title: Charles X

text: On New Year's Day 1792, the National Assembly declared all emigrants traitors, repudiated their titles and confiscated their lands. This measure was followed by the suspension and eventually the abolition of the monarchy in September 1792. The royal family was imprisoned, and the former king and former queen were eventually executed in 1793. The young former dauphin died of illnesses and neglect in 1795.


title: Charles X

text: When the French Revolutionary Wars broke out in 1792, Charles escaped to Great Britain, where King George III of Great Britain gave him a generous allowance. Charles lived in Edinburgh and London with his mistress Louise de Polastron. His older brother, dubbed Louis XVIII after the death of his nephew in June 1795, relocated to Verona and then to Jelgava Palace, Mitau, where Charles' son Louis Antoine married Louis XVI's only surviving child, Marie Thérèse, on 10 June 1799. In 1802, Charles supported his brother with several thousand pounds. In 1807, Louis XVIII moved to the United Kingdom.


title: Charles X

text: In January 1814, Charles covertly left his home in London to join the Coalition forces in southern France. Louis XVIII, by then reliant on a wheelchair, supplied Charles with letters patent creating him Lieutenant General of the Kingdom of France. On 31 March, the Allies captured Paris. A week later, Napoleon I abdicated. The Senate declared the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy, with Louis XVIII as King of France. Charles (now heir-presumptive) arrived in the capital on 12 April and acted as Lieutenant General of the realm until Louis XVIII arrived from the United Kingdom. During his brief tenure as regent, Charles created an ultra-royalist secret police that reported directly back to him without Louis XVIII's knowledge. It operated for over five years.


title: Charles X

text: Louis XVIII was greeted with great rejoicing from the Parisians and proceeded to occupy the Tuileries Palace. The Count of Artois lived in the "Pavillon de Mars", and the Duke of Angoulême in the "Pavillon de Flore", which overlooked the River Seine. The Duchess of Angoulême fainted upon arriving at the palace, as it brought back terrible memories of her family's incarceration there, and of the storming of the palace and the massacre of the Swiss Guards on 10 August 1792.


title: Charles X

text: Following the advice of the occupying allied army, Louis XVIII promulgated a liberal constitution, the Charter of 1814, which provided for a bicameral legislature, an electorate of 90,000 men and freedom of religion.


title: Charles X

text: After the Hundred Days, Napoleon's brief return to power in 1815, the White Terror focused mainly on the purging of a civilian administration which had almost completely turned against the Bourbon monarchy. About 70,000 officials were dismissed from their positions. The remnants of the Napoleonic army were disbanded after the Battle of Waterloo and its senior officers cashiered. Marshal Ney was executed for treason, and Marshal Brune was murdered by a crowd. Approximately 6,000 individuals who had rallied to Napoleon were brought to trial. There were about 300 mob lynchings in the south of France, notably in Marseilles where a number of Napoleon's Mamluks preparing to return to Egypt, were massacred in their barracks.


title: Charles X

text: While the king retained the liberal charter, Charles patronised members of the ultra-royalists in parliament, such as Jules de Polignac, the writer François-René de Chateaubriand and Jean-Baptiste de Villèle. On several occasions, Charles voiced his disapproval of his brother's liberal ministers and threatened to leave the country unless Louis XVIII dismissed them. Louis, in turn, feared that his brother's and heir presumptive's ultra-royalist tendencies would send the family into exile once more (which they eventually did).


title: Charles X

text: On 14 February 1820, Charles's younger son, the Duke of Berry, was assassinated at the Paris Opera. This loss not only plunged the family into grief but also put the succession in jeopardy, as Charles's elder son, the Duke of Angoulême, was childless. The lack of male heirs in the Bourbon main line raised the prospect of the throne passing to the Duke of Orléans and his heirs, which horrified the more conservative ultras. Parliament debated the abolition of the Salic law, which excluded females from the succession and was long held inviolable. However, the Duke of Berry's widow, Caroline of Naples and Sicily, was found to be pregnant and on 29 September 1820 gave birth to a son, Henry, Duke of Bordeaux. His birth was hailed as "God-given", and the people of France purchased for him the Château de Chambord in celebration of his birth. As a result, his granduncle, Louis XVIII, added the title Count of Chambord, hence Henri, Count of Chambord, the name by which he is usually known.


title: Charles X

text: Charles' brother King Louis XVIII's health had been worsening since the beginning of 1824. Having both dry and wet gangrene in his legs and spine, he died on 16 September of that year, aged almost 69. Charles, by now aged 66, succeeded him to the throne as King Charles X. On 29 May 1825, King Charles was anointed at the cathedral of Reims, the traditional site of consecration of French kings; it had been unused since 1775, as Louis XVIII had forgone the ceremony to avoid controversy and because his health was too precarious. It was in the venerable cathedral of Notre-Dame at Paris that Napoleon had consecrated his revolutionary empire; but in ascending the throne of his ancestors, Charles reverted to the old place of coronation used by the kings of France from the early ages of the monarchy.


title: Charles X

text: Like the regime of the Restoration itself, the coronation was conceived as a compromise between the monarchical tradition and the charter of 1814: it took up the main phases of traditional ceremonial such as the seven anointings or the oaths on the Gospels, all by associating with it the oath of fidelity taken by the King to the Charter of 1814 or the participation of the great princes in the ceremonial as assistants of the Archbishop of Reims .


title: Charles X

text: A commission was charged with simplifying and modernizing the ceremony and making it compatible with the principles of the monarchy according to the Charter (deletion of the promises of struggle against heretics and infidels, of the twelve peers, of references to Hebrew royalty, etc.) - it lasted three and a half hours.


title: Charles X

text: In fact, the choice of the coronation was applauded by the royalists in favor of a constitutional and parliamentary monarchy and not only by those nostalgic for the Ancien Régime; the fact that the ceremony was modernized and adapted to new times encouraged Chateaubriand, a non-absolutist royalist and enthusiastic supporter of the Charter of 1814, to invite the king to be crowned. In the brochure "The King is Dead! Long live the king!" Chateaubriand explains that a coronation would have being the "link in the chain which united the oath of the new monarchy to the oath of the old monarchy"; it is continuity with the Ancien Régime more than its return that the royalists extol, Charles X having inherited the qualities of his ancestors: "pious like Saint Louis, affable, compassionate and vigilant like Louis XII, courteous like Francis I, frank as Henry IV".


title: Charles X

text: The coronation showed that dynastic continuity went hand in hand with political continuity; for Chateaubriand: "The current constitution is only the rejuvenated text of the code of our old franchises" .


title: Charles X

text: This coronation took several days: the May 28, vespers ceremony;  May 29, ceremony of the coronation itself, chaired by the Archbishop of Reims, Mgr. Jean-Baptiste de Latil, in the presence in particular of Chateaubriand, Lamartine, Victor Hugo, and a large audience; May 30, award ceremony for the Knights of the Order of the Holy Spirit and finally, May 31, the Royal touch of scrofula.


title: Charles X

text: The coronation of Charles X therefore appeared to be a compromise between the tradition of the Ancien Régime and the political changes that had taken place since the Revolution. The coronation nevertheless had a limited influence on the population, mentalities no longer being those of yesteryear. From then on, the coronation caused incomprehension in certain sectors of public opinion.


title: Charles X

text: It was Luigi Cherubini who composed the music for the Coronation Mass. For the occasion, the composer Gioachino Rossini composed the Opera "Il Viaggio a Reims."


title: Charles X

text: Like Napoleon and then Louis XVIII before him, Charles X resided mainly at the Tuileries Palace and, in summer, at the Château de Saint-Cloud, two monuments that no longer exist today. Occasionally he stayed at the Château de Compiègne and the Château de Fontainebleau, while the Palace of Versailles, where he was born, remained uninhabited.


title: Charles X

text: The reign of Charles X began with some liberal measures such as the abolition of press censorship, but the king renewed the term of Joseph de Villèlle, president of the council since 1822, and gave the reins of government to the ultraroyalists.


title: Charles X

text: He got closer to the population by the trip he made to the north of France in September 1827, then to the east of France in September 1828. He was accompanied by his eldest son and heir-apparent, the Duke of Angoulême, now Dauphin of France.


title: Charles X

text: In his first act as king, Charles attempted to bring comity to the House of Bourbon by granting the style of Royal Highness to his cousins of the House of Orléans, a title denied by Louis XVIII because of the former Duke of Orléans' vote for the death of Louis XVI.


title: Charles X

text: Charles gave his prime minister, Villèlle lists of laws to be ratified in each parliament. In April 1825, the government approved legislation originally proposed by Louis XVIII to pay an indemnity (the "biens nationaux") to nobles whose estates had been confiscated during the Revolution. The law gave approximately 988 million francs worth of government bonds to those who had lost their lands, in exchange for their renunciation of their ownership. In the same month, the Anti-Sacrilege Act was passed. Charles's government attempted to re-establish male-only primogeniture for families paying over 300 francs in tax, but this was voted down in the Chamber of Deputies.


title: Charles X

text: That Charles was not a popular ruler in the mostly-liberal minded urban Paris became apparent in April 1827, when chaos ensued during the king's review of the National Guard in Paris. In retaliation, the National Guard was disbanded but, as its members were not disarmed, it remained a potential threat. After losing his parliamentary majority in a general election in November 1827, Charles dismissed Prime Minister Villèle on 5 January 1828 and appointed Jean-Baptise de Martignac, a man the king disliked and thought of only as provisional. On 5 August 1829, Charles dismissed Martignac and appointed Jules de Polignac, who, however, lost his majority in parliament at the end of August, when the Chateaubriand faction defected. Regardless, Polignac retained power and refused to recall the Chambers until March 1830.


title: Charles X

text: On 31 January 1830, the Polignac government decided to send a military expedition to Algeria to end the threat of Algerian pirates to Mediterranean trade, hoping also to increase his government's popularity through a military victory. The pretext for the war was an outrage by the Viceroy of Algeria, who had struck the French consul with the handle of his fly swat in a rage over French failure to pay debts from Napoleon's invasion of Egypt. French troops occupied Algiers on 5 July.


