars out of 4, noting that the "premise is damnably intriguing", but "a great deal of this film has been assembled from standard elements". Henry Barnes noted that Will is "one of the 99%" and calls the character "a Rolex Robin Hood".


title: In Time

text: "In Time" grossed $12 million on its opening weekend, debuting at number three behind "Puss in Boots", and "Paranormal Activity 3". The film declined later on during its 14 weekend box office run. The film eventually grossed over $37.5 million in the US and $136.4 million internationally for a worldwide total of $173.9 million.


title: Jean Reno

text: Jean Reno () (born 30 July 1948), is a French actor. He has worked in American, French, English, Japanese, Spanish and Italian movie productions; Reno appeared in films such as "Crimson Rivers", "Godzilla", "The Da Vinci Code", "", "The Pink Panther", "Ronin", "Les Visiteurs", "Wasabi", "The Big Blue", "Hector and the Search for Happiness" and "".


title: Jean Reno

text: Reno was born Juan Moreno y Herrera-Jiménez, on 30 July 1948 in Casablanca, Morocco. His parents were Spanish, natives of Sanlúcar de Barrameda and Jerez de la Frontera in Andalucia. They had moved to North Africa to find work and escape Francoist Spain.


title: Jean Reno

text: He has a younger sister named María Teresa ("Maite"); the children were raised Catholic. Their father was a linotypist. Their mother died when he was a teenager. He learned Spanish from his parents, and Arabic and French growing up in Morocco.


title: Jean Reno

text: When he moved to France, he served in the French Army, which was mandatory after his family gained French citizenship.


title: Jean Reno

text: After he started to get acting jobs in France, Juan adopted the French version of his name, Jean, and shortened his surname to Reno. Due to his large frame (), Reno was called on to play "heavies" in his early career. He later appeared in romantic comedies and action films. He began his film career in France, appearing in many films by director Luc Besson, including his early "Le Dernier Combat" (1983). The two have continued to work together, collaborating in films produced, written, or directed by Besson. Of their joint work, those that have achieved the most critical and commercial success include: "La Femme Nikita" (1990), and the English-language films "The Big Blue" (1988) and "" (1994). Reno did the voice-over for Mufasa in the French-language version of "The Lion King", a role originally performed in English by James Earl Jones. Reno has starred in such high-profile American films as "French Kiss" (1995) with Meg Ryan and Kevin Kline, "" (1996) with Tom Cruise, "Ronin" (1998) with Robert De Niro, and "Godzilla" (1998) with Matthew Broderick. Reno turned down the role of Agent Smith in "The Matrix". He also acted in French productions: "Les Visiteurs" (1993) (which was remade in English as "Just Visiting" in 2001); "The Crimson Rivers" (2000), and "Jet Lag" ("Décalage Horaire") by Danièle Thompson (2002), which was also a box-office success in France.


title: Jean Reno

text: In 2006, Reno had a prominent role in "The Pink Panther" 2006 remake and its sequel "The Pink Panther 2", playing Gilbert Ponton, opposite Steve Martin as Inspector Clouseau. He portrayed Captain Bezu Fache in the Ron Howard film "The Da Vinci Code". Among his most successful films are "Les Visiteurs" and "L'Enquète corse".


title: Jean Reno

text: In other media, Reno was involved in the production of the third installment in the popular Capcom series "Onimusha" (""), lending his likeness to the protagonist Jacques Blanc, as well as providing the voice for the character's French dialogue. In advertising work, Reno has appeared in American television commercials for UPS and portrayed Doraemon in a series of Toyota ads in Japan, as part of the "ReBorn" campaign. He also starred as "Jo" in the 2013 English-language TV series "Jo".


title: Jean Reno

text: Reno married Geneviève in 1977. After his first divorce in 1988, Reno married his second wife, Nathalie Dyszkiewicz, a Polish model, in 1995. They divorced in 2001.


title: Jean Reno

text: On 29 July 2006, Reno married for the third time, to a British model and actress of Polish descent, Zofia Borucka, at the Les Baux-de-Provence city hall. The presidential candidate Nicolas Sarkozy served as his best man (Reno endorsed Sarkozy for the 2007 French presidential election). Reno maintains three homes in Paris, Malaysia, and Los Angeles.


title: Sabaton (band)

text: Sabaton is a Swedish heavy metal band from Falun, Sweden. The vast majority of their albums are written about historical events, mainly wars and significant battles. Sabaton has been referred to as one of the "big four" power metal bands, along with Helloween, Blind Guardian and DragonForce. They are one of the most successful metal bands in Swedish history, with their album "Carolus Rex" being the best-selling Swedish heavy metal album of all time.


title: Sabaton (band)

text: Sabaton was formed in December 1999. After the first songs were recorded in Peter Tägtgren's studio, The Abyss, Sabaton was contacted by a couple of record labels. The band signed with the Italian label Underground Symphony, which then released, internationally, the promo CD "Fist for Fight". The disc, distilled from two demo tapes recorded between 1999 and 2000, was intended to promote forthcoming Sabaton releases. In 2002, a new album, "Metalizer" was recorded and was supposed to be distributed by Underground Symphony as the band's debut album. After two years of waiting, during which the band held various performances across Sweden, the album was abandoned.


title: Sabaton (band)

text: The band returned for a second album titled "Primo Victoria". Brodén stated that the album's title track "kicked off" the band's historical theme. Sundström stated that the band decided to focus primarily on historical themes in their lyrics after he and Brodén watched the film "Saving Private Ryan". Sabaton signed with Black Lodge, the metal division of the Sound Pollution record label. In early 2005, keyboardist Daniel Myhr was recruited in order to relieve Joakim Brodén of his keyboard duties. In early 2006, Sabaton toured in support of Edguy and DragonForce. The band's third album, "Attero Dominatus", was released in Europe on 28 July 2006. In March 2007, Sabaton released "Metalizer" as a double disc together with "Fist for Fight", along with the previously unreleased song "Birds of War".


title: Sabaton (band)

text: As a follow-up to "Metalizer", in May 2008, Sabaton released its fourth album "The Art of War", an album inspired by the influential book by Sun Tzu. The decision to base the album upon Sun Tzu's book came from the idea that in the 2000 years since the book was written, the human race has achieved many things, but, apart from weapon advancements, operational art, and strategy, war itself has remained basically the same. The album contains the singles "Cliffs of Gallipoli" and "Ghost Division". They toured Europe in 2009 as an opening act on the HammerFall Tour. After their Bloodstock performance, the band again went on tour with DragonForce, towards the end of 2009, for eighteen shows in the UK.


title: Sabaton (band)

text: The band had hoped to begin recording the next album in October but with concerts booked and the DragonForce support tour the following month, it was pushed back. On 23 December 2009, the band announced the name of their forthcoming album. "Coat of Arms" contains a majority of songs about World War II including the Winter War. They announced it on their official website, and posted a link to a YouTube video containing the album art and a teaser music sample. "Coat of Arms" was released on 21 May 2010. The first music video, for "Uprising", was released on 1 August 2010 and features Peter Stormare. This was accompanied by a European tour. A second music video, for "Screaming Eagles", was released on 25 May.


title: Sabaton (band)

text: In 2012, two-thirds of Sabaton's lineup left the band. On 31 March vocalist Joakim Brodén confirmed rumors that the band would be going separate ways, with only Brodén himself and bass player Pär Sundström staying on board. Sabaton was joined by new members Chris Rörland and Thobbe Englund on guitar, and Robban Bäck on drums. Former Sabaton guitarists Oskar Montelius and Rikard Sundén, drummer Daniel Mullback and keyboardist Daniel Myhr went on, together with vocalist Nils Patrik Johansson and bassist Stefan Eriksson, to form a new band, Civil War. In November 2012, drummer Robban Bäck decided to take a break from touring due to becoming a father. Snowy Shaw replaced him as touring drummer, who in turn was replaced by Hannes Van Dahl in November 2013. Prior to replacing Shaw, Van Dahl had worked as Shaw's drum technician while drumming for the band Evergrey.


title: Sabaton (band)

text: In January 2014, the band announced the cover of their new album called "Heroes", then due to be released on 16 May 2014. The album proved to be a hit and made #1 on the official Swedish album chart. On 27 January the band was announced to play Download Festival in June. In October 2015 performed their first concert in Japan in Loud Park.


title: Sabaton (band)

text: In December 2015, five songs by the band were added to the third external music pack for the strategy game "Europa Universalis IV" by Paradox Interactive.


title: Sabaton (band)

text: On 6 June 2016, the 72nd anniversary of D-Day, they released a music pack for the Paradox game "Hearts of Iron IV" with songs based on World War II, the theme of the game. They released a second on 26 January 2017.


title: Sabaton (band)

text: Their eighth album "The Last Stand", was released on 19 August 2016, announced in April. On 10 June 2016 the first single of the album was released, called "The Lost Battalion" and about the eponymous military unit of World War I. On 25 July 2016, the band announced that guitarist Thobbe Englund had left the band. Thobbe Englund played his last show with Sabaton at Sabaton Open Air 2016.


