title: Interior design

text: "Courtyards and upper pillared porticoes are principal features of the best Nadjdi architecture, in addition to the fine incised plaster wood (jiss) and painted window shutters, which decorate the reception rooms. Good examples of plasterwork can often be seen in the gaping ruins of torn-down buildings- the effect is light, delicate and airy. It is usually around the majlis, around the coffee hearth and along the walls above where guests sat on rugs, against cushions. Doughty wondered if this "parquetting of jis", this "gypsum fretwork... all adorning and unenclosed" originated from India. However, the Najd fretwork seems very different from that seen in the Eastern Province and Oman, which are linked to Indian traditions, and rather resembles the motifs and patterns found in ancient Mesopotamia. The rosette, the star, the triangle and the stepped pinnacle pattern of dadoes are all ancient patterns, and can be found all over the Middle East of antiquity. Al-Qassim Province seems to be the home of this art, and there it is normally worked in hard white plaster (though what you see is usually begrimed by the smoke of the coffee hearth). In Riyadh, examples can be seen in unadorned clay.


title: Interior design

text: Interior design has become the subject of television shows. In the United Kingdom, popular interior design and decorating programs include "60 Minute Makeover" (ITV), "Changing Rooms" (BBC), and "Selling Houses" (Channel 4). Famous interior designers whose work is featured in these programs include Linda Barker and Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen. In the United States, the TLC Network aired a popular program called "Trading Spaces", a show based on the UK program "Changing Rooms". In addition, both HGTV and the DIY Network also televise many programs about interior design and decorating, featuring the works of a variety of interior designers, decorators, and home improvement experts in a myriad of projects.


title: Interior design

text: Fictional interior decorators include the Sugarbaker sisters on "Designing Women" and Grace Adler on "Will & Grace". There is also another show called "Home MADE". There are two teams and two houses and whoever has the designed and made the worst room, according to the judges, is eliminated. Another show on the Style Network, hosted by Niecy Nash, is "Clean House" where they re-do messy homes into themed rooms that the clients would like. Other shows include "Design on a Dime", "Designed to Sell", and "The Decorating Adventures of Ambrose Price". The show called "Design Star" has become more popular through the 5 seasons that have already aired. The winners of this show end up getting their own TV shows, of which are "Color Splash" hosted by David Bromstad, "Myles of Style" hosted by Kim Myles, "Paint-Over!" hosted by Jennifer Bertrand, "The Antonio Treatment" hosted by Antonio Ballatore, and finally "Secrets from a Stylist" hosted by Emily Henderson. Bravo also has a variety of shows that explore the lives of interior designers. These include "Flipping Out", which explores the life of Jeff Lewis and his team of designers; "Million Dollar Decorators" explores the lives of interior designers Nathan Turner, Jeffrey Alan Marks, Mary McDonald, Kathryn Ireland, and Martyn Lawrence Bullard.


title: Interior design

text: Interior design has also become the subject of radio shows. In the U.S., popular interior design & lifestyle shows include "Martha Stewart Living" and "Living Large" featuring Karen Mills. Famous interior designers whose work is featured on these programs include Bunny Williams, Barbara Barry, and Kathy Ireland, among others.


title: Interior design

text: Many interior design magazines exist to offer advice regarding color palette, furniture, art, and other elements that fall under the umbrella of interior design. These magazine often focus on related subjects to draw a more specific audience. For instance, architecture as a primary aspect of "Dwell", while "Veranda" is well known as a luxury living magazine. "Lonny Magazine" and the newly relaunched, "Domino Magazine", cater to a young, hip, metropolitan audience, and emphasize accessibility and a do-it-yourself (DIY) approach to interior design.


title: Interior design

text: Many of the most famous designers and decorators during the 20th century had no formal training. Some examples include Sister Parish, Robert Denning and Vincent Fourcade, Kerry Joyce, Kelly Wearstler, Stéphane Boudin, Georges Geffroy, Emilio Terry, Carlos de Beistegui, Nina Petronzio, Lorenzo Mongiardino, Mary Jean Thompson and David Nightingale Hicks.


title: Interior design

text: Notable interior designers in the world today include Scott Salvator, Troy Adams, Jonathan Adler, Michael S. Smith, Martin Brudnizki, Mary Douglas Drysdale, Kelly Hoppen, Kelly Wearstler, Nina Campbell, David Collins, Nate Berkus, Sandra Espinet, Jo Hamilton and Nicky Haslam.


title: The Kominsky Method

text: The Kominsky Method is an American comedy-drama streaming television series created by Chuck Lorre, that premiered on November 16, 2018, on Netflix. It stars Michael Douglas, Alan Arkin, Sarah Baker, Nancy Travis, Paul Reiser, and Kathleen Turner and follows a fictional aging acting coach who many years earlier had a brief moment of success as an actor.


title: The Kominsky Method

text: A second season premiered on October 25, 2019, and a third and final season, without Arkin, premiered on May 28, 2021.


title: The Kominsky Method

text: "The Kominsky Method" follows Sandy Kominsky, a fictional actor who years ago had a brief fling with success and is now a revered Hollywood acting coach.


title: The Kominsky Method

text: On August 14, 2017, it was announced that Netflix was finalizing a series order for the production for a first season consisting of ten episodes. The series was set to be written by Chuck Lorre, Al Higgins, and David Javerbaum. Lorre was also set to direct the first episode and executive produce alongside Michael Douglas. Production companies involved with the series were slated to consist of Chuck Lorre Productions and Warner Bros. Television. On July 29, 2018, it was announced during the Television Critics Association's annual summer press tour that the series was to premiere on November 16, 2018. On January 17, 2019, it was announced that the series had been renewed for a second season consisting of eight episodes. The second season was released on October 25, 2019. On July 2, 2020, Netflix renewed the series for a third and final season, which was released on May 28, 2021.


title: The Kominsky Method

text: Alongside the series order announcement, it was confirmed that Michael Douglas and Alan Arkin had been cast in the lead roles of Sandy Kominsky and Norman, respectively. In January 2018, it was announced that Nancy Travis and Sarah Baker had been cast in main roles and that Susan Sullivan, Emily Osment, Graham Rogers, Ashleigh LaThrop, Jenna Lyng Adams, Melissa Tang, Casey Brown, and Lisa Edelstein would appear in a recurring capacity.


title: The Kominsky Method

text: On February 7, 2019, it was announced that Jane Seymour, Jacqueline Bisset and Paul Reiser had been cast in recurring roles for season two. Bisset was set to play Sandy's ex-wife, but the role was recast with Kathleen Turner. On September 23, 2020, it was announced that Alan Arkin would not be returning for the show's final season.


title: The Kominsky Method

text: The series has been met with a positive critical response upon its premiere. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the first season holds an approval rating of 80% with an average score of 6.6/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Full of humor and heart, "The Kominsky Method" paints a surprisingly poignant – if a little paint-by-numbers – portrait of life and aging, elevated by two top-notch performances by acting legends Alan Arkin and Michael Douglas." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the first season a score of 68 out of 100 based on 19 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."


title: The Kominsky Method

text: The first season was released to general retailers on November 19, 2019 in Region 1, with a Blu-ray version made available exclusively through the Warner Archive Collection.


title: Brianna Hildebrand

text: Brianna Caitlin Hildebrand (born August 14, 1996) is an American actress. She is best known for appearing as Negasonic Teenage Warhead in the films "Deadpool" (2016) and "Deadpool 2" (2018). She is also known for appearing in the web series "Annie Undocumented", and as the character Aurora in the Netflix show "Lucifer". She also portrayed Elodie Davis in the show "Trinkets".


title: Brianna Hildebrand

text: Hildebrand appeared in the web series "Annie Undocumented," named best web series at the 2014 New York TV Festival. The series was created by Daniel Hsia, Elaine Low and Brian Yang.


title: Brianna Hildebrand

text: Hildebrand was cast as the superhero Negasonic Teenage Warhead in the film "Deadpool " on March 30, 2016. The film was shot in Vancouver in April 2015, and released on February 12, 2016. She reprised the role in the sequel in 2018, during which her character was confirmed to be the first openly gay superhero in the X-Men cinematic universe. She was also cast as Sasha in "First Girl I Loved", starring opposite Dylan Gelula and Mateo Arias.


title: Brianna Hildebrand

text: Hildebrand was born in College Station, Texas. Regarding her sexuality, Hildebrand has said, "I learned pretty early on that I like both boys and girls [..] I am lucky to say now that it is not frightening for me living in LA to be gay. Even when I was in Texas, I wasn’t afraid. I was kind of out in high school. I just could never decide on what label. I am glad that I am public about it and I think I should be."


title: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

text: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is a fantasy novel written by British author J. K. Rowling and the fourth novel in the "Harry Potter" series. It follows Harry Potter, a wizard in his fourth year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, and the mystery surrounding the entry of Harry's name into the Triwizard Tournament, in which he is forced to compete.


title: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

text: The book was published in the United Kingdom by Bloomsbury and in the United States by Scholastic. In both countries, the release date was 8 July 2000. This was the first time a book in the series was published in both countries at the same time. The novel won a Hugo Award, the only "Harry Potter" novel to do so, in 2001. The book was adapted into a film, released worldwide on 18 November 2005, and a video game by Electronic Arts.


title: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

text: Throughout the three previous novels in the "Harry Potter" series, the main character, Harry Potter, has struggled with the difficulties of growing up and the added challenge of being a famed wizard. When Harry was a baby, Lord Voldemort, the most powerful dark wizard in history, killed Harry's parents but was mysteriously defeated after unsuccessfully trying to kill Harry, though his attempt left a lightning-shaped scar on Harry's forehead. This results in Harry's immediate fame and his being placed in the care of his abusive Muggle (non-magical) aunt and uncle, Petunia and Vernon Dursley, who have a son named Dudley.


title: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

text: On Harry's eleventh birthday, he learns he is a wizard from Rubeus Hagrid, Keeper of Keys and Grounds at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, and enrols in Hogwarts. He befriends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger and confronts Lord Voldemort, who is trying to regain power. In Harry's first year, he has to protect the Philosopher's Stone from Voldemort and one of his faithful followers at Hogwarts. After returning to school after summer break, students at Hogwarts are attacked by the legendary monster of the Chamber of Secrets after the Chamber is opened. Harry ends the attacks by killing a Basilisk and thwarting another attempt by Lord Voldemort to return to full strength. The following year, Harry hears he has been targeted by escaped mass murderer Sirius Black. Despite stringent security measures at Hogwarts, Harry encounters Black at the end of his third year and learns Black was framed and is actually Harry's godfather. He also learns that it was his father's old school friend Peter Pettigrew who betrayed his parents.


