title: Charlie's Angels (2000 film)

text: The 2019 follow-up film starred Kristen Stewart, Naomi Scott and Ella Balinska as the new generation of Angels. Banks and Djimon Hounsou also starred as Charlie's assistants, known as Bosleys, while Patrick Stewart replaced Murray in the role of John Bosley and Jaclyn Smith reprised her role as Kelly Garrett for the second time for a cameo appearance. It was also the first installment to feature Robert Clotworthy as the voice of Charlie, replacing Forsythe following his death in 2010.


title: Lauren Ridloff

text: Lauren Ridloff (; born April 6, 1978) is a deaf American actress known for her roles in the TV series "The Walking Dead" and the film "Eternals". Her breakthrough role was in 2018 with her lead performance in the Broadway play "Children of a Lesser God", for which she was nominated for several awards, including a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play. She was subsequently cast in "The Walking Dead" as Connie in its ninth season that aired in late 2018. In "Eternals", released in 2021, she played the deaf superhero Makkari.


title: Lauren Ridloff

text: Lauren Ridloff was born on April 6, 1978 in Chicago, Illinois in the United States. She was born deaf to hearing parents, a Mexican-American father and an African-American mother. Her father Hugo was a counselor at University of Illinois at Chicago. He was also a musician, and Ridloff's mother was an artist. Ridloff grew up in the Chicago community area of Hyde Park. Her parents thought their infant had a developmental delay, but by the time she was two years old, they learned that she was deaf. They learned sign language with her and enrolled her in Catholic school with hearing children. She performed well in school. When she was 13 years old, she stopped using her voice so people would stop judging her intelligence based on her vocal intelligibility. Following Catholic school, she attended the Model Secondary School for the Deaf in Washington, DC, where she was among deaf and hard-of-hearing peers. She began exploring the arts, starting with ceramics and becoming involved with drama. In a school production of "The Wiz", she played Dorothy. She was also on the cheerleading team and became one of the first deaf American cheerleaders to compete internationally.


title: Lauren Ridloff

text: Ridloff chose to attend California State University, Northridge, a university with a large deaf and hard-of-hearing student population, because of its National Center on Deafness. She majored in English with an emphasis in creative writing, completing her degree in 2001. While in college, she joined a local deaf performing group and took up hip-hop dancing. After she graduated in May 2000, she began working at the NCOD, where she was involved in a program to improve post-secondary school education for deaf and hard-of-hearing students. Later in the year, she decided to compete in the National Association of the Deaf's Miss Deaf America competition, having been inspired by the competition she saw two years prior. She won the preliminary competition of Miss Deaf Illinois and ultimately won Miss Deaf America. She was the second consecutive CSUN graduate to win the crown, and she was also the first competitor of either African-American or Mexican-American descent to win the pageant. Her activities in competition included an ASL performance of the book "The Giving Tree" by Shel Silverstein. After winning Miss Deaf America, she began a two-year stint of attending luncheons and graduation ceremonies as a spokesperson for NAD.


title: Lauren Ridloff

text: After graduating from CSUN, Ridloff went to Hunter College in New York to study education with the goal of becoming a children's author. After earning her Masters Degree in Education in 2005, She started teaching kindergarten and first grade at Public School 347 in Manhattan. She was also involved with deaf community theater and film work for friends. She married Douglas Ridloff, who she met at CSUN, in 2006, and they have two children, both boys and both deaf. After nine years of teaching, she left her teaching job to take care of the boys. The family lived in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, a neighborhood of New York, until they moved to Austin, Texas in 2022.


title: Lauren Ridloff

text: Ridloff played a small role as a superpowered agent in the 2017 film "". She also joined the production of the 2017 film "Wonderstruck" as a consultant and was ultimately cast in a small role. She also appeared in the lyric video for the song "Love Me Now" by John Legend.


title: Lauren Ridloff

text: When director Kenny Leon began producing a revival of the 1980 play "Children of a Lesser God", he hired Ridloff to tutor him in American Sign Language. Leon cast Joshua Jackson as the male lead but had not cast the female lead role. By then, Ridloff had been tutoring Leon for over a year. He asked her to substitute at a read-through early on, and based on her performance, he offered her the role. The cast had an initial run at the Berkshire Theatre Group in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. One of the most challenging aspects of her role was using her voice, which she had not used since she was 13 years old. "The New York Times" wrote, "Ms. Ridloff compares the experience of using her voice during the play to a crotch shot, saying that at first she felt exposed, and vulnerable, and ugly." After a year with the role and with a vocal coach, she found greater ease. She explained, "It feels empowering to me—like finally I own every part of myself, [but] I don’t see myself ever using my voice on a conversational level—that's just not who I am." The revival premiered on Broadway in April 2018, and "The New York Times" wrote, "Critics were underwhelmed by the production, but mesmerized by Ms. Ridloff." The revival was shuttered on May 27, 2018.


title: Lauren Ridloff

text: Ridloff was a fan of the TV series "The Walking Dead", which had premiered in 2010, and submitted an audition tape to be cast in the series. She was cast as Connie and started her role in the show's ninth season, which premiered in October 2018. In July 2019, Ridloff was cast in the 2021 Marvel Cinematic Universe superhero film "Eternals" as the superhero Makkari, who in the comics is a hearing and white man. As part of director Chloé Zhao's approach to broaden casting representation, the casting of Ridloff revises the character to be a deaf woman of color. The casting makes Ridloff the first deaf superhero in the MCU. To film for "Eternals", Ridloff took a leave of absence from "The Walking Dead", not appearing in six consecutive episodes of the show's tenth season.


title: Lauren Ridloff

text: In 2020, Ridloff received the SAG-AFTRA Harold Russell Award at the 41st Media Access Awards. In the same year, the British Academy of Film and Television Arts selected Ridloff as a 2020 Breakthrough performer along with 33 other talents in film, television, and games.


title: Lauren Ridloff

text: Following Ridloff's appearance in "Eternals" in 2021, she re-partnered with Joshua Jackson from "Children of a Lesser God" to star together in a romantic drama TV series being developed by Ava DuVernay at the TV network Starz. The network gave a three-season commitment to the planned series in May 2022. Ridloff is also attached as executive producer along with DuVernay and Jackson. In July 2022, Ridloff was one of three deaf actors cast in an episode of the upcoming Fox anthology drama TV series "Accused", with the episode being directed by Marlee Matlin.


title: Lia McHugh

text: Lia Ryan McHugh (born November 2005) is an American actress. She has roles in "Totem" (2017), "The Lodge", and "Into the Dark" (both 2019). She portrayed Sprite in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film "Eternals" (2021).


title: Lia McHugh

text: McHugh was born in November 2005 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, into an acting family. She has three older siblings—Flynn, Logan and Shea—and a younger sibling, Gavin, who has cerebral palsy. Gavin is also an actor and plays Christopher Diaz in the drama series "9-1-1."


title: Lia McHugh

text: McHugh has spent the majority of her career appearing in horror projects; "A Haunting", "Totem", "Along Came the Devil", "The Lodge", "Into the Dark", and "A House on the Bayou". She portrayed Sprite in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film "Eternals", which was released in November 2021.


title: Bryce Young

text: Bryce Christopher Young (born July 25, 2001) is an American football quarterback for the Alabama Crimson Tide. He holds the record for most passing yards in a single game by an Alabama quarterback (559) and was the recipient of the 2021 Heisman Trophy.


title: Bryce Young

text: Young was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 25, 2001. He later moved to Pasadena, California, where he lived for most of his adolescence.


title: Bryce Young

text: Young attended Cathedral High School in Los Angeles and transferred to Mater Dei High School in Santa Ana, California, for his last two years of high school football. As a senior, he was the "Los Angeles Times" Player of the Year and California's Gatorade Football Player of the Year after throwing for 4,528 yards and 58 touchdowns. He was also the "USA Today" High School Offensive Player of the Year. During his high school career he passed for 13,520 yards and 152 touchdowns and was a five star recruit ranked the nations #1 quarterback prospect and second overall recruit. After originally committing to the University of Southern California (USC) to play football, Young decommitted and decided instead to play at the University of Alabama for Nick Saban.


title: Bryce Young

text: During his freshman year at Alabama, Young was the backup to junior quarterback Mac Jones throughout the 2020 season. On September 26, 2020, Young made his collegiate debut in the late third quarter against Missouri at Faurot Field. That night, Young went 5-of-8 for 54 passing yards with two rushing yards on four attempts. Young appeared in a total of nine games in 2020, finishing the season with 156 passing yards and one touchdown. He also appeared in the final play of the 2021 CFP National Championship, taking a knee with about 15 seconds left to seal Alabama's 52–24 victory over Ohio State.


title: Bryce Young

text: On September 4, 2021, Young made his debut as the Crimson Tide's starting quarterback. In a 44–13 win over No. 14 Miami (Florida), he passed for 344 yards and four touchdowns.


title: Bryce Young

text: On November 20, 2021 against Arkansas, Young threw for 559 yards to break the Alabama school record for passing yards in a game. The previous record was held by Scott Hunter.


title: Bryce Young

text: Young won the Heisman Trophy following the end of the 2021 season, becoming the first Alabama quarterback to win the award.


title: Mama (2013 film)

text: Mama is a 2013 supernatural horror film directed and co-written by Andy Muschietti in his directorial debut and based on his 2008 Argentine short film "Mamá". The film stars Jessica Chastain, Nikolaj Coster-Waldau, Megan Charpentier, Isabelle Nélisse, Daniel Kash, and Javier Botet as the title character.


title: Mama (2013 film)

text: The film follows two young girls abandoned in a forest cabin, fostered by an unknown entity that they fondly call "Mama", which eventually follows them to their new suburban home led by two adults after their uncle retrieves them.


title: Mama (2013 film)

text: It was produced by J. Miles Dale and co-writer Barbara Muschietti, with Guillermo del Toro serving as executive producer. The film was theatrically released in theaters on 18 January 2013, by Universal Pictures. "Mama" received mixed reviews from critics, with many praising the performances and atmosphere, with criticism for plot and writing. The film was a box office success, grossing $146 million against a $15 million budget.


title: Mama (2013 film)

text: Distraught after losing his fortune in the 2008 financial crisis, stockbroker Jeffrey Desange murders his colleagues and his estranged wife before taking his young daughters, 3-year-old Victoria and 1-year-old Lily, away from home. Driving dangerously fast on a snowy road, Jeffrey loses control; the car slides down the mountain and crashes into the woods, breaking Victoria's glasses. Surviving the collision, he takes the children into an abandoned cabin. Planning to kill his daughters and then himself, he prepares to shoot Victoria but is attacked and killed by a shadowy figure.