title: Sabaton (band)

text: Tommy Johansson of Majestica was announced immediately as the new member after Englund's final show with the band.


title: Sabaton (band)

text: Pär Sundström stated in a 2017 interview that the group would be touring less in 2018 so they could concentrate on writing and recording their next album. Joakim Brodén confirmed a 2019 release date for the still-untitled album in a September 2018 interview on MAD TV's show "TV War". On 31 December 2018, it was further confirmed in an official announcement YouTube video.


title: Sabaton (band)

text: On 8 January 2019, the band announced the creation of a YouTube channel called "Sabaton History", a cooperation between Indy Neidell, TimeGhost History and Sabaton. The channel documents the history of the events behind Sabaton songs and the songs themselves. The channel was created on 7 February 2019.


title: Sabaton (band)

text: On 22 April 2019 Sabaton released a standalone single, "Bismarck", in a collaboration with Wargaming and their game "World of Warships". The song is about the German Battleship , one of the biggest ever built in Europe. Commissioned in August 1940, it sank in May 1941 after an intense hunt in the North Atlantic.


title: Sabaton (band)

text: On 2 April 2019, the band announced a new concept album about the First World War entitled "The Great War". On 5 May 2019, they played in Plzeň on the anniversary of the Prague uprising. The album was released on 19 July 2019. The first single on the album is 'Fields of Verdun', which was released on 3 May. On 13 June the lyric video for the song, "Red Baron", was released. On 27 June the premiere of "The Great War" was released.


title: Sabaton (band)

text: On 1 August 2019, the band performed their 20th anniversary show at Wacken Open Air festival 2019; during the gig former guitarist Thobbe Englund joined the band on stage for two songs. In the second half of the show Sabaton invited other former members to the festival's second stage - Rikard Sundén, Daniel Mÿhr, and Daniel Mullback, along with Englund. Sundén, Mÿhr, and Mullback are all members of Civil War, a similar band formed by the three along with Oskar Montelius, another former Sabaton member, as well as Nils Patrik Johansson and Stefan Erikkson, neither of whom are former Sabaton members.


title: Sabaton (band)

text: On 30 August 2019, the band was involved in a serious car accident in Tunisia while returning from a music video shoot in the Sahara Desert. Injuries from the wreck forced them to cancel a show in Gdańsk, Poland.


title: Sabaton (band)

text: On 23 December 2020, Sabaton posted a short teaser of a new song on YouTube, writing: "We bet you did not see this one coming.. Are you ready for some new Sabaton music? Wait no more! Hear now a teaser of one of our upcoming songs.." On the next day, the band announced that they would begin recording their tenth studio album "in a few days".


title: Sabaton (band)

text: They released "Livgardet", the Swedish version of a new single, on 26 February 2021, with the English version released on 9 April. The song is a tribute to the Swedish regiment Livgardet, the Royal Guard, released in relation to its 500-year anniversary as a military unit, making it one of the world's longest serving military units. The song was initially done in cooperation with the Swedish Armed Forces and Livgardet regiment, but the cooperation was halted after orders from the Swedish Army Command, citing the fact that Sabaton had played on Crimea in 2015 on a festival hosted by the Russian motorcycle gang Night Wolves.


title: Sabaton (band)

text: On 7 May 2021, a single called "Defence of Moscow", an English cover of a song in Russian by Radio Tapok, was released.


title: Sabaton (band)

text: On 10 August 2021, Sabaton posted a teaser for 14 August 2021 in morse code translating to 'The war to end all wars.' This then lead to the announcement on 14 August 2021 of their new album continuing on the subject of World War I with the title "The War to End All Wars". It was released on 4 March 2022. The first single from the album, "Christmas Truce", was released on 29 October 2021. The second single from the album, "Soldier of Heaven", was released on 7 January 2022. The third single from the album, "The Unkillable Soldier", was released on 11 February 2022.


title: Sabaton (band)

text: On 25 August 2021, the song "Steel Commanders" was released in support of new Sabaton content in the popular video game "World of Tanks". It was later elected by "Loudwire" as the 33rd best metal song of 2021.


title: Sabaton (band)

text: On 30 September 2022, the song "Father" about German scientist Fritz Haber was released as the first single from their EP "Weapons of the Modern Age", part of a planned three-part trilogy titled "Echoes of the Great War".


title: Sabaton (band)

text: The band's main lyrical themes are based on war, historical battles, and acts of heroism, influenced by bands such as Iron Maiden. Their name is a reference to a sabaton, knight's foot armor. The armor and battle theme is heard in most songs in almost every album except "Metalizer". In their albums, "The Great War" and "The War To End All Wars", which were released on 19 July 2019 and 4 March 2022, all the songs were based on World War I. Lyrical content drawn from World War I, World War II and other historical conflicts is prevalent and lyrics often recite stories of heroic deeds by men, women, and armies, such as the song "White Death", for example, which was made in honor of legendary Finnish sniper Simo Häyhä.


title: Sabaton (band)

text: Sabaton is often referred to as a power metal band by both music critics and the general public, deemed "a major force in the power metal field since the mid-2000s." However, the band has traditionally rejected the term and they consider themselves a unique form of heavy metal. Bassist Pär Sundström said in an interview: "I don't think Sabaton can only be categorized as power metal, as the two main attributes of power metal are high pitched vocals and fantasy lyrics and Sabaton have neither of those. We simply play our version of heavy metal—what heavy metal is to us. I'm sure that has impacted our reach, in addition to the fact that we don't give up after only a few tries! That, and Sabaton's music appeals to people of all ages." Joakim Brodèn has also made similar statements regarding the difference between Sabaton's low vocals and the high vocals of traditional power metal.


title: Sabaton (band)

text: In 2008, the then presiding archbishop of Gdansk Sławoj Leszek Głódź awarded Sabaton with an authentic Polish officer sabre, the background was that the band had highlighted Polish soldiers in some of their songs.


title: Infinite (film)

text: Infinite is a 2021 American science fiction action film directed by Antoine Fuqua. The screenplay, which was written by Ian Shorr, is based on a story by Todd Stein, which is itself adapted from D. Eric Maikranz's 2009 novel "The Reincarnationist Papers". The film stars Mark Wahlberg, Chiwetel Ejiofor, Sophie Cookson, Jason Mantzoukas, Rupert Friend, Toby Jones and Dylan O'Brien.


title: Infinite (film)

text: The film was digitally released on Paramount+ on June 10, 2021, following delays from its original August 2020 theatrical release due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It received negative reviews from critics who criticized the performances and screenplay, with some comparing it unfavorably with other films like "The Matrix".


title: Infinite (film)

text: In 1985 Mexico City, Heinrich Treadway tries to escape the authorities and a man, Bathurst. He and his associates, Abel and Leona speak about "the Egg", which Treadway stole from Bathurst. Treadway tells Abel that if he does not survive, the latter must remember to "look inside". He drives off a bridge, jumping from his car in mid-air and onto a crane 150 feet away. However, Treadway watches helplessly as Bathurst arrives and kills Abel and Leona.


title: Infinite (film)

text: In 2020 New York City, Evan McCauley suffers from schizophrenia. Because of past institutionalization and violent behavior, he cannot get a job. Needing meds, he forges a katana for a local gangster, even though he was never trained as a bladesmith. After the deal goes south, Evan makes his escape but is later arrested. A man at the police station introduces himself as Bathurst, and claims they have known each other for centuries.


title: Infinite (film)

text: Nora Brightman bursts into the room, and helps Evan escape. She explains that about 500 individuals, known as the Infinites, can remember all their past lives. They're divided between two groups: the Believers, including Nora, who want to make the world better. And the Nihilists, including Bathurst, who want to exterminate all life on Earth. The Nihilists have developed weapons to prevent people from being reborn, and trap their souls inside computer chips. And they developed an egg shaped weapon that will destroy all life on Earth, although Evan (Treadway's reincarnation) stole and hid the egg during his past life.


title: Infinite (film)

text: Nora (Leona's reincarnation) explains that most Infinites remember their past lives around puberty, which is why Evan was diagnosed schizophrenic. But Evan struggles to regain Treadway's memories, as a result of trauma endured from accidents earlier in life. However, another Infinite named the Artisan has a machine that restores Evan's memories.


title: Infinite (film)

text: Bathurst overhears this, gets Evan's old body, and finds the egg. But before he can detonate it, the Believers get the egg back, trap Bathurst's soul inside a computer chip, and free the souls of all their comrades whom Bathurst had trapped in computer chips, including Abel's. Although Evan and Nora die in the process.


title: Infinite (film)

text: Years later, Nora and Abel are reborn and they meet at the Beginning. Evan is reborn in Jakarta, Indonesia. Artisan, now older, visits him and offers a katana to the younger Evan, who regains his memories upon recognizing him.


title: Infinite (film)

text: D. Eric Maikranz self-published "The Reincarnationist Papers" in 2009. Due to his difficulties to find a literary agent to have his book adapted into a film, he announced a campaign in the first edition of the book, offering to his readers a commission to someone who successfully pitched a film adaptation of his book to a Hollywood producer. By eighteen months, he received an email from Rafi Crohn, a junior executive at a Hollywood production company who found his book in a Nepalese hostel. (Maikranz paid the commission to Crohn in December 2019.)