title: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

text: In a prologue, which Harry sees through a dream, Frank Bryce, Muggle caretaker of an abandoned mansion known as the Riddle House, is murdered by Lord Voldemort after stumbling upon him and Wormtail. Harry is awoken by his scar hurting.


title: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

text: The Weasleys invite Harry and Hermione Granger to the Quidditch World Cup, to which they travel using a Portkey. After the match, masked Death Eaters, followers of Voldemort, attack the camping site. The Dark Mark is fired into the sky, causing mass panic. Harry discovers his wand is missing. It is later found in the possession of Winky, Barty Crouch's house elf, and was used to cast the Dark Mark. Barty Crouch fires Winky.


title: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

text: At Hogwarts, Professor Dumbledore announces that Alastor "Mad-Eye" Moody is the new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher. Dumbledore also announces that Hogwarts will host the Triwizard Tournament, in which a Hogwarts champion will compete against champions from other wizarding schools. The Goblet of Fire will choose the champions from names dropped into it. Only students 17 years old and above can enter. Harry is under the age of majority in the wizarding world, and barred from entering. The Goblet of Fire picks Fleur Delacour from Beauxbatons Academy, Viktor Krum from Durmstrang Institute and Cedric Diggory from Hogwarts. Unexpectedly, it chooses Harry as a fourth champion, forcing him to compete. Many students, including Ron, believe Harry cheated to enter solely because he wants more fame. A rift develops between Harry and Ron.


title: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

text: Hagrid covertly reveals to Harry that the first task involves getting past a dragon and retrieving a golden egg. Harry struggles with how to accomplish this until Moody suggests flying. Hermione helps him perfect a Summoning Charm, which he uses to summon his Firebolt broomstick and fly past the dragon to retrieve the egg. The egg contains a clue to the next task, but when opened it shrieks loudly. Following Cedric's tip, Harry discovers he must recover something valuable from Merpeople at the bottom of the lake in the castle grounds.


title: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

text: In the weeks before the second task, Harry does little to prepare and has no idea how to survive underwater. On the day of the task, Dobby, who now works at Hogwarts, gives him Gillyweed to breathe underwater, having heard about it from Moody. Harry finds Ron at the bottom of the lake. However, he refuses to leave the other "hostages" behind. Krum retrieves Hermione, but when Fleur fails to appear, Harry also takes her sister, Gabrielle. Harry finishes last, but is awarded high marks for 'moral fibre'.


title: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

text: While talking near the Forbidden Forest, Harry and Krum encounter Crouch, who had stopped appearing at work. Seeming insane, he claims to have done something terrible, and begs for Dumbledore. Leaving Krum with Crouch, Harry fetches Dumbledore but returns to find Krum stunned and Crouch gone. Moody tries and fails to find Crouch. Harry later has a dream involving Voldemort punishing Wormtail for a mistake. Harry goes to tell Dumbledore about it. While waiting, he stumbles upon a Pensieve in Dumbledore's office. With it, he discovers that Crouch's son, Barty Jr. was a Death Eater and sentenced to Azkaban, where he supposedly died.


title: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

text: Harry prepares for the final task, a hedge maze filled with dangerous obstacles, the goal being to reach the Triwizard Cup at the centre. Inside the maze, Harry and Cedric reach the Cup, and agree to touch it simultaneously. However, it is a Portkey that transports them to a graveyard. There, Wormtail appears, kills Cedric on Voldemort's orders, and performs a ritual involving Harry to restore Lord Voldemort to a body.


title: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

text: Voldemort summons his Death Eaters, berates them for believing him dead, and mentions that he has a servant at Hogwarts, who has led Harry there. He tortures Harry, then challenges him to a duel. However, when he and Harry fire spells at each other, their wands' streams connect, as they share a core, causing echoes of Voldemort's previous spells to appear, including manifestations of Cedric and Harry's parents. These echoes help Harry escape with Cedric's body to the Cup and return to Hogwarts.


title: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

text: Amid the panic caused by Harry's sudden arrival and Cedric's dead body, Moody takes Harry to his office. He reveals himself to be Voldemort's servant, having put Harry's name into the Goblet, and guided him throughout the tournament to ensure he would touch the Cup. As Moody prepares to kill Harry, Dumbledore, McGonagall, and Snape intervene and stun Moody. Moody is revealed to be impersonated by Barty Crouch Jr., Crouch Sr.'s son who was presumed dead, via Polyjuice Potion. Using Veritaserum, they learn that Crouch Sr. had rescued his son to fulfill his dying wife's wish. Crouch Jr. was kept at home until Winky convinced Crouch Sr. to allow him to attend the Quidditch Cup, where he escaped, stole Harry's wand, and conjured the Dark Mark. Voldemort discovered Crouch Jr. and plotted to install him at Hogwarts, abducting the real Moody. Crouch Sr. was imprisoned by Wormtail, and when he escaped to Hogwarts, Crouch Jr. killed him.


title: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

text: Dumbledore announces Voldemort's return to the school. However, many people, including Minister for Magic Cornelius Fudge, refuse to believe it. The Dementor's Kiss is performed on Crouch Jr., rendering him unable to testify for Voldemort's return. Dumbledore puts plans against Voldemort into action. Not wanting his tournament winnings, Harry gives them to Fred and George to start a joke shop, and returns to the Dursleys for the summer.


title: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

text: "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire" is the fourth book in the "Harry Potter" series. The first, "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", was published by Bloomsbury on 26 June 1997. The second, "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets", was published on 2 July 1998. The third, "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban", followed on 8 July 1999. "Goblet of Fire" is almost twice the size of the first three books (the paperback edition was 636 pages). Rowling stated that she "knew from the beginning it would be the biggest of the first four." She said there needed to be a "proper run-up" for the conclusion and rushing the "complex plot" could confuse readers. She also stated that "everything is on a bigger scale," which was symbolic, as Harry's horizons widened both literally and metaphorically as he grew up. She also wanted to explore more of the magical world.


title: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

text: Until the official title's announcement on 27 June 2000, the book was called by its working title, 'Harry Potter IV.' Previously, in April, the publisher had listed it as "Harry Potter and the Doomspell Tournament". However, J. K. Rowling expressed her indecision about the title in an "Entertainment Weekly" interview.


title: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

text: "I changed my mind twice on what [the title] was. The working title had got out — "Harry Potter and the Doomspell Tournament". Then I changed "Doomspell" to "Triwizard Tournament". Then I was teetering between "Goblet of Fire" and "Triwizard Tournament". In the end, I preferred "Goblet of Fire" because it's got that kind of "cup of destiny" feel about it, which is the theme of the book."


title: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

text: Rowling mentioned that she originally wrote a Weasley relative named Malfalda, who, according to Rowling, "was the daughter of the 'second cousin who's a stockbroker' mentioned in "Philosopher's Stone". This stockbroker had been very rude to Mr. and Mrs. Weasley in the past, but now he and his (Muggle) wife had inconveniently produced a witch, they came back to the Weasleys asking for their help in introducing her to wizarding society before she starts at Hogwarts." Malfalda was supposed to be a Slytherin and was to fill in the Rita Skeeter subplot, but she was eventually removed because "there were obvious limitations to what an eleven year old closeted at school could discover." Rowling considered Rita Skeeter to be "much more flexible." Rowling also admitted that the fourth book was the most difficult to write at the time because she noticed a giant plot hole halfway through writing.


title: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

text: Jeff Jensen, who interviewed Rowling for "Entertainment Weekly" in 2000, pointed out that bigotry is a big theme in the "Harry Potter" novels and "Goblet of Fire" in particular. He mentioned how Voldemort and his followers are prejudiced against Muggles and how, in "Goblet of Fire," Hermione forms a group to liberate Hogwarts' house-elves who have "been indentured servants so long they lack desire for anything else." When asked why she explored this theme, Rowling replied,


title: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

text: She also commented that she did not feel this was too "heavy" for children, as it was one of those things that a "huge number of children at that age start to think about."


title: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

text: "Goblet of Fire" was the first book in the Harry Potter series to be released in the United States on the same date as the United Kingdom, on 8 July 2000, strategically on a Saturday so children did not have to worry about school conflicting with buying the book. It had a combined first-printing of over five million copies. It was given a record-breaking print run of 3.9 million. Three million copies of the book were sold over the first weekend in the US alone. FedEx dispatched more than 9,000 trucks and 100 planes to fulfil book deliveries. The pressure in editing caused a mistake which shows Harry's father emerging first from Voldemort's wand; however, as confirmed in "Prisoner of Azkaban", James died first, so then Harry's mother ought to have come out first. This was corrected in later editions.


title: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

text: To publicise the book, a special train named "Hogwarts Express" was organised by Bloomsbury, and run from King's Cross to Perth, carrying J.K. Rowling, a consignment of books for her to sign and sell, also representatives of Bloomsbury and the press. The book was launched on 8 July 2000, on platform 1 at King's Cross – which had been given "Platform " signs for the occasion – following which the train departed. En route it called at Didcot Railway Centre, , the Severn Valley Railway, (overnight stop), Manchester, Bradford, , the National Railway Museum (overnight stop), Newcastle, Edinburgh, arriving at Perth on 11 July. The locomotive was "West Country" class steam locomotive no. 34027 "Taw Valley", which was specially repainted red for the tour; it later returned to its normal green livery (the repaints were requested and paid for by Bloomsbury). The coaches of the train included a sleeping car. A Diesel locomotive was coupled at the other end, for use when reversals were necessary, such as the first stage of the journey as far as Ferme Park, just south of . The tour generated considerably more press interest than the launch of the film "Thomas and the Magic Railroad" which was premiered in London the same weekend.


