title: Bessarabia

text: After the 1360s the region was gradually included in the principality of Moldavia, which by 1392 established control over the fortresses of Akkerman and Chilia, its eastern border becoming the River Dniester. Based on the name of the region, some authors consider that in the latter part of the 14th century the southern part of the region was under the rule of Wallachia (the ruling dynasty of Wallachia during that period was called Basarab). In the 15th century, the entire region was a part of the principality of Moldavia. Stephen the Great ruled between 1457 and 1504, a period of nearly 50 years during which he won 32 battles defending his country against virtually all his neighbours (mainly the Ottomans and the Tatars, but also the Hungarians and the Poles) while losing only two. During this period, after each victory, he raised a monastery or a church close to the battlefield honoring Christianity. Many of these battlefields and churches, as well as old fortresses, are situated in Bessarabia (mainly along Dniester).


title: Bessarabia

text: In 1484, the Turks invaded and captured Chilia and Cetatea Albă (Akkerman in Turkish), and annexed the shoreline southern part of Bessarabia, which was then divided into two sanjaks (districts) of the Ottoman Empire. In 1538, the Ottomans annexed more Bessarabian land in the south as far as Tighina, while the central and northern Bessarabia remained part of the Principality of Moldavia (which became a vassal of the Ottoman Empire). Between 1711 and 1812, the Russian Empire occupied the region five times during its wars against the Ottoman and Austrian Empires.


title: Bessarabia

text: By the Treaty of Bucharest of May 28, 1812—concluding the Russo-Turkish War of 1806-1812—the Ottoman Empire ceded the land between the Pruth and the Dniester, including both Moldavian and Turkish territories, to the Russian Empire. That entire region was then called "Bessarabia".


title: Bessarabia

text: In 1814, the first German settlers arrived and mainly settled in the southern parts, and Bessarabian Bulgarians began settling in the region too, founding towns such as Bolhrad. Between 1812 and 1846, the Bulgarian and Gagauz population migrated to the Russian Empire via the River Danube, after living many years under oppressive Ottoman rule, and settled in southern Bessarabia. Turkic-speaking tribes of the Nogai horde also inhabited the Budjak Region (in Turkish Bucak) of southern Bessarabia from the 16th to 18th centuries but were totally driven out prior to 1812.


title: Bessarabia

text: Administratively, Bessarabia became an "oblast" of the Russian Empire in 1818, and a "guberniya" in 1873.


title: Bessarabia

text: By the Treaty of Adrianople that concluded the Russo-Turkish War of 1828-1829 the entire Danube Delta was added to the Bessarabian oblast. According to Vasile Stoica, emissary of the Romanian government to the United States, in 1834, the Moldovan language was banned from schools and government facilities, despite 80% of the population speaking the language. This would eventually lead to the banning of Moldovan in churches, media, and books. According to the same author, those who protested the banning of Moldovan could be sent to Siberia.


title: Bessarabia

text: At the end of the Crimean War, in 1856, by the Treaty of Paris, Southern Bessarabia (organised as the Cahul and Ismail counties, with the Bolgrad county split from the latter in 1864) was returned to Moldavia, causing the Russian Empire to lose access to the Danube river.


title: Bessarabia

text: In 1859, Moldavia and Wallachia united to form the Romanian United Principalities (Romania), which included the southern part of Bessarabia.


title: Bessarabia

text: The railway Chișinău-Iași was opened on June 1, 1875, in preparation for the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) and the Eiffel Bridge was opened on , just three days before the outbreak of the war. The Romanian War of Independence was fought in 1877–78, with the help of the Russian Empire as an ally. Northern Dobruja was awarded to Romania for its role in the 1877–78 Russo-Turkish War, and as compensation for the transfer of Southern Bessarabia.


title: Bessarabia

text: The Kishinev pogrom took place in the capital of Bessarabia on April 6, 1903, after local newspapers published articles inciting the public to act against Jews; 47 or 49 Jews were killed, 92 severely wounded and 700 houses destroyed. The anti-Semitic newspaper Бессарабец (Bessarabetz, meaning "Bessarabian"), published by Pavel Krushevan, insinuated that local Jews killed a Russian boy. Another newspaper, Свет (Lat. Svet, meaning "World" or Russian for "Light"), used the age-old blood libel against the Jews (alleging that the boy had been killed to use his blood in preparation of matzos).


title: Bessarabia

text: After the 1905 Russian Revolution, a Moldavian nationalist movement started to develop in Bessarabia. In the chaos brought by the Russian revolution of October 1917, a National Council (Sfatul Țării) was established in Bessarabia, with 120 members elected from Bessarabia by some political and professional organizations and 10 elected from Transnistria (the left bank of Dniester where Moldovans accounted for less than a third and the majority of the population was Ukrainian. See Demographics of Transdniestria).


title: Bessarabia

text: The "Rumcherod" Committee (Central Executive Committee of the Soviets of Romanian Front, Black Sea Fleet and Odessa Military District) proclaimed itself the supreme power in Bessarabia.


title: Bessarabia

text: On the pretext of securing supply lines against raids by Bolsheviks and armed bandits, members of the Moldavian legislative council Sfatul Țării and the Entente Powers requested military assistance from Romania, and the Romanian Army crossed the republic's border on ; following several skirmishes with Moldovan and Bolshevik troops, the occupation of the whole region was completed in early March. The occupation of Bessarabia by the Romanians was not universally welcomed, and the members of the Bessarabian government denied that the Romanian troops had ever been invited to occupy the republic.


title: Bessarabia

text: After Ukraine issued its Fourth Universal, breaking ties with Bolshevik Russia and proclaiming a sovereign Ukrainian state, Sfatul Țării declared Bessarabia's independence on January 24, 1918, as the Moldavian Democratic Republic.


title: Bessarabia

text: On March 5 [O.S. 20 February] 1918, in a secret agreement signed along the Treaty of Buftea, the German Empire allowed Romania to annex Bessarabia in exchange for free passage of German troops toward Ukraine. The county councils of Bălți, Soroca and Orhei were the earliest to ask for unification of the Moldavian Democratic Republic with the Kingdom of Romania, and on April 9 [O.S. March 27] 1918, in the presence of the Romanian Army, The Country Council, called "Sfatul Țării", voted in favour of the union, with the following conditions:


title: Bessarabia

text: 86 deputies voted in support, three voted against and 36 abstained. The Romanian prime minister at the time, Alexandru Marghiloman, would later admit that the union was decided in Bucharest and Iași, the seats of the Romanian government.


title: Bessarabia

text: The first condition, the agrarian reform, was debated and approved in November 1918. The Country Council also decided to remove the other conditions and made unification with Romania unconditional. The legality of this vote was considered highly debatable since the meeting had not been publicly announced, there was no quorum (only 44 of the 125 members took part in it, mostly Moldavian conservatives), and then the Country Council voted for its self-dissolution, preventing the protests of the Moldavians and minorities members who had not participated in the parliamentary session from being taken into account.


title: Bessarabia

text: In the autumn of 1919, elections for the Romanian Constituent Assembly were held in Bessarabia; 90 deputies and 35 senators were chosen. On December 20, 1919, these men voted, along with the representatives of Romania's other regions, to ratify the unification acts that had been approved by the Country Council and the National Congresses in Transylvania and Bukovina.


title: Bessarabia

text: The union was recognized by France, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Japan in the Treaty of Paris of 1920. However, the treaty never came into force, as Japan did not ratify it. The United States refused to sign the treaty on the grounds that Russia was not represented at the Conference. The US also considered Bessarabia a territory under Romanian occupation, rather than Romanian territory, despite existing political and economic relations between the US and Romania. Soviet Russia (and later, the USSR) did not recognize the union, and by 1924, after its demands for a regional plebiscite were declined by Romania for the second time, declared Bessarabia to be Soviet territory under foreign occupation. On all Soviet maps, Bessarabia was highlighted as a territory not belonging to Romania.


title: Bessarabia

text: A Provisional Workers' & Peasants' Government of Bessarabia was founded on May 5, 1919, in exile at Odessa, by the Bolsheviks.


title: Bessarabia

text: On May 11, 1919, the Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed as an autonomous part of Russian SFSR, but was abolished by the military forces of Poland and France in September 1919 (see Polish–Soviet War). After the victory of Bolshevist Russia in the Russian Civil War, the Ukrainian SSR was created in 1922, and in 1924 the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was established on a strip of Ukrainian land on the west bank of Dniester where Moldovans and Romanians accounted for less than a third and the relative majority of the population was Ukrainian. (See Demographics of the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic).


title: Bessarabia

text: Svetlana Suveică considers that historical discourse regarding interwar Bessarabia was heavily influenced by the political association of the authors, and sought mainly to argue for or against the legality of Romanian rule in Bessarabia. The impact of the various reforms on the progress of the province was mostly ignored.


title: Bessarabia

text: Romanian historiography, for the most part, consistently sought to demonstrate the legitimacy of the regime established after the Union of Bessarabia with Romania. During the interwar period, Romanian historians countered Soviet historians' description of it as the establishment of an "occupation regime". The agrarian reform, considered one of the most radical in Europe (an idea also supported by Western historians), was appreciated as having a positive role, emphasizing the national emancipation of the Romanian peasantry, while the modernization of agriculture was presented as a complex phenomenon, which also required further mechanism to support the new owner. However, agriculture was ignored by the state, and the new owners were greatly affected by the lack of credit, Romanian authors of the time suggested various ways this situation could have been overcome. Ultimately, as the state failed to create an adequate agricultural policy, by the end of the 1920 authors were hoping progress could be made through private initiative. Romanian authors also paid particular attention to the unification of administrative legislation, norms, and principles of administrative law, as well as their application in Romanian practice. The institute of the "zemstvo" was regarded by some of them as the most democratic form of government, and its dissolution by the Romanian authorities was deplored; authors such as Onisifor Ghibu expressed a critical view on the relation between Romanian administrative personnel from outside Bessarabia and the locals, as well as the general structure of the administrative corps.


title: Bessarabia

text: During the Communist period, Romanian historians initially treated the reforms applied after World War I mainly from social class perspectives. Starting with the 1960s, the first studies that mentioned the existence of a "Bessarabian historical problem" appeared. From the second half of the 1970s, studies on the agrarian reform considered that while this led to a "natural and rational distribution of agricultural property", it also led to fragmentation of agricultural land. This made the practice of intensive agriculture difficult, since peasants had reduced opportunity to purchase agricultural equipment. Towards the end of the Communist period, the two interwar concepts of development and modernization were re-embraced.


