text: Even though Cox lost badly, his running mate Franklin D. Roosevelt became a well-known political figure because of his active and energetic campaign. In 1928, he was elected Governor of New York, and in 1932 he was elected president. He remained in power until his death in 1945 as the longest-serving American president in history.


title: 1920 United States presidential election

text: The total vote for 1920 was roughly 26,750,000, an increase of eight million from 1916. Harding won in all twelve cities with populations above 500,000. Harding won a net vote total of 1,540,000 from the twelve largest cities which was the highest amount for any Republican and fifth highest for any candidate from 1920 to 1948. The Democratic vote was almost exactly the vote from 1916, but the Republican vote nearly doubled, as did the "other" vote. As pointed out earlier, the great increase in the total number of votes is mainly attributable to the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which gave women the right to vote.


text: Nearly two-thirds of the counties (1,949) were carried by the Republicans. The Democrats carried only 1,101 counties, a smaller number than Alton Parker had carried in 1904 and consequently the smallest number during the Fourth Party System until that point (Al Smith would carry even fewer in 1928). Not a single county was carried by the Democrats in the Pacific section, where they had carried 76 in 1916. In the Mountain section Cox carried only thirteen counties, seven of them located in New Mexico bordering Texas, whereas Wilson carried all but twenty-one Mountain Section counties in 1916. At least one county was lost in every section in the Union and in every state except South Carolina and Mississippi. Eleven counties in Texas recorded a plurality for Ferguson.


text: Wilson had won the support of Americans of German, Italian, Irish, or Jewish descent in the 1916 election, but Cox lost in all of those demographics and received less support from Jewish voters than Debs. Harding received support from over 90% of black voters.


text: The distribution of the county vote accurately represents the overwhelming character of the majority vote. Harding received 60.35 percent of the total vote, the largest percentage in the Fourth Party System, exceeding Franklin D. Roosevelt's in 1932. Although the Democratic share was 34.13 percent, in no section did its voting share sink below 24 percent, and in three sections, the Democrats topped the poll. The Democratic Party was obviously still a significant opposition on national terms, even though Cox won only eleven states and had fewer votes in the electoral college than Parker had won in 1904. More than two-thirds of the Cox vote was in states carried by Harding.


text: The distribution of the vote by counties, and the study of percentages in sections, states, and counties, seem to show that it was Wilson and foreign policies that received the brunt of attack, not the Democratic Party and the domestic proposals of the period 1896–1914.


title: Alex Horne

text: Alexander James Jeffery Horne (born 10 September 1978) is a British comedian. Horne is the creator of BAFTA award-winning TV series "Taskmaster", in which he also performs as the Taskmaster's assistant. He is the host and bandleader of "The Horne Section", a comedic band. Horne runs the band's eponymous podcast and has appeared with them on their music variety show on BBC Radio 4 and TV channel Dave.


title: Alex Horne

text: He was a contestant on the numbers and letters show "Countdown" in 2008, and has been a dictionary corner guest many times on "8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown" with his band.


title: Alex Horne

text: Horne was educated at independent Lancing College (1991–1996) and at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, where he studied classics, graduating in 2001. While at Cambridge he was a member of the Footlights.


title: Alex Horne

text: He made his first appearance at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in 2000 with his show, "How To Avoid Huge Ships". His 2003 Edinburgh show, "Making Fish Laugh" was nominated for a Perrier newcomer award. In 2004 he won a Chortle Award for Best Breakthrough Act. His shows with Tim Key have been "Every Body Talks" and "When in Rome", both of which featured unusually extensive use of Microsoft PowerPoint for a comic act. Horne toured Roman towns of the UK with the "When in Rome" show in early 2006.


title: Alex Horne

text: As a solo performer, Horne wrote and performed "Birdwatching" at the 2007 Edinburgh Festival and "Wordwatching" at the 2008 Edinburgh Festival. He signed a two-book deal with Virgin Publishing to write up both of these stories as books. The first, entitled "Birdwatchingwatching", came out early in 2009. The second came out in early 2010.


title: Alex Horne

text: On 18 January 2007, Horne became the first comedian to perform in "Second Life" for a feature on Sky News. Between 24 October 2006 and 24 October 2007 he worked alongside fellow comedian Owen Powell, in an attempt to find a person from every nationality living in London. After a year's search, they finally managed to meet people from 189 of the UN's 192 countries, and hence suggested there is nobody in the city from Tuvalu, Palau, or the Marshall Islands.


title: Alex Horne

text: Since 2010, Horne has also been performing with his band The Horne Section as the compere of comedy variety shows. "Alex Horne Presents The Horne Section" (2012–14) ran for three series on BBC Radio 4, and "The Horne Section Podcast" has streamed since 2018.


title: Alex Horne

text: Horne, along with Tim Key and Mark Watson, created the YouTube series "No More Jockeys" during the 2020 coronavirus lockdown in the UK, itself based upon their earlier BBC web series "No More Women". Horne also hosts the YouTube channel "Bad Golf" with John Robins.


title: Alex Horne

text: Horne appeared as a contestant on "Countdown" in August 2008, winning three matches before being defeated. He also won the inaugural Comedians' Countdown Competition held at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in the same month, beating Mark Watson and Stephen Grant to lift the trophy.


title: Alex Horne

text: Horne acted as the on-stage expert responsible for graphics and sound-effects on the quiz show "We Need Answers" on BBC Four, in 2009 and 2010.


title: Alex Horne

text: In 2011, Horne appeared on BBC One's "Celebrity Mastermind". His specialist subject was the comedian Ken Dodd. He finished in 2nd place with a score of 25. During Comic Relief 2011's "24 Hour Panel People" marathon, Horne appeared on the "Call My Bluff" segment, on a team with Tim Key and Roisin Conaty. Horne also appeared in the TV show on BBC Three called "Britain in Bed" in 2011. He appeared as a guest on "The Matt Lucas Awards" on 16 April 2013 where he won "The Bravest Guest" Award. He has appeared eight times on "8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown", seven as a Dictionary Corner guest, and once as a replacement for Joe Wilkinson. He has appeared twice as a contestant on "The Chase" on ITV.


title: Alex Horne

text: On 26 November 2012, Horne chaired "Never Mind the Buzzcocks" on BBC Two. The Horne Section performed behind him at various points during the quiz, and played songs about guests Louis Smith, Josh Widdicombe and Paloma Faith.


title: Alex Horne

text: Since 2015, Horne has served as co-host alongside Greg Davies in the series "Taskmaster", which he created. The series was originally broadcast on Dave, and transferred to Channel 4 in 2020. In 2018, Horne co-hosted the US remake of the show, which carried a shorter, but similar format to the UK series. Versions of the programme have also been made in Belgium, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Spain, Portugal, Finland and New Zealand. The show was awarded with a BAFTA for its 9th series in 2020.


title: Alex Horne

text: In May 2018, Horne presented "The Horne Section Television Programme", a musical comedy stage show based on his BBC Radio 4 show, "The Horne Section". The show was recorded for UKTV in front of a live audience at the London Palladium and aired on Dave on 24 May. The show featured his band—The Horne Section—as well as performances from comedians Sue Perkins, Sara Pascoe and Joe Wilkinson, drag act and opera singer Le Gateau Chocolat, and Girls Aloud singer Nadine Coyle.


title: Alex Horne

text: A Channel 4 six-part programme "The Horne Section TV Show" was released on 3 November 2022. It is scripted and combines elements of musical comedy, talk show and sitcom.


title: Alex Horne

text: Horne is married to former BBC business journalist Rachel Horne who now works on the Chris Evans breakfast show at Virgin Radio, and the couple have three sons. He is a birdwatcher, which he describes as the perfect activity "for someone who likes sport but is getting too old to play, likes the outdoors and is slightly anal". He is a supporter of Liverpool F.C. and is a director of his local team Chesham United F.C..


title: Mineral oil

text: Mineral oil is any of various colorless, odorless, light mixtures of higher alkanes from a mineral source, particularly a distillate of petroleum, as distinct from usually edible vegetable oils.


title: Mineral oil

text: The name 'mineral oil' by itself is imprecise, having been used for many specific oils over the past few centuries. Other names, similarly imprecise, include 'white oil', 'paraffin oil', 'liquid paraffin' (a highly refined medical grade), (Latin), and 'liquid petroleum'.


title: Mineral oil

text: Most often, mineral oil is a liquid by-product of refining crude oil to make gasoline and other petroleum products. This type of mineral oil is a transparent, colorless oil, composed mainly of alkanes and cycloalkanes, related to petroleum jelly. It has a density of around .


title: Mineral oil

text: Some of the imprecision in the definition of the names used for mineral oil (such as 'white oil') reflects usage by consumers and merchants who did not know, and usually had no need of knowing, the oil's precise chemical makeup. Merriam-Webster states the first use of the term "mineral oil" as being 1771. Prior to the late 19th century, the chemical science to determine the makeup of an oil was unavailable in any case. A similar lexical situation occurred with the term "white metal".


title: Mineral oil

text: "Mineral oil", sold widely and cheaply in the US, is not sold as such in Britain. Instead, British pharmacologists use the terms "paraffinum perliquidum" for light mineral oil and "paraffinum liquidum" or "paraffinum subliquidum" for somewhat more viscous varieties. The term "paraffinum liquidum" is often seen on the ingredient lists of baby oil and cosmetics. British aromatherapists commonly use the term "white mineral oil". In lubricating oils, mineral oil is termed from groups 1 to 2 worldwide and group 3 in certain regions. This is because the high end of group 3 mineral lubricating oils are so pure that they exhibit properties similar to polyalphaolefin – PAO oils (group 4 synthetics).


title: Mineral oil

text: The World Health Organization classifies minimally treated mineral oils as carcinogens group 1 known to be carcinogenic to humans; Highly refined oils are classified group 3 as not suspected to be carcinogenic, from known available information sufficient to classify them as harmless.


title: Mineral oil

text: The UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) carried out a risk assessment on the migration of components from printing inks used on carton-board packaging—including mineral oils—into food in 2011, based on the findings of a survey conducted in the same year. The FSA did not identify any specific food safety concerns due to inks.


title: Mineral oil

text: People can be exposed to mineral oil mist in the workplace through inhalation, skin contact, or eye contact. In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has set the legal limit for mineral oil mist exposure in the workplace as over an 8-hour workday, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has set a recommended exposure limit of over an 8-hour workday, with a previous limit of for short-term exposure rescinded according to the 2019 Guide to Occupational Exposure Values compiled by the ACGIH. Levels of and higher are indicated as immediately dangerous to life and health. However, current toxicological data does not contain any evidence of irreversible health effects due to short-term exposure at any level; the current value of is indicated as being arbitrary.


