title: Hair loss

text: Hair loss often follows childbirth in the postpartum period without causing baldness. In this situation, the hair is actually thicker during pregnancy owing to increased circulating oestrogens. Approximately three months after giving birth (typically between 2 and 5 months), oestrogen levels drop and hair loss occurs, often particularly noticeably around the hairline and temple area. Hair typically grows back normally and treatment is not indicated. A similar situation occurs in women taking the fertility-stimulating drug clomiphene.


title: Hair loss

text: Hair follicle growth occurs in cycles. Each cycle consists of a long growing phase (anagen), a short transitional phase (catagen) and a short resting phase (telogen). At the end of the resting phase, the hair falls out (exogen) and a new hair starts growing in the follicle, beginning the cycle again.


title: Hair loss

text: Normally, about 40 (0–78 in men) hairs reach the end of their resting phase each day and fall out. When more than 100 hairs fall out per day, clinical hair loss (telogen effluvium) may occur. A disruption of the growing phase causes abnormal loss of anagen hairs (anagen effluvium).


title: Hair loss

text: Because they are not usually associated with an increased loss rate, male-pattern and female-pattern hair loss do not generally require testing. If hair loss occurs in a young man with no family history, drug use could be the cause.


title: Hair loss

text: There are two types of identification tests for female pattern baldness: the Ludwig Scale and the Savin Scale. Both track the progress of diffused thinning, which typically begins on the crown of the head behind the hairline, and becomes gradually more pronounced. For male pattern baldness, the Hamilton–Norwood scale tracks the progress of a receding hairline and/or a thinning crown, through to a horseshoe-shaped ring of hair around the head and on to total baldness.


title: Hair loss

text: In almost all cases of thinning, and especially in cases of severe hair loss, it is recommended to seek advice from a doctor or dermatologist. Many types of thinning have an underlying genetic or health-related cause, which a qualified professional will be able to diagnose.


title: Hair loss

text: One method of hiding hair loss is the comb over, which involves restyling the remaining hair to cover the balding area. It is usually a temporary solution, useful only while the area of hair loss is small. As the hair loss increases, a comb over becomes less effective.


title: Hair loss

text: Another method is to wear a hat or a hairpiece such as a wig or toupee. The wig is a layer of artificial or natural hair made to resemble a typical hair style. In most cases the hair is artificial. Wigs vary widely in quality and cost. In the United States, the best wigsthose that look like real haircost up to tens of thousands of dollars. Organizations also collect individuals' donations of their own natural hair to be made into wigs for young cancer patients who have lost their hair due to chemotherapy or other cancer treatment in addition to any type of hair loss.


title: Hair loss

text: Though not as common as the loss of hair on the head, chemotherapy, hormone imbalance, forms of hair loss, and other factors can also cause loss of hair in the eyebrows. Loss of growth in the outer one third of the eyebrow is often associated with hypothyroidism. Artificial eyebrows are available to replace missing eyebrows or to cover patchy eyebrows. Eyebrow embroidery is another option which involves the use of a blade to add pigment to the eyebrows. This gives a natural 3D look for those who are worried about an artificial look and it lasts for two years. Micropigmentation (permanent makeup tattooing) is also available for those who want the look to be permanent.


title: Hair loss

text: Treatments for the various forms of hair loss have limited success. Three medications have evidence to support their use in male pattern hair loss: minoxidil, finasteride, and dutasteride. They typically work better to prevent further hair loss, than to regrow lost hair. On June 13, 2022, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Olumiant (baricitinib) for adults with severe alopecia areatal. It is the first FDA approved drug for systemic treatment, or treatment for any area of the body.


title: Hair loss

text: Hair transplantation is usually carried out under local anesthetic. A surgeon will move healthy hair from the back and sides of the head to areas of thinning. The procedure can take between four and eight hours, and additional sessions can be carried out to make hair even thicker. Transplanted hair falls out within a few weeks, but regrows permanently within months. Hair transplants, takes tiny plugs of skin, each which contains a few hairs, and implants the plugs into bald sections. The plugs are generally taken from the back or sides of the scalp. Several transplant sessions may be necessary.


title: Hair loss

text: Hypothermia caps may be used to prevent hair loss during some kinds of chemotherapy, specifically, when taxanes or anthracyclines are administered. It is not recommended to be used when cancer is present in the skin of the scalp or for lymphoma or leukemia. There are generally only minor side effects from scalp cooling given during chemotherapy.


title: Hair loss

text: Instead of attempting to conceal their hair loss, some people embrace it by either doing nothing about it or sporting a shaved head. The general public became more accepting of men with shaved heads in the early 1950s, when Russian-American actor Yul Brynner began sporting the look; the resulting phenomenon inspired many of his male fans to shave their heads. Male celebrities then continued to bring mainstream popularity to shaved heads, including athletes such as Michael Jordan and Zinedine Zidane and actors such as Dwayne Johnson, Ben Kingsley, and Jason Statham. Baldness in females, however, is still viewed as less "normal" in various parts of the world.


title: Hair loss

text: Dietary supplements are not typically recommended. There is only one small trial of saw palmetto which shows tentative benefit in those with mild to moderate androgenetic alopecia. There is no evidence for biotin. Evidence for most other alternative medicine remedies is also insufficient. There was no good evidence for ginkgo, aloe vera, ginseng, bergamot, hibiscus, or sophora as of 2011.


title: Hair loss

text: Many people use unproven treatments to treat hair loss. Egg oil, in Indian, Japanese, Unani (Roghan Baiza Murgh) and Chinese traditional medicine, was traditionally used as a treatment for hair loss.


title: Hair loss

text: Research is looking into connections between hair loss and other health issues. While there has been speculation about a connection between early-onset male pattern hair loss and heart disease, a review of articles from 1954 to 1999 found no conclusive connection between baldness and coronary artery disease. The dermatologists who conducted the review suggested further study was needed.


title: Hair loss

text: Environmental factors are under review. A 2007 study indicated that smoking may be a factor associated with age-related hair loss among Asian men. The study controlled for age and family history, and found statistically significant positive associations between moderate or severe male pattern hair loss and smoking status.


title: Hair loss

text: Vertex baldness is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and the relationship depends upon the severity of baldness, while frontal baldness is not. Thus, vertex baldness might be a marker of CHD and is more closely associated with atherosclerosis than frontal baldness.


title: Hair loss

text: A key aspect of hair loss with age is the aging of the hair follicle. Ordinarily, hair follicle renewal is maintained by the stem cells associated with each follicle. Aging of the hair follicle appears to be primed by a sustained cellular response to the DNA damage that accumulates in renewing stem cells during aging. This damage response involves the proteolysis of type XVII collagen by neutrophil elastase in response to DNA damage in hair follicle stem cells. Proteolysis of collagen leads to elimination of the damaged cells and, consequently, to terminal hair follicle miniaturization.


title: Hair loss

text: In June 2022 the University of California, Irvine announced that researchers have discovered that hedgehog signaling in murine fibroblasts induces new hair growth and hair multiplication while hedgehog activation increases fibroblast heterogeneity and drives new cell states. A new signaling molecule called SCUBE3 potently stimulates hair growth and may offer a therapeutic treatment for androgenetic alopecia.


title: Hair loss

text: The term "alopecia" () is from the Classical Greek ἀλώπηξ, "alōpēx", meaning "fox". The origin of this usage is because this animal sheds its coat twice a year, or because in ancient Greece foxes often lost hair because of mange.


title: Conscription in South Korea

text: Conscription in South Korea has existed since 1957 and requires male citizens between the ages of 18 and 35 to perform compulsory military service. Women are not required to perform military service, but they may voluntarily join the military.


title: Conscription in South Korea

text: The basis for military conscription in South Korea is the Constitution of the Republic of Korea, which was promulgated on 17 July 1948. The constitution states in Article 39, "All citizens shall have the duty of national defense under the conditions as prescribed by Act."


title: Conscription in South Korea

text: In addition, the conscription is defined and acted by the "Military Service Act" (병역법). According to the "Military Service Act" Article 3, "Every masculine gender of the Republic of Korea shall faithfully perform mandatory military service, as prescribed by the Constitution of the Republic of Korea and this Act. A feminine gender may perform only active service or reserve service through volunteering" and "Except as provided in this Act, no special case concerning mandatory military service shall be prescribed". Only males being drafted was confirmed by the Constitutional Court of Korea, which declared in 2006 that it is the right of government to decide whoever is subject of the conscription, and hence there is no constitutional error of government decisions. Conscription is managed by the Military Manpower Administration, which was created in 1948.


title: Conscription in South Korea

text: By law, when a South Korean man turns 18 years old, he is enlisted for "first citizen service," meaning he is liable for military duty, but is not yet required to serve. When he turns 19 years old (or, in some instances, 20 years old), he is required to undergo an Impairment & Disability evaluation to determine whether he is suitable for military service. The table below shows the evaluation's possible grades and their outcomes, according to the Military Service Act. Men must enlist by the time they turn 28.


title: Conscription in South Korea

text: There are seven physical grades. Grade name is I, II, III, IV, V, VI and VII. Before 1984 grades name is A, B (respectively B-I, B-II, B-III), C, D and E


title: Conscription in South Korea

text: The criteria for determining the physical grade shall be in accordance with Attached form 2 and 3 of the "Rules for examination of Conscription Physical Examination, etc.()"


title: Conscription in South Korea

text: Attached form 2 sets the criteria for determining height and weight. Attached form 3 is the evaluation criteria for diseases and mental and physical disabilities, which vary from year to year.


title: Conscription in South Korea

text: In the following criteria, diseases and mental and physical disabilities are described mainly as representative or known.