title: Mama (2013 film)

text: Five years later, a rescue party, sponsored by Jeffrey's identical twin brother Lucas, finds a now 8-year-old Victoria and a now 6-year-old Lily in the cabin, alive but in a feral state after five years of isolation. The girls are put in a welfare clinic under the watch of Dr. Gerald Dreyfuss. They refer to "Mama", a mysterious maternal protector figure. The girls are initially hostile to Lucas, but Victoria recognizes him after he gives her a pair of glasses and she can see properly. Dreyfuss agrees to support Lucas and his girlfriend Annabel's custody claim against the girls' maternal great-aunt, Jean Podolski, as long as Dreyfuss is allowed to monitor the girls' progress. Victoria acclimates quickly to domestic life while Lily retains much of her feral behavior.


title: Mama (2013 film)

text: Lucas is attacked by a mysterious entity and put into a coma, leaving Annabel to care for the girls alone. Though reluctant at first, she makes progress with Victoria, but Lily remains hostile. Alarmed by nightmares of a strange woman and Victoria's warning about Mama's jealousy, Annabel asks Dreyfuss to investigate further. Dreyfuss’s research brings to light the story of Edith Brennan, a mentally-ill asylum patient who died in the 1800s; he recovers a box from a government warehouse containing a baby's remains.


title: Mama (2013 film)

text: Annabel has a dream revealing Edith's past; when Edith was sent to the asylum, her child was taken from her and given to nuns. She escaped the asylum and took her baby back, stabbing one of the nuns caring for the baby in the process. Fleeing her pursuers, Edith jumped off a cliff, but before hitting the water below, she and the child made an impact with a large branch. Edith drowned, but the child's body snagged on the branch and did not fall with her into the water. Annabel realizes that Edith still hasn't realized her child was caught on the tree and doesn't understand why her baby wasn't in the water with her. Mama, Edith's troubled ghost, searched the woods for her child for years until she discovered Victoria and Lily and took them as substitutes.


title: Mama (2013 film)

text: Lucas regains consciousness after a vision of his dead twin tells him to go to the cabin to save his daughters. Victoria's growing closeness to Annabel makes her less willing to play with Mama, unlike Lily. Dreyfuss visits the cabin and is killed by Mama. Annabel takes Dreyfuss’s case file on Mama, including the body of her baby. Annabel and the girls are attacked by a jealous Mama, who kills Aunt Jean and uses her body to spirit the children away. Annabel and Lucas find the children on the same cliff where Mama leaped with her infant to their deaths over a century earlier, intent on re-enacting the deadly fall with Victoria and Lily.


title: Mama (2013 film)

text: When Annabel offers Mama the remains of her infant, Mama recognizes the child as her lost baby, and her appearance briefly turns human. However, when Annabel and Lucas try to bring the girls to safety, Lily calls out for Mama, causing her to revert to her monstrous form and attempt to take the girls again. Annabel clings to Victoria, who asks to stay with Annabel instead of leaving with Mama, which Mama accepts. After a tearful farewell, Mama and Lily plummet off the cliff. Mama and Lily happily embrace before hitting the branch, turning into a shower of moths. Annabel and Lucas embrace Victoria, who notices a moth landing on her hand, suggesting that Lily is still with her in spirit.


title: Mama (2013 film)

text: The film began production in Pinewood Toronto Studios on 3 October 2011. Production ended on 9 December 2011. Parts of the film were also shot in Quebec City, Quebec. Although the film was produced in Canada, it is set in Clifton Forge, Virginia. The film was initially scheduled for release in October 2012, but was later rescheduled for January to avoid competing with "Paranormal Activity 4". Its success at that later date has, among with other dump months horror films, convinced studios to start opening horror movies year-round.


title: Mama (2013 film)

text: "Mama" received mixed reviews from critics. It holds a 63% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 166 reviews, with an average rating of 5.90/10. The website's critical consensus states: "If you're into old school scares over cheap gore, you'll be able to get over "Mama"s confusing script and contrived plot devices." Metacritic gives the film a weighted average score of 57 out of 100, based on 35 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Mama (2013 film)

text: Richard Roeper, writing for the "Chicago Sun-Times", enjoyed the film, giving it three stars out of four and saying, "Movies like "Mama" are thrill rides. We go to be scared and then laugh, scared and then laugh, scared and then shocked. Of course, there's almost always a little plot left over for a sequel. It's a ride I'd take again." Owen Gleiberman, reviewing for "Entertainment Weekly", gave the movie a B and said, ""Mama" lifts almost every one of its fear-factor visuals from earlier films: the rotting black passageways that spread like mold over the walls (very "Ringu" meets "Repulsion"); the fire in her eyes; the crouched figures that skitter and pounce à la the infamous 'spider' outtake from the original "Exorcist"; the way that Mama, with her arms like smoky-shadowy bent tendrils, evokes both the monster from the "Alien" films and also, in a funny way, the crumpled-puppet gothic mischievousness of Tim Burton animation. Nothing in the movie is quite original, yet Muschietti, expanding his original short, knows how to stage a rip-off with frightening verve. It helps to have an actress on hand as soulful as Jessica Chastain..."


title: Mama (2013 film)

text: IGN editor Scott Corulla rated the film 7.3 out of 10 and wrote, "This is a fine first film for director Andrés Muschietti and, despite some missteps and disappointments, very well could be a harbinger of interesting things to come for the helmer." "The Huffington Post" wrote, "With Del Toro's name up front, expect "Mama" to be the winter horror film of choice in 2013." "The Philadelphia Inquirer" called the film an "effectively spooky ghost story", adding, ""Mama" is full of arty tropes – sepia-toned flashbacks, flickering lights, menacing murmurings. The atmosphere is positively spectral. And it's easy to see why del Toro is a champion: Like his "Pan's Labyrinth", there's a fairy-tale aspect (the film even begins with the title card "Once upon a time..."), with children in jeopardy, a witchy monster, and edge-of-the-precipice confrontations." "Canyon News" wrote, "The scares do indeed come a mile a minute and will unnerve even some of the toughest moviegoers." Mick LaSalle of the "Houston Chronicle" wrote, "Director Andres Muschietti is cinematically literate – in one example he borrows a flashbulb effect from Hitchcock's "Rear Window" – and he has visual panache. Much of the movie is surprisingly beautiful."


title: Mama (2013 film)

text: In the United States, the film earned $28,402,310 on its opening weekend, debuting at #1 and playing at 2,647 theaters. As of 4 April 2013, it grossed $146,428,180 worldwide and is a commercial success. Additionally, Jessica Chastain, for the second time in her career, claimed the top two spots of the box-office with her starring roles in "Mama" and "Zero Dark Thirty".


title: Mama (2013 film)

text: In February 2013, it was reported that a sequel was in the works. In January 2016, Universal announced that duo Dennis Widmyer and Kevin Kölsch would rewrite and direct the sequel. Chastain would not return for the sequel. But no progress were reported for the sequel, as of 2021.


title: Geometric distribution

text: In probability theory and statistics, the geometric distribution is either one of two discrete probability distributions:


title: Geometric distribution

text: These two different geometric distributions should not be confused with each other. Often, the name "shifted" geometric distribution is adopted for the former one (distribution of the number "X"); however, to avoid ambiguity, it is considered wise to indicate which is intended, by mentioning the support explicitly.


title: Geometric distribution

text: The geometric distribution gives the probability that the first occurrence of success requires "k" independent trials, each with success probability "p". If the probability of success on each trial is "p", then the probability that the "k"th trial is the first success is


title: Geometric distribution

text: The above form of the geometric distribution is used for modeling the number of trials up to and including the first success. By contrast, the following form of the geometric distribution is used for modeling the number of failures until the first success:


title: Geometric distribution

text: For example, suppose an ordinary die is thrown repeatedly until the first time a "1" appears. The probability distribution of the number of times it is thrown is supported on the infinite set { 1, 2, 3, ... } and is a geometric distribution with "p" = 1/6.


title: Geometric distribution

text: Consider a sequence of trials, where each trial has only two possible outcomes (designated failure and success). The probability of success is assumed to be the same for each trial. In such a sequence of trials, the geometric distribution is useful to model the number of failures before the first success since the experiment can have an indefinite number of trials until success, unlike the binomial distribution which has a set number of trials. The distribution gives the probability that there are zero failures before the first success, one failure before the first success, two failures before the first success, and so on.


title: Geometric distribution

text: If these conditions are true, then the geometric random variable "Y" is the count of the number of failures before the first success. The possible number of failures before the first success is 0, 1, 2, 3, and so on. In the graphs above, this formulation is shown on the right.


title: Geometric distribution

text: An alternative formulation is that the geometric random variable "X" is the total number of trials up to and including the first success, and the number of failures is "X" − 1. In the graphs above, this formulation is shown on the left.


title: Geometric distribution

text: The general formula to calculate the probability of "k" failures before the first success, where the probability of success is "p" and the probability of failure is "q" = 1 − "p", is


title: Geometric distribution

text: E1) A doctor is seeking an antidepressant for a newly diagnosed patient. Suppose that, of the available anti-depressant drugs, the probability that any particular drug will be effective for a particular patient is "p" = 0.6. What is the probability that the first drug found to be effective for this patient is the first drug tried, the second drug tried, and so on? What is the expected number of drugs that will be tried to find one that is effective?


title: Geometric distribution

text: The probability that the first drug works. There are zero failures before the first success. "Y" = 0 failures. The probability Pr(zero failures before first success) is simply the probability that the first drug works.


title: Geometric distribution

text: The probability that the first drug fails, but the second drug works. There is one failure before the first success. "Y" = 1 failure. The probability for this sequence of events is Pr(first drug fails) formula_30 p(second drug succeeds), which is given by


title: Geometric distribution

text: The probability that the first drug fails, the second drug fails, but the third drug works. There are two failures before the first success. "Y" = 2 failures. The probability for this sequence of events is Pr(first drug fails) formula_30 p(second drug fails) formula_30 Pr(third drug is success)


title: Geometric distribution

text: E2) A newlywed couple plans to have children and will continue until the first girl. What is the probability that there are zero boys before the first girl, one boy before the first girl, two boys before the first girl, and so on?


title: Geometric distribution

text: The probability of having a girl (success) is "p"= 0.5 and the probability of having a boy (failure) is "q" = 1 − "p" = 0.5.