title: Mineral oil

text: Mineral oil is used as a laxative to alleviate constipation by retaining water in stool and the intestines. Although generally considered safe, as noted above, there is a concern of mist inhalation leading to serious health conditions such as pneumonia.


title: Mineral oil

text: Mineral oil can be administered either orally or rectally. It is sometimes used as a lubricant in enema preparations as most of the ingested material is excreted in the stool rather than being absorbed by the body.


title: Mineral oil

text: It is recommended by the American Society for Reproductive Medicine for use as a fertility-preserving vaginal lubrication. However, it is known that oils degrade latex condoms.


title: Mineral oil

text: Mineral oil of special purity is often used as an overlay covering micro drops of culture medium in petri dishes, during the culture of oocytes and embryos in IVF and related procedures. The use of oil presents several advantages over the open culture system: it allows for several oocytes and embryos to be cultured simultaneously, but observed separately, in the same dish; it minimizes concentration and pH changes by preventing evaporation of the medium; it allows for a significant reduction of the medium volume used (as few as per oocyte instead of several milliliters for the batch culture); and it serves as a temperature buffer minimizing thermal shock to the cells while the dish is taken out of the incubator for observation.


title: Mineral oil

text: Over-the-counter veterinarian-use mineral oil is intended as a mild laxative for pets and livestock. Certain mineral oils are used in livestock vaccines, as an adjuvant to stimulate a cell-mediated immune response to the vaccinating agent. In the poultry industry, plain mineral oil can also be swabbed onto the feet of chickens infected with scaly mites on the shank, toes, and webs. Mineral oil suffocates these tiny parasites. In beekeeping, food grade mineral oil-saturated paper napkins placed in hives are used as a treatment for tracheal and other mites. It is also used along with a cotton swab to remove un-shed skin (ashes) on reptiles such as lizards and snakes.


title: Mineral oil

text: Mineral oil is a common ingredient in baby lotions, cold creams, ointments, and cosmetics. It is a lightweight inexpensive oil that is odorless and tasteless. It can be used on eyelashes to prevent brittleness and breaking and, in cold cream, is also used to remove creme make-up and temporary tattoos. One of the common concerns regarding the use of mineral oil is its presence on several lists of comedogenic substances. These lists of comedogenic substances were developed many years ago and are frequently quoted in the dermatological literature.


title: Mineral oil

text: The type of highly refined and purified mineral oil found in cosmetic and skincare products is noncomedogenic (does not clog pores).


title: Mineral oil

text: Mineral oil is used in a variety of industrial/mechanical capacities as a non-conductive coolant or thermal fluid in electric components as it does not conduct electricity and functions to displace air and water. Some examples are in transformers, where it is known as transformer oil, and in high-voltage switchgear, where mineral oil is used as an insulator and as a coolant to disperse switching arcs. The dielectric constant of mineral oil ranges from 2.3 at to 2.1 at .


title: Mineral oil

text: Mineral oil is used as a lubricant, a cutting fluid, and as a conditioning oil for jute fibres selected for textile production, a process known as 'jute batching'. Spindle oils are light mineral oils used as lubricants in textile industries. Electric space heaters sometimes use mineral oil as a heat transfer oil. Because it is noncompressible, mineral oil is used as a hydraulic fluid in hydraulic machinery and vehicles.


title: Mineral oil

text: Lubricants used for older refrigerator and air conditioning compressors are based on mineral oil, especially those using R-22 refrigerant.


title: Mineral oil

text: An often-cited limitation of mineral oil is that it is poorly biodegradable; in some applications, vegetable oils such as cottonseed oil or rapeseed oil may be used instead.


title: Mineral oil

text: Because of its properties that prevent water absorption, combined with its lack of flavor and odor, food grade mineral oil is a popular preservative for wooden cutting boards, salad bowls, and utensils. Periodically rubbing a small amount of mineral oil into a wooden kitchen item impedes absorption of food liquids, and thereby food odors, easing the process of hygienically cleaning wooden utensils and equipment. The use of mineral oil to impede water absorption can also prevent cracks and splits from forming in wooden utensils due to wetting and drying cycles. However, some of the mineral oil used on these items, if in contact with food, will be picked up by it and therefore ingested.


title: Mineral oil

text: Outside of the European Union, mineral oil is occasionally used in the food industry, particularly for confectionery. In this application, it is typically used for the glossy effect it produces, and to prevent the candy pieces from adhering to each other. It has been discouraged for use in children's foods, though it is still found in many confectioneries, including Swedish Fish. The use of food grade mineral oil is self-limiting because of its laxative effect. The maximum daily intake is calculated to be about , of which some are contributed from its use on machines in the baking industry.


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: Louis Cameron Gossett Jr. (born May 27, 1936) is an American actor. He was a folk singer in the 1960s. He is best known for his role as Gunnery Sergeant Emil Foley in the 1982 film "An Officer and a Gentleman", winning him the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He also won an Emmy Award for his role as Fiddler in the 1977 ABC television miniseries "Roots".


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: Gossett has also starred in numerous other film productions including "A Raisin in the Sun", "The Landlord", "Skin Game", "Travels with My Aunt", "The Laughing Policeman", "The White Dawn", "The Deep", "Jaws 3-D", Wolfgang Petersen's "Enemy Mine", "The Principal", the "Iron Eagle" series, "Toy Soldiers" and "The Punisher", in an acting career that spans over five decades.


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: Gossett was born in Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York City, to Hellen Rebecca (née Wray), a nurse, and Louis Gossett Sr., a porter. He is an alumnus of Mark Twain Intermediate School 239 and Abraham Lincoln High School. His stage debut came at the age of 17, in a school production of "You Can't Take It with You" when a sports injury resulted in the decision to take an acting class. Polio had already delayed his graduation.


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: After graduating from Abraham Lincoln High School in 1954, he attended New York University, declining an athletic scholarship. Standing tall, he was offered the opportunity to play varsity basketball during his college years at NYU; he declined the basketball offer to concentrate on theater. His high school teacher had encouraged him to audition for a Broadway part, resulting in his selection for a starring role on Broadway in 1953 from among 200 other actors well before he entered NYU.


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: In 1953, Gossett acted in the Broadway play "Take a Giant Step." He replaced Bill Gunn as Spencer Scott. The play was selected by "The New York Times" drama critics as one of the 10 best shows of the year. He was 17, and still a student at Abraham Lincoln High School, with no formal drama training.


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: In 1959, continuing his Broadway theatre career, Gossett played the role of George Murchison in "A Raisin in the Sun."


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: During the early 1960s, Gossett was considered to be a talented folk musician. He was also well known. His singing career was helped along with appearing at the Folk City venue in New York.


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: Also in 1961, Gossett appeared in the original cast of Jean Genet's "The Blacks", the longest running off-Broadway play of the decade, running for 1,408 performances. The original cast also featured James Earl Jones, Roscoe Lee Browne, Cicely Tyson, Godfrey Cambridge, Maya Angelou and Charles Gordone.


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: Signed to Powertree Records, Gossett's single, "Hooka' Dooka'", "Green Green" bw "Goodmornin' Captain" was released in early 1964. Later in May, "Red Rosy Bush" bw "See See Rider" was released.


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: In 1965, Gossett appeared in the musical play "The Zulu and the Zayda" on Broadway as Paulus with music and lyrics by Harold J. Rome. A December, 1965 review of "The Zulu", original cast recording that was released on Columbia Records noted Menasha Skulnik and Gossett's vocal performance of "It's Good to Be Alive.


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: In 1966, Gossett acted in the Broadway play "My Sweet Charlie." Gossett wrote the antiwar folk song "Handsome Johnny" with Richie Havens; Havens recorded the song in 1966.


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: In 1967, the song "Handsome Johnny" was released appearing on Richie Havens's album "Mixed Bag," which he co-composed with Havens . Havens performed it on the Johnny Carson Show which resulted in a standing ovation that lasted through two commercial breaks. By September, 1967, his single "Where Have All the Flowers Gone" bw "Just a Girl" was released on Warner Brothers 7078. It was a "Cash Box" Newcomer Pick and received a good review with the reviewer calling it ""Easy-paced blues working and a mighty fine smooth vocal join forces in putting across a tempting r&b reading of the folk standard.""


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: In the spring of 1969, Gossett was listed among the actors who could not be determined or uncredited in Stuart Rosenberg's "WUSA".


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: In 1970, his album "From Me to You" was released on B.T. Puppy Records BTPS-1013. It contained some of his own compositions. That same year, he acted in the film "The Landlord" directed by Hal Ashby.


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: In 1971, Gossett acted in Paul Bogart's "Skin Game". That year Gossett, was cast in a film adaptation of the novel "Finding Maubee", however the project went dormant, and was released as "The Mighty Quinn" in 1989 with another cast. Also that year he acted in the play "Murderous Angels".


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: In 1972, Gossett acted in George Cukor's "Travels with My Aunt". That he was announced to act in a starring role in Brian De Palma's "Sisters", but had to withdraw due to scheduling conflict, and to play a gang leader in Barry Shear's "Across 110th Street", but he is not in the finished product.


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: In 1976, Gossett acted in films, this includes Arthur Marks's "J. D.'s Revenge", and Krishna Shah's "The River Niger".


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: In 1977, Gossett played the role of Fiddler in the television miniseries "Roots" based on Alex Haley's book "". The miniseries played for eight evening in a row and had a rating of 44.9 and an audience share of 66, which was the highest of its time. The show also broke conventions where a black actors would play the slave heroes against white villains and popularized the night to night miniseries format. The reviews were a rave, and it received numerous accolades. At the Emmy Awards it received a total of 43 wins and nomination, in the category "Outstanding lead actor for a single appearance in a drama or comedy series" Gossett won.


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: On March 2 1978, the television special "The Sentry Collection Presents Ben Vereen: His Roots" premiered. Actor Ben Vereen showcases key elements of his life thought dance and music. Gossett was among the guest stars. At the Emmy Awards, Gossett was nominated for "Outstanding continuing or single performance by a supporting actor in variety or music". On April 10, the two part television program "To Kill a Cop" premiered. In it Gossett is paired with Joe Don Baker as police detective.


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: On the 28th of January, 1979, the mini-series "Backstairs at the White House" premiered. It is an adaption of the book "My Thirty Years Backstairs at the White House," about White House maids who served there during several presidencies. Gossett plays a maid who is 37 years of age when the series starts and 88 when it ends. He said <nowiki>"</nowiki>I took the role because of the chance to age". At the Emmy Awards, Gossett was nominated for "Outstanding lead actor in a limited series or a special".


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: In 1981, Gossett was a guest star in an episode of the television series "Palmerstown, U.S.A.". For his performance Gossett was nominated at the Emmy Awards for "Outstanding lead actor in a drama series".


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: In 1982, Gossett was also starring in the science fiction series, "The Powers of Matthew Star" which lasted until 1983.


