title: Todd Gurley

text: Georgia's 10–3 season in 2014 saw some unfortunate circumstances arise for Gurley in terms of compliance and injury. In the season opener against Clemson on August 30, Gurley rushed for 198 yards and three touchdowns on 15 carries to go along with a 100-yard kickoff return touchdown in the 45–21 victory. On September 27, against Tennessee, he had 28 carries for 208 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns in the 35–32 victory. His 208 rushing yards were the most in a single game by a Georgia running back since Garrison Hearst had 246 against Vanderbilt in 1992. On October 9, Gurley was indefinitely suspended by the University of Georgia over an alleged violation of NCAA rules. It only took two days of investigation to determine that Gurley had received $3,000 over two years for signed autographs and memorabilia. Gurley missed the Missouri and Arkansas games before the NCAA upheld its decision to suspend Gurley for four total games. Gurley sat out for two more games until he was eligible to play against Auburn in their annual rivalry game. In his first game back from suspension on November 15, Gurley tore his ACL against Auburn, ending his junior season and his career at the University of Georgia. He finished the 2014 season with 123 carries for 911 rushing yards and nine rushing touchdowns in six games. Gurley decided to forego his senior season and entered the 2015 NFL Draft. His 3,285 rushing yards ranked second and his 36 rushing touchdowns tied for second in school history at the time of his departure from Georgia.


title: Todd Gurley

text: Gurley was selected in the first round with the 10th overall pick by the St. Louis Rams in the 2015 NFL Draft. He was the first running back to be selected in that year's draft. He was the highest drafted running back out of Georgia since Tim Worley went seventh overall in 1989. Gurley's rehabilitation went ahead of schedule and during the team's preseason, while he did not play, he practiced without wearing pads. Shortly after, Gurley was medically cleared for full contact by St. Louis team physicians.


title: Todd Gurley

text: On September 27, 2015, Gurley made his NFL debut against the Pittsburgh Steelers in Week 3. He was eased into action and finished the game with six rushes for nine yards in the 12–6 loss. The following week, the Rams visited the undefeated Arizona Cardinals for an NFC West divisional matchup. Gurley started slow with just two rushing yards at halftime, but rushed for 144 yards in the second half as the Rams edged the Cardinals by a score of 24–22. The next three games against the Green Bay Packers, Cleveland Browns, and the San Francisco 49ers would see Gurley rush for at least 128 rushing yards per game. He scored his first NFL touchdown on October 25, 2015, against the Browns the Week 7 matchup. With 566 yards in his first four NFL starts, Gurley became the most prolific rusher in his first four NFL games since the AFL–NFL merger. Following the 27–6 win over the 49ers in Week 8, Gurley's jersey and cleats were inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.


title: Todd Gurley

text: In Week 9, Gurley was held to 89 yards on 24 carries in the Rams' 21–18 overtime loss to the Minnesota Vikings. In Week 10, he was contained to just 45 rushing yards on 12 carries in a 37–13 loss to the Chicago Bears. In Week 11, Gurley rushed for 66 yards on 25 carries against the Baltimore Ravens and scored a touchdown in a 16–13 loss. In Week 12, Gurley was limited to 19 yards on nine carries in a 31–7 loss to the Cincinnati Bengals. The following week, he was held to 41 rushing yards on nine carries in a 27–3 loss at home in the second divisional matchup against the Arizona Cardinals. In Week 14, Gurley rushed for 140 yards in the Rams' 24–14 win over the Detroit Lions. In Week 15, Gurley rushed for 48 yards, scored a touchdown, and became the third rookie in Rams history to rush for 1,000 yards in a season (Jerome Bettis and Eric Dickerson) in a 31–23 victory over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. In Week 16, Gurley rushed for 85 yards on 19 carries in a 23–17 victory over the Seattle Seahawks, becoming the second Rams rookie, the first being Dickerson in 1983, to rush for 1,000 yards and 10 touchdowns.


title: Todd Gurley

text: Gurley finished his rookie year with 1,106 rushing yards and ten touchdowns on 229 attempts despite making only 12 starts (he sat out the Rams' season-ending loss at San Francisco). On December 22, 2015, Gurley was selected to be part of the 2016 Pro Bowl along with fellow Rams players defensive lineman Aaron Donald and punter Johnny Hekker. He was named to the 2015 NFL All-Rookie Team. Gurley was one of the five rookies to be selected to the Pro Bowl, along with Kansas City Chiefs cornerback Marcus Peters, Seattle Seahawks wide receiver/kick returner Tyler Lockett, Oakland Raiders wide receiver Amari Cooper, and Tampa Bay Buccaneers quarterback Jameis Winston. Gurley beat out Winston for NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year, earning a decisive 27 votes to 17 for Winston. He was ranked 22nd by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2016.


title: Todd Gurley

text: In the Rams' first season back in Los Angeles, Gurley struggled in his second professional season. In the first two weeks of the season against the San Francisco 49ers and Seattle Seahawks, Gurley was held to a combined 98 rushing yards on 36 carries. However, in Week 3 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Gurley had 28 carries for 85 yards and two touchdowns in a 37–32 victory. His performance against the Buccaneers would be a season best. The Rams finished the season with a 4–12 record. Gurley finished with 278 carries for 885 rushing yards, which ranked 17th in the NFL, 55.3 rushing yards per game, a significant decline from the previous season, and six touchdowns.


title: Todd Gurley

text: Following the firing of Jeff Fisher and subsequent hiring of Sean McVay as new head coach, Gurley looked to rebound off of a down year which frustrated him with the Rams, prompting him to call the former playbook of the team similar to that of a "middle school offense". Gurley started the 2017 season with a solid performance against the Indianapolis Colts. He had 19 carries for 40 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown to go along with five receptions for 56 receiving yards in the 46–9 victory. In a Week 2 game against the Washington Redskins, he had 16 carries for 88 yards and a rushing touchdown to go along with three receptions for 48 yards and a receiving touchdown in the 27–20 loss. Gurley's breakout game of 2017 came in Week 3 against the San Francisco 49ers on "Thursday Night Football". He ran for 113 yards and two touchdowns and caught five passes for 36 yards and one touchdown. He earned the NFC Offensive Player of the Month for September after recording 241 rushing yards, 140 receiving yards and six total touchdowns. Gurley's streak would continue in Week 4 against the Dallas Cowboys where he recorded 215 scrimmage yards (121 rushing yards and 94 receiving yards) and a receiving touchdown in the Rams 35–30 victory. Having been held without a receiving touchdown in his first 30 games, he now had one in each of his last three, and led the NFL in total touchdowns and yards-from-scrimmage. Gurley was then named NFC Offensive Player of the Week after his 215-yard game against the Cowboys. After logging just 43 yards on 14 carries in Week 5 against the Seattle Seahawks, in Week 6 Gurley recorded his third 100-yard rushing game of the season with 121 yards on 23 carries against the Jacksonville Jaguars. In Week 7, Gurley had yet another 100-yard game as 106 yards for 22 rushing attempts and one rushing touchdown in the Rams 33–0 shutout victory over the Arizona Cardinals.


title: Todd Gurley

text: Following the Rams' Week 8 bye, Gurley's output became more balanced for the next five games: he averaged 62 rushing- and 54 receiving-yards per game, with 100+ yards from scrimmage in four of them, and recording three rushing touchdowns over that time period. In Week 14, he had 96 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns on just 13 carries, along with three receptions for 39 receiving yards in an impressive-but-losing effort against Philadelphia. In Week 15, Gurley had a career-best four touchdowns (three rushing, including a 57-yarder on 3rd and 20 with 30 seconds left in the first half) on 180 yards from scrimmage in a dominant 42–7 win over Seattle. He became the first Ram to score four touchdowns in a single game since Steven Jackson in 2006. He scored 24 total points in the game, which was the most for a single game by any player in the 2017 season. His performance in Week 15 earned him NFC Offensive Player of the Week. On December 19, Gurley was named to his second Pro Bowl as a starter. In Week 16, Gurley caught 10 passes for 158 yards and two receiving touchdowns to go along with 118 rushing yards, earning him NFC Offensive Player of the Week for the second straight week. Gurley was named the NFC Offensive Player of the Month for the second time that season. The playoff-bound Rams decided to have Gurley sit out the last game of the season against the San Francisco 49ers, allowing Kareem Hunt to win the title for rushing yards, but he still led the NFL with 13 rushing touchdowns, 19 total touchdowns, and 2,093 yards-from-scrimmage and all-purpose yards. He finished the season leading the league in scoring among non-kickers with 114 points. He was the 16th player in NFL history with a 750/750 rushing/receiving yard season and the eighth to record a 1,300/750 season.


title: Todd Gurley

text: Gurley played his first career post-season game in the against the Atlanta Falcons on January 6, 2018. Playing from behind most of the game, he had 14 carries for 101 rushing yards in the 26–13 home loss.


title: Todd Gurley

text: After a stellar 2017 season, Gurley was named the NFL Offensive Player of the Year. He finished second in MVP voting to Tom Brady. He was ranked sixth by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2018.


title: Todd Gurley

text: On April 24, 2018, the Rams exercised the fifth-year option on Gurley's contract. On July 24, 2018, Gurley signed a four-year, $60 million contract extension with the Rams with $45 million guaranteed, making him the highest-paid running back in the NFL.


title: Todd Gurley

text: Gurley scored the Rams' first touchdown of the season, taking a short pass from quarterback Jared Goff and going 19 yards to the end zone against the Oakland Raiders in Week 1. The touchdown was part of a 147-scrimmage yard performance for Gurley in the 33–13 victory. In Week 2, in the 34–0 victory over the Arizona Cardinals, Gurley recorded three rushing touchdowns for the second time in his professional career. In Week 3, Gurley had 23 carries for 105 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown to go along with five receptions for 51 receiving yards in the 35–23 victory over the Los Angeles Chargers.


title: Todd Gurley

text: In Week 5, Gurley had 77 rushing yards and three rushing touchdowns in the 33–31 victory over the Seattle Seahawks. In Week 6, Gurley ran 28 times for a career-high 208 yards and two touchdowns in a 23–20 win over the Denver Broncos, earning him NFC Offensive Player of the Week. In Week 7, against the San Francisco 49ers, he recorded two rushing touchdowns and a receiving touchdown in the 39–10 victory. Gurley was named the NFC Offensive Player of the Month for the month of October after rushing for 462 yards and seven touchdowns and catching 16 passes for 157 yards and two touchdowns through four games.