title: Geometric distribution

text: The expected value for the number of independent trials to get the first success, and the variance of a geometrically distributed random variable "X" is:


title: Geometric distribution

text: Similarly, the expected value and variance of the geometrically distributed random variable "Y" = "X" - 1 (See definition of distribution formula_39) is:


title: Geometric distribution

text: That the expected value is (1 − "p")/"p" can be shown in the following way. Let "Y" be as above. Then


title: Geometric distribution

text: The interchange of summation and differentiation is justified by the fact that convergent power series converge uniformly on compact subsets of the set of points where they converge.


title: Geometric distribution

text: Let "μ" = (1 − "p")/"p" be the expected value of "Y". Then the cumulants formula_42 of the probability distribution of "Y" satisfy the recursion


title: Geometric distribution

text: E3) A patient is waiting for a suitable matching kidney donor for a transplant. If the probability that a randomly selected donor is a suitable match is "p" = 0.1, what is the expected number of donors who will be tested before a matching donor is found?


title: Geometric distribution

text: With "p" = 0.1, the mean number of failures before the first success is E("Y") = (1 − "p")/"p" =(1 − 0.1)/0.1 = 9.


title: Geometric distribution

text: For the alternative formulation, where "X" is the number of trials up to and including the first success, the expected value is E("X") = 1/"p" = 1/0.1 = 10.


title: Geometric distribution

text: For example 1 above, with "p" = 0.6, the mean number of failures before the first success is E("Y") = (1 − "p")/"p" = (1 − 0.6)/0.6 = 0.67.


title: Geometric distribution

text: More generally, if "p" = "λ"/"n", where "λ" is a parameter, then as "n"→ ∞ the distribution of "X"/"n" approaches an exponential distribution with rate "λ":


title: Geometric distribution

text: therefore the distribution function of "X"/"n" converges to formula_60, which is that of an exponential random variable.


title: Geometric distribution

text: For both variants of the geometric distribution, the parameter "p" can be estimated by equating the expected value with the sample mean. This is the method of moments, which in this case happens to yield maximum likelihood estimates of "p".


title: Geometric distribution

text: Specifically, for the first variant let "k" = "k", ..., "k" be a sample where "k" ≥ 1 for "i" = 1, ..., "n". Then "p" can be estimated as


title: Geometric distribution

text: In Bayesian inference, the Beta distribution is the conjugate prior distribution for the parameter "p". If this parameter is given a Beta("α", "β") prior, then the posterior distribution is


title: Geometric distribution

text: The posterior mean E["p"] approaches the maximum likelihood estimate formula_63 as "α" and "β" approach zero.


title: Geometric distribution

text: In the alternative case, let "k", ..., "k" be a sample where "k" ≥ 0 for "i" = 1, ..., "n". Then "p" can be estimated as


title: Geometric distribution

text: Again the posterior mean E["p"] approaches the maximum likelihood estimate formula_63 as "α" and "β" approach zero.


title: Geometric distribution

text: The R function dgeom(k, prob) calculates the probability that there are k failures before the first success, where the argument "prob" is the probability of success on each trial.


title: Geometric distribution

text: R uses the convention that k is the number of failures, so that the number of trials up to and including the first success is "k" + 1.


title: Geometric distribution

text: The following R code creates a graph of the geometric distribution from "Y" = 0 to 10, with "p" = 0.6.


title: Geometric distribution

text: plot(Y, dgeom(Y,0.6), type="h", ylim=c(0,1), main="Geometric distribution for p=0.6", ylab="Pr(Y=Y)", xlab="Y=Number of failures before first success")


title: Geometric distribution

text: The geometric distribution, for the number of failures before the first success, is a special case of the negative binomial distribution, for the number of failures before s successes.


title: Geometric distribution

text: The Excel function codice_1 calculates the probability of k = number_f failures before s = number_s successes where "p" = probability_s is the probability of success on each trial. For the geometric distribution, let number_s = 1 success.


title: Geometric distribution

text: Like R, Excel uses the convention that k is the number of failures, so that the number of trials up to and including the first success is k + 1.


title: Teyonah Parris

text: Teyonah Parris ( ) is an American actress. Her first prominent career role was playing secretary Dawn Chambers in the AMC drama series "Mad Men" (2012–2015) and starring in the 2014 independent film "Dear White People". Since that, Parris starred in Spike Lee's film "Chi-Raq," in US soap opera "Empire" and in Academy-nominated film "If Beale Street Could Talk". In 2021, Parris portrayed an adult Monica Rambeau in the Marvel Cinematic Universe Disney+ series "WandaVision." She will reprise the role in "The Marvels", scheduled to be released in 2023.


title: Teyonah Parris

text: Parris has won two Black Reel Awards and received nominations at Screen Actors Guild Awards and NAACP Image Awards.


title: Teyonah Parris

text: Parris was born on September 22, 1987 and raised in Hopkins, South Carolina. She was accepted into the South Carolina Governor's School for the Arts & Humanities where she finished 11th and 12th grade, before attending and graduating from the Juilliard School.


title: Teyonah Parris

text: She made her television debut in 2010, with a guest-starring role on "The Good Wife". In 2012, she was cast in a recurring role as Dawn Chambers in the AMC drama series, "Mad Men". She played the first major African American character on "Mad Men".


title: Teyonah Parris

text: In 2014, Parris had her breakthrough role in the independent film "Dear White People". Later in that year, Parris began starring in the Starz comedy series, "Survivor's Remorse". In 2015, Parris went to star in the satirical drama film "Chi-Raq" directed by Spike Lee. She received her first NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture nomination for this film. She played the leading role in "Where Children Play" directed by Leila Djansi, and starred alongside David Oyelowo in "Five Nights in Maine". Later in 2015, she played R&B/Jazz singer Miki Howard in the biopic "The Miki Howard Story".


title: Teyonah Parris

text: In 2016, Parris was cast as lead character in the period drama film "Buffalo Soldier Girl" about a woman who, disguised as a man, enlisted and fought with the African American Post Civil War era as a Buffalo Soldier. In 2017, she had a recurring role on the Fox prime time soap opera "Empire" playing Detective Pamela Rose. In early 2018, Parris was cast in a leading role on the CBS drama pilot "Murder". Also that year, she co-starred in "If Beale Street Could Talk", a drama film written and directed by Barry Jenkins and based on James Baldwin's novel of the same name. She played the lead role of Kaneisha in the 2018 Off-Broadway production of "Slave Play" at the New York Theatre Workshop.


title: Teyonah Parris

text: Parris plays the adult version of Monica Rambeau (introduced in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film "Captain Marvel") in the Disney+ series "WandaVision". She will reprise the role in "The Marvels" scheduled to be released July 2023.


title: Focus (2015 film)

text: Focus is a 2015 American crime comedy-drama film written and directed by Glenn Ficarra and John Requa, starring Will Smith and Margot Robbie. The plot follows a career con artist who takes an aspiring femme fatale under his wing.


title: Focus (2015 film)

text: The film was released on February 27, 2015. It received mixed reviews from critics but was a success at the box office, grossing $158 million against its $50 million budget.


title: Focus (2015 film)

text: Seasoned con-man Nicky Spurgeon (Will Smith) meets an inexperienced grifter, Jess Barrett (Margot Robbie), who tries to seduce and con him, pretending they've been caught by her jealous husband. When they fail, Nicky advises them never to lose focus when faced with unexpected situations. Nicky follows Jess and convinces her to have drinks, he tells her how his father shot his grandfather in a stand-off, explaining the "Toledo Panic Button" tactic, in which you shoot your partner to show your loyalty.


title: Focus (2015 film)

text: Jess follows him to New Orleans, successfully persuading Nicky to take her under his wing, where she is also introduced to Nicky's crew, including the obese and profane Farhad (Adrian Martinez) and fellow con-man Horst (Brennan Brown). Picking a few pockets as a test, Nicky and Jess develop a romantic relationship, upsetting Nicky, who was taught by his father to never become emotionally involved with any colleagues. At a fictional Super Bowl XXVII, Nicky gets into a round of increasingly extravagant bets with gambler Liyuan Tse (B.D. Wong), eventually losing all of the money the crew has earned.


title: Focus (2015 film)

text: To win it back, Nicky asks Tse to pick any player on or off the field and says that Jess will guess the number picked. A distraught Jess scans the field and sees Farhad wearing jersey number 55, and realizes it is another con. They take Tse for millions of dollars. Nicky explains to Jess how Tse had been programmed to pick 55 since he arrived, with subtle, subconscious prompts throughout his day. This victory leaves Tse impressed and even graciously gives all the money back to Nicky. Nicky then leaves Jess with her cut, and instructs the driver to take her to the airport. Jess cries as her limo drives off, as Nicky climbs into another waiting car.


title: Focus (2015 film)

text: Three years later, Nicky goes to Buenos Aires, working for billionaire motorsport team owner Rafael Garriga (Rodrigo Santoro). Garriga wants to beat a team headed by Australian businessman McEwen (Robert Taylor) to win the championship. Nicky will pretend to be a disgruntled technician on Garriga's team willing to sell Garriga's custom fuel use algorithm EXR. Instead, he will sell McEwen a bogus version which will slow their car down during the race. At a pre-race party, Nicky runs into Jess, who is now Garriga's girlfriend. After faking heavy drinking upon seeing Jess, Nicky has a convincing fight with Garriga in public and after being thrown out, is recruited by McEwen to provide the component.


title: Focus (2015 film)

text: Nicky begins pursuing Jess again, and they eventually rekindle their relationship. The head of Garriga's security entourage, Owens (Gerald McRaney), is suspicious and narrowly misses catching the two together. Nicky not only delivers the real component to McEwen for three million euros but also sells it to the other teams for similar amounts.


title: Focus (2015 film)

text: Nicky and Jess attempt to return to the US together. However, they are caught by Garriga's men and taken to his garage. Jess is tied up and her mouth is taped shut whilst Nicky is given a beating. Garriga is convinced that Jess had something to do with Nicky gaining access to EXR and begins to suffocate the gagged Jess. To save her, Nicky explains that he gained access to EXR by tricking her into believing he still had feelings for her and that the necklace he had given her was equipped to secretly record Garriga's password and login information. He explains that Jess was conned and knew nothing about this. However, Jess then reveals that she was only trying to seduce Garriga in order to steal his valuable watch and to make Nicky jealous.


title: Focus (2015 film)

text: Nicky promises to come clean in order to spare Jess's life, but Owens shoots him in the chest, causing a horrified Garriga to leave. Owens then reveals himself to be Nicky's father, Bucky, and assures Jess that he avoided any major arteries. He simply employed the "Toledo Panic Button". Bucky then tapes up Nicky's wounds and draws excess blood out of his son's chest with a plunger so that he can breathe. They flee the garage in Garriga's vehicle.


