title: QI

text: "QI" has been supported by nearly all critics. Peter Chapman said, "When the schedules seem so dumbed-down, it's a delight to encounter the brainy and articulate Stephen Fry. He excels in this format, being both scathing and generous." Another critic, Laura Barton said, ""QI" and its canny coupling of Stephen Fry and Alan Davies, which manages to condense tweedy goodness, cockney charm, pub trivia and class war into one half-hour."


title: QI

text: Julia Raeside from "The Guardian" reviewed the show during its tenth series, calling it "still rather more than quite interesting" and complimenting it for being "one of the last truly popular programmes on mainstream television where comedians are allowed to be clever". Raeside noted ratings were still high, as four million viewers in total watched the first J series episode of "QI" and "QI XL". American critic Liesl Schillinger described "QI" as ""Jeopardy!" with Stephen Colbert as host, with Steve Martin and Ellen DeGeneres as guests, working off a game board loaded with unanswerable questions."


title: QI

text: Matt Smith gave "QI Live" a positive review, calling it "funny, educational, and ... quite interesting"; Smith noted there was a "great deal of Fry worship" and that, due to high ticket prices, "only the most dedicated Fry fans ... would come to this show". He commented that "much like the television show, your enjoyment of the stage version will be affected by how you perceive the guests", but went on to say that he enjoyed the line-up in the show he saw.


title: QI

text: "QI" has entered a number of different media, and has seen an increasing number of tie-in DVDs, books and newspaper columns released since 2005.


title: QI

text: The first "QI" book was 2006's "The Book of General Ignorance", published in hardback on 5 October by Faber and Faber. () Written by producer and series-creator John Lloyd and "QI's" head of research, John Mitchinson, it includes a foreword by Fry and "Four words" by Davies ("Will this do, Stephen?".) Most of the book's facts and clarifications have appeared on the programme, including its list of 200 popular misconceptions, many of which featured during the "General Ignorance" rounds. On 8 December 2006, the book "became a surprise bestseller over the Christmas period, becoming Amazon's number one Global bestseller for Christmas 2006." By the end of January 2007, it had sold more than 300,000 copies (and subsequently over half a million), paving the way for subsequent (projected) annual book releases to capitalise on the UK Christmas book market. The Official "QI" website notes that it will soon be published in 23 countries.


title: QI

text: Pocket-sized and audio versions of "General Ignorance" went on sale the following year. In 2008, a newly revised version was published under the title of "The Book of General Ignorance: The Noticeably Stouter Edition". This edition corrected and updated some of the information from the first print, while adding 50 new sections (and extra illustrations) to the original 230. It also included quotes from the series, new "Four Words" by Davies and added a complete episode listing from Series A–F, along with an index.


title: QI

text: "QI"s second book, "The Book of Animal Ignorance", was released in the UK (in the same hardback format) by Faber & Faber on 4 October 2007. () It promised to be a "bestiary for the 21st century," and contains almost completely new quite interesting facts. The book includes "400 diagrams and cartoons by the brilliant Ted Dewan", another Foreword by Stephen Fry and a "Forepaw" by Alan Davies. This publication has also been followed by a pocket-sized version.


title: QI

text: On the Factoids feature of the Series A DVD, John Lloyd mentioned an idea he'd had for a "QI" book of quotations, under the working title "Quote Interesting". This book was eventually published in 2008 as "Advanced Banter". Similarly, on the Banter feature of the Series B DVD, Lloyd also previewed the title of "QI"s fourth book, "The QI Book of the Dead", which went on sale on 15 October 2009.


title: QI

text: 7 October 2010 saw the publication of "QI"s fifth book—"The Second Book of General Ignorance". Written by the same authors, this book covers a whole new series of questions on a wide variety of topics, which promises to prove that "everything you think you know is (still) wrong".


title: QI

text: The sixth "QI" book, "1,227 QI Facts To Blow Your Socks Off", a list of facts, was published on 1 November 2012. James Harkin, "QI"s chief researcher, co-wrote the book with Lloyd and Mitchinson.


title: QI

text: "QI"s first annual, The QI ""E"" Annual or The QI Annual 2008 was published by Faber and Faber on 1 November 2007, to coincide with the initial airing of the TV show's E series (.) Succeeding years have seen the publication of "F", "G" and "H" annuals, concurrent with the BBC show's chronology, though retrospective annuals on the first four letters of the alphabet have yet to be published. The covers, which feature various cartoon scenes starring caricatures of Fry and regular "QI" panellists, are produced by David Stoten (one of Roger Law's "Spitting Image" team), who also contributed to the annuals' contents. Many of said cover stars are also credited with contributing content to the annuals, which also provide a showcase for Rowan Atkinson's talents as a 'rubber-faced' comic, as well as the comic stylings of Newman and Husband from "Private Eye", "Viz's" Chris Donald, Geoff Dunbar, Ted Dewan and "The Daily Telegraph"s Matt Pritchett.


title: QI

text: A French edition entitled "Les autruches ne mettent pas la tête dans le sable : 200 bonnes raisons de renoncer à nos certitudes" ("Ostriches don't put their heads in the sand: 200 good reasons to give up our convictions") was published by Dunod on 3 October 2007. () It is released as part of Dunod's "Cult.Science"/"Oh, les Sciences !" series, which also includes titles by Robert L. Wolke, Ian Stewart and Raymond Smullyan.


title: QI

text: An Italian edition entitled "Il libro dell'ignoranza" ("The book of ignorance") was published by Einaudi in 2007 and in 2009 the same publisher published "Il libro dell'ignoranza sugli animali" ("The book of ignorance about animals".)


title: QI

text: On 7 August 2007, "The Book of General Ignorance" was published in America by Harmony Books. () It features a sparser cover downplaying its links to the TV series, which had yet to be broadcast in the US. The book received glowing reviews from both "Publishers Weekly" and "The New York Times", which recommended it in its "Books Holiday Gift Guide". (It subsequently entered the "New York Times" "Hardcover Advice" best-seller charts at No. 10 on 9 December, falling to No. 11 two weeks later where it stayed until mid-January, before falling out of the top 15 on 20 January.)


title: QI

text: A number of DVDs related to "QI" have also been released, including interactive quizzes, and complete series releases.


title: QI

text: On 14 November 2005 an interactive "QI" DVD game, called "QI: A Quite Interesting Game", was released by Warner Vision International. A second interactive game, "QI: Strictly Come Duncing" followed on 26 November 2007, once again from Warner Vision International. Both games feature Fry asking questions, and then explaining the answers in full "QI"-mode.


title: QI

text: A DVD release for the first series was the direct result of an internet petition signed by 1,821 people, which persuaded the BBC of the interest in such a move. Series A, was therefore released by BBC Worldwide's DVD venture, 2 entertain Ltd. on 6 November 2006 (as "QI: The Complete First Series.") It contains a number of outtakes as well as the unbroadcast pilot. Sales over the Christmas period, however (in stark contrast to "The Book of General Ignorance", which topped the Amazon.co.uk best-seller list), were not as strong as hoped. A lack of adequate advertising is thought to be to blame (and subsequent episodes of "QI" have since trailed the DVD), and may have factored in the label change for Series B. Series B was released on 17 March 2008, followed by Series C on 1 September. In 2014, a message on the QI site read "Due to a number of copyright issues there are difficulties releasing further series of QI on DVD".


title: QI

text: On 14 December 2015, the Network imprint announced on its website that it had made a deal with FremantleMedia so previously unreleased shows could be made available on DVD sometime in 2016; among the list was "QI". The DVD sets, released on 8 May 2017, were split into two initial volumes of series A-D and E-G, containing additional features including a 'Making of' feature, interviews and bloopers. Two additional sets, series H-J and K-M are scheduled for release on 23 October 2017.


title: QI

text: A box-set of series 1–3 (Series A-C) was released in September 2011. Additionally, a single DVD titled "The Best Bits" containing clips from Series G was released on 3 June 2010. Two years later a three DVD set labelled as "Series 9" was released in August 2012, containing the Series H episodes. The Series 9 DVD title was later changed to "The H Series" and The Series J was released also on 5 March 2014.


title: QI

text: Multiple services have made QI available to stream in the United States, including Acorn TV (Series A through G) and Hulu (Series I, J and K). By March 2022, ten seasons (series J-S) had been available through BritBox.


title: QI

text: Since 10 February 2007, a weekly "QI" column has run in "The Daily Telegraph" newspaper. Fifty-two columns were planned, originally alphabetically themed like the TV series and running from A to Z twice, but the feature is ongoing and was recently re-launched in the newspaper's Saturday magazine and online. A "QI" feature has appeared in "BBC MindGames" magazine since its fifth issue, and revolves around facts and questions in the "General Ignorance"-mould. A weekly "QI"-linked multiple-choice question is featured in "Radio Times", with the solution printed in the feedback section. "QI" also has an official website, QI.com, which features facts, forums and other information. It also links to "QI"s internet show "QI News", a parody news show which broadcasts "News" items about things which are "quite interesting". "QI News" stars Glenn Wrage and Katherine Jakeways as the newsreaders, Bob Squire and Sophie Langton.


title: The National (band)

text: The National is an American rock band of Cincinnati, Ohio natives, formed in Brooklyn, New York City in 1999. The band consists of Matt Berninger (vocals), twin brothers Aaron Dessner (guitar, piano, keyboards) and Bryce Dessner (guitar, piano, keyboards), as well as brothers Scott Devendorf (bass) and Bryan Devendorf (drums). Carin Besser is not a band member, but has written lyrics for the band alongside her husband, Berninger, since its 2007 album "Boxer".


title: The National (band)

text: Founded by Matt Berninger, Aaron Dessner, Scott Devendorf and Bryan Devendorf, The National released their self-titled debut album, "The National" (2001), on Brassland Records, an independent record label founded by Aaron and his twin brother, Bryce Dessner. Bryce, who had assisted in recording the album, soon joined the band, participating as a full member in the recording of its follow-up, "Sad Songs for Dirty Lovers" (2003).