title: Infinite (film)

text: In March 2017, "Deadline" reported that Paramount Pictures had bought the rights to Shorr and Stein's adaptation, which was described as "Wanted" meets "The Matrix", with Mark Vahradian and Lorenzo di Bonaventura along with John Zaozirny and Crohn set to produce the film. The same "Deadline" article mistakenly called Shorr and Stein's screenplay as a spec script and Maikranz's book as "unpublished". By November 2018, Paramount began talks with Antoine Fuqua to direct the film. It was announced in February 2019 that Chris Evans had entered negotiations to star in the film, with Fuqua officially confirmed as director. That same month, John Lee Hancock was reported to have provided rewrites on Shorr's script. In June, Evans dropped out of the project due to scheduling issues with "Defending Jacob", with Mark Wahlberg entering negotiations to replace him. Wahlberg was confirmed in August, with Sophie Cookson and Dylan O'Brien added to the cast. In September, Chiwetel Ejiofor, Jóhannes Haukur Jóhannesson, Rupert Friend and Jason Mantzoukas were cast. Tom Hughes was cast in October.


title: Infinite (film)

text: Filming began in September 2019. Scenes were shot in central Cardiff, Farnborough Airport and an indoor ski facility, The Snow Centre, during a week long shutdown to the public. Filming was also done at ex-Rothschild stately home, Mentmore Towers in Buckinghamshire, in London, Mexico City, Guanajuato, Nepal, New York City, Scotland, Cambodia and the Alps.


title: Infinite (film)

text: Harry Gregson-Williams, who worked with director Antoine Fuqua on his previous films, composed the film score. Paramount Music & La-La Land Records has released the soundtrack.


title: Infinite (film)

text: "Infinite" was originally scheduled for a theatrical release on August 7, 2020, but was delayed to May 28, 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was delayed again to September 24, 2021, when "A Quiet Place Part II" was moved to the May slot. On May 6, 2021, Paramount cancelled "Infinite"s theatrical release, and instead digitally released it via Paramount+ on June 10, 2021. In countries where Paramount+ isn't available as a streaming service, the film was released through ViacomCBS-owned SVOD services Paramount Play and Paramount+ on August 23, 2021. The film was released on Blu-ray and DVD on May 17, 2022, by Paramount Home Entertainment, mostly for customers who are not subscribers to Paramount+.


title: Infinite (film)

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, of critics' reviews of the film are positive, with an average rating of . The site's critics consensus reads, "An initially intriguing sci-fi thriller that quickly veers into incoherence, "Infinite" is as inane as it is inconsequential." According to Metacritic, which assigned a weighted average score of 28 out of 100 based on 27 critics, the film received "generally unfavorable reviews."


title: Infinite (film)

text: Ty Burr of "The Boston Globe" gave the film 1.5/4 stars and wrote: "Heading straight to streaming platform Paramount+ without the embarrassment of appearing in theaters first, the movie is both blissfully incoherent and weirdly generic, as if it had been assembled from the spare parts of other movies and glued together with stuntwork." From "The Hollywood Reporter", David Rooney said: ""Infinite" is a soulless grind. Juiced up with a succession of CG-enhanced accelerated chases and fight action interspersed with numbing bursts of high-concept geek speak, Antoine Fuqua's sci-fi thriller isn't helped by a lead performance from Mark Wahlberg at his most inexpressive."


title: Infinite (film)

text: In his review for "Variety", Peter Debruge called the film ""Matrix"-meets-"The Old Guard" wannabe" and wrote: "The more you start to nitpick this movie, the more innumerable its plot holes appear, until the whole thing collapses in on itself." Justin Chang of the "Los Angeles Times" said: "The script doesn't reincarnate so much as it recycles, drawing freely on the nested realities of "Inception", the free-your-mind metaphysics of "The Matrix" and the amnesiac-assassin revelations of the Jason Bourne movies. Maybe watch one of those tonight instead." Robert Daniels of "RogerEbert.com" gave the film 0.5/4 stars, saying that "rather than crafting a high-concept science-fiction marvel, Fuqua's "Infinite" relies on shoddy VFX and ropey world-building for the worst film of his career."


title: Robert Downey Sr.

text: Robert John Downey ( Elias Jr.; June 24, 1936 – July 7, 2021) was an American filmmaker and actor. He was known for writing and directing the underground film "Putney Swope", a satire on the New York Madison Avenue advertising world. According to film scholar Wheeler Winston Dixon, Downey's films during the 1960s were "strictly take-no-prisoners affairs, with minimal budgets and outrageous satire, effectively pushing forward the countercultural agenda of the day."


title: Robert Downey Sr.

text: Downey was born Robert John Elias Jr. in the Manhattan borough of New York City, on June 24, 1936. He was the son of Elizabeth ( McLauchlen), a model, and Robert John Elias, who worked in management of motels and restaurants. His paternal grandparents were Lithuanian Jews, while his mother was of half Hungarian Jewish and half Irish ancestry. He grew up in Rockville Centre, New York. He changed his surname to Downey (after his stepfather, James Downey) when he wanted to enlist in the United States Army while being underage. Downey later said he wrote an unpublished novel during his time in the army, though he spent much of his military career "in the stockade".


title: Robert Downey Sr.

text: Downey initially made his mark creating very low-budget independent films aligning with the Absurdist movement, in line with counterculture, anti-establishment, 1960s America. His work in the late 1960s and 1970s was quintessential anti-establishment, reflecting the nonconformity popularized by larger counterculture movements and given impetus by new freedoms in films, such as the breakdown of codes on censorship. In keeping with the underground tradition, his 1970s films were independently made on shoestring budgets and were relatively obscure in the Absurdist movement, finding cult notoriety.


title: Robert Downey Sr.

text: In 1961, working with film editor Fred von Bernewitz, Downey began writing and directing low-budget 16mm films that gained an underground following, beginning with "Ball's Bluff" (1961), a fantasy short about a Civil War soldier who awakens in Central Park in 1961. He moved into big-budget filmmaking with the surrealistic "Greaser's Palace" (1972). His last film was "Rittenhouse Square" (2005), a documentary capturing life in a Philadelphia park.


title: Robert Downey Sr.

text: Downey's films were often family affairs. His first wife appears in four of his films ("Chafed Elbows", "Pound", "Greaser's Palace", "Moment to Moment"), as well as co-writing one ("Moment to Moment"). Daughter Allyson and son Robert Downey Jr. each made their film debuts in the 1970 absurdist comedy "Pound" at the ages of 7 and 5, respectively; Allyson would appear in one more film by her father, "Up the Academy". Robert Jr.'s lengthy acting résumé includes appearances in eight films directed by his father ("Pound", "Greaser's Palace", "Moment to Moment", "Up the Academy", "America", "Rented Lips", "Too Much Sun", "Hugo Pool"), as well as two acting appearances in movies where his father was also an actor ("Johnny Be Good", "Hail Caesar").


title: Robert Downey Sr.

text: Downey was married three times. His first marriage was to actress Elsie Ann Ford (1934–2014) in 1962, with whom he had two children: actress-writer Allyson (born 1963) and actor Robert Jr. (born 1965). The marriage ended in divorce in 1975. His second marriage, to actress-writer Laura Ernst, lasted until her death on January 27, 1994, from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In 1998 he married his third wife, Rosemary Rogers, humorist and co-author of "Saints Preserve Us!" and other books. They lived in New York City. Downey died of complications from Parkinson's disease in his sleep at his home in Manhattan, on July 7, 2021, thirteen days after his 85th birthday.


title: Robert Downey Sr.

text: The Criterion Collection released five of his films (the National Film Registry inductee "Putney Swope", "Babo 73", "Chafed Elbows", "No More Excuses" and "Taos Tonight") as part of the Eclipse Series.


title: Robert Downey Sr.

text: A 2022 documentary film simply called ""Sr."" was made by Chris Smith of "American Movie" fame and was produced by his son. It won the National Board of Review Award for Best Documentary Feature.


title: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift

text: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift is a 2006 action film directed by Justin Lin and written by Chris Morgan. It is the standalone sequel to "The Fast and the Furious" (2001) and "2 Fast 2 Furious" (2003) and is the third (chronologically sixth) installment in the "Fast & Furious" franchise. The film stars Lucas Black and Bow Wow and follows high school car enthusiast Sean Boswell (Black) who is sent to live in Tokyo with his estranged father and finds solace exploring the city's drifting community.


title: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift

text: A third "Fast & Furious" film was confirmed in June 2005, when Lin was selected as director. Morgan was hired after an open call soon after, thus marking the first film in the franchise's longtime association with Lin, Morgan, actor Sung Kang, and composer Brian Tyler. Unable to secure the returns of any of the original cast, development instead increased focus on car culture and street racing. Principal photography began in August 2005 and lasted until that November, with filming locations including Los Angeles and Tokyo, making "Tokyo Drift" the first film in the franchise to feature an international filming location.