title: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

text: "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire" has received mostly positive reviews. In "The New York Times" Book Review, author Stephen King stated the "Goblet of Fire" was "every bit as good as Potters 1 through 3" and praised the humour and subplots, although he commented that "there's also a moderately tiresome amount of adolescent squabbling...it's a teenage thing". "Kirkus Reviews" called it "another grand tale of magic and mystery...and clicking along so smoothly that it seems shorter than it is". However, they commented that it did tend to lag, especially at the end where two "bad guys" stopped the action to give extended explanations, and that the issues to be resolved in sequels would leave "many readers, particularly American ones, uncomfortable". For "The Horn Book Magazine", Martha V. Parravano gave a mixed review, saying "some will find [it] wide-ranging, compellingly written, and absorbing; others, long, rambling, and tortuously fraught with adverbs". A "Publishers Weekly" review praised the book's "red herrings, the artful clues and tricky surprises that disarm the most attentive audience" and saying it "might be her most thrilling yet." Writing for "The New Yorker", Joan Acocella noted that "where the prior volumes moved like lightning, here the pace is slower, the energy more dispersed. At the same time, the tone becomes more grim."


title: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

text: Kristin Lemmerman of CNN said that it is not great literature: 'Her prose has more in common with your typical beach-blanket fare and the beginning contained too much recap to introduce characters to new readers, although Rowling quickly gets back on track, introducing readers to a host of well-drawn new characters.' Writing for Salon.com, Charles Taylor was generally positive about the change of mood and development of characters. "Entertainment Weekly" reviewer Kristen Baldwin gave "Goblet of Fire" the grade of A−, praising the development of the characters as well as the many themes presented. However, she did worry that a shocking climax may be a "nightmare factory" for young readers.


title: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

text: In 2012 it was ranked number 98 on a list of the top 100 children's novels published by "School Library Journal".


title: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

text: "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire" won several awards, including the 2001 Hugo Award for Best Novel. It won the 2002 Indian Paintbrush Book Award, the third after "Philosopher's Stone" and "Prisoner of Azkaban". The novel also won an Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Platinum Award for one of the best books, who claimed it was "more intense than the first three books". In addition, "Entertainment Weekly" listed "Goblet of Fire" in second place on their list of "The New Classics: Books – The 100 best reads from 1983 to 2008". The Guardian ranked "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire" #97 in its list of 100 Best Books of the 21st Century.


title: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

text: "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire" was adapted into a film, released worldwide on 18 November 2005, which was directed by Mike Newell and written by Steve Kloves. The film grossed $102.7 million for the opening weekend, and eventually grossed $896 million worldwide. The film was also nominated for Best Art Direction at the 78th Academy Awards.


title: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

text: It was also made into a video game for PC, PlayStation 2, Nintendo DS, Nintendo GameCube, Xbox, Game Boy Advance, and PlayStation Portable by Electronic Arts. It was released just before the film.


title: Book of the Dead

text: The Book of the Dead (, "rw n(y)w prt m hrw(w)") is an ancient Egyptian funerary text generally written on papyrus and used from the beginning of the New Kingdom (around 1550 BCE) to around 50 BCE. The original Egyptian name for the text, transliterated "rw nw prt m hrw", is translated as Book of Coming Forth by Day or Book of Emerging Forth into the Light. "Book" is the closest term to describe the loose collection of texts consisting of a number of magic spells intended to assist a dead person's journey through the "Duat", or underworld, and into the afterlife and written by many priests over a period of about 1,000 years. Karl Richard Lepsius introduced for these texts the German name "Todtenbuch" (modern spelling "Totenbuch"), translated to English as Book of the Dead.


title: Book of the Dead

text: The "Book of the Dead", which was placed in the coffin or burial chamber of the deceased, was part of a tradition of funerary texts which includes the earlier Pyramid Texts and Coffin Texts, which were painted onto objects, not written on papyrus. Some of the spells included in the book were drawn from these older works and date to the 3rd millennium BCE. Other spells were composed later in Egyptian history, dating to the Third Intermediate Period (11th to 7th centuries BCE). A number of the spells which make up the Book continued to be separately inscribed on tomb walls and sarcophagi, as the spells from which they originated always had been.


title: Book of the Dead

text: There was no single or canonical "Book of the Dead". The surviving papyri contain a varying selection of religious and magical texts and vary considerably in their illustration. Some people seem to have commissioned their own copies of the "Book of the Dead", perhaps choosing the spells they thought most vital in their own progression to the afterlife. The "Book of the Dead" was most commonly written in hieroglyphic or hieratic script on a papyrus scroll, and often illustrated with vignettes depicting the deceased and their journey into the afterlife.


title: Book of the Dead

text: The finest extant example of the Egyptian Book of the Dead in antiquity is the Papyrus of Ani. Ani was an Egyptian scribe. It was discovered by Sir E. A. Wallis Budge in 1888 and was taken to the British Museum, where it currently resides.


title: Book of the Dead

text: The "Book of the Dead" developed from a tradition of funerary manuscripts dating back to the Egyptian Old Kingdom. The first funerary texts were the Pyramid Texts, first used in the Pyramid of King Unas of the 5th Dynasty, around 2400 BCE. These texts were written on the walls of the burial chambers within pyramids, and were exclusively for the use of the pharaoh (and, from the 6th Dynasty, the queen). The Pyramid Texts were written in an unusual hieroglyphic style; many of the hieroglyphs representing humans or animals were left incomplete or drawn mutilated, most likely to prevent them causing any harm to the dead pharaoh. The purpose of the Pyramid Texts was to help the dead king take his place amongst the gods, in particular to reunite him with his divine father Ra; at this period the afterlife was seen as being in the sky, rather than the underworld described in the "Book of the Dead". Towards the end of the Old Kingdom, the Pyramid Texts ceased to be an exclusively royal privilege, and were adopted by regional governors and other high-ranking officials.


title: Book of the Dead

text: In the Middle Kingdom, a new funerary text emerged, the Coffin Texts. The Coffin Texts used a newer version of the language, new spells, and included illustrations for the first time. The "Coffin Texts" were most commonly written on the inner surfaces of coffins, though they are occasionally found on tomb walls or on papyri. The Coffin Texts were available to wealthy private individuals, vastly increasing the number of people who could expect to participate in the afterlife; a process which has been described as the "democratization of the afterlife".


title: Book of the Dead

text: The "Book of the Dead" first developed in Thebes toward the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period, around 1700 BCE. The earliest known occurrence of the spells included in the "Book of the Dead" is from the coffin of Queen Mentuhotep, of the 16th Dynasty, where the new spells were included amongst older texts known from the Pyramid Texts and Coffin Texts. Some of the spells introduced at this time claim an older provenance; for instance the rubric to spell 30B states that it was discovered by the Prince Hordjedef in the reign of King Menkaure, many hundreds of years before it is attested in the archaeological record.


title: Book of the Dead

text: By the 17th Dynasty, the "Book of the Dead" had become widespread not only for members of the royal family, but courtiers and other officials as well. At this stage, the spells were typically inscribed on linen shrouds wrapped around the dead, though occasionally they are found written on coffins or on papyrus.


title: Book of the Dead

text: The New Kingdom saw the "Book of the Dead" develop and spread further. The famous Spell 125, the 'Weighing of the Heart', is first known from the reign of Hatshepsut and Thutmose III, c.1475 BCE. From this period onward the "Book of the Dead" was typically written on a papyrus scroll, and the text illustrated with vignettes. During the 19th Dynasty in particular, the vignettes tended to be lavish, sometimes at the expense of the surrounding text.


title: Book of the Dead

text: In the Third Intermediate Period, the "Book of the Dead" started to appear in hieratic script, as well as in the traditional hieroglyphics. The hieratic scrolls were a cheaper version, lacking illustration apart from a single vignette at the beginning, and were produced on smaller papyri. At the same time, many burials used additional funerary texts, for instance the Amduat.


title: Book of the Dead

text: During the 25th and 26th Dynasties, the "Book of the Dead" was updated, revised and standardised. Spells were ordered and numbered consistently for the first time. This standardised version is known today as the 'Saite recension', after the Saite (26th) Dynasty. In the Late period and Ptolemaic period, the "Book of the Dead" continued to be based on the Saite recension, though increasingly abbreviated towards the end of the Ptolemaic period. New funerary texts appeared, including the "Book of Breathing" and "Book of Traversing Eternity". The last use of the "Book of the Dead" was in the 1st century BCE, though some artistic motifs drawn from it were still in use in Roman times.


title: Book of the Dead

text: The "Book of the Dead" is made up of a number of individual texts and their accompanying illustrations. Most sub-texts begin with the word "ro", which can mean "mouth", "speech", "spell", "utterance", "incantation", or "chapter of a book". This ambiguity reflects the similarity in Egyptian thought between ritual speech and magical power. In the context of the "Book of the Dead", it is typically translated as either "chapter" or "spell". In this article, the word "spell" is used.


title: Book of the Dead

text: At present, some 192 spells are known, though no single manuscript contains them all. They served a range of purposes. Some are intended to give the deceased mystical knowledge in the afterlife, or perhaps to identify them with the gods: for instance, Spell 17 is an obscure and lengthy description of the god Atum. Others are incantations to ensure the different elements of the dead person's being were preserved and reunited, and to give the deceased control over the world around him. Still others protect the deceased from various hostile forces or guide him through the underworld past various obstacles. Famously, two spells also deal with the judgment of the deceased in the Weighing of the Heart ritual.


title: Book of the Dead

text: Such spells as 26–30, and sometimes spells 6 and 126, relate to the heart and were inscribed on scarabs.


title: Book of the Dead

text: The texts and images of the "Book of the Dead" were magical as well as religious. Magic was as legitimate an activity as praying to the gods, even when the magic was aimed at controlling the gods themselves. Indeed, there was little distinction for the Ancient Egyptians between magical and religious practice. The concept of magic ("heka") was also intimately linked with the spoken and written word. The act of speaking a ritual formula was an act of creation; there is a sense in which action and speech were one and the same thing. The magical power of words extended to the written word. Hieroglyphic script was held to have been invented by the god Thoth, and the hieroglyphs themselves were powerful. Written words conveyed the full force of a spell. This was even true when the text was abbreviated or omitted, as often occurred in later "Book of the Dead" scrolls, particularly if the accompanying images were present. The Egyptians also believed that knowing the name of something gave power over it; thus, the "Book of the Dead" equips its owner with the mystical names of many of the entities he would encounter in the afterlife, giving him power over them.


title: Book of the Dead

text: The spells of the "Book of the Dead" made use of several magical techniques which can also be seen in other areas of Egyptian life. A number of spells are for magical amulets, which would protect the deceased from harm. In addition to being represented on a "Book of the Dead" papyrus, these spells appeared on amulets wound into the wrappings of a mummy. Everyday magic made use of amulets in huge numbers. Other items in direct contact with the body in the tomb, such as headrests, were also considered to have amuletic value. A number of spells also refer to Egyptian beliefs about the magical healing power of saliva.