title: Todd Gurley

text: With a 17-yard touchdown run during a Week 10 victory over the Seattle Seahawks, Todd Gurley set a new team record by scoring a touchdown in 13 straight games, breaking the mark set by Elroy "Crazy Legs" Hirsch. During a Week 12 matchup against the Detroit Lions, Gurley rushed for 132 yards and two touchdowns in the fourth quarter to help the Rams clinch their second straight NFC West title and was named NFC Offensive Player of the Week for the second time in 2018.


title: Todd Gurley

text: Gurley scored two rushing touchdowns in a 30–23 loss to the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 15. He was then held out of the final two regular season games due to knee inflammation and finished the 2018 season with 256 carries for 1,251 yards and 17 touchdowns rushing, along with 59 receptions for 580 yards and four touchdowns receiving. Gurley was named to his third Pro Bowl in his four professional seasons. He was named as a First-Team All-Pro.


title: Todd Gurley

text: In the against Dallas Cowboys, Gurley ran 23 times for 115 yards and a touchdown in the Rams' 30–22 victory.


title: Todd Gurley

text: In the against the New Orleans Saints, Gurley struggled as he ran four times for 10 yards and a touchdown and had one catch for three yards in a 26–23 overtime victory to advance and play the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LIII. Leading up to the Super Bowl, Gurley's injury status was heavily discussed with reports claiming he was healthy while other reports claimed his knee was significantly more hurt than thought. In the Super Bowl, Gurley had ten carries for 35 rushing yards in the 13–3 loss to the Patriots. On March 2, 2019, it was reported that Gurley had arthritis in his left knee.


title: Todd Gurley

text: Coming off the 2018 campaign, Gurley's lingering knee issues contributed to lesser production in 2019. He failed to record a 100-yard rushing game but was reliable in the redzone on scoring touchdowns. Overall, Gurley finished the 2019 season with 857 rushing yards and 12 rushing touchdowns to go along with 31 receptions for 207 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns in the Rams 9–7 season. On March 19, 2020, Gurley was released.


title: Todd Gurley

text: On April 6, 2020, Gurley signed a one-year, $5.5 million contract with the Atlanta Falcons. The deal included a $2 million signing bonus, as well as $500,000 in incentives if he has 13 touchdowns or 1,000 rushing yards.


title: Todd Gurley

text: Gurley made his Falcons debut in Week 1 against the Seattle Seahawks. During the game, Gurley rushed 14 times for 56 yards and his first rushing touchdown as a Falcon in the 38–25 loss. In Week 4 against the Green Bay Packers, he had 16 carries for 57 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns in the 30–16 loss.


title: Todd Gurley

text: In Week 5 against the Carolina Panthers, Gurley recorded 150 yards from scrimmage and a rushing touchdown during the 23–16 loss. In Week 7 against the Detroit Lions, he had 23 carries for 63 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns in the 23–22 loss. His second rushing touchdown was particularly notable. The Falcons were trailing 16–14 late in the fourth quarter while driving. The Falcons were able to get into a position to run out most of the clock and kick a potential game-winning field goal. However, Gurley was given the ball and tried to stop crossing the goal line. However, he scored a touchdown with 1:04 remaining to give the Lions a chance to get the football back and win the game, which they did. Overall, Gurley finished the 2020 season with 195 carries for 678 rushing yards and nine rushing touchdowns to go along with 25 receptions for 164 receiving yards. Throughout the season, Gurley shared backfield carries with Brian Hill and Ito Smith.


title: Todd Gurley

text: After not playing in 2021, Gurley confirmed in an October 2022 interview that he was done playing professional football.


title: Todd Gurley

text: Gurley acquired numerous sponsorships in his professional career, including Hulu, Gatorade, and Carl's Jr.


title: Todd Gurley

text: Gurley was a co-founder of the M.A.D.E. Sports Foundation, which is designed to work in communities and use sports to help build character among members.


title: Todd Gurley

text: As a result of his successful 2017 season, some fantasy football owners who owned Gurley won their leagues. A movement started among some of the fantasy owners to donate some of their winnings to Shriners Hospital for Children, which was Gurley’s charity of choice. The initiative ended up netting over $10,000 for the hospital.


title: Todd Gurley

text: In 2018, Gurley hosted a childhood literacy initiative in partnership with Pizza Hut. The initiative was collaborating with nonprofit organization First Book to fulfill the company’s goal of providing access to a quality education for needy children.


title: Birds Aren't Real

text: Birds Aren't Real is a satirical conspiracy theory which posits that birds are actually drones operated by the United States government to spy on American citizens. In 2018, journalist Rachel Roberts described Birds Aren't Real as "a joke that thousands of people are in on."


title: Birds Aren't Real

text: Peter McIndoe created the satirical conspiracy theory "on a whim" in January 2017. After seeing pro-Trump counter-protestors at the 2017 Women's March in Memphis, Tennessee, McIndoe wrote "Birds Aren't Real" on a poster and improvised a conspiracy theory amongst the counter-protestors as a "spontaneous joke". A video of McIndoe at the march went viral, which started the satirical movement. In 2017, he posted on Facebook: "I made a satirical movement a few months ago, and people on Instagram seem to like it a lot." He later disclaimed the post, saying it was written by a staffer who was fired, and did not admit until 2021 that he did not truly believe the conspiracy.


title: Birds Aren't Real

text: The movement claims that all birds in the United States were exterminated by the federal government between 1959 and 1971, and replaced by lookalike drones used by the government to spy on citizens; the specifics of these theories are not always consistent, not unlike actual conspiracy theories. They claim that birds sit on power lines to recharge themselves, that birds poop on cars as a tracking method, and that U.S. president John F. Kennedy was assassinated by the government due to his reluctance to kill all the birds.


title: Birds Aren't Real

text: Some supporters have demonstrated with signs stating "Birds Aren't Real" and related slogans. In 2019, a billboard was erected stating "Birds Aren't Real" in Memphis, Tennessee. In 2021, some supporters demonstrated in front of Twitter's San Francisco headquarters demanding that the company change its bird logo. In 2021, MSNBC said that the movement had hundreds of thousands of members.


title: Birds Aren't Real

text: McIndoe has made multiple media appearances and done multiple interviews promoting the Birds Aren't Real movement. In 2021, he stated that he works full-time as a spokesperson for the movement, making money from sales of merchandise.


title: Birds Aren't Real

text: In a 2019 interview with WREG-TV, McIndoe used bothsidesism to promote Birds Aren't Real, saying that he was offended by a question about whether the movement was satirical, as such a question would not be asked of the opposite opinion (that birds are real). On January 6, 2022, McIndoe threw up during a live TV interview with the Chicago-based WGN9. "Adweek" called it an "apparent prank" and McIndoe labeled it a "hit job".


title: Birds Aren't Real

text: In January 2022, McIndoe featured in a profile of the movement for "Vice", giving his first media interview while not in character. In May 2022, he was interviewed by "60 Minutes". He started off the interview in character, but later broke character and described the purpose behind creating the satirical movement: "So it's taking this concept of misinformation and almost building a little safe space to come together within it and laugh at it, rather than be scared by it. And accept the lunacy of it all and be a bird truther for a moment in time when everything's so crazy."


title: Josh Brolin filmography

text: Josh Brolin (born 1968) is an American actor. Brolin has appeared in films such as "The Goonies" (1985), "Mimic" (1997), "Hollow Man" (2000), "Coastlines" (2002), "Grindhouse" (2007), "No Country for Old Men" (2007), "American Gangster" (2007), "W." (2008), "Milk" (2008), "True Grit" (2010), "Men in Black 3" (2012), "Oldboy" (2013), "Inherent Vice" (2014), "Sicario" (2015), "Hail, Caesar!" (2016), "" (2018), "Deadpool 2" (2018), "" (2019), and "Dune" (2021).


title: Billy Butcher

text: William J. "Billy" Butcher, or "Billy the Butcher", is a fictional character and antihero in the comic book and Amazon Prime series "The Boys", created by Garth Ennis and Darick Robertson. He is the leader of The Boys, a group of CIA-sponsored vigilantes (consisting of Wee Hughie, Mother's Milk, Frenchie, and the Female) who observe, record and sometimes liquidate "Supes" (i.e. "superpowered" or "superhuman" individuals, often acting as "superheroes") artificially created by the mega-conglomerate Vought. He is the Homelander's archenemy, who he blames for the rape and death of his wife Becky, while also developing an intense hatred for all superhuman beings. He is the final antagonist of the comic book series.


title: Billy Butcher

text: Butcher is portrayed by Karl Urban in the Amazon Prime Video streaming adaptation, and voiced by Jason Isaacs and Kay Eluvian in .


title: Billy Butcher

text: As a boy growing up in London's East End, Butcher watched his father physically abuse his mother on a daily basis, developing an overwhelming hatred for the older Butcher and almost leading him to murder. His younger brother Lenny talked him down, but only because of the impact it would have on their mother. Butcher went on to serve in the Royal Marines and was wounded in the Falklands War. Following his deployment, Butcher became self-destructive, drinking excessively and assaulting friends and strangers for little reason (even being court-martialed at one point). This changed the day he met his future wife, Becky Saunders. Following that, there was no record of any assaults; Mallory believes Becky's presence had a calming effect on Butcher. Conversely, the cause of Butcher's campaign against superheroes stems from the rage he felt after the rape and death of his wife at the hands of a "supe". Following a strange period of emotional distance between the two of them, Butcher awoke to find his wife disemboweled on their bed, with her prematurely born, superpowered child floating above her; after it attacked Butcher with its heat vision, Butcher beat it to death with a lampstand. The loss of his wife shattered Butcher's tranquility and re-awakened his old demons. After being taken into custody, he read Becky's diary (provided by Mallory) and discovered that his wife had apparently been raped by the world's premier superhero, The Homelander. After blinding a U.K. government official who threatened Butcher with incarceration if he did not go along with a cover story for Becky's death, Butcher was recruited to join Mallory in the enterprise that would later evolve into the Boys.


title: Billy Butcher

text: According to #50: At the time of the Boys' original disbanding, taking place some months after the events of 9/11, Butcher had stated that he had been working for Mallory for 15 years. This indicates that he began around 1986. Butcher and Mallory operated as a pair for several years, until an operation against a high-profile target (Web-Weaver, hinted at being the Boys' incarnation of Spider-Man), resulted in increased support in the team. In #55, Mallory tells Wee Hughie that Butcher recruited Mother's Milk, and subsequently the Frenchman and the Female (most likely for their willingness to commit violent acts). As time passed, Butcher slowly began to take control of the group, gradually increasing the level of violence the Boys used against Supes, often manipulating events until lethal force was the only option.