title: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift

text: "The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift" was released in the United States on June 16, 2006. The film received mixed reviews with praise for its driving sequences, but criticism for its screenplay and acting performances. "Tokyo Drift" grossed $159 million worldwide, making it the lowest-grossing film in the franchise. Within the series' continuity, the film is set between "Fast & Furious 6 " and "Furious 7".


title: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift

text: Troubled high school student Sean Boswell and athlete Clay race their cars, a 1970 Chevrolet Monte Carlo, and a 2003 Dodge Viper. Sean cuts through a structure and catches up to Clay. Desperate to win, Clay hits Sean's car repeatedly until they reach a high-speed turn, which causes both cars to crash; Clay's Viper hits a cement pipe, and Sean's Monte Carlo rolls. Clay's wealthy family helps him escape punishment, but because Sean is a repeat offender, to avoid jail he is sent to live in Japan with his father, a U.S. Navy officer stationed in Tokyo.


title: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift

text: In Tokyo, Sean befriends Twinkie, a military brat who introduces him to the world of drift racing. After driving to an underground car show in Twinkie's 2005 Hulk-themed Volkswagen Touran, Sean has a confrontation with Takashi—the Drift King (DK) who drives a 2003 Nissan 350Z—over Sean talking to Takashi's girlfriend, Neela. Though barred from driving, Sean decides to race against Takashi, who has ties to the Yakuza, in a 1999 Nissan Silvia S15 Spec-S loaned by a racer named Han, but loses his first race with Takashi due to his unfamiliarity with drifting.


title: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift

text: To repay his debt for the car he destroyed, Sean agrees to work for Han, who drives a 1994 Veilside Fortune Mazda RX-7. They become friends, and Han offers to teach Sean how to drift, explaining that he is helping Sean as he is the only person willing to stand up to Takashi. Sean soon masters drifting by practicing in a 2006 Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution IX, gaining respect after defeating DK's right-hand man, Morimoto. Sean soon asks Neela out on a date, and learns that after her mother died, she moved in with Takashi's grandmother, which resulted in their relationship. An enraged Takashi beats Sean up the next day, telling him to stay away from Neela; Neela subsequently leaves Takashi and moves in with Sean and Han.


title: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift

text: Takashi's uncle Kamata, the head of the Yakuza, reprimands Takashi for allowing Han to steal from him. Takashi and Morimoto confront Han, Sean, and Neela about the thefts. Twinkie causes a distraction, allowing Han, Sean, and Neela to flee, who are then pursued by Takashi and Morimoto. During the chase, Morimoto crashes, leaving Takashi to pursue the trio on his own. Han allows Sean to overtake him to hold Takashi off, but the chase ends when Sean and Neela crash. Meanwhile, moments after escaping, Han's car is broadsided and the car explodes before Sean has a chance to save Han.


title: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift

text: Takashi, Sean, and his father become involved in an armed standoff which is resolved by Neela agreeing to leave with Takashi. Sean's father prepares to send him back but Sean pleads him to let him fix his own mess. His father agrees and they make amends. Twinkie gives his money to Sean to replace the money Han stole from Takashi, which Sean then returns to Kamata. Sean proposes a race against Takashi, with the loser having to leave Tokyo. Kamata agrees to the challenge, on the condition that the race take place on the mountain which Takashi himself has been the only person to descend successfully. Sean and Han's crew restore a 1967 Ford Mustang Fastback that Sean's father was working on to drift specification, using several components of the previously wrecked Silvia, including the engine.


title: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift

text: That night, on the mountain, crowds gather to see the race; Takashi takes the lead initially, but Sean's training allows him to catch up. Takashi repeatedly rams Sean's car, eventually misses, and drives off the mountain while Sean crosses the finish line, with Takashi's car almost falling on him in the process. Kamata keeps his word, and lets Sean remain in Tokyo; Sean is dubbed the new Drift King. Later, Neela, Twinkie, and Sean, now driving a 2001 Nissan Silvia S15 Spec R, are enjoying themselves at another car show. Dominic Toretto shows up to challenge Sean in a 1970 Plymouth Road Runner, and Sean accepts after Dom proclaims himself as Han's family.


title: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift

text: Writer Chris Morgan was a fan of the series, and the producers had an open writing call for the third film. Morgan originally pitched Dominic Toretto in Tokyo, learning to drift and solving a murder.


title: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift

text: Neal H. Moritz, who had produced the two previous installments, began working on the film in 2005. On June 8, 2005, Moritz hired Justin Lin to direct "The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift". Lin, who wasn't intimately familiar with drifting when he was approached to helm the project, recalled: "I was in film school when "The Fast and the Furious" came out, and I saw it along with a sold-out crowd who just ate it up. What really excited me about directing this film was the chance to harness that energy—create a whole new chapter and up the ante by bringing something new to the table for the audience who loves action and speed." Lin was not enthusiastic at first and was unimpressed by earlier drafts of the script, saying "I think it's offensive and dated, and I don't have any intention of doing it." The producers allowed him to develop the film in his own way, although it was a constant challenge and he was always battling the studio to make the film better, he said "to their credit, they were very fair and reasonable."


title: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift

text: It was impossible to get the necessary filming permits in Tokyo, so they went ahead without permission. "I wanted to shoot in Shibuya, which is the most crowded place in Tokyo. The cops, they're all so polite, so it takes ten minutes for them to come over and kick you out." Unknown to Lin the studio had hired a fall guy, who stepped in when the police came to arrest him, and said he was the director and spent the night in jail instead.


title: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift

text: Following respectable test screenings of "The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift", Universal still felt it needed a star cameo; Vin Diesel agreed to reprise his role as Dominic Toretto for a brief cameo, in exchange for Universal's ownership to rights of the "Riddick" series and character, in lieu of financial payment.


title: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift

text: Races and stunts were coordinated by second unit director Terry Leonard, the film used almost 250 vehicles, cutting up 25 and destroying more than 80.


title: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift

text: The Nissan Silvia which Sean trashes in his first race in Japan is depicted as having an RB26DETT engine swap which itself is donated to the Ford Mustang. However, the car in the movie was actually powered by the Silvia's original engine. The Veilside body-kitted Mazda RX-7, (dubbed "Fortune"), driven by Han was originally built by Veilside for the 2005 Tokyo Auto Salon, but was later bought by Universal and repainted from dark red, to orange and black, for use in the movie. The car in which Dominic appears in at the end of the film is a highly customized 1970 Plymouth Road Runner, which was built for the SEMA Show.


title: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift

text: SCC magazine tested the cars of the film, and noted that the cars in "Tokyo Drift" were slightly faster in an acceleration match up with the cars from "2 Fast 2 Furious".


title: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift

text: Notable drifting personalities Keiichi Tsuchiya, Rhys Millen, and Samuel Hübinette were consulted and employed by the movie to provide and execute the drifting and driving stunts in the film. Nobushige Kumakubo, Kazuhiro Tanaka, Tanner Foust, Rich Rutherford, Calvin Wan and Alex Pfeiffer were also brought in as none of Universal's own stunt drivers could drift. Some racing events were filmed within the Hawthorne Mall parking lot in Los Angeles, as filming in Tokyo required permits the studio was unable to obtain. They instead used street lights and multiple props to help recreate Tokyo.


title: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift

text: Toshi Hayama was also brought in to keep elements of the film portrayed correctly, who was contacted by Roger Fan, an old high school friend who starred in Lin's "Better Luck Tomorrow". Hayama ensured certain references were deployed correctly, such as the use of nitrous oxide in straights but not in turns, and keeping the use of references to sponsors to a minimum. One of Kamata's henchmen has missing fingers, a punishment typically deployed by the Yakuza. He had to have the missing fingers digitally added in to appease cultural concerns.


title: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift

text: "Original Motion Picture Soundtrack", composed of 12 songs, was released on June 20, 2006 through Universal Motown. It features contributions from Don Omar, Teriyaki Boyz, Atari Teenage Riot, Brian Tyler, DJ Shadow, Dragon Ash, Evil Nine, Far East Movement, Mos Def, N⋆E⋆R⋆D, Tego Calderón and The 5.6.7.8's. Brian Tyler's "Original Score" was released on June 27 via Varèse Sarabande, a week after "Original Motion Picture Soundtrack".


title: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift

text: "Tokyo Drift" brought in over $23 million on its opening weekend, placing at #3 behind "Cars" ($33.7 million) and "Nacho Libre" ($28.3 million). The film itself was in limited release in Japan (released under the name "Wild Speed 3"). The US box office was $62,514,415, and it grossed another $96,450,195 internationally, resulting in total receipts of $158,964,610. According to opening weekend polling by Universal the audience was 58% male and 60% under 25.


title: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift

text: "The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift" gained a 38% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on reviews from 138 critics; the average rating is 5.00/10. The site's consensus reads: "Eye-popping driving sequences coupled with a limp story and flat performances make this "Drift" a disappointing follow-up to previous "Fast and Furious" installments." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 46 out of 100 based on reviews from 31 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade A− on scale of A to F.