title: Focus (2015 film)

text: Bucky drives Nicky and Jess to the hospital to treat Nicky's punctured lung. Before he drops them off, he reveals to Nicky the real reason why he left him on the streets: during a poker deal in Boston, he got a gun pulled on him, and all he could think about then was Nicky. He says he then walked away and never looked back. After emphasizing that love will get one killed in the game, Bucky departs with all the money as a reminder of the consequences of losing focus. After he leaves, Nicky notices that Jess snatched Garriga's $200,000 watch before he left the warehouse, and a smiling Nicky and Jess walk towards the hospital entrance together.


title: Focus (2015 film)

text: Apollo Robbins served as a consultant, conceiving and choreographing original sleight-of-hand maneuvers. Directors Ficarra and Requa stated, "Apollo is the foremost expert in his field and is an inspiration to us."


title: Focus (2015 film)

text: The directing duo and production designer Beth Mickle made a scouting trip to Buenos Aires in June and a second trip with producers Denise Di Novi and Mark Scoon, in which they finally settled to shoot in the neighborhoods of San Telmo, Puerto Madero, Barracas, Retiro, Recoleta and Palermo, as well as Ezeiza Airport and a few hotels.


title: Focus (2015 film)

text: Neil Smith spoke at the Digital Cinema Society forum dropping several hints as to the identity of a film being edited in Final Cut Pro X in a December 2013 presentation. This would make "Focus" the largest production yet completed in Apple's editing program.


title: Focus (2015 film)

text: Principal photography began on September 14, 2013, in New Orleans, and moved over to Buenos Aires on November 19, 2013, for three weeks. The last day of shooting in Argentina was on December 10. Filming wrapped in New York City on December 17, 2013.


title: Focus (2015 film)

text: The film was released in 2015 in the US and Germany. On January 29, 2015, Warner Bros. and IMAX Corporation announced that they would digitally re-master the film into the immersive IMAX DMR format, also for release on the same date.


title: Focus (2015 film)

text: "Focus" grossed $53.9 million in North America and $104.9 million in other territories for a total gross of $158.8 million, against a production budget of $50.1 million.


title: Focus (2015 film)

text: The film grossed $6.4 million in its opening day, $7.6 million on its second day and $4.6 million on its third day, totaling $18.7 million in its opening weekend, while playing in 3,323 theaters (a $5,623 per-theatre average), finishing first place at the box office. The film was also released in the theatres of 39 markets of other territories in same weekend of its North America release, and grossed an estimated $12.2 million. Its biggest territories were the United Kingdom ($13 million), Russia ($3.1 million) and Netherlands ($1,765,832).


title: Focus (2015 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 56%, based on 228 reviews, with an average rating of 5.80/10. The site's consensus reads, ""Focus" may have a few too many twists and turns, but it nearly skates by on its glamorous setting and the charm of its stars." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 56 out of 100, based on 42 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Focus (2015 film)

text: Richard Roeper of the "Chicago Sun-Times" called it "sheer, escapist entertainment from start to finish." "The Free Press Journal" called the film "smart, slick, but shallow". Nick De Semlyen of "Empire" wrote: "This is maximum-gloss entertainment with its fair share of tricksy rug-pulls. But, like one of the neon-coloured cocktails Smith drinks in it, it’s more of an immediate rush than something you’ll remember in a year."


title: Rōnin

text: A rōnin ( ; , , meaning 'drifter' or 'wanderer') was a samurai without a lord or master during the feudal period of Japan (1185–1868). A samurai became masterless upon the death of his master or after the loss of his master's favor or privilege.


title: Rōnin

text: In modern Japanese usage, usually the term is used to describe a salaryman who is unemployed or a secondary school graduate who has not yet been admitted to university.


title: Rōnin

text: The word "rōnin" literally means 'wanderer'. It is an idiomatic expression for 'vagrant' or 'wandering man', someone who finds the way without belonging to one place. The term originated in the Nara and Heian periods, when it referred to a serf who had fled or deserted his master's land. In medieval times, the Ronin were depicted as the shadows of samurai, master-less and less honorable. It then came to be used for a samurai who had no master (hence the term 'wave man' illustrating one who is socially adrift).


title: Rōnin

text: According to the "Bushido Shoshinshu" (the "Code of the Warrior"), a samurai was supposed to commit "seppuku" (also "harakiri", "belly cutting", a form of ritual suicide) upon the loss of his master. One who chose not to honor the code was "on his own" and was meant to suffer great shame. The undesirability of "rōnin" status was mainly a discrimination imposed by other samurai and by "daimyō", the feudal lords.


title: Rōnin

text: Like other samurai, "rōnin" wore two swords. "Rōnin" used a variety of other weapons as well. Some "rōnin"—usually those who lacked money—would carry a "bō" (staff around ) or "jō" (smaller staff or walking stick around ) or a "yumi" (bow). Most weapons would reflect the "ryū" (martial arts school) from which they came if they were students.


title: Rōnin

text: During the Edo period, with the shogunate's rigid class system and laws, the number of "rōnin" greatly increased. Confiscation of fiefs during the rule of the third Tokugawa shōgun Iemitsu resulted in an especially large increase of "rōnin". During previous ages, samurai were able to move between masters and even between occupations. They could also marry between classes. However, during the Edo period, samurai were restricted, and were—above all—forbidden to become employed by another master without their previous master's permission.


title: Rōnin

text: Because the former samurai could not legally take up a new trade, or because of pride were loath to do so, many "rōnin" looked for other ways to make a living with their swords. Those "rōnin" who desired steady, legal employment became mercenaries that guarded trade caravans, or bodyguards for wealthy merchants. Many other "rōnin" became criminals, operating as bandits and highwaymen, or joining organized crime in towns and cities. "Rōnin" were known to operate or serve as hired muscle for gangs that ran gambling rings, brothels, protection rackets, and similar activities. Many were petty thieves and muggers. The criminal segment gave the "rōnin" of the Edo period a persistent reputation of disgrace, with an image of thugs, bullies, cutthroats, and wandering vagrants. After the abolition of the Samurai, some of the ronin continued with their thuggery and their mercenary work and activities, such as participating in the infamous assassination of Empress Myeongseong of the Joseon Dynasty in 1895, the Eulmi Incident.


title: Rōnin

text: Until the Sengoku period, peasants accounted for the majority of "daimyō" armies, so they accounted for the majority of ronin.


title: Rōnin

text: Especially in the Sengoku period, "daimyō" needed additional fighting men, and even if a master had perished, his "rōnin" was able to serve new lords. In contrast to the later Edo period, the bond between the lord and the vassal was loose, and some vassals who were dissatisfied with their treatment left their masters and sought new lords. Many warriors served a succession of masters, and some even became "daimyō". As an example, Tōdō Takatora served ten lords. Additionally, the division of the population into classes had not yet taken place, so it was possible to change one's occupation from warrior to merchant or farmer, or the reverse. Saitō Dōsan was one merchant who rose through the warrior ranks to become a "daimyō".


title: Rōnin

text: As Toyotomi Hideyoshi unified progressively more significant parts of the country, "daimyō" found it unnecessary to recruit new soldiers. The Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 resulted in the confiscation or reduction of the fiefs of large numbers of "daimyō" on the losing side; consequently, many samurai became "rōnin". As many as a hundred thousand "rōnin" joined forces with Toyotomi Hideyori and fought at the Siege of Osaka. In the ensuing years of peace, there was less need to maintain expensive standing armies, and many surviving "rōnin" turned to farms or became townspeople. A few, such as Yamada Nagamasa, sought adventure overseas as mercenaries. Still, the majority lived in poverty as "rōnin". Their number approached half a million under the third Tokugawa shōgun Iemitsu.


title: Rōnin

text: Initially, the shogunate viewed them as dangerous and banished them from the cities or restricted the quarters where they could live. They also prohibited serving new masters. As "rōnin" found fewer options, they joined in the Keian Uprising of 1651. This forced the shogunate to rethink its policy. It relaxed restrictions on "daimyō" inheritance, resulting in fewer confiscations of fiefs, and it permitted "rōnin" to join new masters.


title: Rōnin

text: Not having the status or power of employed samurai, "rōnin" were often disreputable and festive, the group targeted humiliation or satire. It was undesirable to be a "rōnin", as it meant being without a stipend or land. As an indication of the shame felt by samurai who became "rōnin", Lord Redesdale recorded that a "rōnin" killed himself at the graves of the forty-seven "rōnin". He left a note saying that he had tried to enter the service of the "daimyō" of Chōshū Domain but was refused. He killed himself, wanting to serve no other master and hating being a "rōnin". On the other hand, the famous 18th-century writer Kyokutei Bakin renounced his allegiance to Matsudaira Nobunari, in whose service Bakin's samurai father had spent his life. Bakin voluntarily became a "rōnin", and eventually spent his time writing books (many of them about samurai) and engaging in festivities.


title: Rōnin

text: In the 19th century, Emperor Meiji abolished the Samurai class and any status the ronin had died with them.


title: Into the Dark (TV series)

text: Into the Dark is an American horror anthology streaming television series produced for Hulu. The first season premiered on October 5, 2018, and consists of twelve feature-length episodes of television films. "Into the Dark" was renewed for a second season, which premiered on October 4, 2019, and also consists of twelve episodes.


title: Into the Dark (TV series)

text: The series is produced by the television branch of Blumhouse Productions, with founder Jason Blum executive producing every episode. Each episode features its own ensemble casts and director, with directors including Patrick Lussier, Nacho Vigalondo, Sophia Takal, Daniel Stamm, James Roday Rodriguez and Gigi Saul Guerrero contributing installments.


title: Into the Dark (TV series)

text: "Into the Dark" was ordered in January 2018, and has been met with a positive response from critics upon its premiere. Each episode has starred different actors, including Tom Bateman, Dermot Mulroney, Diana Silvers, Nyasha Hatendi, Suki Waterhouse, Matt Lauria, Jimmi Simpson, Keir O'Donnell, Israel Broussard, Aurora Perrineau, Clayne Crawford, Martha Higareda, Corey Fogelmanis, Jude Demorest, Jahkara Smith, Adelaide Kane, Reign Edwards, Britt Baron, Giorgia Whigham, Felicia Day, Tina Majorino, Judy Greer, Barry Watson, Dana Drori, and Megalyn Echikunwoke.