title: Bessarabia

text: After the fall of Communism, Romanian historiography treated Bessarabia mainly in the context of Romanian nation-building, seen as the main issue affecting Greater Romania; authors focused mainly on issues related to the general and specific context of Bessarabia after the Union, the state's efforts for social-political and economic integration, and cultural development of Bessarabia. The internal and external factors that determined the specifics of the province's integration into the Romanian common framework are also of interest. Romanian authors mainly blamed the lasting effects of Russian domination and the destabilizing role of Soviet Russia (USSR) for the malfunctioning of the Romanian administration, with some also pointing to the difficult and non-uniform character of the integration generated by the non-uniform character of the development of the provinces until 1918, of a different degree of their adaptability to the new conditions. The modernization interwar period is also seen as the third phase of a continuous process, begun in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and brutally interrupted by the establishment of Communism. In this context, some authors consider the comparative studies of the interwar and post-Communist periods in different fields as particularly current.


title: Bessarabia

text: Soviet historiography considered the changes that took place in interwar Bessarabia expressed were directed either towards strengthening the political, economical, and social position of the bourgeoisie, to the detriment of the peasantry, or towards creating a favourable position for the Romanian population, to the detriment of the national minorities; Soviet authors thus reportedly rejected the notion that any modernization and progress took place in the region during Romanian rule. The transformations that took place on different levels of the Bessarabian society at that time were treated from a social class and/or ethnopolitical positions; Svetlana Suveică states "the writings from the Soviet period, directly determined by the interference of politics in historical science, alternated the ideas regarding the "Moldovan" nation and the national identity, with severe condemnations of the Romanian interwar period". In Suveică's opinion, the conception of Soviet historiography was based on distorted facts that would serve as "indisputable arguments" for the establishment of an illegal "occupation" regime. According to Wim P. van Meurs "the legitimation of the political regime has been the main function of (the Soviet) historiography and such a legitimation has usually been based on a number of historical myths". The discussion of the social-economic and politico-administrative situation in the region was also closely related to the Romanian-Soviet conflictual relations of the 1960s and 1970s, during which both communist countries treated the Bessarabian problem for political purposes.


title: Bessarabia

text: The presence of the ideological factor in writing the history of Bessarabia was manifested itself not only at the central level, but also at the level of the historiography of Soviet Moldavia. It was not until the second half of the '80s that the Moldovan historiography raised the issue of the Soviet political and ideological pressures.


title: Bessarabia

text: After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Moldovan historiography, largely marked by the public identity discourse, deals with the problems of the interwar Bessarabian history, depending on the context. On the one hand, the supporters of the idea of Moldovan statehood reject the option of modernization and progress of Bessarabia after the Union with Romania while, on the other hand, the historians who, starting from the idea of the Romanian character of Bessarabia, and using new sources, "contribute to the in-depth knowledge of the integrating and modernizing processes that marked the history of the (Bessarabian) land in the interwar period". This ongoing controversy highlights the two antagonistic geopolitical tendencies present in the contemporary Moldovan historiography: the pro-East current versus the pro-West current.


title: Bessarabia

text: The Western historiography pointed out that the reforms at the beginning of Romania's rule were mainly directed at easing the social tensions existing across Eastern Europe and were, therefore, similar to the ones taking place elsewhere in the region. In the case of the agrarian reform, G. Clenton Logio states that the Romanians were pressed into legislating it, as expropriation had begun before the Union and there was the danger that Bessarabians would undo this act; he notes that no planning took place regarding the effects of the reform and the problems of the peasantry were ignored, transforming the latter in "a numerous and profitable mass of clients for the banks". According to the analysis Western authors, the reform only changed the distribution of the land, and not agricultural policies; as a result of the economical and social policies of the Romanian governments, small and medium-sized farms remained unprofitable, while the large farms not affected by the reform also lost their economic role. Western authors also criticized the administrative corps of Bessarabia - "an unstable and corrupt stratum" - observing that transfer of administrative personnel from Romania to Bessarabia was regarded as a severe punishment, and the clerks affected generally sought personal enrichment; the local administration was also considered rigid and unwilling to reform. In general, Western historiography analyzed the modernization of Bessarabia in a general Romanian context in relation to the previous Russian period, as well as the uneven and not so fast modernization process, determined by both internal and external factors.


title: Bessarabia

text: According to Vladimir Solonar and Vladimir Bruter, Bessarabia under Romanian rule experienced low population growth due to high mortality (highest in Romania and one of the highest in Europe) as well as emigration; Bessarabia was also characterized by economic stagnation and high unemployment. Access to social services declined after the abolition of the zemstvos in the early 1920s, as these had previously provided local autonomy in managing education and public health. In the late 1930s, the Bessarabian population had among the highest incidences of several major infectious diseases and some of the highest mortality rates from these diseases.


title: Bessarabia

text: According to Dan Dungaciu, the only European modernization process of Bessarabia was carried out during the Romanian interwar period, despite the all unfavorable domestic and international conditions (post-war recession, actions backed by the Soviet Union, worldwide Great Depression). Gheorghe Duca considers that, in terms of science, economy, art, political and social life, Bessarabia made considerable progress in the interwar period.


title: Bessarabia

text: Nicolae Enciu appreciates that, through the political, social-economic, and cultural modernization, the interwar period meant a progress of the Romanian society, with beneficial effects in all its historical regions. At the same time, the interwar period also experienced failures, being too short to be able to produce radical transformations, in order to reduce the economic and social polarization.


title: Bessarabia

text: According to Wim P. van Meurs, after 1918 Bessarabia remained for a long time in a state of emergency, under a military administration, due to border incidents and agitation among the peasantry and the minorities. Strict censorship was imposed in order to restrain Bolshevik propaganda. Three major revolts or Soviet raids took place in the province during the first decade of Romanian rule. In January 1919, local peasants, with support from across the Dniester, rebelled against the Romanian army in the area of Hotin. A similar uprising took place later that year in Tighina. While in the first case Soviet participation is not documented, the latter was probably a Soviet raid, though van Meurs indicates it was most likely a local initiative not coordinated with the central government in Moscow. The longest-lasting rebellion took place for several weeks in 1924 in the area of Tatarbunary when the local population was instigated by agitators from the Soviet Union and proclaimed a Bessarabian Soviet Republic. In all cases, the rebellions were brutally suppressed by the Romanian army, which at times fielded artillery against the rebels.


title: Bessarabia

text: According to Anatol Petrencu, during the most of the Romanian period, Bessarabia benefited by democracy, with a multiparty and a modern electoral system, based on the 1923 Constitution and laws. In November 1919, Romania elected the first post-war parliament based on the proportional representation of the mandates according to the number of the population. As of mid 1919, the population of Bessarabia was estimated at around 2 million. With a voter turnout of 72.2%, the Bessarabians elected and sent to the Romanian Parliament 90 deputies and 37 senators.


title: Bessarabia

text: According to Charles King, in Romania "the budding democracy [...] was soon crushed beneath the weight of corruption, court intrigues, and right-wing reaction". The same author notes that corrupt and heavy-handed Romanian administrators were especially prevalent in the region, and the Siguranța, the Romanian secret police, conducted extensive surveillance among the minorities and regarded Transnistrian refugees and Bessarabian students as potential Bolshevik agents. This resulted in "a sense among locals that Bessarabia had been occupied by Romania rather than united with". Russians, in particular, were regarded as "Bolsheviks in disguise", with their churches and libraries closed down or Romanianized.


title: Bessarabia

text: At the beginning of World War I, around 80% of the population worked in agriculture. While the "Sfatul Țării" envisioned distributing land freely to the peasants, Romanian pressure resulted in a significant modification of the plans, bringing the reform more in line with similar ones taking place in the Old Kingdom and Transylvania. While more radical than elsewhere, as it provided lower payments, lower limits for land exempt from expropriation and larger plots, the Romanian land reform also reverted some of the ad-hoc land distribution that had taken place during the Russian Revolution, raising discontent among the peasantry. Thus, of the 1.5 million dessiatin (40% of the agricultural land) held by the large landowners in 1917, more than one third (38.6%) was distributed to peasants, another third was restored to its previous owners, while the rest became state property and was to a large degree later awarded to officers of the Romanian army, officials and clergy. A significant number of plots were awarded to Romanians immigrants from Wallachia and Western Moldavia, while Romanian offices who married Bessarabian women were eligible to receive 100 hectares. Though the reform set the lot at 6 hectares, more than two-thirds of the peasant households received less than 5 hectares each, and, as of 1931, 367.8 thousand peasant families were still landless. The average size of the peasant household further dropped after the land reform due to land division among heirs.


title: Bessarabia

text: According to Alla Skvortsova, while the reform stimulated the development of commodity farming in the countryside and expanded the market for industrial products, it failed to produce the expected results. The peasants had to pay for the land they received during the following 20 years, there was little to no state support provided for them to acquire technical equipment required for the development of successful farms and credit was only accessible to the more prosperous among them and therefore insignificant overall. The region also lacked qualified specialists and lagged behind in infrastructure, as the government had few resources and other priorities. The main factors which impeded the creation of a prosperous peasant class were the payments for land redemption, peasant debts, and taxes, lack of access to the traditional Russian market, difficulties to break into the Romanian and European agricultural market and frequent droughts (1921, 1924, 1925, 1927–28 and 1935). Winemaking, one of the mainstays of the local economy, was particularly affected by the external policy of the Romanian state: the most favoured nation status awarded to France brought inexpensive French wine to the local market, access to the Soviet market was blocked, while exports to the traditional markets in Poland were hindered by the trade war started in 1926.


title: Bessarabia

text: According to Alla Skvortsova, the peasant situation was further aggravated by the Great Depression in Romania, with prices for agricultural products dropping catastrophically and not recovering until the end of the decade. While only 2.8% of the national agricultural credit was directed by the National Bank of Romania towards Bessarabia in 1936, by 1940 70% of the peasants were in debt to the large landowners and moneylenders. In order to pay debts, many of the poorer peasants had to sell their livestock and even their land. Failure to pay the redemption payments for 2.5 years also resulted in the land reverting to state property; thus, by 1938, in the district of Soroca only a quarter of the peasant households had retained their allotment. By 1939 farms of up to 5 hectares throughout the region had lost a seventh of their land, while farms with more than 10 hectares had increased their land by 26%. According to a study of the new Soviet administration, in June 1940 7.3% of the peasant households in the Bessarabian regions of the Moldavian SSR were completely landless, 38.15% had up to 3 hectares (an average of 1.7 hectares per lot) and 22.4% had 3 to 5 hectares (an average of 2.6 hectares per one household), i.e. more than two-thirds of the peasant households were farm laborers and poor peasants. Better off was the middle peasantry, which owned 5 to 10 hectares, and constituted 22.73% of peasant farms. The rest, constituting 9.4% of the farms, owned more than 10 hectares each, but held under their control 36% of peasant land, i.e. more than all small farms taken together. The 818 large landowners held an average of 100 hectares each, while institutional owners (the state, churches, and monasteries) held another 59 thousand hectares. About 54% of peasant households had no livestock, about two-thirds had no horse, a little more than a sixth had one horse each, and only 13.2% had two or more working horses. In the whole of Bessarabian region of the Moldavian SSR there were at the beginning of Soviet administration only 219 obsolete tractors, mostly owned by larger farms and used primarily as threshing engines. With little serviceable equestrian equipment, tillage, sowing, and harvesting of all crops were mostly carried out manually. Throughout the interwar era, Bessarabia witnessed several negative phenomena: further social stratification in the countryside, deepening poverty, lowering yields, worsening of the structure of crops grown, reduction of the total agricultural production. The number of cattle fell by 26% between 1926 and 1938, the number of sheep by 5%, the number of pigs by 14%. Average grain yield also decreased from 1920/1925 to 1935/1939 from 850 kg per hectare to 800 kg. The area used in wine-making grew by 15,000 hectares between 1930 and 1938. However, wine quality dropped, as slightly over 80% of the vineyards were planted with lower quality grape varieties. According to V.I. Tsaranov, adding to the lack of land, small plots, poor crop yields, unemployment was also high among rural residents, with around 550 thousand recorded in June 1940.