title: Conscription in South Korea

text: According to Article 14 of the Military Service Act, grades I to IV are based on qualifications (education, age, etc.) and are subject to active service, supplementary, wartime workers, Grade V exemptions, Grade VI exemptions, and Grade VII medical examinations. The criteria for disposing of active duty or supplementary officers in grades I to IV are determined by the Military Manpower Administration's announcement (annual announcement of conscription inspection). According to the announcement, the criteria for military service are as follows.


title: Conscription in South Korea

text: Before the 1970s, the criteria for disposition of active duty and supplementary military service cannot be confirmed due to lack of data at the time.


title: Conscription in South Korea

text: The length of compulsory military service in South Korea varies based on military branch. Active duty soldiers serve 1 year 6 months in the Army or Marine Corps, 1 year 8 months in the Navy, or 1 year 9 months in the Air Force. After conscripts finish their military service, they are automatically placed on the reserve roster and are obligated to attend 3 days of annual military training for 6 years (5 years from 2021).


title: Conscription in South Korea

text: Non-active duty personnel, or "supplemental service" personnel serve for various lengths: 1 year 9 months for social work personnel (better known as public service workers - personnel ordered to do public service work at places that require auxiliary workers such as local community centers like city halls, government agencies, and public facilities like subway stations); 2 years 10 months for arts and sports personnel or industrial technical personnel; and 3 years for public health doctors, lawyers, veterinarians, or expert researchers.


title: Conscription in South Korea

text: In 2010, there was growing public pressure to either shorten the length of conscription or to switch to voluntary military service, and calls from experts for a gradual phasing out of conscription rather than complete abolition. However, in December 2010, after taking into consideration of the 2010 ROKS "Cheonan" sinking and Bombardment of Yeonpyeong incidents, the South Korean government said it would not reduce service periods.


title: Conscription in South Korea

text: Artists and players who have won government accredited competitions are allowed to work as 'Art-Sports personnel (예술체육요원)'. After a month of military training, Art-Sports service agents work through their specialties to finish their military services; e.g. in professional sports teams, art galleries, museums or orchestra bands. Unlike other service agents who are working at factories, farms, universities, institutes or nursing homes, Art-Sports service agents are allowed to work abroad.


title: Conscription in South Korea

text: Former president Park Chung-hee introduced exemptions for athletes in 1973 in an effort to win more medals for the country; some historians believe the athletics also served as a distraction against the government's unpopularity. After winning a gold medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics, wrestler Yang Jung-mo was granted the first exemption. In the 1980s, president Chun Doo-hwan promised exemptions to any athlete who won a medal in either the 1986 Asian Games or the 1988 Summer Olympics.


title: Conscription in South Korea

text: When South Korea co-hosted the FIFA World Cup in 2002, their national team was guaranteed an exemption if they reached the round of 16; the same promise was made to the national baseball team in 2006 if the team reached semifinals in the World Baseball Classic. Public outrage ensued, and similar exemptions have been rarely granted since.


title: Conscription in South Korea

text: Current conscription regulations stipulate that athletes who win medals in the Olympic Games or gold medals in the Asian Games are granted exemptions from military service and are placed in Grade 4. They are required to do four weeks of basic military training and engage in sports field for 42 months. After that, they are automatically placed on the reserve roster, and are obligated to attend a few days of annual military training for six years. In practice, after athletes finish their four weeks of basic military training, they are able to continue their own sports career during the 34 months of duty.


title: Conscription in South Korea

text: The policy has resulted in coaches being accused of selecting players desperate to avoid military service instead of choosing the best athletes. Parents encourage their children to pursue sports in hopes of them receiving an exemption.


title: Conscription in South Korea

text: Notable athletes who have been granted exemptions from military service are the bronze medal-winning football team at the 2012 Summer Olympics, 2008 Olympic gold medalist badminton player Lee Yong-dae, swimmer Park Tae-hwan, 2014 Asian Games gold medalist tennis player Chung Hyeon, 2018 Asian Games gold medalist footballer Son Heung-min, and 2018 Asian Games gold medalist baseball player Lee Jung-hoo.


title: Conscription in South Korea

text: Exemptions are also granted to classical musicians and ballet performers who win first place in stipulated international-level competitions. A two year extension for notable K-pop artists (from a law that was passed in December 2020) could also be given by government for their career, the age for joining military is 30 (which previously was 28). Some resources and media outlets claim that the primary reason for this amendment was singer-songwriter Kim Seok-jin, who, at the time, was about to turn 28. As his group BTS has had a huge impact (especially in the music industry) worldwide and contributed greatly to the spread of the Korean culture and "Hallyu Wave", exemptions for them were in talks for a few years. Despite this, BTS's record label, Big Hit, announced on October 17, 2022 that Kim Seok-jin withdrew his enlistment deferral request and will be the first in the group to enter into mandatory military service, with other members of BTS to be enlisted on a later date.


title: Conscription in South Korea

text: The right to conscientious objection was not recognized in South Korea until recently. Over 400 men were typically imprisoned at any given time for refusing military service for political or religious reasons in the years before right to conscientious objection was established.


title: Conscription in South Korea

text: On 28 June 2018, the South Korean Constitutional Court ruled the Military Service Act unconstitutional and ordered the government to accommodate civilian forms of military service for conscientious objectors. Later that year on 1 November 2018, the South Korean Supreme Court legalized conscientious objection as a basis for rejecting compulsory military service.


title: Conscription in South Korea

text: The Ministry of National Defense has revealed that it failed to provide sneakers to 7,411 recruits who joined the military from 22 May to 4 June 2012, after the budget was insufficient for need. The Defense ministry originally projected the cost of each pair of sneakers to be 11,000 KRW. However, the actual cost turned out to be 15,000 KRW.


title: Conscription in South Korea

text: The office of National Assembly member Kim Kwang-jin of Democratic United Party revealed that cadets in Korea Military Academy were provided with sneakers worth 60,000 KRW and tennis shoes. Cadets in Korea Army Academy at Yeongcheon were provided with sneakers worth 64,250 KRW, in addition to running shoes and soccer shoes.


title: Conscription in South Korea

text: For dual citizens, or those with multiple citizenships, male South Koreans must choose their citizenship by the time they turn 18, before 31 March of that year. If these males choose to revoke their South Korean citizenship, they will not be required to complete their mandatory military service. However, if they fail to choose their citizenship by their 18th year, they will be subjected to fulfill their mandatory military service and, for those who wish to maintain their multiple citizenships, an oath not to exert foreign nationality within two years since finishing their military service. If males choose to renounce their citizenship by their 18th year, they are ineligible to gain a South Korean work visa (F series) until after they turn 40 years of age. It may still be possible to gain an E series visa.


title: Conscription in South Korea

text: There have been cases of Koreans abroad (e.g. Korean Americans) being forced to serve in the military, as they were unaware they were actually citizens of South Korea. This happens when these people visit South Korea. One cause of this is the inadvertent inclusion on the family register.


title: Conscription in South Korea

text: The Forced Labour Convention explicitly excludes "any work or service exacted in virtue of compulsory military service laws for work of a purely military character" from its scope. However, ILO defines conscription of non-military purpose as forced labour.


title: Conscription in South Korea

text: According to ILO, South Korean conscription violates the forced labour convention, because South Korea enrolls men with disabilities for non-military purposes. Majority (+90%) of the "Reserve - class 4 -" works as "social service agent (사회복무요원)", and work with wages far less than the minimum legal wage at various fields including government offices, subway stations, tax offices, post offices and sanitarium.


title: Conscription in South Korea

text: In April 2021, South Korea ratified the Forced Labour Convention. But the conscription of South Korea did not change. South Korea changed its conscription law by providing "right to decide to be enrolled" to "reserve - class 4 -. those with minor disabilities". South Korea claims that this change makes the conscription legitimate because "reserve - class 4-" now have right to decide their methods of conscription between soldiers with active duty and "social service agents".


title: Conscription in South Korea

text: However, ILO informed that enforcing "reserve - class 4-" to work as "social service agent" is a violation of the Forced Labour Convention in a number of their annual reports.


title: Conscription in South Korea

text: In recent years, the South Korean government is preparing a policy to lower conscription standards for mental and physical conditions that would previously be considered exempt, as it fears that the nation's low birthrate will lead to fewer conscripts. South Korea in 2021 has the lowest fertility rate in the world, a title also bestowed on the country the previous year. However, experts warn that such actions will lead to wider problems already present in the military, by recruiting personnel who would not be able to adapt to the closed military.


title: Conscription in South Korea

text: In general, the South Korean public tends to be intolerant towards men who attempt to evade mandatory military service or receive special treatment, especially if they are exploiting family wealth or political connections. Draft evasion is a punishable crime, but many entertainers, athletes, politicians and their children are known to have fabricated medical or other reasons to seek exemption from military service. According to a 2017 report by the Military Manpower Administration, the most common evasion tactic was extreme weight loss or gain (37%), followed by fabrication of mental illness (23.7%), and deliberate full-body tattoos (20.3%). Studying abroad or migrating overseas to obtain foreign citizenship are considered the preferred option for sons in wealthy families, while nearly a hundred high-ranking politicians including sitting members of the National Assembly have managed to arrange unexplained exemptions for their sons. These cases of draft evasion are to be distinguished from conscientious objection on political or religious grounds.


title: Conscription in South Korea

text: In 2002, right before South Korean pop singer Yoo Seung-jun was due to be drafted for his military service, he became a naturalized U.S. citizen. He was born in Seoul and migrated to the United States at the age of 13. The South Korean government considered it an act of desertion and deported him, banning him from entering the country permanently. In February 2017, Yoo lost his second and final appeal regarding his entry ban which prohibited him from entry and any further appeals. However, citing procedural irregularities, the South Korean Supreme Court re-opened the case in July 2019 and sent the case to the Seoul High Court, ordering them to retry Yoo's case. In November 2019, the appeals court reversed the ban, paving the way for Yoo to return to the country, pending approval of a visa. One of Yoo's visa requests was denied in July 2020 by the Los Angeles Consulate, citing Korean law that allows discretion in denying visas to applicants that "posed a threat to public interest."