title: The National (band)

text: Leaving behind their day jobs, the National signed with Beggars Banquet Records and released their third studio album, "Alligator" (2005), to widespread critical acclaim. The band's fourth and fifth studio albums, "Boxer" (2007) and "High Violet" (2010), increased their exposure significantly. In 2013, the band released its sixth studio album, "Trouble Will Find Me", which was nominated for a Grammy Award. In 2017 the band released the album "Sleep Well Beast", which won the band a Grammy Award. Their eighth studio album, "I Am Easy to Find", was released on May 17, 2019.


title: The National (band)

text: Four of the band's albums were included on "NME"s 2013 list of the "NME"s The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.


title: The National (band)

text: Matt Berninger and Scott Devendorf met in 1991 while attending the University of Cincinnati's DAAP college of graphic design program, where they also met Mike Brewer, Casey Reas and Jeff Salem. Together, the five of them formed the lo-fi garage band Nancy, named after Berninger's mother, aspiring to sound like Pavement. The band was together for five years, and released one album, "Ruther 3429", on Wife Records before breaking up after Berninger, Devendorf, Reas and Salem moved to Brooklyn. Bryan, Bryce, and Aaron were childhood friends who played in several bands together over the years. When their last effort, Project Nim, broke up in 1998, they joined Matt and Scott in Brooklyn via the Devendorf relationship.


title: The National (band)

text: When the band was formed in 1999, it was called "The National", although the domain name of the band's website is americanmary.com because, according to Matt Berninger, "[i]t's a song off our first record. We never thought of changing the (website) name, although we should have." Several of the members continued to work day jobs, including being involved in New York's dot-com boom, while performing free Sunday night shows regularly at Lower East Side venue Luna Lounge.


title: The National (band)

text: Their first album "The National" was eventually released in 2001 on Brassland Records, a label founded by band members Aaron and Bryce Dessner, along with their friend Alec Hanley Bemis. When reviewing the album, Jason MacNeil of "No Depression" wrote, "...The National has created nearly a dozen picture-perfect Americana bar-soaked gems with its debut album. From the opening notes of 'Beautiful Head', the delicate line between polished roots-oriented pop and alt-country has rarely been walked so deliberately with the payoff so favorable."


title: The National (band)

text: The National's second album "Sad Songs for Dirty Lovers", released in 2003, was the band's first collaboration with record producers Paul Heck and Peter Katis, who would later also produce the band's albums "Alligator" and "Boxer". After the French release of the album on the French label Talitres, renowned DJ Bernard Lenoir invited them to perform on his Black Sessions twice on France Inter. Publications such as "Uncut" and the "Chicago Tribune" named it an album of the year.


title: The National (band)

text: In 2004, they released the "Cherry Tree" EP. The EP featured "All the Wine," a song that would appear on their next record. The release of the EP garnered further success and landed them on a successful tour with The Walkmen. In the same year, the band quit their day jobs and signed to a new label, Beggars Banquet Records, because the process of running their own label was becoming "too complicated".


title: The National (band)

text: Their first album on Beggars Banquet, "Alligator", was released in 2005. The album was met with much critical acclaim and featured highly in "Album of the Year" charts in the "Los Angeles Times", Insound, "Uncut", and many other publications.


title: The National (band)

text: The album allowed the band increased exposure. "NME" and Pitchfork ranked "Alligator" as a top album of the 2000s. "Alligator" brought the band increased attendance at concerts, including sold-out shows at The Troubadour in Los Angeles and Webster Hall in New York. They also played at numerous festivals including the 2006 Pitchfork Music Festival, Reading and Leeds Festivals, Pukkelpop, and more.


title: The National (band)

text: Their fourth album, "Boxer", was released on May 22, 2007, and also received widespread critical praise. The album features contributions from various guest artists, including Sufjan Stevens and Doveman. It was voted as the No. 2 best album of the year by Stereogum.com and the No. 1 album of the year by "Paste". The song "Slow Show" from "Boxer" was featured on the NBC series "Chuck" and "Parenthood", as well as on The CW's "One Tree Hill" in its fifth season. The song "Start a War" was featured on the series "Defying Gravity", "Brothers and Sisters", "House", "Parenthood", "Friday Night Lights", as well as the film "Warrior". The track "Fake Empire" was featured in the Season 2 Premiere of the HBO series "Hung", also on the 9th episode, season 5 of "Person of interest", and on the third episode of the second season of "Chuck" and in the pilot episode of "Southland". An instrumental version of the song was featured in Barack Obama's campaign video "Signs of Hope and Change" during his 2008 United States presidential campaign, and the song was also played at the 2008 Democratic National Convention. "Boxer" made numerous "album of the decade" lists, including Pitchfork, "Aquarium Drunkard", "Paste", and more.


title: The National (band)

text: On September 26, 2007, the band performed "Apartment Story" on "The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson". In 2008, along with Modest Mouse, they opened for R.E.M. on the promotional tour for the R.E.M. album "Accelerate". That summer they played many festivals in North America and Europe, including Coachella, Roskilde, Sasquatch, Glastonbury, Haldern Pop, Rock Werchter, Optimus Alive!, Oxegen, Benicàssim, Lowlands, O2 Wireless, T in the Park, All Points West, and Lollapalooza.


title: The National (band)

text: In May 2008, the band released their first feature-length documentary film titled "A Skin, a Night" on DVD. The film, directed by filmmaker Vincent Moon, documents the lives of the band surrounding the recording of "Boxer" and just before a show at the London venue Koko. Along with the release of the DVD was a CD collection of B-sides and rarities titled "The Virginia EP". The National's collaboration with Vincent Moon began long before the filming of "A Skin, a Night". Vincent Moon discovered the band after the release of their first album and became friends with its members after a show at Paris' La Guinguette Pirate. Soon after this meeting, Moon filmed his first music videos ever, which were for the National's songs "Daughters of the Soho Riots" and "Lit Up". Moon's photography also appears on the cover for "Alligator".


title: The National (band)

text: On February 17, 2009, a compilation album titled "Dark Was the Night" was produced by Aaron and Bryce Dessner and released by 4AD (the band's new label after Beggars Banquet Records merged into 4AD). The two-disc, 31-track compilation was released for the benefit of the Red Hot Organization, and featured a new song by the National and Nico Muhly titled "So Far Around the Bend". In the same year, the National collaborated with St. Vincent to contribute a cover of Crooked Fingers' "Sleep All Summer" to the Merge Records compilation "Score! 20 Years of Merge Records: The Covers!". On May 6, 2009, the National performed "So Far Around the Bend" on "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon".


title: The National (band)

text: The National contributed a track to "" in September 2009, an album in support of the former Polaris frontman, who lost his wife. They covered the Polaris track "Ashamed of the Story I Told", from their album "Music from The Adventures of Pete & Pete".


title: The National (band)

text: On March 10, 2010, the band performed "Terrible Love", the lead track from "High Violet", on "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon". On March 24, the band released "Bloodbuzz Ohio", the first single from the album, for free download at the official "High Violet" website.


title: The National (band)

text: "High Violet" was released on May 11, 2010 in the U.S. to widespread critical acclaim. The album debuted with first week sales topping charts across the world, ranking No. 3 in the US, No. 2 in Canada, No. 5 in the United Kingdom, and No. 3 in Portugal, among others. "High Violet" is a Gold Album in Canada, Ireland, Denmark, Belgium, Australia and the United Kingdom. On May 13, 2010, the band appeared on the "Late Show with David Letterman", performing "Afraid of Everyone". On October 25, 2010, it was awarded a Q award, presented by Bernard Sumner of Joy Division and New Order, for Best Album. During 2011, the band capitalized on the success of "High Violet" and toured extensively in North America, Europe and Australia. This included festivals in Ireland, Germany and Bohemia such as Heineken Open'er Festival, Reading and Leeds Festivals, Sziget Festival, Rock Werchter Festival, Skanderborg Festival, Electric Picnic, St. Gallen Open Air Festival, and Latitude Festival.


title: The National (band)

text: In 2011 The National were nominated for a Brit Award for International Breakthrough Act and an MTV Performing Woodie. Two of its songs, "Start a War" (from "Boxer") and "About Today", were featured in the film "Warrior". On March 9, 2011 The National released a music video for Conversation 16 featuring John Slattery, Kristen Schaal and James Urbaniak. Two days later Valve announced the band would be contributing an original song, titled "Exile Vilify", for the video game "Portal 2", and on April 12, 2011, the band released "Think You Can Wait" from the soundtrack of the film "Win Win".


title: The National (band)

text: On April 20, 2011, The National played Starlight Theater in Kansas City, Missouri. During the show, the band played "About Today", and dedicated the song in memory of Gerard Smith of TV on the Radio, who had died earlier that day of lung cancer. On December 8, 2011, the band performed on Q (the CBC radio show) in front of a live audience. Two new songs were performed for the first time: "Rylan" and "I Need My Girl". The third song performed was "Vanderlyle Crybaby Geeks" which featured Justin Vernon of Bon Iver who was also on the show. On March 24, 2012, members of the band, Scott Devendorf, Bryan Devendorf and Aaron Dessner, performed with Bob Weir in a live broadcast concert, "The Bridge Session", at Weir's TRI Studios to bring awareness for non-profit organization, HeadCount.


title: The National (band)

text: The National recorded "The Rains of Castamere" for the "Game of Thrones" season 2 episode "Blackwater". They also recorded a cover of the song "I'll See You in My Dreams" for the HBO TV series "Boardwalk Empire", and a cover of the "Thanksgiving Song" from the Fox TV series "Bob's Burgers". On December 9, 2012, they debuted three new songs "I Should Live in Salt", "Humiliation", and "Graceless" at the All Tomorrow's Parties event in Camber Sands, United Kingdom. The track "Runaway" was used in the 2013 film "Warm Bodies".


title: The National (band)

text: The band announced their sixth studio album, "Trouble Will Find Me", on February 25, 2013. They released the video for "Demons", the album's first single, on April 8. During a Reddit AMA on May 8 they premiered the video for the song "Sea of Love", based on Zvuki Mu's video for Grubiy Zakat. "Trouble Will Find Me" was released via 4AD Records on May 21, 2013. The album debuted with first week sales topping charts across the world, ranking No. 3 in the US, Canada, and the UK, among others. Following the release, the band embarked on a world tour in support of the album. "Trouble Will Find Me" earned a Best Alternative Album nomination in the 56th Annual Grammy Awards. Aaron Dessner has described the album as the first one the band "really enjoyed making."