title: Bessarabia

text: According to Alla Skvortsova, the Romanian government, either directly or through the banking system, encouraged the development of industry in the areas of prewar Romania, while hindering the process in new territories. As a consequence, even Bessarabian entrepreneurs preferred to invest their capital in those areas instead of using it within the region. Local industry faced fierce competition from larger Romanian companies, which had access to preferential rail tariffs, limited credit to local entrepreneurs, and flooded the local market with cheaper industrial goods produced in Romania or imported from abroad. Nevertheless, some new small-scale industrial enterprises were established in the 1920s, using primarily local raw materials and producing for the local market. The total engine power rose from 7.8 thousand hp in 1925 to 12.2 thousand in 1929. Although the number of industrial enterprises more than doubled after 1918, small semi-handicraft production prevailed, seldom using hired labor: in 1930 there were an average of only 2.4 employees per enterprise. During the 22 years of Romanian rule, only one large enterprise was built in Bessarabia: the Bălți sugar plant.


title: Bessarabia

text: According to Alla Skvortsova, not all new enterprises survived for long, and the Great Depression had a particularly strong impact on the region, many of the companies going bankrupt or closing in 1929–1933. Governmental policy, influenced by the banking system and the industrial cartels, prevented a rebound, the industry of the "Old Kingdom" again receiving preferential treatment. The main factors that affected the development of Bessarabia in the 1930s were severe credit restrictions, increases in transport tariffs and customs restrictions, and special tax policies. The tax burden was notably high, with enterprises required to fully provide the assigned tax agent with housing, heating, lighting, and office space. Bessarabia was reduced mostly to a supplier of raw materials and a market for industrial goods of Romanian or foreign origin. By the end of the 1930s, the only industrial sectors that managed to rebound were the food and woodworking industries, the rest witnessing either stagnation or a decrease compared to pre-Depression levels. Most industrial facilities in the food industry worked significantly below their installed capacity even in prosperous years such as 1937. Several large factories, such as the Basarabeasca, Cetatea Albă, Florești and Tighina, railway workshops, the Cetatea Albă and Chișinău textile and knitwear factories and the Cetatea Albă canning factory and distillery were dismantled and relocated to the "Old Kingdom" by 1938. Between 1929 and 1937, fixed capital in the industry dropped by 10%, and the number of industrial workers in Bessarabia dropped from 5,400 in 1925 to 3,500 in 1937, while their overall number in Romania had increased by almost 27% during the same period. Between 1926 and 1937 the share of the food industry in the total production of large manufacturing industries increased from 77.1% to 92.4%, with sharp decreases observed in sectors with higher added value, such as the metalworking, textile and leather processing industries. Even so, the food industry failed to fulfill local needs; most industries heavily relied on manual labor and primitive technologies. Electricity production in Chișinău, Bessarabia's center and Romania's second-largest city, recorded in 1925 at 4.47 million kWh, only increased by 6.7% during the following decade, lagging far behind other Romanian cities: 572.3% in Galați, 238.2% in Bucharest, and over 101% in Iași. By the end of the 1930s, only one in seven Bessarabians had access to electricity, compared to one in four among the general Romanian population.


title: Bessarabia

text: The Romanian administration carried out many projects aimed at improving the infrastructure of the province to introduce European gauge and reorient it towards Romania. The total length of the railway lines in Bessarabia increased only by 78 km (from 1140 in 1918 to 1218 in 1940). Local businessmen remained dissatisfied with the pace of the construction of new railways (the Chișinău-Căinari was the only one built anew) and the closure of a number of lines. Road infrastructure was also improved, as new highways and bridges over the Prut were built, while part of the existing roads were repaired and paved, increasing the length of highways from 150 to 754 km. However, most other roads remained impassable during rainy periods. Shipping on the Dniester was closed, and was never established on the Prut. In the 1930s, new airports were built, telephone lines were laid out, and radio transmitters were installed; nevertheless, the region still lagged behind Transylvania and the "Old Kingdom".


title: Bessarabia

text: According to Alla Skvortsova, overall, the share of Bessarabian enterprises in the Romanian industry fell between 1919 and 1937 from 9% to 5.7%, while the number of enterprises employing at least 20 employees dropping from 262 to 196. The share of investments in Bessarabian industry also fell from 0.3% in 1923 to 0.1% in 1936. Sociologist T. Al. Știrbu observed, commenting on the Romanian government's apparent long-term economical plans, that "Bessarabia can only be considered as a reserve of labor and cheap bread for the industry of the rest of the country". In a 1938 review, the Bessarabian Federation of Chambers of Commerce noted that "the decline in industrial production in Bessarabia hinders the rational processing of local raw materials, thereby turning our province into a colony for industry in the rest of the country". According to V.I. Tsaranov, throughout the period, industrial workers in the region faced long working hours (up to fourteen per day), lack of proper safety measures, unsanitary conditions, the perspective of unemployment and a general decrease in the standard of living: the real wage of a Chișinău worker dropped 60% between 1913 and 1937.


title: Bessarabia

text: In 1919, Bessarabia became the Romanian region with the highest illiteracy rate. Although the Romanian/Moldovan population was the largest, no Romanian language school operated in Bessarabia before 1918. As a result, among them, only 10.5% of men and 1.77% of women were literate. By 1930, although Bessarabia continued to be the region with the most illiterate people in Romania, the number of literates doubled, to 38,1% of the total population. In the 1920-1938 period, the number of primary schools increased from 1,747 to 2,718, and the number of students from 136,172 to 346,747. In 1940, there were also 24 gymnasiums and middle schools and 26 high schools. Despite a large number of minorities (over 870,000 Russians, Ukrainians, and Jews), education in minority languages was curtailed: private schools were allowed to function after 1925 only if the instruction was in Romanian and, by 1938, there were no state-


title: Bessarabia

text: sponsored Russian or Ukrainian schools and only one each in private hands. In 1939, after the German and Soviet attacks on Poland, the government reverted on its earlier policy and decided to reintroduce minority language classes in state schools and allow a greater degree of cultural expression for the Slavic minorities, in an effort to improve its image among the local population.


title: Bessarabia

text: Also, in the interwar period, the foundations were laid for the first higher education institutions in Bessarabia. In 1926, the Faculty of Theology was established in Chișinău, followed by the National Conservatory in 1928, and the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences in 1933. The two faculties were sections of the University of Iași, in pre-war Romania.


title: Bessarabia

text: The Soviet Union did not recognize the incorporation of Bessarabia into Romania and throughout the entire interwar period engaged in attempts to undermine Romania and diplomatic disputes with the government in Bucharest over this territory. The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact was signed on August 23, 1939. By Article 4 of the secret Annex to the Treaty, Nazi Germany recognized Bessarabia as belonging to the Soviet "sphere of interest".


title: Bessarabia

text: In the spring of 1940, Western Europe was overrun by Germany. With world attention focused on those events, on June 26, 1940, the USSR issued a 24-hour ultimatum to Romania, demanding immediate cession of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina under threat of war. Romania was given four days to evacuate its troops and officials. The two provinces had an area of , and were inhabited by about 3.75 million people, half of them Romanians, according to official Romanian sources. Two days later, Romania yielded and began evacuation. During the evacuation, from June 28 to July 3, groups of local Communists and Soviet sympathizers attacked the retreating forces and civilians who chose to leave. Many members of the minorities (Jews, ethnic Ukrainians and others) joined in these attacks. The Romanian Army was also attacked by the Soviet Army, which entered Bessarabia before the Romanian administration finished retreating. The casualties reported by the Romanian Army during those seven days consisted of 356 officers and 42,876 soldiers dead or missing.


title: Bessarabia

text: On August 2, the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic was established on most of the territory of Bessarabia, merged with the western parts of the former Moldavian ASSR. Bessarabia was divided between the Moldavian SSR (65% of the territory and 80% of the population) and the Ukrainian SSR. Bessarabia's northern and southern districts (now Budjak and parts of the Chernivtsi oblast) were allotted to Ukraine, while some territories (4,000 km) on the left (eastern) bank of Dniester (present Transnistria), previously part of Ukraine, were allotted to Moldavia. Following the Soviet takeover, many Bessarabians, who were accused of supporting the deposed Romanian administration, were executed or deported to Siberia and Kazakhstan.


title: Bessarabia

text: Between September and November 1940, the ethnic Germans of Bessarabia were offered resettlement to Germany, following a German-Soviet agreement. Fearing Soviet oppression, almost all Germans (93,000) agreed. Most of them were resettled to the newly annexed Polish territories.


title: Bessarabia

text: On June 22, 1941 the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union commenced with Operation Barbarossa. Between June 22 and July 26, 1941, Romanian troops recovered Bessarabia and northern Bukovina with the help of Wehrmacht. The Soviets employed scorched earth tactics during their forced retreat from Bessarabia, destroying the infrastructure and transporting movable goods to Russia by railway. At the end of July, after a year of Soviet rule, the region was once again under Romanian control, being organized as the Bessarabia Governorate.


title: Bessarabia

text: As the military operation was still in progress, there were cases of Romanian troops "taking revenge" on Jews in Bessarabia, in the form of pogroms on civilians and murder of Jewish POWs, resulting in several thousand dead. The supposed cause for murdering Jews was that in 1940 some Jews welcomed the Soviet takeover as liberation. At the same time the notorious SS Einsatzgruppe D, operating in the area of the German 11th Army, committed summary executions of Jews under the pretext that they were spies, saboteurs, Communists, or under no pretext whatsoever.