title: MENA

text: MENA, an acronym in the English language, refers to a grouping of countries situated in and around the Middle East and North Africa. It is also known as WANA, SWANA, or NAWA, which alternatively refers to the Middle East as Western Asia (or as "Southwestern Asia" in the case of "SWANA") and is a way to refer to the geography instead of the political term.


title: MENA

text: As a regional identifier, "MENA" is often used in academia, military planning, disaster relief, media planning (as a broadcast region), and business writing. Moreover, the region shares a number of cultural, economic, and environmental similarities across its comprising countries; for example, some of the most extreme impacts of climate change will be felt in MENA.


title: MENA

text: Some terms have a wider definition than MENA, such as MENASA, MENAP or Greater Middle East, which extends to South Asia to include the countries of Afghanistan and Pakistan. The term MENAT explicitly includes Turkey, which is usually excluded from some MENA definitions, even though Turkey is almost always considered part of the Middle East.


title: MENA

text: "MENA" has no standardized definition; different organizations define the region as consisting of different territories, or do not define it as a region at all.


title: MENA

text: There is no MENA region amongst the United Nations Regional Groups, nor in the United Nations geoscheme used by the UNSD (though the latter does feature two subregions called 'Western Asia' and 'Northern Africa', see WANA). Some agencies and programmes of the United Nations do define the MENA region, but their definitions may contradict each other, and sometimes only apply to specific studies or reports.


title: MENA

text: Historians Michael Dumper and Bruce Stanley stated in 2007: 'For the purposes of this volume, the editors have generally chosen to define the MENA region as stretching from Morocco to Iran and from Turkey to the Horn of Africa. This definition thus includes the twenty-two countries of the Arab League (including the Palestinian Authority enclaves in the West Bank and Gaza Strip), Turkey, Israel, Iran, and Cyprus.' They stressed, however, how controversial and problematic this definition is, and that other choices could also have been made according to various criteria.


title: MENA

text: For its December 2012 global religion survey, the Pew Research Center grouped 20 countries and territories as 'the Middle East and North Africa', namely: 'Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, the Palestinian territories, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Western Sahara and Yemen.'


title: MENA

text: For the Global Peace Index 2020, the Institute for Economics & Peace defined the MENA region as containing 20 countries: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.


title: MENA

text: Due to the geographic ambiguity and Eurocentric nature of the term "Middle East", some people, especially in sciences such as agriculture and climatology, prefer to use other terms like "WANA" (West Asia and North Africa) or the less common NAWA (North Africa-West Asia). Usage of the term WANA has also been advanced by postcolonial studies.


title: MENA

text: The United Nations geoscheme used by the UNSD does not define a single WANA region, but it does feature two subregions called Western Asia, and Northern Africa, respectively:


title: MENA

text: In a 1995 publication, the then-Aleppo-based International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) defined its West Asia/North Africa (WANA) region as 25 countries, including: 'Afghanistan, Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey and Yemen.' It noted that CGIAR's Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) excluded Ethiopia, Sudan and Pakistan from its 1992 WANA definition, but otherwise listed the same countries. In a 2011 study, ICARDA stated 27 countries/territories: 'The WANA region includes: Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gaza Strip, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.'


title: MENA

text: Islam is by far the dominant religion in nearly all of the MENA territories; 91.2% of the population is Muslim. The Middle East–North Africa region comprises 20 countries and territories with an estimated Muslim population of 315 million or about 23% of the world's Muslim population. The term "MENA" is often defined in part in relation to majority-Muslim countries located in the region, although several nations in the region are not Muslim-dominated. Major non-Islamic religions native here are Christianity, Judaism, Yazidism, Druzeism, African folk religions, Berberism and other Arab paganism.


title: MENA

text: Migrant population, mostly within the Gulf nations, practice mostly the beliefs they follow to, such as Buddhism and Hinduism among South Asian, East Asian and Southeast Asian migrants.


title: MENA

text: The MENA region has vast reserves of petroleum and natural gas that make it a vital source of global economic stability. According to the Oil and Gas Journal (January 1, 2009), the MENA region has 60% of the world's oil reserves () and 45% of the world's natural gas reserves ( ).


title: MENA

text: According to Pew Research Center's 2016 "Religion and Education Around the World" study, 40% of the adult population in MENA had completed less than a year of primary school. The fraction was higher for women, of whom half had been to school for less than a year.


title: MENA

text: In its Global Peace Index 2020, the Institute for Economics & Peace stated that 'the Middle East and North Africa remains the world's least peaceful region, despite improvements for 11 countries'. According to an in-depth multi-part study by the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) published in April 2016, the factors shaping the MENA region are exceedingly complex, and it is difficult to find 'any overall model that fits the different variables involved'. It found that there were 'deep structural causes of violence and instability'. Wars and upheavals are partly 'shaped by the major tribal, ethnic, sectarian, and regional differences', by 'demographic, economic, and security trends', and by 'quality of governance, internal security system, justice systems, and [social] progress.' In some countries, the necessary societal factors for successful democratic change (often championed by some in the region and in the West to address various issues) are absent, and political revolutions may not always lead to more stability, nor solve the underlying problems in a given MENA country. However, it also found that 'the majority of MENA nations have remained relatively stable and continue to make progress'.


title: MENA

text: During and after the decolonisation of Africa and Asia in the 20th century, many different armed conflicts have occurred in the MENA region, including but not limited to the Rif War; the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict; the Arab–Israeli conflict; the Western Sahara conflict; the Lebanese Civil War; the Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present); the Iranian Revolution; the Iran–Iraq War; Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict; the Berber Spring; the Toyota War; the Invasion of Kuwait and the Gulf War; the Algerian Civil War; the Iraqi Kurdish Civil War; the rise of terrorism and anti-terrorist actions; the U.S.-led intervention of Iraq in 2003 and subsequent Iraq War. The Arab Spring (2010–2011) led to the Tunisian Revolution, the Egyptian revolution of 2011 and Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014), while also sparking war throughout the region such as the Syrian Civil War, the Libyan Civil War, the Yemeni Civil War and the Iraqi war against ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant). During the Sudanese Revolution, months of protestes and a military coup led to the fall of Omar al-Bashir's regime and the initiation of the 2019–2022 Sudanese transition to democracy and the Sudanese peace process.


title: MENA

text: In a preparatory working paper for the June 2004 G8 Summit, the U.S. government (at the end of the George W. Bush administration's first term) defined the 'Greater Middle East as including the Arab states, Israel, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan.


title: MENA

text: From April 2013, the International Monetary Fund started using a new analytical region called "MENAP" (Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan, and Pakistan), which adds Afghanistan and Pakistan to MENA countries.


title: MENA

text: "MENASA" refers to the Middle East, North Africa and South Asia region. Its usage consists of the region of MENA together with South Asia, with Dubai chosen by the United Nations as the data hub for the region. In some contexts, specifically the Lauder Institute at the University of Pennsylvania, the region is abbreviated as SAMENA instead of the more common MENASA.


title: MENA

text: The term "MENAT" (Middle East, North Africa, and Turkey) has been used to include Turkey in the list of "MENA" countries.


title: MENA

text: The term Near East was commonly used before the term Middle East was coined by the British in the early 20th century. The term Ancient Near East is commonly used by scholars for the region in antiquity. Some organisations and scholars insist on still using 'Near East' today, with some including North Africa, but definitions range widely and there is no consensus on its geographical application.


title: Turpentine

text: Turpentine (which is also called spirit of turpentine, oil of turpentine, terebenthene, terebinthine and (colloquially) turps) is a fluid obtained by the distillation of resin harvested from living trees, mainly pines. Mainly used as a specialized solvent, it is also a source of material for organic syntheses.


title: Turpentine

text: Turpentine is composed of terpenes, primarily the monoterpenes alpha- and beta-pinene, with lesser amounts of carene, camphene, dipentene, and terpinolene. Mineral turpentine or other petroleum distillates are used to replace turpentine – although the constituent chemicals are very different.


title: Turpentine

text: The word "turpentine" derives (via French and Latin), from the Greek word τερεβινθίνη "terebinthine", in turn the feminine form (to conform to the feminine gender of the Greek word, which means "resin") of an adjective (τερεβίνθινος) derived from the Greek noun (τερέβινθος), for the terebinth tree.


title: Turpentine

text: Although the word originally referred to the resinous exudate of terebinth trees (e.g. Chios turpentine, Cyprus turpentine, and Persian turpentine), it now refers to that of coniferous trees, namely crude turpentine (e.g. Venice turpentine is the oleoresin of larch.), or the volatile oil part thereof, namely oil (spirit) of turpentine; the later usage is much more common today.


title: Turpentine

text: Important pines for turpentine production include: maritime pine ("Pinus pinaster"), Aleppo pine ("Pinus halepensis"), Masson's pine ("Pinus massoniana"), Sumatran pine ("Pinus merkusii"), longleaf pine ("Pinus palustris"), loblolly pine ("Pinus taeda"), slash pine ("Pinus elliottii"), and ponderosa pine ("Pinus ponderosa").


title: Turpentine

text: To tap into the sap producing layers of the tree, turpentiners used a combination of hacks to remove the pine bark. Once debarked, pine trees secrete crude turpentine (oleoresin) onto the surface of the wound as a protective measure to seal the opening, resist exposure to micro-organisms and insects, and prevent vital sap loss. Turpentiners wounded trees in V-shaped streaks down the length of the trunks to channel the crude turpentine into containers. It was then collected and processed into spirits of turpentine. Crude turpentine yield may be increased by as much as 40% by applying paraquat herbicides to the exposed wood.