title: The National (band)

text: On February 28, 2013, they announced the upcoming release of a documentary chronicling the lead singer's brother Tom Berninger's journey of touring with the band. The film, titled "Mistaken for Strangers," premiered at New York City's Tribeca Film Festival on April 17. "Mistaken for Strangers" has been described as "a funny, eccentric and finally deeply poignant depiction of art, family, self-sabotage and the prickly intricacies of brotherly love." The film was edited by Carin Besser, longtime songwriter for the band and Berninger's wife. It had a theatrical release in theaters across the United States and Europe.


title: The National (band)

text: The band additionally played several festivals in the summer of 2013, including The Boston Calling Music Festival in May, Bonnaroo in June, Bunbury Music Festival in Cincinnati, and major European festivals such as Roskilde Festival and Rock Werchter in July. They then returned to North America for Lollapalooza and Outside Lands Music and Arts Festival in August, St. Jerome's Laneway Festival in September, and Austin City Limits in October. That same year, they contributed the song "Lean" to the for the film "".


title: The National (band)

text: The band performed "Graceless" and "I Need My Girl" on the March 8, 2014 episode of "Saturday Night Live". Several of their songs were used on television, including "Fireproof", "Hard to Find" and "England". In June 2014, the National played three consecutive shows at the Celebrate Brooklyn Music Festival. The band closed the summer of 2014 with performances at major festivals throughout Europe, including NorthSide, Pukkelpop, Way Out West, and Lowlands, and continued to headline festivals in the U.S. and Canada throughout the fall. The National returned to headline The Boston Calling Music Festival in September 2014, along with Lorde and The Replacements. In an interview published in June 2014, Berninger stated that the National would try a new approach to writing and recording an album, with plans to start in October 2014.


title: The National (band)

text: On April 2, 2015, the National released the single "Sunshine On My Back". The song is provided as a free download for renting or buying the band's documentary "Mistaken for Strangers" at its official website. The song comes from the "Trouble Will Find Me" recording sessions and features Sharon van Etten. The band headlined a handful of festivals during 2015, including Eaux Claires, a music festival held in Eau Claire, Wisconsin curated by Bon Iver frontman Justin Vernon and The National's Aaron Dessner. They also headlined Treasure Island Music Festival. In his review of the festival, "Consequence of Sound"s Zack Ruskin described the band's performance as "a masterclass in a band that has fully come into their own" and wrote that it "proved once again why they are one of the most exceptional and impressive rock bands of our time."


title: The National (band)

text: On October 16, 2015, the band debuted a new song called "Roman Candle" (which would later be released as "Walk It Back" on "Sleep Well Beast") at Troubadour in Los Angeles. In an interview published in November 2015, Berninger expressed the band's desire to play their new songs in a live setting before recording them: "Over the summer of 2016 we're going to do a lot of shows with the new stuff and then record the next National album."


title: The National (band)

text: On March 2, 2016, it was announced that the band was to headline Latitude Festival in the United Kingdom. The same year they headlined such festivals as Byron Bay Bluesfest, Auckland City Limits, Field Trip, Down The Rabbit Hole, Super Bock Super Rock, Latitude Festival and Longitude Festival. They also played Free Press Summer Festival, Tinderbox, Pistoia Blues Festival, and the first annual Panorama Festival in New York City. In August 2016, Berninger indicated that the new album had electronic influences while they premiered the song "Prom Song 13th Century (Frankie & Johnny)" featuring St. Vincent.


title: The National (band)

text: On May 11, 2017, the single "The System Only Dreams in Total Darkness" was released after two days of mysterious teasers. At the same time, a new album was announced, titled "Sleep Well Beast", which was released September 8, 2017. The album's second single, "Guilty Party" was released on June 28, 2017. The band released "Carin at the Liquor Store", the third single from the album, on August 8, 2017. On August 29, 2017, they released the fourth single, "Day I Die". Matt Berninger has said he and Carin Besser wrote much of "Sleep Well Beast" about the challenges of their own marriage. The album was also heavily influenced by the 2016 United States presidential election.


title: The National (band)

text: The band scheduled a worldwide tour in support of the album, which began in September 2017. In August 2017, "The System Only Dreams in Total Darkness" became the band's first song to reach number one on a "Billboard" songs chart, reaching number one on the Adult Alternative Songs chart. On November 28, 2017, the album was nominated for two Grammy Awards: for Best Alternative Music Album and Best Recording Package, later winning the Grammy for Best Alternative Music Album. While on tour to support the album, The National performed new music during a performance in Zagreb, Croatia.


title: The National (band)

text: The band wrote the music for the 2018 musical "Cyrano" by Erica Schmidt, an adaptation of the 1896 play "Cyrano de Bergerac" by Edmond Rostand, which starred Schmidt's husband Peter Dinklage in the lead role. Like most of The National's music, the songs for "Cyrano" all have lyrics by Besser and Berninger, and music by the Dessner brothers.


title: The National (band)

text: On March 5, 2019, in an interview with Indie88 in Toronto, Aaron Dessner confirmed the band's new album would be called "I Am Easy to Find", and was scheduled for release on May 17. He also debuted the album's first single "You Had Your Soul with You". The band also announced a Mike Mills-directed short film of the same name starring Alicia Vikander, which uses different arrangements of songs from the album as its soundtrack.


title: The National (band)

text: On April 4, 2019, the band released their second single and closing song off "I Am Easy to Find" titled "Light Years", accompanied by a music video starring Alicia Vikander. On May 1, 2019, the band released their third single from "I Am Easy to Find" titled "Hairpin Turns", accompanied by a music video. The band released a cassette box set titled "Juicy Sonic Magic" for Record Store Day Black Friday on November 29, 2019, which featured their set at the Hearst Greek Theatre in Berkeley, California in September 2018. In 2020, the band contributed to Taylor Swift's ninth studio album, "Evermore", appearing alongside Swift on the song "Coney Island". The album was co-produced by Aaron Dessner and Bryce Dessner (the former who also co-produced Swift's eighth studio album "Folklore").


title: The National (band)

text: In 2021, "Cyrano" was adapted as a film musical, also called "Cyrano", again starring Dinklage. For the film, Aaron and Bryce Dessner composed an instrumental score separate from the film's songs. The band also wrote two new songs for the film: "Every Letter", which is sung in the film by Haley Bennett, and "Somebody Desperate", which is performed by The National themselves over the end credits.


title: The National (band)

text: The band returned to touring and live performance in May 2022, playing their first show in two-and-a-half years at Baluarte in Pamplona, Spain on May 28, 2022. At the show, the band performed three new songs: "Grease in Your Hair (Birdie)", "Tropic Morning News (Haversham)" and "Weird Goodbyes" – then known as "Bathwater (Mount Auburn)". A fourth new song, "Ice Machines", was premiered in Paris; a fifth, "Space Invader (Threaded Gold)", was performed during the band's set at the Newport Folk Festival in July. In August 2022, Bryce Dessner said that the band was "discovering things" about their new material "in real-time" by playing it every night.


title: The National (band)

text: On August 22, 2022, The National released "Weird Goodbyes" as the first single from their as-yet-untitled ninth studio album. The studio version of the song features Bon Iver, as well as strings performed by the London Contemporary Orchestra.


title: The National (band)

text: Aaron and Bryce Dessner write and develop the music which Matt Berninger then responds to, building lyrics on the music Aaron and Bryce have written. Matt has said that the melody and the rhythm come first and then words and imagery will start to stick to a melody, stating, "I never sit and fill a journal with lyrics." Kitty Empire in "The Guardian" characterised the band as exploring "literate rock that presents at first as artily sombre, and eventually as one of the most nuanced 21st-century iterations of what used to be known as "college rock".


title: The National (band)

text: The National has been compared to Joy Division, Leonard Cohen, Interpol, Wilco, Depeche Mode and Nick Cave & the Bad Seeds. The band's lyrics have been described as "dark, melancholy and difficult to interpret."


title: The National (band)

text: The National supported both of Barack Obama's presidential candidacies in 2008 and 2012. In July 2008, the band designed and sold a T-shirt featuring Obama's image above the words "Mr. November," a reference to both their song from "Alligator" and the month of the U.S. presidential election. All proceeds were donated to Obama's campaign. On October 16, 2008, the band played a rally for Barack Obama on Fountain Square in their hometown of Cincinnati with The Breeders. Buses for early voting were available before the show to take voters to the Hamilton County Board of Elections.


title: The National (band)

text: On September 28, 2010, The National played in front of over 25,000 people before a speech by President Obama at a rally in Madison, Wisconsin. On September 1, 2012, the band opened for the President at a campaign rally in Urbandale, Iowa in front of a crowd in excess of 10,000 people. In October, the band traveled to Ohio where they played two free shows and visited university campuses as part of Barack Obama's GottaVote campaign to encourage young adults to register to vote and to cast their vote for Obama.


title: The National (band)

text: In 2008 the band designed a T-shirt for the Yellow Bird Project to raise money for Safe Space NYC, an organization which provides safe refuge for underprivileged children and families in Southeast Queens.


title: The National (band)

text: On February 17, 2009, "Dark Was the Night", the twentieth Red Hot Organization compilation, was released. Curated by Aaron and Bryce Dessner, this album comprised songs by bands and artists such as Arcade Fire, Grizzly Bear, Beirut, David Byrne, Sufjan Stevens, Spoon, The Dirty Projectors, Feist and the National, among others. Over one million dollars of the proceeds from album sales were donated to the Red Hot Organization, an international organization dedicated to fighting AIDS.


title: The National (band)

text: On May 3, 2009, Aaron and Bryce Dessner curated a concert for "Dark Was the Night" at Radio City Music Hall in New York City. Other than the band, performers included David Byrne, The Dirty Projectors, Feist, and several other artists who contributed to the compilation. Red Hot Organization founder and director, John Carlin, was quoted as saying, ""Dark Was the Night" encapsulated the spirit and creativity of a new generation of musicians whose work struck a chord and got people to actually purchase the album and raise hundreds of thousands of dollars to fight AIDS."