title: Billy Butcher

text: Butcher is now teetotal, preferring to drink Club Soda, and avoiding the unnecessarily self-destructive behavior of his youth (which had been fueled by alcohol), semi-regularly checking in with his sponsor and former drinking buddy Proinsias. Butcher also seems happy to help out a friend in need, even if it means he takes a beating in the process, telling M.M. after one such beating "It only hurts when I laugh... Hahahahaha". At the same time, M.M. has noted that Butcher never brings this up, instead leaving it hanging over M.M.'s head (as motivation). He seems genuinely fond of Hughie, but at the same time he has deliberately put Hughie into situations where he would have to use violence or kill an opponent, and rarely keeps him in the loop or will engage in one-upsmanship with him. Later, Hughie figures out that it was meant to toughen him up in the face of what the Boys do, and the mental games are likely due to Billy's awareness of Hughie's intuition and skill as an amateur detective. While Butcher seems at times callous with how he deals with his team, openly referring to the Frenchman and The Female as insane, Butcher is willing to take on a job by himself rather than risk losing the team on an operation, as seen when he takes on Payback by himself to cover the team's escape, and his unwillingness to allow anyone else accompany him into the White House to confront Homelander.


title: Billy Butcher

text: A bulldog named Terror is his constant companion; this dog has been trained to have sex with anything at Butcher's command ("Terror...Fuck it.") Butcher is extremely protective of Terror, even going as far as threatening the Homelander with breaking a truce after the Homelander moves to attack Terror for urinating on his leg in #20. In that same story, Homelander questions Butcher's motivations and, although Butcher does not verbally respond, the Homelander examines Butcher's pulse and heartbeat and hypothesizes that the Boys' war against superheroes is all that Butcher has to live for, a war that he does not expect to survive. Similarly, Mallory sees that what he unintentionally gave Butcher upon his recruitment into the Boys was a never-ending war which would constantly allow him to exercise the violent part of his being.


title: Billy Butcher

text: At the final clash in Washington, Butcher learned that it was Black Noir who'd killed his wife rather than the Homelander, and he finally gained his revenge. In issue #68, it was revealed that he'd secretly been making more of the modified Compound V from #11–14 (which can be triggered to kill superhumans) so that, if he survived, he could kill vast numbers of potential superhumans. The battle for Washington was won because Butcher had information about how to guide missiles towards the neurons in superhuman brains, that and the Compound V made Mother's Milk suspect that Butcher had faked Vogelbaum's death and was using him to develop more for himself.


title: Billy Butcher

text: After Washington, revealing his plans to use his Compound V to kill all potential superhuman in an act of genocide, numbering billions of people. Butcher murders their ally Vas (Love Sausage) to cover up his plan, then murders the Legend to prevent any information from reaching Hughie. Butcher suddenly announces a three-month leave for the team, revealing his intention to make Hughie his second-in-command (as Hughie had once asked for, however Hughie admits to having forgotten asking about it), to damage intra-group communication. It also comes out that he killed Milk's ex-wife in front of his daughter in order to prevent Milk from journeying to Los Angeles to deal with her. After confirming with Milk that he would not be on board with Butcher's plan, Butcher apologises to Milk and kills him, before using an explosion to kill Frenchie and the Female.


title: Billy Butcher

text: Having discovered his plan, Butcher is later confronted by Hughie on top of the Empire State Building, and after a brief fight, they both fall onto a lower platform, whereupon Butcher breaks his neck, becoming paralyzed from the neck down. After a brief conversation with Hughie wherein he acknowledges his past and admits to having killed Mother's Milk, Frenchie, and the Female, a police helicopter shows up. Knowing he will be locked away for life as an invalid, Butcher deceives Hughie into killing him by falsely claiming he had murdered Hughie's parents. Hughie, in a fit of rage, rams a metal spike into Butcher's chest, killing him. True to character, Billy dies smiling.


title: Billy Butcher

text: In "Butcher, Baker, Candlestickmaker", Butcher's background is explored, as he reminisces on his life whilst attending his father's funeral, talking to his corpse about his time spent serving in the British Army and special forces, fighting in the Falklands War, meeting and marrying his wife Becky, and joining the CIA and founding the Supe-focused black ops group The Boys following her death. Concluding with a statement on how much he had always hated his father despite not seeing him in twenty years, Butcher urinates on his corpse.


title: Billy Butcher

text: In "Dear Becky", set twelve years after Butcher's death, Hughie is sent Butcher's diary by an unknown individual, leading him to confront his past actions and killing Butcher. As Hughie reads through the diary, Butcher's past actions and moral justifications are elaborated upon, including torturing and murdering renegade Supes (including children), and how he developed his plans for a genocide focused on Supes. Ultimately, Rayner is revealed to have sent Hughie the diary in an attempt to intimidate him so she could restart her political campaign; Hughie then reveals that Butcher had had proof of the various war crimes she had committed which he kept to himself, instead having chosen to posthumously ruin her career with a sex scandal.


title: Billy Butcher

text: In the streaming television series adaptation, Karl Urban portrays the character. Unlike the comic series, Butcher has a beard, although he was clean shaven until his wife disappeared, presumed dead, with Butcher mistakenly believing that Homelander killed her, while seeking to take down Vought International as a whole as a result.


title: Billy Butcher

text: In season one, Billy is first seen in "The Name of the Game", when he heads to the shop where Hughie Campbell works and (under the guise of being an FBI agent) offers him the opportunity of vengeance on Vought International and their "Supe" superheroes after the former's girlfriend was murdered accidentally by the Supe known as A-Train. Although reluctant at first, Hughie eventually accepts and is taken by Billy into a secret location where Billy tells him about The Boys.


title: Billy Butcher

text: After some convincing, Billy finally manages to get Hughie to join his cause and takes him to the Vought headquarters the following day under the guise of getting an apology out of A-Train when in actuality he was instead placing a listening device into the conference room of Vought's premier superhero team, The Seven. Unfortunately however, Hughie is caught in the act by the Supe Translucent, who follows him back to the store and attempts to kill him, only for Butcher to save Hughie, and incapacitate and then kidnap Translucent. With nowhere to go, he seeks out the help of old-friend Frenchie. Frenchie is at first angry that Butcher has come to him, however the two reconcile and end up figuring a way to kill Translucent; Hughie is the one who ends up pulling the trigger, however.


title: Billy Butcher

text: Shortly after Translucent's death, Butcher approaches another old friend, Mother's Milk "MM", asking him to join The Boys again. MM initially refuses, however is convinced by Billy to come back. Not long after, in "The Female of the Species", The Boys find The Female in a basement, having been the subject of Compound V injections for a while. She is ultimately accepted into The Boys despite Butcher believing her to be initially dangerous.


title: Billy Butcher

text: Billy's hate for Supes has been fueled by his personal hate for Homelander, leader of The Seven, following the alleged death of his wife Becca Butcher. Shortly after his wife's disappearance, Grace Mallory approached Butcher, showing him CCTV footage of his wife and Homelander together at Seven Tower. Billy believed that Homelander was the reason she disappeared, presuming that he killed her, fueling a personal vendetta that would last the next eight years.


title: Billy Butcher

text: Unbeknownst to Billy, Becca had been placed into witness protection by Vought International having been pregnant and given birth to Homelander's child — a child with enhanced abilities, including Homelander's heat vision. In "You Found Me", Homelander takes Butcher to see Becca for the first time since her disappearance.


title: Billy Butcher

text: In season two following the events of "Butcher", Billy reunites with The Boys. In "Over the Hill with the Swords of a Thousand Men", Butcher steals a yacht and makes a deal with Mallory to transport Kenji to a rendezvous point, in return, Grace will give Butcher Becca's location. As the Boys transport Kenji, tension is still raw between Butcher and Hughie as Hughie punches Butcher for hitting him last time. Furthermore, when The Boys watch a news article about Compound V being exposed to the public, all the members except Butcher enthusiastically congratulate Hughie. Butcher then reminds them all that their work is not done and they must keep their eyes on the ball because "shit can go sideways just like that." Butcher's predictions come true, when The Boys are intercepted by a police helicopter telling them they're under arrest for stealing the yacht. Butcher attempts to reason with the helicopter, however Kenji breaks free from his restraints and attempts to attack Butcher and MM. However Kenji is shoved by Kimiko and instead hits the helicopter with his telekinetic attack. With the helicopter down, Butcher reasons that they have to move now or else more will come. Hughie is reluctant, saying that the police officers could still be alive and they need to check the wreckage, but Butcher reasons the men are already dead and they will be too if they don't keep moving. Things only escalate when the yacht is attacked by The Deep, forcing The Boys to transport Kenji using a spare speedboat on the back. While racing to the shoreline, their path is blocked by a whale, so Butcher rams through it. Determined to stay moving, Butcher commands The Boys to improvise and escape through a nearby Storm drain. Hughie however is reluctant and in shock, but eventually follows behind. The Seven arrive, Homelander and Starlight corner Hughie. Butcher then distracts Homelander long enough for Kenji to round the corner and neutralize Homelander by burying him in rubble. The Boys fail to recover Kenji and transport him, as Kenji is killed by Stormfront.


title: Billy Butcher

text: Butcher meets Grace at a memorial shrine for the 59 apartment tenants who were killed by Stormfront. She explains to Butcher that she has a reoccurring dream: She is on a stage at Carnegie Hall and everyone whoever got killed by a Supe is in the audience just staring at her. Butcher then apologizes for hitting a dead end on the investigation of Susan Raynor's death, but Grace only denies it that sorry isn't enough. Grace then gives Butcher information on an eye witness who knows about Liberty and tells him to give it to Mother's Milk. Grace stops Butcher and gives him Becca's location. Confused, Butcher asks why give it to him if he failed to deliver the terrorist. Mallory apologizes to Butcher, that she's sorry that she was the reason Butcher stopped searching for Becca by replacing it with a vendetta against Homelander. Furthermore, Grace expresses that she would like to have "one less audience member staring at her".


title: Billy Butcher

text: Butcher uses the information given to him to find the facility Becca is living in. Butcher climbs the fence and finds Becca. The two have sex and catch up on being separated for the last 8 years. Butcher reasons they have to escape and can uses a garbage truck for them to escape. When the day comes, Becca is reluctant to leave. She reasons that no matter what happens, Butcher will find someway to get rid of Ryan "It won't be obvious and it won't be right way", but he'll find a way. Butcher tries to convince her he wants to help raise Ryan but Becca explains she already knows Butcher's true nature, that he was already broken before she ever entered his life. Becca's assumptions come to light, when Butcher admits to calling Ryan a supe freak and that they should just hand him over to Vought so the two of them can escape and living in hiding. Becca refuses, stating she needs to be there for Ryan, otherwise Vought will only recreate Homelander. Butcher tries to plead with her, but Becca just gets into her car. Butcher attempts to stop her, but she activates an alarm and warns him to leave because every guard will arrive at his location in 60 seconds. Butcher leaves the compound disappointed at what at what his wife has become.