title: Bessarabia

text: The political solution of the "Jewish Question" was apparently seen by the Romanian dictator Marshal Ion Antonescu more in expulsion rather than extermination. That portion of the Jewish population of Bessarabia and Bukovina which did not flee before the retreat of the Soviet troops (147,000) was initially gathered into ghettos or Nazi concentration camps, and then deported during 1941–1942 in death marches into Romanian-occupied Transnistria, where the "Final Solution" was applied.


title: Bessarabia

text: After three years of relative peace, the German-Soviet front returned in 1944 to the land border on the Dniester. On August 20, 1944, a c. 3,400,000-strong Red Army began a major summer offensive codenamed Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive. The Soviet armies overran Bessarabia in a two-pronged offensive within five days. In pocket battles at Chișinău and Sărata the German 6th Army of 650,000 men, newly reformed after the Battle of Stalingrad, was obliterated. Simultaneously with the success of the Russian attack, Romania broke the military alliance with the Axis and changed sides. On August 23, 1944, Marshal Ion Antonescu was arrested by King Michael, and later handed over to the Soviets.


title: Bessarabia

text: The Soviet Union regained the region in 1944, and the Red Army occupied Romania. By 1947, the Soviets had imposed a communist government in Bucharest, which was friendly and obedient towards Moscow. The Soviet occupation of Romania lasted until 1958. The Romanian communist regime did not openly raise the matter of Bessarabia or Northern Bukovina in its diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. At least 100,000 people died in a post-war famine in Moldavia.


title: Bessarabia

text: Between 1969 and 1971, a clandestine National Patriotic Front was established by several young intellectuals in Chișinău, totaling over 100 members, vowing to fight for the establishment of a Moldavian Democratic Republic, its secession from the Soviet Union and union with Romania.


title: Bessarabia

text: In December 1971, following an informative note from , the President of the Council of State Security of the Romanian Socialist Republic, to Yuri Andropov, the chief of KGB, three of the leaders of the National Patriotic Front, Alexandru Usatiuc-Bulgar, Gheorghe Ghimpu and Valeriu Graur, as well as a fourth person, Alexandru Soltoianu, the leader of a similar clandestine movement in northern Bukovina (Bucovina), were arrested and later sentenced to long prison terms.


title: Bessarabia

text: With the weakening of the Soviet Union, in February 1988, the first non-sanctioned demonstrations were held in Chișinău. At first pro-Perestroika, they soon turned anti-government and demanded official status for the Romanian (Moldavian) language instead of the Russian language. On August 31, 1989, following a 600,000-strong demonstration in Chișinău four days earlier, Romanian (Moldavian) became the official language of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic. However, this was not implemented for many years. In 1990, the first free elections were held for Parliament, with the opposition Popular Front winning them. A government led by Mircea Druc, one of the leaders of the Popular Front, was formed. The Moldavian SSR became SSR Moldova, and later the Republic of Moldova. The Republic of Moldova became independent on August 31, 1991; it took over unchanged the boundaries of the Moldavian SSR.


title: Bessarabia

text: According to Bessarabian historian Ștefan Ciobanu and Moldovan philologist Viorica Răileanu, in 1810, the Moldavian population was approximately 95%. During the 19th century, as a result of the Russian policy of colonization and Russification, the Moldavian population decreased to (depending on data sources) 47.6% (in 1897), 52% or 75% for 1900 (Krusevan), 53.9% (1907), 70% (1912, Laskov), or 65–67% (1918, J. Kaba).


title: Bessarabia

text: The Russian Census of 1817, which recorded 96,526 families and 482,630 inhabitants, did not register ethnic data except for recent refugees (primarily Bulgarians) and certain ethno-social categories (Jews, Armenians and Greeks). Official records indicated 3,826 Jewish families (4.2%), 1,200 Lipovan families (1.5%), 640 Greek families (0.7%), 530 Armenian families (0.6%), 482 Bulgarian and Gagauz families (0.5%). In the 20th century, Romanian historian Ion Nistor extrapolated the number of Moldavians at 83,848 families (86%) and Ruthenians at 6,000 families (6.5%). The estimate was based on the assumption that Ruthenes constituted up to a third of the population of the Khotyn county, and the rest of the recorded population was exclusively Moldavian. An alternative estimate for the same year indicates 76.4% Moldavians, 8.7% Ukrainians, 5.1% Bulgarians and Gaguzes, 4.5% Jews and 2% Russians. An 1818 statistic of three counties in southern Bessarabia (Akkerman, Izmail and Bender) that had witnessed strong emigration of the Muslim population and immigration from other regions, including Ottoman lands south of the Danube, recorded a total population of 113,835. There are conflicting figures regarding the national distribution (first figure cited by Poștarencu, second by Ungureanu): 48.64/37% Moldavians, 7.07/8.9% Russians, 15.65/17.9% Ukrainians, 17.02/21.5% Bulgarians and 11.62/14.7% others. Still in 1818, statistics for the Khotyn county in northern Bessarabia indicated 47.5% Moldavians and 42.6% Ukrainians.


title: Bessarabia

text: The Moldovan historian Ion Gumenâi records the population of Bessarabia in 1828 as 517,135, and states that 376,910 were Moldavians (72.88%), 52,000 Ruthenians (10.05%), 30,929 Jews (5.9%), 8,846 Germans (1.71%), 7,947 Russians (1.53%), 5,974 Lipovans (1.15%), 2,384 Poles (0.46%), 2,000 Greeks (0.38%), 2,000 Armenians (0.38%), and 27,445 (5.3%) settlers in the south of Bessarabia.


title: Bessarabia

text: The first statistic to record ethnic groups throughout Bessarabia was an incomplete administrative census made in 1843–1844 at the request of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The following proportions were recorded, in a total of 692,777 inhabitants: 59.4% Moldavians, 17.2% Ukrainians, 9.3% Bulgarians, 7.1% Jews, and 2.2% Russians. In the case of some urban centres, figures were not reported for all ethnic groups. Furthermore, the size of the total populations differs from other official reports of the same period, which put the population of Bessarabia at 774,492 or 793,103.


title: Bessarabia

text: Church records gathered around 1850–1855 put the total population at 841,523, with the following composition: 51.4% Moldavians, 4.2% Russians, 21.3% Ukrainians, 10% Bulgarians, 7.2% Jews and 5.7% others. On the other hand, official data for 1855 record a total population of 980,031, excluding the population on the territory under the authority of the Special Administration of the town of Izmail.


title: Bessarabia

text: According to Ion Nistor, the population of Bessarabia in 1856 was composed of 736,000 Moldavians (74%), 119,000 Ukrainians (12%), 79,000 Jews (8%), 47,000 Bulgarians and Gagauz (5%), 24,000 Germans (2.4%), 11,000 Romani (1.1%), 6,000 Russians (0.6%), adding to a total of 990,274 inhabitants. Historian Constantin Ungureanu provides significantly different figures for the same year: 676,100 Moldavians (68.2%), 126,000 Ukrainians (12.7%), 78,800 Jews (7.9%), 48,200 Bulgarians and Gaguz (4.9%), 24,200 (2.4%) Germans and 20,000 Russians (2%) for a total of 991,900.


title: Bessarabia

text: However, some scholars believed in regard to the 1897 census that "[...] the census enumerator generally has instructions to count everyone who understands the state language as being of that nationality, no matter what his everyday speech may be". Thus a number of Moldavians might have been registered as Russians.


title: Bessarabia

text: The data of the Romanian census of 1939 was not completely processed before the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia. However, estimates had the total population rise to approximately 3.2 million.


title: Bessarabia

text: In the 1979 Soviet census for the Moldavian SSR (including Transnistria, but without northern and southern Bessarabia, now both part of Ukraine): 63.9% identified themselves as Moldovans and 0.04% as Romanians. For the Soviet census of 1989 (conducted in the Moldavian SSR), 64.5% declared themselves as Moldovans and 0.06% Romanians. In the Moldovan census of 2014 (not including Transnistria), 75% declared themselves Moldovans and 7% Romanians.


title: Ike Barinholtz

text: Isaac Barinholtz (born February 18, 1977) is an American actor, comedian, writer, director, and producer. He is best known for his starring roles in the comedy series "MADtv" (2002–2007), "Eastbound & Down" (2012), "The Mindy Project" (2012–2017), "Bless the Harts" (2019–2021) and "The Afterparty" (2022).


title: Ike Barinholtz

text: Barinholtz also appeared in films, such as "Disaster Movie" (2008), "Neighbors" (2014), "" (2016), "Suicide Squad" (2016), "Snatched" (2017), "Blockers" (2018), "Late Night" (2019), "The Hunt" (2020), and "The Unbearable Weight of Massive Talent" (2022). He co-wrote the action comedy film "Central Intelligence" (2016), and directed, wrote, produced, and starred in the comedy film "The Oath" (2018).


title: Ike Barinholtz

text: Barinholtz was born in the Rogers Park area of Chicago, Illinois, and was raised in its Lakeview neighborhood, the son of Peggy and Alan Barinholtz, an attorney. His brother Jon is also an actor, playing the recurring character Marcus on "Superstore", and acted together with his brother in "The Mindy Project". Barinholtz has described his parents as "liberal people with great senses of humor," and has said that he was raised in a "very funny home." Barinholtz is Jewish.


title: Ike Barinholtz

text: Barinholtz attended Boston University. After dropping out of college, he worked for the Chicago Transit Authority before starting his comedy career. In a 2013 interview, he said he dropped out of school because he hated it and was doing poorly.


title: Ike Barinholtz

text: In a 2012 phone interview, Barinholtz said he was inspired to pursue a career in comedy after attending a comedy show at The Vic Theatre. Thereafter, he took comedy classes at The Second City, ImprovOlympic and Annoyance Theatre. He had planned on becoming a politician but decided to move to Los Angeles, California, to be an actor instead.


title: Ike Barinholtz

text: Barinholtz spent two years in Amsterdam with the famed comedy troupe Boom Chicago, along with Jordan Peele, Josh Meyers and Nicole Parker. Barinholtz hosted the 'Worst of Boom Night' during a 10-year anniversary of the improv troupe Boom Chicago, where they performed their worst material from previous shows.


title: Ike Barinholtz

text: He has appeared in the films "The Adventures of Big Handsome Guy and His Little Friend" (2005), "Love, Fear and Rabbits" (2005) and "Down" (2001). Barinholtz currently lives in Los Angeles. Barinholtz is a founding member of The Lindbergh Babies, an improv group directed by Del Close, who worked with John Belushi, Bill Murray, Mike Myers and Chris Farley.


title: Ike Barinholtz

text: In 2012, Barinholtz joined the cast of the third season of the HBO series "Eastbound & Down", playing the role of Ivan Dochenko, Kenny Powers' Russian rival.