title: The National (band)

text: The National have supported Partners in Health throughout the Trouble Will Find Me tour by working with Plus One to donate $1 from ticket sales at select shows to raise money for Partners in Health.


title: The National (band)

text: On March 17, 2016 the band announced "Day of the Dead", a charity tribute album to the Grateful Dead released on May 20, 2016. "Day of the Dead" was created, curated and produced by Aaron and Bryce. The compilation, which took four years to record, is a wide-ranging tribute to the songwriting and experimentalism of the Dead, and features over 60 artists from varied musical backgrounds. It has 59 tracks and is almost 6 hours long. All profits will help fight for AIDS/ HIV and related health issues around the world through the Red Hot Organization. "Day of the Dead" is the follow up to 2009's "Dark Was The Night" (4AD), a 32-track, multi-artist compilation also produced by Aaron and Bryce for Red Hot.


title: The National (band)

text: "Day of the Dead" features collaborations and recordings from a diverse group of artists including Wilco, Flaming Lips, Bruce Hornsby, Justin Vernon, the National, The War on Drugs, Kurt Vile, Lee Ranaldo of Sonic Youth, Ira Kaplan of Yo La Tengo, Jenny Lewis, The Tallest Man on Earth, Unknown Mortal Orchestra, Perfume Genius, Jim James of My Morning Jacket, Senegalese collective Orchestra Baobob, composer Terry Riley and his son Gyan Riley, electronic artist Tim Hecker, So Percussion, jazz pianist Vijay Iyer and Bela Fleck.


title: The National (band)

text: Of the 59 tracks on the compilation, many feature a house band made up of Aaron, Bryce, brothers Scott and Bryan Devendorf, Josh Kaufman (who co-produced the project), Conrad Doucette (of Takka Takka), Sam Cohen and Walter Martin. The National have three tracks on the album: "Peggy-O", "Morning Dew" and "I Know You Rider".


title: The National (band)

text: A Day of the Dead live performance took place in August 2016 at the second annual Eaux Claires Festival (August 12–13) featuring the band as well as Jenny Lewis, Matthew Houck, Lucius, Will Oldham, Sam Amidon, Richard Reed Parry, Justin Vernon, Bruce Hornsby, So Percussion, Ruban Nielson.


title: The National (band)

text: The National have played numerous benefits for a range of organizations, including MusiCares, Artists for Peace and Justice and the Robin Hood Foundation. They have also played at Philip Glass's Tibet House US (an organization that is dedicated to preserving Tibetan culture) at New York's Carnegie Hall twice: once in 2009 and once in 2014. The annual show is organized to help raise money for "the cultural institution" of the Tibetan heritage.


title: The National (band)

text: In October 2015, the National played two shows at The Troubadour in Los Angeles benefitting Cooperative for Education and their Thousand Girls Initiative, which is a program aimed at supporting the growth of educational opportunities for girls in Guatemala.


title: Bossa nova

text: Bossa nova () is a style of samba developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is mainly characterized by a "different beat" that altered the harmonies with the introduction of unconventional chords and an innovative syncopation of traditional samba from a single rhythmic division. The "bossa nova beat" is characteristic of a samba style and not of an autonomous genre.


title: Bossa nova

text: According to the Brazilian journalist Ruy Castro, the bossa beat – which was created by the drummer Milton Banana – was "an extreme simplification of the beat of the samba school", as if all instruments had been removed and only the tamborim had been preserved. In line with this thesis, musicians such as Baden Powell, Roberto Menescal, and Ronaldo Bôscoli also claim that this beat is related to the tamborim of the samba school. One of the major innovations of bossa nova was the way to synthesize the rhythm of samba on the classical guitar. According to musicologist Gilberto Mendes, the bossa nova was one of the "three rhythmic phases of samba", in which the "bossa beat" had been extracted by João Gilberto from the traditional samba. According to the author Walter Garcia, the synthesis performed by Gilberto's guitar was a reduction of the "batucada" of samba, a stylization produced from one of the percussion instruments: the thumb stylized a surdo; the index, middle and ring fingers phrased like a tamborim.


title: Bossa nova

text: In 1959, soundtrack to the film "Black Orpheus" (Orpheu Negro) was released, which included the future jazz standard Manhã de Carnaval, "The Morning of the Carnival". The bossa nova wave came to renew samba and to contribute to the modernization of Brazilian music, being a watershed. The style emerged at the time when samba-canção was the dominant rhythm in the Brazilian music scene. Its first appearance was on the album "Canção do Amor Demais", in which the singer Elizeth Cardoso recorded two compositions by the duo Antônio Carlos Jobim and Vinicius de Moraes, "Outra Vez" and "Chega de Saudade", which were accompanied by João Gilberto's guitar. It was the first time that the Bahian musician presented the beat of his guitar that would become characteristic of the style. By accompanying Cardoso's voice, Gilberto innovated in the way of pacing the rhythm, accentuating the weak times, in order to carry out a synthesis of the beat of samba to guitar.


title: Bossa nova

text: In 1959, João Gilberto's bossa album was released, containing the tracks "Chega de Saudade" and "Bim Bom". Considered the landmark of the birth of bossa nova, it also featured Gilberto's innovative way of singing samba, which was inspired by Dorival Caymmi. With the LP "Chega de Saudade", released in 1959, Gilberto consolidated the bossa nova as a new style of playing samba. His innovative way of playing and singing samba, combined with the harmonies of Antônio Carlos Jobim and the lyrics of Vinicius de Moraes, found immediate resonance among musicians who were looking for new approaches to samba in Rio de Janeiro, many of them were influenced by American jazz. In 1964 João Gilberto and Stan Getz released "Getz/Gilberto" album. Then, it emerged an artistic movement around Gilberto and others professional artists such as Jobim, Moraes and Baden Powell, among others, which attracted young amateur musicians from the South Zone of Rio – such as Carlos Lyra, Roberto Menescal, Ronaldo Bôscoli and Nara Leão. Jorge Ben wrote "Mas que Nada" in 1963, and Sergio Mendes & Brazil 66 gained bosa rock hit "Mas que Nada" in 1966. It was inducted to the Latin Grammy Hall of Fame. In 1960s, US jazz artists such as Stan Getz, Hank Mobley, Zoot Sims, Paul Winter and Quincy Jones recorded bossa jazz albums.


title: Bossa nova

text: In Brazil, the word "bossa" is old-fashioned slang for something done with particular charm, natural flair or innate ability. As early as 1932, Noel Rosa used the word in a samba:


title: Bossa nova

text: The phrase "bossa nova" means literally "new trend" or "new wave" in Portuguese. The exact origin of the term "bossa nova" remained unclear for many decades, according to some authors. Within the artistic beach culture of the late 1950s in Rio de Janeiro, the term "bossa" was used to refer to any new "trend" or "fashionable wave". In his book "Bossa Nova", Brazilian author Ruy Castro asserts that "bossa" was already in use in the 1950s by musicians as a word to characterize someone's knack for playing or singing idiosyncratically. Castro claims that the term "bossa nova" might have first been used in public for a concert given in 1957 by the Grupo Universitário Hebraico do Brasil (Hebrew University Group of Brazil). The authorship of the term "bossa nova" is attributed to the then-young journalist Moyses Fuks, who was promoting the event. That group consisted of Sylvia Telles, Carlos Lyra, Nara Leão, Luiz Eça, Roberto Menescal, and others. Mr. Fuks's description, fully supported by most of the bossa nova members, simply read "HOJE. SYLVIA TELLES E UM GRUPO BOSSA NOVA" ("Today. Sylvia Telles and a 'Bossa Nova' group"), since Sylvia Telles was the most famous musician in the group at that time. In 1959, Nara Leão also participated in more than one embryonic display of bossa nova. These include the 1st Festival de Samba Session, conducted by the student union of Pontifícia Universidade Católica. This session was chaired by Carlos Diegues (later a prominent Cinema Novo film director), a law student whom Leão ultimately married.


title: Bossa nova

text: Bossa nova is most commonly performed on the nylon-string classical guitar, played with the fingers rather than with a pick. Its purest form could be considered unaccompanied guitar with vocals, as created, pioneered, and exemplified by João Gilberto. Even in larger, jazz-like arrangements for groups, there is almost always a guitar that plays the underlying rhythm. Gilberto basically took one of the several rhythmic layers from a samba ensemble, specifically the tamborim, and applied it to the picking hand. According to Brazilian musician Paulo Bitencourt, João Gilberto, known for his eccentricity and obsessed by the idea of finding a new way of playing the guitar, sometimes locked himself in the bathroom, where he played one and the same chord for many hours in a row.


title: Bossa nova

text: As in samba, the surdo plays an ostinato figure on the downbeat of beat one, the "ah" of beat one, the downbeat of beat two and the "ah" of beat two. The clave pattern sounds very similar to the two-three or three-two son clave of Cuban styles such as mambo but is dissimilar in that the "two" side of the clave is pushed by an eighth note. Also important in the percussion section for bossa nova is the cabasa, which plays a steady sixteenth-note pattern. These parts are easily adaptable to the drum set, which makes bossa nova a rather popular Brazilian style for drummers.


title: Bossa nova

text: Bossa nova has at its core a rhythm based on samba. Samba combines the rhythmic patterns and feel originating in former African slave communities. Samba's emphasis on the second beat carries through to bossa nova (to the degree that it is often notated in 2/4 time). However, unlike samba, bossa nova has no dance steps to accompany it. When played on the guitar, in a simple one-bar pattern, the thumb plays the bass notes on 1 and 2, while the fingers pluck the chords in unison on the two eighth notes of beat one, followed by the second sixteenth note of beat two. Two-measure patterns usually contain a syncopation into the second measure. Overall, the rhythm has a "swaying" feel rather than the "swinging" feel of jazz. As bossa nova composer Carlos Lyra describes it in his song "Influência do Jazz", the samba rhythm moves "side to side" while jazz moves "front to back". Bossa nova was also influenced by the blues, but because the most famous bossa novas lack the 12-bar structure characteristic of classic blues, as well as the statement, repetition and rhyming resolution of lyrics typical of the genre, bossa nova's affinity with the blues often passes unnoticed.