title: Charles X

text: The Chambers convened on 2 March 1830, but Charles's opening speech was greeted by negative reactions from many deputies. Some introduced a bill requiring the King's minister to obtain the support of the Chambers, and on 18 March, 221 deputies, a majority of 30, voted in favor. However, the King had already decided to hold general elections, and the chamber was suspended on 19 March.


title: Charles X

text: The elections of 23 June did not produce a majority favorable to the government. On 6 July, the king and his ministers decided to suspend the constitution, as provided for in Article 14 of the Charter in case of emergency. On 25 July, at the royal residence in Saint-Cloud, Charles issued four ordinances that censored the press, dissolved the newly elected chamber, altered the electoral system, and called for elections under the new system in September.


title: Charles X

text: The Ordinances were intended to quell the popular discontent but had the opposite effect. Journalists gathered in protest at the headquarters of the "National" daily, founded in January 1830 by Adolphe Thiers, Armand Carrel, and others. On Monday, 26 July, the government newspaper "Le Moniteur Universel" published the ordinances, and Thiers published a call to revolt signed by forty-three journalists:


title: Charles X

text: "The legal regime has been interrupted: that of force has begun... Obedience ceases to be a duty!" In the evening, crowds assembled in the gardens of the Palais-Royal, shouting "Down with the Bourbons!" and "Long live the Charter!". As the police closed off the gardens, the crowd regrouped in a nearby street where they shattered streetlamps.


title: Charles X

text: The next morning of 27 July, police raided and shut down newspapers including "Le National". When the protesters, who had re-entered the Palais-Royal gardens, heard of this, they threw stones at the soldiers, prompting them to shoot. By evening, the city was in chaos and shops were looted. On 28 July, the rioters began to erect barricades in the streets. Marshal Marmont, who had been called in the day before to remedy the situation, took the offensive, but some of his men defected to the rioters, and by afternoon he had to retreat to the Tuileries Palace.


title: Charles X

text: The members of the Chamber of Deputies sent a five-man delegation to Marmont, urging him to advise the king to assuage the protesters by revoking the four Ordinances. On Marmont's request, the prime minister applied to the king, but Charles refused all compromise and dismissed his ministers that afternoon, realizing the precariousness of the situation. That evening, the members of the Chamber assembled at Jacques Laffitte's house and elected Louis Philippe d'Orléans to take the throne from King Charles, proclaiming their decision on posters throughout the city. By the end of the day, the authority of Charles' government had evaporated.


title: Charles X

text: A few minutes after midnight on 31 July, warned by General Gresseau that Parisians were planning to attack the Saint-Cloud residence, Charles X decided to seek refuge in Versailles with his family and the court, with the exception of the Duke of Angoulême, who stayed behind with the troops, and the Duchess of Angoulême, who was taking the waters at Vichy. Meanwhile, in Paris, Louis Philippe assumed the post of Lieutenant General of the Kingdom. Charles' road to Versailles was filled with disorganized troops and deserters. The Marquis de Vérac, governor of the Palace of Versailles, came to meet the king before the royal cortège entered the town, to tell him that the palace was not safe, as the Versailles national guards wearing the revolutionary tricolor were occupying the "Place d'Armes". Charles then set out for the Trianon at five in the morning. Later that day, after the arrival of the Duke of Angoulême from Saint-Cloud with his troops, Charles ordered a departure for Rambouillet, where they arrived shortly before midnight. On the morning of 1 August, the Duchess of Angoulême, who had rushed from Vichy after learning of events, arrived at Rambouillet.


title: Charles X

text: The following day, 2 August, King Charles X abdicated, bypassing his son the Dauphin in favor of his grandson Henry, Duke of Bordeaux, who was not yet ten years old. At first, the Duke of Angoulême (the Dauphin) refused to countersign the document renouncing his rights to the throne of France. According to the Duchess of Maillé, "there was a strong altercation between the father and the son. We could hear their voices in the next room." Finally, after twenty minutes, the Duke of Angoulême reluctantly countersigned his father's declaration:


title: Charles X

text: Louis Philippe ignored the document and on 9 August had himself proclaimed King of the French by the members of the Chamber.


title: Charles X

text: When it became apparent that a mob 14,000 strong was preparing to attack, the royal family left Rambouillet and, on 16 August embarked for the United Kingdom on packet steamers provided by Louis Philippe. Informed by the British prime minister, the Duke of Wellington, that they needed to arrive in Britain as private citizens, all family members adopted pseudonyms; Charles X styled himself "Count of Ponthieu". The Bourbons were greeted coldly by the British, who upon their arrival mockingly waved the newly adopted tri-colour flags at them.


title: Charles X

text: Charles X was quickly followed to Britain by his creditors, who had lent him vast sums during his first exile and were yet to be repaid in full. However, the family was able to use money Charles's wife had deposited in London.


title: Charles X

text: The Bourbons were allowed to reside in Lulworth Castle in Dorset, but quickly moved to Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh, near the Duchess of Berry at Regent Terrace.


title: Charles X

text: Charles' relationship with his daughter-in-law proved uneasy, as the Duchess declared herself regent for her son Henry, Duke of Bordeaux, who was now the legitimist pretender to the French throne. Charles at first denied her this role, but in December agreed to support her claim once she had landed in France. In 1831 the Duchess made her way from Britain by way of the Netherlands, Prussia and Austria to her family in Naples.


title: Charles X

text: Having gained little support, she arrived in Marseilles in April 1832, and made her way to the Vendée, where she tried to instigate an uprising against the new regime. There she was imprisoned, much to the embarrassment of her father-in-law Charles. He was further dismayed when after her release the Duchess married the Count of Lucchesi Palli, a minor Neapolitan noble. In response to this morganatic match, Charles banned her from seeing her children.


title: Charles X

text: At the invitation of Emperor Francis I of Austria, the Bourbons moved to Prague in winter 1832/33 and were given lodging at the Hradschin Palace. In September 1833, Bourbon legitimists gathered in Prague to celebrate the Duke of Bordeaux's thirteenth birthday. They expected grand celebrations, but Charles X merely proclaimed his grandson's majority.


title: Charles X

text: On the same day, after much cajoling by Chateaubriand, Charles agreed to a meeting with his daughter-in-law, which took place in Leoben on 13 October 1833. The children of the Duchess refused to meet her after they learned of her second marriage. Charles refused the Duchess' demands, but after protests from his other daughter-in-law, the Duchess of Angoulême, he acquiesced. In the summer of 1834, he again allowed the Duchess of Berry to see her children.


title: Charles X

text: Upon the death of the Austrian emperor Francis in March 1835, the Bourbons left Prague Castle, as the new emperor Ferdinand wished to use it for coronation ceremonies. The Bourbons moved initially to Teplitz. Then, as Ferdinand continued his use of Prague Castle, Kirchberg Castle was purchased for them. Moving there was postponed due to an outbreak of cholera in the locality.


title: Charles X

text: In the meantime, Charles left for the warmer climate on Austria's Mediterranean coast in October 1835. Upon his arrival at Görz (Gorizia) in the Kingdom of Illyria, he caught cholera and died on 6 November 1836. The townspeople draped their windows in black mourning. Charles was interred in the Church of the Annunciation of Our Lady, in the Franciscan Kostanjevica Monastery (now in Nova Gorica, Slovenia), where his remains lie in a crypt with those of his family. He is the only King of France to be buried outside the country.


title: Charles X

text: A movement reportedly began in 2016 advocating for Charles X's remains to be buried along with other French monarchs in the Basilica of St Denis, although Louis Alphonse, current head of the House of Bourbon, stated in 2017 that he wished the remains of his ancestors to lie undisturbed.


title: Charles X

text: Charles X married Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy, the daughter of Victor Amadeus III, King of Sardinia, and Maria Antonietta of Spain, on 16 November 1773.


title: Charles X

text: The couple had four children – two sons and two daughters – but the daughters did not survive childhood. Only the oldest son survived his father. The children were:


title: Jamie Demetriou

text: Jamie Demetriou (; born November 1987) is an English comedian, actor and screenwriter. He is best known for his role as Bus Rodent in "Fleabag" and for creating, co-writing, and starring in "Stath Lets Flats". For the latter, he won Best Male Actor in a Comedy, Best Writer of a Comedy, and Best Scripted Comedy at the 2020 BAFTA Awards.


title: Jamie Demetriou

text: Demetriou was born in the Friern Barnet area of London the son of an English mother and Greek-Cypriot father. His elder sister, Natasia Demetriou, is a comedian and actress with whom he often collaborates. He attended The Compton School in North Finchley and joined the Chickenshed Theatre in Southgate, then attended Bristol University.


title: Jamie Demetriou

text: Demetriou's student revue show "Bristol Revunions" received critical acclaim at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival from 2009 to 2011. His one-man multi-character show "People Day" later drew a comparison with Steve Coogan in "The Independent".


title: Jamie Demetriou

text: Comedic television acting credits include "Scrotal Recall", "Drunk History", "Tracey Ullman's Show", "Fleabag", and Channel 4 sitcom "Stath Lets Flats" in which he stars with his sister Natasia Demetriou. "Stath Lets Flats" was also written by Jamie (with first 3 episodes co written by "Look Around You" and "Friday Night Dinner" creator Robert Popper) and also stars Katy Wix and Dustin Demri-Burns. In 2019, Demetriou was nominated for two BAFTA Awards for "Stath Lets Flats" – Best Male Performance in a Comedy Programme and Best Scripted Comedy (as producer). In 2020, he won a hat-trick of BAFTAs – Best Writer: Comedy, Male Performance in a Comedy Programme, and Best Scripted Comedy (as producer).


title: Jamie Demetriou

text: He has appeared on Scroobius Pip's "Distraction Pieces Podcast" and the "Brian Gittins and Friends" podcast, as well as BBC Radio 4 Show "Fresh From the Fringe".


title: Jamie Demetriou

text: Demetriou voiced Moriarty in the 2018 computer animated film "Sherlock Gnomes", opposite Johnny Depp as the eponymous detective, and appeared in the music video for "Nightmares" by Easy Life.