title: Turpentine

text: The V-shaped cuts are called "catfaces" for their resemblance to a cat's whiskers. These marks on a pine tree signify it was used to collect resin for turpentine production.


title: Turpentine

text: Crude turpentine collected from the trees may be evaporated by steam distillation in a copper still. Molten rosin remains in the still bottoms after turpentine has been distilled out. Such turpentine is called gum turpentine. The term gum turpentine may also refer to crude turpentine, which may cause some confusion.


title: Turpentine

text: Turpentine may alternatively be extracted from destructive distillation of pine wood, such as shredded pine stumps, roots, and slash, using the light end of the heavy naphtha fraction (boiling between ) from a crude oil refinery. Such turpentine is called wood turpentine. Multi-stage counter-current extraction is commonly used so fresh naphtha first contacts wood leached in previous stages and naphtha laden with turpentine from previous stages contacts fresh wood before vacuum distillation to recover naphtha from the turpentine. Leached wood is steamed for additional naphtha recovery prior to burning for energy recovery.


title: Turpentine

text: When producing chemical wood pulp from pines or other coniferous trees, sulfate turpentine may be condensed from the gas generated in Kraft process pulp digesters. The average yield of crude sulfate turpentine is 5–10 kg/t pulp. Unless burned at the mill for energy production, sulfate turpentine may require additional treatment measures to remove traces of sulfur compounds.


title: Turpentine

text: As a solvent, turpentine is used for thinning oil-based paints, for producing varnishes, and as a raw material for the chemical industry. Its use as a solvent in industrialized nations has largely been replaced by the much cheaper turpentine substitutes obtained from petroleum such as white spirit. A solution of turpentine and beeswax or carnauba wax has long been used as a furniture wax.


title: Turpentine

text: Turpentine is also used as a source of raw materials in the synthesis of fragrant chemical compounds. Commercially used camphor, linalool, alpha-terpineol, and geraniol are all usually produced from alpha-pinene and beta-pinene, which are two of the chief chemical components of turpentine. These pinenes are separated and purified by distillation. The mixture of diterpenes and triterpenes that is left as residue after turpentine distillation is sold as rosin.


title: Turpentine

text: Turpentine and petroleum distillates such as coal oil and kerosene have been used medicinally since ancient times, as topical and sometimes internal home remedies. Topically, it has been used for abrasions and wounds, as a treatment for lice, and when mixed with animal fat it has been used as a chest rub, or inhaler for nasal and throat ailments. Vicks chest rubs still contain turpentine in their formulations, although not as an active ingredient.


title: Turpentine

text: Turpentine, now understood to be dangerous for consumption, was a common medicine among seamen during the Age of Discovery. It was one of several products carried aboard Ferdinand Magellan's fleet during the first circumnavigation of the globe. Taken internally it was used as a treatment for intestinal parasites. This is dangerous, due to the chemical's toxicity.


title: Turpentine

text: Turpentine enemas, a very harsh purgative, had formerly been used for stubborn constipation or impaction. Turpentine enemas were also given punitively to political dissenters in post-independence Argentina.


title: Turpentine

text: As an organic solvent, its vapour can irritate the skin and eyes, damage the lungs and respiratory system, as well as the central nervous system when inhaled, and cause damage to the renal system when ingested, among other things. Ingestion can cause burning sensations, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, confusion, convulsions, diarrhea, tachycardia, unconsciousness, respiratory failure, and chemical pneumonia.


title: Turpentine

text: The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the legal limit (permissible exposure limit) for turpentine exposure in the workplace as 100 ppm (560 mg/m) over an 8-hour workday. The same threshold was adopted by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as the recommended exposure limit (REL). At levels of 800 ppm (4480 mg/m3), turpentine is immediately dangerous to life and health.


title: Gibbs free energy

text: In thermodynamics, the Gibbs free energy (or Gibbs energy; symbol formula_1) is a thermodynamic potential that can be used to calculate the maximum amount of work that may be performed by a thermodynamically closed system at constant temperature and pressure. It also provides a necessary condition for processes such as chemical reactions that may occur under these conditions.


title: Gibbs free energy

text: The Gibbs free energy change , measured in joules in SI) is the "maximum" amount of non-expansion work that can be extracted from a closed system (one that can exchange heat and work with its surroundings, but not matter) at fixed temperature and pressure. This maximum can be attained only in a completely reversible process. When a system transforms reversibly from an initial state to a final state under these conditions, the decrease in Gibbs free energy equals the work done by the system to its surroundings, minus the work of the pressure forces.


title: Gibbs free energy

text: The Gibbs energy is the thermodynamic potential that is minimized when a system reaches chemical equilibrium at constant pressure and temperature when not driven by an applied electrolytic voltage. Its derivative with respect to the reaction coordinate of the system then vanishes at the equilibrium point. As such, a reduction in formula_1 is necessary for a reaction to be spontaneous under these conditions.


title: Gibbs free energy

text: The concept of Gibbs free energy, originally called "available energy", was developed in the 1870s by the American scientist Josiah Willard Gibbs. In 1873, Gibbs described this "available energy" as


title: Gibbs free energy

text: The initial state of the body, according to Gibbs, is supposed to be such that "the body can be made to pass from it to states of dissipated energy by reversible processes". In his 1876 magnum opus "On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances", a graphical analysis of multi-phase chemical systems, he engaged his thoughts on chemical-free energy in full.


title: Gibbs free energy

text: If the reactants and products are all in their thermodynamic standard states, then the defining equation is written as , where "formula_3" is enthalpy, formula_4 is absolute temperature, and "formula_5" is entropy.


title: Gibbs free energy

text: According to the second law of thermodynamics, for systems reacting at fixed temperature and pressure without input of non-"Pressure Volume" (PV) work, there is a general natural tendency to achieve a minimum of the Gibbs free energy.


title: Gibbs free energy

text: A quantitative measure of the favorability of a given reaction under these conditions is the change Δ"G" (sometimes written "delta "G"" or "d"G"") in Gibbs free energy that is (or would be) caused by the reaction. As a necessary condition for the reaction to occur at constant temperature and pressure, Δ"G" must be smaller than the non-pressure-volume (non-"PV", e.g. electrical) work, which is often equal to zero (then Δ"G" must be negative). Δ"G" equals the maximum amount of non-"PV" work that can be performed as a result of the chemical reaction for the case of a reversible process. If analysis indicates a positive Δ"G" for a reaction, then energy — in the form of electrical or other non-"PV" work — would have to be added to the reacting system for Δ"G" to be smaller than the non-"PV" work and make it possible for the reaction to occur.


title: Gibbs free energy

text: One can think of ∆G as the amount of "free" or "useful" energy available to do non-"PV" work at constant temperature and pressure. The equation can be also seen from the perspective of the system taken together with its surroundings (the rest of the universe). First, one assumes that the given reaction at constant temperature and pressure is the only one that is occurring. Then the entropy released or absorbed by the system equals the entropy that the environment must absorb or release, respectively. The reaction will only be allowed if the total entropy change of the universe is zero or positive. This is reflected in a negative Δ"G", and the reaction is called an exergonic process.


title: Gibbs free energy

text: If two chemical reactions are coupled, then an otherwise endergonic reaction (one with positive Δ"G") can be made to happen. The input of heat into an inherently endergonic reaction, such as the elimination of cyclohexanol to cyclohexene, can be seen as coupling an unfavourable reaction (elimination) to a favourable one (burning of coal or other provision of heat) such that the total entropy change of the universe is greater than or equal to zero, making the "total" Gibbs free energy change of the coupled reactions negative.


title: Gibbs free energy

text: In traditional use, the term "free" was included in "Gibbs free energy" to mean "available in the form of useful work". The characterization becomes more precise if we add the qualification that it is the energy available for non-pressure-volume work. (An analogous, but slightly different, meaning of "free" applies in conjunction with the Helmholtz free energy, for systems at constant temperature). However, an increasing number of books and journal articles do not include the attachment "free", referring to "G" as simply "Gibbs energy". This is the result of a 1988 IUPAC meeting to set unified terminologies for the international scientific community, in which the removal of the adjective "free" was recommended. This standard, however, has not yet been universally adopted.


title: Gibbs free energy

text: The quantity called "free energy" is a more advanced and accurate replacement for the outdated term "affinity", which was used by chemists in the earlier years of physical chemistry to describe the "force" that caused chemical reactions.


title: Gibbs free energy

text: In 1873, Josiah Willard Gibbs published "A Method of Geometrical Representation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Substances by Means of Surfaces", in which he sketched the principles of his new equation that was able to predict or estimate the tendencies of various natural processes to ensue when bodies or systems are brought into contact. By studying the interactions of homogeneous substances in contact, i.e., bodies composed of part solid, part liquid, and part vapor, and by using a three-dimensional volume-entropy-internal energy graph, Gibbs was able to determine three states of equilibrium, i.e., "necessarily stable", "neutral", and "unstable", and whether or not changes would ensue. Further, Gibbs stated:


title: Gibbs free energy

text: In this description, as used by Gibbs, "ε" refers to the internal energy of the body, "η" refers to the entropy of the body, and "ν" is the volume of the body...


title: Gibbs free energy

text: Thereafter, in 1882, the German scientist Hermann von Helmholtz characterized the affinity as the largest quantity of work which can be gained when the reaction is carried out in a reversible manner, e.g., electrical work in a reversible cell. The maximum work is thus regarded as the diminution of the free, or available, energy of the system ("Gibbs free energy" "G" at "T" = constant, "P" = constant or "Helmholtz free energy" "F" at "T" = constant, "V" = constant), whilst the heat given out is usually a measure of the diminution of the total energy of the system (internal energy). Thus, "G" or "F" is the amount of energy "free" for work under the given conditions.