title: Ike Barinholtz

text: He starred alongside Seth Rogen in the 2014 comedy "Neighbors", as well as its 2016 . Also in 2016, Barinholtz played prison guard Griggs in the DC Comics film "Suicide Squad".


title: Ike Barinholtz

text: Barinholtz appeared in a regular role as nurse Morgan Tookers on the comedy series "The Mindy Project". He was also a writer and story editor on the series. He also has a role in "Friends from College", a Netflix original.


title: Ike Barinholtz

text: Barinholtz officially joined the cast of "MADtv" in 2002 as a featured performer for the eighth season. He was later promoted to a repertory performer status the following season. Barinholtz would often pair up with fellow cast member Josh Meyers in various sketches for the eighth and ninth seasons similar to the Mike Myers/Dana Carvey and Jimmy Fallon/Horatio Sanz duos on "Saturday Night Live". Barinholtz also paired up with fellow cast member Bobby Lee in some of his sketches in the later seasons. Some of his famous characters included Abercrombie & Fitch model Dutch and Principal Lankenstein from the Coach Hines sketches.


title: Ike Barinholtz

text: Barinholtz performs celebrity impressions, including Alex Trebek, Andy Dick, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Ashton Kutcher, Bo Bice, Dane Cook, Felicity Huffman, Fidel Castro, Howard Dean, Howie Long, Kevin Federline, Mark Wahlberg, Matt Damon, Nick Lachey, Nick Nolte, Pat Sajak, and Ralph Nader.


title: Ike Barinholtz

text: In 2007, he decided not to renew his contract for the 13th season of "MADtv". His contract, like most other "MADtv" cast members, was for five seasons which was up for renewal at the conclusion of the show's 12th season. Barinholtz has commented that he started getting "restless" and did not see eye to eye with some of the "MADtv" bosses about how decisions were being made.


title: Ike Barinholtz

text: In 2009, he performed at the Chicago Improv Festival alongside former "MADtv" cast member Jordan Peele. In 2012, Barinholtz performed at another Chicago Improv Festival event with his brother, Jon.


title: Ike Barinholtz

text: He has frequently worked with comedian Dave Stassen, with whom he also went to high school. They co-wrote a SPIKE pilot in which Barinholtz also starred, "Mega Winner", and the 2016 film "Central Intelligence".


title: Ike Barinholtz

text: In 2012, Barinholtz began working as a writer on "The Mindy Project" and was cast as Nurse Morgan Tookers.


title: Ike Barinholtz

text: Barinholtz is married to Erica Hanson, an accountant, with whom he has three daughters. His younger brother Jon Barinholtz played a recurring character in the NBC comedy "Superstore".


title: Ike Barinholtz

text: Barinholtz was shooting his film "Blockers" when he suffered an accident during a fall stunt. The accident left him with two fractured cervical vertebrae in his neck.


title: Lee Remick

text: Lee Ann Remick (December 14, 1935 – July 2, 1991) was an American actress with English ancestry, and singer. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for the film "Days of Wine and Roses" (1962), and for the 1966 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for her Broadway theatre performance in "Wait Until Dark".


title: Lee Remick

text: Remick made her film debut in "A Face in the Crowd" (1957). Her other notable film roles include "Anatomy of a Murder" (1959), "Wild River" (1960), "No Way to Treat a Lady" (1968), "The Detective" (1968), "The Omen" (1976), and "The Europeans" (1979). She won Golden Globe Awards for the TV film "The Blue Knight" (1973), and for playing the title role in the miniseries "" (1974). For the latter role, she also won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress. In April 1991, she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.


title: Lee Remick

text: Remick was born in Quincy, Massachusetts, the daughter of Gertrude Margaret (two sources say Patricia) ("née" Waldo), an actress, and Francis Edwin "Frank" Remick, who owned a department store. She had one older brother, Bruce. One of her maternal great-grandmothers, Eliza Duffield, was a preacher born in England.


title: Lee Remick

text: Remick attended the Swoboda School of Dance, The Hewitt School, and studied acting at Barnard College and the Actors Studio.


title: Lee Remick

text: Remick made her Broadway theatre debut in 1953 with "Be Your Age". She began guest starring on episodes of TV anthology series such as "Armstrong Circle Theatre", "Studio One in Hollywood", "Robert Montgomery Presents", "Kraft Theatre" and "Playhouse 90".


title: Lee Remick

text: Remick made her film debut in Elia Kazan's "A Face in the Crowd" (1957). While filming the movie in Arkansas, Remick lived with a local family and practiced baton twirling so that she would be believable as the teenager who wins the attention of Lonesome Rhodes (played by Andy Griffith).


title: Lee Remick

text: After appearing as Eula Varner, the hot-blooded daughter-in-law of Will Varner (Orson Welles) in "The Long, Hot Summer" (1958), she appeared in "These Thousand Hills" (1959) as a dance hall girl, both for 20th Century Fox.


title: Lee Remick

text: Remick came to prominence portraying a rape victim whose husband is tried for killing her attacker in Otto Preminger's "Anatomy of a Murder" (1959).


title: Lee Remick

text: She made a second film with Kazan, "Wild River" (1960), which co-starred Montgomery Clift and Jo Van Fleet. That year she played Miranda in a television version of "The Tempest" with Richard Burton.


title: Lee Remick

text: Remick was top-billed in "Sanctuary" (1961) alongside Yves Montand. She did "The Farmer's Daughter" (1962) on television. She starred opposite Glenn Ford in the Blake Edwards suspense-thriller "Experiment in Terror" (1962). That same year she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance as the alcoholic wife of Jack Lemmon in "Days of Wine and Roses" (1962), also directed by Edwards. Bette Davis, also nominated that year for "What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?", said, "Miss Remick's performance astonished me, and I thought, if I lose the Oscar, it will be to her." They both lost to Anne Bancroft in "The Miracle Worker".


title: Lee Remick

text: When Marilyn Monroe was fired during the filming of the comedy "Something's Got to Give", the studio announced that Remick would be her replacement. Co-star Dean Martin refused to continue, however, saying that while he admired Remick, he had signed onto the picture strictly to be able to work with Monroe. Remick did a thriller, "The Running Man" (1963), with Laurence Harvey and a comedy, "The Wheeler Dealers" (also 1963), with James Garner.


title: Lee Remick

text: Remick next appeared in the 1964 Broadway musical "Anyone Can Whistle", with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and a book and direction by Arthur Laurents, which ran for only a week. Remick's performance is captured on the original cast recording. This began a lifelong friendship between Remick and Sondheim, and she later appeared in the 1985 concert version of his musical "Follies".


title: Lee Remick

text: Remick returned to films with "Baby the Rain Must Fall" (1965), with Steve McQueen from a script by Horton Foote, and "The Hallelujah Trail" (1965) with Burt Lancaster.


title: Lee Remick

text: In 1966, she starred in the Broadway play "Wait Until Dark" under the direction of Arthur Penn and co-starring Robert Duvall. It was a big success and ran for 373 performances; Remick was nominated for a Tony award for Best Actress (Dramatic). It was adapted into a successful film the following year starring Audrey Hepburn.


title: Lee Remick

text: She performed in "Damn Yankees!" (1967) for TV and starred in "No Way to Treat a Lady" (1968) with Rod Steiger and George Segal, "The Detective" (1968) with Frank Sinatra, and "Hard Contract" (1969) with James Coburn.


title: Lee Remick

text: Remick visited the UK to make "Loot" (1970) and "A Severed Head" (1971). Back in the US she was in Paul Newman's "Sometimes a Great Notion" (1971).


title: Lee Remick

text: She appeared in "Hennessy" (1975), reuniting her with Rod Steiger. She co-starred with Gregory Peck in the 1976 horror film "The Omen", in which her character's adopted son, Damien, is revealed to be the Antichrist. The film was a commercial success.


title: Lee Remick

text: Remick followed it up with leading actress roles in "Telefon" (1977), with Charles Bronson; "The Medusa Touch" (1978) with Richard Burton; the television mini-series "Wheels" (1979) with Rock Hudson; "" (1979) portraying Kay Summersby; and "The Europeans" (1979) for director James Ivory.


title: Lee Remick

text: Remick starred in many TV movies beginning with "The Man Who Came to Dinner" (1972) with Orson Welles. She followed it with "Summer and Smoke" (1972) for British TV; "And No One Could Save Her" (1973); "Of Men and Women" (1973), an unsuccessful pilot; "The Blue Knight" (1973) with William Holden; "A Delicate Balance" (1973) with Katharine Hepburn; "QB VII" (1974); "Touch Me Not" a.k.a. "The Hunted" (1974); "" (1975), playing the title role, which earned her an Emmy nomination; "Hustling" (1975) with Jill Clayburgh; "A Girl Named Sooner" (1975); "Breaking Up" (1978); and "Torn Between Two Lovers" (1979) with George Peppard.


title: Lee Remick

text: Remick played Margaret Sullavan in "Haywire" (1980). She had the lead in "The Women's Room" (1980), and supported in "The Competition" (1980) and "Tribute" (1980), the latter with Lemmon.


title: Lee Remick

text: Remick starred in "The Letter" (1982), "" (1983) and a TV adaptation of "I Do! I Do!" (1984). She had a role in the miniseries "Mistral's Daughter" (1984), adapted from the novel by Judith Krantz. The reviewer of "The New York Times" praised Remick for portraying Kate "to fresh-faced clawing perfection".


title: Lee Remick

text: Remick was in "Rearview Mirror" (1984), "Toughlove" (1985), "Of Pure Blood" (1986), and "" (1987). She went to Australia to make "Emma's War" (1987).


title: Lee Remick

text: Remick's final performances include "The Vision" (1987) with Dirk Bogarde, "Jesse" (1988), "Bridge to Silence" (1989) and playing Sarah Bernhardt in "Around the World in 80 Days" (1989). Her last performance was the lead in a TV movie "Dark Holiday" (1989).


title: Lee Remick

text: She has a star in the Motion Pictures section on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6104 Hollywood Boulevard. (The Hollywood Walk of Fame site lists it at 1615 Vine Street.) It was dedicated on April 29, 1991.


title: Lee Remick

text: Remick married producer Bill Colleran, whose credits include "Your Hit Parade", "The Dean Martin Show" and "The Judy Garland Show", on August 3, 1957. They had two children, Katherine Lee Colleran (b. January 27, 1959) and Matthew Remick Colleran (b. June 7, 1961). Remick and Colleran divorced in 1968.