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: That same year "An Officer and a Gentleman", His role as drill instructor Gunnery Sergeant Emil Foley in the 1982 film "An Officer and a Gentleman" won him an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He was the first black male to win an Oscar in a supporting role, the second black male to win for acting, and the third black actor to win overall.


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: In 1983, he played the title role in "Sadat", a two part miniseries which chronicled the life and assassination of former Egypt president Anwar Sadat. For his performance Gossett was nominated at the Emmy Awards for "Outstanding lead actor in a limited series or a special".


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: On January 17 1986, Sidney J. Furie's "Iron Eagle" was released, an aviation adventure film were Gossett stars Colonel Chappy Sinclair.It earned $24,159,872 at the U.S. box office. Although the movie was not a major success at the cinema, it generated $11 million in home video sales, enough to justify a sequel. Also that year, Gossett co-stared with Chuck Norris in J. Lee Thompson's "Firewalker".


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: In 1987, Gossett acted in Volker Schlöndorff's "A Gathering of Old Men". While it was was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1987 Cannes Film Festival, it was released as television film in the US. For his performance Gossett was nominated at the Emmy Awards for "Outstanding lead actor in a miniseries or a special".


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: In 1988, Gossett reunited with director Sidney J. Furie for "Iron Eagle II". It made $10,497,324 at the U.S. box office.


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: In 1989, Gossett co-starred in the Marvel Comics adaptation "The Punisher," with Dolph Lundgren in the title role. The film was directed by Mark Goldblatt, with a screenplay by Boaz Yakin. "The Punisher" was filmed in Sydney, Australia and also featured Jeroen Krabbé, Kim Miyori, and Barry Otto.


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: In 1992, provided additional narration for Bill Miles and Nina Rosenblum's documentary film "". Gossett returned to the role of Chappy in "" directed by John Glen, and acted in Michael Ritchie's "Diggstown".


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: In 1995, Gossett returned to the role of Chappy and reunited with director Sidney J. Furie for "Iron Eagle IV".


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: In 1997, Gossett presented "When Animals Attack! 4", a one-hour special on Fox. That year he acted in Arthur Penn's film "Inside". On television, he had a guest role in the"Touched by an Angel" episode "Amazing Grace: Part 1." For his performance he was nominated for "Outstanding guest actor in a drama series".


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: In the 2005 film "," he played the role of the U.S. President"." That year on television, he played Free Jaffa Leader Gerak in Season 9 of the sci-fi television series "Stargate SG-1"


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: In 2007, he acted in Tyler Perry's Daddy's Little Girls. That year, he provided the voice of Lucius Fox in "The Batman" animated series.""


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: In 2009, Gossett also lent his voice talents in the Thomas Nelson audio Bible production known as "The Word of Promise". In this dramatized audio, Gossett played the character of John the Apostle. The project also featured a large ensemble of well known Hollywood actors including Jim Caviezel, John Rhys-Davies, Jon Voight, Gary Sinise, Jason Alexander, Christopher McDonald, Marisa Tomei and John Schneider.


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: In 2013, Gossett starred in the controversial drama "Boiling Pot", which is based on true events of racism that occurred on college campuses across the US during the 2008 Presidential election. The film, written and directed by the Ashmawey brothers under AshmaweyFilms, also stars Danielle Fishel, Keith David, M. Emmet Walsh, and John Heard. Gossett plays a detective attempting to decipher a murder case that was fueled by racism, all while putting aside his own prejudices. "Boiling Pot" was released in 2014. Gossett returned to television in the CBS All Access series, "The Good Fight", guest starring as founding partner Carl Reddick of Diane Lockhart's new firm. He narrated an audiobook based on "Twelve Years a Slave".


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: In 2019, Gossett acted in the series "Watchmen". At the Emmy Awards, he was nominated for "Outstanding supporting actor in a limited series or movie".


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: On July 18, 2016, Gossett cohosted as a guest programmer on Turner Classic Movies' primetime lineup. Allowed to choose four movies to air, he selected "Blackboard Jungle," "Lifeboat," "Touch of Evil" and "The Night of the Hunter."


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: In 2021, Gossett appears in the film Not To Forget (2021), which aims to raise awareness and funds for the fight against Alzheimer’s. The movie, directed by Valerio Zanoli, stars Karen Grassle and 5 Academy Award winners: Louis Gossett Jr., Cloris Leachman, Tatum O’Neal, George Chakiris, and Olympia Dukakis.


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: In 2022, Gossett was cast in a supporting role for the upcoming American horror film, "Awaken the Reaper". The film also features performances by Lance Henriksen and Robin Curtis. Awaken the Reaper is directed by Justin Paul and Dave Campfield. The film is produced by Fourth Horizon Cinema, Impact Media Studios and Design Weapons.


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: Gossett has been married three times and fathered one son and adopted one son. His first marriage was to Hattie Glascoe; it was annulled. His second, to Christina Mangosing, took place on August 21, 1973. Their son Satie was born in 1974. Gossett and Mangosing divorced in 1975. His third marriage, to "Star Search" champion Cyndi James-Reese, took place on December 25, 1987. They adopted a son, Sharron (born 1977). Gossett and James-Reese divorced in 1992.


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: Gossett states that in 1966 he was handcuffed to a tree for three hours by the police in Beverly Hills.


title: Louis Gossett Jr.

text: On February 9, 2010, Gossett announced that he had prostate cancer. He added the disease was caught in its early stages, and he expected to make a full recovery.


title: Caribbean Sea

text: The Caribbean Sea (; ; ; ; ; ) is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean in the tropics of the Western Hemisphere. It is bounded by Mexico and Central America to the west and southwest, to the north by the Greater Antilles starting with Cuba, to the east by the Lesser Antilles, and to the south by the northern coast of South America. The Gulf of Mexico lies to the northwest.


title: Caribbean Sea

text: The entire area of the Caribbean Sea, the numerous islands of the West Indies, and adjacent coasts are collectively known as the Caribbean. The Caribbean Sea is one of the largest seas and has an area of about . The sea's deepest point is the Cayman Trough, between the Cayman Islands and Jamaica, at below sea level. The Caribbean coastline has many gulfs and bays: the Gulf of Gonâve, Gulf of Venezuela, Gulf of Darién, Golfo de los Mosquitos, Gulf of Paria and Gulf of Honduras.


title: Caribbean Sea

text: The Caribbean Sea has the world's second largest barrier reef, the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef. It runs along the coasts of Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, and Honduras.


title: Caribbean Sea

text: The name "Caribbean" derives from the Caribs, one of the region's dominant Native American groups at the time of European contact during the late 15th century. After Christopher Columbus landed in the Bahamas in 1492, the Spanish term "Antillas" applied to the lands; stemming from this, "Sea of the Antilles" became a common alternative name for "Caribbean Sea" in various European languages. During the first century of European colonization, Spanish dominance in the region remained undisputed.


title: Caribbean Sea

text: From the 16th century, Europeans visiting the Caribbean region distinguished the "South Sea" (the Pacific Ocean south of the isthmus of Panama) from the "North Sea" (the Caribbean Sea north of the same isthmus).


title: Caribbean Sea

text: The Caribbean Sea had been unknown to the populations of Eurasia until 1492, when Christopher Columbus sailed into Caribbean waters on a quest to find a sea route to Asia. At that time the Americas in general were unknown to most Europeans, although they had been discovered in the 10th century by the Vikings. Following the discovery of the islands by Columbus, the area was quickly colonized by several Western cultures (initially Spain, then later England, the Dutch Republic, France, Courland and Denmark). Following the colonization of the Caribbean islands, the Caribbean Sea became a busy area for European-based marine trading and transports, and this commerce eventually attracted pirates such as Samuel Bellamy and Blackbeard.


title: Caribbean Sea

text: Note that, although Barbados is an island on the same continental shelf, it is considered to be in the Atlantic Ocean rather than the Caribbean Sea.


title: Caribbean Sea

text: The Caribbean Sea is an oceanic sea largely situated on the Caribbean Plate. The Caribbean Sea is separated from the ocean by several island arcs of various ages. The youngest stretches from the Lesser Antilles to the Virgin Islands to the north east of Trinidad and Tobago off the coast of Venezuela. This arc was formed by the collision of the South American Plate with the Caribbean Plate and includes active and extinct volcanoes such as Mount Pelee, the Quill (volcano) on Sint Eustatius in the Caribbean Netherlands and Morne Trois Pitons on Dominica. The larger islands in the northern part of the sea Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica and Puerto Rico lie on an older island arc.


title: Caribbean Sea

text: The geological age of the Caribbean Sea is estimated to be between 160 and 180 million years and was formed by a horizontal fracture that split the supercontinent called Pangea in the Mesozoic Era. It is assumed the proto-caribbean basin existed in the Devonian period. In the early Carboniferous movement of Gondwana to the north and its convergence with the Euramerica basin decreased in size. The next stage of the Caribbean Sea's formation began in the Triassic. Powerful rifting led to the formation of narrow troughs, stretching from modern Newfoundland to the west coast of the Gulf of Mexico which formed siliciclastic sedimentary rocks. In the early Jurassic due to powerful marine transgression, water broke into the present area of the Gulf of Mexico creating a vast shallow pool. The emergence of deep basins in the Caribbean occurred during the Middle Jurassic rifting. The emergence of these basins marked the beginning of the Atlantic Ocean and contributed to the destruction of Pangaea at the end of the late Jurassic. During the Cretaceous the Caribbean acquired the shape close to that seen today. In the early Paleogene due to marine regression the Caribbean became separated from the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean by the land of Cuba and Haiti. The Caribbean remained like this for most of the Cenozoic until the Holocene when rising water levels of the oceans restored communication with the Atlantic Ocean.


title: Caribbean Sea

text: The Caribbean's floor is composed of sub-oceanic sediments of deep red clay in the deep basins and troughs. On continental slopes and ridges calcareous silts are found. Clay minerals likely having been deposited by the mainland river Orinoco and the Magdalena River. Deposits on the bottom of the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico have a thickness of about . Upper sedimentary layers relate to the period from the Mesozoic to the Cenozoic (250 million years ago to present) and the lower layers from the Paleozoic to the Mesozoic.


title: Caribbean Sea

text: The Caribbean sea floor is divided into five basins separated from each other by underwater ridges and mountain ranges. Atlantic Ocean water enters the Caribbean through the "Anegada Passage" lying between the Lesser Antilles and Virgin Islands and the "Windward Passage" located between Cuba and Haiti. The Yucatán Channel between Mexico and Cuba links the Gulf of Mexico with the Caribbean. The deepest points of the sea lie in Cayman Trough with depths reaching approximately . Despite this, the Caribbean Sea is considered a relatively shallow sea in comparison to other bodies of water.