title: Billy Butcher

text: After Starlight gets her tracker chip removed, she is taken to The Boy's hideout, there she meets up with Butcher. Annie is still mad at Butcher for shooting her with a 50. caliber round, while Butcher is just dismisses her anger and focuses on the information at hand. The Boys investigate The Sage Grove Center, Butcher, Hughie and Starlight wait outside the facility to provide an escape for Frenchie, Mother's Milk, and Kimiko while they infiltrate the facility. Starlight makes an entrance while Butcher aims his rifle at her head, debating whether or not to shoot. He ultimately decides not to. When Starlight returns and offers Butcher a hand down, he refuses it. Infuriated by Butcher's distant attitude and repeated rude behavior, Annie confronts Butcher to the dismay of Hughie. She then incites the argument further by comparing Butcher to Homelander. Before the argument can can finish, they're interrupted by the arrival of Stormfront. Once Stormfront leaves, they order the other members to retreat. Unbenounced to them, the facility has enter lockdown with prisoners escaping. One of the patients meets Butcher and Starlight and begs them not to hurt him. The two try to calm the man, but he releases an EMP shockwave knocking them both back and sending the van with Hughie inside, flipping. Butcher kills the patient, and the two rush to check on Hughie. Hughie is fine until they notice a piece of shrapnel in his stomach. Concerned for Hughie, Billy and Annie leave the facility to seek medical help for Hughie, leaving the others to fend for themselves.


title: Billy Butcher

text: Annie hitchhikes to stop a car and begs the driver to help them. The driver notices Butcher's gun and in turn, pulls out a gun and threatens all of them believing they're trying to rob him. Annie draws energy from the man's car and hits him with a blast of energy. They leave the man's body and drive off. Annie confesses that she has become desensitized to civilians getting hurt, earning Butcher's silent respect. The two successfully take Hughie to a hospital and watch over him. The two then bond over how much they know about Hughie, with them both thinking he's too good for them.


title: Billy Butcher

text: Butcher is called by one of the gang members, who informs him they have a visitor. Butcher goes up top to see that Becca has tracked him down. Billy embraces her and she tells him to help her because Homelander took Ryan. Billy and The Boys then plan out how they're going to take down each member of The Seven, should all of them arrive. However, behind Becca's back, Butcher arranges a secret meeting with Stan Edgar.


title: Billy Butcher

text: Butcher meets with Stan Edgar in a restaurant to discuss about Ryan. Butcher is first patted down and assured that there are snipers trained on him. Edgar offers him desserts but Butcher demands to get straight to business. Edgar then asks what he knows about Ryan. Butcher explains that he knows Ryan is Vought's contingency plan in case Homelander steps out of line and that "plan" will fail if Ryan bonds with Homelander. Butcher then offers his assistance in solving that problem. Edgar asks why Butcher would think he would willfully betray his "friend". Butcher says he knows Edgar is ruthless because he knows Vought turns someone like Stormfront into one of America's most beloved Superheroes. Edgar justifies his actions as business progress because Stormfront helped improve their stock prices. Butcher then reminds Edgar that Stormfront should bother him for obvious reasons, to which Edgar revels she does worry him but he chooses not to focus on what he wants. Butcher then challenges Edgar by asking him how he could control Stormfront, however Edgar denies it. Butcher then offers to get Ryan away from Homelander, then he'll call Vought and have them secure Ryan, in return, Vought will do a better job of hiding him. Edgar agrees and promises to relocate Becca and Ryan to a safe place, but Butcher refuses, saying Becca stays with him. Edgar explains Ryan needs his mother, to which Butcher tells Edgar to find a new one. Edgar then asks about if and when Becca tries to find her son. Butcher tells him to say to her that it is the only way to keep Ryan safe from Homelander. Butcher holds out his hand and makes a deal, for Vought to tell him where they are and that he'll secure the boy. Edgar agrees and shakes his hand.


title: Billy Butcher

text: The moment Homelander leaves the cabin to follow Frenchie's distraction, Billy and Becca move in to secure Ryan. They take him and escort him back to the hanger The Boys are hiding at. Billy then changes the plan and orders M.M to escort Becca and Ryan out of the fight before it happens. Becca refuses, asking him why the plan has to change. Billy reveals that he secretly made a deal with Stan Edgar to give up Ryan, and in exchange, him and Becca could live together again. Becca agrees and reluctantly leaves with M.M, however their car is intercepted by the arrival of Stormfront. Billy rushes to the car and helps them out. Billy orders M.M to stay behind with the rest of The Boys and distract Stormfront while he secretly escorts Becca and Ryan.


title: Billy Butcher

text: Stormfront tracks them down in the middle of the forest and demands them to give her Ryan. Billy refuses, so Stormfront neutralizes him with her plasma lightning. Enraged when Becca stabs her eye, Stormfront holds Becca in a chokehold. Billy recovers and attempts to stop Stormfront by shooting her and hitting her head with a crowbar, but it doesn't even faze Stormfront as she continues to choke Becca. Ryan in a panicked state freaks out and uses his laser vision. When Butcher wakens from the attack, he notices a maimed Stormfront, Ryan crying while apologizing, and sees a mortally wounded Becca. Butcher rushes to Becca and holds down her wound, calling out for help but to no avail. Becca demands him to reassure Ryan that this was not his fault and to promise to keep Ryan safe before she closes her eyes and dies. Billy is distraught but intent on keeping his promise to his wife, so when Homelander arrives to take Ryan, Butcher refuses saying he promised Becca. He keeps Ryan in his protection and ends up giving him to Grace Mallory and the CIA, who will keep him somewhere safe.


title: Billy Butcher

text: In season three, in the year following Becca's death, Butcher has continued to lead the Boys under the sponsorship of the Federal Bureau of Superhuman Affairs, albeit without Hughie (now a liaison officer between the Boys and the FBSA) and MM (who wished to spend more time with his daughter, Janine), now headquartered at the Flatiron Building. Butcher has also been sober for the past year, and has served as a surrogate father figure to Ryan. On one mission, where the size-shifting Supe Termite accidentally killed his boyfriend, Butcher saves Frenchie by trapping Termite in a bag of cocaine and forced him to overdose, but decided not to kill him in accordance with Hughie's orders. After learning that Termite would not face charges due to a sponsorship deal between Vought and Terminix, Butcher expresses his anger and frustration over being allowed only to apprehend lower-tier Supes for minor offences.


title: Billy Butcher

text: With Queen Maeve working as an informant for the Boys, she informs him of the existence of a weapon called "B.C.L. Red", which allegedly killed the legendary Supe Soldier Boy in 1984 and which could be used to kill Homelander. She also provides him with vials of V24, an experimental Compound V variant which temporarily grants superpowers for 24 hours. Whilst considering pouring the V24 down the drain, Butcher is visited by Homelander, frustrated with being forced to publicly apologise for his relationship with Stormfront and having to co-captain the Seven with Starlight; begrudgingly empathising with their respective stymied positions, Butcher and Homelander pledge to some day engage in a "scorched earth" fight to the death.


title: Billy Butcher

text: Whilst investigating the former members of Payback, Soldier Boy's team, Butcher approaches Soldier Boy's former sidekick and ward Gunpowder, a gun-toting Supe with expert marksmanship. Attempting to blackmail Gunpowder for information regarding Soldier Boy's death using a copy of a complaint made by him of Soldier Boy's "habitual [physical] abuse" provided by MM, Butcher is wounded and driven off by Gunpowder after a shootout in a parking lot. When considering moving on with his life after watching a Lego animation video made by Ryan and featuring Becca's voice, Hughie informs him that Victoria Neuman, the FBSA director, is the head-popper and Stan Edgar's adopted daughter, that Vought has been controlling opposition to itself via the FBSA, and that to fight Vought they would have to do things "[Butcher's] way". After taking V24, Butcher returns to Gunpowder, successfully beating and interrogating him, demonstrating superpowers including super durability, super strength and laser vision. After learning that Soldier Boy supposed died whilst during a mission in Nicaragua in 1984 supported by the CIA, and that his own mentor Grace Mallory was Payback's case officer, Butcher beats Gunpowder to death before accidentally lasering Gunpowder's corpse and car. Whilst visiting Ryan, Butcher blackmails Mallory into revealing what she knew about Soldier Boy's death, threatening to leak the identities of her agents on Facebook if she did not comply. Mallory reveals that after having to accept the involvement of Payback and Vought in Operation Charly, joint Sandinista and Soviet forces were able to kill Soldier Boy, transporting his body to behind the Iron Curtain. Butcher resents Mallory's undisclosed knowledge of the existence of a weapon which could kill Homelander, believing that Becca's death could have been avoided. Mallory defends her actions by saying either the weapon would not have worked or have compelled Butcher to go on a rampage and kill all Supes, and tells him that he is his father's son. When Butcher storms out, Ryan tries to stop him from leaving, saying that he promised to stay with him, with Butcher defensively snapping at him and blaming him for Becca's death.


title: Billy Butcher

text: Butcher manages to strike a deal with Frenchie's former boss, the dominatrix and gang leader "Little Nina", getting the Boys transport to Russia and the location of B.C.L. Red, in exchange for the assassination of an oligarch, which Butcher forces Kimiko to carry out. Whilst raiding the research lab where B.C.L. Red is allegedly kept, Butcher is forced to use his Temp-V-enabled superpowers, namely his laser vision save the Boys from attacking guards after they run out of ammunition, and his super strength to open the pod containing B.C.L. Red (which is revealed to be Soldier Boy himself, now able to emit radioactive blasts following experimentation by the Russians). With the exception of Hughie, who used it without Butcher's approval or knowledge, the Boys disapprove of the use of Temp-V. After Soldier Boy blasts Kimiko (eliminating her powers in the process) and escapes the facility, and the Boys return to New York, Butcher relays the events of the failed mission to Maeve. Breaking their respective sobrieties and bonding over their mutual hatred of Homelander, Butcher rants about the absolute corruptibility of Supes and his desire to eliminate them all (to which Maeve does not disagree), and the two end up having sex. When Soldier Boy, who managed to smuggle himself into America, is shown on the news to have destroyed the best part of a five-storey brownstone in a radioactive blast, Butcher, Hughie and MM uneasily team-up to track him down. After learning from The Legend, the former Vought Vice President of Hero Management and informant and ally of the Boys, that Soldier Boy was planning to hunt down and kill his former team Payback for revenge, Butcher, Hughie and MM track down and capture Crimson Countess, Soldier Boy's girlfriend and first target. MM, whose grandfather was killed by Soldier Boy, is drugged by Butcher so that he does not interfere with his plan to offer Countess to Solider Boy as a show of good faith, hoping to team-up with him to kill Homelander. This alienates Butcher from MM, who considers him a hypocrite.