title: Gibbs free energy

text: Until this point, the general view had been such that: "all chemical reactions drive the system to a state of equilibrium in which the affinities of the reactions vanish". Over the next 60 years, the term affinity came to be replaced with the term free energy. According to chemistry historian Henry Leicester, the influential 1923 textbook "Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances" by Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall led to the replacement of the term "affinity" by the term "free energy" in much of the English-speaking world.


title: Gibbs free energy

text: The expression for the infinitesimal reversible change in the Gibbs free energy as a function of its "natural variables" "p" and "T", for an open system, subjected to the operation of external forces (for instance, electrical or magnetic) "X", which cause the external parameters of the system "a" to change by an amount d"a", can be derived as follows from the first law for reversible processes:


title: Gibbs free energy

text: This is one form of the Gibbs fundamental equation. In the infinitesimal expression, the term involving the chemical potential accounts for changes in Gibbs free energy resulting from an influx or outflux of particles. In other words, it holds for an open system or for a closed, chemically reacting system where the "N" are changing. For a closed, non-reacting system, this term may be dropped.


title: Gibbs free energy

text: Any number of extra terms may be added, depending on the particular system being considered. Aside from mechanical work, a system may, in addition, perform numerous other types of work. For example, in the infinitesimal expression, the contractile work energy associated with a thermodynamic system that is a contractile fiber that shortens by an amount −d"l" under a force "f" would result in a term "f" d"l" being added. If a quantity of charge −d"e" is acquired by a system at an electrical potential Ψ, the electrical work associated with this is −Ψ d"e", which would be included in the infinitesimal expression. Other work terms are added on per system requirements.


title: Gibbs free energy

text: Each quantity in the equations above can be divided by the amount of substance, measured in moles, to form "molar Gibbs free energy". The Gibbs free energy is one of the most important thermodynamic functions for the characterization of a system. It is a factor in determining outcomes such as the voltage of an electrochemical cell, and the equilibrium constant for a reversible reaction. In isothermal, isobaric systems, Gibbs free energy can be thought of as a "dynamic" quantity, in that it is a representative measure of the competing effects of the enthalpic and entropic driving forces involved in a thermodynamic process.


title: Gibbs free energy

text: The temperature dependence of the Gibbs energy for an ideal gas is given by the Gibbs–Helmholtz equation, and its pressure dependence is given by


title: Gibbs free energy

text: The Gibbs free energy total differential with respect to natural variables may be derived by Legendre transforms of the internal energy.


title: Gibbs free energy

text: Because "S", "V", and "N" are extensive variables, an Euler relation allows easy integration of d"U":


title: Gibbs free energy

text: Because some of the natural variables of "G" are intensive, d"G" may not be integrated using Euler relations as is the case with internal energy. However, simply substituting the above integrated result for "U" into the definition of "G" gives a standard expression for "G":


title: Gibbs free energy

text: This result shows that the chemical potential of a substance "formula_17" is its (partial) mol(ecul)ar Gibbs free energy. It applies to homogeneous, macroscopic systems, but not to all thermodynamic systems.


title: Gibbs free energy

text: The system under consideration is held at constant temperature and pressure, and is closed (no matter can come in or out). The Gibbs energy of any system is and an infinitesimal change in "G", at constant temperature and pressure, yields


title: Gibbs free energy

text: where is energy added as heat, and is energy added as work. The work done on the system may be written as , where is the mechanical work of compression/expansion done on or by the system and is all other forms of work, which may include electrical, magnetic, etc. Then


title: Gibbs free energy

text: The second law of thermodynamics states that for a closed system at constant temperature (in a heat bath), and so it follows that


title: Gibbs free energy

text: This means that for such a system when not in equilibrium, the Gibbs energy will always be decreasing, and in equilibrium, the infinitesimal change "dG" will be zero. In particular, this will be true if the system is experiencing any number of internal chemical reactions on its path to equilibrium.


title: Gibbs free energy

text: When electric charge "dQ" is passed between the electrodes of an electrochemical cell generating an emf formula_24, a electrical work term appears in the expression for the change in Gibbs energy:


title: Gibbs free energy

text: where "S" is the entropy, "V" is the system volume, "p" is its pressure and "T" is its absolute temperature.


title: Gibbs free energy

text: The combination (formula_24, "Q") is an example of a conjugate pair of variables. At constant pressure the above equation produces a Maxwell relation that links the change in open cell voltage with temperature "T" (a measurable quantity) to the change in entropy "S" when charge is passed isothermally and isobarically. The latter is closely related to the reaction entropy of the electrochemical reaction that lends the battery its power. This Maxwell relation is:


title: Gibbs free energy

text: If a mole of ions goes into solution (for example, in a Daniell cell, as discussed below) the charge through the external circuit is


title: Gibbs free energy

text: where "n" is the number of electrons/ion, and "F" is the Faraday constant and the minus sign indicates discharge of the cell. Assuming constant pressure and volume, the thermodynamic properties of the cell are related strictly to the behavior of its emf by


title: Gibbs free energy

text: During a reversible electrochemical reaction at constant temperature and pressure, the following equations involving the Gibbs free energy hold:


title: Gibbs free energy

text: which relates the cell potential resulting from the reaction to the equilibrium constant and reaction quotient for that reaction (Nernst equation),


title: Gibbs free energy

text: The standard Gibbs free energy of formation of a compound is the change of Gibbs free energy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of that substance from its component elements, in their standard states (the most stable form of the element at 25 °C and 100 kPa). Its symbol is Δ"G"˚.


title: Gibbs free energy

text: All elements in their standard states (diatomic oxygen gas, graphite, etc.) have standard Gibbs free energy change of formation equal to zero, as there is no change involved.


title: Gibbs free energy

text: where "K" is the equilibrium constant of the formation reaction of the substance from the elements in their standard states.


title: Gibbs free energy

text: Gibbs free energy was originally defined graphically. In 1873, American scientist Willard Gibbs published his first thermodynamics paper, "Graphical Methods in the Thermodynamics of Fluids", in which Gibbs used the two coordinates of the entropy and volume to represent the state of the body. In his second follow-up paper, "A Method of Geometrical Representation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Substances by Means of Surfaces", published later that year, Gibbs added in the third coordinate of the energy of the body, defined on three figures. In 1874, Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell used Gibbs' figures to make a 3D energy-entropy-volume thermodynamic surface of a fictitious water-like substance. Thus, in order to understand the concept of Gibbs free energy, it may help to understand its interpretation by Gibbs as section AB on his figure 3, and as Maxwell sculpted that section on his 3D surface figure.


title: Santa Clarita Diet

text: Santa Clarita Diet is an American horror-comedy streaming television series created by Victor Fresco for the streaming service Netflix, starring Drew Barrymore and Timothy Olyphant. Fresco serves as the showrunner, and is an executive producer alongside Barrymore, Olyphant, Aaron Kaplan, Tracy Katsky, Chris Miller, Ember Truesdell and Ruben Fleischer. The series centers on husband and wife real estate team Joel and Sheila Hammond whose normal, mundane lives change dramatically when Sheila shows symptoms of having become a zombie. The bewildered family seek a cure for her condition while dealing with its consequences, such as Sheila's new craving of human flesh and radically altered personality that has become more primal and impulsive.


title: Santa Clarita Diet

text: The single-camera series premiered on February 3, 2017. The first season, consisting of 10 episodes, received generally positive reviews. On March 29, 2017, it was announced that Netflix renewed the series for a second season, which premiered on March 23, 2018. On May 8, 2018, the series was renewed for a 10-episode third season and premiered on March 29, 2019. The series was cancelled after three seasons on April 26, 2019.


title: Santa Clarita Diet

text: Joel and Sheila Hammond are everyday suburban real estate agents in Santa Clarita, California. The couple face a series of obstacles when Sheila undergoes a metamorphosis, becomes undead and starts craving human flesh. As Joel and the family try to help Sheila through this, they have to deal with neighbors and cultural norms, and get to the bottom of a potentially mythological mystery.


title: Santa Clarita Diet

text: Fresco came up with the premise from wanting to make "a family show with an interesting approach that we haven't seen before". The zombie angle also allowed Fresco to explore the concept of narcissism: he stated "the undead are the ultimate narcissists. They want what they want when they want it and will do anything to just have what they want and don't care about other people's needs."


title: Santa Clarita Diet

text: For the setting, Fresco drew from his own experience growing up in San Fernando Valley. Santa Clarita was chosen because of its middle class residents. The Hammonds' profession as realtors was chosen because "it gets them out into the world" as well as the "forced friendliness" inherent to the profession.


title: Santa Clarita Diet

text: Hal Johnson and Joanne McLeod appeared in a Canadian promo for the series, promoting the eponymous "diet" in a parody of their "Body Break" series of television PSAs.


title: Santa Clarita Diet

text: In February 2017, advertising for the show sparked criticism in Germany, where Netflix promoted the show with posters depicting a human finger sliced up like a currywurst, a popular German fast food dish. After receiving more than 50 complaints that the advertising was glorifying violence and inducing fear, especially in children, the German Advertising Council, a self-regulatory institution, forwarded the complaints to the company. Netflix then decided to end the campaign and remove all posters.


title: Santa Clarita Diet

text: The first season of "Santa Clarita Diet" received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 78% based on 73 reviews, with an average rating of 7.17/10. The site's critical consensus reads, ""Santa Clarita Diet" serves up an excellent cast, frequent laughs, and an engaging premise — but the level of gore might not be to everyone's taste." Metacritic reports that the first season received "generally favorable reviews" with a score of 67 out of 100, based on 30 critics.