title: Jamie Demetriou

text: In 2019, he appeared as celebrity chef Ralphy Moore in an episode of "This Time with Alan Partridge", causing Alan to have a major allergic reaction by accidentally serving him oysters. He also provided the voice of a phone in caller in another episode. That same year he appeared in sister Natasia's comedy sketch show pilot "Ellie & Natasia" and played Marcus in the American miniseries "Four Weddings and a Funeral", an adaption of the 1994 British film of the same name.


title: Jamie Demetriou

text: In 2020, he appeared in "The Great" alongside Elle Fanning, the comedy TV series "Miracle Workers", and played a small role in "".


title: Jamie Demetriou

text: In 2021 he has appeared in Disney's "Cruella" and in the biographical film "The Electrical Life of Louis Wain."


title: Jamie Demetriou

text: In 2022, he was in the main cast of the Chris Miller show "The Afterparty" on Apple TV+, and voiced the angel Fingers on the Netflix show .


title: WTA Tour records

text: This is a list of Women's Tennis Association (WTA) records since its inception in June 1973. Some records additionally extend back a few more years in order to include the immediately preceding Virginia Slims Circuit era for completeness. The Virginia Slims Circuit started in September 1970 and was replaced in 1973 by the WTA. These however do not make up the entire Open Era records (1968 – present). For those, see Open Era tennis records – Women's singles.


title: WTA Tour records

text: Sources: Except for the information concerning active players, the source for the all-time table is the '2014 Sony Ericsson WTA Tour Official Guide'. Court and Wade began their careers and were winning tournaments long before the Open Era started in 1968; therefore, the statistics shown above do not reflect their entire careers. For example, Billie Jean King career statistics lists 129 career singles titles for King.


title: The Dreamers (2003 film)

text: The Dreamers is a 2003 romantic drama film directed by Bernardo Bertolucci. The screenplay is by Gilbert Adair, based on his 1988 novel "The Holy Innocents". An international co-production by companies from France, the United Kingdom, and Italy, the film tells the story of an American university student in Paris who, after meeting a peculiar brother and sister who are fellow film enthusiasts, becomes entangled in an erotic triangle. It is set against the backdrop of the 1968 Paris student riots. The film makes several references to various movies of classical and French New Wave cinema, incorporating clips from films that are often imitated by the actors in particular scenes.


title: The Dreamers (2003 film)

text: There are two versions: an uncut NC-17-rated version, and an R-rated version that is about three minutes shorter.


title: The Dreamers (2003 film)

text: Matthew is an American exchange student who has come to Paris to study French. While at the Cinémathèque Française protesting the firing of Henri Langlois, he meets the free-spirited twins Théo and Isabelle. The three bond over a shared love of film.


title: The Dreamers (2003 film)

text: After dinner with their parents, Théo and Isabelle offer Matthew the chance to stay with them while their parents are on a trip. Matthew accepts, considering them his first French friends.


title: The Dreamers (2003 film)

text: Matthew becomes suspicious of their relationship after seeing them sleeping nude together; he soon discovers that they accept nudity and sexuality liberally. After Théo loses at a trivia game, Isabelle sentences him to masturbate to a Marlene Dietrich poster in front of them. After Matthew loses at another game, he is seduced to take Isabelle's virginity. The two then become lovers.


title: The Dreamers (2003 film)

text: Matthew begins to accept Théo and Isabelle's sexuality and his time living with them soon becomes idyllic. The three re-enact a memorable scene from "Bande à part" by "breaking the world record for running through the Louvre", and Matthew and Théo engage in playful arguments about Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton, Eric Clapton and Jimi Hendrix, as well as the subject of Maoism, which Théo fervently believes in.


title: The Dreamers (2003 film)

text: During this time, Matthew begins to pursue a relationship with Isabelle, separate from Théo. Matthew and Isabelle leave the house and go on a regular date, which she has not experienced before. Théo retaliates by inviting a companion up to his room, upsetting Isabelle. She distances herself from both Théo and Matthew, only to find them next to each other on Théo's bed when an argument between the two turns erotic. She then surprises them with a makeshift bedsheet fort and they fall asleep in each other's arms.


title: The Dreamers (2003 film)

text: One morning, Théo and Isabelle's parents arrive home and find the trio naked in bed together. They are startled by what they find, but leave them be, departing after leaving a cheque. After they leave, Isabelle wakes up and discovers the cheque, realising that their parents have found them. Wordlessly, she attaches a hose to the gas outlet and lies back down with Théo and Matthew, attempting to commit suicide. After a few moments, however, they are woken by a brick being hurled through the window; they discover hundreds of students rioting in the streets.


title: The Dreamers (2003 film)

text: All three of them are overjoyed and proceed to join the protesters. Later on, Théo joins a small team of protesters preparing Molotov cocktails. Matthew tries to stop Théo by kissing him and his sister, arguing against violence, but he is shunned by both Théo and Isabelle.


title: The Dreamers (2003 film)

text: As Matthew walks away through the chaos, Théo takes Isabelle's hand and hurls a Molotov cocktail at a line of police. The police charge the crowd.


title: The Dreamers (2003 film)

text: The first draft of the screenplay was an adaptation by Gilbert Adair of his own novel, "The Holy Innocents" (1988), inspired by the novel "Les Enfants terribles" (1929) by Jean Cocteau and the eponymous film directed by Jean-Pierre Melville in 1950. During pre-production, Bertolucci made changes to it: he "peppered the narrative with clips from the films he loves" and dropped homosexual content – including scenes from the novel that depict Matthew and Théo having sex – which he felt was "just too much." After the film was released, he said that it was "faithful to the spirit of the book but not the letter."


title: The Dreamers (2003 film)

text: Eva Green told "The Guardian" that her agent and her parents begged her not to take the role of Isabelle, concerned that the film – which features full frontal nudity and graphic sex scenes – would cause her career to "have the same destiny as Maria Schneider." Jake Gyllenhaal screen tested for the role of Matthew alongside Green, but eventually removed himself from consideration due to concerns about the film’s nudity. Michael Pitt was cast instead.


title: The Dreamers (2003 film)

text: When Green saw a rough cut of the film, she said she was "quite shocked" and had to look away during the sex scenes; she later told an interviewer that for her, "it was as though I was wearing a costume while we were making the film. It was as if I had another story in my mind. So I was left speechless."


title: The Dreamers (2003 film)

text: Fox Searchlight Pictures gave the uncut version a limited theatrical release in the United States in 2004; it played in 116 theaters at its peak. In the United States, the film was released theatrically with an NC-17 rating whereas in Italy the same film was rated VM14. Even with its NC-17 rating, this film grossed $2.5 million in its United States theatrical release – a respectable result for a specialized film with a targeted audience.


title: The Dreamers (2003 film)

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a positive score of 60% based on 161 reviews, with an average rating of 6.18/10. The site's consensus reads, "Though lushly atmospheric, "The Dreamers" doesn't engage or provoke as much as it should". The 40 reviews gathered by Metacritic gave it an average score of 62/100, which places the film in the website's "generally favorable" category. A.O. Scott of "The New York Times" said the film was "disarmingly sweet and completely enchanting" and described it as "fus[ing] sexual discovery with political tumult by means of a heady, heedless romanticism that nearly obscures the film's patient, skeptical intelligence". "The Times" called it a "heady blend of "Last Tango" and "Stealing Beauty", but one that combines the grubbily voyeuristic elements of each film rather than their relative strengths". Roger Ebert gave the film four stars, his highest rating, describing the film as "poignant" and "extraordinarily beautiful".


title: The Dreamers (2003 film)

text: The music advisors were Julien Civange and Charles Henri de Pierrefeu. Janice Ginsberg is credited as music supervisor and Nick Laird-Clowes as music consultant. The soundtrack was released in February 2004; Allmusic gave it three out of five, noting that "while its juxtapositions of French tradition and counterculture are jarring at times, "Dreamers" still does a worthy job of capturing the film's personal and political revolutions through music."


title: The Dreamers (2003 film)

text: Though the music of Janis Joplin and Big Brother and the Holding Company was featured prominently in the film, none of the songs were included on the soundtrack. All of the songs used in the film were from the album "Live at Winterland '68". Bob Dylan's song "Queen Jane Approximately", from the album "Highway 61 Revisited", is also used in the film but is not included on the soundtrack. The Doors song "Maggie M'Gill" can be heard in the movie, but is not included on the soundtrack either.


title: The Dreamers (2003 film)

text: "The Dreamers" was released on DVD in 2004. It includes a BBC film directed by David M. Thompson, "Bertolucci Makes The Dreamers", narrated by Zoë Wanamaker, and a documentary "Outside the Window: Events in France, May 1968" with contributions from Robin Blackburn, Adair, and Bertolucci. Bertolucci says that 1968 was about cinema, politics, music, journalism, sex and philosophy dreaming together.


title: Bbno$

text: Alexander Leon Gumuchian (; born June 30, 1995), better known as bbno$ (pronounced as "baby no money"), is a Canadian rapper and singer from Vancouver. He is best known for his 2019 single "Lalala" with producer Y2K, which has reached over 800 million plays on the streaming service Spotify as well as his collaborations with rapper Yung Gravy.


title: Bbno$

text: Born in Vancouver in 1995 into an Armenian family, Gumuchian was homeschooled before he began high school. While growing up, his mother had encouraged him to learn piano but he had always struggled with music theory. Gumuchian claims that he was good with rhythm and that he enjoyed playing djembe drums, but did not listen to music for recreation until the age of 15.


title: Bbno$

text: Gumuchian started working with music after experiencing a back injury which prevented him from pursuing his dream as a professional swimmer. He became interested in rapping and music production in 2014 when experimenting on GarageBand with a group of friends. Gumuchian began simply making music for enjoyment with this group of friends who later deemed themselves "Broke Boy Gang". After five or six months of performing live as a group and releasing multiple tracks online, the group broke up. He began posting tracks on SoundCloud in September 2016 under the moniker of "bbnomula" where he quickly gained millions of streams and followers. He gained popularity in China where he sold out his first few "back-to-back" headlining tours. He credited his overseas popularity to the Chinese dance crew TFBoys, after one of the members, Jackson Yee, danced to the track "Yoyo Tokyo" at his own birthday party.