title: Billy Butcher

text: Butcher manages to get Soldier Boy to agree to help him and Hughie kill Homelander by plying him Vought-a-Burger food, whiskey and Benzedrine, goading him by referring to Homelander as "the new [Soldier Boy]", and agreeing to help him kill the surviving members of Payback in exchange. First going after the TNT Twins, he, Hughie and Soldier Boy travel to their Montpelier residence during the 70th anniversary of "Herogasm", an orgy attended by lower-tier Supes. MM, who along with Starlight had gone there to warn the Twins, is prevented from fighting Soldier Boy (and vice versa) by Butcher. Butcher allows MM to take out his frustration and anger on him without physical injury due to being on V24, and checks that he is still alive after Soldier Boy accidentally destroys the mansion, killing the TNt Twins and many guests, during a PTSD-induced blackout. After Homelander arrives, Butcher, Soldier Boy and Hughie manage to fight and briefly subdue him, although Homelander manages to escape just before Soldier Boy blasted him.


title: Billy Butcher

text: Going after Mindstorm, another former Payback member, Butcher supplies Soldier Boy with a large amount of marijuana to prevent him from experiencing another PTSD blackout. Disorientated by an explosion from a trip-wire-triggered grenade, Butcher is subdued by Mindstorm, put into a trance and forced to relive his worst memories until death by severe dehydration. Wishing to kill Mindstorm, the only one who could revive Butcher, Soldier Boy leaves Butcher for dead, much to Hughie's protestations, believing that Butcher would be willing to die if it meant fulfilling his promise of killing Homelander. Butcher witnesses, in third-person, his memories of the abuse he took from his father in order to protect his younger brother Lenny, his assault on a headmaster after being caught selling marijuana and compared to his father, during which he accidentally hit Lenny, and his brother's pleas to not enlist so to not be left alone to the full brunt of their father's abuse. After Hughie becomes disillusioned with Soldier Boy and has a change of heart, he rescues Mindstorm in order to revive Butcher, in exchange for being teleported to safety. Moments before being revived, Butcher is lambasted by Lenny for getting those closest to him killed, namely him and Becca, and similarly endangering Hughie, and is forced to witness Lenny's suicide. Moments after emerging from his trance, Butcher briefly confuses Hughie for Lenny, and comes to his aid after Soldier Boy punches him in retaliation for rescuing Mindstorm. After Annie informs Butcher that V24 will cause brain lesions and death after three to five doses, she demands that he inform Hughie. However, as Butcher is about to tell him, he instead tells him that they need to go to the Flatiron Building to collect more.


title: Billy Butcher

text: On their way back to New York, Butcher, commenting that Hughie is the "spit[ting image] of [his] little brother", knocks Hughie unconscious and abandons him in a gas station bathroom to prevent him from taking more Compound V. After Soldier Boy learnt from Mindstorm that he is Homelander's biological father, and in turn informing Homelander of the fact, Butcher tells him Homelander is not his "son", saying that "blood don't matter".


title: Billy Butcher

text: In the 2020 Amazon Prime Video-sponsored "The Boys" promotional episodes of "Death Battle!", Butcher (voiced by Kay Eluvian) participates in the Seven's battle royale, initially winning via making use of a laser baby, before being summarily crushed by Homelander.


title: Billy Butcher

text: In "" episode "", set in the same continuity as "The Boys" comic book series, Butcher (voiced by Jason Isaacs) confronts OD, a drug dealer who deals directly to Vought supes, and blackmails him into giving tainting the Great Wide Wonder's drugs, causing him to crash into Ironcast during a promotional campaign, killing them both. Laughing in the aftermath, Butcher tells OD about the pair's crimes, before walking away with Wee Hughie.


title: Billy Butcher

text: The short film "Butcher", set between the first and second seasons, follows Butcher on the run after being framed for Stillwell's murder. After seeking help from his old friend Jock, Butcher beats him to death after Jock calls the police on him.


title: Billy Butcher

text: The short film "Mr. Butcher", set between the third and fourth seasons, follows Butcher visiting an elementary school as a guest speaker, teaching children to be wary of Supes, of the many ways they can be killed by them, and encouraging fear and hatred of them in place of admiration.


title: Billy Butcher

text: Billy Butcher is a physically fit former SAS special forces operative later employed by the CIA, possessing no superpowers or extraordinary abilities, unless injected with a shot of the enhancement drug Compound V. Each dosage applied to Billy and other members of The Boys is worth 19 billion dollars, allowing Butcher superhuman levels of strength and durability, allowing him to casually injure and kill regular humans as well as "Supe" superhumans. Despite this strength, in the comic books Butcher is most commonly equipped with a crowbar. In the television series, Butcher along with the other members of the Boys (besides the Female) are not injected with Compound V and thus do not have superhuman abilities. In season three, Butcher acquires V24, an unstable variant of Compound V that grants superpowers for twenty four hours. When injected with V24, Butcher is granted superhuman strength, speed, durability, and stamina, along with gold-colored heat vision.


title: Billy Butcher

text: Billy Butcher was designed as a parody of The Punisher, a character that series creator Garth Ennis had written for nine years, prior to creating "The Boys". Both characters are family men who become violent, unhinged vigilantes who allow their constant thirst for revenge to take them over completely. The character was originally owned by DC Comics for its first volume until the rights were reverted to Dynamite Entertainment.


title: Billy Butcher

text: Following the story arc where the corrupt superhero problems are dealt with and Homelander and the Seven are defeated, Billy betrays and murders the other members of The Boys and has them killed in order to eliminate all Supes in the world, establishing him as the final antagonist of the series. Hughie Campbell, enraged by this act of betrayal, kills Billy with a glass shard. Despite dying, Billy praises Hughie and dies with a smile on face, and Hughie tells Annie that Butcher is probably fighting in Hell.


title: Billy Butcher

text: Karl Urban's depiction of Billy Butcher in the Amazon Prime Video streaming television adaptation has been positively received, and his interpersonal relationships with Hughie Campbell (portrayed by Jack Quaid) and Mother's Milk "MM" (portrayed by Laz Alonso) have been praised.


title: Jan Broberg Felt

text: As a child, Broberg was kidnapped on two occasions by a family friend, at ages twelve and fourteen. The experience has been documented in her mother Mary Ann Broberg's book, "Stolen Innocence: The Jan Broberg Story", the documentary "Abducted in Plain Sight", and the drama miniseries "A Friend of the Family".


title: Jan Broberg Felt

text: Broberg was born on July 31, 1962, in Pocatello, Idaho, to Robert "Bob" Broberg and Mary Ann Broberg. She was the couple's first child, and she was followed by two younger sisters, Karen and Susan.


title: Jan Broberg Felt

text: Broberg has appeared in over a dozen feature films. Some of her film credits are "Slaughter of the Innocents" (HBO), "The Poof Point" (Disney), "Message in a Cell Phone" (Disney), "The Secret Keeper" (Columbia TriStar), "Bug Off", "Hope For Troubled Teens", "Nadir", "Family First", "Little Secrets" (Columbia TriStar), "Mobsters and Mormons", and "". She also played the mother of the main character in "Baptists at Our Barbecue", and co-starred with Elijah Wood in "Maniac".


title: Jan Broberg Felt

text: Broberg has appeared in many television series, including: "Touched by an Angel" (CBS), "Promised Land" (CBS), "Remember Me" (PBS), "Death Row" (PBS), "The Man With Three Wives" (the Norman Grayson story), "Harmful Intent" (NBC), "Siege at Marion" (NBC), "Deliver Them from Evil: The Taking of Alta View" (CBS), "Ancient Secrets of the Bible" (CBS Miniseries). Perhaps her most notable role was in the WB series "Everwood" as Nurse Louise.


title: Jan Broberg Felt

text: Broberg has had stage roles in the following: "The Sound of Music" (Tuacahn Theatre), "I Do! I Do!" (Sundance Theatre), "Jane Eyre" (Glendale Center), "My Fair Lady" (Scera Theatre), "Carousel" (Idaho State University), "Trixie True Teen Detective" (BYU), "No No Nanette" (Playmill), and appeared with and directed for "St. George Musical Theater".<ref name="thespectrum/434406001"></ref>


title: Jan Broberg Felt

text: In 2017, Broberg was executive director for the Kayenta Arts Foundation and "Center for the Arts at Kayenta" in Ivins, Utah.<ref name="people/sight-jan/unfairly-blame"></ref>


title: Jan Broberg Felt

text: Broberg helped produce "A Friend of the Family"<ref name="parade/friend-family-peacock"></ref> a Peacock drama TV series, about her life.<ref name="kezj/kidnapped"></ref>


title: Jan Broberg Felt

text: Broberg was kidnapped when she was twelve,<ref name="journalnet/2003/10/19/news01"></ref> and again when she was fourteen, both times by Robert Berchtold,<ref name="theatlantic/582145"></ref><ref name="ranker/list/abducted"></ref><ref name="grunge/1042047"></ref> a friend of the family, who had sexual encounters with both parents.<ref name="vulture/abducted-director"></ref> On October 30, 2003, she and her mother Mary Ann published a heavily redacted book titled "Stolen Innocence: The Jan Broberg Story" which completely omitted her father's sexual involvement with the perpetrator.<ref name="eonline/1015608"></ref>


title: Jan Broberg Felt

text: Broberg's story was the feature of the true crime documentary "Abducted in Plain Sight". Filmed and produced over a three-year period, it was released in January 2019. Robert Berchtold died by suicide in 2005.<ref name="vanityfair/2019/plain-sight"></ref><ref name="idahostatesman/225533450"></ref>


title: Jan Broberg Felt

text: In 2008, in St. George, UT, the Local Chapter of National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs recognized, as the "2008 Women of Achievement", ten women, including Broberg.<ref name="p-gems/16429"></ref>


title: Jan Broberg Felt

text: In 2017, Broberg spoke to the St. George Area Chamber of Commerce Chamber inspiration luncheon, and the Hurricane Valley Chamber of Commerce luncheon.<ref name="stgeorgeutah/st-george-chamber-luncheon"></ref><ref name="stgeorgeutah/hurricane-chamber-luncheon"></ref>


title: Charles Koch

text: Charles de Ganahl Koch ( ; born November 1, 1935) is an American billionaire businessman. As of November 2022, he was ranked as the 13th richest person in the world on "Bloomberg Billionaires Index", with an estimated net worth of $66 billion. Koch has been co-owner, chairman, and chief executive officer of Koch Industries since 1967, while his late brother David Koch served as executive vice president. Charles and David each owned 42% of the conglomerate. The brothers inherited the business from their father, Fred C. Koch, then expanded the business. Originally involved exclusively in oil refining and chemicals, Koch Industries now includes process and pollution control equipment and technologies, polymers and fibers, minerals, fertilizers, commodity trading and services, forest and consumer products, and ranching. The businesses produce a wide variety of well-known brands, such as Stainmaster carpet, the Lycra brand of spandex fiber, Quilted Northern tissue, and Dixie Cup.