title: Caribbean Sea

text: The pressure of the South American Plate to the east of the Caribbean causes the region of the Lesser Antilles to have high volcanic activity. There was a very serious eruption of Mount Pelée in 1902 which caused many casualties.


title: Caribbean Sea

text: The Caribbean sea floor is also home to two oceanic trenches: the Cayman Trench and Puerto Rico Trench, which put the area at a high risk of earthquakes. Underwater earthquakes pose a threat of generating tsunamis which could have a devastating effect on the Caribbean islands. Scientific data reveals that over the last 500 years the area has seen a dozen earthquakes above 7.5 magnitude. Most recently, a 7.1 earthquake struck Haiti on January 12, 2010.


title: Caribbean Sea

text: The hydrology of the sea has a high level of homogeneity. Annual variations in monthly average water temperatures at the surface do not exceed . Over the past 50 years, the Caribbean has gone through three stages: cooling until 1974, a cold phase with peaks during 1974–1976 and 1984–1986, and finally a warming phase with an increase in temperature of per year. Virtually all temperature extremes were associated with the phenomena of El Niño and La Niña. The salinity of the seawater is about 3.6%, and its density is . The surface water colour is blue-green to green.


title: Caribbean Sea

text: The Caribbean's depth in its wider basins and deep-water temperatures are similar to those of the Atlantic. Atlantic deep water is thought to spill into the Caribbean and contribute to the general deep water of its sea. The surface water (30 m; 100 ft) acts as an extension of the northern Atlantic as the Guiana Current and part of the North Equatorial Current enter the sea on the east. On the western side of the sea, the trade winds influence a northerly current which causes an upwelling and a rich fishery near Yucatán.


title: Caribbean Sea

text: The Caribbean is home to about 9% of the world's coral reefs, covering about , most of which are located off the Caribbean Islands and the Central American coast. Among them stands out the Belize Barrier Reef, with an area of , which was declared a World Heritage Site in 1996. It forms part of the Great Mayan Reef (also known as the MBRS) and, being over in length, is the world's second longest. It runs along the Caribbean coasts of Mexico, Belize, Guatemala and Honduras.


title: Caribbean Sea

text: Since 2005 unusually warm Caribbean waters have been increasingly threatening Caribbean coral reefs. Coral reefs support some of the most diverse marine habitats in the world, but they are fragile ecosystems. When tropical waters become unusually warm for extended periods of time, microscopic plants called zooxanthellae, which are symbiotic partners living within the coral polyp tissues, die off. These plants provide food for the corals and give them their color. The result of the death and dispersal of these tiny plants is called coral bleaching, and can lead to the devastation of large areas of reef. Over 42% of corals are completely bleached, and 95% are experiencing some type of whitening. Historically the Caribbean is thought to contain 14% of the world's coral reefs.


title: Caribbean Sea

text: The habitats supported by the reefs are critical to such tourist activities as fishing and diving, and provide an annual economic value to Caribbean nations of US$3.1–4.6 billion. Continued destruction of the reefs could severely damage the region's economy. A "Protocol of the Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean Region" came in effect in 1986 to protect the various endangered marine life of the Caribbean through forbidding human activities that would advance the continued destruction of such marine life in various areas. Currently this protocol has been ratified by 15 countries. Also, several charitable organisations have been formed to preserve the Caribbean marine life, such as "Caribbean Conservation Corporation" which seeks to study and protect sea turtles while educating others about them.


title: Caribbean Sea

text: In connection with the foregoing, the Institute of Marine Sciences and Limnology of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, conducted a regional study, funded by the Department of Technical Cooperation of the International Atomic Energy Agency, in which specialists from 11 Latin American countries (Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Dominican Republic, Venezuela) plus Jamaica participated. The findings indicate that heavy metals such as mercury, arsenic, and lead, have been identified in the coastal zone of the Caribbean Sea. Analysis of toxic metals and hydrocarbons is based on the investigation of coastal sediments that have accumulated less than 50 meters deep during the last hundred and fifty years. The project results were presented in Vienna in the forum "Water Matters", and the 2011 General Conference of said multilateral organization.


title: Caribbean Sea

text: The climate of the Caribbean is driven by the low latitude and tropical ocean currents that run through it. The principal ocean current is the North Equatorial Current, which enters the region from the tropical Atlantic. The climate of the area is tropical, varying from tropical rainforest in some areas to tropical savanna in others. There are also some locations that are arid climates with considerable drought in some years.


title: Caribbean Sea

text: Rainfall varies with elevation, size, and water currents (cool upwelling keep the ABC islands arid). Warm, moist trade winds blow consistently from the east, creating both rainforest and semi-arid climates across the region. The tropical rainforest climates include lowland areas near the Caribbean Sea from Costa Rica north to Belize, as well as the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico, while the more seasonal dry tropical savanna climates are found in Cuba, northern Venezuela, and southern Yucatán, Mexico. Arid climates are found along the extreme southern coast of Venezuela out to the islands including Aruba and Curaçao, as well as the northern tip of Yucatán


title: Caribbean Sea

text: Tropical cyclones are a threat to the nations that rim the Caribbean Sea. While landfalls are infrequent, the resulting loss of life and property damage makes them a significant hazard to life in the Caribbean. Tropical cyclones that impact the Caribbean often develop off the West coast of Africa and make their way west across the Atlantic Ocean toward the Caribbean, while other storms develop in the Caribbean itself. The Caribbean hurricane season as a whole lasts from June through November, with the majority of hurricanes occurring during August and September. On average around nine tropical storms form each year, with five reaching hurricane strength. According to the National Hurricane Center 385 hurricanes occurred in the Caribbean between 1494 and 1900.


title: Caribbean Sea

text: The vegetation of the region is mostly tropical but differences in topography, soil and climatic conditions increase species diversity. Where there are porous limestone terraced islands these are generally poor in nutrients. It is estimated that 13,000 species of plants grow in the Caribbean of which 6,500 are endemic. For example, guaiac wood ("Guaiacum officinale"), the flower of which is the national flower of Jamaica and the Bayahibe rose ("Pereskia quisqueyana") which is the national flower of the Dominican Republic and the ceiba which is the national tree of both Puerto Rico and Guatemala. The mahogany is the national tree of the Dominican Republic and Belize. The caimito ("Chrysophyllum cainito") grows throughout the Caribbean. In coastal zones there are coconut palms and in lagoons and estuaries are found thick areas of black mangrove and red mangrove ("Rhizophora mangle").


title: Caribbean Sea

text: In shallow water flora and fauna is concentrated around coral reefs where there is little variation in water temperature, purity and salinity. Leeward side of lagoons provide areas of growth for sea grasses. Turtle grass ("Thalassia testudinum") is common in the Caribbean as is manatee grass ("Syringodium filiforme") which can grow together as well as in fields of single species at depths up to . Another type shoal grass ("Halodule wrightii") grows on sand and mud surfaces at depths of up to . In brackish water of harbours and estuaries at depths less than widgeongrass ("Ruppia maritima") grows. Representatives of three species belonging to the genus "Halophila", ("Halophila baillonii", "Halophila engelmannii" and "Halophila decipiens") are found at depths of up to except for "Halophila engelmani" which does not grow below and is confined to the Bahamas, Florida, the Greater Antilles and the western part of the Caribbean. "Halophila baillonii" has been found only in the Lesser Antilles.


title: Caribbean Sea

text: Marine biota in the region have representatives of both the Indian and Pacific oceans which were caught in the Caribbean before the emergence of the Isthmus of Panama four million years ago. In the Caribbean Sea there are around 1,000 documented species of fish, including sharks (bull shark, tiger shark, silky shark and Caribbean reef shark), flying fish, giant oceanic manta ray, angel fish, spotfin butterflyfish, parrotfish, Atlantic Goliath grouper, tarpon and moray eels. Throughout the Caribbean there is industrial catching of lobster and sardines (off the coast of Yucatán Peninsula).


title: Caribbean Sea

text: There are 90 species of mammals in the Caribbean including sperm whales, humpback whales and dolphins. The island of Jamaica is home to seals and manatees. The Caribbean monk seal which lived in the Caribbean is considered extinct. Solenodons and hutias are mammals found only in the Caribbean; only one extant species is not endangered.


title: Caribbean Sea

text: There are 500 species of reptiles (94% of which are endemic). Islands are inhabited by some endemic species such as rock iguanas and American crocodile. The blue iguana, endemic to the island of Grand Cayman, is endangered. The green iguana is invasive to Grand Cayman. The Mona ground iguana which inhabits the island of Mona, Puerto Rico, is endangered. The rhinoceros iguana from the island of Hispaniola which is shared between Haiti and the Dominican Republic is also endangered. The region has several types of sea turtle (loggerhead, green turtle, hawksbill, leatherback turtle, Atlantic ridley and olive ridley). Some species are threatened with extinction. Their populations have been greatly reduced since the 17th century – the number of green turtles has declined from 91 million to 300,000 and hawksbill turtles from 11 million to less than 30,000 by 2006.


title: Caribbean Sea

text: All 170 species of amphibians that live in the region are endemic. The habitats of almost all members of the toad family, poison dart frogs, tree frogs and leptodactylidae (a type of frog) are limited to only one island. The Golden coqui is in serious threat of extinction.


title: Caribbean Sea

text: In the Caribbean, 600 species of birds have been recorded, of which 163 are endemic such as todies, Fernandina's flicker and palmchat. The American yellow warbler is found in many areas, as is the green heron. Of the endemic species 48 are threatened with extinction including the Puerto Rican amazon, and the Zapata wren. According to Birdlife International in 2006 in Cuba 29 species of bird are in danger of extinction and two species officially extinct. The black-fronted piping guan is endangered. The Antilles along with Central America lie in the flight path of migrating birds from North America so the size of populations is subject to seasonal fluctuations.Parrots and bananaquits are found in forests. Over the open sea can be seen frigatebirds and tropicbirds.


title: Caribbean Sea

text: The Caribbean region has seen a significant increase in human activity since the colonization period. The sea is one of the largest oil production areas in the world, producing approximately 170 million per year. The area also generates a large fishing industry for the surrounding countries, accounting for of fish a year.


title: Caribbean Sea

text: Human activity in the area also accounts for a significant amount of pollution, The Pan American Health Organization estimated in 1993 that only about 10% of the sewage from the Central American and Caribbean Island countries is properly treated before being released into the sea.


title: Caribbean Sea

text: The Caribbean region supports a large tourism industry. The Caribbean Tourism Organization calculates that about 12 million people a year visit the area, including (in 1991–1992) about 8 million cruise ship tourists. Tourism based upon scuba diving and snorkeling on coral reefs of many Caribbean islands makes a major contribution to their economies.