title: Book of the Dead

text: Almost every "Book of the Dead" was unique, containing a different mixture of spells drawn from the corpus of texts available. For most of the history of the "Book of the Dead" there was no defined order or structure. In fact, until Paul Barguet's 1967 "pioneering study" of common themes between texts, Egyptologists concluded there was no internal structure at all. It is only from the Saite period (26th Dynasty) onwards that there is a defined order.


title: Book of the Dead

text: The spells in the "Book of the Dead" depict Egyptian beliefs about the nature of death and the afterlife. The "Book of the Dead" is a vital source of information about Egyptian beliefs in this area.


title: Book of the Dead

text: One aspect of death was the disintegration of the various "kheperu", or modes of existence. Funerary rituals served to re-integrate these different aspects of being. Mummification served to preserve and transform the physical body into "sah", an idealised form with divine aspects; the "Book of the Dead" contained spells aimed at preserving the body of the deceased, which may have been recited during the process of mummification. The heart, which was regarded as the aspect of being which included intelligence and memory, was also protected with spells, and in case anything happened to the physical heart, it was common to bury jewelled heart scarabs with a body to provide a replacement. The "ka", or life-force, remained in the tomb with the dead body, and required sustenance from offerings of food, water and incense. In case priests or relatives failed to provide these offerings, Spell 105 ensured the "ka" was satisfied. The name of the dead person, which constituted their individuality and was required for their continued existence, was written in many places throughout the "Book", and spell 25 ensured the deceased would remember their own name. The "ba" was a free-ranging spirit aspect of the deceased. It was the "ba", depicted as a human-headed bird, which could "go forth by day" from the tomb into the world; spells 61 and 89 acted to preserve it. Finally, the "shut", or shadow of the deceased, was preserved by spells 91, 92 and 188. If all these aspects of the person could be variously preserved, remembered, and satiated, then the dead person would live on in the form of an "akh". An "akh" was a blessed spirit with magical powers who would dwell among the gods.


title: Book of the Dead

text: The nature of the afterlife which the dead people enjoyed is difficult to define, because of the differing traditions within Ancient Egyptian religion. In the "Book of the Dead", the dead were taken into the presence of the god Osiris, who was confined to the subterranean Duat. There are also spells to enable the "ba" or "akh" of the dead to join Ra as he travelled the sky in his sun-barque, and help him fight off Apep. As well as joining the Gods, the "Book of the Dead" also depicts the dead living on in the 'Field of Reeds', a paradisiac likeness of the real world. The Field of Reeds is depicted as a lush, plentiful version of the Egyptian way of living. There are fields, crops, oxen, people and waterways. The deceased person is shown encountering the Great Ennead, a group of gods, as well as his or her own parents. While the depiction of the Field of Reeds is pleasant and plentiful, it is also clear that manual labour is required. For this reason burials included a number of statuettes named "shabti", or later "ushebti". These statuettes were inscribed with a spell, also included in the "Book of the Dead", requiring them to undertake any manual labour that might be the owner's duty in the afterlife. It is also clear that the dead not only went to a place where the gods lived, but that they acquired divine characteristics themselves. In many occasions, the deceased is mentioned as "The Osiris – ["Name"]" in the "Book of the Dead".


title: Book of the Dead

text: The path to the afterlife as laid out in the "Book of the Dead" was a difficult one. The deceased was required to pass a series of gates, caverns and mounds guarded by supernatural creatures. These terrifying entities were armed with enormous knives and are illustrated in grotesque forms, typically as human figures with the heads of animals or combinations of different ferocious beasts. Their names—for instance, "He who lives on snakes" or "He who dances in blood"—are equally grotesque. These creatures had to be pacified by reciting the appropriate spells included in the "Book of the Dead"; once pacified they posed no further threat, and could even extend their protection to the dead person. Another breed of supernatural creatures was 'slaughterers' who killed the unrighteous on behalf of Osiris; the "Book of the Dead" equipped its owner to escape their attentions. As well as these supernatural entities, there were also threats from natural or supernatural animals, including crocodiles, snakes, and beetles.


title: Book of the Dead

text: If all the obstacles of the "Duat" could be negotiated, the deceased would be judged in the "Weighing of the Heart" ritual, depicted in Spell 125. The deceased was led by the god Anubis into the presence of Osiris. There, the dead person swore that he had not committed any sin from a list of 42 sins, reciting a text known as the "Negative Confession". Then the dead person's heart was weighed on a pair of scales, against the goddess Maat, who embodied truth and justice. Maat was often represented by an ostrich feather, the hieroglyphic sign for her name. At this point, there was a risk that the deceased's heart would bear witness, owning up to sins committed in life; Spell 30B guarded against this eventuality. If the scales balanced, this meant the deceased had led a good life. Anubis would take them to Osiris and they would find their place in the afterlife, becoming "maa-kheru", meaning "vindicated" or "true of voice". If the heart was out of balance with Maat, then another fearsome beast called "Ammit", the Devourer, stood ready to eat it and put the dead person's afterlife to an early and unpleasant end.


title: Book of the Dead

text: This scene is remarkable not only for its vividness but as one of the few parts of the Book of the Dead with any explicit moral content. The judgment of the dead and the Negative Confession were a representation of the conventional moral code which governed Egyptian society. For every "I have not..." in the Negative Confession, it is possible to read an unexpressed "Thou shalt not". While the Ten Commandments of Jewish and Christian ethics are rules of conduct laid down by a perceived divine revelation, the Negative Confession is more a divine enforcement of everyday morality. Views differ among Egyptologists about how far the Negative Confession represents a moral absolute, with ethical purity being necessary for progress to the Afterlife. John Taylor points out the wording of Spells 30B and 125 suggests a pragmatic approach to morality; by preventing the heart from contradicting him with any inconvenient truths, it seems that the deceased could enter the afterlife even if their life had not been entirely pure. Ogden Goelet says "without an exemplary and moral existence, there was no hope for a successful afterlife", while Geraldine Pinch suggests that the Negative Confession is essentially similar to the spells protecting from demons, and that the success of the Weighing of the Heart depended on the mystical knowledge of the true names of the judges rather than on the deceased's moral behaviour.


title: Book of the Dead

text: A "Book of the Dead" was produced to order by scribes. They were commissioned by people in preparation for their own funerals, or by the relatives of someone recently deceased. They were expensive items; one source gives the price of a "Book of the Dead" scroll as one "deben" of silver, perhaps half the annual pay of a labourer. Papyrus itself was evidently costly, as there are many instances of its re-use in everyday documents, creating palimpsests. In one case, a "Book of the Dead" was written on second-hand papyrus.


title: Book of the Dead

text: Most owners of the "Book of the Dead" were evidently part of the social elite; they were initially reserved for the royal family, but later papyri are found in the tombs of scribes, priests and officials. Most owners were men, and generally the vignettes included the owner's wife as well. Towards the beginning of the history of the "Book of the Dead", there are roughly ten copies belonging to men for every one for a woman. However, during the Third Intermediate Period, two were for women for every one for a man; and women owned roughly a third of the hieratic papyri from the Late and Ptolemaic Periods.


title: Book of the Dead

text: The dimensions of a "Book of the Dead" could vary widely; the longest is 40 m long while some are as short as 1 m. They are composed of sheets of papyrus joined together, the individual papyri varying in width from 15 cm to 45 cm. The scribes working on "Book of the Dead" papyri took more care over their work than those working on more mundane texts; care was taken to frame the text within margins, and to avoid writing on the joints between sheets. The words "peret em heru", or "coming forth by day" sometimes appear on the reverse of the outer margin, perhaps acting as a label.


title: Book of the Dead

text: Books were often prefabricated in funerary workshops, with spaces being left for the name of the deceased to be written in later. For instance, in the "Papyrus of Ani", the name "Ani" appears at the top or bottom of a column, or immediately following a rubric introducing him as the speaker of a block of text; the name appears in a different handwriting to the rest of the manuscript, and in some places is mis-spelt or omitted entirely.


title: Book of the Dead

text: The text of a New Kingdom "Book of the Dead" was typically written in cursive hieroglyphs, most often from left to right, but also sometimes from right to left. The hieroglyphs were in columns, which were separated by black lines – a similar arrangement to that used when hieroglyphs were carved on tomb walls or monuments. Illustrations were put in frames above, below, or between the columns of text. The largest illustrations took up a full page of papyrus.


title: Book of the Dead

text: From the 21st Dynasty onward, more copies of the "Book of the Dead" are found in hieratic script. The calligraphy is similar to that of other hieratic manuscripts of the New Kingdom; the text is written in horizontal lines across wide columns (often the column size corresponds to the size of the papyrus sheets of which a scroll is made up). Occasionally a hieratic "Book of the Dead" contains captions in hieroglyphic.


title: Book of the Dead

text: The text of a "Book of the Dead" was written in both black and red ink, regardless of whether it was in hieroglyphic or hieratic script. Most of the text was in black, with red ink used for the titles of spells, opening and closing sections of spells, the instructions to perform spells correctly in rituals, and also for the names of dangerous creatures such as the demon Apep. The black ink used was based on carbon, and the red ink on ochre, in both cases mixed with water.


title: Book of the Dead

text: The style and nature of the vignettes used to illustrate a "Book of the Dead" varies widely. Some contain lavish colour illustrations, even making use of gold leaf. Others contain only line drawings, or one simple illustration at the opening.


title: Book of the Dead

text: "Book of the Dead" papyri were often the work of several different scribes and artists whose work was literally pasted together. It is usually possible to identify the style of more than one scribe used on a given manuscript, even when the manuscript is a shorter one. The text and illustrations were produced by different scribes; there are a number of "Books" where the text was completed but the illustrations were left empty.


title: Book of the Dead

text: The existence of the "Book of the Dead" was known as early as the Middle Ages, well before its contents could be understood. Since it was found in tombs, it was evidently a document of a religious nature, and this led to the widespread but mistaken belief that the "Book of the Dead" was the equivalent of a Bible or Qur'an.