title: Charles Koch

text: Koch Industries is the largest privately held company by revenue in the United States, according to Forbes. In February 2014, Koch was ranked ninth richest person in the world by Hurun Report with an estimated net worth of $36 billion. Previously, in October 2012, he was ranked the 6th richest person in the world with an estimated net worth of $34 billion—according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index—and was ranked 18th on Forbes World's Billionaires list of 2011 (and fourth on the Forbes 400), with an estimated net worth of $25 billion, deriving from his 42% stake in Koch Industries. Koch has published three books detailing his business philosophy, "The Science of Success", "Market Based Management", and "Good Profit".


title: Charles Koch

text: Koch also supports a number of libertarian think tanks, including the Institute for Humane Studies, the Ayn Rand Institute, and the Mercatus Center at George Mason University. He also contributes to the Republican Party and candidates, libertarian groups, and various charitable and cultural institutions. He co-founded the Washington, D.C.-based Cato Institute. Through the Koch Cultural Trust, founded by Charles Koch's wife, Elizabeth, the Koch family has also funded artistic projects and creative artists. Along with his brother, Koch has been an important funder of think tanks that lobby to oppose environmental regulation.


title: Charles Koch

text: Koch was born and lives in Wichita, Kansas, one of four sons of Clementine Mary (née Robinson) and Fred Chase Koch. Koch's grandfather, Harry Koch, was a Dutch immigrant who settled in West Texas, founded the Quanah Tribune-Chief newspaper, and was a founding shareholder of Quanah, Acme and Pacific Railway. Among his maternal great-great-grandparents were William Ingraham Kip, an Episcopal bishop, William Burnet Kinney, a politician, and Elizabeth Clementine Stedman, a writer.


title: Charles Koch

text: In an interview with Warren Cassell Jr., which was recorded in February 2016, Koch stated that as a child he did not live a privileged lifestyle despite growing up in a wealthy family. Koch said, "My father wanted me to work as if I was the poorest person in the world." After attending several private high schools, Koch was educated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is a member of the Beta Theta Pi fraternity. He received a Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in General Engineering in 1957, a Master of Science (M.S.) in Nuclear Engineering in 1958, and a second M.S. in Chemical Engineering in 1960. His focus was on ways to refine oil.


title: Charles Koch

text: In 1961 he moved back to Wichita to join his father's business, Rock Island Oil & Refining Company (now known as Koch Industries). In 1967, he became president of the business, which was then a medium-sized oil firm. In the same year, he renamed the firm Koch Industries in honor of his father. Charles's brothers Frederick and Bill had inherited stock in Koch Industries. In June 1983, after a legal and boardroom battle, the stakes of Frederick and Bill were bought out for $1.1 billion and Charles and his younger brother David became majority owners in the company. Despite the settlement, legal disputes continued until May 2001, when CBS News reported that Koch Industries settled for $25 million.


title: Charles Koch

text: In 2006, Koch Industries generated $90 billion in revenue, a growth of 2000 times over, which represents an annual compounded return of 18%. , Koch was worth approximately US$41.3 billion (in 2013 $36 billion) according to the Forbes 400 list. Koch would routinely work 12-hour days at the office (and then spent more time working at home), weekends, and expected executives at Koch Industries to work weekends as well.


title: Charles Koch

text: Koch has been a director of INTRUST Financial Corp. since 1982 and director of Koch Industries Inc. since 1982. He is director of resin and fiber company Invista and director of Georgia-Pacific LLC, paper and pulp products. Koch founded or helped found several organizations, including the Cato Institute, the Institute for Humane Studies and the Mercatus Center at George Mason University, the Bill of Rights Institute, and the Market-Based Management Institute. He is a member of the Mont Pelerin Society.


title: Charles Koch

text: Charles Koch describes himself as a classical liberal and has formerly identified as a libertarian. He is opposed to corporate welfare and told the "National Journal" that his "overall concept is to minimize the role of government and to maximize the role of private economy and to maximize personal freedoms." He has expressed concern for too much government regulation in the U.S., stating that "we could be facing the greatest loss of liberty and prosperity since the 1930s." In addition, he has warned that drastic government overspending and a decline of the free enterprise system will prove detrimental to long-term social and economic prosperity.


title: Charles Koch

text: According to Stephen Moore, influences on Koch include Alexis de Tocqueville, Adam Smith, Michael Polanyi, Joseph Schumpeter, Julian Simon, Paul Johnson, Thomas Sowell, Charles Murray, Leonard Read, and F. A. Harper. The presidents he most admires include George Washington, Grover Cleveland, and Calvin Coolidge. In an interview with the "American Journal of Business", Koch said he owes "a huge debt of gratitude to the giants who created the Austrian School [of economics]. They developed principles that enabled me to gain an understanding of how the world works, and these ideas were a catalyst in the development of Market-Based Management." In particular, he expresses admiration for Ludwig von Mises' book "Human Action", as well as the writings of Friedrich Hayek. Koch said "the short-term infatuation with quarterly earnings on Wall Street restricts the earnings potential of Fortune 500 publicly traded firms." He also considers public firms to be "feeding grounds for lawyers and lawsuits," with regulations like Sarbanes–Oxley only increasing the earnings potential of privately held companies.


title: Charles Koch

text: Koch disdains "big government" and the "political class." He believes billionaires Warren Buffett and George Soros, who fund organizations with different ideologies, "simply haven't been sufficiently exposed to the ideas of liberty." Koch claimed "prosperity is under attack" by the Obama administration and sought to warn "of policies that threaten to erode our economic freedom and transfer vast sums of money to the state."


title: Charles Koch

text: Koch supports cannabis legalization. As of 2021, Koch is "actively funding efforts to end federal marijuana prohibition."


title: Charles Koch

text: Government spending on business only aggravates the problem. Too many businesses have successfully lobbied for special favors and treatment by seeking mandates for their products, subsidies (in the form of cash payments from the government), and regulations and tariffs to keep more efficient competitors at bay. Crony capitalism is much easier than competing in an open market. But it erodes our overall standard of living and stifles entrepreneurs by rewarding the politically favored rather than those who provide what consumers want.


title: Charles Koch

text: His opposition to corporate welfare includes lobbying for the end to ethanol subsidies even though Koch Industries is a major ethanol producer. He is quoted as saying: "The first thing we've got to get rid of is business welfare and entitlements."


title: Charles Koch

text: In an April 2014 "Wall Street Journal" op-ed, Koch wrote, "the fundamental concepts of dignity, respect, equality before the law and personal freedom are under attack by the nation's own government." He criticized the Obama Administration, saying that its "central belief and fatal conceit" is that people are not capable of running their own lives. "This is the essence of big government and collectivism," he wrote. He cited the "current health care debacle" as an example of disastrous government control. He complained that he had been the victim of "character assassination."


title: Charles Koch

text: Koch's business philosophy, "market-based management" (MBM), is described in his 2007 book "The Science of Success". In an interview with the "Wichita Eagle", he said that he was motivated to write the book by Koch Industries' 2004 acquisition of Invista so he could give new employees a "comprehensive picture" of MBM. According to the website of the Market-Based Management Institute, which Koch founded in 2005, MBM is "based on rules of just conduct, economic thinking, and sound mental models", harnessing the dispersed knowledge of employees just as markets harness knowledge in society. "It is organized in and interpreted through five dimensions: vision, virtue and talents, decision rights, incentives, and knowledge processes." In the book, Koch attempts to apply Friedrich Hayek's spontaneous order theory and Austrian entrepreneurial theory, such as that of Mises and Israel Kirzner, to organizational management.


title: Charles Koch

text: Koch funds and supports libertarian and free-enterprise policy and advocacy organizations. Two works that have been especially influential upon Koch's philosophy are Ludwig Von Mises' "Human Action" and F. A. Harper's "Why Wages Rise". After reading Harper's book, Koch became involved with Harper's Institute for Humane Studies, of which he became a principal supporter. He has been on the board of IHS since 1966. Since the 1980s, IHS has been increasingly interested in aiding the careers of aspiring educators, journalists, and policy professionals with an interest in classical liberal thought. Among other projects, the IHS runs the Charles G. Koch Summer Fellow Program, which "has supported more than 900 students during eight-week internships at public policy organizations, both in D.C. and around the country." In addition, almost 200 institutions of higher education in the U.S. are funded by the Charles G. Koch Foundation. What all the Koch-funded programs have in common is an interest in studying free societies with an eye to understanding the mechanisms behind the assumption that economic freedom benefits humanity.


title: Charles Koch

text: In 2008, Koch was included in "Businessweek"'s list of top 50 American givers. Between 2004 and 2008, Koch gave $246 million, focusing on "libertarian causes, giving money for academic and public policy research and social welfare." Koch was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from George Mason University in recognition of his financial support "through scholarships, faculty recruitment, and research grants".


title: Charles Koch

text: In June 2019, the Charles Koch Foundation announced the foundation of anti-war think tank Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft, cosponsored by George Soros' Open Society Foundations. He is a board member at the Mercatus Center, a market-oriented research think tank at George Mason University.


title: Charles Koch

text: Koch's philanthropic activities have focused on research, policy, and educational projects intended to advance free-market views. He has underwritten scholarships and financed the research of economists such as James Buchanan and Friedrich Hayek. He has also "supported efforts to inspire at-risk young people to consider entrepreneurship, to teach American students the principles of limited government, and to connect recent graduates with market-oriented organizations, in an effort to launch their careers in public policy." Koch has given money to support public policy research focused on "developing voluntary, market-based solutions to social problems." He has given to the Bill of Rights Institute, a non-profit group that educates teachers, students, and others about the Bill of Rights. He has also given to the Youth Entrepreneurs, an organization that teaches business skills to at-risk youth in Kansas schools.


title: Charles Koch

text: Koch acknowledges anthropogenic climate change, but opposes top-down government regulation as a solution. Rather, he favors bottom-up technological innovation from private entities, saying they can lower emissions while improving efficiency and lowering costs.