title: Lee Remick

text: Remick married British producer William Rory "Kip" Gowans on December 18, 1970. He was an assistant director on such films as "Darling" (1965), "Far from the Madding Crowd" (1967) and "The Lion in Winter" (1968) before they married, and afterwards worked on "Sleuth" (1972), "The Man Who Fell to Earth" (1976) and "The Human Factor" (1979). She moved with Gowans to England and remained married to him until her death. She starred in four telefilms he produced, "The Women's Room" (1980), "The Letter" (1982), "Rearview Mirror" (1984) and "Of Pure Blood" (1986). Remick and Gowans spent time in both England and Osterville, Massachusetts, which she considered her "true home".


title: Lee Remick

text: In the spring of 1989, Remick was diagnosed with kidney cancer, which claimed her life on July 2, 1991, at the age of 55.


title: Lee Remick

text: Remick was the subject of "Lee Remick", the 1978 debut single by the Australian indie rock band The Go-Betweens. For some reason, songwriter Robert Forster thought Remick was from Ireland, and references this in the song. In reality, Remick was American-born and raised (as were her parents); after 1970, she divided her time between England (where she had family ancestry) and the US.


title: Lee Remick

text: The British indie rock band Hefner recorded a song titled "Lee Remick" in 1998, unrelated to the Go-Betweens' single.


title: Paloma Faith

text: Paloma Faith Blomfield (born 21 July 1981) is an English singer and actress. Her debut studio album, "Do You Want the Truth or Something Beautiful?," was released in 2009 and was certified double platinum in the UK. The album spawned the singles "Stone Cold Sober", "New York", and "Upside Down", and earned Faith her first BRIT Award nomination in 2010.


title: Paloma Faith

text: In 2012, Faith released her second studio album, "Fall to Grace", which charted at number two on the UK Albums Chart and earned her a double platinum certification. The album produced her first top ten single, "Picking Up the Pieces", the top twenty cover version of INXS's "Never Tear Us Apart", and earned her two BRIT Award nominations. In 2014, Faith released her third studio album, "A Perfect Contradiction", which stands as her most successful album to date, also receiving a double platinum certification. The album spawned the hit singles "Can't Rely on You" and "Only Love Can Hurt Like This", with the latter also topping the charts in Australia. Her fourth studio album, "The Architect," was released in 2017 and debuted at number one in the UK, becoming Faith's first number-one album. In 2020, she released her fifth studio album, "Infinite Things".


title: Paloma Faith

text: In addition to her solo work, Faith collaborated with the duo Sigma on the 2014 single "Changing", which charted at number one in the UK, and DJ Sigala on "Lullaby", which reached the top ten in 2018. As an actress, she has appeared in "St" "Trinian's" (2007), "The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus" (2009), "Dread" (2009), "Youth" (2015), and "Pennyworth" (2019–present). Faith was a judge on the fifth series of "The Voice UK" in 2016, and on "The Voice Kids" in 2020.


title: Paloma Faith

text: Paloma Faith Blomfield was born in the Hackney area of London on 21 July 1981, the daughter of an English mother and Spanish father. Both of her parents were raised in Norfolk. Her parents separated when she was two years old and divorced two years later. She was raised by her mother in Stoke Newington, although she maintains a close relationship with her paternal grandmother. As a child, she took ballet classes in Dalston. After completing her A-levels at City and Islington College, she went on to study for a degree in contemporary dance at the Northern School of Contemporary Dance in Leeds, while working as a hip-hop dancer at the nightclub LoveDough. She then studied for an MA in theatre directing at Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design and took various part-time jobs as a sales assistant at Agent Provocateur, a singer in a burlesque cabaret, a bartender, a life model, and a magician's assistant.


title: Paloma Faith

text: Faith's first foray into music began when she mimicked famous soul and jazz singers including Etta James and Billie Holiday, whom she admires and cites as influences for her own work. She met her managers Jamie Binns and Christian Wåhlberg of Lateral Management in 2007. Binns had been tipped off by the producer Peanut, a client who had recently worked with Faith in his studio and been impressed. He met up with Faith shortly afterwards and was "completely blown away", later saying, "I wasn't sure what this girl was going to do – she was an actress and a singer – but there was just something about her in that artistic realness that when I came out of the meeting I called Christian and said, 'We have to do something with this girl!


title: Paloma Faith

text: During her time at college, Faith worked in a pub where the manager asked her to front his band, which they later called Paloma and the Penetrators. During a performance with the band at a cabaret show, she was scouted by an A&R man from Epic Records, who invited her to sing for the manager of the label. 20 minutes into the audition, she asked the manager to turn his phone off; when he refused, she walked out. The manager later called her and offered her a contract, claiming that he had seen many acts since their meeting but none had been as memorable as her. She turned down an opportunity to join Amy Winehouse's band in order to write and perform her own songs. Her first recognised work was the song "It's Christmas (and I Hate You)", which she recorded as a duet with Josh Weller in 2008.


title: Paloma Faith

text: In June 2009, Faith released her debut single "Stone Cold Sober", which reached number 17 on the UK Singles Chart. Her second single, "New York", was released in September 2009, charting at number 15 in the UK. It was later re-released as an updated version featuring rapper Ghostface Killah. In September 2009, she released her debut album, "Do You Want the Truth or Something Beautiful?", for which she wrote or co-wrote all of the songs in the UK, Sweden and America. It debuted at number 14 on the UK Albums Chart and later peaked at number nine, remaining in the chart for 16 weeks. and becoming BBC Radio 2's "Album of the Week" from 19 September 2009. She released her third single, the album's title track in December 2009. The song peaked at number 64 in the UK. In the same year, Faith appeared as a vocalist on Basement Jaxx's "Scars" album and American hip-hop artist MF Doom's album, "Born Like This".


title: Paloma Faith

text: In March 2010, Faith released her fourth single "Upside Down", which reached number 55 in the UK. To promote the album, she embarked on her first headlining tour of the UK and Ireland commencing in March. "The Times" described the tour as being "full of theatrical artifice, but based on the rock-solid foundation of [Faith]'s sensational singing voice and a personality that sparkled like a rough diamond". She performed a live set for the BBC's "Radio 2 Introduces..." and gave an interview to host Dermot O'Leary. Faith performed at numerous festivals throughout that summer, including T4 on the Beach, the Cheltenham Jazz Festival and the 2010 iTunes Festival. In May 2010, Faith featured on the theme song "Keep Moving" to the 2010 British film "4.3.2.1", alongside Adam Deacon and Bashy. In October 2010, Faith released "Smoke & Mirrors" as the final single from her debut album.


title: Paloma Faith

text: In January 2011, Faith was nominated for British Female Solo Artist at the 2011 BRIT Awards, where she also performed "Forget You" alongside Cee Lo Green. She appeared on the charity single "Hard Times" with Plan B and Elton John in May 2011. In May 2012, Faith released her second studio album "Fall to Grace". She enlisted record producers Nellee Hooper and Jake Gosling to work with her on the project. The album charted at number two on the UK Albums Chart. The album's first single "Picking Up the Pieces" reached number seven on the UK Singles Chart, becoming Faith's first top ten single. In May 2012, Faith joined "The Voice UK" as one of four guest mentors. She worked with coach Danny O'Donoghue during the battle rounds phase of the competition and also performed "Picking Up the Pieces" during the results show.


title: Paloma Faith

text: In August 2012, Faith released "30 Minute Love Affair" as the second single from "Fall to Grace". She recorded a version of INXS's "Never Tear Us Apart" for a John Lewis advertisement, which began airing on television from September 2012. It was later included on the album as a single. Faith released "Just Be" as the fourth single from the album on in December 2012. She performed the track on "Later... with Jools Holland". In early 2013, Faith embarked on a headline UK and Ireland tour in support of the album. She received two nominations at the 2013 BRIT Awards; for Best Female and for Best British Album for "Fall to Grace". The album has been certified double platinum by the British Phonographic Industry for sales in excess of 700,000 copies.


title: Paloma Faith

text: In January 2013, Faith revealed that she had begun to write her third studio album during her time in the US. Later that year, she headlined the Evolution Festival in Newcastle upon Tyne. In March 2014, Faith's third album "A Perfect Contradiction" was released. It became her fastest-selling album to date, debuting at number two in the UK and receiving a double platinum certification. The lead single "Can't Rely on You" produced by Pharrell Williams, became her second top ten in the UK. The album's second single "Only Love Can Hurt Like This", written by Diane Warren, became her most successful single to date, reaching number six in the UK, number one in Australia and number three in New Zealand. After the success of the single, the album reached a new peak of number four in Australia. The album's third single, "Trouble with My Baby" was released in August 2014.


title: Paloma Faith

text: In September 2014, British drum and bass duo "Sigma" released their single "Changing", featuring vocals from Faith. It debuted at number one in the UK, becoming her first UK number one single. In November 2014, a repackaged "Outsider's Edition" of her third album was released featuring four new songs including the single "Ready for the Good Life". The same month, Faith joined the charity group Band Aid 30 along with other British and Irish pop acts, recording a new version of the track "Do They Know It's Christmas?" to raise money for the 2014 Ebola crisis in West Africa. At the 2015 Brit Awards, Faith won the award for British Female Solo Artist, becoming her first win.


title: Paloma Faith

text: In June 2015, Faith confirmed that she had started the process of creating her fourth studio album. She made reference to Jimi Hendrix and Janis Joplin as inspirations for the record. In August 2015, it was announced that Faith would become a coach on "The Voice UK". As well as her role on the show, Faith launched her own management and publishing company.


title: Paloma Faith

text: In August 2017, Faith returned with the lead single "Crybaby" from her fourth album entitled "The Architect". The album was later released in November, debuting at number one on the UK Albums Chart, becoming Faith's first UK chart-topping album. Three further singles from the album have been released: "Guilty", "'Til I'm Done" and "Warrior". In February 2018, Faith released a collaboration with DJ Sigala, "Lullaby" which charted at number six in the UK, becoming her fourth top ten single as a lead artist and fifth overall. The following month, Faith covered the 1960s song "Make Your Own Kind of Music" by Mama Cass. It featured in a TV commercial by Škoda which was heavily played throughout the year, causing the track to chart at number 28 in the UK. In November 2018, Faith released a re-issue "Zeitgeist Edition" of "The Architect", featuring six new songs including "Make Your Own Kind of Music", "Lullaby" and "Loyal".


title: Paloma Faith

text: In 2020, Faith reprised her role as a coach on "The Voice UK"s children's counterpart, "The Voice Kids" for its fourth series. In August 2020, the title of her fifth studio album was announced as "Infinite Things".