title: Book of the Dead

text: In 1842 Karl Richard Lepsius published a translation of a manuscript dated to the Ptolemaic era and coined the name ""Book of The Dead"" ("das Todtenbuch"). He also introduced the spell numbering system which is still in use, identifying 165 different spells. Lepsius promoted the idea of a comparative edition of the "Book of the Dead", drawing on all relevant manuscripts. This project was undertaken by Édouard Naville, starting in 1875 and completed in 1886, producing a three-volume work including a selection of vignettes for every one of the 186 spells he worked with, the more significant variations of the text for every spell, and commentary. In 1867 Samuel Birch of the British Museum published the first extensive English translation. In 1876 he published a photographic copy of the Papyrus of Nebseny.


title: Book of the Dead

text: The work of E. A. Wallis Budge, Birch's successor at the British Museum, is still in wide circulation – including both his hieroglyphic editions and his English translations of the Papyrus of Ani, though the latter are now considered inaccurate and out-of-date. More recent translations in English have been published by T. G. Allen (1974) and Raymond O. Faulkner (1972). As more work has been done on the "Book of the Dead", more spells have been identified, and the total now stands at 192.


title: Book of the Dead

text: In the 1970s, Ursula Rößler-Köhler at the University of Bonn began a working group to develop the history of "Book of the Dead" texts. This later received sponsorship from the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the German Research Foundation, in 2004 coming under the auspices of the German Academies of Sciences and Arts. Today the "Book of the Dead" Project, as it is called, maintains a database of documentation and photography covering 80% of extant copies and fragments from the corpus of Book of the Dead texts, and provides current services to Egyptologists. It is housed at the University of Bonn, with much material available online. Affiliated scholars are authoring a series of monograph studies, the "Studien zum Altägyptischen Totenbuch", alongside a series that publishes the manuscripts themselves, "Handschriften des Altägyptischen Totenbuches". Both are in print by Harrassowitz Verlag. Orientverlag has released another series of related monographs, "Totenbuchtexte", focused on analysis, synoptic comparison, and textual criticism.


title: Book of the Dead

text: Research work on the "Book of the Dead" has always posed technical difficulties thanks to the need to copy very long hieroglyphic texts. Initially, these were copied out by hand, with the assistance either of tracing paper or a camera lucida. In the mid-19th century, hieroglyphic fonts became available and made lithographic reproduction of manuscripts more feasible. In the present day, hieroglyphics can be rendered in desktop publishing software and this, combined with digital print technology, means that the costs of publishing a "Book of the Dead" may be considerably reduced. However, a very large amount of the source material in museums around the world remains unpublished.


title: Tiger Zinda Hai

text: Tiger Zinda Hai () is a 2017 Indian Hindi-language action thriller film written and directed by Ali Abbas Zafar from a story by Zafar and Neelesh Misra. The sequel to "Ek Tha Tiger" (2012), it is the second instalment in the "Tiger" franchise and is the second instalment in the YRF Spy Universe. The film stars Salman Khan, Katrina Kaif, Angad Bedi, Sajjad Delafrooz, Kumud Mishra, Nawab Shah, Ivan Rodrigues, Girish Karnad and Paresh Rawal. In "Tiger Zinda Hai", Avinash "Tiger" Singh Rathore (Khan) and Zoya Humaini-Rathore (Kaif) must come out of hiding to save hostages held by a militant terrorist organisation in Iraq.


title: Tiger Zinda Hai

text: A sequel was conceived following the success of the "Ek Tha Tiger", but faced a number of delays after the writer and director of the first film, Kabir Khan, refused to return for a sequel; Zafar was subsequently hired to write and direct, and the film's story draws inspiration from the 2014 abduction of Indian nurses by ISIL. By 2016, pre-production had begun on the film, and filming concluded by 2017, with filming locations including Abu Dhabi, Austria, Greece, and Morocco. With a budget of  it is the one of the most expensive Hindi films ever made.


title: Tiger Zinda Hai

text: "Tiger Zinda Hai" was theatrically released worldwide by Yash Raj Films on 12 December 2017. It received generally positive reviews from critics for it's action sequences, performance of Khan's. Like its predecessor, it set numerous box-office records during its theatrical run, grossing over worldwide, becoming the 13th highest-grossing Indian film. It also set the record for highest opening weekend for a Hindi-language film, with . At the 63rd Filmfare Awards, "Tiger Zinda Hai" won for Best Action. A sequel is set to release in Diwali 2023.


title: Tiger Zinda Hai

text: In Iraq, an American journalist is killed by the ISC, a terrorist organisation, while attempting to report their recent activities to the CIA. During a rally in Tikrit, their leader, Abu Usman, is shot by the Iraqi Army and is taken to the local hospital, which also serves as a training centre for Indian and Pakistani nurses. Usman orders a heightened ISC presence around him for security, causing the CIA to prepare an airstrike on the hospital. During this, Maria, an Indian nurse, secretly calls the Indian Ambassador to Iraq and informs him about Indian and Pakistani nurses being held hostage; the CIA tell RAW chief Shenoy that he has seven days to rescue the nurses before the airstrike is ordered. Former spies Avinash Singh "Tiger" Rathore and Zoya Humaini-Rathore, now married with a son, live in hiding in Innsbruck. Shenoy and Karan Rao, a RAW agent, locate and inform Tiger and Zoya of the hostages; despite initial reluctance, Tiger accepts after Zoya's insistence.


title: Tiger Zinda Hai

text: Tiger goes to Syria with his select team of RAW agents: Azaan, an expert sniper, Namit, a bomb disposal expert, and Rakesh, a hacker. They travel to Iraq posing as illegal migrant workers for an oil refinery run by Tohbaan, an Indian sympathiser to the ISC, and Amir Baghdawi, Usman's second-in-command. Tiger then meets Pawan, his handler, in Tikrit to gather supplies, however, they are forced to rescue Hassan, a child suicide bomber sent by Usman. Pawan is shot by the ISC in the ensuing fallout and Tiger narrowly escapes with the unexpected arrival of Zoya. The couple decide that ISI and RAW should work together to save the nurses. Later that night, Tiger and his team set a controlled explosion in the refinery and fake burns so they are taken to the hospital. Tiger gets Tohbaan to reveal he is actually Firdaus, an undercover RAW agent tasked by Shenoy to spy on Tiger and his team. Tiger and Zoya agree to simultaneous, co-ordinated attacks against the ISC.


title: Tiger Zinda Hai

text: Zoya goes undercover and is eventually recruited for Baghdawi, who keeps female slaves. On the day of the airstrike, she manages to kill Baghdawi. At the hospital, Rakesh poisons food the migrant workers are tasked to cook for the ISC; Tiger's team then manage to kill most of the remaining troops but Azaan dies in the fight. Tiger finds Zoya captured by Usman in the boiler room and surrenders. Tiger is initially tortured but stabs Usman (who manages to escape) and tries to free Zoya while the nurses are rescued by RAW and ISI. Firdaus eventually kills Usman as the hospital is blown up in the American airstrike. A year later, on 15 August, Shenoy is called by Tiger from Greece. Having adopted Hassan, Tiger informs him his family have returned to hiding, knowing that RAW and ISI would not leave them in peace. However, he assures Shenoy that he will be there for his country if they need him.


title: Tiger Zinda Hai

text: Filming took place in Abu Dhabi, Austria, Greece and Morocco. The last song of the movie was shot in the Aegean island of Naxos, Greece in October 2017. Iranian actor Sajjad Delafrooz was roped in to play the role of Abu Usman, leader of terrorist organisation ISC. Sajjad Delafrooz had worked in the 2015 Hindi film "Baby".


title: Tiger Zinda Hai

text: The film's trailer was released on 6 November 2017. Within 24 hours, it broke many records for Hindi film trailers on YouTube, with more than 29 million views, 480 thousand likes and 250 thousand shares. On 11 November, it became the most liked film trailer on YouTube with 700 thousand likes, surpassing "" (2015) then. The record was later surpassed by the trailer of "" (2018) with about 2 million likes.


title: Tiger Zinda Hai

text: The film was released on 22 December 2017 worldwide. The film received a U/A certificate from Central Board of Film Certification. Despite having a song featuring Pakistani singer Atif Aslam, the film has not been given No-Objection Certificate by Central Board of Film Censors in Pakistan, stating the reason as was said for "Ek Tha Tiger" that "The image of Pakistan and its law enforcement agencies" have been compromised.


title: Tiger Zinda Hai

text: "Tiger Zinda Hai" was in controversy on its release and faced protests from the Valmiki community, when Salman Khan allegedly made a casteist slur, where he compared his dancing skills to a sanitation worker, "or "bhangi" in a dance show. Shilpa Shetty also laughed along with him, and said that she also looked like one. Valmiki group is made up of a cluster of dalit communities — a few of whom are Bhangi, Mehtar, Chuhra, Lal Beghi and Halalkhor. Valmiki community filed a legal case against both actors for hurting their sentiments.


title: Tiger Zinda Hai

text: Maharashtra Navnirman Sena also unsuccessfully protested urging Mumbai multiplexes to promote Marathi film "Deva" instead of "Tiger Zinda Hai". Their leaders raised issue about the loss of screens to Marathi films like "Deva" and "Ek Atrangi" which released alongside.


title: Tiger Zinda Hai

text: "Tiger Zinda Hai" opened to mostly positive reviews. Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave 4.5 stars, and said "Salman is the lifeline, the real treasure of "Tiger Zinda Hai". He sinks his teeth into the character and, in several sequences, peels off the mask of super-stardom and brings the actor to the fore. Katrina is in solid form, in action sequences specifically commands attention." Umesh Punwani of Koimoi gave 4 stars, and said "Katrina Kaif is brilliant! She has very few dialogues, and no, that's not the reason she's good. Working amazingly well with her expressions, she has turned into an athlete for this one. Performing a few major action sequences, she is flawless." Aarti Jhurani of The National gave 4 stars, and said, "While logic is not a very important factor in Khan's films, emotions certainly are, and the director made sure to hit all the soft spots – from patriotism to Indo-Pakistan bonding to a multitude of cheesy dialogues – which is a smart move, and sure to bring in both Indian and Pakistani audiences." Lasyapriya Sundaram of "The Times of India" gave 3.5 stars, and said "The film is visually stunning in parts and Salman Khan plays Tiger with roaring confidence and dialogues packed with punch. Of course, his fans get a true-blue Salman Khan moment when he bares his torso." Rachit Gupta of Filmfare gave 3.5 stars, and said "It may look like a Hollywood action thriller, but at its heart, "Tiger Zinda Hai" is an unabashed masala movie. The heady mixture of an international looking action film and the regular tropes of Hindi cinema make it a pleasing watch."