title: Charles Koch

text: He has heavily funded organizations and politicians who oppose environmental regulations. A leaked 2012 fundraising plan indicated that the Charles G. Koch Charitable Foundation contributed $25,000 in 2011 to the Heartland Institute, an American conservative and libertarian public policy think tank. Koch has also supported the Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature project, a scientific effort to compile an open database of the Earth's surface temperature records.


title: Charles Koch

text: The Pacific Legal Foundation, funded by Koch, has litigated against increased environmental regulation. The American Enterprise Institute received $2.1 million over two decades from the Charles Koch Foundation for its climate change denialist activities. Together with ExxonMobil's, Koch's wealth was also supplied to the Independent Institute, another think-tank known for lobby in favor of climate change denial. Koch has also given money to the American Institute for Economic Research, a right-wing libertarian think tank which also lobbies against climate science. Koch-backed Americans for Prosperity has fought efforts by the Environmental Protection Agency to regulate carbon emissions. The Republican Trump administration adopted environmental policies similar to those advocated for by Koch-funded groups. Koch has backed the Competitive Enterprise Institute and the CO2 Coalition, both of which also supported former President Donald Trump’s 2017 withdrawal from the Paris climate agreement.


title: Charles Koch

text: Koch has also given money to the American Institute for Economic Research, the right-wing libertarian think tank which sponsored the Great Barrington Declaration. His Charles Koch Foundation gave $68,100 in 2018. The declaration's sponsor employed Emergent Order, a public relations firm which itself receives funding from Koch's Foundation, registered as $1.4 million between 2014 and 2019.


title: Charles Koch

text: Koch supported his brother's candidacy for vice president on the Libertarian Party ticket in 1980. After the bid, Koch told a reporter that conventional politics "tends to be a nasty, corrupting business ... I'm interested in advancing libertarian ideas". In addition to funding think tanks, Charles and David also support libertarian academics and Koch funds the Charles G. Koch Summer Fellow Program through the Institute for Humane Studies which recruits and mentors young libertarians. Koch also organizes twice yearly meetings of Republican donors.


title: Charles Koch

text: Koch supported the Tea Party movement. "The way it's grown, the passion, and the intensity, was beyond what I had anticipated," he told an interviewer. He funded groups opposed to Barack Obama's administration.


title: Charles Koch

text: In 2011, Koch was awarded the William E. Simon Prize for Philanthropic Leadership. The award honors "the ideals and principles which guided William E. Simon's giving, including personal responsibility, resourcefulness, volunteerism, scholarship, individual freedom, faith in God, and helping people to help themselves."


title: Charles Koch

text: In July 2015 Charles Koch and his brother were praised by President Obama and Anthony Van Jones for their bipartisan efforts to reform the criminal justice system. For roughly a decade Koch has been advocating for several reforms within the prison system, including the reduction of recidivist criminals, easing the employment process for rehabilitated persons, and the defense of private property from asset forfeiture. Aligning with groups such as the ACLU, the Center for American Progress, Families Against Mandatory Minimums, the Coalition for Public Safety, and the MacArthur Foundation, Koch believes the current system has unfairly targeted low-income and minority communities all while wasting substantial government resources.


title: Charles Koch

text: In February 2016, Koch penned an opinion piece in "The Washington Post", where he said he agreed with presidential candidate Bernie Sanders about the unfairness of corporate welfare and mass incarceration in the United States.


title: Charles Koch

text: In 2020, Koch's Koch Industries donated $2.8 million to Republican Party causes through a political action committee. Koch Industries donated $221,000 to Democratic Party causes.


title: Charles Koch

text: On November 13, 2020, reports in several media published statements made during an interview with "The Wall Street Journal" by Koch about his regret that he had contributed significantly to the development of hyper-partisanship in the United States. Koch added that he intended to work with Democrats, moderate Republicans, and liberals to facilitate bipartisanship.


title: Charles Koch

text: In 2002, Koch Industries donated $6 million to renovate the Wichita State University basketball arena. The gift was given in honor of Koch, and the arena was subsequently renamed the Charles Koch Arena. Koch has continued to be a major donor to both the university and its athletic program. In December 2014, Koch Industries and the Koch family foundation donated $11.25 million to the university, the largest one-time gift in school history, with $4.5 million of that going toward a plan to renovate the arena and expand the athletic program's academic support center. Several months later, when men's basketball head coach Gregg Marshall was considering an offer to become head coach at the University of Alabama, Koch led a group of local business leaders and WSU boosters that raised Marshall's annual salary from $1.85 million to $3 million and kept him at the school. The raise was seen as an unprecedented move for a school outside the Power Five conferences, and likely to make Marshall among the 10 highest-paid college basketball coaches.


title: Charles Koch

text: Through the Koch Cultural Trust, founded by Charles Koch's wife, Elizabeth, the Koch family has provided financial support to promising artists in a variety of fields. More than $1.7 million in grants have been awarded to programs and individuals with Kansas roots.


title: Charles Koch

text: Koch has been married to his wife Liz since 1972. He has two children, Chase Koch and Elizabeth Koch. Charles and his three brothers have all suffered from prostate cancer. Koch "rarely grants media interviews and prefers to keep a low profile". "Time" magazine included Charles and David Koch among the most influential people of 2011. According to the magazine, the list includes "activists, reformers and researchers, heads of state and captains of industry." The article describes the brothers' commitment to free-market principles, the growth and development of their business, and their support for Tea Party organizations and political candidates. Koch lives in Wichita, Kansas and has homes in Indian Wells, California and Aspen, Colorado. Koch is irreligious.


title: Hausa people

text: The Hausa (autonyms for singular: Bahaushe (m), Bahaushiya (f); plural: Hausawa and general: Hausa; exonyms: Ausa; Ajami: ) are the largest native African ethnic group in Africa. They speak the Hausa language, which is the second most spoken language after Arabic in the Afro-Asiatic language family. The Hausa are a diverse but culturally homogeneous people based primarily in the Sahelian and the sparse savanna areas of southern Niger and northern Nigeria respectively, numbering around 83 million people with significant indigenized populations in Benin, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Chad, Sudan, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Togo, Ghana, Eritrea, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Senegal and the Gambia.


title: Hausa people

text: Predominantly Hausa-speaking communities are scattered throughout West Africa and on the traditional Hajj route north and east traversing the Sahara, with an especially large population in and around the town of Agadez. Other Hausa have also moved to large coastal cities in the region such as Lagos, Port Harcourt, Accra, Abidjan, Banjul and Cotonou as well as to parts of North Africa such as Libya over the course of the last 500 years. The Hausa traditionally live in small villages as well as in precolonial towns and cities where they grow crops, raise livestock including cattle as well as engage in trade, both local and long distance across Africa. They speak the Hausa language, an Afro-Asiatic language of the Chadic group. The Hausa aristocracy had historically developed an equestrian based culture. Still a status symbol of the traditional nobility in Hausa society, the horse still features in the Eid day celebrations, known as "Ranar Sallah" (in English: the Day of the Prayer). Daura city is the cultural center of the Hausa people. The town predates all the other major Hausa towns in tradition and culture.


title: Hausa people

text: The Hausa have, in the last 500 years, criss-crossed the vast landscape of Africa in all its four corners for varieties of reasons ranging from military service, long-distance trade, hunting, performance of hajj, fleeing from oppressive Hausa feudal kings as well as spreading Islam. The table below shows Hausa ethnic population distribution by country of indigenization, outside of Nigeria and Niger:


title: Hausa people

text: Daura, in northern Nigeria, is the oldest city of Hausaland. The Hausa of Gobir, also in northern Nigeria, speak the oldest surviving classical vernacular of the language. Historically, Katsina was the centre of Hausa Islamic scholarship but was later replaced by Sokoto stemming from the 17th century Usman Dan Fodio Islamic reform.


title: Hausa people

text: The Hausa are culturally and historically closest to other Sahelian ethnic groups, primarily the Fula; the Zarma and Songhai (in Tillabery, Tahoua and Dosso in Niger); the Kanuri and Shuwa Arabs (in Chad, Sudan and northeastern Nigeria); the Tuareg (in Agadez, Maradi and Zinder); the Gur and Gonja (in northeastern Ghana, Burkina Faso, northern Togo and upper Benin); Gwari (in central Nigeria); and the Mandinka, Bambara, Dioula and Soninke (in Mali, Senegal, Gambia, Ivory Coast and Guinea).


title: Hausa people

text: All of these various ethnic groups among and around the Hausa live in the vast and open lands of the Sahel, Saharan and Sudanian regions, and as a result of the geography and the criss crossing network of traditional African trade routes, have had their cultures heavily influenced by their Hausa neighbours, as noted by T.L. Hodgkin “The great advantage of Kano is that commerce and manufactures go hand in hand, and that almost every family has a share in it. There is something grand about this industry, which spreads to the north as far as Murzuk, Ghat and even Tripoli, to the West, not only to Timbuctu, but in some degree even as far as the shores of the Atlantic, the very inhabitants of Arguin dressing in the cloth woven and dyed in Kano; to the east, all over Borno, ...and to the south...it invades the whole of Adamawa and is only limited by the pagans who wear no clothing.” In clear testimony to T. L Hodgkin's claim, the people of Agadez and Saharan areas of central Niger, the Tuareg and the Hausa groups are indistinguishable from each other in their traditional clothing; both wear the tagelmust and indigo Babban Riga/Gandora. But the two groups differ in language, lifestyle and preferred beasts of burden (the Tuareg use camels, while Hausa ride horses).


title: Hausa people

text: Other Hausa have mixed with ethnic groups southwards and in similar fashion to their Sahelian neighbors have heavily influenced the cultures of these groups. Islamic Shari’a law is loosely the law of the land in Hausa areas, well understood by any Islamic scholar or teacher, known in Hausa as a "m'allam", "mallan" or "malam" (see Maulana). This pluralist attitude toward ethnic-identity and cultural affiliation has enabled the Hausa to inhabit one of the largest geographic regions of non-Bantu ethnic groups in Africa.


title: Hausa people

text: In the 7th century, the Dalla Hill in Kano was the site of a Hausa community that migrated from Gaya and engaged in iron-working. The Hausa Bakwai kingdoms were established around the 7th to 11th centuries. Of these, the Kingdom of Daura was the first, according to the Bayajidda Legend. Although the legend of Bayajidda is a relatively new concept in the history of the Hausa people that gained traction and official recognition under the Islamic government and institutions that were newly established after the 1804 Usman dan Fodio Jihad.