title: Bbno$

text: In 2017, Gumuchian released his first EP, "Baby Gravy", as a collaboration with Yung Gravy, shortly before releasing his debut studio album, "Bb Steps", and his second collaborative EP, "Whatever", with So Loki in 2018.


title: Bbno$

text: In early 2019, Gumuchian released his second studio album, "Recess", which draws inspiration from the original Disney show of the same name, and includes features from Y2K and Trippy Tha Kid. Many tracks off of "Recess" gained millions of streams on Spotify. Gumuchian and Y2K have been recognized for marketing their single "Lalala" online by using various websites and online apps, namely Tinder, Instagram meme accounts, TikTok and Craigslist. The song was able to peak on over 20 charts around the world and gain over 400 million streams and 500,000 sales in the United States.


title: Bbno$

text: Later in 2019, Gumuchian would go on to release another album, "I Don't Care At All". The album featured various pre-released singles, "Slop", "Pouch", and "Shining On My Ex", the latter of which featured frequent collaborator Yung Gravy. The album was solely produced by Y2K.


title: Bbno$

text: On February 14, 2020, "Baby Gravy 2" was released in collaboration with Yung Gravy. It serves as a sequel to the 2017 "Baby Gravy" EP.


title: Bbno$

text: The video for his single "Imma" features bbno$ in drag, travelling around Victoria with drag queen Jimbo.


title: Bbno$

text: On January 29, 2021, "Help Herself" was released. The song, produced by Diamond Pistols, served as the first single from a new bbno$ project.


title: Bbno$

text: Later in the year, on May 14, 2021, the five-song EP titled "My Oh My" was released. Three of the five songs, "Help Herself", "Bad to the Bone", and "Help Herself" (with Benee) had been released as singles prior to the EP releasing.


title: Bbno$

text: On July 24, 2021, "Edamame" featuring Rich Brian was released. This song was the first single from bbno$' mixtape "Eat Ya Veggies".


title: Bbno$

text: Shortly after the release of "Edamame" bbno$ started teasing a new album on Twitter. Following that, bbno$ released the second single from the project, titled "I Remember", on September 22, 2021.


title: Bbno$

text: On October 8, 2021, bbno$ released "Eat Ya Veggies". The 6th track in the album, "u mad!", was included in 's Oct 7, 2021 update.


title: Bbno$

text: He released his first new single of 2022 on April 8, titled "Mathematics". The song was performed in March 2022 at his European shows, and the music video was teased during the Vancouver Canucks hockey game on April 4.


title: Bbno$

text: "Piccolo" was also first performed in March 2022 in Europe and in May 2022 during the Canada tour. The song is also known as "Dragon Ball Z" due to the lyric in the chorus "Dragon Ball Z dick, blow me like a piccolo". The song was teased on bbno$'s TikTok on May 18, two days before it was released.


title: Bbno$

text: His single "Pogo" was released on June 24, 2022, and was produced by Diplo. Various snippets were teased on social media and the song title was confirmed during a Twitch live stream in April.


title: Bbno$

text: "Bag or Die", bbno$'s most recent studio album, was released on October 21, 2022. It includes the singles "Mathematics", "Piccolo" and "Sophisticated", along with a collaboration with Yung Gravy, "touch grass".


title: Bbno$

text: Gumuchian has described his own music as "oxymoronic rap" that is "ignorant but melodic". Gumuchian grew up listening to straight bass dubstep and house music from names like Datsik and Excision, before listening to hip-hop artists, namely Tupac, Gucci Mane and Chief Keef. He has cited Yung Lean and Pouya as his main inspirations as a rapper.


title: Bbno$

text: Gumuchian lives in Vancouver but has previously lived in Kelowna, where he received a degree in kinesiology at the University of British Columbia Okanagan in 2019.


title: Masked Singer

text: Masked Singer is an international music reality game show franchise. It originated from the South Korean program "The King of Mask Singer", developed by Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation.


title: Masked Singer

text: The format features the celebrities who perform a song anonymously in elaborate masks or head-to-toe costumes. The panelists will then guess the identity based on clues the singers give about themselves. After their performances, the singers are voted by the audiences in each round while the panelists do not participate in the vote. The singer who receives the fewest votes in each round is unmasked and eliminated until the winner is declared.


title: Masked Singer

text: The participating celebrities can come from various different occupational backgrounds. The original South Korean series features various musicians, actors or actresses, and comedians. The singers of the American series have spanned further up to the range of Grammy award winners, professional video gamers, YouTube influencers and professional athletes.


title: Masked Singer

text: The voting system may also be different based on the program's country. In Austria, the Netherlands, the United States and the UK, the votes are limited to the live studio audience members due to the show being pre-recorded. In Germany and Italy, votes are open to all viewers because the show is live. The Swedish format provides simulated live voting without the ability to actually affect the pre-recorded show, which was criticised as deceptive when it was noted after the show's second week.


title: Masked Singer

text: The original South Korean series "King of Mask Singer" is a continuous, episode-by-episode format, in which the winner is decided after each tournament that lasts two weekly episodes. In the final round of each tournament, the finalist singer must face-off the previous bi-weekly winner to take over the champion title. The program thus focuses on how long the one can defend the champion title. In comparison, most of the other international versions have been following the seasonal format in which the winner is declared after a single season tournament that lasts from few months to about a year. The international programs consequently focus on who the champion is after the months to year-long tournament.


title: Masked Singer

text: The first unofficial winner of the franchise was Solji of the South Korean girl group EXID who won in the pilot episode of the original South Korean King of Mask Singer series aired on 18 February 2015. The first official winner of the franchise was Luna of the K-Pop girl group f(x) who was declared as the winner of the first ever tournament held in the original South Korean series on 12 April 2015.


title: Masked Singer

text: From the Chinese series, which was the first adaptation of the South Korean show to be launched outside South Korea with a seasonal format, the Chinese singer Sun Nan became the first winner outside the original South Korean series on 27 September 2015 after the two months long first season.


title: Masked Singer

text: The Thai series was the first version of the franchise with annual seasons. The Thai singer , under the name "Durian", became the first winner to win an annual season format from the second ever franchise to be launched outside South Korea on 23 March 2017.


title: Masked Singer

text: On at the winter Television Critics Association press tour, Fox Alternative Entertainment and Warner Bros. Television announced that they had ordered a spin-off series, "The Masked Dancer", with Ellen DeGeneres as executive producer. DeGeneres had previously conducted "The Masked Dancer" as a recurring segment of her syndicated talk show "The Ellen DeGeneres Show", as a parody of "The Masked Singer". DeGeneres stated that the show was "gonna be just as fun and suspenseful", but "with a lot more krumping." On it was announced that Craig Robinson would host, the panelists would be Ken Jeong, Paula Abdul, Brian Austin Green, and Ashley Tisdale, and the show would premiere on .


title: Masked Singer

text: In 2020, a Chinese version of "The Masked Dancer" aired, "Masked Dancing King" (蒙面舞王). The winner was singer Meng Meiqi, competing as " The queen who does not wear a crown" (女王不戴冠).


title: Masked Singer

text: In early February 2021, ITV acquired the rights to produce "The Masked Dancer UK". On 4 March 2021, it was announced that ITV had commissioned the spin-off series. The series will have 12 contestants competing through seven episodes, and will be hosted by Dommett, with Ross, Gilligan, McCall, and Oti Mabuse serving as panellists. It is set to premiere in late spring 2021, filling in for "Britain's Got Talent", which had its upcoming series 15 postponed until 2022 due health and safety reasons concerning the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom.


title: Masked Singer

text: In June 2021, EndemolShine Germany announced that the show will begin airing in Germany, so far it has not been announced when and where the German version of "The Masked Dancer" will be shown.


title: RISC-V

text: RISC-V (pronounced "risk-five" where five refers to the number of generations of RISC architecture that were developed at the University of California, Berkeley since 1981) is an open standard instruction set architecture (ISA) based on established RISC principles. Unlike most other ISA designs, RISC-V is provided under open source licenses that do not require fees to use. A number of companies are offering or have announced RISC-V hardware, open source operating systems with RISC-V support are available, and the instruction set is supported in several popular software toolchains.


title: RISC-V

text: As a RISC architecture, the RISC-V ISA is a load–store architecture. Its floating-point instructions use IEEE 754 floating-point. Notable features of the RISC-V ISA include instruction bit field locations chosen to simplify the use of multiplexers in a CPU, a design that is architecturally neutral, and most-significant bits of immediate values placed at a fixed location to speed sign extension.


title: RISC-V

text: The instruction set is designed for a wide range of uses. The base instruction set has a fixed length of 32-bit naturally aligned instructions, and the ISA supports variable length extensions where each instruction can be any number of 16-bit parcels in length. Subsets support small embedded systems, personal computers, supercomputers with vector processors, and warehouse-scale 19 inch rack-mounted parallel computers.


title: RISC-V

text: The instruction set specification defines 32-bit and 64-bit address space variants. The specification includes a description of a 128-bit flat address space variant, as an extrapolation of 32 and 64 bit variants, but the 128-bit ISA remains "not frozen" intentionally, because there is yet so little practical experience with such large memory systems.


title: RISC-V

text: The project began in 2010 at the University of California, Berkeley, but now many current contributors are volunteers not affiliated with the university. Unlike other academic designs which are typically optimized only for simplicity of exposition, the designers intended that the RISC-V instruction set be usable for practical computers. As of June 2019, version 2.2 of the user-space ISA and version 1.11 of the privileged ISA are frozen, permitting software and hardware development to proceed. The user-space ISA, now renamed the Unprivileged ISA, was updated, ratified and frozen as version 20191213. An external debug specification is available as a draft, version 0.13.2.


title: RISC-V

text: CPU design requires design expertise in several specialties: electronic digital logic, compilers, and operating systems. To cover the costs of such a team, commercial vendors of computer designs, such as Arm Ltd. and MIPS Technologies, charge royalties for the use of their designs, patents and copyrights. They also often require non-disclosure agreements before releasing documents that describe their designs' detailed advantages. In many cases, they never describe the reasons for their design choices.


title: RISC-V

text: RISC-V was begun with a goal to make a practical ISA that was open-sourced, usable academically, and deployable in any hardware or software design without royalties. Also, justifying rationales for each design decision of the project are explained, at least in broad terms. The RISC-V authors are academics who have substantial experience in computer design, and the RISC-V ISA is a direct development from a series of academic computer-design projects, especially Berkeley RISC. RISC-V was originated in part to aid all such projects.