title: Bossa nova

text: Aside from the guitar style, João Gilberto's other innovation was the projection of the singing voice. Prior to bossa nova, Brazilian singers employed brassy, almost operatic styles. Now, the characteristic nasal vocal production of bossa nova is a peculiar trait of the caboclo folk tradition of northeastern Brazil.


title: Bossa nova

text: The lyrical themes found in bossa nova include women, love, longing, homesickness, nature. Bossa Nova was often apolitical. The musical lyrics of the late 1950s depicted the easy life of the middle to upper-class Brazilians, though the majority of the population was in the working class. In conjunction with political developments of the early 1960s (especially the 1964 military coup d'état), the popularity of bossa nova was eclipsed by Música popular brasileira, a musical genre that appeared around the mid-1960s, featuring lyrics that were more politically charged, referring explicitly to working class struggle.


title: Bossa nova

text: Bossa nova was also a fad dance that corresponded to the music. It was introduced in the late 1950s and faded out in the mid-sixties.


title: Bossa nova

text: Bossa nova music, soft and with sophisticated vocal rhythms and improvisations, is well suited for listening but failed to become dance music despite heavy promotion as yet another dance craze of the 1960s. The style of basic dance steps suited the music well. It was danced on soft knees that allowed for sideways sways with hip motions. It could be danced both solo and in pairs. There were about ten various simple step sentences published. A variant of basic 8-beat pattern was: step forward, tap, step back, step together, repeat from the opposite foot. A variation of this pattern was a kind of slow samba walk, with "step together" above replaced by "replace". In fact, box steps of rhumba and whisk steps of nightclub two step could be fitted with bossa-nova styling. Embellishments included placing one arm onto one own's belly and waving another arm at waist level in the direction of the sway, possibly with finger click.


title: Mayte Garcia

text: Mayte Jannell Garcia (; born November 12, 1973) is an American dancer, actress and singer. She was married to Prince for four years and has worked with various music artists.


title: Mayte Garcia

text: Garcia was born on November 12, 1973, at Fort Rucker, Alabama, army base. Garcia's parents are both of Puerto Rican descent. Her father John was a United States military pilot, and her mother Janelle (also known as simply Nelly) was a dancer. Garcia and her older sister, Janice, grew up in both Germany and the United States. Garcia spent the summers of her childhood with her extended family in San Juan, Puerto Rico. She began belly dancing at age three. On May 12, 1981, then 7 years old, Garcia appeared on the American television program "That's Incredible!" as the world's youngest professional belly dancer.


title: Mayte Garcia

text: As a teenager, Garcia became a prima ballerina with the Wiesbaden Ballet. She graduated from General H.H. Arnold High School in Wiesbaden, Germany.


title: Mayte Garcia

text: Garcia first came to the attention of Prince in 1990 when her mother submitted a video cassette of Garcia's performance to a dancer in hopes they would pass the tape on to Prince. Prince met the young dancer within minutes after viewing the video while on tour in Germany. Garcia also describes the process by which she became a part of Prince's performance group, The New Power Generation (NPG), as follows on her official website: "Mayte's mother convinced some members of the New Power Generation to give her [audition] video to Prince. Ten minutes later, Prince had invited her backstage, and for two years, the two kept in touch. Finally, when she was eighteen, Prince asked her to be a part of the NPG".


title: Mayte Garcia

text: In 1992, Garcia was hired to dance during his "Diamonds and Pearls Tour". She became the focus of his next album, "Love Symbol" (1992). Garcia assumed the guise of an Egyptian princess for the concept album and the "3 Chains o' Gold" video compilation. She was a member of the NPG, from 1992 to 1996. Afterwards, she remained an associate of the NPG, dancing occasionally during Prince's tours in 1998 and 1999. In 1995, Prince produced an album for her, titled "Child of the Sun", for a European release on his NPG Records label. This album had one single released overseas, "If I Love U 2 Nite".


title: Mayte Garcia

text: In 1997, Garcia was the artistic director of the New Power Generation Dance Company on their "Around the World in a Day" tour. She also directed the music video for "The One" for Prince. In addition, Garcia directed music videos for Chaka Khan and Graham Central Station. She choreographed the belly dancing routines for Britney Spears' "I'm a Slave 4 U" music video, as well as Spears' performance of the song at the 2001 MTV Video Music Awards. During this period, Garcia dated drummer Tommy Lee. She sang on his album "Never a Dull Moment" (2002) and she toured with him as a dancer.


title: Mayte Garcia

text: Film appearances include the Hindi film "Dus" (2005) as a dancer, and "Firehouse Dog" (2007). In 2005, she appeared as a flight attendant in the Spanish language film "El Vacilon".


title: Mayte Garcia

text: Garcia was offered the role of Marilyn in the film "Just like a Woman" (2012) as well as to be its main dance choreographer, but declined due to scheduling conflicts. The role was later given to Sienna Miller.


title: Mayte Garcia

text: Garcia has guest starred on various television series, such as 2 Broke Girls, "Psych", "The Closer", "Las Vegas", "Nip/Tuck", and "Keeping Up with the Kardashians". She appeared twice as a reporter on the 2007 ABC television series "Big Shots". She had a recurring role on Lifetime's "Army Wives" (2008–2009) as Jennifer Connor. She starred on Sí TV's 2004–05 program "Across the Hall" with Eric Cubiche. In 2009, she was a judge on the first season of Oxygen's "Dance Your Ass Off". On June 25, 2012, she began appearing as a principal cast member on VH1's reality show "Hollywood Exes". She was considered for the role of Nina Holiday on the television series Rizzoli & Isles when the character was originally known as Nina Hernandez.


title: Mayte Garcia

text: In 2017, Garcia released a book titled "The Most Beautiful: My Life with Prince" about her professional and personal relationship with Prince.


title: Mayte Garcia

text: Mayte has multiple sclerosis, an autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system. The symptoms began in 2010 and included optic neuritis, resulting in temporary partial vision loss. Her treatment program, along with a healthy diet and exercise regimen, has stopped the MS symptoms from progressing, allowing her to live an active lifestyle and continue working.


title: Mayte Garcia

text: In 1990, 16-year-old Garcia met Prince backstage in Barcelona after he saw a tape of her dancing. After she graduated high school in Germany at the age of 17, Prince became her legal guardian. Upon moving to Minneapolis, Prince and members of his team helped set her up with her own apartment. "At first, I stayed at the Sofitel, then they moved me to a nice little prairie house at the Country Suites, but I couldn't even make a cup of tea there, so they got me an apartment and rented furniture," she said. When she was 19, Prince instructed her to get on birth control thus beginning their sexual relationship. After a four-year courtship, they married on February 14, 1996.


title: Mayte Garcia

text: Their only child, Amiir, was born with Pfeiffer syndrome type 2 on October 16, 1996. He was unable to breathe without a ventilator and died six days after his birth. A week later, the couple were interviewed on "Oprah", where they pretended their son was still alive. According to Garcia, they were unable to process his death. "We believed he was going to come back, that souls come back. We didn't want to acknowledge he was gone," she said. Depressed from the loss of her son, Garcia contemplated suicide, but the affection of her dog, Mia, stopped her. After a subsequent miscarriage, their marriage deteriorated and they divorced in 2000.


title: Mayte Garcia

text: Garcia dated drummer Tommy Lee from heavy metal band Mötley Crüe for two years. In 2002, Lee proposed to Garcia before a performance in Fort Wayne, Indiana. They ended their engagement in 2003.


title: Benzonatate

text: Benzonatate, sold under the brand name Tessalon among others, is a medication used to try to help with the symptoms of cough and hiccups. It is taken by mouth. Use is not recommended in those under the age of ten. Effects generally begin within 20 minutes and last up to eight hours.


title: Benzonatate

text: Side effects include sleepiness, dizziness, headache, upset stomach, skin rash, hallucinations, and allergic reactions. Excessive doses may cause seizures, irregular heartbeat, and death. Chewing or sucking on the capsule can lead to laryngospasm, bronchospasm, and circulatory collapse. It is unclear if use in pregnancy or breastfeeding is safe. It works by numbing stretch receptors in the lungs and suppressing the cough reflex in the brain.


title: Benzonatate

text: Benzonatate was approved for medical use in the United States in 1958. It is available as a generic medication. Availability worldwide is limited. In 2020, it was the 157th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 3million prescriptions.


title: Benzonatate

text: Benzonatate is a prescription non-opioid alternative for the symptomatic relief of cough. It has been shown to improve cough associated with a variety of respiratory conditions including asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, pneumothorax, opiate-resistant cough in lung cancer, and emphysema.


title: Benzonatate

text: Benzonatate also reduces the consistency and volume of sputum production associated with cough in those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD).


title: Benzonatate

text: Compared to codeine, benzonatate has been shown to be more effective in reducing the frequency of induced cough in experiments.


title: Benzonatate

text: Benzonatate acts as a local anesthetic and the liquid inside the capsule can be applied in the mouth to numb the oropharynx for awake intubation. However, there can be life-threatening adverse effects when the medication is absorbed by the oral mucosa, including choking, hypersensitivity reactions, and circulatory collapse.


title: Benzonatate

text: Hypersensitivity to benzonatate or any related compounds is a contraindication to its administration.


title: Benzonatate

text: Benzonatate is generally well-tolerated if the liquid-capsule is swallowed intact. Potential adverse effects to benzonatate include:


title: Benzonatate

text: Benzonatate is structurally related to anesthetic medications of the para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) class which includes procaine and tetracaine. Procaine and tetracaine, previously used heavily in the fields of dentistry and anesthesiology, have fallen out of favor due to allergies associated with their metabolites. Similarly, severe hypersensitivity reactions to benzonatate have been reported and include symptoms of laryngospasm, bronchospasm, and cardiovascular collapse. These reactions are possibly associated with chewing, sucking, or crushing the capsule in the mouth.


title: Benzonatate

text: Benzonatate should be swallowed whole. Crushing or sucking on the liquid-filled capsule, or "softgel," will cause release of benzonatate from the capsule and can produce a temporary local anesthesia of the oral mucosa. Rapid development of numbness of the tongue and choking can occur. In severe cases, excessive absorption can lead to laryngospasm, bronchospasm, seizures, and circulatory collapse. This may be due to a hypersensitivity reaction to benzonatate or a systemic local anesthetic toxicity, both of which have similar symptoms. There is a potential for these adverse effects to occur at a therapeutic dose, that is, a single capsule, if chewed or sucked on in the mouth.