title: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" praised the film, giving it three out of four stars, saying that director Justin Lin "takes an established franchise and makes it surprisingly fresh and intriguing," adding that "Tokyo Drift" is "more observant than we expect" and that "the story [is] about something more than fast cars". Michael Sragow of "The Baltimore Sun" felt that "the opening half-hour may prove to be a disreputable classic of pedal-to-the-metal filmmaking" and "the last downhill race is a doozy." Kirk Honeycutt of "The Hollywood Reporter" said that "it's not much of a movie, but a hell of a ride". Todd McCarthy of "Variety" gave the film a positive review and praised the "good, old-fashioned genre filmmaking done in a no-nonsense, unpretentious style", adding it "stays in high gear most of the way with several exhilarating racing sequences, and benefits greatly from the evocative Japanese setting." McCarthy particularly praised the work of stunt coordinator Terry J. Leonard.


title: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift

text: Michael Medved gave "Tokyo Drift" one and a half stars out of four, saying: "There's no discernible plot, or emotion, or humor, but the final race is well-staged and nicely shot. ... The main achievement of this vapid time-waster involves its promotion of new appreciation for the first two movies in the series." James Berardinelli wrote: "When it comes to eye candy, the film is on solid ground—it offers plenty of babes and cars (with the latter being more lovingly photographed than the former). However, it is unacceptable that the movie's action scenes (races and chases) are boring and incoherent. If the movie can't deliver on its most important asset, what's the point?" Richard Roeper strongly criticized the film, saying, "The whole thing is preposterous. The acting is so awful, some of the worst performances I've seen in a long, long time." Ethan Alter of "Premiere" magazine was particularly critical of Black's character: "during the course of this movie, Sean makes so many dumb decisions it's a wonder that anyone wants to be associated with him." Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" said that "Tokyo Drift" "suffers from blurred vision, motor drag and a plot that's running on fumes. Look out for a star cameo—it's the only surprise you'll get from this heap." Mick LaSalle of the "San Francisco Chronicle" thought "It quickly tanks, thanks to a lead character with no goals, focus, appeal or intelligence and a lead actor who's just a little too convincing at playing a dunce", adding: "As for the racing scenes, who cares about the finesse move of drifting, compared to going fast? And who wants to watch guys race in a parking lot?" Matt Singer of Village Voice called it "a subculture in search of a compelling story line, and Black's leaden performance makes you pine for the days of Paul Walker."


title: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift

text: Rob Cohen, who directed the first film of the series, was very critical of this film, saying: "If you were to just watch "Tokyo Drift", you'd say 'I never want to see anything related to "Fast & Furious" again.'"


title: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift

text: In critics' rankings of the series, "Tokyo Drift" had in the past often appeared on the bottom of the list. However, over time it has been seen more favorably, and was ranked second best by "IndieWire", "The Washington Post", "TheWrap", "Screen Rant" and "Collider". "Esquire" magazine and "BuzzFeed News" ranked it the best of the series. It has become a favorite with car enthusiasts, seen as the one movie most specifically dealing with car culture and focusing on actual cars. Critics and fans have come to appreciate "Tokyo Drift" for introducing Sung Kang and Justin Lin to the franchise, and enjoyed the simple story, stylish direction, and that the film never takes itself too seriously. As the film series became more elaborate and incorporated less realistic storylines including heists and spying, the relative simplicity of "Tokyo Drift" has become more appreciated by critics. "Tokyo Drift" has been described as "the movie that kept the series alive" since "Vin Diesel abandoned his other projects, and came back — with Lin at the helm". In a 2020 interview, Christopher Nolan said that although the first film was his favorite, he had a "soft spot" for "Tokyo Drift".


title: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift

text: Initially seen as a one-off character in an almost straight-to-DVD release, Han Lue became a fan favorite due to his portrayal by Sung Kang and was brought back by director Justin Lin. Following "Tokyo Drift", Han is retroactively introduced as a member of Dominic Toretto's crew in the next trilogy of films in the franchise: "Fast & Furious" (2009), "Fast Five" (2011), and "Fast & Furious 6" (2013), each of which are set prior to "Tokyo Drift."


title: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift

text: Subsequent films have pivoted around Han's car crash scene in "Tokyo Drift": "Fast & Furious 6" foreshadowed that the crash was no accident; "Furious 7" (2015) featured a new villain, Deckard Shaw, who intercepted Han during the street race; and "F9" (2021) reveals how and why Han's death was staged. Kang, Black, Wow and Tobin return in "F9".


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: Ella Jane Fitzgerald (April 25, 1917June 15, 1996) was an American jazz singer, sometimes referred to as the "First Lady of Song", "Queen of Jazz", and "Lady Ella". She was noted for her purity of tone, impeccable diction, phrasing, timing, intonation, and a "horn-like" improvisational ability, particularly in her scat singing.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: After a tumultuous adolescence, Fitzgerald found stability in musical success with the Chick Webb Orchestra, performing across the country but most often associated with the Savoy Ballroom in Harlem. Her rendition of the nursery rhyme "A-Tisket, A-Tasket" helped boost both her and Webb to national fame. After taking over the band when Webb died, Fitzgerald left it behind in 1942 to start her solo career. Her manager was Moe Gale, co-founder of the Savoy, until she turned the rest of her career over to Norman Granz, who founded Verve Records to produce new records by Fitzgerald. With Verve she recorded some of her more widely noted works, particularly her interpretations of the Great American Songbook.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: While Fitzgerald appeared in films and as a guest on popular television shows in the second half of the twentieth century, her musical collaborations with Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, and The Ink Spots were some of her most notable acts outside of her solo career. These partnerships produced some of her best-known songs such as "Dream a Little Dream of Me", "Cheek to Cheek", "Into Each Life Some Rain Must Fall", and "It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)". In 1993, after a career of nearly sixty years, she gave her last public performance. Three years later, she died at age 79 after years of declining health. Her accolades included 14 Grammy Awards, the National Medal of Arts, the NAACP's inaugural President's Award, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: Fitzgerald was born on April 25, 1917, in Newport News, Virginia. She was the daughter of William Fitzgerald and Temperance "Tempie" Henry, both described as "mulatto" in the 1920 census. Her parents were unmarried but lived together in the East End section of Newport News for at least two and a half years after she was born. In the early 1920s, Fitzgerald's mother and her new partner, a Portuguese immigrant named Joseph da Silva, moved to Yonkers, in Westchester County, New York. Her half-sister, Frances da Silva, whom she stayed close to for all of her life, was born in 1923. By 1925, Fitzgerald and her family had moved to nearby School Street, a poor Italian area. She began her formal education at the age of six and was an outstanding student, moving through a variety of schools before attending Benjamin Franklin Junior High School in 1929.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: Starting in third grade, Fitzgerald loved dancing and admired Earl Snakehips Tucker. She performed for her peers on the way to school and at lunchtime. She and her family were Methodists and were active in the Bethany African Methodist Episcopal Church, where she attended worship services, Bible study, and Sunday school. The church provided Fitzgerald with her earliest experiences in music.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: Fitzgerald listened to jazz recordings by Louis Armstrong, Bing Crosby, and The Boswell Sisters. She loved the Boswell Sisters' lead singer Connee Boswell, later saying, "My mother brought home one of her records, and I fell in love with it...I tried so hard to sound just like her."


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: In 1932, when Fitzgerald was 15 years old, her mother died from injuries sustained in a car accident. Her stepfather took care of her until April 1933 when she moved to Harlem to live with her aunt. This seemingly swift change in her circumstances, reinforced by what Fitzgerald biographer Stuart Nicholson describes as rumors of "ill treatment" by her stepfather, leaves him to speculate that Da Silva might have abused her.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: Fitzgerald began skipping school, and her grades suffered. She worked as a lookout at a bordello and with a Mafia-affiliated numbers runner. She never talked publicly about this time in her life. When the authorities caught up with her, she was placed in the Colored Orphan Asylum in Riverdale in the Bronx. When the orphanage proved too crowded, she was moved to the New York Training School for Girls, a state reformatory school in Hudson, New York.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: While she seems to have survived during 1933 and 1934 in part by singing on the streets of Harlem, Fitzgerald made her most important debut at the age of 17 on November 21, 1934, in one of the earliest Amateur Nights at the Apollo Theater. She had intended to go on stage and dance, but she was intimidated by a local dance duo called the Edwards Sisters and opted to sing instead. Performing in the style of Connee Boswell, she sang "Judy" and "The Object of My Affection" and won first prize. She won the chance to perform at the Apollo for a week but, seemingly because of her disheveled appearance, the theater never gave her that part of her prize.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: In January 1935, Fitzgerald won the chance to perform for a week with the Tiny Bradshaw band at the Harlem Opera House. Later that year, she was introduced to drummer and bandleader Chick Webb by Benny Carter or Buck Ram who had heard from singer Charlie Linton that Webb wanted to add a female singer. Although "reluctant to sign her...because she was gawky and unkempt, a 'diamond in the rough,'" Webb offered her the opportunity to test with his band at a dance at Yale University.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: Met with approval by both audiences and her fellow musicians, Fitzgerald was asked to join Webb's orchestra and gained acclaim as part of the group's performances at Harlem's Savoy Ballroom. Fitzgerald recorded several hit songs, including "Love and Kisses" and "(If You Can't Sing It) You'll Have to Swing It (Mr. Paganini)". But it was her 1938 version of the nursery rhyme, "A-Tisket, A-Tasket", a song she co-wrote, that brought her public acclaim. "A-Tisket, A-Tasket" became a major hit on the radio and was also one of the biggest-selling records of the decade.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: Webb died of spinal tuberculosis on June 16, 1939, and his band was renamed Ella and Her Famous Orchestra with Fitzgerald taking on the role of bandleader. She recorded nearly 150 songs with Webb's orchestra between 1935 and 1942. In addition to her work with Webb, Fitzgerald performed and recorded with the Benny Goodman Orchestra. She had her own side project, too, known as Ella Fitzgerald and Her Savoy Eight.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: In 1942, with increasing dissent and money concerns in Fitzgerald's band, Ella and Her Famous Orchestra, she started to work as lead singer with The Three Keys, and in July her band played their last concert at Earl Theatre in Philadelphia. While working for Decca Records, she had hits with Bill Kenny & the Ink Spots, Louis Jordan, and the Delta Rhythm Boys. Producer Norman Granz became her manager in the mid-1940s after she began singing for Jazz at the Philharmonic, a concert series begun by Granz.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: With the demise of the swing era and the decline of the great touring big bands, a major change in jazz music occurred. The advent of bebop led to new developments in Fitzgerald's vocal style, influenced by her work with Dizzy Gillespie's big band. It was in this period that Fitzgerald started including scat singing as a major part of her performance repertoire. While singing with Gillespie, Fitzgerald recalled: "I just tried to do [with my voice] what I heard the horns in the band doing."