title: Angela Cartwright

text: Angela Margaret Cartwright (born September 9, 1952) is a British actress primarily known for her roles in movies and television. On television, she played Linda Williams, the stepdaughter of Danny Williams (played by Danny Thomas) in the long-running TV series "The Danny Thomas Show", and Penny Robinson in the 1960s television series "Lost in Space". Cartwright's most famous movie role was the part of Brigitta von Trapp in the film "The Sound of Music" (1965). Her older sister is actress Veronica Cartwright.


title: Angela Cartwright

text: Angela Cartwright was born in Altrincham, Cheshire, England, in 1952. She made her first film appearance at the age of three years as Paul Newman's character's daughter in "Somebody Up There Likes Me" (1956), and appeared with Rock Hudson and Sidney Poitier in "Something of Value" (1957). After moving to the United States, Cartwright appeared for seven seasons in the CBS TV series "The Danny Thomas Show", opposite comedian Danny Thomas. She remained close to Thomas after the series' cancellation until his death on February 6, 1991.


title: Angela Cartwright

text: Cartwright played the role of Brigitta von Trapp in "The Sound of Music" (1965). The film won five Academy Awards and eclipsed "Gone with the Wind" as the highest-grossing film of all-time.


title: Angela Cartwright

text: Cartwright played Penny Robinson in the TV series "Lost in Space" (1965–68). She made appearances on several TV shows, including "My Three Sons", "Adam-12", and "The Love Boat". She was also cast in the television movies "Scout's Honor" (1980) and played the role of Miss D'Angelo in "High School U.S.A." (1983).


title: Angela Cartwright

text: She played Theresa Mazzetti in "Beyond the Poseidon Adventure" (1979), directed by "Lost in Space" producer Irwin Allen. Cartwright made a cameo appearance as Reporter #2 in the 1998 "Lost in Space" film and as Dr. Smith's mother in the third episode of the second season of the 2018 Netflix reimagined "Lost In Space" series.


title: Angela Cartwright

text: She has been a photographer for 30 years. Her work is displayed at her studio in Studio City, Los Angeles.


title: Angela Cartwright

text: "Pasticcio quartz" is a bi-annual journal written and published by Sarah Fishburn and Angela Cartwright. Issue Number 1 was 52, full-color glossy 8.5 by 8.5 inch, pages and was published on July 23, 2007. The most current, 60 page issue (Number 15: January 10, 2014), retains the size and full-color attributes.


title: Coco Austin

text: Nicole Natalie Marrow ( Austin; born March 17, 1979), commonly known as Coco Austin, Coco, Coco Marie Austin, Coco Marie, and Coco-T, is an American television personality and actress. She has been married to rapper Ice-T since 2002.


title: Coco Austin

text: Austin was born in 1979 in Tarzana, California, and raised in nearby Palos Verdes. She has Serbian ancestry through maternal grandparents born in Serbia. Austin has a younger sister named Kristy Williams and three younger brothers. As a small child, her brother would mispronounce her name, saying "Cole Cole" or "Co-co" in place of "Nicole". Eventually her family began addressing her as Coco. The family moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico, when she was 10. She grew up as a tomboy, riding all-terrain vehicles and playing football. Austin also began dancing during her childhood (jazz, tap and ballet).


title: Coco Austin

text: At 18, Austin began specializing in swimsuit, lingerie and body modeling for calendars, catalogs and videos. In 1997, she appeared on her first magazine cover for "Swimwear Illustrated". She won the 1998 Miss Ujena contest in Mexico. In 2001, Austin began working events and parties at the Playboy Mansion. She appeared in low-budget R-rated films, including "Southwest Babes" (2001), "Desert Rose" (2002), and "The Dirty Monks" (2004).


title: Coco Austin

text: Austin has made guest appearances on TV shows and specials including "Hip-Hop Wives", the "Comedy Central Roast of Flavor Flav", "RuPaul's Drag Race 5", "The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson", "The Dr. Oz Show", and "".


title: Coco Austin

text: She was featured in a layout in the March 2008 issue of "Playboy" magazine and had a role in the film "Thira" (a.k.a. "Santorini Blue", which co-starred her husband, rapper-actor Ice-T). Austin appeared on NBC's game show "Celebrity Family Feud" on June 24, 2008 (with winnings donated to charity). She and Ice-T competed against Joan and Melissa Rivers.


title: Coco Austin

text: Austin played the lead role of Bo Peep in the Las Vegas revue "Peepshow" from December 2012 to September 1, 2013, replacing Holly Madison in the role.


title: Coco Austin

text: Austin and Ice-T starred in the reality television series "Ice Loves Coco", which premiered June 12, 2011, on E! The show ran for three seasons, ending in February 2014. After the show's cancelation, tabloids reported that Austin and her husband were preparing to launch another reality series under Ryan Seacrest's production company. She also made an appearance in rapper Lil' Kim's music video for her single "Go Awff" in 2019.


title: Coco Austin

text: Austin and rapper-actor Tracy "Ice-T" Marrow were married in January 2002. They renewed their vows in Hollywood on June 4, 2011. In 2006, the couple made their home in a penthouse apartment they owned in North Bergen, New Jersey. In 2012, they began building a five-bedroom house in Edgewater, New Jersey, which was expected to be completed by the end of that year. The couple eventually moved into the home during 2018 and 2019. While waiting for completion of their new home, in November 2015, the couple announced that their daughter had been born on November 28. Prior to her marriage to Ice-T, Austin was married to Mike Williams from 1999 to 2001.


title: Jayaram

text: Jayaram Subramaniam, (born 10 December 1965) known mononymously as Jayaram, is an Indian actor who predominantly appears in Malayalam,Tamil films, along with a few Telugu films. He is also a chenda percussionist, mimicry artist, and occasional playback singer. Jayaram has acted in more than 200 films and has received several awards, including the Padma Shri, two Kerala State Film Awards, one Tamil Nadu State Film Awards, and four Filmfare Awards South.


title: Jayaram

text: Jayaram started as a mimicry artist at the Kalabhavan institute during the 1980s. He made his acting debut in a leading role in Padmarajan's 1988 film "Aparan". He established himself as a successful leading actor in 1990s by starring in family dramas and comedies—such as, but not limited to "Peruvannapurathe Visheshangal" (1989), "Shubhayathra" (1990), "Sandhesam" (1991), "Georgootty C/O Georgootty" (1991), "Malootty" (1992), "Ayalathe Adheham" (1992), "Meleparambil Aanveedu" (1993), "CID Unnikrishnan B.A., B.Ed." (1994), "Puthukkottayile Puthumanavalan" (1995), "Aniyan Bava Chetan Bava" (1995), "Thooval Kottaram" (1996), "Krishnagudiyil Oru Pranayakalathu" (1997), "Summer in Bethlehem" (1998), "Veendum Chila Veettukaryangal" (1999), "One Man Show" (2001), and "Manassinakkare" (2003). The 2000 Tamil film "Thenali" won him two Tamil Nadu State Film Awards. Jayaram won his first Kerala State Film Award, the Special Jury Award for his performance in "Thooval Kottaram" (1996). He won the Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor for his performance in "Swayamvara Panthal" (2000). Jayaram won the Filmfare Award for Best Actor 3 times, for his performances in "Thooval Kottaram" (1996), "Theerthadanam" (2001), and "Manassinakkare" (2003).


title: Jayaram

text: In 2011, the Government of India honoured him with Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award of the country for his contributions towards the Indian film industry.


title: Jayaram

text: Jayaram was born on 10 December 1965 in a Tamil brahmin family as the second among three children of late Subramaniyam and late Thankam at Perumbavoor, Kerala. He had an elder brother named Venkataram, who died at a young age, and a younger sister named Manjula. He did his primary education at Government Boys High School, Perumbavoor. He graduated with a bachelor's degree from Sree Sankara College, Kalady. And also did a graduate course in Chenda from the National Institute of Ulsavam Sciences & Technology, Thrissur. He became a medical representative soon after college and later joined the Kalabhavan institute and learned and performed mimicry on a number of stages, which paved his way to the Malayalam film industry. Malayalam writer Malayattoor Ramakrishnan is Jayaram's maternal uncle.


title: Jayaram

text: After college, he joined Kalabhavan, a professional mimicry troupe in Kochi. At the age of 22, he was introduced into the cinema field by script writer and filmmaker Padmarajan who gave Jayaram his launching pad with the 1988 film "Aparan". Jayaram subsequently acted in Padmarajan's "Moonnam Pakkam" (1988) and "Innale" (1989). Padmarajan became his mentor in his film career till the former's death in January 1991. He became one of the Superstars of the Malayalam film industry through the film "Meleparambil Aanveedu"(1993) which Rajasenan directed. The film was a commercial success and ran for over 200 days in theatres. His on-screen chemistry with Shobana worked well in films Innale, Meleparambil Aanveedu and Dhwani.


title: Jayaram

text: He is noted for playing in Kamal's films during the late 1980s and early 1990s, in films such as "Pradeshika Varthakal" (1989), "Peruvannapurathe Visheshangal" (1989) and "Shubha Yathra" (1990) (all of which scripted by Ranjith), where he co-starred with his wife Parvathy. He later did a film scripted by Ranjith with the story by Jagathy Sreekumar and directed by Viji Thampi named "Witness" (1988). He teamed up with Viji Thampi and Ranjith in "Nanma Niranjavan Srinivasan" (1990), where he played a police constable who is in search of a criminal played by Mukesh. During the early 90s he acted in Bharathan's "Keli" (1991) and "Malootty" (1992).


title: Jayaram

text: He has acted in several of Sathyan Anthikkad's films. Their first film was "Ponn Muttayidunna Tharavu" (1988). Around that time, Jayaram played a supporting role in Sathyan Anthikkad's "Artham" (1989). "Thalayanamanthram" (1990) and "Sandesham" (1991), were both written and co-starred by Sreenivasan. Anthikkad and Jayaram later went on to make "Thooval Kottaram" (1996), which was commercial success, continued their success in films - "Irattakuttikalude Achan" (1997), "Veendum Chila Veettukaryangal" (1999), "Kochu Kochu Santhoshangal" (2000), "Yathrakarude Sradhakku" (2002), "Manassinakkare" (2003), "Bhagya Devatha" and "Kadha Thudarunnu".


title: Jayaram

text: In his films, he regularly ensured cast included K.P.A.C Lalitha, Unnikrishnan and Jagathy Sreekumar.


title: Jayaram

text: He acted in a leading role along with Mammootty and Suresh Gopi in Joshi's "Dhruvam" (1993). Other films with Gopi include Viji Thampi's "Nagarangalil Chennu Raparkam" (1990), "Thooval Sparsam" (1990), Jayaraj's "Paithrukam" (1993), and Sibi Malayil's "Summer in Bethlehem" (1998). He co-starred with Mohanlal in Bharath Gopi's "Ulsavapittennu", "Peruvannapurathe Visheshangal" (1989) and Priyadarshan's "Advaitham" (1991).