title: Paloma Faith

text: In 2007, Faith appeared in an episode of the BBC police drama "HolbyBlue" portraying a thief. She was also cast as Andrea in "St Trinian's" in 2007. Faith was also cast in Terry Gilliam's "The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus" as Sally, the girlfriend of the Devil (played by Tom Waits) in 2009. She also appeared in the horror film "Dread" as Clara Thornhill. She later starred in the Channel 4 series "Coming Up" and the short film "A Nice Touch". Of getting the part, she stated "I don't think they even knew I was an actress. I went to an audition and they said that they liked my interpretation of the character and I said, 'I'm just being myself'." In 2013, she appeared as cabaret performer Georgia, in a television adaptation of P. G. Wodehouse's "Blandings" (episode "The Crime Wave at Blandings") on the BBC. In 2015 she appeared as herself in Paolo Sorrentino's "Youth". Later that year, Faith also appeared as Tinker Bell in the TV film "Peter & Wendy", based on J. M. Barrie's novel "Peter Pan".


title: Paloma Faith

text: In 2016, Faith became a judge on "The Voice UK". She remained on the panel for one series, owing to her pregnancy. In 2017, Faith sang with Grace Davies' on Grace's original song, "Roots", on "The X Factor". In 2018, Faith was cast as the lead villainess in the Epix series "Pennyworth", a Batman prequel. She also voices Portia the goth poodle on "101 Dalmatian Street".


title: Paloma Faith

text: Faith is known for her retro and eccentric style. She is a mezzo-soprano. Her music often blends soul and elements of jazz and gospel; she has been consequently compared to Amy Winehouse, Adele and Duffy.


title: Paloma Faith

text: During an episode of The Voice UK, Faith claimed she once read an article that called music artist KT Tunstall old, despite being only 27 at the time. As she was only 27 herself at the time, Faith felt pressure to lie about her age when trying to acquire a record deal, and claimed to be 23. She later admitted to lying about her age, claiming, "I want to be judged for my music, not my age" and would frequently change her age on Wikipedia, until a fan provided her birth certificate.


title: Paloma Faith

text: Faith married New Zealand chef Rian Haynes in 2005, though they separated after eight months and were divorced in 2009. She later said of the marriage, "It was just a young, frivolous thing. We were in our early twenties and we did something quickly and realised it was a mistake. But we're still close. I am still friends with him. All my other relationships were the ones that screwed me up, not that one!"


title: Paloma Faith

text: In August 2016, it was revealed that Faith was expecting her first child with long-term boyfriend Leyman Lahcine. She gave birth to a daughter in December 2016, married Lahcine in 2017 and gave birth to a second daughter in February 2021.


title: My Little Pony: A New Generation

text: My Little Pony: A New Generation is a 2021 computer-animated fantasy comedy film directed by Robert Cullen and José L. Ucha, co-directed by Mark Fattibene with Cecil Kramer and Peter Lewis as producers, and written by Gillian Berrow and Tim Sullivan from a story by Cullen, Ucha and Sullivan. Based on Hasbro's "My Little Pony" franchise, the film marks the start of the fifth incarnation of the franchise, which is set to serve as the official sequel to the previous generation, a first for the franchise.


title: My Little Pony: A New Generation

text: The film stars Vanessa Hudgens, Kimiko Glenn, James Marsden, Sofia Carson and Liza Koshy as the main characters. "A New Generation" is set many years after the events of "", in a magic-less era where the story of Twilight Sparkle and her friends has become a mere legend, and the three pony kinds – earth ponies, pegasi, and unicorns – have grown apart, living separated from one another in paranoia and prejudice. The film follows Sunny Starscout, an earth pony who, after meeting the unicorn Izzy Moonbow, embarks on a quest to reunite all pony kinds and restore magic to the land.


title: My Little Pony: A New Generation

text: Originally set to be released theatrically by Paramount Pictures, the film was instead released in most countries on Netflix on September 24, 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, while still being theatrically released in several Asian countries. The film received mostly positive reviews from critics for its message, though its pacing and writing received some criticism, and was the most-viewed film on Netflix in October 2021.


title: My Little Pony: A New Generation

text: A tie-in video game titled "My Little Pony: A Maretime Bay Adventure" was released for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One on May 27, 2022, and for Google Stadia on June 28, 2022. A follow-up television series, "", is currently in production by Atomic Cartoons and Entertainment One, and debuted on Netflix on May 26, 2022. A singalong version of the film was released on Netflix on July 18, 2022.


title: My Little Pony: A New Generation

text: In the earth pony town of Maretime Bay, Argyle Starshine teaches his daughter Sunny Starscout about when earth ponies, pegasi and unicorns lived in harmony. Although most earth ponies dismiss these ideas as myths and now live in fear of the other races, Sunny hopes that all races can make amends and live in harmony.


title: My Little Pony: A New Generation

text: Years later, Sunny continuously tries to change the minds of the other earth ponies, disrupting a showcase of anti-pegasi and unicorn technology by factory owner Phyllis Cloverleaf. Hitch Trailblazer, Sunny's childhood friend and sheriff of Maretime Bay, pulls her away and prepares to send her back home with the warning that she is jeopardizing their friendship with her activities. Suddenly, a unicorn named Izzy Moonbow wanders into the town. While most of the earth ponies flee, Sunny befriends Izzy and quickly takes her to her home to hide from Hitch and his deputy Sprout, Phyllis' son. Learning from Izzy that unicorns have lost their magic and that the pegasi may be to blame, Sunny travels with her to the pegasus city of Zephyr Heights in order to ask for their help. The two elude Hitch and flee town, and Hitch leaves Sprout in charge while he pursues them. Sprout names himself sheriff and eventually becomes a dictator-like leader, turning the residents of Maretime Bay into a hostile mob and commandeering his mother's factory to construct a war machine.


title: My Little Pony: A New Generation

text: Sunny and Izzy are caught in Zephyr Heights and taken to meet Queen Haven and her two daughters, Pipp Petals and Zipp Storm, who seem to be the only pegasi who can fly. When Sunny starts asking about magic, Haven has them imprisoned in the castle dungeon. Zipp secretly visits them there and tells them that the pegasi have also lost their magic and cannot fly, and the royal family uses wires to give the illusion of flight. She helps them escape and takes them to an abandoned transit station that Sunny realizes was used by all pony races in the past. Sunny finds a set of stained glass windows depicting two crystals – one of which is set in Haven's crown – that may fit together and bring back the magic. The three concoct a plan to steal the crown during Pipp's performance that night. Hitch's arrival triggers a series of mishaps that reveal the royals' inability to fly; Haven is arrested, and the sisters are forced to flee the city with Sunny, Hitch, and Izzy. Hitch overcomes his own prejudices and offers to help Sunny in her effort to reunite the pony races.


title: My Little Pony: A New Generation

text: Izzy escorts the group to her home in the forest village of Bridlewood and disguises them as unicorns before leading them to Alphabittle, who holds the unicorn crystal. Sunny wins it from him in a dance competition, but loses her disguise as she celebrates. As the group flees with the two crystals, they come across Haven, who has also escaped. Sunny and Izzy try to put the two crystals together, but they have no effect. Dejected, Sunny gives back the crystals and returns to Maretime Bay with Hitch.


title: My Little Pony: A New Generation

text: While packing up her childhood toys, Sunny finds a third crystal intended to join with the other two, built into a lamp her father had made for her. As she races to tell Hitch, they discover that Sprout has turned the entire town to his side and is piloting his war machine to attack the other pony races. Sunny and Hitch rush back to her home as Izzy, Pipp, Zipp, Haven, and Alphabittle arrive. Gathering the crystals, Sunny, Izzy, and Pipp try to put them together while Hitch and Zipp hold off Sprout's machine. Phyllis orders Sprout to stop, but he refuses and crashes into Sunny's home, destroying it and the frame in which the crystals must be set. Phyllis, Haven, Alphabittle, and Sunny's friends put aside their differences and come together to comfort her amid the rubble. In response, the crystals activate and lift Sunny into the air, temporarily transforming her into an alicorn and restoring magic across the land. Sunny and her friends celebrate as the ponies of all three races cooperate to fix the damage done by Sprout and a new era of peace begins.


title: My Little Pony: A New Generation

text: Additionally, Arturo Hernández voices Jasper, Thunder, and Toots; Brooke Goldner voices Sweets; Gillian Berrow voices Zoom; Heather Langenkamp voices Dazzle Feather and Mayflower; Will Friedle voices Comet Tail, Glitter Cupcake and Skye Silver; and director Robert Cullen voices Sparkle Chaser, Rob the Pony and Wings. The voice actresses from "" television series – Tara Strong as Twilight Sparkle, Ashleigh Ball as Applejack and Rainbow Dash, Tabitha St. Germain as Rarity, and Andrea Libman as Fluttershy and Pinkie Pie – briefly reprise their roles in the film's opening scene.


title: My Little Pony: A New Generation

text: In February 2019, it was reported that Hasbro was developing a computer-animated "My Little Pony" feature film. Reports later said that the film would mark the beginning of the franchise's fifth-generation, which was confirmed on September 17, 2020; "My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic" creator Lauren Faust first hinted that Hasbro was working on the fifth incarnation in 2018, when she denied any involvement on the franchise's next incarnation. On October 8, 2020, it was reported that the fifth incarnation, including the film, would center on a new set of characters, though with the possibility of characters from the previous incarnation appearing.


title: My Little Pony: A New Generation

text: On January 29, 2021, Emily Thompson, Entertainment One's VP of global brand management, revealed that the film would be set in the same world as the fourth incarnation of the franchise, while still serving as the first entry in the fifth incarnation, being set years after the events depicted in the previous incarnation. Thompson explained that her decision was made because the producers felt it would have "felt wrong" to not to further explore the lore and worldbuilding established by the fourth incarnation.


title: My Little Pony: A New Generation

text: On February 12, 2021, it was reported that the founder of Boulder Media, Robert Cullen, along with José Ucha would serve as directors, with Mark Fattibene set to co-direct the film. Cecil Kramer and Peter Lewis were also announced as producers for the film. Executive producers include former "Friendship Is Magic" co-showrunner and writer Meghan McCarthy and Allspark Animation president Stephen Davis.


title: My Little Pony: A New Generation

text: On June 30, 2021, Vanessa Hudgens, Kimiko Glenn, James Marsden, Sofia Carson, Liza Koshy, Jane Krakowski, Ken Jeong, Phil LaMarr, and Michael McKean were revealed to be the film's main cast. Part of the film's recording sessions had to be done remotely due to the COVID-19 pandemic; Koshy felt that working during the pandemic encompassed with the film's message about "not leaning into the fear". Koshy was encouraged by Glenn to ad-lib lines during recording.


title: My Little Pony: A New Generation

text: While Tara Strong, voice actress for Twilight Sparkle, said that she would not reprise her role in the fifth incarnation in April 2020 (due to reprising her role in ""), she ultimately reprised her role alongside fellow "Friendship Is Magic" cast members Andrea Libman, Ashleigh Ball, and Tabitha St. Germain for the film's prologue.