title: Into the Dark (TV series)

text: On January 9, 2018, it was announced that Hulu had ordered a first season of twelve episodes. Each episode was set to be released one month apart beginning in October 2018. The series' first twelve episodes were expected to function as standalone stories though some narrative device or structural device was expected to connect them.


title: Into the Dark (TV series)

text: On May 2, 2018, it was announced that the series had been titled "Into the Dark" and would premiere on October 5, 2018. Davis and Fisher were announced as the Producers and Alexa Faigen as Executive Producer. On October 11, 2018, Production Designer Cecil Gentry revealed in an interview with "Dead Entertainment" that he was working on ten out of twelve episodes of the series.


title: Into the Dark (TV series)

text: In August 2019, "Into the Dark" was renewed for a second season. Hulu ordered nine further episodes in addition to the fifteen already ordered, bringing the total to 24 episodes. Alexander Koehne and Lauren Downey were announced as Co-Showrunners and Executive Producers. The twelve-episode second season premiered on October 4, 2019, and was originally scheduled to run through September 2020, after the first season concluded in September 2019. The August and September 2020 episodes were put on hold due to the COVID-19 pandemic; they had been filmed by November 2020, and premiered in February and March 2021.


title: Into the Dark (TV series)

text: On September 21, 2018, the series held its world premiere during the annual LA Film Festival in Los Angeles, California with a screening of the episode "The Body" at the Writers Guild Theater. The episode "I'm Just Fucking with You" held its world premiere during the 2019 South by Southwest film festival in Austin, Texas as a part of the festival's "Narrative Spotlight" series of screenings.


title: Into the Dark (TV series)

text: On October 11, 2018, it was announced that Sony Pictures Television had acquired the international rights to the series. Sony was expected to take the series out for sale internationally and begin its sale effort at the Mipcom market in Cannes the following week.


title: Into the Dark (TV series)

text: The series has been met with a positive response from critics upon its premiere. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds a 69% approval rating.


title: Into the Dark (TV series)

text: The first season holds 68% approval rating with an average rating of 5.6/10 based on 163 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Into the Dark" is a worthy horror anthology, offering viewers a selection of frightening and witty gothic tales like a tray of cobwebbed bonbons, making for a spooky Halloween treat." The second season holds a 71% approval rating with an average rating of 8.00/10 based on 120 reviews.


title: Jamie Farr

text: Jamie Farr (born Jameel Joseph Farah; July 1, 1934) is an American comedian and actor. He is best known for playing the cross-dressing Corporal turned Sergeant Maxwell Q. Klinger in the CBS television sitcom "M*A*S*H".


title: Jamie Farr

text: Farr was born in Toledo, Ohio, to Lebanese-American parents Jamelia M. (née Abodeely), a seamstress, and Samuel N. Farah, a grocer. He and his family attended Saint George Antiochian Orthodox Church in Toledo.


title: Jamie Farr

text: Farr's first acting success occurred at age 11, when he won two dollars in a local acting contest. After Woodward High School, where he was one of the standouts among his class, Farr attended the Pasadena Playhouse, where a Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer talent scout discovered him, offering him a screen test for "Blackboard Jungle". He won the role of the mentally challenged student, Santini. With the encouragement of his Toledo mentor, Danny Thomas, he decided to become an actor.


title: Jamie Farr

text: Farr's first film roles were in 1955 in "Blackboard Jungle" (credited as Jameel Farah) and as a fruit vendor in "Kismet" (uncredited). After this, he was drafted into the United States Army, undergoing his basic training with the 6th Infantry Division at Fort Ord, California. He served for two years, in Japan on the radio and Korea on television, making him one of three cast members of the "M*A*S*H" cast to have served in the U.S. military in Korea (the others being Alan Alda and Mike Farrell).


title: Jamie Farr

text: Farr said Red Skelton saved his career. Farr told the story in an interview in 2011 with the Television Academy Foundation. They had met before Farr's military service, and Farr worked with Skelton as an emcee and writer on a barnstorming tour entertaining U.S. troops in Korea and Japan. After his active service, while he was still on two years of active reserve, Farr was ready to give up acting when he left the Army, because his father had died, and Farr needed to find steady work to support his mother. But Skelton hired Farr on a personal contract to write for his act, gave him hundreds of dollars in cash to send to his mother, and helped him find roles. "It was Red Skelton who really saved me and kept me in the business," Farr said. For the rest of his life, he said, Farr has worn a St. Christopher's medal given to him by Skelton.


title: Jamie Farr

text: Although Farr was off to a promising start, roles were infrequent for the young actor, and he was cast as a delivery person, a post office clerk, an army store clerk, an airlines reservations agent, and as an employee at a chinchilla ranch—all small roles or bit parts. In 1958, Warner Brothers cast him as the co-pilot of a TB-25 in the Andy Griffith military comedy "No Time for Sergeants", which also brought the young TV comic Don Knotts to motion pictures. Farr appeared as Thaddaeus in the 1965 film "The Greatest Story Ever Told", along with minor roles in "Who's Minding the Mint?" and "With Six You Get Eggroll".


title: Jamie Farr

text: Farr got a new acting role on television when, in the late 1950s, he became a regular on "The Red Skelton Show" before becoming a second banana with Harvey Korman on "The Danny Kaye Show". Farr also appeared on "The Dick Van Dyke Show" and was a regular on the gangster-comedy series "The Chicago Teddy Bears" (featuring Huntz Hall). By 1965 Jamie Farr appears in "My Three Sons" Season 5, Episode 10, "The Coffee House" as a beatnik. In 1964, he appeared in an episode of" Hazel" as a soon-to-be father who owned an Italian restaurant. In 1967 he appeared in Garrison's Gorillas. Farr also worked in TV commercials, including a spot for Wonder Bread (as a vendor who says, "If it isn’t fresh, I’m outta business!").


title: Jamie Farr

text: In October 1972, he was hired for one day's work as Corporal Maxwell Klinger on the "M*A*S*H" episode "Chief Surgeon Who?" His character wore dresses to try to convince the army that he was "crazy" and deserved a Section 8 discharge. Comedy writer and playwright Larry Gelbart has said that comedian Lenny Bruce's attempt to be released from military service in World War II by dressing in a WAVES uniform was the original inspiration for the character of Klinger on the sitcom. He was asked back for a dozen episodes in the second season, and he became a regular in the fourth.


title: Jamie Farr

text: Eventually, his character gave up wearing women's clothing after the discharge of Radar O'Reilly had Klinger assuming the company clerk's position. Farr also ended the cross-dressing gag because, at the time, his young children were being teased about it. Like most of the characters on "M*A*S*H", Klinger matured as the years passed. He gradually progressed from being a cross-dressing visual joke, and became a more sensitive and resourceful character. Klinger's colorful side emerged in new ways, as he used the Toledo wheeler-dealer skills he learned on the streets to circumvent Army bureaucracy on the 4077's behalf.


title: Jamie Farr

text: Farr and co-stars Harry Morgan and William Christopher spent two years starring in "AfterMASH", the sequel that explored how civilian life treated their characters. While working on "M*A*S*H", Farr also appeared in "The Cannonball Run", "Cannonball Run II", and "Speed Zone", making him the only actor to have appeared in all three "Cannonball Run" films.


title: Jamie Farr

text: Farr was a regular judge on "The Gong Show" in the late 1970s. He also appeared as a panelist on several other game shows, including "The $25,000 Pyramid", "Super Password", "Body Language", "Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour", "Wordplay", "The $1.98 Beauty Show", "The Magnificent Marble Machine", and "Tattletales".


title: Jamie Farr

text: He appeared in several made-for-TV movies such as "Murder Can Hurt You", "Return of the Rebels", and "Combat Academy". He also guest-starred in "" as a teacher, Mr. Burton, as well as a second-season episode of "Emergency!".


title: Jamie Farr

text: Farr endorsed the U.S. Mars bar in commercials during the 1980s and received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1985.


title: Jamie Farr

text: In the 1990s, Farr (and Nathan Lane) played the role of Nathan Detroit in a Broadway revival of "Guys and Dolls." Farr is still active in regional theater and guest-stars occasionally on television.


title: Jamie Farr

text: Since 1984, he has hosted an annual women's professional golf tournament on the LPGA tour, the Jamie Farr Toledo Classic, presented by Kroger, Owens Corning, and O-I in Sylvania, Ohio. The tournament has raised over $6.5 million for local children's charities.


title: Jamie Farr

text: In 1996–1997 Farr went on a North American tour with "The Odd Couple", playing Oscar Madison opposite his old friend William Christopher in the role of Felix Ungar. The two had appeared in several movies before they were eventually cast together in "M*A*S*H".


title: Jamie Farr

text: On Memorial Day 2007, Farr hosted a multiple-episode presentation of "M*A*S*H" on the Hallmark Channel. The featured episodes showcased Farr's performances on the show, with Farr providing commentary during commercial intermissions.


title: Jamie Farr

text: In 2007, Farr played Adam Johnson in Hallmark original movie "A Grandpa for Christmas". The TV movie starred Ernest Borgnine in the role of Bert O'Riley.


title: Jamie Farr

text: Farr, Chuck Woolery, and Bob Eubanks were rotating hosts of the "$250,000 Game Show Spectacular" at the Las Vegas Hilton until the show ended in April 2008.


title: Jamie Farr

text: On July 17, 2008, Farr and Anita Gillette opened "Flamingo Court", a three-act play at the New World Theaters in New York City.


title: Jamie Farr

text: Between late 2016 and 2018, Farr was seen promoting the "M*A*S*H" television series and other classic television series on the MeTV television network.


title: Jamie Farr

text: After his role in the 1955 film "Blackboard Jungle", he entered the United States Army for two years, serving overseas in Japan and Korea. His service in Korea was after the hostilities had ended. In his "M*A*S*H" role as Max Klinger, he can be seen wearing his actual U.S. Army-issued dog tags.


title: Jamie Farr

text: The park in Toledo where Farr used to hang out when he was younger was renamed "Jamie Farr Park" in his honor on July 5, 1998. About the park, he said, "I wanted to be an actor, a famous actor, and I wanted my hometown of Toledo, Ohio, to be proud of me." Farr spoke to about 400 admirers and was quoted in the "New York Post": "Jamie Farr Park is certainly a highlight of my life and career."


title: Jamie Farr

text: Further exemplifying Farr's love of Toledo was his frequent mention of Tony Packo's hot dogs, a Toledo staple, on "M*A*S*H". He also was shown in many episodes as a Toledo Mud Hens fan.


title: Jamie Farr

text: Farr has been married to Joy Ann Richards since 1963 and has two children, Jonas and Yvonne. He has a grandson named Dorian.