title: Jayaram

text: His association with director Rajasenan created many movies such as "Kadinjool Kalyanam" (1991), "Ayalathe Addeham" (1992), "Meleparambil Aanveedu" (1993), "CID Unnikrishnan B.A., B.Ed." (1994), "Aniyan Bava Chetan Bava" (1995), "Aadyathe Kanmani" (1995), "Swapna Lokathe Balabhaskaran" (1996), and "Kadhanayakan" (1997). He also played Aravindan in Siddique's "Friends" (1999) in which he co-starred with Sreenivasan and Mukesh was the highest grossing Malayalam movie of 1999 and collected 11 crore. In the first decade of the 21st century his commercial successful films include "Kochu Kochu Santhoshangal" (2000), "Yathrakarude Sradhakku" (2002), "Ente Veedu Appuvinteyum" (2003), "Manassinakkare" (2003), "Veruthe Oru Bharya" (2008). His critically acclaimed roles include Karunakaran in B. Kannan's "Theerthadanam" (2001) and Lonappan in Rajeev Kumar's "Sesham" (2002).


title: Jayaram

text: He also forayed into Tamil cinema including roles in "Gokulam", "Purushalakshanam", "Priyanka", "Kolangal", "Murai Mamman" and "Pathini". He played the roles of Dr Kailash and Ayyappan Nair in the Kamal Haasan-starred "Thenali" and "Panchathanthiram". They first came together on-screen in "Chanakyan" (1989). Recently he has done more supporting roles in Tamil, such as antagonist roles in "Saroja" and "Dhaam Dhoom", and a comic role in "Aegan".


title: Jayaram

text: His movies include "Manassinakkare" (2003), "Njaan Salperu Raman Kutty" (2004), "Finger Print" (2005), "Alice in Wonderland" (2005), "Madhuchandralekha" (2006), "Moonnamathoral" (2006), and "Anchal Oral Arjunan" (2007). In mid-2008, he played Sugunan in Akku Akbar's "Veruthe Oru Bharya" (2008) and "Thuppakki" (2012), which established him as one of the leading comedy actors of Malayalam and Tamil films.


title: Jayaram

text: In 2008, he made a comeback after a series of commercial flops by the film "Veruthe Oru Bharya" (2008), which was both critical and commercial success at the box office and ran over 100 days in theatres.


title: Jayaram

text: In 2009, he performed in Sathyan Anthikkad's "Bhagyadevatha", a commercial success and in 2010 his first film was "Happy Husbands", commercial success with 150 days theatrical run, and next he again joined with Sathyan Anthikkadu for "Kadha Thudarunnu". In 2011, he was featured in commercially successful films like "Makeup Man", along with comedic roles in "Seniors" and "Chinatown" and also "Swapna Sanchari". In 2016 he acted in Adupuliyattam and Pattabhiraman in 2019. In 2020 he was confirmed to play an important role in Maniratnam movie Ponniyin Selvan. He also acted in Sanskrit movie Namo.


title: Jayaram

text: Jayaram married actress Parvathy on 7 September 1992. The couple have a son Kalidas Jayaram who is an actor as well winner of the National Film Award for Best Child Artist in 2003 for his second movie "Ente Veedu Appuvinteyum". Jayaram also has a daughter Malavika. Currently, he resides at Valasaravakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu with family. Jayaram is a trained Chenda artist. He has stated that he is an elephant lover.


title: Molybdenum

text: Molybdenum is a chemical element with the symbol Mo and atomic number 42 which is located in period 5 and group 6. The name is from Neo-Latin "molybdaenum", which is based on Ancient Greek ", meaning lead, since its ores were confused with lead ores. Molybdenum minerals have been known throughout history, but the element was discovered (in the sense of differentiating it as a new entity from the mineral salts of other metals) in 1778 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele. The metal was first isolated in 1781 by Peter Jacob Hjelm.


title: Molybdenum

text: Molybdenum does not occur naturally as a free metal on Earth; it is found only in various oxidation states in minerals. The free element, a silvery metal with a grey cast, has the sixth-highest melting point of any element. It readily forms hard, stable carbides in alloys, and for this reason most of the world production of the element (about 80%) is used in steel alloys, including high-strength alloys and superalloys.


title: Molybdenum

text: Most molybdenum compounds have low solubility in water, but when molybdenum-bearing minerals contact oxygen and water, the resulting molybdate ion is quite soluble. Industrially, molybdenum compounds (about 14% of world production of the element) are used in high-pressure and high-temperature applications as pigments and catalysts.


title: Molybdenum

text: In its pure form, molybdenum is a silvery-grey metal with a Mohs hardness of 5.5 and a standard atomic weight of 95.95 g/mol. It has a melting point of ; of the naturally occurring elements, only tantalum, osmium, rhenium, tungsten, and carbon have higher melting points. It has one of the lowest coefficients of thermal expansion among commercially used metals.


title: Molybdenum

text: Molybdenum is a transition metal with an electronegativity of 2.16 on the Pauling scale. It does not visibly react with oxygen or water at room temperature. Weak oxidation of molybdenum starts at ; bulk oxidation occurs at temperatures above 600 °C, resulting in molybdenum trioxide. Like many heavier transition metals, molybdenum shows little inclination to form a cation in aqueous solution, although the Mo cation is known under carefully controlled conditions.


title: Molybdenum

text: Gaseous molybdenum consists of the diatomic species Mo. That molecule is a singlet, with two unpaired electrons in bonding orbitals, in addition to 5 conventional bonds. The result is a sextuple bond.


title: Molybdenum

text: There are 35 known isotopes of molybdenum, ranging in atomic mass from 83 to 117, as well as four metastable nuclear isomers. Seven isotopes occur naturally, with atomic masses of 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, and 100. Of these naturally occurring isotopes, only molybdenum-100 is unstable.


title: Molybdenum

text: Molybdenum-98 is the most abundant isotope, comprising 24.14% of all molybdenum. Molybdenum-100 has a half-life of about 10 y and undergoes double beta decay into ruthenium-100. All unstable isotopes of molybdenum decay into isotopes of niobium, technetium, and ruthenium. Of the synthetic radioisotopes, the most stable is Mo, with a half-life of 4,000 years.


title: Molybdenum

text: The most common isotopic molybdenum application involves molybdenum-99, which is a fission product. It is a parent radioisotope to the short-lived gamma-emitting daughter radioisotope technetium-99m, a nuclear isomer used in various imaging applications in medicine.


title: Molybdenum

text: In 2008, the Delft University of Technology applied for a patent on the molybdenum-98-based production of molybdenum-99.


title: Molybdenum

text: Molybdenum forms chemical compounds in oxidation states −IV and from −II to +VI. Higher oxidation states are more relevant to its terrestrial occurrence and its biological roles, mid-level oxidation states are often associated with metal clusters, and very low oxidation states are typically associated with organomolybdenum compounds. Mo and W chemistry shows strong similarities. The relative rarity of molybdenum(III), for example, contrasts with the pervasiveness of the chromium(III) compounds. The highest oxidation state is seen in molybdenum(VI) oxide (MoO), whereas the normal sulfur compound is molybdenum disulfide MoS.


title: Molybdenum

text: From the perspective of commerce, the most important compounds are molybdenum disulfide () and molybdenum trioxide (). The black disulfide is the main mineral. It is roasted in air to give the trioxide:


title: Molybdenum

text: The trioxide, which is volatile at high temperatures, is the precursor to virtually all other Mo compounds as well as alloys. Molybdenum has several oxidation states, the most stable being +4 and +6 (bolded in the table at left).


title: Molybdenum

text: Molybdenum(VI) oxide is soluble in strong alkaline water, forming molybdates (MoO). Molybdates are weaker oxidants than chromates. They tend to form structurally complex oxyanions by condensation at lower pH values, such as [MoO] and [MoO]. Polymolybdates can incorporate other ions, forming polyoxometalates. The dark-blue phosphorus-containing heteropolymolybdate P[MoO] is used for the spectroscopic detection of phosphorus. The broad range of oxidation states of molybdenum is reflected in various molybdenum chlorides:


title: Molybdenum

text: Like chromium and some other transition metals, molybdenum forms quadruple bonds, such as in Mo(CHCOO) and [MoCl]. The Lewis acid properties of the butyrate and perfluorobutyrate dimers, Mo(OCR) and Rh(OCR) , have been reported.


title: Molybdenum

text: The oxidation state 0 and lower are possible with carbon monoxide as ligand, such as in molybdenum hexacarbonyl, Mo(CO).


title: Molybdenum

text: Molybdenite—the principal ore from which molybdenum is now extracted—was previously known as molybdena. Molybdena was confused with and often utilized as though it were graphite. Like graphite, molybdenite can be used to blacken a surface or as a solid lubricant. Even when molybdena was distinguishable from graphite, it was still confused with the common lead ore PbS (now called galena); the name comes from Ancient Greek ", meaning "lead". (The Greek word itself has been proposed as a loanword from Anatolian Luvian and Lydian languages).


title: Molybdenum

text: Although (reportedly) molybdenum was deliberately alloyed with steel in one 14th-century Japanese sword (mfd. ca. 1330), that art was never employed widely and was later lost. In the West in 1754, Bengt Andersson Qvist examined a sample of molybdenite and determined that it did not contain lead and thus was not galena.


title: Molybdenum

text: By 1778 Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele stated firmly that molybdena was (indeed) neither galena nor graphite. Instead, Scheele correctly proposed that molybdena was an ore of a distinct new element, named "molybdenum" for the mineral in which it resided, and from which it might be isolated. Peter Jacob Hjelm successfully isolated molybdenum using carbon and linseed oil in 1781.


title: Molybdenum

text: For the next century, molybdenum had no industrial use. It was relatively scarce, the pure metal was difficult to extract, and the necessary techniques of metallurgy were immature. Early molybdenum steel alloys showed great promise of increased hardness, but efforts to manufacture the alloys on a large scale were hampered with inconsistent results, a tendency toward brittleness, and recrystallization. In 1906, William D. Coolidge filed a patent for rendering molybdenum ductile, leading to applications as a heating element for high-temperature furnaces and as a support for tungsten-filament light bulbs; oxide formation and degradation require that molybdenum be physically sealed or held in an inert gas. In 1913, Frank E. Elmore developed a froth flotation process to recover molybdenite from ores; flotation remains the primary isolation process.