title: Tiger Zinda Hai

text: Rohit Bhatnagar of "Deccan Chronicle" gave 3 stars and said, "Ali Abbas Zafar smoothly takes "Ek Tha Tiger" franchise ahead by telling a real story and inserting a whole lot of drama and thrill. The film also touches upon relationships between India and Pakistan but subtly. The biggest hiccup of the film is its length." Rajeev Masand of News 18 gave 3 stars, and said "The film has some thrilling action, while logic and subtlety are sacrificed at the altar of spectacle and sentiment. Katrina gets some terrific action moments, and she executes them well, but make no mistake, the heavy lifting here is left to Salman Khan, and he's clearly up for the challenge." Richa Barua of Asianet News gave the film a rating of 4.5 stars, and states that the film "keeps you glued to the seats."


title: Tiger Zinda Hai

text: Raja Sen of NDTV India gave 2.5 stars, and said ""Tiger Zinda Hai" breaks for intermission at a point when most self-respecting action films would have rushed into the climax. Long before the finish eventually rolled around, I found myself wishing Tiger would croak just so I could make it out alive." Rohit Vats of Hindustan Times gave 2.5 stars, and said, "It's better for the filmmakers to set a character trajectory that matches the star's current image rather than basking in the glory of the past." Anna M. M. Vetticad of Firstpost gave 2.5 stars, stating that both Salman Khan and Katrina Kaif delivered fun with equal parts swag, silliness and schmaltz. Shubhra Gupta of Indian Express gave 2.5 stars, and said "Only once in a while, the film gives in and provides us with a killing which sobers us up, but very quickly it's back to the base, with Bhai taking over, and everyone including Nurse Poorna and Zoya making way for him. But you can see she enjoys kicking butt: you wish she had more to do." Anupama Chopra of Film Companion wrote, "Tiger Zinda Hai is fun in bits and spurts, but there isn’t enough buoyancy to make it a slam dunk."


title: Tiger Zinda Hai

text: "Tiger Zinda Hai" made a new non-holiday record in India as it collected 34.1crore nett on its first day. It went on to collect ₹35.30 crore nett gross on second day. The film recorded the second highest day of all time (after third day of "'s" Hindi-dub) on its third day with nett of ₹45.53 crore and the highest ever for the Hindi film industry. With three day nett collections of over ₹1.14 billion, "Tiger Zinda Hai" had the second highest opening weekend of all time (after "Bahubali 2: The Conclusion") and the highest opening weekend of all time in the Hindi film industry. Tiger Zinda Hai netted Rs 154 crore in its first four days in India.


title: Tiger Zinda Hai

text: "Tiger Zinda Hai" grossed $2 million in two days, $450,000 on day one in US/Canada and around £150,000 in the UK. The film grossed $7 million in its opening weekend in overseas, including $2,535,825 in US/Canada. The film grossed 190crore worldwide in its opening weekend. In the United Kingdom, it grossed () in 2017, making it the year's highest-grossing foreign-language film in the UK (above "Baahubali 2" in second place).


title: Tiger Zinda Hai

text: As of 25 February 2018, the film has grossed US$87.32million (569crore) worldwide, including 434.82crore (US$67.11million) in India, and US$20.3million (128.9crore) overseas.


title: Tiger Zinda Hai

text: The music of the film is composed by Vishal–Shekhar while lyrics are penned by Irshad Kamil. The background score is composed by Julius Packiam. The first song of the film is titled as "Swag Se Swagat" which is sung by Vishal Dadlani and Neha Bhasin and produced by Meghdeep Bose released on 19 November 2017. It has become the most-liked Bollywood song on YouTube and the fastest Bollywood song to cross 100million views on YouTube. The second song of the film, "Dil Diyan Gallan", which is sung by Atif Aslam, was released by Salman Khan and Katrina Kaif at Big Boss Season 11 on 26 November 2017. It is the song of the decade, Beautifully sung by Atif Aslam. The album was released on 7 December 2017 by YRF Music. The Arabic version of "Swag Se Swagat" was sung by Rabih Baroud and Brigitte Yaghi.


title: Tiger Zinda Hai

text: By 8 February 2018, the album had crossed 1billion streams on music streaming platforms. As of 13 April 2019, songs from the album have over 1.5billion views combined on YouTube, making it the most-streamed Bollywood soundtrack album on the platform.


title: Tiger Zinda Hai

text: A sequel to the film is in the works and is reported to be directed by Maneesh Sharma. Emraan Hashmi is said to be playing the antagonist in the film, with Salman Khan and Katrina Kaif reprising their roles. Aditya Chopra and Shridhar Raghavan are said to write the film. YRF is developing a "Spy Universe" which consists of Salman Khan as Tiger, Shah Rukh Khan as Pathaan and Hrithik Roshan as Kabir.


title: Colonel (United States)

text: The colonel () in the United States Army, Marine Corps, Air Force and Space Force, is the most senior field-grade military officer rank, immediately above the rank of lieutenant colonel and just below the rank of brigadier general. Colonel is equivalent to the naval rank of captain in the other uniformed services. By law, an officer previously required at least 22 years of cumulative service and a minimum of three years as a lieutenant colonel before being promoted to colonel. With the signing of the National Defense Authorization Act of 2019 (NDAA 2019), military services now have the authorization to directly commission new officers up to the rank of colonel. The pay grade for colonel is O-6.


title: Colonel (United States)

text: When worn alone, the insignia of rank seen at right is worn centered on headgear and fatigue uniforms. When worn in pairs, the insignia is worn on the officer's left side while a mirror-image reverse version is worn on the right side, such that both of the eagles' heads face forward, to the wearer's front.


title: Colonel (United States)

text: The insignia for a colonel is a silver eagle which is a stylized representation of the eagle dominating the Great Seal of the United States (which is the coat of arms of the United States). As on the Great Seal, the eagle has a U.S. shield superimposed on its chest and is holding an olive branch and bundle of arrows in its talons. However, in simplification of the Great Seal image, the insignia lacks the scroll in the eagle's mouth and the rosette above its head. On the Great Seal, the olive branch is always clutched in the eagle's right-side talons, while the bundle of arrows is always clutched in the left-side talons. The head of the eagle faces towards the olive branch, rather than the arrows, advocating peace rather than war. As a result, the head of the eagle always faces towards the viewer's left. Some colonel eagles from the 1920s to the 1950s faced the arrows, though this is no longer done. The full-sized colonel eagle is exactly two inches in diameter from the tips of each wing.


title: Colonel (United States)

text: However, when worn as a single insignia with no matching pair, such as on the patrol cap, garrison cap/flight cap, or the front of the Army, Air Force, or Space Force OCP uniform, there is a split between the services on which mirror image of the eagle should be worn. In the United States Army, United States Air Force, and United States Space Force, the eagle is always worn with "the head of the eagle to the wearer's right," with the olive branch clutched in the eagle's right hand talons (see Department of the Army Pamphlet , paragraph 19-6 [a][1]). In the United States Navy, United States Marine Corps, United States Coast Guard, NOAA, and the PHSCC, the eagle is worn with "the head facing forward" on the wearer's right side of the garrison cover (see Marine Corps Order P1020.34G, Uniform Regulation, paragraph 4005d[1]). Since respective service's officer insignia is worn on the left side and the rank insignia is worn on the right hand side of the Marine, Navy, Coast Guard and NOAA garrison caps, the eagle is facing to the eagle's left with the olive branch clutched in the eagle's left hand talons, which is a mirror opposite to the wear of the single eagle for Army, Air Force, and Space Force officers.


title: Colonel (United States)

text: The United States rank of colonel is a direct successor to the same rank in the British Army. The first colonels in the U.S. were appointed from Colonial militias maintained as reserves to the British Army in the North American colonies. Upon the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, colonial legislatures would grant commissions to men to raise a regiment and serve as its colonel. Thus, the first U.S. colonels were usually respected men with ties in local communities and active in politics.


title: Colonel (United States)

text: With the post-war reduction of the U.S. Army, the rank of colonel disappeared, and was not re-introduced until 1802.


title: Colonel (United States)

text: The first insignia for the rank of colonel consisted of gold epaulettes worn on the blue uniform of the Continental Army. The first recorded use of the eagle insignia was in 1805 as this insignia was made official in uniform regulations by 1810.


title: Colonel (United States)

text: The rank of colonel was relatively rare in the early 19th century, partly because the U.S. Army was very small, and the rank was usually obtained only after long years of service. During the War of 1812 the Army grew rapidly and many colonels were appointed, but most of these colonels were discharged when their regiments were disbanded at the war's conclusion. A number of other colonels were appointed by brevet – an honorary promotion usually for distinguished service in combat.


title: Colonel (United States)

text: The American Civil War saw a large influx of colonels as the rank was commonly held in both the Confederate army and Union Army by those who commanded a regiment. Since most U.S. regiments were state formations and were quickly raised, the colonels in command of the regiments were known by the title "Colonel of Volunteers," in contrast to Regular Army colonels who held permanent commissions.


title: Colonel (United States)

text: During the Civil War, the Confederate army maintained a unique insignia for colonel, which comprised three yellow stars worn on the collar of a uniform. Robert E. Lee wore this insignia due to his former rank in the United States Army and refused to wear the insignia of a Confederate general, stating that he would only accept permanent promotion when the Confederacy had defeated the U.S. and achieved its independence.


title: Colonel (United States)

text: After the end of the Civil War, the rank of colonel again became rare as the forces of the United States Army downsized and became extremely small. However, many U.S. colonels were appointed in the volunteers during the Spanish–American War, prominent among them Theodore Roosevelt and David Grant Colson.


title: Colonel (United States)

text: World War I and World War II saw the largest numbers of colonels ever appointed in the U.S. military. This was mostly due to the temporary ranks of the National Army and the Army of the United States, where those who would normally hold the rank of Captain in the peacetime Regular Army were thrust into the rank of colonel during these two wars.


title: Colonel (United States)

text: The Military Promotion System was revised and standardized for all the services in 1980 as a result of passage of the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act.


title: Colonel (United States)

text: Contemporary U.S. colonels usually command Army infantry, artillery, armor, aviation, special forces, or other types of brigades or regiments as well as large installations; USMC regiments, Marine Expeditionary Units, Marine Aircraft Groups, or installations such as Marine Corps Bases or Marine Corps Air Stations; USAF groups or wings; and USSF deltas.