title: Jamie Farr

text: In 2003, Farr and his wife wrote a children's story called "Hababy's Christmas Eve", which retells the First Christmas from the point of view of the animals.


title: Jamie Farr

text: Farr is a fan of professional wrestling, as revealed by Rikishi after the two met at the 2021 Steel City Comic Con in Pittsburgh.


title: Human mission to Mars

text: The idea of sending humans to Mars has been the subject of aerospace engineering and scientific studies since the late 1940s as part of the broader exploration of Mars. Some have also considered exploring the Martian moons of Phobos and Deimos. Long-term proposals have included sending settlers and terraforming the planet. Proposals for human missions to Mars came from e.g. NASA, Russia, Boeing, and SpaceX. As of 2022, only robotic landers and rovers have been on Mars. The farthest humans have been beyond Earth is the Moon.


title: Human mission to Mars

text: Conceptual proposals for missions that would involve human explorers started in the early 1950s, with planned missions typically being stated as taking place between 10 and 30 years from the time they are drafted. The list of crewed Mars mission plans shows the various mission proposals that have been put forth by multiple organizations and space agencies in this field of space exploration. The plans for these crews have varied—from scientific expeditions, in which a small group (between two and eight astronauts) would visit Mars for a period of a few weeks or more, to a continuous presence (e.g. through research stations, colonization, or other continuous habitation). By 2020, virtual visits to Mars, using haptic technologies, had also been proposed.


title: Human mission to Mars

text: Meanwhile, the unmanned exploration of Mars has been a goal of national space programs for decades, and was first achieved in 1965 with the Mariner 4 flyby. Human missions to Mars have been part of science fiction since the 1880s, and more broadly, in fiction, Mars is a frequent target of exploration and settlement in books, graphic novels, and films. The concept of a "Martian" as something living on Mars is part of the fiction.


title: Human mission to Mars

text: The energy needed for transfer between planetary orbits, or delta-v, is lowest at intervals fixed by the synodic period. For Earth–Mars trips, the period is every 26 months (2 years, 2 months), so missions are typically planned to coincide with one of these launch periods. Due to the eccentricity of Mars's orbit, the energy needed in the low-energy periods varies on roughly a 15-year cycle with the easiest periods needing only half the energy of the peaks. In the 20th century, a minimum existed in the 1969 and 1971 launch periods and another low in 1986 and 1988, then the cycle repeated. The next low-energy launch period occurs in 2033.


title: Human mission to Mars

text: Several types of mission plans have been proposed, including opposition class and conjunction class, or the Crocco flyby. The lowest energy transfer to Mars is a Hohmann transfer orbit, which would involve a roughly 9-month travel time from Earth to Mars, about at Mars to wait for the transfer window to Earth, and a travel time of about 9 months to return to Earth. This would be a 34-month trip.


title: Human mission to Mars

text: Shorter Mars mission plans have round-trip flight times of 400 to 450 days, or under 15 months, but would require significantly higher energy. A fast Mars mission of round trip could be possible with on-orbit staging. In 2014, ballistic capture was proposed, which may reduce fuel cost and provide more flexible launch windows compared to the Hohmann.In the Crocco grand tour, a crewed spacecraft would get a flyby of Mars and Venus in under a year in space. Some flyby mission architectures can also be extended to include a style of Mars landing with a flyby excursion lander spacecraft. Proposed by R. Titus in 1966, it involved a short-stay lander-ascent vehicle that would separate from a "parent" Earth-Mars transfer craft prior to its flyby of Mars. The Ascent-Descent lander would arrive sooner and either go into orbit around Mars or land, and, depending on the design, offer perhaps 10–30 days before it needed to launch itself back to the main transfer vehicle. (See also Mars flyby.)


title: Human mission to Mars

text: In the 1980s, it was suggested that "aerobraking" at Mars could reduce the mass required for a human Mars mission lifting off from Earth by as much as half. As a result, Mars missions have designed interplanetary spacecraft and landers capable of aerobraking.


title: Human mission to Mars

text: A number of unmanned spacecraft have landed on the surface of Mars, while some, such as the Schiaparelli EDM (2016), have failed what is considered a difficult landing. The "Beagle2" failed in 2003. Among the successes:


title: Human mission to Mars

text: When an expedition reaches Mars, braking is required to enter orbit. Two options are available: rockets or aerocapture. Aerocapture at Mars for human missions was studied in the 20th century. In a review of 93 Mars studies, 24 used aerocapture for Mars or Earth return. One of the considerations for using aerocapture on crewed missions is a limit on the maximum force experienced by the astronauts. The current scientific consensus is that 5 g, or five times Earth gravity, is the maximum allowable deceleration.


title: Human mission to Mars

text: Conducting a safe landing requires knowledge of the properties of the atmosphere, first observed by Mariner 4, and a survey of the planet to identify suitable landing sites. Major global surveys were conducted by "Mariner 9" and "Viking 1" and two orbiters, which supported the "Viking" landers. Later orbiters, such as "Mars Global Surveyor", "2001 Mars Odyssey", "Mars Express", and "Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter", have mapped Mars in higher resolution with improved instruments. These later surveys have identified the probable locations of water, a critical resource.


title: Human mission to Mars

text: A primary limiting factor for sending humans to Mars is funding. In 2010, the estimated cost was roughly US$500 billion, though the actual costs are likely to be more. Starting in the late 1950s, the early phase of space exploration was conducted as much to make a political statement as to make observations of the solar system. However, this proved to be both wasteful and unsustainable, and the current climate is one of international cooperation, with large projects such as the International Space Station and the proposed Lunar Gateway being built and launched by multiple countries.


title: Human mission to Mars

text: Critics argue that the immediate benefits of establishing a human presence on Mars are outweighed by the immense cost, and that funds could be better redirected towards other programs, such as robotic exploration. Proponents of human space exploration contend that the symbolism of establishing a presence in space may garner public interest to join the cause and spark global cooperation. There are also claims that a long-term investment in space travel is necessary for humanity's survival.


title: Human mission to Mars

text: One factor reducing the funding needed to place a human presence on Mars may be space tourism. As the space tourism market grows and technological developments are made, the cost of sending humans to other planets will likely decrease accordingly. A similar concept can be examined in the history of personal computers: when computers were used only for scientific research, with minor use in big industry, they were big, rare, heavy, and costly. When the potential market increased and they started to become common in many homes (in Western and developed countries) for the purpose of entertainment such as computer games, and booking travel/leisure tickets, the computing power of home devices skyrocketed and prices plummeted.


title: Human mission to Mars

text: Ehlmann and others have reviewed political and economic concerns, as well as technological and biological feasibility aspects. While fuel for roundtrip travel could be a challenge, methane and oxygen can be produced using Martian HO (preferably as water ice instead of liquid water) and atmospheric CO with mature technology.


title: Human mission to Mars

text: Robotic spacecraft to Mars are currently required to be sterilized. The allowable limit is 300,000 spores on the exterior of general craft, with stricter requirements for


title: Human mission to Mars

text: spacecraft bound for "special regions" containing water. Otherwise there is a risk of contaminating not only the life-detection experiments but possibly the planet itself.


title: Human mission to Mars

text: Sterilizing human missions to this level is impossible, as humans are host to typically a hundred trillion (10) microorganisms of thousands of species of the human microbiota, and these cannot be removed. Containment seems the only option, but it is a major challenge in the event of a hard landing (i.e. crash). There have been several planetary workshops on this issue, but with no final guidelines for a way forward yet. Human explorers would also be vulnerable to back contamination to Earth if they become carriers of microorganisms.


title: Human mission to Mars

text: Over the past seven decades, a wide variety of mission architectures have been proposed or studied for human spaceflights to Mars. These have included chemical, nuclear, and electric propulsion, as well as a wide variety of landing, living, and return methodologies.


title: Human mission to Mars

text: Entry into the thin and shallow Martian atmosphere will pose significant difficulties with re-entry; compared to Earth with much denser atmosphere, any spacecraft will descend very rapidly to the surface and must be slowed down. A heat shield has to be utilized. NASA is carrying out research on retropropulsive deceleration technologies to develop new approaches to Mars atmospheric entry. A key problem with propulsive techniques is handling the fluid flow problems and attitude control of the descent vehicle during the supersonic retropropulsion phase of the entry and deceleration.


title: Human mission to Mars

text: A return mission to Mars will need to land a rocket to carry crew off the surface. Launch requirements mean that this rocket would be significantly smaller than an Earth-to-orbit rocket. Mars-to-orbit launch can also be achieved in single stage. Despite this, landing an ascent rocket on Mars will be difficult. Re-entry for a large rocket will be difficult.


title: Human mission to Mars

text: One of the medical supplies that might be needed is a considerable mass of intravenous fluid, which is mainly water, but contains other substances so it can be added directly to the human blood stream. If it could be created on the spot from existing water, this would reduce mass requirements. A prototype for this capability was tested on the International Space Station in 2010.


title: Human mission to Mars

text: A person who is inactive for an extended period of time loses strength and muscle and bone mass. Spaceflight conditions are known to cause loss of bone mineral density in astronauts, increasing bone fracture risk. Last mathematical models predict 33% of astronauts will be at risk for osteoporosis during a human mission to Mars. A resistive exercise device similar to ARED would be needed in the spaceship.


title: Human mission to Mars

text: While humans can breathe pure oxygen, usually additional gases such as nitrogen are included in the breathing mix. One possibility is to take "in situ" nitrogen and argon from the atmosphere of Mars, but they are hard to separate from each other. As a result, a Mars habitat may use 40% argon, 40% nitrogen, and 20% oxygen.


title: Human mission to Mars

text: An idea for keeping carbon dioxide out of the breathing air is to use reusable amine-bead carbon dioxide scrubbers. While one carbon dioxide scrubber filters the astronaut's air, the other is vented to the Mars atmosphere.


title: Human mission to Mars

text: Some missions may be considered a "Mission to Mars" in their own right, or they may only be one step in a more in-depth program. An example of this is missions to Mars's moons, or flyby missions.


title: Human mission to Mars

text: Many Mars mission concepts propose precursor missions to the moons of Mars, for example a sample return mission to the Mars moon Phobos – not quite Mars, but perhaps a convenient stepping stone to an eventual Martian surface mission. Lockheed Martin, as part of their "Stepping stones to Mars" project, called the "Red Rocks Project", proposed to explore Mars robotically from Deimos.