title: Benzonatate

text: Isolated cases of bizarre behavior, mental confusion, and visual hallucinations have been reported during concurrent use with other prescribed medications. Central nervous system effects associated with other para-aminobenozic acid (PABA) derivative local anesthetics, for example procaine or tetracaine, could occur with benzonatate and should be considered.


title: Benzonatate

text: Safety and efficacy in children below the age of 10 have not been established. Accidental ingestion resulting in death has been reported in children below the age of 10. Benzonatate may be attractive to children due to its appearance, a round-shaped liquid-filled gelatin capsule, which looks like candy. Chewing or sucking of a single capsule can cause death of a small child. Signs and symptoms can occur rapidly after ingestion (within 15–20 minutes) and include restlessness, tremors, convulsions, coma, and cardiac arrest. Death has been reported within one hour of ingestion.


title: Benzonatate

text: In the U.S., benzonatate is classified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as pregnancy category C. It is not known if benzonatate can cause fetal harm to a pregnant woman or if it can affect reproduction capacity. Animal reproductive studies have not yet been conducted with benzonatate to evaluate its teratogenicity. Benzonatate should only be given to a pregnant woman if it is clearly needed.


title: Benzonatate

text: It is not known whether benzonatate is excreted in human milk. It is recommended to exercise caution when benzonatate is given to a nursing woman.


title: Benzonatate

text: Benzonatate is chemically similar to other local anesthetics such as tetracaine and procaine, and shares their pharmacology and toxicology.


title: Benzonatate

text: Benzonatate overdose is characterized by symptoms of restlessness, tremors, seizures, abnormal heart rhythms (cardiac arrhythmia), cerebral edema, absent breathing (apnea), fast heart beat (tachycardia), and in severe cases, coma and death. Symptoms develop rapidly, typically within 1 hour of ingestion. Treatment focuses on removal of gastric contents and on managing symptoms of sedation, convulsions, apnea, and cardiac arrhythmia.


title: Benzonatate

text: Despite a long history of safe and appropriate usage, the safety margin of benzonatate is reportedly narrow. Toxicity above the therapeutic dose is relatively low and ingestion of a small handful of pills can cause symptoms of overdose. Children are at an increased risk for toxicity, which have occurred with administration of only one or two capsules.


title: Benzonatate

text: Due to increasing usage of benzonatate and rapid onset of symptoms, there are accumulating cases of benzonatate overdose deaths, especially in children.


title: Benzonatate

text: Benzonatate is chemically similar to other local anesthetics such as tetracaine and procaine, and shares their pharmacology.


title: Benzonatate

text: Similar to other local anesthetics, benzonatate is a potent voltage-gated sodium channel inhibitor. After absorption and circulation to the respiratory tract, benzonatate acts as a local anesthetic, decreasing the sensitivity of vagal afferent fibers and stretch receptors in the bronchi, alveoli, and pleura in the lower airway and lung. This damps their activity and reduces the cough reflex. Benzonatate also has central antitussive activity on the cough center in central nervous system at the level of the medulla. However, there is minimal inhibition of the respiratory center at a therapeutic dosage.


title: Benzonatate

text: The antitussive effect of benzonatate begins within 15 to 20 minutes after oral administration and typically lasts between 3 and 8 hours.


title: Benzonatate

text: Benzonatate is hydrolyzed by plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) to the metabolite 4-(butylamino)benzoic acid (BABA) as well as polyethylene glycol monomethyl esters. Like many other local anesthetic esters, the hydrolysis of the parent compound is rapid. There are concerns that those with pseudocholinesterase deficiencies may have an increased sensitivity to benzonatate as this hydrolysis is impaired, leading to increased levels of circulating medication.


title: Benzonatate

text: Benzonatate is a butylamine, structurally related to other polyglycol ester local anesthetics such as procaine and tetracaine. The molecular weight of benzonatate is 603.7 g/mol. However, the reference standard for benzonatate is a mixture of n-ethoxy compounds, differing in the abundance of 7-9 repeating units, with an average molecular weight of 612.23 g/mol. There is also evidence that the compound is not uniform between manufacturers.


title: Benzonatate

text: Benzonatate was first made available in the U.S. in 1958 as a prescription medication for the treatment of cough in individuals over the age of 10. There are a variety of prescription opioid-based cough relievers, such as hydrocodone and codeine, but have unwanted side effects and potential of abuse and diversion. However, benzonatate is currently the only prescription non-opioid antitussive and its usage has been rapidly increasing. The exact reasons of this increase are unclear.


title: Benzonatate

text: In the United States between 2004 and 2009, prescriptions increased 50% from 3.1 million to 4.7 million, the market share of benzonatate among antitussives increased from 6.3% to 13%, and the estimated number of children under the age of 10 years receiving benzonatate increased from 10,000 to 19,000. Throughout this same period, greater than 90% of prescriptions were given to those 18 or older. The majority of prescriptions were given by general, family, internal, and osteopathic physicians with pediatricians account for about 3% of prescribed benzonatate.


title: Benzonatate

text: In 2020, it was the 157th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 3million prescriptions.


title: Benzonatate

text: Tessalon is a brand name version of benzonatate manufactured by Pfizer, Inc. It is available as perles or capsules. Zonatuss was a brand name manufactured by Atley Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Vertical Pharmaceuticals, Inc.


title: Delta Burke

text: Delta Ramona Leah Burke (born July 30, 1956) is an American actress, producer, and author. From 1986 to 1991, she starred as Suzanne Sugarbaker in the CBS sitcom "Designing Women", for which she was nominated for two Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series.


title: Delta Burke

text: Burke's other television credits include "Filthy Rich" (1982–83), "Delta" (1992–93), "Women of the House" (1995) and "DAG" (2000–01). She has produced and starred in made-for-TV movies, appeared in the film "What Women Want" (2000), and had a recurring guest role in the drama series "Boston Legal" (2006–07). She has also starred in the Broadway productions of "Thoroughly Modern Millie" (2003) and "Steel Magnolias" (2005).


title: Delta Burke

text: Burke was born on July 30, 1956 in Orlando, Florida, to a single mother, Jean. Frederick Burke, an Orlando realtor, adopted her after marrying her mother. She has never met her biological father. Burke has two younger siblings: a brother, Jonathan; and a sister, Jennifer.


title: Delta Burke

text: Burke graduated from Colonial High School in 1974, and won the senior superlative "Most Likely to Succeed." In 1972, she won the Miss Flame crown from the Orlando Fire Department and went on to become State Miss Flame. In her senior year of high school, she won the Miss Florida title for 1974; she was the youngest Miss Florida titleholder in pageant history. Burke won a talent scholarship from the Miss America Organization, allowing her to attend a two-year study program at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art.


title: Delta Burke

text: In 1974, as part of winning Miss Florida, Burke appeared on the ABC-TV show "Bozo the Clown", filmed in Orlando, Florida.


title: Delta Burke

text: In 1980, Burke portrayed the role of the second Bonnie Sue Chisholm in the CBS western miniseries, "The Chisholms." Burke spent a year on "Filthy Rich" in 1982 playing the wily young widow, Kathleen Beck. After that, she played female football team owner Diane Barrow on "1st & Ten" from 1984 to 1986.


title: Delta Burke

text: In 1986, Burke was cast as Suzanne Sugarbaker in the CBS sitcom "Designing Women"; she left "1st and Ten" in order to appear on the show. "Designing Women" was created by Linda Bloodworth-Thomason, who had previously cast Burke in her show "Filthy Rich". The show was set at an interior design firm in Atlanta headed by four women, and Burke was one of the show's four female leads. (Dixie Carter, another of the leads, had been the lead actress on "Filthy Rich".) The show struggled in the ratings, and was even briefly cancelled after its first year, but in 1989 began to receive respectable ratings after being paired with the sitcom "Murphy Brown". Burke became the show's breakout star, and earned two consecutive nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 1990 and 1991; she was the only lead female cast member of the show to be nominated. (Alice Ghostley received a nomination for Supporting Actress in a Comedy in 1992, for her recurring role as Bernice Clifton, while Meshach Taylor received one in 1989 for Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series.)


title: Delta Burke

text: In 1990, Burke publicly expressed dissatisfaction with the show on a televised interview with Barbara Walters and other media outlets. She argued on "Entertainment Tonight" that there was a labor dispute, and actors were often forced to work over 15 hours per day, with executives even blocking the doors to keep actors on set. She also said that Dixie Carter, who had once been her close friend and maid of honor at her wedding to Gerald McRaney, was not speaking to her as Carter sided with her bosses. At the end of the fifth season of "Designing Women" in 1991, Burke was fired from the show due to her contentious relations with Carter and the Thomasons.


title: Delta Burke

text: Burke was given her own vehicle with the sitcom "Delta" in 1992, in which she portrayed an aspiring country music singer. She dyed her hair blonde for the role. When ratings plummeted, Burke became a brunette again. The series was cancelled after one season. In 1995, she and Linda Bloodworth Thomason reconciled their differences, and Burke returned as Suzanne Sugarbaker in the "Designing Women" spinoff "Women of the House" (1995), but that show also met an early demise.


title: Delta Burke

text: It took more than a decade for Burke and Carter to reconcile, but they did so when Burke guest-starred in an episode of "Family Law", on which Carter was a regular cast member.


title: Delta Burke

text: Since the early 1990s, Burke's weight has been a subject of discussion in the tabloid press. Her struggles with weight, depression, and eating disorders stretch back to her pageant days in the early 1970s. She became a much-parodied figure in the press due to the media's incessant obsession with her weight, including in a skit on "Saturday Night Live", wherein Leon Phelps from "The Ladies Man" has a sexual fixation with her. In 1989, Burke asked Thomason to write an episode addressing her weight. The episode, "They Shoot Fat Women, Don't They?", had Suzanne Sugarbaker going to her 15-year high school reunion and having her feelings hurt after hearing disparaging remarks about her weight. Her performance on this episode is said to have led to her receiving her first Emmy nomination as Best Actress.


title: Delta Burke

text: Burke has been a leading actress in a number of television films, and had a supporting role in the Mel Gibson film "What Women Want" (2000).