title: Santa Clarita Diet

text: The second season received generally positive reviews as well. The season has an approval rating of 89% based on 19 reviews, with an average rating of 7.85/10 on Rotten Tomatoes. The site's critical consensus states: ""Santa Clarita Diet" rides the momentum of its freshman season with non-stop comedic gore and a big heart that bleeds — profusely — for its lovable characters."


title: Santa Clarita Diet

text: The third season has an approval rating of 100% based on 18 reviews, with an average rating of 7.78/10 on Rotten Tomatoes. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Santa Clarita Diet" third season is a generous meal of entrails, morbid humor, and a touching affirmation of marital love — with Barrymore and Olyphant's pitch-perfect chemistry brightening each blood-soaked installment."


title: King of Saudi Arabia

text: The king of Saudi Arabia is the monarchial head of state and ruler of Saudi Arabia who holds absolute power. He is the head of the Saudi Arabian royal family, the House of Saud. The king is called the "Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques" (), a title that signifies Saudi Arabia's jurisdiction over the mosques of Masjid al Haram in Mecca and Al-Masjid an-Nabawi in Medina. The title has been used many times through the history of Islam. The first Saudi monarch to use the title was King Faisal, however, King Khalid did not use the title after him. In 1986, King Fahd replaced "His Majesty" with the title of Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, and it has been ever since used by both King Abdullah and King Salman bin Abdulaziz.


title: King of Saudi Arabia

text: Ibn Saud King Abdul-Aziz (known in the West as Ibn Saud) regained his patrimony, which is known as today's Saudi Arabia in 1902. Restoring his family as emirs of Emirate of Riyadh, he then established Sultanate of Nejd as his headquarters in 1922. Following the establishment of Riyadh as the capital of his state, King Abdulaziz Al-Saud then captured Hejaz in 1925.


title: King of Saudi Arabia

text: Ibn Saud proclaimed his dominions as the Sultanate of Nejd in 1921, shortly before completing the unification of the region. He was proclaimed king/malik of Hejaz in 1926, and raised Nejd to a kingdom as well in 1927. For the next five years, Ibn Saud administered the two parts of his realm, the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd as separate units. On 23 September 1932, he formally united his territories into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.


title: King of Saudi Arabia

text: The kings since Ibn Saud's death have all been his sons, and all likely immediate successors to the reigning King Salman will be from among his progeny. This makes the Saudi monarchy quite distinct from Western monarchies, which usually feature large, clearly defined royal families and orders of succession, and use the absolute primogeniture system of succession. Muhammad bin Nayef was the first grandson of Ibn Saud to be in the line of succession before being deposed from the position of Crown Prince by a royal decree in 2017.


title: King of Saudi Arabia

text: The king of Saudi Arabia is also considered the head of the House of Saud and prime minister. The crown prince is also the "deputy prime minister". The kings after Faisal have named a "second deputy prime minister" as the subsequent heir after the crown prince.


title: King of Saudi Arabia

text: The script on the flag is written in the Thuluth script. It is the "shahada" or Islamic declaration of faith:


title: King of Saudi Arabia

text: Criticism of the King, religious leaders, or government is not allowed and can generally mean jail time for the critics. It can also result in death.


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: During the 94th Academy Awards, actor Will Smith walked onstage and slapped comedian Chris Rock across the face during Rock's presentation for Best Documentary Feature. The slap was in response to Rock's joke about Smith's wife, Jada Pinkett Smith's bald head, which she had been shaving since 2021 due to her hair loss condition alopecia areata. Smith returned to his seat and shouted profanity at Rock, who briefly responded, but completed his presentation without further interruption.


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: Later that evening, Smith won Best Actor and apologized to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and other nominees, but not to Rock, in his acceptance speech. The next day, he issued an apology to Rock and the Academy through social media. Smith resigned his Academy membership on April 1, facing a potential suspension or expulsion, and was banned from attending Academy events for 10 years, with effect from April 8.


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: Live television broadcasts in the United States mostly muted the incident due to federal censorship laws. However, uncensored international footage went viral on social media; an excerpt from the Australian broadcast became one of the most-viewed online videos in the first 24 hours. The incident received worldwide attention and largely overshadowed the rest of the ceremony.


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: After the ceremony, some publications recalled Rock's past remarks about Jada Pinkett Smith. In 1997, he had commented on her participation in the Million Woman March in an interview on his late night-talk show, "The Chris Rock Show", where Pinkett Smith appeared visibly upset by his jokes on black feminism.


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: Rock had previously hosted the awards twice, including in 2016, which several actors (including Pinkett Smith) boycotted due to the lack of African-American nominees. Rock joked in his opening monologue: "Jada boycotting the Oscars is like me boycotting Rihanna's panties. I wasn't invited."


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: In 2018, on her talk show "Red Table Talk", Pinkett Smith revealed experiencing hair loss, potentially because of stress. She was diagnosed with alopecia areata and in July 2021, she started completely shaving her head.


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: On February 8, 2022, it was announced that Will Smith had been nominated for an Academy Award for his acting in the film, "King Richard". On March 3, 2022, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences announced Rock as one of the presenters of the 94th Academy Awards.


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: Rock announced the nominees for Best Documentary Feature at the 94th Academy Awards, where he performed a brief monologue largely read from a teleprompter script. Rock joked about husband and wife Javier Bardem and Penélope Cruz, both previous Oscar winners receiving comparable nominations at that ceremony. Smith and Pinkett Smith were seated together near the front of the audience. Rock then made a comment about Pinkett Smith's shaved head, making a comparison to Demi Moore's dramatic look in the 1997 film "G.I. Jane".


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: Much of the audience and Smith laughed, while Pinkett Smith rolled her eyes in annoyance. Rock prepared to continue his speech.


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: As Rock continued to laugh, Smith walked across the stage, slapped Rock, then turned around and walked back to his seat. The attack, which some assumed was prearranged comedy, startled the audience. Many noted that this act contradicted and jeopardized the calm and positive public image that Smith had built in his three-decade career. The previously calm Rock also looked startled, while Smith shouted at him from his seat.


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: This exchange caused the local audience and journalists to realize that Smith's response was genuine. Kevin Costner, who waited offstage to present the Academy Award for Best Director, said, "Oh, that was real." Until Smith's acceptance speech, the reportedly stunned and confused audience expected any official acknowledgement from the stage, and those in the mezzanine level occasionally stood to peer over the balcony to seek action below. However, the show did not use hosts from this point and continued as normal. Smith's expletives were censored by audio muting during the live broadcast in many countries.


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: Photo-journalist Brian Snyder, working for Reuters in the photographer pool in the projection booth, photographed Smith striking Rock. This photo quickly went viral, was featured in news stories, and was adapted into Internet memes. He was unaware of the photo's cultural impact until after the ceremony, as his photos were automatically sent to his editors. He was profiled by multiple media outlets, including photography outlet "PetaPixel". Another described him as "The One Winner In The Will Smith vs. Chris Rock 'Smackdown'", speculating that "Surely, Snyder will now win the most coveted and prestigious photojournalism award, the World Press Photo of the Year, thanks to his photo that captured the moment Smith hit Rock, as his photo has been used by every publication under the sun and has even become a meme."


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: Rumors of the slap being staged were fueled online by a version of the image that was "digitally manipulated to create the illusion that Rock was wearing a cheek pad", but this was debunked. In Berlin, it was integrated into a mural on a remaining section of the Berlin Wall in Mauerpark.


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: In the United States, broadcaster ABC muted Rock's and Smith's expletives due to federal censorship laws; however, many international broadcasters did not, and uncensored recordings of the event went viral on social media. The uncensored excerpt from the Australian broadcast on the Seven Network was posted by "The Guardian" on YouTube, which received over 50 million views within 24 hours, becoming one of the most-viewed online videos in the first 24 hours. It reached number one on YouTube's trending page within three hours in many countries, including the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia. Some media outlets referred to the altercation, in reference to the shot heard round the world, as "the slap heard around the world". Many Internet memes and parodies have been created from the photo and video.


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: On March 31, additional smartphone footage was published from an audience member's perspective of the Smiths' table. This seems to show the reaction of Pinkett Smith during and after the joke, as unamused and rolling her eyes during the joke but then seeming to laugh when Rock commented, "Will Smith just smacked the shit out of me" and "That was a ... greatest night in the history of television."


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: In a statement on March 30, the Academy said Smith had been asked to leave the ceremony but refused. However, others who were present in the room denied that Smith was ever asked, either directly or through a representative, to leave; disagreement ensued between members of the academy's leadership and ceremony producer Will Packer on whether Smith should be allowed to stay, which led to no action being taken. "Variety" reported that Packer "was the key to Smith remaining in his seat". In a subsequent interview with "Good Morning America", Packer said he opposed suggestions to remove Smith from the theater because he did not believe that Rock would want it.


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: Within forty minutes, Smith was presented the award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Richard Williams in "King Richard". He focused his emotional speech on divine justification and his need to protect those around him, and apologized to the Academy, the other nominees and to Williams's daughters Venus and Serena who were in attendance. Smith compared himself to Williams, both in willingness to do anything to protect their families, and in having become the "crazy dad" that distracted from others' accomplishments. Smith apologized for the length of his speech, which was among the longest in Oscar history at about five minutes. Smith received a standing ovation.


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: After the ceremony, award winners were advised to only answer questions about their work and nothing else. LAPD officers met with Packer, who later recalled that they were prepared to arrest Smith on charges of battery. Rock repeatedly declined to press charges.


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: On May 4, 2022, Dave Chappelle was performing stand-up comedy, where he was tackled onstage by an armed audience member. Chris Rock joined him onstage to joke, "Was that Will Smith?"