title: Colonel (United States)

text: An Army colonel typically commands brigade-sized units (4,000 to 6,000 soldiers), with another colonel or a lieutenant colonel as deputy commander, a major as executive officer, and a command sergeant major as a senior non-commissioned officer (NCO) advisor.


title: Colonel (United States)

text: An Air Force colonel typically commands a wing consisting of 1,000 to 4,000+ airmen with another colonel as the vice commander, four other colonels as group commanders, which are the major components of wings, and a Chief Master Sergeant (i.e., a "Command Chief") as principal senior NCO enlisted adviser. Colonels are also found as the chief of staff at divisional level-(Army) or Numbered Air Force-level staff agencies.


title: Colonel (United States)

text: A Space Force colonel typically commands a delta, a single echelon of command which combines the wing and group command echelons found in the Air Force.


title: Colonel (United States)

text: In the modern armed forces, the colonel's eagle is worn facing forward with head and beak pointing towards the wearer's front. Of all U.S. military commissioned officer rank, only the colonel's eagle has a distinct right and left insignia. All other commissioned officer rank insignia can be worn on either the right or left side.


title: Colonel (United States)

text: Colonels are sometimes referred to (but not addressed as) full colonels, bird colonels, or full bird colonels because lieutenant colonels are also referred to and addressed in correspondence as "colonel." Referring to an "O-6", a colonel's pay grade, also may differentiate colonels and lieutenant colonels, who have a pay grade of "O-5". Officers in pay grade O-6 visiting or on temporary assignment to other installations are also accorded "Distinguished Visitor" (DV) status for lodging and other appropriate protocol honors. When flying on military aircraft as either crew or passenger, they are also accorded "Code" status as a "Code 7" in accordance with DoD Flight Information Publication General Planning (DoD FLIP GP).


title: Colonel (United States)

text: All Army colonels have attended or otherwise completed via seminar or correspondence a war college or a senior staff college equivalent to study joint warfare and war itself. Most Army colonels receive postgraduate level senior joint professional military education (JPME) at the Army War College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania prior to promotion. The 2009 graduating class was 336 including 198 army officers and the rest divided among other military branches, domestic inter-agency representatives and other foreign military leaders.


title: Colonel (United States)

text: A high concentration of USAF and USSF colonels graduate from the Air War College at Maxwell AFB, Alabama via in-residence at Maxwell AFB, while all other USAF colonels will have completed the Air War College via a year-long non-resident seminar program paralleling the in-residence program or the AWC correspondence course program, or a comparable JPME program via the National Defense University (i.e., National War College or Industrial College of the Armed Forces) or the program of another service (i.e., Army War College, College of Naval Warfare at the Naval War College, etc. The AWC program will include participation by officers from various other branches of the U.S. armed forces and NATO and Allied nations. Completion of the Air War College or an equivalent program is a "de facto" requirement for promotion to colonel in the USAF and USSF, to include the Air Force Reserve and the Air National Guard.


title: Colonel (United States)

text: Marine colonels may graduate from the Marine Corps War College or, like all other branches, may receive credit via non-resident attendance at another installation, via correspondence, or will be graduates of an equivalent senior JPME program sponsored by the National Defense University or one of the other U.S. military services.


title: Colonel (United States)

text: Some people known as "colonels" are actually recipients of honorary colonel ranks from a state governor and are not officers of the U.S. military. In the 19th century, the honorary colonels were military appointments and they still are nominally appointed to a governor's staff, but without military rights or duties. Famous honorary colonels include Colonel Harland Sanders of KFC fame, a Kentucky colonel; Colonel Tom Parker, Elvis Presley's manager, who received the honor from a Louisiana governor; and Edward M. House, known as Colonel House, a Texas honorary colonel and adviser to President Woodrow Wilson.


title: Adana Demirspor

text: Adana Demirspor Kulübü is a sports club based in Adana, Turkey. Founded by railway workers in 1940, the club is competitive in football, watersports, racquet sports and martial arts. Football team's thriving success at the Adana League and the water polo team's unbeaten National League titles in the first three decades, built a large worker fan base in the city and attracted landowners to finance the club. Believing that the worker supported, landowner financed, TCDD governed club are alienating them, middle-class merchants and artisans founded Adanaspor in 1954 and competition among the two clubs for the citywide support and domination, created one of the fierce rivalries of Turkish football which continues to this day as Adana derby.


title: Adana Demirspor

text: Adana Demirspor are the first club that is based outside of Istanbul-Ankara-İzmir to join the National Football League, at a time, the league games were only hosted in the largest three cities. The club promoted to the top flight in 1960-61 season and are currently playing there their 18th season. Water polo team are the first champions of the Turkish Water Polo League and had dominated the first three decades of the league, winning 21 league titles in 25 years, from early 1940s to mid 1960s.


title: Adana Demirspor

text: Adana Demirspor are by far the most successful of the 38 Demirspor clubs that are founded by the employees of the Turkish State Railways (TCDD). Most "Demirspor" clubs have jersey colours identical to Adana Demirspor, and bear the TCDD symbol on their logo. Ankara Demirspor are the only other "Demirspor" club that compete in the Turkish professional football league system, and the only ones that are still affiliated with TCDD.


title: Adana Demirspor

text: ADS have one of the most passionate fan base in Turkey. The club did not have a major title in the last 40 years, the highest spot the club could gain at the Turkish top-flight was the sixth place, have been away from Süper Lig for 26 years, have never participated in European Cups, have had less success then their archrival including the derby games; though the level of support grew rapidly almost every decade. This was mainly attributed to the worker dominated solid fan base, who by seeing themselves as the true owner, sustained the club as a community club and carried further to be "more than a club". A significant portion of the fan base is politically left leaning.


title: Adana Demirspor

text: The foundation of Adana Demirspor was first laid down in 1938 by Eşref Demirağ, Vasfı Ramzan, Hasan Silah, Hikmet Tezel, Feridun Kuzeybay, Seha Keyder, Emin Ersan, Esat Gürkan, and Kenan Gülgün from TCDD. The club was formally founded on 28 December 1940 with the help of over five hundred employees of TCDD. Adana Demirspor competed in the Adana Football League along with the Cilician clubs; Mersin İdman Yurdu, Tarsus İdman Yurdu, Torosspor, Seyhanspor, and Milli Mensucat. Demirspor won the league a record 15 times between 1942 and 1959. They also won the Turkish Amateur Championship in 1954 against Hacettepe. The match finished 1–0, with Selami Tekkazancı scoring the only goal.


title: Adana Demirspor

text: Before 1959, Turkey did not have a national professional league. Instead, teams competed in regional amateur leagues in cities such as Adana, Ankara, Eskişehir, İzmir, Kayseri, and Trabzon. The Milli Lig, known today as the Süper Lig, was created in 1959. The league consisted of eight clubs from Istanbul, and four clubs each from Ankara and İzmir. When Adana Demirspor joined the Milli Lig in 1960, they became the first club from outside the three major football cities to compete. However, their stay didn't last long, as they finished last place with 18 points in their first season due to playing their home matches in Ankara. The club returned to the Adana League, where they competed until 1963. The 2.Lig (Second Division) was created at the start of the 1963–64 season. Adana Demirspor were allowed to compete in the league, and placed second in their first season. Demirspor competed in the 2. Lig for nine years before gaining promotion back to the 1. Lig for the first time since the 1960–61 season. They secured promotion after defeating Uşakspor 2–0, with goals from Fatih Terim and Bektaş Yurttasın.


title: Adana Demirspor

text: Adana Demirspor reached the finals of the 1977–78 Turkish Cup. At the time, the final was played over two legs. Demirspor lost the first leg 3–0, and failed to make a comeback in the second leg, drawing 0–0 with Trabzonspor. They met Trabzonspor in a cup final once more that year, this time in the Prime Minister's Cup, but would go on to lose 2–1. Their stay in the top-flight continued through 1984, and reached its apex when the club finished sixth in the 1981–82 season. Since then, Demirspor have failed to match their success. They spent the next several years moving back and forth between the 1. Lig and 2. Lig. Their last season of top-flight football came in 1994–95. The club finished with 15 points, their lowest point total ever in the 1. Lig. Adana Demirspor reached their lowest point professionally in 1999 when they were relegated to the 3. Lig (Third Division before the 2001–02 season). The club spent two years in the 3. Lig before gaining promotion to the newly created 2. Lig. The 2. Lig became the 1. Lig and the 1. Lig became the Süper Lig in 2001. Adana Demirspor competed in the 2. Lig from 2004 to 2012, before returning to First League after winning promotion play-offs.


title: Adana Demirspor

text: After completing the 1. Lig as the leader in the 2020–2021 season, Demirspor was promoted to the Süper Lig after 26 years. The club finished the 2021-2022 season as 9th in the Süper Lig.


title: Adana Demirspor

text: Adana Demir's homeground is the New Adana Stadium since March 2021. The stadium has a capacity of 33,543 seats. The stadium's north seats are painted to Adana Demirspor's jersey colors and south seats are painted to Adanaspor's jersey colors. Şimşekler group gather at the North Stand, other fan groups tend to gather at the northern section of the East Stands. From 1940 to 2021, the football team played their home games at the now defunct 5 Ocak Stadium. The waterpolo team played their home games at the Atatürk Swimming Complex from 1940 to dissolution. Menderes Sports Hall hosted club's basketball and volleyball teams.


title: Adana Demirspor

text: Adana Demir's main training ground is the "Adana Demirspor Tesisleri", along the Seyhan river bank in the Yüreğir district. The training ground was built by the Metropolitan Municipality on a state land in early 2000s. It was named the "Aytaç Durak Tesisleri" to honour the long-time serving mayor of Adana, who lead the construction of the training ground. As it was built on a state land without a tenancy agreement, Milli Emlak (en:National Property Foundation) sent an eviction notice several times in late 2010s. In March 2019, with the efforts of the Adana MP Jülide Sarıeroğlu, a tenancy agreement is finally made between ADS and the Milli Emlak which secured the training ground for a long-term and at the same time the facility is renamed the "Adana Demirspor Tesisleri." The main training ground hosts the club's Head Office and is made of 4 football fields, Club store, fitness center, swimming pool and the staff-player residences.