title: Delta Burke

text: In the early 2000s, she co-starred with David Alan Grier on the sitcom "DAG"; she had lost much of her excess weight for the role after being diagnosed with diabetes.


title: Delta Burke

text: Burke made her Broadway debut in September 2003, when she starred as Mrs. Meers in the musical "Thoroughly Modern Millie". She was the third actress to play the role in the production, after Harriet Harris and Terry Burrell. She played the role until February 2004, before being succeeded by her "Designing Women" co-star Dixie Carter. Burke then played the role of Truvy in the original Broadway production of "Steel Magnolias", playing the role for the shows entire four-month run from April 4 - July 31, 2005.


title: Delta Burke

text: She also played Bella Horowitz during a five-episode arc on "Boston Legal" as a former flame of William Shatner's character, Denny Crane, in season three.


title: Delta Burke

text: In March 2012, Burke was cast in the ABC comedy pilot "Counter Culture". However, after Burke fell on the set, production of the pilot was suspended and it was not picked up to series.


title: Delta Burke

text: Burke has been married to actor Gerald McRaney since May 28, 1989. They have no children together, although McRaney has adult children from his prior marriages. Burke and McRaney's primary residence is in Los Angeles, California; they also own a house in Telluride, Colorado, and one in New Orleans, Louisiana.


title: Delta Burke

text: Burke is a supporter of gay rights, and has worked with openly gay playwright and screenwriter Del Shores on many occasions, in "Sordid Lives" and "Southern Baptist Sissies". In 2006, Burke and openly gay Tennessean actor Leslie Jordan were uninvited from the Nashville talk show "Talk of the Town" after the show's managing director decided the subject matter to be discussed would offend the conservative viewers. Burke first became supportive of gay people and gay rights through attending acting school in London and also through her sister, Jennifer, who is a lesbian.


title: Delta Burke

text: Burke is a designer and manager of the clothing company "Delta Burke Design", headquartered in New York City.


title: Delta Burke

text: Burke has compulsive hoarding syndrome, for which she received therapy. "At one time I had 27 storage units. I don't have a big enough house!" she said. "My mom had it, it's my mother's fault. She saved the diaper I came home from the hospital in!"


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: Wartime sexual violence is rape or other forms of sexual violence committed by combatants during armed conflict, war, or military occupation often as spoils of war, but sometimes, particularly in ethnic conflict, the phenomenon has broader sociological motives. Wartime sexual violence may also include gang rape and rape with objects. A war crime, it is distinguished from sexual harassment, sexual assaults and rape committed amongst troops in military service.


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: During war and armed conflict, rape is frequently used as a means of psychological warfare in order to humiliate the enemy. Wartime sexual violence may occur in a variety of situations, including institutionalized sexual slavery, wartime sexual violence associated with specific battles or massacres, as well as individual or isolated acts of sexual violence.


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: Rape can also be recognized as genocide when it is committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a targeted group. International legal instruments for prosecuting perpetrators of genocide were developed in the 1990s, and the "Akayesu" case of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda was widely considered a precedent. However, these legal instruments have so far only been used for "international" conflicts, thus putting the burden of proof in citing the international nature of conflict in order for prosecution to proceed.


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: There is no consensus definition of wartime sexual violence, as there is variance in what forms of violence are included in the definition and variance in which violence is considered conflict-related. The terms "rape", "sexual assault" and "sexual violence" are frequently used interchangeably. The Explanatory Note of the Rome Statute, which binds the International Criminal Court, defines rape as follows:


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: The perpetrator invaded the body of a person by conduct resulting in penetration, however slight, of any part of the body of the victim or of the perpetrator with a sexual organ, or of the anal or genital opening of the victim with any object or any other part of the body.


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: The invasion was committed by force, or by threat of force or coercion, such as that caused by fear of violence, duress, detention, psychological oppression or abuse of power, against such person or another person, or by taking advantage of a coercive environment, or the invasion was committed against a person incapable of giving genuine consent.


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: The concept of "invasion" is intended to be broad enough to be gender-neutral and the definition is understood to include situations where the victim may be incapable of giving genuine consent if affected by natural, induced or age-related incapacity.


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: A prominent data-set on conflict-related sexual violence, Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict (SVAC), builds on the ICC definition and covers seven forms of violence: "(a) rape, (b) sexual slavery, (c) forced prostitution, (d) forced pregnancy, (e) forced sterilization/abortion, (f) sexual mutilation, and (g) sexual torture." The data-set defines conflict-related sexual violence as the sexual violence committed "armed actors (specifically, state militaries, rebel groups, and progovernment militias) during periods of conflict or immediately postconflict," thus excluding sexual violence by civilians. More expansive definitions may define wartime sexual violence as being committed even by civilians if the conflict creates a sense of impunity.


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: In 2009, the UN established a mandate and adopted SCR 1888 resolution 2009 to tackle conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV) as a peace and security issue and related violations. CRSV refers to rape, sexual slavery, forced prostitution, forced pregnancy, forced abortion, enforced sterilization, forced marriage, trafficking in persons when committed in situations of conflict for the purpose of sexual violence/exploitation and any other form of sexual violence of comparable gravity perpetrated against women, men, girls or boys that is directly or indirectly linked to a conflict.


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: Prosecution of rapists in war crime tribunals was rare prior to the late 1990s. Askin argued that the lack of explicit recognition of war rape in international law or applicable humanitarian law can not be used as a defense by a perpetrator of war rape. Laws and customs of war prohibit offenses such as "inhuman treatment" or "indecent assaults", adding to this domestic military codes and domestic civil codes (national law) may make sexual assault a crime.


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: In 1999, humanitarian law concerned the maltreatment of civilians and "any devastation not justified by military necessity".


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: The ancient Greeks considered war rape of women "socially acceptable behavior well within the rules of warfare", and warriors considered the conquered women "legitimate booty, useful as wives, concubines, slave labor, or battle-camp trophy". One of the first references to the "laws of war", or "traditions of war" was by Cicero, who urged soldiers to observe the rules of war, since obeying the regulations separated the "men" from the "brutes". Conquering the riches and property of an enemy was regarded as legitimate reason for war in itself. Women were included with "property", since they were considered under the lawful ownership of a man, whether a father, husband, slave master, or guardian. In this context, the rape of a woman was considered a property crime committed against the man who owned the woman.


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: In the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church sought to prevent rape during feudal warfare through the institution of Peace and Truce of God which discouraged soldiers from attacking women and civilians in general and through the propagation of a Christianized version of chivalry ideal of a knight who protected innocents and did not engage in lawlessness.


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: In 1159, John of Salisbury wrote "Policraticus" in an attempt to regulate the conduct of armies engaged in "justifiable" wars. Salisbury believed that acts of theft and "rapine" (property crimes) should receive the most severe punishment, but also believed that obeying a superior's commands whether legal or illegal, moral or immoral, was the ultimate duty of the soldier.


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: Rape and pillage were prohibited by some army codes as early as the 14th century because of the tendency to create strong hostility in civilian populations and the detrimental effects to army discipline. Despite early efforts to systematize the laws of war, rape continued to be a problem in the 15th and 16th centuries. The influential writer Francisco de Vitoria stood for a gradual emergence of the notion that glory or conquest were not necessarily acceptable reasons to start a war. The jurist Alberico Gentili insisted that all women, including female combatants, should be spared from sexual assault in wartime.


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: It is suggested that one reason for the prevalence of war rape was that at the time, military circles supported the notion that all persons, including women and children, were still the enemy, with the belligerent having conquering rights over them. In the late Middle Ages, the laws of war even considered war rape as an indication of a man's success in the battlefield and "opportunities to rape and loot were among the few advantages open to... soldiers, who were paid with great irregularity by their leaders... triumph over women by rape became a way to measure victory, part of a soldier's proof of masculinity and success, a tangible reward for services rendered... an actual reward of war".


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: During this period in history, war rape took place not necessarily as a conscious effort of war to terrorize the enemy, but rather as earned compensation for winning a war. There is little evidence to suggest that superiors regularly ordered subordinates to commit acts of rape. Throughout this period of history, war became more regulated, specific, and regimented. The first formal prosecution for war crimes did not take place until the late Middle Ages.


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: Hugo Grotius, considered the father of the law of nations and the first to conduct a comprehensive work on systematizing the international laws of war, "De jure belli ac pacis" (1625), concluded that rape (phrased as "the violation of women") "should not go unpunished in war any more than in peace", rejecting the view that it is permissible to inflict damage or harm "on anything belonging to the enemy":


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: Emmerich van Vattel emerged as an influential figure when he pleaded for the immunity of civilians against the ravages of war, considering men and women civilians as non-combatants.


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: In the late 18th century and 19th century, treaties and war codes started to include vague provisions for the protection of women: The Treaty of Amity and Commerce (1785) specified that in case of war "women and children... shall not be molested in their persons". Article 20 of the Order No. 20 (1847), a supplement to the US Rules and Articles of war, listed the following as severely punishable "Assassination, murder, malicious stabbing or maiming, rape". The Declaration of Brussels (1874) stated that the "honours and rights of the family... should be respected" (article 38).


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: In the 19th century, the treatment of soldiers, prisoners, the wounded, and civilians improved when core elements of the laws of war were put in place by nations who were signatories to treaties. However, while the customs of war mandated more humane treatment of soldiers and civilians, new weapons and advanced technology increased destruction and altered the methods of war.


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: The Lieber Code (1863) was the first codification of the international customary laws of land war and an important step towards humanitarian law. The Lieber Code emphasized protection of civilians and stated that "all rape... [is] prohibited under the penalty of death", which was the first prohibition of rape in customary humanitarian law.


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: During the 20th century, international legal procedures attempted to prevent and prosecute perpetrators of war rape. Similarly, individual states developed laws pertaining to war rape's victims and perpetrators.


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: The prohibition of rape was excluded from the grave breaches spelled out in the Geneva Conventions and was deliberately left vague by the Hague Conventions. Article 46 of the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 regarding Land Warfare required only that "[f]amily honour and rights [and] the lives of persons... must be respected" by the occupying powers.