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: On November 29, 2022, Smith appeared as a guest on The Daily Show with Trevor Noah for his first public interview since the incident. After discussing Smith's upcoming film role in "Emancipation," Noah questioned Smith about his reflections since the incident. Smith responded saying "That was a horrific night, as you could imagine. There's many nuances and complexities to it, but at the end of the day, I just lost it. I guess what I would say is you just never know what someone's going through."


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: Following public backlash, Smith issued a formal apology on Instagram and Facebook. He referred to his behavior as "unacceptable" and "inexcusable", directly addressing Rock: "I would like to publicly apologize to you, Chris. I was out of line and I was wrong. I am embarrassed and my actions were not indicative of the man I want to be. There is no place for violence in a world of love and kindness." Three days after the incident, Rock briefly mentioned the subject for the first time at a comedy show, saying that he was still processing it, but promised to talk about it in the future. He said that Smith had not contacted him personally, nor had they spoken since the ceremony. Claims on social media that Rock had apologized were debunked by fact checkers.


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: On July 29, 2022, Smith posted a YouTube video in which he addressed the incident and apologized to Rock, Rock's mother, Rock's brother Tony, Questlove, the other Oscar winners, and his wife Jada saying he was "deeply remorseful" for his actions.


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: On March 28, the day after the incident, AMPAS announced a formal review. The Academy's Board of Governors intended to explore further action and consequences in accordance with its Bylaws, its Standards of Conduct, and with California law, scheduled for March 30. AMPAS President David Rubin and CEO Dawn Hudson issued a subsequent letter to Academy members, noting that the official process would take a few weeks. On March 29, Smith initiated a six-minute Zoom call with Rubin and Hudson, apologizing again for his actions. The Board of Governors were not aware of the conversation when discussing disciplinary procedures the following day. One of the participants in the board meeting called the lack of transparency suspicious and showed lack of leadership.


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: On March 30, the Academy initiated disciplinary proceedings against Smith for "violations of the Academy's Standards of Conduct, including inappropriate physical contact, abusive or threatening behavior, and compromising the integrity of the Academy". The academy said, "While we would like to clarify that Mr. Smith was asked to leave the ceremony and refused, we also recognize we could have handled the situation differently." Smith was invited to provide a written response within a fifteen day period, after which the Board of Governors would vote on whether "suspension, expulsion or other sanctions under the Academy's Standards of Conduct" would be applied. Numerous Academy members said that AMPAS should, at the very least, suspend his membership, citing the organization's Standards of Conduct implemented eight weeks after Harvey Weinstein's sexual misdeeds were exposed. The Academy had never expelled a member prior to 2004, when its 42-member board of governors voted unanimously to expel actor Carmine Caridi for sharing promotional copies of films that were later mass-distributed. Subsequently, the Academy expelled Harvey Weinstein, Roman Polanski, Bill Cosby, and cinematographer Adam Kimmel for sexual crimes.


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: On April 1, Smith preemptively resigned the membership he had since 2001, because AMPAS had told him that he was likely to be expelled for a decade or more. AMPAS announced it would continue disciplinary proceedings for violations of the Academy's Standards of Conduct, in advance of its next scheduled board meeting on April 18. The AMPAS disciplinary meeting, originally scheduled for April 18, was reportedly intended to decide upon the issues unaddressed by Smith's resignation, including allowing him to retain his Best Actor Oscar for "King Richard", allowing him to be invited by other members to future Academy Awards ceremonies, and allowing his nomination for future consideration while no longer a voting member of the Academy. "Variety" further reported that Smith's other professional memberships, such as at SAG-AFTRA, would be informed of the AMPAS disciplinary review outcome for further evaluation.


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: However, on April 6, AMPAS rescheduled the disciplinary meeting, overseen by the Board of Governors, to April 8 at . In a letter to the Board of Governors that was obtained by "Variety", Rubin wrote that the earlier date was prompted by Smith's resignation from the Academy, stating that "Following Mr. Smith's resignation of his Academy membership on Friday, April 1, suspension or expulsion are no longer a possibility and the legally prescribed timetable no longer applies. It is in the best interest of all involved for this to be handled in a timely fashion."


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: In the meeting on April 8, Smith was banned from attending the Oscars or any other Academy event for 10 years. NBC News obtained a letter signed by David Rubin and Dawn Hudson, revealing the Board of Governors' decision effective that day, of a ten-year ban where Smith "shall not be permitted to attend any Academy events or programs, in person or virtually, including but not limited to the Academy Awards". Smith issued a succinct statement: "I accept and respect the Academy's decision."


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: An opinion poll from YouGov conducted the day after the ceremony found that 61% of Americans said that Smith's actions were unacceptable and 22% said they were acceptable. The Federal Communications Commission, which regulates U.S. broadcasting, received 66 complaints about the incident. Reactions from celebrities were divided.


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: SAG-AFTRA, the labor union representing film and television actors, issued a statement condemning Smith's behavior: "Violence or physical abuse in the workplace is never appropriate and the union condemns any such conduct. The incident involving Will Smith and Chris Rock at last night's Academy Awards was unacceptable. We have been in contact with the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and ABC about this incident and will work to ensure this behavior is appropriately addressed. SAG-AFTRA does not comment on any pending member disciplinary process."


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: Musician Questlove and film producers David Dinerstein, Robert Fyvolent, and Joseph Patel were on stage immediately after the incident to accept the Best Documentary Feature award for "Summer of Soul", and some commenters opined that this award had been overshadowed by the incident. The distracted audience searched Twitter for information on Rock and Smith. Gabrielle Ulubay of "Marie Claire" wrote that "Summer of Soul" "deserved to have its moment, and Questlove's touching speech and tribute to his parents deserved to have our full attention—but instead, the world kept its mind on Will Smith and Chris Rock and its eyes on Twitter".


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: Questlove was asked about the incident by a reporter in a backstage press conference immediately after leaving the stage, and declined: "I'm not talking about that tonight, this is about the Harlem Cultural Festival." In an interview on "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon" the next night, Questlove said he did not notice the slap in the moment because he was using Transcendental Meditation to curb his anxiety before the winner was called, and did not realize what had happened until "maybe three seconds before I spoke words".


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: Reactions from celebrity attendees at the Academy Awards varied. In general, there was strong condemnation of Smith's violence and support for Rock, including the ceremony's co-hosts Wanda Sykes and Amy Schumer, and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Pedro Almodóvar, Judd Apatow, Jim Carrey, Steve Coogan, Ellen DeGeneres, Thomas Haden Church, Kevin Costner, Mia Farrow, Kathy Griffin, Mark Hamill, Seth MacFarlane, Zoë Kravitz, John Leguizamo, Jason Manford, Rosie O'Donnell, Rob Reiner, Paul Rodriguez, Howard Stern, and Rebel Wilson. Celebrities such as Justin Bieber, Jeremy Clarkson, Jamie Foxx, Tiffany Haddish, Kevin Hart, Janet Hubert, Martin Lawrence, Nicki Minaj, Leslie Odom Jr., Tyler Perry, Jon Voight, and Denzel Washington had a more sympathetic view of Smith's actions.


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: Some commentators felt the altercation was a publicity stunt, due in part to waning viewership numbers for recent years. David Griner from "Adweek" tweeted: "A slow walk up, an open hand slap, no stagger, slow walk back with no scuffle and no security personnel stepping in? Feels absolutely staged for publicity", and several others agreed. Academy sources later reported that the incident was not planned and that Rock's joke was ad-libbed.


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: Comedians, including George Wallace and Kathy Griffin, spoke out about how the incident had worried them about potential future confrontations, and that they might be more careful about the topics of jokes moving forward. Howie Mandel connected the Rock and Chappelle incidents: "That [slap] opened the floodgates. You saw what happened at the Academy Awards, and I thought that [...] violence triggers violence, and I think this is the beginning of the end for comedy". Comedic actor Jim Carrey stated that Smith should have been arrested, and that he would have sued Smith for if he were in Rock's shoes, noting "that video is going to be there forever. It's going to be ubiquitous. That insult is going to last a very long time." He further criticized the moral integrity of the Hollywood film industry for giving Smith a standing ovation after receiving his award.


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: Comedic actor Cedric the Entertainer said at an Oscars after-party that if he was assaulted during a stand-up act for joking about someone's wife, he would defend himself. Comedian James Corden commended Rock for "keeping the show moving" and criticized Smith for not taking a joke; he spoofed the incident on "The Late Late Show with James Corden" by singing a parody of "We Don't Talk About Bruno" about Pinkett Smith. Amy Schumer claimed she was traumatized by the incident, and criticized Smith while referring to him as "Ali". She also criticized the control the AMPAS had over the ceremony, contrasting how she was restricted from joking about Halyna Hutchins's death in the "Rust" shooting incident against Smith's ability to "just come up and [slap] someone".


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: Comedian Gilbert Gottfried's final post on social media before his death on April 12 was supportive toward Rock, asking "Which is the worst crime? Chris Rock being physically assaulted or Chris Rock telling a joke?"


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: Late-night talk show hosts Stephen Colbert, Jimmy Kimmel, Jimmy Fallon, James Corden, Bill Maher, Andy Cohen, Seth Meyers, and Amber Ruffin all condemned Smith's actions in their monologues.


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: The Laugh Factory expressed its support of the First Amendment for comedians in the wake of the incident, and comedy clubs around the United States, including Stand Up NY and Carolines on Broadway, announced that they would be increasing security measures. The president of the Laugh Factory said he had noticed an increase of aggression among patrons since the businesses reopened after the COVID-19 pandemic shutdowns. The owner of the Comedy Cellar, however, expressed doubts that the attack would inspire copycats.