title: Human mission to Mars

text: An uncrewed Mars sample return mission (MSR) has sometimes been considered as a precursor to crewed missions to Mars's surface. In 2008, the ESA called a sample return "essential" and said it could bridge the gap between robotic and human missions to Mars. An example of a Mars sample return mission is Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars. Mars sample return was the highest priority Flagship Mission proposed for NASA by the "Planetary Decadal Survey 2013–2022: The Future of Planetary Science". However, such missions have been hampered by complexity and expense, with one ESA proposal involving no less than five different uncrewed spacecraft.


title: Human mission to Mars

text: Sample return plans raise the concern, however remote, that an infectious agent could be brought to Earth. Regardless, a basic set of guidelines for extraterrestrial sample return has been laid out depending on the source of sample (e.g. asteroid, Moon, Mars surface, etc.)


title: Human mission to Mars

text: At the dawn of the 21st century, NASA crafted four potential pathways to Mars human missions, of which three included a Mars sample return as a prerequisite to human landing.


title: Human mission to Mars

text: The rover Perseverance, which landed on Mars in 2021, is equipped with a device that allows it to collect rock samples to be returned at a later date by another mission. Perseverance as part of the Mars 2020 mission was launched on top of an Atlas V rocket on 30 July 2020.


title: Human mission to Mars

text: Starting in 2004, NASA scientists have proposed to explore Mars via telepresence from human astronauts in orbit.


title: MIT License

text: The MIT License is a permissive free software license originating at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the late 1980s. As a permissive license, it puts only very limited restriction on reuse and has, therefore, high license compatibility.


title: MIT License

text: Unlike copyleft software licenses, the MIT License also permits reuse within proprietary software, provided that all copies of the software or its substantial portions include a copy of the terms of the MIT License and also a copyright notice. , the MIT License was the most popular software license found in one analysis, continuing from reports in 2015 that the MIT License was the most popular software license on GitHub.


title: MIT License

text: Notable projects that use the MIT License include the X Window System, Ruby on Rails, Nim, Node.js, Lua, and jQuery. Notable companies using the MIT License include Microsoft (.NET), Google (Angular), and Meta (React).


title: MIT License

text: The MIT License has the identifier codice_1 in the SPDX License List. It is also known as the "Expat License". It has the following terms:


title: MIT License

text: The X11 License, a variation of the MIT License, has the identifier codice_2 in the SPDX License List. It is also known as the "MIT/X Consortium License" by the X Consortium (for X11). It has the following terms:


title: MIT License

text: The FPA License, a less-permissive variation of the MIT License, has the identifier codice_3 in the SPDX License List. The main purpose of this license is to limit commercialization of the original software while still allowing educational and personal rights. It has the following terms:


title: MIT License

text: The MIT No Attribution License, a variation of the MIT License, has the identifier codice_4 in the SPDX License List. A request for legacy approval to the Open Source Initiative was filed on May 15, 2020, which led to a formal approval on August 5, 2020. By doing so, it forms a public-domain-equivalent license, the same way as BSD Zero Clause. It has the following terms:


title: MIT License

text: The name "MIT License" is potentially ambiguous. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology has been using many licenses for software since its creation; for example, MIT offers four licensing options for the FFTW C source code library, one of which is the GPL v2.0 and the other three of which are not open-source. The term "MIT License" has also been used to refer to the Expat License (used for the XML parsing library Expat) and to the X11 License (also called "MIT/X Consortium License"; used for X Window System by the MIT X Consortium). Furthermore, the "MIT License" as published by the Open Source Initiative is the same as the Expat License. Due to this differing use of terms, some prefer to avoid the name "MIT License". The Free Software Foundation argues that the term is misleading and ambiguous, and recommends against its use.


title: MIT License

text: The X Consortium was dissolved late in 1996, and its assets transferred to The Open Group, which released X11R6 initially under the same license. The X11 License and the X11R6 "MIT License" chosen for ncurses by the Free Software Foundation both include the following clause, absent in the Expat License:


title: MIT License

text: As of 2020, the successor to the X Window System is the X.Org Server, which is licensed under what is effectively the common MIT license, according to the X.org licensing page:


title: MIT License

text: The X.Org Foundation has chosen the following format of the MIT License as the preferred format for code included in the X Window System distribution. This is a slight variant of the common MIT license form published by the Open Source Initiative


title: MIT License

text: The "slight variant" is the addition of the phrase "(including the next paragraph)" to the second paragraph of the license text, resulting in: "The above copyright notice and this permission notice (including the next paragraph) shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software." This inclusion clarifies that the liability paragraph must also be included for the conditions of the license to be met.


title: MIT License

text: The license-management features at popular source code repository GitHub, as well as its "Choose a License" service, do not differentiate between MIT/Expat license variants. The text of the Expat variant is presented as simply the "MIT License" (represented by the metadata tag codice_5).


title: MIT License

text: The original BSD license also includes a clause requiring all advertising of the software to display a notice crediting its authors. This "advertising clause" (since disavowed by UC Berkeley) is present in the modified MIT License used by XFree86.


title: MIT License

text: The University of Illinois/NCSA Open Source License combines text from both the MIT and BSD licenses; the license grant and disclaimer are taken from the MIT License.


title: MIT License

text: The ISC license contains similarities to both the MIT and simplified BSD licenses, the biggest difference being that language deemed unnecessary by the Berne Convention is omitted.


title: MIT License

text: The GNU GPL is explicit about the patent grant an author would be giving when the code (or derivative work) is distributed, the MIT license does not discuss patents. Moreover, the GPL license impacts derivative works, but the MIT license does not.


title: MIT License

text: Like the BSD license, the MIT license does not include an express patent license although some commentators state that the grant of rights covers all potential restrictions including patents. Both the BSD and the MIT licenses were drafted before the patentability of software was generally recognized under US law. The Apache License version 2.0 is a similarly permissive license that includes an explicit contributor's patent license.


title: MIT License

text: Of specific relevance to US jurisdictions, the MIT license uses the terms "sell" and "use" that are also used in defining the rights of a patent holder in Title 35 of the United States Code section 154. This has been construed by some commentators as an unconventional but implicit license in the US to use any underlying patents.


title: MIT License

text: One of the originators of the MIT license, computer scientist Jerry Saltzer, has published his recollections of its early development, along with documentary evidence.


title: MIT License

text: , according to WhiteSource Software the MIT license was used in 27% of four million open source packages. , according to Black Duck Software and a 2015 blog from GitHub, the MIT license was the most popular free software license, with the GNU GPLv2 coming second in their sample of repositories.


title: Bethany Hamilton

text: Bethany Meilani Hamilton (born February 8, 1990) is an American professional surfer and writer who survived a 2003 shark attack in which her left arm was bitten off and who ultimately returned to professional surfing. She wrote about her experience in the 2004 autobiography "Soul Surfer: A True Story of Faith, Family, and Fighting to Get Back on the Board", which was adapted into the 2011 feature film "Soul Surfer" in which she attributes her strength to her Christian faith. She was also the subject of a 2018 documentary, "Bethany Hamilton: Unstoppable," which discusses her marriage to Adam Dirks and how marriage and motherhood have affected her professional surfing career.


title: Bethany Hamilton

text: Hamilton was born on February 8, 1990, to Tom and Cheri Hamilton in Lihue, Hawaii. She has two older brothers, Noah and Timothy. After learning how to surf at the age of three, she began surfing competitively at the age of eight and gained her first sponsorship by age ten. Hamilton was home-schooled from sixth grade through high school by her mother, a housewife. Her father was a waiter at a town café. She is a Christian.


title: Bethany Hamilton

text: In early 2012, Hamilton met youth minister Adam Dirks through mutual friends. They became engaged in 2013. The couple was married on August 18, 2013, at an estate on Kauai's north shore, near where she grew up. The couple had a son on June 1, 2015. On March 27, 2018, they had a second son. On February 14, 2021, they had a third son. Their marriage is featured throughout her documentary, "Bethany Hamilton: Unstoppable." Along with being a professional surfer, she now offers mentorship classes on faith, healing, personal health, and relationships.


title: Bethany Hamilton

text: On October 31, 2003, Hamilton, aged 13 at the time, went for a morning surf along Tunnels Beach, Kauai, with her best friend Alana Blanchard, Alana's father and brother. While she was lying on her surfboard belly-down and talking with Alana, a tiger shark attacked her. The shark swiftly bit off her left arm, which she had been dangling in the water, just below the shoulder. The Blanchards helped paddle her back to shore, then Alana's father fashioned a tourniquet out of a rash guard and wrapped it around the stump of her arm. She was rushed to Wilcox Memorial Hospital. By the time she arrived there, she had lost over 60% of her blood and was in hypovolemic shock. A doctor living in a hotel nearby raced to the rescue. Her father, who was scheduled to have knee surgery that same morning, was already there, but she took his place in the operating room. During subsequent media interviews, she confirmed that she felt normal when she was bitten and did not feel much pain from the bite, but felt numb on the way to the hospital.


title: Bethany Hamilton

text: When the news broke of the shark attack, a family of fishermen led by Ralph Young presented to investigators photos of a tiger shark they had caught and killed about one mile from the attack site. It had surfboard debris in its mouth. When measurements of its mouth were compared with those of Hamilton's broken board, it matched. In late 2004, the police officially confirmed that it was the same one that had attacked her.


title: Bethany Hamilton

text: Despite the trauma of the incident, Hamilton was determined to return to surfing. One month after the attack, she returned to her board.


title: Bethany Hamilton

text: Initially, she adopted a custom-made board that was longer and slightly thicker than standard and had a handle for her right arm, making it easier to paddle, and she learned to kick more to make up for the loss of her left arm. After teaching herself to surf with one arm, she returned to surfing on November 26, 2003, just 26 days after the attack and entered her first major competition on January 10, 2004. She now uses standard competitive performance short-boards. The shark-bitten surfboard that Hamilton was riding during the attack, as well as the bathing suit she was wearing at the time, a gift from ocean photographer Aaron Chang, are on display at the California Surf Museum in Oceanside, California.


title: Bethany Hamilton

text: Since the attack she has appeared as a guest on numerous television shows. Her manager, Roy "Dutch" Hofstetter, who went on to produce the film "Soul Surfer", managed her rise through the media from shark attack victim to inspirational role model. The television shows she has appeared on include "The Amazing Race, The Biggest Loser", "20/20", "Good Morning America", "Inside Edition", "The Oprah Winfrey Show", "The Ellen DeGeneres Show", "The Today Show", "The Tonight Show" and "Dude Perfect", as well as in the magazines "People", "Time", and "American Girl". Additionally she was the cover story in the first issue of "niNe" magazine.