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: After World War I, the Commission of Responsibilities, set up in 1919 to examine the atrocities committed by the German Empire and the other Central Powers during the war, found substantial evidence of sexual violence and subsequently included rape and forced prostitution among the violations of the laws and customs of war. Efforts to prosecute failed.


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: The Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals became the first international courts of real significance. The victorious Allied powers established them in 1945 and 1946 respectively to prosecute the major war criminals of the European Axis powers (in fact only Germans) and of Japan for crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. The possibility of prosecuting sexual violence as a war crime was present because of the recognition of war rape as serious violation of the laws of war in the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 assertion that "[f]amily honour and rights [and] the lives of persons... must be respected."


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: While the Nuremberg Tribunals failed to charge Nazi war criminals with rape, witnesses testified about it occurring. Previous war crimes trials had prosecuted for sex crimes, hence war rape could have been prosecuted under customary law and/or under the IMT (International Military Tribunals) Charter's Article 6(b): "abduction of the civilian population... into slavery and for other purposes" and "abduction unjustified by military necessity". Similarly, it would have been possible to prosecute war rape as crime against humanity under Article 6(c) of the Nuremberg Charter: "other inhumane acts" and "enslavement". However, notwithstanding evidence of sexual violence in Europe during World War II, a lack of will led to rape and sexual violence not being prosecuted at the Nuremberg Tribunals.


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: The International Military Tribunal for the Far East did convict Japanese officers "of failing to prevent rape" in the Nanjing Massacre, which is known as the "Rape of Nanking". The tribunal, in Tokyo, prosecuted cases of sexual violence and war rape as war crimes under the wording "inhumane treatment", "ill-treatment", and "failure to respect family honour and rights". According to the prosecution, in excess of 20,000 women and girls were raped during the first weeks of the Japanese occupation of the Chinese city of Nanking. The War Crimes Tribunal in Tokyo included accounts of sexual violence crimes in the trial testimonies as well as public records. On a national level, a commander of the 14th Area Army, General Yamashita, was convicted for, inter alia, "rape under his command". Some 35 Dutch comfort women brought a successful case before the Batavia Military Tribunal in 1948.


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: It is well known that brutal mass rapes were committed against German women; both during and after World War II. According to some estimates, over 100,000 women were raped by Soviet soldiers in Berlin both during and after The Battle of Berlin.


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: The phrase "from eight to 80" was used to describe potential victims of Soviet mass-rape. "Red Army soldiers don't believe in 'individual liaisons' with German women," wrote the playwright Zakhar Agranenko in his diary when he was serving as an officer of the marine infantry in East Prussia. "Nine, ten, twelve men at a time – they rape them on a collective basis." Rape was regarded by men in the Soviet army as a well-deserved form of punishment, whether the civilians had anything to do with the war or not. In total, historians estimate that over two million German women were raped.


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: Marocchinate (Italian for "Moroccan' deeds") is a term which is applied to the mass rape and killings which were committed after the Battle of Monte Cassino in Italy during World War II. These mass rapes and killings were mainly committed by the Moroccan Goumiers, colonial troops of the French Expeditionary Corps (FEC), commanded by General Alphonse Juin, and the victims of these crimes were civilian women and girls, as well as men and boys, in the rural area between Naples and Rome. In Italian, the incident is traditionally known as "marocchinate".


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: The Italian Senate launched an investigation, reaching the conclusion that 2,000 women were raped, as well as 600 men:Over 2,000 women were raped, the youngest at 11, the oldest at 86. Dozens died. Six hundred men suffered the same fate. Among them a young parish priest, who died two days after the torture suffered. Two sisters, aged 15 and 18, suffered the violence of 200 Moroccan soldiers.


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: Common Article 3 of the 1949 Geneva Conventions provides that "violence to life and person, in particular murder of all kinds, mutilation, cruel treatment and torture" and "outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment" are prohibited under any circumstance whatsoever with respect to persons who are hors de combat or who are not taking part of direct hostilities in internal conflicts.


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: Article 27 of the 1949 Fourth Geneva Convention explicitly prohibits wartime rape and enforced prostitution in international conflicts.


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: The prohibitions outlined in the 1949 Geneva Conventions were reinforced by the 1977 Additional Protocols I and II to the 1949 Geneva Conventions.


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: The United Nations "Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict", which went into effect in 1974, does not mention rape specifically.


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: In 1998, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda established by the United Nations made landmark decisions defining genocidal rape (rape intended to affect a population or culture as a whole) as a form of genocide under international law. In the trial of Jean-Paul Akayesu, the mayor of Taba Commune in Rwanda, the Trial Chamber held that "sexual assault formed an integral part of the process of destroying the Tutsi ethnic group and that the rape was systematic and had been perpetrated against Tutsi women only, manifesting the specific intent required for those acts to constitute genocide."


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: Judge Navanethem Pillay, now the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, said in a statement after the verdict: "From time immemorial, rape has been regarded as spoils of war. Now it will be considered a war crime. We want to send out a strong message that rape is no longer a trophy of war." An estimated 500,000 women were raped during the 1994 Rwandan genocide.


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: Professor Paul Walters in his April 2005 statement of support of her honorary doctorate of law at Rhodes University wrote:


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: Under her presidency of the Rwanda Tribunal, that body rendered a judgment against the mayor of Taba Commune which found him guilty of genocide for the use of rape in "the destruction of the spirit, of the will to live, and of life itself."


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: The Akayesu judgement includes the first interpretation and application by an international court of the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. The Trial Chamber held that rape (which it defined as "a physical invasion of a sexual nature committed on a person under circumstances which are coercive") and sexual assault constitute acts of genocide insofar as they were committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a targeted group, as such. It found that sexual assault formed an integral part of the process of destroying the Tutsi ethnic group and that the rape was systematic and had been perpetrated against Tutsi women only, manifesting the specific intent required for those acts to constitute genocide.


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: In September 1999, the United Nations published a "Report of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighboring States between 1 January and 31 December 1994". The report states that on 2 September 1998, Trial Chamber I of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, composed of Judges Laïty Kama, Presiding, Lennart Aspegren and Navanethem Pillay, found Jean Paul Akayesu guilty of 9 of the 15 counts proffered against him, including genocide, direct and public incitement to commit genocide and crimes against humanity, murder, torture, rape, and other inhumane acts. The Tribunal found Jean Paul Akayesu not guilty of the six remaining counts, including the count of complicity in genocide and the counts relating to violations of Common Article 3 to the Geneva Conventions and of Additional Protocol II thereto. On 2 October 1998, Jean Paul Akayesu was sentenced to life imprisonment for each of the nine counts, the sentences to run concurrently. Both Jean Paul Akayesu and the Prosecutor have appealed against the judgement rendered by the Trial Chamber.


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: Rape first became recognized as crime against humanity when the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia issued arrest warrants in 1993, based on the Geneva Conventions and Violations of the Laws or Customs of War. Specifically, it was recognized that Muslim women in Foča (southeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina) were subjected to systematic and widespread gang rape, torture and sexual enslavement by Bosnian Serb soldiers, policemen, and members of paramilitary groups after the takeover of the city (April 1992). The indictment was of major legal significance and was the first time that sexual assaults were investigated for the purpose of prosecution under the rubric of torture and enslavement as a crime against humanity. The indictment was confirmed by a 2001 verdict by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia that rape and sexual enslavement are crimes against humanity. This ruling challenged the widespread acceptance of rape and sexual enslavement of women as intrinsic part of war. The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia found three Bosnian Serb men guilty of rape of Bosniak (Bosnian Muslim) women and girls (some as young as 12 and 15 years of age), in Foča, eastern Bosnia-Herzegovina. Furthermore, two of the men were found guilty of the crime against humanity of sexual enslavement for holding women and girls captive in a number of de facto detention centres. Many of the women subsequently disappeared. However, Justice Richard Goldstone, chief prosecutor at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, commented that "rape has never been the concern of the international community."


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: United States law specifies that rape in wartime is punishable by death or imprisonment under Article 120 of the United States' Uniform Code of Military Justice and Section d(g) of the War Crimes Act of 1996. However, a total ban on abortion is a requirement of US humanitarian aid for war victims, with no exceptions for rape, incest, or to save the life of the mother.


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: The 1998 Rome Statute Explanatory Memorandum, which defines the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court, recognizes rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy, enforced sterilization, "or any other form of sexual violence of comparable gravity" as crime against humanity if the action is part of a widespread or systematic practice.


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: In 2008, the U.N. Security Council adopted resolution 1820, which noted that "rape and other forms of sexual violence can constitute war crimes, crimes against humanity or a constitutive act with respect to genocide".


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: The Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict (SRSG-SVC) was established by Security Council Resolution 1888 (2009), one in a series of resolutions which recognized the detrimental impact that sexual violence in conflict has on communities, and acknowledged that this crime undermines efforts at peace and security and rebuilding once a conflict has ended. The office serves as the United Nations' spokesperson and political advocate on conflict-related sexual violence, and is the chair of the network UN Action against Sexual Violence in Conflict.


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: In April 2010, the first Special Representative, Margot Wallström of Sweden, established the Office and served as the United Nations' spokesperson and political advocate on this issue. In September 2012, Zainab Hawa Bangura of Sierra Leone took over as the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict.


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: The Office has eight priority countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina; Central African Republic (CAR); Colombia; Côte d'Ivoire; Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC); Liberia; South Sudan and Sudan. While six of the eight priority countries are in Africa, this problem is widespread and the Office of the Special Representative is engaged on this issue in Asia and the Pacific (in Cambodia for residual cases from the Khmer Rouge period) and the Middle East (Syria).


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: In 2013, the U.N. Security Council unanimously passed Resolution 2122, which supported abortion rights for girls and women raped in wars, "noting the need for access to the full range of sexual and reproductive health services, including regarding pregnancies resulting from rape, without discrimination." United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon had recommended to the U.N. Security Council earlier in 2013 (in September) that girls and women raped in war should have access to "services for safe termination of pregnancies resulting from rape, without discrimination and in accordance with international human rights and humanitarian law." In March 2013, Ban Ki-moon had also recommended to the Council that women raped in war have access to abortion services.


title: Wartime sexual violence

text: Rape has accompanied warfare in virtually every known historical era. Women's historian Gerda Lerner writes,