title: RISC-V

text: To build a large, continuing community of users and thereby accumulate designs and software, the RISC-V ISA designers intentionally support a wide variety of practical use cases: compact, performance, and low-power real-world implementations without over-architecting for a given microarchitecture. The requirements of a large base of contributors is part of the reason why RISC-V was engineered to address many possible uses.


title: RISC-V

text: The designers' primary assertion is that the instruction set is the key interface in a computer as it is situated at the interface between the hardware and the software. If a good instruction set were open and available for use by all, then it can dramatically reduce the cost of software by enabling far more reuse. It should also trigger increased competition among hardware providers, who can then devote more resources toward design and less for software support.


title: RISC-V

text: The designers maintain that new principles are becoming rare in instruction set design, as the most successful designs of the last forty years have grown increasingly similar. Of those that failed, most did so because their sponsoring companies were financially unsuccessful, not because the instruction sets were technically poor. Thus, a well-designed open instruction set designed using well-established principles should attract long-term support by many vendors.


title: RISC-V

text: RISC-V also encourages academic usage. The simplicity of the integer subset permits basic student exercises, and is a simple enough ISA to enable software to control research machines. The variable-length ISA provides room for instruction set extensions for both student exercises and research, and the separated privileged instruction set permits research in operating system support without redesigning compilers. RISC-V's open intellectual property paradigm allows derivative designs to be published, reused, and modified.


title: RISC-V

text: The term "RISC" dates from about 1980. Before then, there was some knowledge that simpler computers can be effective (e.g., John Cocke at IBM Research), but the design principles were not widely described. Simple, effective computers have always been of academic interest, and resulted in the RISC instruction set DLX for the first edition of "Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach" in 1990 of which David Patterson was a co-author, and he later participated in the RISC-V origination. DLX was intended for educational use; academics and hobbyists implemented it using field-programmable gate arrays, but it was never truly intended for commercial deployment. ARM CPUs, versions 2 and earlier, had a public-domain instruction set and are still supported by the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), a popular free-software compiler. Three open-source cores exist for this ISA, but were never manufactured. OpenRISC is an open-source ISA based on DLX, with associated RISC designs, and is fully supported with GCC and Linux implementations, although it too has few commercial implementations.


title: RISC-V

text: Krste Asanović at the University of California, Berkeley, had a research requirement for an open-source computer system, and in 2010, he decided to develop and publish one in a "short, three-month project over the summer" with several of his graduate students. The plan was to aid both academic and industrial users. David Patterson at Berkeley joined the collaboration as he was the originator of the Berkeley RISC, and the RISC-V is the eponymous fifth generation of his long series of cooperative RISC-based research projects. At this stage, students provided initial software, simulations, and CPU designs.


title: RISC-V

text: The RISC-V authors and their institution originally sourced the ISA documents and several CPU designs under BSD licenses, which allow derivative works—such as RISC-V chip designs—to be either open and free, or closed and proprietary. The ISA specification itself (i.e., the encoding of the instruction set) was published in 2011 as open source, with all rights reserved. The actual technical report (an expression of the specification) was later placed under a Creative Commons license to permit enhancement by external contributors through the RISC-V Foundation, and later RISC-V International.


title: RISC-V

text: Commercial users require an ISA to be stable before they can use it in a product that may last many years. To address this issue, the RISC-V Foundation was formed in 2015 to own, maintain, and publish intellectual property related to RISC-V's definition. The original authors and owners have surrendered their rights to the foundation. The foundation is led by CEO Calista Redmond, who took on the role in 2019 after leading open infrastructure projects at IBM.


title: RISC-V

text: In November 2019, the RISC-V Foundation announced that it would relocate to Switzerland, citing concerns over U.S. trade regulations. As of March 2020, the organization was named RISC-V International, a Swiss nonprofit business association.


title: RISC-V

text: , RISC-V International freely publishes the documents defining RISC-V and permits unrestricted use of the ISA for design of software and hardware. However, only members of RISC-V International can vote to approve changes, and only member organizations use the trademarked compatibility logo.


title: RISC-V

text: RISC-V has a modular design, consisting of alternative base parts, with added optional extensions. The ISA base and its extensions are developed in a collective effort between industry, the research community and educational institutions. The base specifies instructions (and their encoding), control flow, registers (and their sizes), memory and addressing, logic (i.e., integer) manipulation, and ancillaries. The base alone can implement a simplified general-purpose computer, with full software support, including a general-purpose compiler.


title: RISC-V

text: The standard extensions are specified to work with all of the standard bases, and with each other without conflict.


title: RISC-V

text: Many RISC-V computers might implement the compressed instructions extension to reduce power consumption, code size, and memory use. There are also future plans to support hypervisors and virtualization.


title: RISC-V

text: Together with a supervisor instruction set extension, S, an RVGC defines all instructions needed to conveniently support a general purpose operating system.


title: RISC-V

text: To tame the combinations of functions that may be implemented, a nomenclature is defined to specify them in Chapter 27 of the current ratified Unprivileged ISA Specification. The instruction set base is specified first, coding for RISC-V, the register bit-width, and the variant; e.g., or . Then follows letters specifying implemented extensions, in the order of the above table. Each letter may be followed by a major optionally followed by "p" and a minor option number. It defaults to 0 if a minor version number is absent, and 1.0 if all of a version number is absent. Thus may be written as or more simply as . Underscores may be used between extensions for readability, for example .


title: RISC-V

text: The base, extended integer and floating point calculations, and synchronization primitives for multi-core computing, the base and extensions MAFD, are considered to be necessary for general-purpose computation, and thus have the shorthand, G.


title: RISC-V

text: A small 32-bit computer for an embedded system might be . A large 64-bit computer might be ; i.e., shorthand for .


title: RISC-V

text: With the growth in the number of extensions, the standard now provides for extensions to be named by a single "Z" followed by an alphabetical name and an optional version number. For example, names the instruction-fetch extension. and name version 2.0 of the same. The first letter following the "Z" by convention indicates the most closely related alphabetical extension category, . Thus the Zam extension for misaligned atomics relates to the "A" standard extension. Unlike single character extensions, Z extensions must be separated by underscores, grouped by category and then alphabetically within each category. For example, .


title: RISC-V

text: Extensions specific to supervisor privilege level are named in the same way using "S" for prefix. Extensions specific to hypervisor level are named using "H" for prefix. Machine level extensions are prefixed with the three letters "Zxm". Supervisor, hypervisor and machine level instruction set extensions are named after less privileged extensions.


title: RISC-V

text: RISC-V developers may create their own non-standard instruction set extensions. These follow the "Z" naming convention, but with "X" as the prefix. They should be specified after all standard extensions, and if multiple non-standard extensions are listed, they should be listed alphabetically.


title: RISC-V

text: RISC-V has 32 (or 16 in the embedded variant) integer registers, and, when the floating-point extension is implemented, separate 32 floating-point registers. Except for memory access instructions, instructions address only registers.


title: RISC-V

text: The first integer register is a zero register, and the remainder are general-purpose registers. A store to the zero register has no effect, and a read always provides 0. Using the zero register as a placeholder makes for a simpler instruction set.


title: RISC-V

text: Control and status registers exist, but user-mode programs can access only those used for performance measurement and floating-point management.


title: RISC-V

text: No instructions exist to save and restore multiple registers. Those were thought to be needless, too complex, and perhaps too slow.


title: RISC-V

text: Like many RISC designs, RISC-V is a load–store architecture: instructions address only registers, with load and store instructions conveying data to and from memory.


title: RISC-V

text: Most load and store instructions include a 12-bit offset and two register identifiers. One register is the base register. The other register is the source (for a store) or destination (for a load).


title: RISC-V

text: The offset is added to a base register to get the address. Forming the address as a base register plus offset allows single instructions to access data structures. For example, if the base register points to the top of a stack, single instructions can access a subroutine's local variables in the stack. Likewise the load and store instructions can access a record-style structure or a memory-mapped I/O device. Using the constant zero register as a base address allows single instructions to access memory near address zero.


title: RISC-V

text: Memory is addressed as 8-bit bytes, with instructions being in little-endian order, and with data being in the byte order defined by the execution environment interface in which code is running. Words, up to the register size, can be accessed with the load and store instructions.


title: RISC-V

text: RISC-V was originally specified as little-endian to resemble other familiar, successful computers, for example, x86. This also reduces a CPU's complexity and costs slightly less because it reads all sizes of words in the same order. For example, the RISC-V instruction set decodes starting at the lowest-addressed byte of the instruction. Big-endian and bi-endian variants were defined for support of legacy code bases that assume big-endian alignment.


title: RISC-V

text: An execution environment interface may allow accessed memory addresses not to be aligned to their word width, but accesses to aligned addresses may be faster; for example, simple CPUs may implement unaligned accesses with slow software emulation driven from an alignment failure interrupt.


title: RISC-V

text: Like many RISC instruction sets (and some complex instruction set computer (CISC) instruction sets, such as x86 and IBM System/360 and its successors through z/Architecture), RISC-V lacks address-modes that write back to the registers. For example, it does not auto-increment.


title: RISC-V

text: RISC-V manages memory systems that are shared between CPUs or threads by ensuring a thread of execution always sees its memory operations in the programmed order. But between threads and I/O devices, RISC-V is simplified: it doesn't guarantee the order of memory operations, except by specific instructions, such as .


title: RISC-V

text: A instruction guarantees that the results of predecessor operations are visible to successor operations of other threads or I/O devices. can guarantee the order of combinations of both memory and memory-mapped I/O operations. E.g. it can separate memory read and write operations, without affecting I/O operations. Or, if a system can operate I/O devices in parallel with memory, doesn't force them to wait for each other. One CPU with one thread may decode as .