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: Politicians worldwide publicly discussed or took a position on the incident. Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison, reflecting on his own marriage, said that he "can understand" the reason for Smith's actions, but "that's not how you roll". In Canada, Alberta premier Jason Kenney drew criticism for using a meme of the incident to express his position on green energy policies. The New Zealand National Party used a meme of the incident to criticize the New Zealand Labour Party on Facebook, but it was swiftly deleted and disavowed by leader Christopher Luxon. Rishi Sunak, British Chancellor at the time, compared himself to Will Smith, having recently had his wife criticized over owning shares in a tech company based in Russia, but humorously remarked "At least I didn't get up and slap anybody, which is good".<ref name="Saqui_3/31/2022"></ref>


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: In the United States, Democratic representatives Ayanna Pressley and Jamaal Bowman tweeted in support of Smith, both of which were later deleted. Pressley, who also has alopecia areata, tweeted: "Shout out to all the husbands who defend their wives living with alopecia". Bowman's tweet read, "Teachable Moment: Don't joke about a Black Woman's hair." Several Republican Party representatives, including Marjorie Taylor Greene, also voiced support for Smith's actions, and Representative Andy Biggs used the incident to create anti-Biden memes.


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: Research revealed that Google searches for alopecia increased by 600 percent as people educated themselves on the condition, while Twitter engagement increased by over five million percent, showing that the incident prompted an influx in awareness and learning about alopecia.


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: U.S. Representative Ayanna Pressley, who has been diagnosed with alopecia, said that the condition is "not a line in a joke". Pressley also tweeted in defense of Smith, saying "Shout out to all the husbands who defend their wives living with alopecia in the face of daily ignorance & insults." and added "Women with baldies are for real men only…boys need not apply." The tweet was later deleted.


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: In contrast, Bill Maher commented "Alopecia is not leukemia. We all struggle with our hair." Ricky Gervais held similar opinions, remarking sarcastically: "I'm fat and balding. I should get fucking benefits".


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: The LAPD reported that Rock did not wish to file a police report, and former federal prosecutor Neama Rahmani explained that the idea of "pressing charges" is a legal misconception, and that the choice was ultimately up to the office of Los Angeles City Attorney Mike Feuer. Criminal defense lawyer Alison Triessl echoed these sentiments, saying: "I would [be] surprised if the city attorney does not seriously consider [charges] because it was so public... Are they sending the wrong message if they don't prosecute him? [...] It sends a message that you can commit a crime and you won't be punished. This was a very wrong message." However, former Los Angeles County prosecutor Alan Jackson believed that charges would not be pursued so long as Rock did not participate.


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: The morning after the incident, chief legal analyst Aron Solomon of Esquire Digital, wrote: "It is clear that what happened at the Oscars was an assault under the California statutory definition." Tarek Fatah wrote in "The Toronto Sun", "Of the two men in the discussion, only one of them broke the law at the Oscars and got away with it because the LAPD stood back and let it happen... Only when Will Smith is charged with assault and battery will it show that justice is blind". Jody Armour, a law professor at the University of Southern California, argued: "If Smith is not charged, it could imperil the justice system's credibility".


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: However, other legal experts argued against charges. Alan Jackson said, "To be arrested on a misdemeanor, it has to happen in front of the authorities, or conversely the person against whom the crime was allegedly committed has to file a formal complaint with police". Loyola Law School professor and former federal prosecutor Laurie Levenson said that the case was not serious enough to merit being treated as a priority; defense attorney and former prosecutor Michael Cardoza agreed, saying that though Smith's actions did constitute a crime, "it's not significant enough to clog our courts". Defense attorney Lou Shapiro argued that Smith was not being given any special treatment by not being arrested, stating: "On a simple battery with no injury, LAPD is not deviating from the norm on this one. Unless it's a domestic violence case, they're more likely not going to use resources on it, because if the victim is not going to pursue charges, then who are we protecting at this point?" Experts consulted by the Associated Press agreed that Smith would be unlikely to face charges at all, and, if convicted, would receive only a minor penalty.


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: "Saturday Night Live"s "Weekend Update" discussed the handling of the incident, with Colin Jost quipping: "So now we just ask the victim right after they get hit in the head? 'Hey, are you cool if the guy who just attacked you hangs around for a while? You don’t want to make him mad again.'"


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: Monica Hesse, author and columnist for "The Washington Post", characterized the act of violence as a misguided attempt at chivalry. Writer Ateh Jewel characterized it as "a chivalrous act loaded with toxic masculinity". Duke University James B. Duke Distinguished Professor of African and African American Studies, Mark Anthony Neal, commented that the incident reflected upon societal values related to perceptions of race and African American masculinity in American media.


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: Monash University professor at the School of Education Culture and Society, Steven Roberts, further commented on the incident and also placed it within the larger context of toxic masculinity. Feminists around the world used this incident as an opportunity to taunt men and accuse them of being men while hiding their own Toxic Femininity. Roberts concluded that the incident was "another timely reminder that we need to invest in and promote forms of masculinity that are premised on democratic gender relations that centre on empathy and care". University of Southern California professor and executive director of the USC Race and Equity Center, Shaun Harper, further elaborated on the incident as an example of toxic masculinity. Harper emphasized, "Will Smith is 53 years old, which confirms that toxic masculinity is not about immaturity. It is not a thing that men naturally grow out of. Some of us embody aspects of it our entire lives. Understanding what it is and how it shows up in our attitudes and behaviors might just save us from inflicting harm on ourselves and others."


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: Harvard Medical School psychologist Anna Precht supposed: "in a cooler, calmer moment, [Smith] would acknowledge that a joke is not actually a threat." Booker Prize-winning author Bernardine Evaristo placed the incident within the larger context of African American winners of Academy Awards, and lamented that Will Smith chose violence instead of simply words to express himself. In a collaborative academic analysis of the incident, Monash University professors Steven Zech, Beatriz Gallo Cordoba, Lucas Walsh, and Matteo Bonotti, concluded: "Violence (also a form of incivility) is unacceptable, but civility, and when and how to enact it, is complicated. Sometimes it may be better to be impolite and not smile, if we want to promote change."


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: In a column for the magazine "Glamour", Jenny Singer contrasted the cases of Smith and French–Polish director Roman Polanski. Polanski has been a fugitive from American justice since 1978, after fleeing the country hours before he was due to be sentenced for drugging and raping a thirteen-year-old girl. Singer noted that the Academy did not expel Polanski until forty years later—in the wake of the MeToo movement—and the acting fraternity in Hollywood was visibly supportive of the director until his expulsion, which included a standing ovation in at the 2002 ceremony after winning Best Director for "The Pianist"; in contrast, Smith's ban from attending the Oscars took only two weeks to be decided. Tayo Bero for "The Guardian" also described Smith's treatment as "inequality in plain sight", and noted that the Academy took no action over the furore at the 1973 ceremony where John Wayne allegedly had to be restrained by several security guards to prevent him from assaulting Native American civil rights activist Sacheen Littlefeather.


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: Olin Business School at the Washington University in St. Louis professors Tim Solberg and Glenn MacDonald agreed that it was likely the incident would not have significant financial impact to the earnings power of either celebrity Will Smith or Chris Rock, but could have negative impact for the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences organization. Solberg said, "The Academy itself may suffer damage if it does not take action. [...] The two stars have their followings and the audience is segmented. They will probably not have a drop in earnings as a result. In that sense, their brand is not harmed financially." MacDonald agreed, observing, "In entertainment, they often say there is no such thing as bad publicity." Solberg noted there could be a financial impact to Smith if the major film studios took action: "While financially, the stars have their brand and their following, unless a studio boycotts or the public cancels Will Smith—a major box office star making money for the company—due to the public show of violence, he will maintain his financial draw even if his brand is tarnished."


title: Will Smith–Chris Rock slapping incident

text: Rock seemed to financially benefit from the incident when his comedy tour sold out. One secondary ticket seller had a 641% increase in the following days, and some tickets were auctioned for more than .


title: Steve Madden

text: Steven Madden (born March 23, 1958) is an American fashion designer and businessman. He is the founder and former CEO of Steve Madden, Ltd., a publicly traded company.


title: Steve Madden

text: Madden was born in Far Rockaway, Queens, the son of a Jewish mother and an Irish Catholic father. He grew up in adjoining Lawrence and graduated from the local high school in Nassau County, New York. After high school, Madden studied at the University of Miami for two years before returning to Long Island. The youngest of three brothers, he started the company with $1,100 in 1990 by selling shoes out of the trunk of his car.


title: Steve Madden

text: Madden's financial affairs were closely entangled with Long Island "pump and dump" brokerage house Stratton Oakmont, cofounded by Madden's childhood friend Danny Porush, who first lent him money to expand his fledgling company, and then underwrote its initial public offering.


title: Steve Madden

text: In June 2000, a class action lawsuit was filed against Madden for issuing materially false and misleading statements during the Class Period. A settlement of $9 million was reached in 2004.


title: Steve Madden

text: In 2001, the SEC filed charges against Madden in Federal Court in New York state, alleging SEC violations. Because the violations were not criminal in nature, the SEC was seeking to recover $1,637,000 in a combination of illegally avoided losses, interest, and a civil penalty.


title: Steve Madden

text: In 2002, Madden was convicted of stock manipulation, money laundering, and securities fraud. He was sentenced to 41 months in prison, and was made to resign as CEO from Steven Madden, Ltd. and from the board of directors. Shortly after resigning as CEO, Madden set himself up as a creative consultant with Steven Madden, Ltd., a position for which he drew $700,000 even when he was in prison.


title: Steve Madden

text: Madden served time in the Federal Prison Camp, Eglin, at Eglin Air Force Base, and later the Coleman Federal Correctional Complex, near Ocala, Florida. Madden was released from prison in April 2005. He then attended a New York City halfway house. Madden's attorney, Joel Winograd, said that Madden would stay at the house for 60 days. After his release from a halfway house, he was restricted to home confinement for a period.