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: Her 1945 scat recording of "Flying Home" arranged by Vic Schoen would later be described by "The New York Times" as "one of the most influential vocal jazz records of the decade...Where other singers, most notably Louis Armstrong, had tried similar improvisation, no one before Miss Fitzgerald employed the technique with such dazzling inventiveness." Her bebop recording of "Oh, Lady Be Good!" (1947) was similarly popular and increased her reputation as one of the leading jazz vocalists.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: Fitzgerald made her first tour of Australia in July 1954 for the Australian-based American promoter Lee Gordon. This was the first of Gordon's famous "Big Show" promotions and the "package" tour also included Buddy Rich, Artie Shaw and comedian Jerry Colonna.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: Although the tour was a big hit with audiences and set a new box office record for Australia, it was marred by an incident of racial discrimination that caused Fitzgerald to miss the first two concerts in Sydney, and Gordon had to arrange two later free concerts to compensate ticket holders. Although the four members of Fitzgerald's entourage – Fitzgerald, her pianist John Lewis, her assistant (and cousin) Georgiana Henry, and manager Norman Granz – all had first-class tickets on their scheduled Pan-American Airlines flight from Honolulu to Australia, they were ordered to leave the aircraft after they had already boarded and were refused permission to re-board the aircraft to retrieve their luggage and clothing. As a result, they were stranded in Honolulu for three days before they could get another flight to Sydney. Although a contemporary Australian press report quoted an Australian Pan-Am spokesperson who denied that the incident was racially based, Fitzgerald, Henry, Lewis and Granz filed a civil suit for racial discrimination against Pan-Am in December 1954 and in a 1970 television interview Fitzgerald confirmed that they had won the suit and received what she described as a "nice settlement".


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: Fitzgerald was still performing at Granz's Jazz at the Philharmonic (JATP) concerts by 1955. She left Decca, and Granz, now her manager, created Verve Records around her. She later described the period as strategically crucial, saying, "I had gotten to the point where I was only singing be-bop. I thought be-bop was 'it', and that all I had to do was go some place and sing bop. But it finally got to the point where I had no place to sing. I realized then that there was more to music than bop. Norman ... felt that I should do other things, so he produced "Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Cole Porter Song Book" with me. It was a turning point in my life."


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: On March 15, 1955, Ella Fitzgerald opened her initial engagement at the Mocambo nightclub in Hollywood, after Marilyn Monroe lobbied the owner for the booking. The booking was instrumental in Fitzgerald's career. Bonnie Greer dramatized the incident as the musical drama, "Marilyn and Ella", in 2008. It had previously been widely reported that Fitzgerald was the first black performer to play the Mocambo, following Monroe's intervention, but this is not true. African-American singers Herb Jeffries, Eartha Kitt, and Joyce Bryant all played the Mocambo in 1952 and 1953, according to stories published at the time in "Jet" magazine and "Billboard".


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: "Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Cole Porter Song Book", released in 1956, was the first of eight Song Book sets Fitzgerald would record for Verve at irregular intervals from 1956 to 1964. The composers and lyricists spotlighted on each set, taken together, represent the greatest part of the cultural canon known as the "Great American Songbook". Her song selections ranged from standards to rarities and represented an attempt by Fitzgerald to cross over into a non-jazz audience. The sets are the most well-known items in her discography.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: "Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Duke Ellington Song Book" was the only Song Book on which the composer she interpreted played with her. Duke Ellington and his longtime collaborator Billy Strayhorn both appeared on exactly half the set's 38 tracks and wrote two new pieces of music for the album: "The E and D Blues" and a four-movement musical portrait of Fitzgerald. The Song Book series ended up becoming the singer's most critically acclaimed and commercially successful work, and probably her most significant offering to American culture. "The New York Times" wrote in 1996, "These albums were among the first pop records to devote such serious attention to individual songwriters, and they were instrumental in establishing the pop album as a vehicle for serious musical exploration."


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: Days after Fitzgerald's death, "The New York Times" columnist Frank Rich wrote that in the Song Book series Fitzgerald "performed a cultural transaction as extraordinary as Elvis' contemporaneous integration of white and African-American soul. Here was a black woman popularizing urban songs often written by immigrant Jews to a national audience of predominantly white Christians." Frank Sinatra, out of respect for Fitzgerald, prohibited Capitol Records from re-releasing his own recordings in separate albums for individual composers in the same way.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: Fitzgerald also recorded albums exclusively devoted to the songs of Porter and Gershwin in 1972 and 1983; the albums being, respectively, "Ella Loves Cole" and "Nice Work If You Can Get It". A later collection devoted to a single composer was released during her time with Pablo Records, "Ella Abraça Jobim", featuring the songs of Antônio Carlos Jobim.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: While recording the Song Books and the occasional studio album, Fitzgerald toured 40 to 45 weeks per year in the United States and internationally, under the tutelage of Norman Granz. Granz helped solidify her position as one of the leading live jazz performers. In 1961 Fitzgerald bought a house in the Klampenborg district of Copenhagen, Denmark, after she began a relationship with a Danish man. Though the relationship ended after a year, Fitzgerald regularly returned to Denmark over the next three years and even considered buying a jazz club there. The house was sold in 1963, and Fitzgerald permanently returned to the United States.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: There are several live albums on Verve that are highly regarded by critics. "At the Opera House" shows a typical Jazz at the Philharmonic set from Fitzgerald. "" and "Twelve Nights in Hollywood" display her vocal jazz canon. "" is still one of her best-selling albums; it includes a Grammy-winning performance of "Mack the Knife" in which she forgets the lyrics but improvises to compensate.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: Verve Records was sold to MGM in 1960 for $3 million and in 1967 MGM failed to renew Fitzgerald's contract. Over the next five years she flitted between Atlantic, Capitol and Reprise. Her material at this time represented a departure from her typical jazz repertoire. For Capitol she recorded "Brighten the Corner", an album of hymns, "Ella Fitzgerald's Christmas", an album of traditional Christmas carols, "Misty Blue", a country and western-influenced album, and "30 by Ella", a series of six medleys that fulfilled her obligations for the label. During this period, she had her last US chart single with a cover of Smokey Robinson's "Get Ready", previously a hit for the Temptations, and some months later a top-five hit for Rare Earth.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: The surprise success of the 1972 album "Jazz at Santa Monica Civic '72" led Granz to found Pablo Records, his first record label since the sale of Verve. Fitzgerald recorded some 20 albums for the label. "Ella in London" recorded live in 1974 with pianist Tommy Flanagan, guitarist Joe Pass, bassist Keter Betts and drummer Bobby Durham, was considered by many to be some of her best work. The following year she again performed with Joe Pass on German television station NDR in Hamburg. Her years with Pablo Records also documented the decline in her voice. "She frequently used shorter, stabbing phrases, and her voice was harder, with a wider vibrato", one biographer wrote. Plagued by health problems, Fitzgerald made her last recording in 1991 and her last public performances in 1993.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: In her most notable screen role, Fitzgerald played the part of singer Maggie Jackson in Jack Webb's 1955 jazz film "Pete Kelly's Blues". The film costarred Janet Leigh and singer Peggy Lee. Even though she had already worked in the movies (she sang two songs in the 1942 Abbott and Costello film "Ride 'Em Cowboy"), she was "delighted" when Norman Granz negotiated the role for her, and, "at the time ... considered her role in the Warner Brothers movie the biggest thing ever to have happened to her." Amid "The New York Times" pan of the film when it opened in August 1955, the reviewer wrote, "About five minutes (out of ninety-five) suggest the picture this might have been. Take the ingenious prologue ... [or] take the fleeting scenes when the wonderful Ella Fitzgerald, allotted a few spoken lines, fills the screen and sound track with her strong mobile features and voice."