title: RISC-V

text: Some RISC CPUs (such as MIPS, PowerPC, DLX, and Berkeley's RISC-I) place 16 bits of offset in the loads and stores. They set the upper 16 bits by a "load upper word" instruction. This permits upper-halfword values to be set easily, without shifting bits. However, most use of the upper half-word instruction makes 32-bit constants, like addresses. RISC-V uses a SPARC-like combination of 12-bit offsets and 20-bit "set upper" instructions. The smaller 12-bit offset helps compact, 32-bit load and store instructions select two of 32 registers yet still have enough bits to support RISC-V's variable-length instruction coding.


title: RISC-V

text: RISC-V handles 32-bit constants and addresses with instructions that set the upper 20 bits of a 32-bit register. Load upper immediate loads 20 bits into bits 31 through 12. Then a second instruction such as can set the bottom 12 bits. Small numbers or addresses can be formed by using the zero register instead of .


title: RISC-V

text: This method is extended to permit position-independent code by adding an instruction, that generates 20 upper address bits by adding an offset to the program counter and storing the result into a base register. This permits a program to generate 32-bit addresses that are relative to the program counter.


title: RISC-V

text: The base register can often be used as-is with the 12-bit offsets of the loads and stores. If needed, can set the lower 12 bits of a register. In 64-bit and 128-bit ISAs, and sign-extend the result to get the larger address.


title: RISC-V

text: Some fast CPUs may interpret combinations of instructions as single "fused" instructions. or are good candidates to fuse with , , loads or stores.


title: RISC-V

text: RISC-V's subroutine call (jump and link) places its return address in a register. This is faster in many computer designs, because it saves a memory access compared to systems that push a return address directly on a stack in memory. has a 20-bit signed (two's complement) offset. The offset is multiplied by 2, then added to the PC to generate a relative address to a 32-bit instruction. If the result is not at a 32-bit address (i.e., evenly divisible by 4), the CPU may force an exception.


title: RISC-V

text: RISC-V CPUs jump to calculated addresses using a "jump and link-register", instruction. is similar to , but gets its destination address by adding a 12-bit offset to a base register. (In contrast, adds a larger 20-bit offset to the PC.)


title: RISC-V

text: 's bit format is like the register-relative loads and stores. Like them, can be used with the instructions that set the upper 20 bits of a base register to make 32-bit branches, either to an absolute address (using ) or a PC-relative one (using for position-independent code). (Using a constant zero base address allows single-instruction calls to a small (the offset), fixed positive or negative address.)


title: RISC-V

text: RISC-V recycles and to get unconditional 20-bit PC-relative jumps and unconditional register-based 12-bit jumps. Jumps just make the linkage register 0 so that no return address is saved.


title: RISC-V

text: RISC-V also recycles to return from a subroutine: To do this, 's base register is set to be the linkage register saved by or . 's offset is zero and the linkage register is zero, so that there is no offset, and no return address is saved.


title: RISC-V

text: Like many RISC designs, in a subroutine call, a RISC-V compiler must use individual instructions to save registers to the stack at the start, and then restore these from the stack on exit. RISC-V has no "save multiple" or "restore multiple" register instructions. These were thought to make the CPU too complex, and possibly slow. This can take more code space. Designers planned to reduce code size with library routines to save and restore registers.


title: RISC-V

text: RISC-V has no condition code register or carry bit. The designers believed that condition codes make fast CPUs more complex by forcing interactions between instructions in different stages of execution. This choice makes multiple-precision arithmetic more complex. Also, a few numerical tasks need more energy. As a result, predication (the conditional execution of instructions) is not supported. The designers claim that very fast, out-of-order CPU designs do predication anyway, by doing the comparison branch and conditional code in parallel, then discarding the unused path's effects. They also claim that even in simpler CPUs, predication is less valuable than branch prediction, which can prevent most stalls associated with conditional branches. Code without predication is larger, with more branches, but they also claim that a compressed instruction set (such as RISC-V's set "C") solves that problem in most cases.


title: RISC-V

text: Instead, RISC-V has short branches that perform comparisons: equal, not-equal, less-than, unsigned less-than, greater-than or equal and unsigned greater-than or equal. Ten comparison-branch operations are implemented with only six instructions, by reversing the order of operands in the assembler. For example, "branch if greater than" can be done by "less-than" with a reversed order of operands.


title: RISC-V

text: Unlike some RISC architectures, RISC-V does not include a branch delay slot, a position after a branch instruction that can be filled with an instruction that is executed whether or not the branch is taken. RISC-V omits a branch delay slot because it complicates multicycle CPUs, superscalar CPUs, and long pipelines. Dynamic branch predictors have succeeded well enough to reduce the need for delayed branches.


title: RISC-V

text: On the first encounter with a branch, RISC-V CPUs should assume that a negative relative branch (i.e. the sign bit of the offset is "1") will be taken. This assumes that a backward branch is a loop, and provides a default direction so that simple pipelined CPUs can fill their pipeline of instructions. Other than this, RISC-V does not require branch prediction, but core implementations are allowed to add it. RV32I reserves a "HINT" instruction space that presently does not contain any hints on branches; RV64I does the same.


title: RISC-V

text: RISC-V segregates math into a minimal set of integer instructions (set "I") with add, subtract, shift, bitwise logic and comparing-branches. These can simulate most of the other RISC-V instruction sets with software. (The atomic instructions are a notable exception.) RISC-V integer instructions lacks the "count leading zero" and bit-field operations normally used to speed software floating-point in a pure-integer processor, However, while nominally in the bit manipulation extension, the ratified Zbb, Zba and Zbs extensions contain further integer instructions including a count leading zero instruction.


title: RISC-V

text: The integer multiplication instructions (set "M") include signed and unsigned multiply and divide. Double-precision integer multiplies and divides are included, as multiplies and divides that produce the "high word" of the result. The ISA document recommends that implementors of CPUs and compilers "fuse" a standardized sequence of high and low multiply and divide instructions to one operation if possible.


title: RISC-V

text: The floating-point instructions (set "F") include single-precision arithmetic and also comparison-branches similar to the integer arithmetic. It requires an additional set of 32 floating-point registers. These are separate from the integer registers. The double-precision floating point instructions (set "D") generally assume that the floating-point registers are 64-bit (i.e., double-width), and the "F" subset is coordinated with the "D" set. A quad-precision 128-bit floating-point ISA ("Q") is also defined. RISC-V computers without floating-point can use a floating-point software library.


title: RISC-V

text: RISC-V does not cause exceptions on arithmetic errors, including overflow, underflow, subnormal, and divide by zero. Instead, both integer and floating-point arithmetic produce reasonable default values, and floating-point instructions set status bits. Divide-by-zero can be discovered by one branch after the division. The status bits can be tested by an operating system or periodic interrupt.


title: RISC-V

text: RISC-V supports computers that share memory between multiple CPUs and threads. RISC-V's standard memory consistency model is release consistency. That is, loads and stores may generally be reordered, but some loads may be designated as "acquire" operations which must precede later memory accesses, and some stores may be designated as "release" operations which must follow earlier memory accesses.


title: RISC-V

text: The base instruction set includes minimal support in the form of a instruction to enforce memory ordering. Although this is sufficient ( provides "acquire" and provides "release"), combined operations can be more efficient.


title: RISC-V

text: The atomic memory operation extension supports two types of atomic memory operations for release consistency. First, it provides general purpose "load-reserved" and "store-conditional" instructions. performs a load, and tries to reserve that address for its thread. A later store-conditional to the reserved address will be performed only if the reservation is not broken by an intervening store from another source. If the store succeeds, a zero is placed in a register. If it failed, a non-zero value indicates that software needs to retry the operation. In either case, the reservation is released.


title: RISC-V

text: The second group of atomic instructions perform read-modify-write sequences: a load (which is optionally a load-acquire) to a destination register, then an operation between the loaded value and a source register, then a store of the result (which may optionally be a store-release). Making the memory barriers optional permits combining the operations. The optional operations are enabled by "acquire" and "release" bits which are present in every atomic instruction. RISC-V defines nine possible operations: swap (use source register value directly); add; bitwise and, or, and exclusive-or; and signed and unsigned minimum and maximum.


title: RISC-V

text: A system design may optimize these combined operations more than and . For example, if the destination register for a swap is the constant zero, the load may be skipped. If the value stored is unmodified since the load, the store may be skipped.


title: RISC-V

text: The IBM System/370 and its successors including z/Architecture, and x86, both implement a compare-and-swap () instruction, which tests and conditionally updates a location in memory: if the location contains an expected old value, replaces it with a given new value; it then returns an indication of whether it made the change. However, a simple load-type instruction is usually performed before the to fetch the old value. The classic problem is that if a thread reads (loads) a value "A", calculates a new value "C", and then uses () to replace "A" with "C", it has no way to know whether concurrent activity in another thread has replaced "A" with some other value "B" and then restored the "A" in between. In some algorithms (e.g., ones in which the values in memory are pointers to dynamically allocated blocks), this ABA problem can lead to incorrect results. The most common solution employs a "double-wide " instruction to update both the pointer and an adjacent counter; unfortunately, such an instruction requires a special instruction format to specify multiple registers, performs several reads and writes, and can have complex bus operation.


title: RISC-V

text: The / alternative is more efficient. It usually requires only one memory load, and minimizing slow memory operations is desirable. It's also exact: it controls all accesses to the memory cell, rather than just assuring a bit pattern. However, unlike , it can permit livelock, in which two or more threads repeatedly cause each other's instructions to fail. RISC-V guarantees forward progress (no livelock) if the code follows rules on the timing and sequence of instructions: 1) It must use only the "I" subset. 2) To prevent repetitive cache misses, the code (including the retry loop) must occupy no more than 16 consecutive instructions. 3) It must include no system or fence instructions, or taken backward branches between the and . 4) The backward branch to the retry loop must be to the original sequence.


title: RISC-V

text: The specification gives an example of how to use the read-modify-write atomic instructions to lock a data structure.


title: RISC-V

text: The standard RISC-V ISA specifies that all instructions are 32 bits. This makes for a particularly simple implementation, but like other RISC processors with 32-bit instruction encoding, results in larger code size than in instruction sets with variable-length instructions.