title: Bethany Hamilton

text: She has participated in multiple public speaking events and is "motivating audiences worldwide to live their life with more tenacity, courage, and faith".


title: Bethany Hamilton

text: In 2004, she won the ESPY Award for Best Comeback Athlete and also received the Courage Teen Choice Award.


title: Bethany Hamilton

text: In 2004, MTV Books published Hamilton's book, "Soul Surfer: A True Story of Faith, Family, and Fighting to Get Back on the Board", which describes her ordeal. Her story is also told in the 2007 short subject documentary film "Heart of a Soul Surfer". Described as a "faith-based documentary", the film addresses her devout Christianity and the courage and faith in Jesus Christ in the aftermath of the shark attack, and follows her quest for spiritual meaning.


title: Bethany Hamilton

text: In 2009, she was a contestant on "Are You Smarter Than a Fifth Grader?" and won $25,000. In 2010, she appeared on an episode of ABC's "".


title: Bethany Hamilton

text: In 2011, Hamilton appeared in a video for the Christian organization I Am Second, telling of her struggle after the shark attack and how she trusted in God to get her through it. In 2011, a feature film "Soul Surfer", based on her 2004 book, was released in theaters. Hamilton was portrayed by actress AnnaSophia Robb. Hamilton herself performed all the one-armed surfing stunts in it.


title: Bethany Hamilton

text: She also appeared on the TLC series "19 Kids and Counting" the same year, in the episode titled "Duggars Under the Sea", when the Duggar family visited her in Atlanta, Georgia.


title: Bethany Hamilton

text: Hamilton plays herself in the film "Dolphin Tale 2", which revolves around the baby dolphin Hope's story. Hamilton and her husband, Adam Dirks, competed as a team on the 25th season of "The Amazing Race", finishing in third place. It premiered in 2014 on CBS.


title: Bethany Hamilton

text: "Bethany Hamilton: Unstoppable" is set to tell the story of her transition from childhood to motherhood. "From chasing her toddler to chasing the biggest waves. Bethany is continuously re-writing the rules on being a fearless athlete, and brings a new meaning to the phrase, 'Surf Like a Girl'".


title: Bethany Hamilton

text: Hamilton was featured in a short film by RipCurl called Master and Apprentice alongside young female surfer, Erin Brooks.


title: Bethany Hamilton

text: Hamilton is involved in numerous charitable efforts, including her own foundation, Friends of Bethany, which reaches out to amputees and youth, encouraging them to overcome difficulties by offering hope through Jesus Christ. Using her platform as a professional athlete to promote living a fit and healthy lifestyle, she authored the book "Body and Soul" in 2014. In 2019, a surf documentary was made about her, "Bethany Hamilton: Unstoppable", which was accompanied by a photo book and a children's book.


title: Tonne

text: The tonne ( or ; symbol: t) is a unit of mass equal to 1000 kilograms. It is a non-SI unit accepted for use with SI. It is also referred to as a metric ton to distinguish it from the non-metric units of the short ton (United States customary units), and the long ton (British imperial units). It is equivalent to approximately 2204.6 pounds, 1.102 short tons, and 0.984 long tons. The official SI unit is the megagram (symbol: Mg), a less common way to express the same mass.


title: Tonne

text: The BIPM symbol for the tonne is t, adopted at the same time as the unit in 1879. Its use is also official for the metric ton in the United States, having been adopted by the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). It is a symbol, not an abbreviation, and should not be followed by a period. Use of minuscule letter case is significant, and use of other letter combinations can lead to ambiguity. For example, T, MT, mT, Mt and mt are the SI symbols for the tesla, megatesla, millitesla, megatonne (one teragram), and millitonne (one kilogram), respectively. If describing TNT equivalent units of energy, one megatonne of TNT is equivalent to approximately 4.184 petajoules.


title: Tonne

text: In English, "tonne" is an established spelling alternative to "metric ton". In the United States and United Kingdom, tonne is usually pronounced the same as ton (), but the final "e" can also be pronounced, i.e. "tunnie" (). In Australia, the common and recommended pronunciation is . In the United States, "metric ton" is the name for this unit used and recommended by NIST; an unqualified mention of a "ton" almost invariably refers to a short ton of and to a lesser extent to a long ton of , the "tonne" is rarely used in speech or writing. Both terms are acceptable in Canadian usage.


title: Tonne

text: "Ton" and "tonne" are both derived from a Germanic word in general use in the North Sea area since the Middle Ages (cf. Old English and Old Frisian "tunne", Old High German and Medieval Latin , German and French "tonne") to designate a large cask, or "tun". A full tun, standing about a metre high, could easily weigh a tonne.


title: Tonne

text: The spelling "tonne" pre-dates the introduction of the SI in 1960; it has been used with this meaning in France since 1842, when there were no metric prefixes for multiples of 10 and above, and is now used as the standard spelling for the metric mass measurement in most English-speaking countries. In the United States, the unit was originally referred to using the French words "millier" or "tonneau", but these terms are now obsolete. The Imperial and US customary units comparable to the tonne are both spelled "ton" in English, though they differ in mass.


title: Tonne

text: A tonne is the mass of one cubic metre of pure water: at 4 °C one thousand litres of pure water has an absolute mass of one tonne.


title: Tonne

text: As a non-SI unit, the use of SI metric prefixes with the tonne does not fall within the SI standard. For multiples of the tonne, it is more usual to speak of thousands or millions of tonnes. Kilotonne, megatonne, and gigatonne are more usually used for the energy of nuclear explosions and other events in equivalent mass of TNT, often loosely as approximate figures. When used in this context, there is little need to distinguish between metric and other tons, and the unit is spelled either as "ton" or "tonne" with the relevant prefix attached.


title: Tonne

text: A metric ton unit (mtu) can mean 10 kg (approximately 22 lb) within metal trading, particularly within the United States. It traditionally referred to a metric ton of ore containing 1% (i.e. 10 kg) of metal.


title: Tonne

text: The following excerpt from a mining geology textbook describes its usage in the particular case of tungsten:


title: Tonne

text: The "tonne of trinitrotoluene (TNT)" is used as a proxy for energy, usually of explosions (TNT is a common high explosive). Prefixes are used: kiloton(ne), megaton(ne), gigaton(ne), especially for expressing nuclear weapon yield, based on a specific combustion energy of TNT of about 4.2 MJ/kg (or one thermochemical calorie per milligram). Hence, 1 t TNT = approx. 4.2 GJ, 1 kt TNT = approx. 4.2 TJ, 1 Mt TNT = approx. 4.2 PJ.


title: Tonne

text: In the petroleum industry the tonne of oil equivalent (toe) is a unit of energy: the amount of energy released by burning one tonne of crude oil, approx, 42 GJ. There are several slightly different definitions. This is ten times as much as a tonne of TNT because atmospheric oxygen is used.


title: Tonne

text: Like the gram and the kilogram, the tonne gave rise to a (now obsolete) force unit of the same name, the tonne-force, equivalent to about 9.8 kilonewtons. The unit is also often called simply "tonne" or "metric ton" without identifying it as a unit of force. In contrast to the tonne as a mass unit, the tonne-force is not accepted for use with SI.


title: 2020 UEFA Champions League Final

text: The 2020 UEFA Champions League Final was the final match of the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League, the 65th season of Europe's premier club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the 28th season since it was renamed from the European Champion Clubs' Cup to the UEFA Champions League. It was played on 23 August 2020 at the Estádio da Luz in Lisbon, Portugal, between French club Paris Saint-Germain, in their first European Cup final, and German club Bayern Munich. The match was held behind closed doors due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe.


title: 2020 UEFA Champions League Final

text: Originally, it had been scheduled to be played at the Atatürk Olympic Stadium in Istanbul, Turkey, on 30 May 2020. On 17 June 2020, the UEFA Executive Committee chose to relocate the final to Lisbon as part of a "final-eight tournament" consisting of single-match knockout ties played in two stadiums across the city. The match was the first European premier tournament final to be played on a Sunday, and the first since 2009 to not be played on a Saturday. It was also the first final of the competition to be played after June.


title: 2020 UEFA Champions League Final

text: Bayern Munich won the final 1–0 thanks to a 59th-minute goal scored by former Paris Saint-Germain player Kingsley Coman, who was later selected as man of the match. Bayern secured their sixth European Cup title and second continental treble, becoming the second European men's football team to win the continental treble twice. Bayern also became the first team to claim any European competition with a 100% winning record. As winners, they earned the right to play against the winners of the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League, Sevilla, in the 2020 UEFA Super Cup, and also qualified for the 2020 FIFA Club World Cup in Qatar; Bayern went on to win both and complete a historic sextuple (six trophies in a year).


title: 2020 UEFA Champions League Final

text: "In the following table, finals until 1992 were in the European Cup era, since 1993 were in the UEFA Champions League era."


title: 2020 UEFA Champions League Final

text: The final was originally scheduled to be played at the Atatürk Olympic Stadium in Istanbul, Turkey, on 30 May 2020. However, UEFA announced on 23 March 2020 that the final was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 17 June 2020, the UEFA Executive Committee chose to relocate the final to Lisbon as part of a "final-eight tournament" consisting of single-match knockout ties played in two stadiums across the city. The match was the first European Cup/Champions League final to be played on a Sunday and the first since 2009 to not be played on a Saturday. It was also the first final of the competition to be played after June.


title: 2020 UEFA Champions League Final

text: The UEFA Executive Committee chose the Estádio da Luz, officially known as the Estádio do Sport Lisboa e Benfica, in Lisbon as the final venue at their meeting on 17 June 2020. This is the second UEFA Champions League final hosted at the stadium; the first was in 2014, when Real Madrid secured their 10th title by beating Atlético Madrid 4–1 in the first final between teams from the same city.


title: 2020 UEFA Champions League Final

text: The home stadium of Portuguese Primeira Liga side Benfica since 2003, it was newly built to host five matches of UEFA Euro 2004, including the final. Before its demolition in 2003, to make way for the new 65,000-capacity ground, the original Estádio da Luz hosted the 1992 European Cup Winners' Cup Final, where Werder Bremen beat Monaco 2–0, and the second leg of the 1983 UEFA Cup Final, where Anderlecht secured a 1–1 draw with Benfica to lift the trophy.


title: 2020 UEFA Champions League Final

text: Lisbon had also staged a European Cup final in 1967, when Scottish side Celtic beat Inter Milan of Italy 2–1 at the Estádio Nacional. The Portuguese capital also hosted the 2005 UEFA Cup Final at the Estádio José Alvalade, home of Benfica's local rivals and finalists Sporting CP, who lost 3–1 to CSKA Moscow.