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: After "Pete Kelly's Blues", she appeared in sporadic movie cameos, in "St. Louis Blues" (1958) and "Let No Man Write My Epitaph" (1960).


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: She made numerous guest appearances on television shows, singing on "The Frank Sinatra Show", "The Carol Burnett Show", "The Andy Williams Show", "The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom", and alongside other greats Nat King Cole, Dean Martin, Mel Tormé, and many others. She was also frequently featured on "The Ed Sullivan Show". Perhaps her most unusual and intriguing performance was of the "Three Little Maids" song from Gilbert and Sullivan's comic operetta "The Mikado" alongside Joan Sutherland and Dinah Shore on Shore's weekly variety series in 1963. A performance at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club in London was filmed and shown on the BBC. Fitzgerald also made a one-off appearance alongside Sarah Vaughan and Pearl Bailey on a 1979 television special honoring Bailey. In 1980, she performed a medley of standards in a duet with Karen Carpenter on the Carpenters' television special .


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: Fitzgerald also appeared in TV commercials, her most memorable being an ad for Memorex. In the commercials, she sang a note that shattered a glass while being recorded on a Memorex cassette tape. The tape was played back and the recording also broke another glass, asking: "Is it live, or is it Memorex?" She also appeared in a number of commercials for Kentucky Fried Chicken, singing and scatting to the fast-food chain's longtime slogan: "We do chicken right!" Her last commercial campaign was for American Express, in which she was photographed by Annie Leibovitz.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: "Ella Fitzgerald Just One of Those Things" is a film about her life including interviews with many famous singers and musicians who worked with her and her son. It was directed by Leslie Woodhead and produced by Reggie Nadelson. It was released in the UK in 2019.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: Fitzgerald's most famous collaborations were with the vocal quartet Bill Kenny & the Ink Spots, trumpeter Louis Armstrong, the guitarist Joe Pass, and the bandleaders Count Basie and Duke Ellington.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: Fitzgerald had a number of famous jazz musicians and soloists as sidemen over her long career. The trumpeters Roy Eldridge and Dizzy Gillespie, the guitarist Herb Ellis, and the pianists Tommy Flanagan, Oscar Peterson, Lou Levy, Paul Smith, Jimmy Rowles, and Ellis Larkins all worked with Fitzgerald mostly in live, small group settings.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: Possibly Fitzgerald's greatest unrealized collaboration (in terms of popular music) was a studio or live album with Frank Sinatra. The two appeared on the same stage only periodically over the years, in television specials in 1958 and 1959, and again on 1967's "A Man and His Music + Ella + Jobim", a show that also featured Antônio Carlos Jobim. Pianist Paul Smith has said, "Ella loved working with [Frank]. Sinatra gave her his dressing-room on "A Man and His Music" and couldn't do enough for her." When asked, Norman Granz would cite "complex contractual reasons" for the fact that the two artists never recorded together. Fitzgerald's appearance with Sinatra and Count Basie in June 1974 for a series of concerts at Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, was seen as an important incentive for Sinatra to return from his self-imposed retirement of the early 1970s. The shows were a great success, and September 1975 saw them gross $1,000,000 in two weeks on Broadway, in a triumvirate with the Count Basie Orchestra.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: Fitzgerald suffered from diabetes for several years of her later life, which had led to numerous complications. In 1985, Fitzgerald was hospitalized briefly for respiratory problems, in 1986 for congestive heart failure, and in 1990 for exhaustion. In March 1990, she appeared at the Royal Albert Hall in London, England, with the Count Basie Orchestra for the launch of Jazz FM, plus a gala dinner at the Grosvenor House Hotel at which she performed. In 1993, she had to have both of her legs amputated below the knee due to the effects of diabetes. Her eyesight was affected as well.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: She died in her home from a stroke on June 15, 1996, at the age of 79. A few hours after her death, the Playboy Jazz Festival was launched at the Hollywood Bowl. In tribute, the marquee read: "Ella We Will Miss You." Her funeral was private, and she was buried at Inglewood Park Cemetery in Inglewood, California.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: Fitzgerald married at least twice, and there is evidence that suggests that she may have married a third time. Her first marriage was in 1941, to Benny Kornegay, a convicted drug dealer and local dockworker. The marriage was annulled in 1942. Her second marriage was in December 1947, to the famous bass player Ray Brown, whom she had met while on tour with Dizzy Gillespie's band a year earlier. Together they adopted a child born to Fitzgerald's half-sister, Frances, whom they christened Ray Brown Jr. With Fitzgerald and Brown often busy touring and recording, the child was largely raised by his mother's aunt, Virginia. Fitzgerald and Brown divorced in 1953, due to the various career pressures both were experiencing at the time, though they would continue to perform together.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: In July 1957, Reuters reported that Fitzgerald had secretly married Thor Einar Larsen, a young Norwegian, in Oslo. She had even gone as far as furnishing an apartment in Oslo, but the affair was quickly forgotten when Larsen was sentenced to five months' hard labor in Sweden for stealing money from a young woman to whom he had previously been engaged.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: Fitzgerald was notoriously shy. Trumpet player Mario Bauzá, who played behind Fitzgerald in her early years with Chick Webb, remembered that "she didn't hang out much. When she got into the band, she was dedicated to her music...She was a lonely girl around New York, just kept herself to herself, for the gig." When, later in her career, the Society of Singers named an award after her, Fitzgerald explained, "I don't want to say the wrong thing, which I always do but I think I do better when I sing."


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: From 1949 to 1956, Fitzgerald resided in St. Albans, New York, an enclave of prosperous African Americans where she counted among her neighbors, Illinois Jacquet, Count Basie, Lena Horne, and other jazz luminaries.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: Fitzgerald was a civil rights activist, using her talent to break racial barriers across the nation. She was awarded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Equal Justice Award and the American Black Achievement Award. In 1949, Norman Granz recruited Fitzgerald for the Jazz at the Philharmonic tour. The Jazz at the Philharmonic tour would specifically target segregated venues. Granz required promoters to ensure that there was no "colored" or "white" seating. He ensured Fitzgerald was to receive equal pay and accommodations regardless of her sex and race. If the conditions were not met shows were cancelled.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: Bill Reed, author of "Hot from Harlem: Twelve African American Entertainers", referred to Fitzgerald as the "Civil Rights Crusader", facing discrimination throughout her career. In 1954 on her way to one of her concerts in Australia she was unable to board the Pan American flight due to racial discrimination. Although she faced several obstacles and racial barriers, she was recognized as a "cultural ambassador", receiving the National Medal of Arts in 1987 and America's highest non-military honor, the Presidential Medal of Freedom.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: In 1993, Fitzgerald established the Ella Fitzgerald Charitable Foundation focusing on charitable grants for four major categories: academic opportunities for children, music education, basic care needs for the less fortunate, medical research revolving around diabetes, heart disease, and vision impairment. Her goals were to give back and provide opportunities for those "at risk" and less fortunate. In addition, she supported several nonprofit organizations like the American Heart Association, City of Hope, and the Retina Foundation.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: The primary collections of Fitzgerald's media and memorabilia reside at and are shared between the Smithsonian Institution and the US Library of Congress


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: Other major awards and honors she received during her career were the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts Medal of Honor Award, National Medal of Art, first Society of Singers Lifetime Achievement Award (named "Ella" in her honor), Presidential Medal of Freedom, and the George and Ira Gershwin Award for Lifetime Musical Achievement, UCLA Spring Sing, and the UCLA Medal (1987). Across town at the University of Southern California, she received the USC "Magnum Opus" Award, which hangs in the office of the Ella Fitzgerald Charitable Foundation. In 1986, she received an honorary doctorate of Music from Yale University. In 1990, she received an honorary doctorate of Music from Harvard University.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: The career history and archival material from Fitzgerald's long career are housed in the Archives Center at the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History, while her personal music arrangements are at the Library of Congress. Her extensive cookbook collection was donated to the Schlesinger Library at Harvard University, and her extensive collection of published sheet music was donated to UCLA. Harvard gave her an honorary degree in music in 1990.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: In 1997, Newport News, Virginia created a week-long music festival with Christopher Newport University to honor Fitzgerald in her birth city.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: Ann Hampton Callaway, Dee Dee Bridgewater, and Patti Austin have all recorded albums in tribute to Fitzgerald. Callaway's album "To Ella with Love" (1996) features 14 jazz standards made popular by Fitzgerald, and the album also features the trumpeter Wynton Marsalis. Bridgewater's album "Dear Ella" (1997) featured many musicians that were closely associated with Fitzgerald during her career, including the pianist Lou Levy, the trumpeter Benny Powell, and Fitzgerald's second husband, double bassist Ray Brown. Bridgewater's following album, "Live at Yoshi's", was recorded live on April 25, 1998, what would have been Fitzgerald's 81st birthday.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: Austin's album, "For Ella" (2002) features 11 songs most immediately associated with Fitzgerald, and a twelfth song, "Hearing Ella Sing" is Austin's tribute to Fitzgerald. The album was nominated for a Grammy. In 2007, "", was released, a tribute album recorded for Fitzgerald's 90th birthday. It featured artists such as Michael Bublé, Natalie Cole, Chaka Khan, Gladys Knight, Diana Krall, k.d. lang, Queen Latifah, Ledisi, Dianne Reeves, Linda Ronstadt, and Lizz Wright, collating songs most readily associated with the "First Lady of Song". Folk singer Odetta's album "To Ella" (1998) is dedicated to Fitzgerald, but features no songs associated with her. Her accompanist Tommy Flanagan affectionately remembered Fitzgerald on his album "Lady be Good ... For Ella" (1994).