title: RISC-V

text: To compensate, RISC-V's "32-bit" instructions are actually 30 bits; of the opcode space is reserved for an optional (but recommended) variable-length "compressed" instruction set, RVC, that includes 16-bit instructions. Like ARM's Thumb and the MIPS16, the compressed instructions are simply aliases for a subset of the larger instructions. Unlike ARM's Thumb or the MIPS compressed set, space was reserved from the beginning so there is no separate operating mode. Standard and compressed instructions may be intermixed freely. (Extension letter is "C".)


title: RISC-V

text: Because (like Thumb-1 and MIPS16) the compressed instructions are simply alternate encodings (aliases) for a selected subset of larger instructions, the compression can be implemented in the assembler, and it is not essential for the compiler to even know about it.


title: RISC-V

text: A prototype of RVC was tested in 2011. The prototype code was 20% smaller than an x86 PC and MIPS compressed code, and 2% larger than ARM Thumb-2 code. It also substantially reduced both the needed cache memory and the estimated power use of the memory system.


title: RISC-V

text: The researcher intended to reduce the code's binary size for small computers, especially embedded computer systems. The prototype included 33 of the most frequently used instructions, recoded as compact 16-bit formats using operation codes previously reserved for the compressed set. The compression was done in the assembler, with no changes to the compiler. Compressed instructions omitted fields that are often zero, used small immediate values or accessed subsets (16 or 8) of the registers. is very common and often compressible.


title: RISC-V

text: Much of the difference in size compared to ARM's Thumb set occurred because RISC-V, and the prototype, have no instructions to save and restore multiple registers. Instead, the compiler generated conventional instructions that access the stack. The prototype RVC assembler then often converted these to compressed forms that were half the size. However, this still took more code space than the ARM instructions that save and restore multiple registers. The researcher proposed to modify the compiler to call library routines to save and restore registers. These routines would tend to remain in a code cache and thus run fast, though probably not as fast as a save-multiple instruction.


title: RISC-V

text: Standard RVC requires occasional use of 32-bit instructions. Several nonstandard RVC proposals are complete, requiring no 32-bit instructions, and are said to have higher densities than standard RVC. Another proposal builds on these, and claims to use less coding range as well.


title: RISC-V

text: An instruction set for the smallest "embedded" CPUs (set E) is reduced in other ways: Only 16 of the 32 integer registers are supported. All current extensions may be used; a floating-point extension to use the integer registers for floating-point values is being considered. The privileged instruction set supports only machine mode, user mode and memory schemes that use base-and-bound address relocation.


title: RISC-V

text: Discussion has occurred for a microcontroller profile for RISC-V, to ease development of deeply embedded systems. It centers on faster, simple C-language support for interrupts, simplified security modes and a simplified POSIX application binary interface.


title: RISC-V

text: Correspondents have also proposed smaller, non-standard, 16-bit "RV16E" ISAs: Several serious proposals would use the 16-bit "C" instructions with 8 × 16-bit registers. An April fools' joke proposed a very practical arrangement: Utilize 16 × 16-bit integer registers, with the standard "EIMC" ISAs (including 32-bit instructions.) The joke was to use bank switching when a 32-bit CPU would be clearly superior with the larger address space.


title: RISC-V

text: RISC-V's ISA includes a separate privileged instruction set specification. , version 1.12 is ratified by RISC-V International.


title: RISC-V

text: These correspond roughly to systems with up to four "rings" of privilege and security, at most: machine, hypervisor, supervisor and user. Each layer also is expected to have a thin layer of standardized supporting software that communicates to a more-privileged layer, or hardware.


title: RISC-V

text: The ISA also includes a hypervisor mode that is orthogonal to the user and supervisor modes. The basic feature is a configuration bit that either permits supervisor-level code to access hypervisor registers, or causes an interrupt on accesses. This bit lets supervisor mode directly handle the hardware needed by a hypervisor. This simplifies the implementation of hypervisors that are hosted by an operating system. This is a popular mode to run warehouse-scale computers. To support non-hosted hypervisors, the bit can cause these accesses to interrupt to a hypervisor. The design also simplifies nesting of hypervisors, in which a hypervisor runs under a hypervisor, and if necessary it lets the kernel use hypervisor features within its own kernel code. As a result, the hypervisor form of the ISA supports five modes: machine, supervisor, user, supervisor-under-hypervisor and user-under-hypervisor.


title: RISC-V

text: The privileged instruction set specification explicitly defines "hardware threads", or "harts". Multiple hardware threads are a common practice in more-capable computers. When one thread is stalled, waiting for memory, others can often proceed. Hardware threads can help make better use of the large number of registers and execution units in fast out-of-order CPUs. Finally, hardware threads can be a simple, powerful way to handle interrupts: No saving or restoring of registers is required, simply executing a different hardware thread. However, the only hardware thread required in a RISC-V computer is thread zero.


title: RISC-V

text: The existing control and status register definitions support RISC-V's error and memory exceptions, and a small number of interrupts. For systems with more interrupts, the specification also defines an interrupt controller. Interrupts always start at the highest-privileged machine level, and the control registers of each level have explicit "forwarding" bits to route interrupts to less-privileged code. For example, the hypervisor need not include software that executes on each interrupt to forward an interrupt to an operating system. Instead, on set-up, it can set bits to forward the interrupt.


title: RISC-V

text: Several memory systems are supported in the specification. Physical-only is suited to the simplest embedded systems. There are also three UNIX-style virtual memory systems for memory cached in mass-storage systems. The virtual memory systems support MMU with three sizes, with addresses sized 32, 39 and 48 bits. All virtual memory systems support 4 KiB pages, multilevel page-table trees and use very similar algorithms to walk the page table trees. All are designed for either hardware or software page-table walking. To optionally reduce the cost of page table walks, super-sized pages may be leaf pages in higher levels of a system's page table tree. SV32 has a two-layer page table tree and supports 4 MiB superpages. SV39 has a three level page table, and supports 2 MiB superpages and 1 GiB gigapages. SV48 is required to support SV39. It also has a 4-level page table and supports 2 MiB superpages, 1 GiB gigapages, and 512 GiB terapages. Superpages are aligned on the page boundaries for the next-lowest size of page.


title: RISC-V

text: Some Bit-Manipulation ISA-extensions were ratified in November 2021 (Zba, Zbb, Zbc, Zbs).. The Zba, Zbb, and Zbs extensions are arguably extensions of the standard I integer instructions: Zba contains instructions to speed up the computation of the addresses of array elements in arrays of datatypes of size 2, 4, or 8 bytes (sh1add, sh2add, sh3add), and for 64 (and 128) bit processors when indexed with unsigned integers (add.uw, sh1add.uw, sh2add.uw, sh3add.uw and slli.uw). The Zbb instructions contains operations to count leading, trailing 0 bits or all 1 bits in a full and 32 word operations (clz, clzw, ctz, ctzw, cpop, cpopw), byte order reversion (rev8), logical instructions with negation of the second input (andn,orn, xnor), sign and zero extension (sext.b, sext.h, zext.h) that could not be provided as special cases of other instructions (andi, addiw, add.wu), min and max of (signed and unsigned) integers, (left and right) rotation of bits in a register and 32 bit words (rori,roriw, ror, rorw, rol, rolw), and a byte wise "or combine" operation which allows detection of a zero byte in a full register, useful for handling C-style nul terminated strings functions. The Zbs extension allows setting, getting, clearing, and toggling individual bits in a register by their index (bseti, bset, bexti, bext, bclri, bclr, binvi,binv).


title: RISC-V

text: The Zbc extension has instructions for "carryless multiplication", which does the multiplication of polynomials over the Galois field GF(2) (clmul, clmulh, clmulr). These are useful for cryptography and CRC checks of data integrity.


title: RISC-V

text: Done well, more specialised bit-manipulation subset can aid cryptographic, graphic, and mathematical operations. Further instructions that have been discussed include instructions to shift in ones, a generalized bit-reverse, shuffle and crossbar permutations, bit-field place, extract and deposit


title: RISC-V

text: pack two words, bytes or halfwords in one register, CRC instructions, bit-matrix operations (RV64 only), conditional mix, conditional move, funnel shifts. The criteria for inclusion documented in the draft were compliant with RV5 philosophies and ISA formats, substantial improvements in code density or speed (i.e., at least a 3-for-1 reduction in instructions), and substantial real-world applications, including preexisting compiler support. Version 0.93 includes.


title: RISC-V

text: Packed-SIMD instructions are widely used by commercial CPUs to inexpensively accelerate multimedia and other digital signal processing. For simple, cost-reduced RISC-V systems, the base ISA's specification proposed to use the floating-point registers' bits to perform parallel single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) sub-word arithmetic.


title: RISC-V

text: In 2017 a vendor published a more detailed proposal to the mailing list, and this can be cited as version 0.1. , the efficiency of this proposed ISA varies from 2x to 5x a base CPU for a variety of DSP codecs. The proposal lacked instruction formats and a license assignment to RISC-V International, but it was reviewed by the mailing list. Some unpopular parts of this proposal were that it added a condition code, the first in a RISC-V design, linked adjacent registers (also a first), and has a loop counter that can be difficult to implement in some microarchitectures.


title: RISC-V

text: A previous, well-regarded implementation for a 64-bit CPU was PA-RISC's multimedia instructions: Multimedia Acceleration eXtensions. It increased the CPU's performance on digital signal processing tasks by 48-fold or more, enabling practical real-time video codecs in 1995. Besides its native 64-bit math, the PA-RISC MAX2 CPU could do arithmetic on four 16-bit subwords at once, with several overflow methods. It also could move subwords to different positions. PA-RISC's MAX2 was intentionally simplified. It lacked support for 8-bit or 32-bit subwords. The 16-bit subword size was chosen to support most digital signal processing tasks. These instructions were inexpensive to design and build.


title: RISC-V

text: The proposed vector-processing instruction set may make the packed SIMD set obsolete. The designers hope to have enough flexibility that a CPU can implement vector instructions in a standard processor's registers. This would enable minimal implementations with similar performance to a multimedia ISA, as above. However, a true vector coprocessor could execute the same code with higher performance.


title: RISC-V

text: , the vector extension is at version 1.0. It is a conservative, flexible design of a general-purpose mixed-precision vector processor, suitable to execute compute kernels. Code would port easily to CPUs with differing vector lengths, ideally without recompiling.