title: Adana Demirspor

text: Adana Demir youth teams train at the TCDD owned training ground at the Central railway station in Kurtuluş, Seyhan. The property, which is composed of a football field and Youth Office, is rented out to Adana Demir for free. ADS Club Museum which is next to the TCDD training ground, was the club's Head Office from 1940 to 2000. Adana Demir has three club stores, one at the main training ground, one at M1 mall and one at the Park Adana mall. The club store at the 5 Ocak Stadium in Reşatbey, moved a little further and is now ran by the supporter group, Şimşekler.


title: Adana Demirspor

text: Adana Demirspor draw support from all over the city and as well as from the districts of the Adana Province. As being founded as a railway club, they are supported by the railway workers in Turkey. Politically left leaning people also have sympathy for the club.


title: Adana Demirspor

text: The fans are known to have a left-wing political stance, as result they have good relations with other left-wing teams such as Livorno and St Pauli. The archrivals are Adanaspor, who share the New Adana Stadium with Adana Demirspor.


title: Adana Demirspor

text: Football department is the only department that survived the whole history of the club. The department is administered by the Sporting Director Gökhan Göktürk. Vincenzo Montella is the Head Coach of the professional team and Özgür Zengin is the Head of Academy Coaching.


title: Adana Demirspor

text: Atatürk Swimming Complex, the largest swimming pool of the time, had opened in Adana in 1938 with the efforts of the Adana Mayor Turhan Cemal Beriker and the Regional Sports Director Rıza Salih Saray. Adana Demirspor formed the swimming and water polo team from 40 youngsters who developed their swimming skills at the irrigation canals in the city. Adana Demir had joined the Turkish Water polo League in 1942, playing their home games at the new complex. From 1942 to 1954, the club had 13 League titles, without losing a game. They had another 8 titles until 1965, bringing the number of league titles to 21. After all this success, Adana Demirspor water polo team has known as "Unbeatables", for several decades. Muharrem Gülergin, son of a railway worker, became a legend for the club for his leadership at the water polo team. Erdal Acet broke the record of swimming Canal La Manche (English Channel) in 9 hours and 2 minutes in 1976.


title: Adana Demirspor

text: Adana Demirspor had formed athletics, cycling, swimming, water polo, and football departments with the foundation of the club. In the next decades, wrestling, basketball, and volleyball departments were founded. Currently, the only active department is the football department.


title: Adana Demirspor

text: Athletics department participated regional competitions from 1940 to 1952. The department had its best ever season 1953–1954 with titles won by the athletes Yıldıray Pagda, Atilla Pinoz, Yavuz Pagda and Turgay Renklikurt, all becoming well known nationally. The club had several team titles and individual titles within the next decade. After an idling period that lasted until 1980, with the re-organizing efforts of Regional Athletics Coach, Hasan Tekin, the club won titles in the next five years.


title: Adana Demirspor

text: Basketball department was founded by Alaettin Atsal and Demiray Sayılır and have first appeared in Turkish League in 1968. Adana Demirspor have won the Anatolian Cup title at 1969–1970 season and were promoted to the Turkish Basketball First League. The club were promoted to the Basketball Super League at 1972-1973 after winning a highly competitive season. The department had dissolved in 1980s and had re-opened in 2003, competing at the Regional League for some years.


title: Adana Demirspor

text: Cycling agent and coach Ahmet Ecesoy trained cyclists Ertugrul Arlı, Ahmet Avcılar, İbrahım Gönül and Erol Berk, all becoming part of the National Cycling Team of Turkey. Cycling department were dissolved in 1983.


title: Adana Demirspor

text: The volleyball department were the champions for 5 years in a row, from 1967 to 1972 at the Regional Volleyball League. They were dissolved soon after.


title: Adana Demirspor

text: Club directors Şevket Kapulu ve Fevzi Özşahin founded the wrestling department in 1956 by converting part of the clubhouse to a wrestling training center, and making up a team from field wrestlers. Wrestlers of Adana Demirspor competed for the Turkish National Wrestling Team in several events. The Wrestling department of ADS became less active after 1968 and were dissolved within the next decade.


title: Adana Demirspor

text: Adana Demirspor is an incorporated company that will partially open to public. President Murat Sancak holds the majority of the shares. The club were a member-owned sports club until 2021. From 1940 to 1959, the club were directly governed by TCDD.


title: Adana Demirspor

text: Fatih Terim and Hasan Şaş, two names synonymous with Galatasaray S.K. and the Turkish national team, were born in Adana and began their careers with Adana Demirspor. Terim spent five years at the club before moving to Galatasaray. He became a manager after retiring and won several honours, including the UEFA Cup in 2000, four straight Süper Lig titles, and a semi-final finish in the 2008 UEFA European Football Championship. Şaş spent two years at the club before moving to Ankaragücü in 1995. He was a part of the Turkey squad that finished in third place at the 2002 FIFA World Cup. He also played a part in winning five Süper Lig and three Turkish Cup titles with Galatasaray from 1998 to 2009. Adana Demirspor also produced striker Taner Gülleri.


title: WWE 24/7 Championship

text: The WWE 24/7 Championship was a professional wrestling championship created and promoted by the American promotion WWE. It was a tertiary championship open to anyone—regardless of gender or WWE employment status—and carried the special rule that it could be defended "24/7", as in any time, anywhere, as long as a WWE referee was present. Because of this rule, the championship was available to all of WWE's brand divisions: their two main roster brands, Raw and SmackDown, and their developmental brand, NXT; at the time the championship was established, WWE promoted five brands, two of which were dissolved in 2022—205 Live and NXT UK.


title: WWE 24/7 Championship

text: The title was similar to the WWE Hardcore Championship (1998–2002), which also had a 24/7 rule. This rule could be temporarily suspended by an authority figure, usually done during a scheduled title defense or non-title matches that involved the champion. Due to this rule, title changes often occurred outside of regular shows, with videos posted on the promotion's website and social media accounts. Many title changes were also done as humorous segments during televised shows.


title: WWE 24/7 Championship

text: The title was unveiled by Mick Foley on the May 20, 2019, episode of "Monday Night Raw", where Titus O'Neil from Raw became the inaugural champion. The final champion was Nikki Cross, also from Raw. She had won the title on the November 7, 2022, episode of "Raw" and then afterwards backstage, discarded the championship as trash. WWE subsequently retired the title on November 9.


title: WWE 24/7 Championship

text: During the 2019 Money in the Bank pay-per-view and livestreaming event on May 19, WWE announced that a new championship would be introduced on the following night's episode of "Raw", where hardcore legend and WWE Hall of Famer Mick Foley unveiled the WWE 24/7 Championship. Like the former WWE Hardcore Championship and its "24/7 rule", the 24/7 Championship could be defended anytime, anywhere, as long as a WWE referee was present, hence its name. Due to this, Foley said the title could be defended across all of WWE's brand divisions: Raw, SmackDown, NXT, NXT UK, and 205 Live (205 Live and NXT UK were dissolved in February and September 2022, respectively). He also said that WWE legends could return and challenge for the title. After the unveiling, Foley laid the title belt in the ring and said that whoever secured the championship first in a scramble would become the inaugural champion. Raw's Titus O'Neil became the inaugural champion by doing so, defeating Cedric Alexander, Drake Maverick, EC3, Eric Young, Karl Anderson, Luke Gallows, Mojo Rawley, and No Way Jose to claim the championship.<ref name="24/7belt"></ref> It was later confirmed that the title was not gender-exclusive and could also be won by non-WWE personnel after the respective wins of former WWE female wrestler Kelly Kelly and Fox sportscaster Rob Stone.


title: WWE 24/7 Championship

text: Although a stipulation of the championship, the 24/7 rule could be temporarily suspended by any authority figure. This usually occurred when the champion was involved in a non-title match. For example, after Elias won the title from R-Truth on the May 28, 2019, episode of "SmackDown Live", the brand's commissioner Shane McMahon suspended the rule until after the scheduled tag team match later that same night, in which both Elias and Truth were involved. The rule could also be suspended during an actual scheduled match for the title to prevent other wrestlers from getting involved. For example, when R-Truth unsuccessfully defended the title against Elias in a lumberjack match on the June 4 episode of "SmackDown". Another example was when reigning champion R-Truth was a guest on The Miz's "Miz TV" and during a subsequent scheduled match against Drake Maverick, both on the June 24 episode of "Raw".


title: WWE 24/7 Championship

text: Former WWE wrestler No Way Jose said in a 2021 interview that he had proposed the idea for the 24/7 Championship to a writer about five months before the title's debut. However, according to professional wrestling journalist Dave Meltzer, the idea for the title was proposed by the USA Network, where "Raw" and "SmackDown" had both aired, in an attempt to increase the ratings during "Raw"s third hour. The viewership of both shows had been declining; the April 29 and 30, 2019, episodes of "Raw" and "SmackDown", respectively, both reached a record low for non-holiday broadcasts outside of football season, with viewership dropping off the most during "Raw"s third hour. In October 2019, Meltzer reported that following the 2019 WWE Draft, the title would only appear on "Raw" due to "SmackDown" moving to Fox as the title was USA Network's idea. Although the title was established under the rule that it could be defended on any brand, it primarily only appeared on "Raw" since that draft, with only a few exceptions (such as an exchange that occurred during a WWE-related segment of Fox's 2020 New Year's Eve special).


title: WWE 24/7 Championship

text: After Vince McMahon retired in 2022, the new managment didn't have plans for the title and was barely used until it was deactivated. On the November 7 episode of "Raw", Nikki Cross defeated Dana Brooke to win the championship for an 11th time. Afterwards backstage, Cross discarded the championship as trash. On November 9, the 24/7 Championship was removed from the active titles page on WWE.com, subsequently retiring the championship.


title: WWE 24/7 Championship

text: The championship belt design featured three gold plates on a green leather strap. The circular center plate prominently stated "24/7" at the center ("24" and "7" written in green). The WWE logo was affixed at the top while the word "CHAMPION" was written along the edge of the bottom half of the center plate. The two side plates, one on either side of the center plate, were rectangular. Unlike most of WWE's other championship belts, the side plates could not be customized with the current champion's logos (due to the relatively short lengths of the title reigns with most not even lasting a day). They were mostly blank but with a simple ornate design on the bottom inner corner and top outer corner of each. As the belt lacked customizable side plates, Drake Maverick placed stickers that said "Maverick 24:7" in the blank space of the side plates, while Samir Singh placed stickers that spelled "Bollywood" around the center plate (as he and his twin brother Sunil, also a former 24/7 Champion, teamed together as The Bollywood Boyz).