title: Molybdenum

text: During World War I, demand for molybdenum spiked; it was used both in armor plating and as a substitute for tungsten in high-speed steels. Some British tanks were protected by 75 mm (3 in) manganese steel plating, but this proved to be ineffective. The manganese steel plates were replaced with much lighter molybdenum steel plates allowing for higher speed, greater maneuverability, and better protection. The Germans also used molybdenum-doped steel for heavy artillery, like in the super-heavy howitzer Big Bertha, because traditional steel melts at the temperatures produced by the propellant of the one ton shell. After the war, demand plummeted until metallurgical advances allowed extensive development of peacetime applications. In World War II, molybdenum again saw strategic importance as a substitute for tungsten in steel alloys.


title: Molybdenum

text: Molybdenum is the 54th most abundant element in the Earth's crust with an average of 1.5 parts per million and the 25th most abundant element in its oceans, with an average of 10 parts per billion; it is the 42nd most abundant element in the Universe. The Russian Luna 24 mission discovered a molybdenum-bearing grain (1 × 0.6 µm) in a pyroxene fragment taken from Mare Crisium on the Moon. The comparative rarity of molybdenum in the Earth's crust is offset by its concentration in a number of water-insoluble ores, often combined with sulfur in the same way as copper, with which it is often found. Though molybdenum is found in such minerals as wulfenite (PbMoO) and powellite (CaMoO), the main commercial source is molybdenite (MoS). Molybdenum is mined as a principal ore and is also recovered as a byproduct of copper and tungsten mining.


title: Molybdenum

text: The world's production of molybdenum was 250,000 tonnes in 2011, the largest producers being China (94,000 t), the United States (64,000 t), Chile (38,000 t), Peru (18,000 t) and Mexico (12,000 t). The total reserves are estimated at 10 million tonnes, and are mostly concentrated in China (4.3 Mt), the US (2.7 Mt) and Chile (1.2 Mt). By continent, 93% of world molybdenum production is about evenly shared between North America, South America (mainly in Chile), and China. Europe and the rest of Asia (mostly Armenia, Russia, Iran and Mongolia) produce the remainder.


title: Molybdenum

text: In molybdenite processing, the ore is first roasted in air at a temperature of . The process gives gaseous sulfur dioxide and the molybdenum(VI) oxide:


title: Molybdenum

text: Copper, an impurity in molybdenite, is less soluble in ammonia. To completely remove it from the solution, it is precipitated with hydrogen sulfide. Ammonium molybdate converts to ammonium dimolybdate, which is isolated as a solid. Heating this solid gives molybdenum trioxide:


title: Molybdenum

text: The molybdenum for steel production is reduced by the aluminothermic reaction with addition of iron to produce ferromolybdenum. A common form of ferromolybdenum contains 60% molybdenum.


title: Molybdenum

text: Molybdenum had a value of approximately $30,000 per tonne as of August 2009. It maintained a price at or near $10,000 per tonne from 1997 through 2003, and reached a peak of $103,000 per tonne in June 2005. In 2008, the London Metal Exchange announced that molybdenum would be traded as a commodity.


title: Molybdenum

text: Historically, the Knaben mine in southern Norway, opened in 1885, was the first dedicated molybdenum mine. It was closed in 1973 but was reopened in 2007. and now produces of molybdenum disulfide per year. Large mines in Colorado (such as the Henderson mine and the Climax mine) and in British Columbia yield molybdenite as their primary product, while many porphyry copper deposits such as the Bingham Canyon Mine in Utah and the Chuquicamata mine in northern Chile produce molybdenum as a byproduct of copper mining.


title: Molybdenum

text: About 86% of molybdenum produced is used in metallurgy, with the rest used in chemical applications. The estimated global use is structural steel 35%, stainless steel 25%, chemicals 14%, tool & high-speed steels 9%, cast iron 6%, molybdenum elemental metal 6%, and superalloys 5%.


title: Molybdenum

text: Molybdenum can withstand extreme temperatures without significantly expanding or softening, making it useful in environments of intense heat, including military armor, aircraft parts, electrical contacts, industrial motors, and supports for filaments in light bulbs.


title: Molybdenum

text: Most high-strength steel alloys (for example, 41xx steels) contain 0.25% to 8% molybdenum. Even in these small portions, more than 43,000 tonnes of molybdenum are used each year in stainless steels, tool steels, cast irons, and high-temperature superalloys.


title: Molybdenum

text: Molybdenum is also valued in steel alloys for its high corrosion resistance and weldability. Molybdenum contributes corrosion resistance to type-300 stainless steels (specifically type-316) and especially so in the so-called superaustenitic stainless steels (such as alloy AL-6XN, 254SMO and 1925hMo). Molybdenum increases lattice strain, thus increasing the energy required to dissolve iron atoms from the surface. Molybdenum is also used to enhance the corrosion resistance of ferritic (for example grade 444) and martensitic (for example 1.4122 and 1.4418) stainless steels.


title: Molybdenum

text: Because of its lower density and more stable price, molybdenum is sometimes used in place of tungsten. An example is the 'M' series of high-speed steels such as M2, M4 and M42 as substitution for the 'T' steel series, which contain tungsten. Molybdenum can also be used as a flame-resistant coating for other metals. Although its melting point is , molybdenum rapidly oxidizes at temperatures above making it better-suited for use in vacuum environments.


title: Molybdenum

text: TZM (Mo (~99%), Ti (~0.5%), Zr (~0.08%) and some C) is a corrosion-resisting molybdenum superalloy that resists molten fluoride salts at temperatures above . It has about twice the strength of pure Mo, and is more ductile and more weldable, yet in tests it resisted corrosion of a standard eutectic salt (FLiBe) and salt vapors used in molten salt reactors for 1100 hours with so little corrosion that it was difficult to measure.


title: Molybdenum

text: Other molybdenum-based alloys that do not contain iron have only limited applications. For example, because of its resistance to molten zinc, both pure molybdenum and molybdenum-tungsten alloys (70%/30%) are used for piping, stirrers and pump impellers that come into contact with molten zinc.


title: Molybdenum

text: Molybdenum is an essential element in most organisms; a 2008 research paper speculated that a scarcity of molybdenum in the Earth's early oceans may have strongly influenced the evolution of eukaryotic life (which includes all plants and animals).


title: Molybdenum

text: At least 50 molybdenum-containing enzymes have been identified, mostly in bacteria. Those enzymes include aldehyde oxidase, sulfite oxidase and xanthine oxidase. With one exception, Mo in proteins is bound by molybdopterin to give the molybdenum cofactor. The only known exception is nitrogenase, which uses the FeMoco cofactor, which has the formula FeMoSC.


title: Molybdenum

text: In terms of function, molybdoenzymes catalyze the oxidation and sometimes reduction of certain small molecules in the process of regulating nitrogen, sulfur, and carbon. In some animals, and in humans, the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid, a process of purine catabolism, is catalyzed by xanthine oxidase, a molybdenum-containing enzyme. The activity of xanthine oxidase is directly proportional to the amount of molybdenum in the body. An extremely high concentration of molybdenum reverses the trend and can inhibit purine catabolism and other processes. Molybdenum concentration also affects protein synthesis, metabolism, and growth.


title: Molybdenum

text: Mo is a component in most nitrogenases. Among molybdoenzymes, nitrogenases are unique in lacking the molybdopterin. Nitrogenases catalyze the production of ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen:


title: Molybdenum

text: Molybdenum is an essential trace dietary element. Four mammalian Mo-dependent enzymes are known, all of them harboring a pterin-based molybdenum cofactor (Moco) in their active site: sulfite oxidase, xanthine oxidoreductase, aldehyde oxidase, and mitochondrial amidoxime reductase. People severely deficient in molybdenum have poorly functioning sulfite oxidase and are prone to toxic reactions to sulfites in foods. The human body contains about 0.07 mg of molybdenum per kilogram of body weight, with higher concentrations in the liver and kidneys and lower in the vertebrae. Molybdenum is also present within human tooth enamel and may help prevent its decay.


title: Molybdenum

text: Acute toxicity has not been seen in humans, and the toxicity depends strongly on the chemical state. Studies on rats show a median lethal dose (LD) as low as 180 mg/kg for some Mo compounds. Although human toxicity data is unavailable, animal studies have shown that chronic ingestion of more than 10 mg/day of molybdenum can cause diarrhea, growth retardation, infertility, low birth weight, and gout; it can also affect the lungs, kidneys, and liver. Sodium tungstate is a competitive inhibitor of molybdenum. Dietary tungsten reduces the concentration of molybdenum in tissues.


title: Molybdenum

text: Low soil concentration of molybdenum in a geographical band from northern China to Iran results in a general dietary molybdenum deficiency, and is associated with increased rates of esophageal cancer. Compared to the United States, which has a greater supply of molybdenum in the soil, people living in those areas have about 16 times greater risk for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.


title: Molybdenum

text: Molybdenum deficiency has also been reported as a consequence of non-molybdenum supplemented total parenteral nutrition (complete intravenous feeding) for long periods of time. It results in high blood levels of sulfite and urate, in much the same way as molybdenum cofactor deficiency. Since pure molybdenum deficiency from this cause occurs primarily in adults, the neurological consequences are not as marked as in cases of congenital cofactor deficiency.


title: Molybdenum

text: A congenital molybdenum cofactor deficiency disease, seen in infants, is an inability to synthesize molybdenum cofactor, the heterocyclic molecule discussed above that binds molybdenum at the active site in all known human enzymes that use molybdenum. The resulting deficiency results in high levels of sulfite and urate, and neurological damage.


title: Molybdenum

text: Most molybdenum is excreted from the human body as molybdate in the urine. Furthermore, urinary excretion of molybdenum increases as dietary molybdenum intake increases. Small amounts of molybdenum are excreted from the body in the feces by way of the bile; small amounts also can be lost in sweat and in hair.


title: Molybdenum

text: High levels of molybdenum can interfere with the body's uptake of copper, producing copper deficiency. Molybdenum prevents plasma proteins from binding to copper, and it also increases the amount of copper that is excreted in urine. Ruminants that consume high levels of molybdenum suffer from diarrhea, stunted growth, anemia, and achromotrichia (loss of fur pigment). These symptoms can be alleviated by copper supplements, either dietary and injection. The effective copper deficiency can be aggravated by excess sulfur.


title: Molybdenum

text: Copper reduction or deficiency can also be deliberately induced for therapeutic purposes by the compound ammonium tetrathiomolybdate, in which the bright red anion tetrathiomolybdate is the copper-chelating agent. Tetrathiomolybdate was first used therapeutically in the treatment of copper toxicosis in animals. It was then introduced as a treatment in Wilson's disease, a hereditary copper metabolism disorder in humans; it acts both by competing with copper absorption in the bowel and by increasing excretion. It has also been found to have an inhibitory effect on angiogenesis, potentially by inhibiting the membrane translocation process that is dependent on copper ions. This is a promising avenue for investigation of treatments for cancer, age-related macular degeneration, and other diseases that involve a pathologic proliferation of blood vessels.