title: Hausa people

text: The Hausa Kingdoms were independent political entities in what is now Northern Nigeria. The Hausa city states emerged as southern terminals of the Trans-Saharan caravan trade. Like other cities such as Gao and Timbuktu in the Mali Empire, these city states became centres of long-distance trade. Hausa merchants in each of these cities collected trade items from domestic areas such as leather, dyed cloth, horse gear, metal locks and Kola nuts from the rain forest region to the south through trade or slave raiding, processed (and taxed) them and then sent them north to cities along the Mediterranean. By the 12th century AD the Hausa were becoming one of Africa's major trading powers, competing with Kanem-Bornu and the Mali Empire. The primary exports were leather, gold, cloth, salt, kola nuts, slaves, animal hides, and henna. Certainly trade influenced religion. By the 14th century, Islam was becoming widespread in Hausaland as Wangara scholars, scholars and traders from Mali and scholars and traders from the Maghreb brought the religion with them.


title: Hausa people

text: By the early 15th century the Hausa were using a modified Arabic script known as "ajami" to record their own language; the Hausa compiled several written histories, the most popular being the "Kano Chronicle." Many medieval Hausa manuscripts similar to the Timbuktu Manuscripts written in the Ajami script, have been discovered recently some of them even describe constellations and calendars.


title: Hausa people

text: The Gobarau Minaret was built in the 15th century in Katsina. It is a 50-foot edifice located in the centre of the city of Katsina, the capital of Katsina State. The Gobarau minaret, a symbol of the state, is an early example of Islamic architecture in a city that prides itself as an important Islamic learning centre. The minaret is believed to be one of West Africa's first multi-storey buildings and was once the tallest building in Katsina. The mosque's origin is attributed to the efforts of the influential Islamic scholar Sheikh Muhammad al-Maghili and Sultan Muhammadu Korau of Katsina. Al-Maghili was from the town of Tlemcen in present-day Algeria and taught for a while in Katsina, which had become a centre of learning at this time, when he visited the town in the late 15th century during the reign of Muhammadu Korau. He and Korau discussed the idea of building a mosque to serve as a centre for spiritual and intellectual activities. The Gobarau mosque was designed and built to reflect the Timbuktu-style of architecture. It became an important centre for learning, attracting scholars and students from far and wide, and later served as a kind of university.


title: Hausa people

text: Muhammad Rumfa was the Sultan of the Sultanate of Kano, located in modern-day Kano State, Northern Nigeria. He reigned from 1463 until 1499. Among Rumfa's accomplishments were extending the city walls, building a large palace, the Gidan Rumfa, promoting slaves to governmental positions and establishing the great Kurmi Market, which is still in use today. Kurmi Market is among the oldest and largest local markets in Africa. It used to serve as an international market where North African goods were exchanged for domestic goods through trans-Saharan trade. Muhammad Rumfa was also responsible for much of the Islamisation of Kano, as he urged prominent residents to convert.


title: Hausa people

text: The legendary Queen Amina (or Aminatu) is believed to have ruled Zazzau between the 15th century and the 16th century for a period of 34 years. Amina was 16 years old when her mother, Bakwa Turunku became queen and she was given the traditional title of "Magajiya", an honorific borne by the daughters of monarchs. She honed her military skills and became famous for her bravery and military exploits, as she is celebrated in song as "Amina, daughter of Nikatau, a woman as capable as a man."


title: Hausa people

text: Amina is credited as the architectural overseer who created the strong earthen walls that surround her city, which were the prototype for the fortifications used in all Hausa states. She subsequently built many of these fortifications, which became known as ganuwar Amina or Amina's walls, around various conquered cities.


title: Hausa people

text: The objectives of her conquests were twofold: extension of her nation beyond its primary borders and reducing the conquered cities to a vassal status. Sultan Muhammad Bello of Sokoto stated that, "She made war upon these countries and overcame them entirely so that the people of Katsina paid tribute to her and the men of Kano and... also made war on cities of Bauchi till her kingdom reached to the sea in the south and the west." Likewise, she led her armies as far as Kwararafa and Nupe and, according to the Kano Chronicle, "The Sarkin Nupe sent her (i.e. the princess) 40 eunuchs and 10,000 kola nuts."


title: Hausa people

text: From 1804 to 1808, the Fulani, another Islamic African ethnic group that spanned West Africa and have settled in Hausaland since the early 1500s, with support of already oppressed Hausa peasants revolted against oppressive cattle tax and religious persecution under the new king of Gobir, whose predecessor and father had tolerated Muslim evangelists and even favoured the leading Muslim cleric of the day, Sheikh Usman Dan Fodio whose life the new king had sought end. Sheikh Usman Dan Fodio fled Gobir and from his sanctuary declared Jihad on its king and all Habe dynasty kings for their alleged greed, paganism, injustices against the peasant class, use of heavy taxation and violation of the standards of Sharia law. The Fulani and Hausa cultural similarities as a Sahelian people however allowed for significant integration between the two groups. Since the early 20th century, these peoples are often classified as "Hausa–Fulani" within Nigeria rather than as individuated groups. In fact a large number of Fulani living in Hausa regions cannot speak Fulfulde at all and speak Hausa as their first language. Many Fulani in the region do not distinguish themselves from the Hausa, as they have long intermarried, they share the Islamic religion and more than half of all Nigerian Fulani have integrated into Hausa culture.


title: Hausa people

text: British colonial administrator Frederick Lugard exploited rivalries between many of the emirs in the south and the central Sokoto administration to counter possible defence efforts as his men marched toward the capital. As the British approached the city of Sokoto, the new Sultan Muhammadu Attahiru I organised a quick defence of the city and fought the advancing British-led forces. The British emerged triumphant, sending Attahiru I and thousands of followers on a Mahdist "hijra".


title: Hausa people

text: On 13 March 1903 at the grand market square of Sokoto, the last Vizier of the Caliphate officially conceded to British rule. The British appointed Muhammadu Attahiru II as the new Caliph. Lugard abolished the Caliphate, but retained the title "Sultan" as a symbolic position in the newly organised Northern Nigeria Protectorate. In June 1903, the British defeated the remaining forces of Attahiru I, who was killed in action; by 1906 resistance to British rule had ended. The area of the Sokoto Caliphate was divided among the control of the British, French, and Germans under the terms of the Berlin Conference.


title: Hausa people

text: The British established the Northern Nigeria Protectorate to govern the region, which included most of the Sokoto empire and its most important emirates. Under Lugard, the various emirs were provided significant local autonomy, thus retaining much of the political organisation of the Sokoto Caliphate. The Sokoto area was treated as just another emirate within the Nigerian Protectorate. Because it was never connected with the railway network, it became economically and politically marginal.


title: Hausa people

text: But, the Sultan of Sokoto continued to be regarded as an important Muslim spiritual and religious position; the lineage connection to dan Fodio has continued to be recognised. One of the most significant Sultans was Siddiq Abubakar III, who held the position for 50 years from 1938 to 1988. He was known as a stabilising force in Nigerian politics, particularly in 1966 after the assassination of Ahmadu Bello, the Premier of Northern Nigeria.


title: Hausa people

text: Following the construction of the Nigerian railway system, which extended from Lagos in 1896 to Ibadan in 1900 and Kano in 1911, the Hausa of northern Nigeria became major producers of groundnuts. They surprised the British authorities, who had expected the Hausa to turn to cotton production. However, the Hausa had sufficient agricultural expertise to realise cotton required more labour and the European prices offered for groundnuts were more attractive than those for cotton. "Within two years the peasant farmers of Hausaland were producing so many tonnes of groundnuts that the railway was unable to cope with the traffic. As a result, the European merchants in Kano had to stockpile sacks of groundnuts in the streets." (Shillington 338).


title: Hausa people

text: The Boko script was implemented by the British and French colonial authorities and made the official Hausa alphabet in 1930. Boko is a Latin alphabet used to write the Hausa language. The first boko was devised by Europeans in the early 19th century, and developed in the early 20th century by the British (mostly) and French colonial authorities. Since the 1950s boko has been the main alphabet for Hausa. Arabic script ("ajami") is now only used in Islamic schools and for Islamic literature. Today millions of Hausa-speaking people, who can read and write in Ajami only, are considered illiterates by the Nigerian government. Despite this, Hausa Ajami is present on Naira banknotes. In 2014, in a very controversial move, Ajami was removed from the new 100 Naira banknote.


title: Hausa people

text: Hausas in the narrow sense are indigenous of Kasar Hausa (Hausaland) who are found in West Africa. Within the people of the Hausa, the distinction is made between three subgroups: Habe, Hausa-Fulani (Kado), and Banza or Banza 7


title: Hausa people

text: According to a Y-DNA study by Hassan et al. (2008), about 47% of Hausa in Niger, Cameroon, Nigeria and Sudan carry the West Eurasian haplogroup R1b . The remainder belong to various African paternal lineages: 15.6% B, 12.5% A and 12.5% E1b1a. A small minority of around 4% are E1b1b clade bearers, a haplogroup which is most common in North Africa and the Horn of Africa.


title: Hausa people

text: In terms of overall ancestry, an autosomal DNA study by Tishkoff et al. (2009) found the Hausa to be most closely related to Nilo-Saharan populations from Chad and South Sudan. This suggests that the Hausa and other modern Chadic-speaking populations originally spoke Nilo-Saharan languages, before adopting languages from the Afroasiatic family after migration into that area thousands of years ago.


title: Hausa people

text: ""From K = 5-13, all Nilo-Saharan speaking populations from southern Sudan, and Chad cluster with west-central Afroasiatic Chadic-speaking populations (Fig. S15). These results are consistent with linguistic and archeological data, suggesting a possible common ancestry of Nilo-Saharan speaking populations from an eastern Sudanese homeland within the past ≈10,500 years, with subsequent bi-directional migration westward to Lake Chad and southward into modern day southern Sudan, and more recent migration eastward into Kenya and Tanzania ≈3,000 ya (giving rise to Southern Nilotic speakers) and westward into Chad ≈2,500 ya (giving rise to Central Sudanic speakers) (S62, S65, S67, S74). A proposed migration of proto-Chadic Afroasiatic speakers ≈7,000 ya from the central Sahara into the Lake Chad Basin may have caused many western Nilo-Saharans to shift to Chadic languages (S99). Our data suggest that this shift was not accompanied by large amounts of Afroasiatic16 gene flow. Analyses of mtDNA provide evidence for divergence ≈8,000 ya of a distinct mtDNA lineage present at high frequency in the Chadic populations and suggest an East African origin for most mtDNA lineages in these populations (S100)"."


title: Hausa people

text: The Hausa cultural practices stand unique in Nigeria and have withstood the test of time due to strong traditions, cultural pride as well as an efficient precolonial native system of government. Consequently, and in spite of strong competition from western European culture as adopted by their southern Nigerian counterparts, have maintained a rich and particular mode of dressing, food, language, marriage system, education system, traditional architecture, sports, music and other forms of traditional entertainment.