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: "Ella, elle l'a", a tribute to Fitzgerald written by Michel Berger and performed by French singer France Gall, was a hit in Europe in 1987 and 1988. Fitzgerald is also referred to in the 1976 Stevie Wonder hit "Sir Duke" from his album "Songs in the Key of Life", and the song "I Love Being Here With You", written by Peggy Lee and Bill Schluger. Sinatra's 1986 recording of "Mack the Knife" from his album "L.A. Is My Lady" (1984) includes a homage to some of the song's previous performers, including 'Lady Ella' herself. She is also honored in the song "First Lady" by Canadian artist Nikki Yanofsky.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: In 2008, the Downing-Gross Cultural Arts Center in Newport News named its new 276-seat theater the Ella Fitzgerald Theater. The theater is located several blocks away from her birthplace on Marshall Avenue. The Grand Opening performers (October 11 and 12, 2008) were Roberta Flack and Queen Esther Marrow.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: In 2012, Rod Stewart performed a "virtual duet" with Ella Fitzgerald on his Christmas album "Merry Christmas, Baby", and his television special of the same name.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: There is a bronze sculpture of Fitzgerald in Yonkers, the city in which she grew up, created by American artist Vinnie Bagwell. It is located southeast of the main entrance to the Amtrak/Metro-North Railroad station in front of the city's old trolley barn. The statue's location is one of 14 tour stops on the African American Heritage Trail of Westchester County. A bust of Fitzgerald is on the campus of Chapman University in Orange, California. Ed Dwight created a series of over 70 bronze sculptures at the St. Louis Arch Museum at the request of the National Park Service; the series, "Jazz: An American Art Form", depicts the evolution of jazz and features various jazz performers, including Fitzgerald.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: On January 9, 2007, the United States Postal Service announced that Fitzgerald would be honored with her own postage stamp. The stamp was released in April 2007 as part of the Postal Service's Black Heritage series.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: In April 2013, she was featured in Google Doodle, depicting her performing on stage. It celebrated what would have been her 96th birthday.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: On April 25, 2017, the centenary of her birth, UK's BBC Radio 2 broadcast three programmes as part of an "Ella at 100" celebration: "Ella Fitzgerald Night", introduced by Jamie Cullum; "Remembering Ella"; introduced by Leo Green; and "Ella Fitzgerald – the First Lady of Song", introduced by Petula Clark.


title: Ella Fitzgerald

text: In 2019, "Ella Fitzgerald: Just One of Those Things", a documentary by Leslie Woodhead, was released in the UK. It featured rare footage, radio broadcasts and interviews with Jamie Cullum, Andre Previn, Johnny Mathis, and other musicians, plus a long interview with Fitzgerald's son, Ray Brown Jr.


title: Simp

text: Simp is an internet slang term describing someone who shows excessive sympathy and attention toward another person, typically someone who does not reciprocate the same feelings, in pursuit of affection or a sexual relationship. "Urban Dictionary" defines a simp as "someone who does way too much for a person they like". This behavior, known as simping, is carried out toward a variety of targets, including celebrities, politicians, e-girls, and e-boys. The term had sporadic usage until getting traction on social media in 2019, to mock men said to pander to specific women.


title: Simp

text: Originally a shortening of "simpleton," the "New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English" traces usage of the noun "simp" to 1903. The shortening has appeared for example in the "New York Times" as early as 1923, when the paper reported on a letter by one Lillian Henderson criticizing the members of two clubs in Atlantic City for unmarried men:


title: Simp

text: "Simp" began to have the connotation of someone being "soft" and "overly sympathetic" in the 1980s, when it was used by West Coast rappers such a Hugh E.M.C., Too Short, and E-40. In 1999, the term was used in the Three 6 Mafia song "Sippin' on Some Syrup" as an antonym for "pimp"; Too Short has described a "simp" as equivalent to "a knockoff pimp". The term has been expressed as an acronym for "Sucker/Sucka Idolizing Mediocre Pussy", which according to "Gizmodo Australia" is "telling of its 20th century origins".


title: Simp

text: A definition of "simp" appeared on "Urban Dictionary" in 2005, and the word continued to be used by rappers into the 2010s, when it was adopted by members of manosphere, incel, and MGTOW (Men Going Their Own Way) forums alongside similar derogatory terms such as "cuck", "beta", and "white knight".The word became widely popular on TikTok in 2019, and soon also became popular on Twitch and Twitter. According to Google Trends, interest in the term doubled between late 2018 and late 2019.


title: Simp

text: The word has been used by some fan communities who call themselves "simps" for a celebrity figure. According to "The Daily Dot", the term is often used ironically; similarly, Magdalene Taylor at "MEL Magazine" says the term is "used mostly as a joke". Nathan Grayson writes at "Kotaku" that it is "difficult to find breaks in the chain of the word’s linguistic lineage".


title: Simp

text: In July 2020, the official Twitter account for Archie Comics said that it would permanently ban people from its YouTube channel for comments calling the comics' main character, Archie Andrews, a simp. "The A.V. Club" opined that, while it was "pretty safe to say that Archie Andrews is, quite simply, the simpiest of the simps." The Twitter post was likely an attempt at exploiting the Streisand effect for viral marketing. Contrary to the Twitter post, few, if any, comments on the Archie Comics YouTube channel accused the character of being a simp.


title: Simp

text: In August, Australian politician Bill Shorten used the term on national television, saying on an ABC segment that Prime Minister Scott Morrison needed "to make sure he doesn't look like he's just a simp to Donald Trump".


title: Simp

text: In September, users of Reddit created a pledge called "No Simp September", similar to No Nut November (a month-long abstention from masturbation). Participation in "No Simp September" required posters to abstain from upvoting women's photos, watching pornography, and "giving money to online sex workers", including "e-girls". In October, Mikael Thalen at "The Daily Dot" described Twitter users as "simping hard" over leaked photos of Hunter Biden.


title: Simp

text: A November 20 article in "Vox" about posting cringe on TikTok discussed the character of TikTok user Nate Varrone called "Mr. Simp Sexual", of the "biggest stars" of the genre. Varrone explained the character thus: He's from Michigan and he had a girlfriend named Melissa that he just wants back so fucking badly [...] He's just not in a good place right now, emotionally. I think he uses TikTok to fill the hole in his heart and find a new lover. The horniness this guy has, no human has ever felt that amount of horny in their entire life. It's like he has a curse. He thinks he has to hook up immediately or else he'll die.


title: Simp

text: In January 2021, "Vogue" reported on an "adoring" Instagram account of self-declared "simps" expressing affection toward then-Georgia Senate candidate Jon Ossoff.


title: Simp

text: While the term initially denoted a specific kind of sycophant, upon achieving broad popularity, it began to be used more loosely. In April 2020, an opinion piece in "Men's Health" described the use of the term as "pretty messed up", and men who labeled others with the term as "entitled assholes", saying, "if you've ever complimented a woman, apparently you're a simp". Hayley Soen writes at "The Tab" that "the simp has come to take the place of the softboi", describing him as "a boy who is a romantic failure [...] definitely the type of boy you'd tell the girls is 'a little too nice, and "probably doesn't even have a lads' group chat"; Soen writes that the term is used "sometimes to describe even the bare minimum level of respect between a man and a woman". According to the "Evening Standard", while "the term could also have some value if it undermines a culture of stringing people along emotionally", it also had "potentially offensive connotations". In "The New York Times", Ezra Marcus and Jonah Bromwich describe the term as a misogynist insult, one which "expresses discomfort with equality when it comes to gender, and offers a simple way to dismiss the people causing that discomfort". Anna María of "The Daily Dot" writes that while the term is mostly used "ironically and without misogynistic undertones", "it doesn't take much to be called a simp" in some anti-feminist spaces, and that "everything from pining after a crush to actually respecting women could be considered simping". Taylor writes that the idea of the "simp" most often "seems to be a guy who simply treats women well, or just not like trash" and is "just another scapegoat for MGTOW misogyny".


title: Simp

text: In May 2020, "Kotaku" reported that Twitch was "cracking down on" custom emotes using the word "simp", and had been "on a simp emote deleting spree" since late February. Twitch often requires its "partners" to submit custom emotes for approval prior to users being permitted to embed them; most of these emotes simply depicted a streamer or a fictional character holding up a sign with "SIMP" written on it, or were rasterizations of the text of the word itself. By December 2020, the word was described as a "favorite in the Twitch community" by "The Verge".