title: Molybdenum

text: In some grazing livestock, most strongly in cattle, molybdenum excess in the soil of pasturage can produce scours (diarrhea) if the pH of the soil is neutral to alkaline; see teartness.


title: Molybdenum

text: In 2000, the then U.S. Institute of Medicine (now the National Academy of Medicine, NAM) updated its Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for molybdenum. If there is not sufficient information to establish EARs and RDAs, an estimate designated Adequate Intake (AI) is used instead.


title: Molybdenum

text: An AI of 2 micrograms (μg) of molybdenum per day was established for infants up to 6 months of age, and 3 μg/day from 7 to 12 months of age, both for males and females. For older children and adults, the following daily RDAs have been established for molybdenum: 17 μg from 1 to 3 years of age, 22 μg from 4 to 8 years, 34 μg from 9 to 13 years, 43 μg from 14 to 18 years, and 45 μg for persons 19 years old and older. All these RDAs are valid for both sexes. Pregnant or lactating females from 14 to 50 years of age have a higher daily RDA of 50 μg of molybdenum.


title: Molybdenum

text: As for safety, the NAM sets tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. In the case of molybdenum, the UL is 2000 μg/day. Collectively the EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs are referred to as Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs).


title: Molybdenum

text: The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. AI and UL defined the same as in United States. For women and men ages 15 and older the AI is set at 65 μg/day. Pregnant and lactating women have the same AI. For children aged 1–14 years, the AIs increase with age from 15 to 45 μg/day. The adult AIs are higher than the U.S. RDAs, but on the other hand, the European Food Safety Authority reviewed the same safety question and set its UL at 600 μg/day, which is much lower than the U.S. value.


title: Molybdenum

text: For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). For molybdenum labeling purposes 100% of the Daily Value was 75 μg, but as of May 27, 2016 it was revised to 45 μg. A table of the old and new adult daily values is provided at Reference Daily Intake.


title: Molybdenum

text: Average daily intake varies between 120 and 240 μg/day, which is higher than dietary recommendations. Pork, lamb, and beef liver each have approximately 1.5 parts per million of molybdenum. Other significant dietary sources include green beans, eggs, sunflower seeds, wheat flour, lentils, cucumbers, and cereal grain.


title: Molybdenum

text: Molybdenum dusts and fumes, generated by mining or metalworking, can be toxic, especially if ingested (including dust trapped in the sinuses and later swallowed). Low levels of prolonged exposure can cause irritation to the eyes and skin. Direct inhalation or ingestion of molybdenum and its oxides should be avoided. OSHA regulations specify the maximum permissible molybdenum exposure in an 8-hour day as 5 mg/m. Chronic exposure to 60 to 600 mg/m can cause symptoms including fatigue, headaches and joint pains. At levels of 5000 mg/m, molybdenum is immediately dangerous to life and health.


title: Tiger King

text: Tiger King (subtitled in marketing as Tiger King: Murder, Mayhem, and Madness for its first season, Tiger King 2 for its second season and Tiger King: The Doc Antle Story for its third season) is an American true crime documentary streaming television series about the life of former zookeeper and convicted felon Joe Exotic. The first season was released on Netflix on March 20, 2020. A second season, "Tiger King 2", was announced in September 2021 and was released on November 17, 2021, while a third season, "Tiger King: The Doc Antle Story", was announced on December 3, 2021, and released one week later on December 12. The series focuses on the small but deeply interconnected society of big cat conservationists such as Carole Baskin, owner of Big Cat Rescue, and collectors such as Exotic, whom Baskin accuses of abusing and exploiting wild animals.


title: Tiger King

text: Season 1 received positive reviews from critics, and according to Nielsen ratings, was watched by 34.3 million people over its first ten days of release, ranking as one of Netflix's most successful releases to date, partly due to its release amid the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic, and also inspired several memes online. Despite its success and popularity, the season received criticism from conservation and animal rights groups for its framing and inaccuracies related to private breeding and wildlife conservation issues. A special aftershow hosted by Joel McHale was released on April 12, 2020, with McHale interviewing several of its subjects about Exotic and the series itself. The second and third seasons in contrast received mostly negative reviews from fans and critics, and the former was subject of a lawsuit by Carole and Howard Baskin over footage used in the series. There is no indication there will be another season.


title: Tiger King

text: The series explores the deeply interconnected community of big cat conservationists and collectors in America, and the private zoos and animal sanctuaries they have set up for the care and public display of these animals.


title: Tiger King

text: The series' primary subject in the first season is "Tiger King" Joe Exotic, the eccentric owner of the G.W. Zoo in Wynnewood, Oklahoma, and follows his bitter years-long feud with Carole Baskin, CEO of Big Cat Rescue in Tampa, Florida. The season later records the events leading up to Exotic's conviction under federal murder-for-hire statutes, when it comes to light that he paid a hitman to murder Baskin; his convictions also included violations of the Lacey Act and Endangered Species Act, and resulted in a 22-year federal prison sentence.


title: Tiger King

text: The second season covers the immediate aftermath of Exotic's imprisonment, as well as exploring further theories surrounding the Disappearance of Don Lewis. It also explores the downfall of big cat collectors Tim Stark and Jeff Lowe. The ending of the season features a tribute to Erik Cowie, an employee at the G.W. Zoo who died in September 2021.


title: Tiger King

text: The series' primary subject in the third season is Mahamayavi Bhagavan "Doc Antle", a rival of Exotic's and Baskin's, exploring his cult of employment.


title: Tiger King

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the first series holds an approval rating of 89% based on 75 reviews, with an average rating of 7.88/10. The site's critics consensus reads: "A bizarre true crime story you have to see to believe, "Tiger King" is a messy and captivating portrait of obsession gone terribly wrong." On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score to reviews from mainstream publications, the series has an average score of 75 out of 100, based on 13 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Tiger King

text: "Variety" magazine's Caroline Framke called the season "messy yet compelling" and that for "those who love Netflix's particular flavor of true crime and docuseries, [...] "Tiger King" will undoubtedly scratch a particular itch." Joshua Rivera at "The Verge" said that "[e]very minute of "Tiger King" yields some new surprise, an unbelievable turn or charismatic stranger with incredible stories to tell."


title: Tiger King

text: Although the season had a positive reception overall, the special aftershow hosted by McHale received criticism.


title: Tiger King

text: The second series received mostly negative reviews, holding an approval rating of 19% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 21 reviews, with an average rating of 4.10/10. The site's critics consensus reads: "With nothing substantive to add save for a salacious celebration of its first season's success, this kitty has no claws."


title: Tiger King

text: Kristen Lopez of "IndieWire" said that second series has a story that "feels like it's being made up in the moment" and that "Netflix's second season of Tiger King feels like a blatant grab for cash". Brian Lowry of "CNN" also criticized the second series for failing to move the story on from the first series, saying: "Adding relatively little to the story, and jumping all over the place, the project is mostly defined by how self-referential it is." In a review in "The Times", Liam Fay noted the season suffered from the lack of participation from Carole Baskin, saying that "her contributions are taken from her YouTube channel, an eerily stilted production in which she reads her diaries directly to camera", and: "Almost every theory ever concocted about Lewis's fate is explored at length. In the end we're none the wiser, a familiar aftertaste throughout the season."


title: Tiger King

text: According to Nielsen, the first season was watched by 34.3 million people over its first 10 days of release, ranking as one of Netflix's most successful releases to date. It has been suggested that its viewership success was aided by the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused many global viewers to be restricted to their homes around the time of its release. At their Q2 report meeting in July 2020, Netflix reported the first season had been viewed by 64 million households over its first month of release.


title: Tiger King

text: At an April press conference regarding COVID-19, then-U.S. President Donald Trump was questioned about the possibility of pardoning the series' key subject, Joe Exotic. Trump said he was unaware of him and the series but told the reporter that he'd "take a look". In January 2021, prior to the inauguration of Joe Biden, Trump pardoned several different people, but Exotic was not one of them. Exotic tweeted that he was "too innocent and too gay" to receive a pardon from Trump.


title: Tiger King

text: Animal welfare groups, conservation organizations and wildlife biologists have criticized the series and its filmmakers.


title: Tiger King

text: Several conservation and animal rights groups criticized the filmmakers for framing private big cat breeding as a legitimate form of conservation. Representatives from Wildlife Conservation Society, World Wide Fund for Nature, Panthera Corporation and "National Geographic" criticized the show for its equivocation of the unregulated private breeding with captive breeding for species reintroduction, highlighting that the latter is strictly controlled by the Species Survival Plan and only takes place in zoos accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Privately bred cats cannot be reintroduced to the wild as several of the private breeders interviewed suggested, as they would be unlikely to survive in the wild, and are likely hybrids which could cause genetic pollution.


title: Tiger King

text: The filmmakers were also criticized for implying that roadside zoo operations are as legitimate as accredited zoos, and Big Cat Rescue specifically. The first season and director singled out Big Cat Rescue's enclosures as small or not meeting ethical standards, but their facilities meet humane standards set out by Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries, unlike those of the featured private breeders' zoos. "Elle" noted that Baskin was portrayed as hypocritical for keeping the tigers in captivity instead of releasing them, without explaining that doing so was not an option—being captive-bred from mixed stock, as well as in-effect domesticated, meant they were unsuited to either survive in the wild or rebuild regional populations. Michael Webber, director of "The Elephant in the Living Room", also criticized the parallels drawn between the private zoos and Big Cat Rescue. The first season was also accused of minimizing Baskin's efforts to lobby Congress for stricter legislation on animal trafficking.


title: Tiger King

text: "Goode brings to "Tiger King" the intellectual rigor and social responsibility of ... a nightclub and hotel developer", Peter Frick-Wright, who had produced "Cat People", a podcast series covering the American big-cat industry, wrote in "Outside". He found the first season particularly unfair to Baskin, pointing out that in focusing on her husband's disappearance so much it failed to distinguish her from Exotic and Antle, barely mentioning that Big Cat Rescue only accepts tigers confiscated by law enforcement or from owners who could no longer handle them—owners who had to sign a contract with heavy financial penalties if they owned another big cat or were even photographed with one, a provision not mentioned in the first season. Baskin also forbids volunteers or staff from touching the animals; they are fired for doing so, Frick-Wright wrote.


title: Tiger King

text: Others criticized the sympathetic portrayal of Joe Exotic. The director of Animals Asia Foundation expressed disappointment that the Netflix series "does not fully condemn many of the activities that [Exotic] was involved with" and criticized the filmmakers for downplaying the animal cruelty and commercial purposes of Exotic's zoo. Conversely, Baskin is the only source in the first season from the conservation sector, and the only source explaining why keeping the wild animals was abusive, but is depicted in an unsympathetic light.