title: My Little Pony: A New Generation

text: The film's animation services were provided by Hasbro-owned Irish animation studio Boulder Media. Unlike previous "My Little Pony" media, the film was animated entirely through computer-animation. Although, the brief introductory flashback, which features the "Mane Six" from "My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic", was done with traditional animation in the style of the series. 48 animators worked on the film remotely due to the COVID-19 pandemic. According to animation supervisor Graham Grallagher, the filmmakers were inspired by several "My Little Pony" series for the ponies' anthropomorphic design.


title: My Little Pony: A New Generation

text: Songwriters Alan Schmuckler and Michael Mahler composed songs for the film. Director Robert Cullen said the filmmakers wanted the soundtracks to "have an eclectic range of genres in the songs", in order to make it "as unpredictable as [they] can" in hopes of defying the audiences' expectations regarding the soundtrack. On September 2, 2021, the song "Glowin' Up", performed by Sofia Carson and written by Jenna Andrews, Bryan Fryzel, and Taylor Upsahl, was released as a single. The second single, "It's Alright" by Johnny Orlando, was released on September 17, 2021. In November 2021, "Fit Right In" was also released as the third single. Heitor Pereira did the original score for the film.


title: My Little Pony: A New Generation

text: "My Little Pony: A New Generation" was released on September 24, 2021, by Netflix. The film was originally slated to be released theatrically on the same day by Paramount Pictures. However, eOne sold the distribution rights to Netflix in February 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, while retaining them in China. In some regions, the film was released theatrically as well as on Netflix. In Russia, the film was distributed by Central Partnership and released theatrically on September 23, 2021; early premiere screenings were held in multiple locations on September 18. In Hong Kong, the film is being distributed by Intercontinental Group and was released theatrically in Cantonese and English on September 22, 2021. In South Korea, the film is being distributed by BoXoo Entertainment and was also released theatrically on September 22. In Singapore and Taiwan, the film was distributed by Encore Films and GaragePlay respectively, and was released theatrically on September 24, 2021.


title: My Little Pony: A New Generation

text: the film has grossed $1.5 million internationally, including $1.4 million in Russia and $36,788 in South Korea across 1694 theaters. "A New Generation" opened in 1677 theaters in Russia and South Korea, and grossed $726,619 in the former and $16,304 in the latter on the opening weekend.


title: My Little Pony: A New Generation

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 92% based on 12 reviews with an average rating of 7.40/10.


title: My Little Pony: A New Generation

text: Courtney Howard from "Variety" gave the film a mostly positive review. She praised the film for "[retaining] its predecessors' lively, spirited drive centered on friendship, empowerment and magic," though was critical of some plot aspects. Beatrice Loayza of "The New York Times" gave an overall mixed review of the film, mainly criticizing the switch from traditional animation to "creepily-anthropomorphized, digitally-animated brethren"; she compared some plot points to "Raya and the Last Dragon", which was released earlier in the year. But overall, Loayza said, "...the film's messaging about unity and the need for a new generation to band together against misinformation and rabble rousing isn't the worst thing."


title: My Little Pony: A New Generation

text: Three days after its release, "A New Generation" became the second-most popular film on Netflix, and stayed in the top three for the rest of the week. It was the most-viewed film of October 2021 on Netflix; "A New Generation" was also the twenty-first most-watched film of 2021.


title: My Little Pony: A New Generation

text: Prior to the film's release, during the 2021 Hasbro Investor Event in February that year, the company announced three untitled projects tied to the fifth incarnation of the toyline (also referred to as the fifth generation or "G5") as part of their "My Little Pony" content slate for 2022—an animated web series and two Netflix specials.


title: My Little Pony: A New Generation

text: Following the cancellation of the film's theatrical release, Hasbro and Netflix later announced a fourth project—a 3D computer-animated streaming television series titled ""—would also be released on the streaming platform, following the film. Jenna Warren, Maitreyi Ramakrishnan, Ana Sani, AJ Bridel, and J.J. Gerber were revealed as the voice cast for the "Mane 5"—the characters of Sunny Starscout, Zipp Storm, Izzy Moonbow, Pipp Petals, and Hitch Trailblazer—in all four projects. Developed by Gillian Berrow (who also served as an animation writer and literary author on the "" franchise and "" television series) and co-produced by the Canadian animation studio Atomic Cartoons and Entertainment One, "My Little Pony: Make Your Mark" debuted with the special "Make Your Mark" on May 26, 2022, that served as set-up for the main eight-episode series which premiered on September 26, 2022, on Netflix.


title: My Little Pony: A New Generation

text: A 2D animated made-for-YouTube short-form web series, "My Little Pony: Tell Your Tale", premiered on April 7, 2022, with episodes being released weekly. The series is produced by Malaysian animation studio Lil Critter Workshop, and is expected to consist of 70 episodes, with Gretchen Mallorie serving as story writer.


title: My Little Pony: A New Generation

text: A CGI-animated Christmas-themed special, "My Little Pony: Winter Wishday", premiered on November 21, 2022, on Netflix, tied to the "Make Your Mark" series.


title: My Little Pony: A New Generation

text: A comic series following up on the movie was announced by IDW Publishing in February 2022, and began publication in late May the same year. Its plot reveals and explores the events which led to the loss of magic in Equestria prior to the film, and what happened to the characters and settings from "Friendship Is Magic".


title: JoAnna Garcia Swisher

text: JoAnna García Swisher ("née" García; born August 10, 1979) is an American actress. She is known for her roles as Sam in "Are You Afraid of the Dark?" (1994–96), Vicki Appleby in "Freaks and Geeks" (1999–2000), and Cheyenne Hart-Montgomery on The WB/CW sitcom "Reba" (2001–07). She has also gained popularity with her acting roles in "Privileged" (2008–09), "Better with You" (2010–11), "Animal Practice" (2012), "Once Upon a Time" (2013–18), "The Astronaut Wives Club" (2015), and "Sweet Magnolias" (2020-present). García also stars as Lindsey Johnson in Hallmark Channel's "As Luck Would Have It" (2021).


title: JoAnna Garcia Swisher

text: García was born in Tampa, Florida, to Loraine, a homemaker and former elementary school teacher of Spanish descent, and Jay García (1945-2019), a gynecologist from Cuba. She has one brother, Michael García. She began performing at age 10 when she auditioned for a local theater production and landed the lead.


title: JoAnna Garcia Swisher

text: Disney Channel discovered her, but her parents put school first and she acted in local plays to keep up with her passion. She was the homecoming queen at Florida's Tampa Catholic High School. Garcia is a devout Catholic.


title: JoAnna Garcia Swisher

text: While in Florida, García guest starred in "seaQuest DSV", "Second Noah", and "Superboy" and several movies of the week. While attending high school, she was re-discovered by Nickelodeon and starred for three seasons as Samantha on "Are You Afraid of the Dark?". She commuted from Florida to Montreal, Canada, where the show was filmed. She was cast at the age of fifteen on the 1994 television drama "Party of Five", playing the recurring character Hallie. She had a recurring role on "Freaks and Geeks" (1999–2000) portraying the character of Vicki Appleby, the popular freshman cheerleader who spent seven minutes in heaven with the ultimate geek, Bill Haverchuck (Martin Starr). She then briefly attended college at Florida State University where she was a member of the Delta Delta Delta sorority, but later quit school to pursue acting full-time, moving to Los Angeles, California.


title: JoAnna Garcia Swisher

text: García went on to portray the character of Cheyenne Hart-Montgomery, Reba's (Reba McEntire) oldest daughter on The WB/CW sitcom "Reba" (2001–07). She was featured on the short-lived CBS comedy "Welcome to the Captain". Beginning in the fall of 2008, she starred as Megan Smith in the CW series "Privileged" (originally known as "How to Survive the Filthy Rich"). On the big screen, García was seen in the comedy spoof "Not Another Teen Movie". She has also appeared in the original television movies "From the Earth to the Moon" (1998) and "Love's Deadly Triangle: The Texas Cadet Murder" (1997). She also appeared in the ABC Family original movie "The Initiation of Sarah", which premiered in October 2006. In 2008, she had a role in "A Very Merry Daughter of the Bride", playing Roxanne. She had a leading role in the ABC Family TV movie "Revenge of the Bridesmaids".


title: JoAnna Garcia Swisher

text: In 2009, García had a recurring role on The CW drama "Gossip Girl" playing the role of Bree Buckley, an irreverent evil Miss America-type who is politically progressive but from a conservative Southern family. She appeared in four episodes in season three. In December 2009, she guest starred as Maggie, Ted Mosby's college buddy on "How I Met Your Mother".


title: JoAnna Garcia Swisher

text: García starred in the ABC sitcom "Better with You". The show centers on two sisters who were at different points in their romantic relationships: one was unmarried and in a long-term relationship, and the other (García) got married after getting pregnant from a one-night stand. It was canceled on May 13, 2011.


title: JoAnna Garcia Swisher

text: Garcia guest-starred on "The Penguins of Madagascar" in the episode "The Officer X Factor/Love Hurts", which aired on February 12, 2011. In 2012, Garcia appeared in four episodes of the USA Network dramedy "Royal Pains" as a nephrologist treating Jack O'Malley (Tom Cavanagh). In 2013, during season three of the series "Once Upon a Time" she began playing the recurring role of the Ariel from "The Little Mermaid".


title: JoAnna Garcia Swisher

text: In 2008, García became engaged to Trace Ayala, the personal assistant and childhood friend of Justin Timberlake who co-founded the clothing company William Rast.


title: JoAnna Garcia Swisher

text: In August 2009, "People" magazine reported that García was dating baseball player Nick Swisher. They became engaged in May 2010, and married on December 11, 2010, at the Breakers Hotel & Resort in Palm Beach, Florida. Bridesmaids for García included friends and fellow actresses Jamie-Lynn Sigler, Melissa Peterman, and Reba McEntire. Since her marriage, she has been credited as Joanna García Swisher. They have two daughters, one born in 2013 and the other in 2016.


title: JoAnna Garcia Swisher

text: García volunteers as a teacher for children who are learning English as a second language. She is involved with the organization Make the Commitment, whose purpose is to raise awareness about cervical cancer. She has an organization called We Reach, a charity which has assembled an advisory board in the entertainment industry to help young girls around the country organize charity events in their hometowns. The charity also has the goal of empowering young women.


title: Angel (1999 TV series)

text: Angel is an American television series, a spinoff of the supernatural drama series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer". The series was created by "Buffy"s creator, writer and director Joss Whedon, in collaboration with David Greenwalt. It aired on The WB from October 5, 1999, to May 19, 2004, consisting of five seasons and 110 episodes. Like "Buffy", it was produced by Whedon's production company, Mutant Enemy.