title: RISC-V

text: In contrast, short-vector SIMD extensions are less convenient. These are used in x86, ARM and PA-RISC. In these, a change in word-width forces a change to the instruction set to expand the vector registers (in the case of x86, from 64-bit MMX registers to 128-bit Streaming SIMD Extensions (SSE), to 256-bit Advanced Vector Extensions (AVX), and AVX-512). The result is a growing instruction set, and a need to port working code to the new instructions.


title: RISC-V

text: In the RISC-V vector ISA, rather than fix the vector length in the architecture, instructions (, , and ) are available which take a requested size and sets the vector length to the minimum of the hardware limit and the requested size. So, the RISC-V proposal is more like a Cray's long-vector design or ARM's Scalable Vector Extension. That is, each vector in up to 32 vectors is the same length.


title: RISC-V

text: The application specifies the total vector width it requires, and the processor determines the vector length it can provide with available on-chip resources. This takes the form of an instruction () with four immediate operands, specifying the number of vector registers of each available width needed. The total must be no more than the addressable limit of 32, but may be less if the application does not require them all. The vector length is limited by the available on-chip storage divided by the number of bytes of storage needed for each entry. (Added hardware limits may also exist, which in turn may permit SIMD-style implementations.)


title: RISC-V

text: Outside of vector loops, the application can zero the number of requested vector registers, saving the operating system the work of preserving them on context switches.


title: RISC-V

text: The vector length is not only architecturally variable, but designed to vary at run time also. To achieve this flexibility, the instruction set is likely to use variable-width data paths and variable-type operations using polymorphic overloading. The plan is that these can reduce the size and complexity of the ISA and compiler.


title: RISC-V

text: Recent experimental vector processors with variable-width data paths also show profitable increases in operations per: second (speed), area (lower cost), and watt (longer battery life).


title: RISC-V

text: Unlike a typical modern graphics processing unit, there are no plans to provide special hardware to support branch predication. Instead, lower cost compiler-based predication will be used.


title: RISC-V

text: There is a preliminary specification for RISC-V's hardware-assisted debugger. The debugger will use a transport system such as Joint Test Action Group (JTAG) or Universal Serial Bus (USB) to access debug registers. A standard hardware debug interface may support either a "standardized abstract interface" or "instruction feeding".


title: RISC-V

text: , the exact form of the "abstract interface" remains undefined, but proposals include a memory mapped system with standardized addresses for the registers of debug devices or a command register and a data register accessible to the communication system. Correspondents claim that similar systems are used by Freescale's background debug mode interface (BDM) for some CPUs, ARM, OpenRISC, and Aeroflex's LEON.


title: RISC-V

text: In "instruction feeding", the CPU will process a debug exception to execute individual instructions written to a register. This may be supplemented with a data-passing register and a module to directly access the memory. Instruction feeding lets the debugger access the computer exactly as software would. It also minimizes changes in the CPU, and adapts to many types of CPU. This was said to be especially apt for RISC-V because it is designed explicitly for many types of computers. The data-passing register allows a debugger to write a data-movement loop to RAM, and then execute the loop to move data into or out of the computer at a speed near the maximum speed of the debug system's data channel. Correspondents say that similar systems are used by MIPS Technologies MIPS, Intel Quark, Tensilica's Xtensa, and for Freescale Power ISA CPUs' background debug mode interface (BDM).


title: RISC-V

text: A vendor proposed a hardware trace subsystem for standardization, donated a conforming design, and initiated a review. The proposal is for a hardware module that can trace code execution on most RV5 CPUs. To reduce the data rate, and permit simpler or less-expensive paths for the trace data, the proposal does not generate trace data that can be calculated from a binary image of the code. It sends only data that indicates "uninferrable" paths through the program, such as which conditional branches are taken. To reduce the data rates, branches that can be calculated, such as unconditional branches, are not traced. The proposed interface between the module and the control unit is a logic signal for each uninferrable type of instruction. Addresses and other data are to be provided in a specialized bus attached to appropriate data sources in a CPU. The data structure sent to an external trace unit is a series of short messages with the needed data. The details of the data channel are intentionally not described in the proposal, because several are likely to make sense.


title: RISC-V

text: A normal problem for a new instruction set is a lack of CPU designs and software — both issues limit its usability and reduce adoption. RISC-V has a large number of CPU designs. RISC-V software includes toolchains, operating systems, middleware and design software.


title: RISC-V

text: Available RISC-V software tools include a GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) toolchain (with GDB, the debugger), an LLVM toolchain, the OVPsim simulator (and library of RISC-V Fast Processor Models), the Spike simulator, and a simulator in QEMU (RV32GC/RV64GC). JEP 422: Linux/RISC-V Port is already integrated into mainline OpenJDK repository.


title: RISC-V

text: Operating system support exists for the Linux kernel, FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD but the supervisor-mode instructions were unstandardized before until version 1.11 of the privileged ISA specification, so this support is provisional. The preliminary FreeBSD port to the RISC-V architecture was upstreamed in February 2016, and shipped in FreeBSD 11.0. Ports of the Debian and Fedora Linux distributions, and a port of Haiku, are stabilizing (both only support 64-bit RISC-V, with no plans to support 32-bit version). A port of Das U-Boot exists. UEFI Spec v2.7 has defined the RISC-V binding and a TianoCore port has been done by HPE engineers and is expected to be upstreamed. There is a preliminary port of the seL4 microkernel. Hex Five released the first Secure IoT Stack for RISC-V with FreeRTOS support. Also xv6, a modern reimplementation of Sixth Edition Unix in ANSI C used for pedagogical purposes in MIT, was ported. Pharos RTOS has been ported to 64-bit RISC-V (including time and memory protection). "Also see" Comparison of real-time operating systems.


title: RISC-V

text: QEMU supports running (using binary translation) 32- and 64-bit RISC-V systems (e.g. Linux) with a number of emulated or virtualized devices (serial, parallel, USB, network, storage, real time clock, watchdog, audio), as well as running RISC-V Linux binaries (translating syscalls to the host kernel). It does support multi-core emulation (SMP).


title: RISC-V

text: The Creator simulator is portable and allows the user to learn various assembly languages of different processors (Creator has examples with an implementation of RISC-V and MIPS32 instructions).


title: RISC-V

text: The extensible educational simulator WepSIM implements a (microprogrammed) subset of RISC-V instructions (RV32I+M) and allows the execution of subroutines in assembly.


title: RISC-V

text: A number of languages have been applied to creating RISC-V IP cores including a Scala-based hardware description language, Chisel, which can reduce the designs to Verilog for use in devices, and the CodAL processor description language which has been used in to describe RISC-V processor cores and to generate corresponding HDKs (RTL, testbench and UVM) and SDKs. The RISC-V International Compliance Task Group has a GitHub repository for RV32IMC.


title: Free and open-source software

text: Free and open-source software (FOSS) is a term used to refer to groups of software consisting of both free software and open-source software where anyone is freely licensed to use, copy, study, and change the software in any way, and the source code is openly shared so that people are encouraged to voluntarily improve the design of the software. This is in contrast to proprietary software, where the software is under restrictive copyright licensing and the source code is usually hidden from the users.


title: Free and open-source software

text: FOSS maintains the software user's civil liberty rights (see the Four Essential Freedoms, below). Other benefits of using FOSS can include decreased software costs, increased security and stability (especially in regard to malware), protecting privacy, education, and giving users more control over their own hardware. Free and open-source operating systems such as Linux and descendants of BSD are widely utilized today, powering millions of servers, desktops, smartphones (e.g., Android), and other devices. Free-software licenses and open-source licenses are used by many software packages. The free software movement and the open-source software movement are online social movements behind widespread production and adoption of FOSS, with the former preferring to use the terms FLOSS or free/libre.


title: Free and open-source software

text: "Free and open-source software" (FOSS) is an umbrella term for software that is simultaneously considered both free software and open-source software. FOSS (free and open-source software) allows the user to inspect the source code and provides a high level of control of the software's functions compared to proprietary software. The term "free software" does not refer to the monetary cost of the software at all, but rather whether the license maintains the software user's civil liberties ("free” as in “free speech,” not as in “free beer”). There are a number of related terms and abbreviations for free and open-source software (FOSS or F/OSS), or free/libre and open-source software (FLOSS or F/LOSS is preferred by FSF over FOSS, while free or free/libre is their preferred term).


title: Free and open-source software

text: Although there is almost a complete overlap between free-software licenses and open-source-software licenses, there is a strong philosophical disagreement between the advocates of these two positions. The terminology of FOSS or "Free and Open-source software" was created to be a neutral on these philosophical disagreements between the FSF and OSI and have a single unified term that could refer to both concepts.


title: Free and open-source software

text: Richard Stallman's Free Software Definition, adopted by the Free Software Foundation (FSF), defines free software as a matter of liberty not price, and it upholds the Four Essential Freedoms. The earliest-known publication of the definition of his free-software idea was in the February 1986 edition of the FSF's now-discontinued GNU's Bulletin publication. The canonical source for the document is in the philosophy section of the GNU Project website. As of August 2017, it is published in 40 languages.


title: Free and open-source software

text: To meet the definition of "free software", the FSF requires the software's licensing respect the civil liberties / human rights of what the FSF calls the software user's "Four Essential Freedoms".


title: Free and open-source software

text: "The Open Source Definition" is used by the Open Source Initiative (OSI) to determine whether a software license qualifies for the organization's insignia for open-source software. The definition was based on the Debian Free Software Guidelines, written and adapted primarily by Bruce Perens. Perens did not base his writing on the Four Essential Freedoms of free software from the Free Software Foundation, which were only later available on the web. Perens subsequently stated that he felt Eric Raymond's promotion of open-source unfairly overshadowed the Free Software Foundation's efforts and reaffirmed his support for free software. In the following 2000s, he spoke about open source again.


title: Free and open-source software

text: From the 1950s and on through the 1980s, it was common for computer users to have the source code for all programs they used, and the permission and ability to modify it for their own use. Software, including source code, was commonly shared by individuals who used computers, often as public domain software (Note that FOSS is not the same as public domain software, as public domain software does not contain copyrights). Most companies had a business model based on hardware sales, and provided or bundled software with hardware, free of charge.