title: Trapezoid

text: The center of area (center of mass for a uniform lamina) lies along the line segment joining the midpoints of the parallel sides, at a perpendicular distance "x" from the longer side "b" given by


title: Trapezoid

text: If the angle bisectors to angles "A" and "B" intersect at "P", and the angle bisectors to angles "C" and "D" intersect at "Q", then


title: Trapezoid

text: In architecture the word is used to refer to symmetrical doors, windows, and buildings built wider at the base, tapering toward the top, in Egyptian style. If these have straight sides and sharp angular corners, their shapes are usually isosceles trapezoids. This was the standard style for the doors and windows of the Inca.


title: Trapezoid

text: The crossed ladders problem is the problem of finding the distance between the parallel sides of a right trapezoid, given the diagonal lengths and the distance from the perpendicular leg to the diagonal intersection.


title: Trapezoid

text: In morphology, taxonomy and other descriptive disciplines in which a term for such shapes is necessary, terms such as "trapezoidal" or "trapeziform" commonly are useful in descriptions of particular organs or forms.


title: Trapezoid

text: In computer engineering, specifically digital logic and computer architecture, trapezoids are typically utilized to symbolize multiplexors. Multiplexors are logic elements that select between multiple elements and produce a single output based on a select signal. Typical designs will employ trapezoids without specifically stating they are multiplexors as they are universally equivalent.


title: Rachel Blanchard

text: Rachel Blanchard (born 19 March 1976) is a Canadian actress. Her television work includes playing Cher in American sitcom "Clueless", Nancy in British sitcom "Peep Show," Emma in American comedy-drama series "You Me Her," and most recently, Susannah in American romantic drama series "The Summer I Turned Pretty."


title: Rachel Blanchard

text: Blanchard's career was launched with a part in a McDonald's commercial, and as an eight-year-old on the Canadian children's show "The Kids of Degrassi Street", in which she played Melanie Schlegel. She also starred in the television series "War of the Worlds" as Suzanne McCullough's daughter Debi and in YTV's "Are You Afraid of the Dark?" as Kristen. Blanchard played the part of Cher Horowitz (originally portrayed by Alicia Silverstone in the film version) in the television series "Clueless" (based on the 1995 movie of the same name). She played Roxanne on the television series "7th Heaven" from 2002 to 2004.


title: Rachel Blanchard

text: Blanchard appeared as Nancy, the American girlfriend of main character Jeremy Usborne (Robert Webb), in the second series of British sitcom "Peep Show". She reprised this role in the fourth series (2007). She played Sally on the HBO show "Flight of the Conchords" and had a recurring role in the first season of the 2014 FX crime series "Fargo". From 2016-2020, Blanchard played Emma Trakarsky in comedy-drama "You Me Her", a woman who enters into a polyamorous relationship with her husband and a younger woman.


title: Rachel Blanchard

text: She won the Gemini Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series at the 26th Gemini Awards for her appearance on "Call Me Fitz".


title: Vikramaditya

text: Vikramaditya (IAST: "") was a legendary king who has been featured in hundreds of traditional stories including those in "Baital Pachisi" and "Singhasan Battisi". Many describe him as ruler with his capital at Ujjain (Pataliputra or Pratishthana in a few stories). The term "Vikramaditya" is also used as a title by several Hindu monarchs.


title: Vikramaditya

text: According to popular tradition, Vikramaditya began the Vikrama Samvat era in 57 BCE after defeating the Shakas, and those who believe that he is based on a historical figure place him around the first century BCE. However, this era is identified as "Vikrama Samvat" after the ninth century CE.


title: Vikramaditya

text: "Vikramaditya" was a common title adopted by several Indian kings, and the Vikramaditya legends may be embellished accounts of different kings (particularly Chandragupta II). Nevertheless, many scriptures from the Shaka era mentions the mighty ruler.


title: Vikramaditya

text: Rajbali Pandey, Kailash Chand Jain and others believe that Vikramaditya was an Ujjain based Malava king. The Shakas advanced from Sindh to Malwa around the first century BCE, and were defeated by Vikramaditya. The Krita era, which later came to be known as Vikrama Samvat, marked this victory. Chandragupta II later adopted the title of Vikramaditya after defeating the Shakas. Proponents of this theory say that Vikramaditya is mentioned in works dating to before the Gupta era, including "Brihathkatha" and "Gatha Saptashati". Vikramaditya cannot be based on Chandragupta II, since the Gupta capital was at Pataliputra (not Ujjain). According to Raj Pruthi, legends surrounding this first-century king gradually became intertwined with those of later kings called "Vikramaditya" (including Chandragupta II).


title: Vikramaditya

text: Critics of this theory say that "Gatha Saptashati" shows clear signs of Gupta-era interpolation. According to A. K. Warder, "Brihatkathamanjari" and "Kathasaritsagara" are "enormously inflated and deformed" recensions of the original "Brihatkatha". The early Jain works do not mention Vikramaditya and the navaratnas have no historical basis as the nine scholars do not appear to have been contemporary figures. Legends surrounding Vikramaditya are contradictory, border on the fantastic and are inconsistent with historical facts; no epigraphic, numismatic or literary evidence suggests the existence of a king with the name (or title) of Vikramaditya around the first century BCE. Although the Puranas contain genealogies of significant Indian kings, they do not mention a Vikramaditya ruling from Ujjain or Pataliputra before the Gupta era. There is little possibility of an historically-unattested, powerful emperor ruling from Ujjain around the first century BCE among the Shungas (187–78 BCE), the Kanvas (75–30), the Satavahanas (230 BCE–220 CE), the Shakas () and the Indo-Greeks (180 BCE–10 CE).


title: Vikramaditya

text: A number of Gupta Empire kings adopted the title of Vikramaditya or its equivalent, such as Samudragupta's "Parakramanka". According to D. C. Sircar, Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri and others, the exploits of these kings contributed to the Vikramaditya legends. Distinctions among them were lost over time, and the legendary Shalivahana was similarly based on the exploits of several Satavahana kings.


title: Vikramaditya

text: Some scholars, including D. R. Bhandarkar, V. V. Mirashi and D. C. Sircar, believe that Vikramaditya is probably based on the Gupta king Chandragupta II. Based on coins and the Supia pillar inscription, it is believed that Chandragupta II adopted the title Vikramaditya. The Khambat and Sangli plates of the Rashtrakuta king Govinda IV use the epithet "Sahasanka", which has also been applied to Vikramaditya, for Chandragupta II. According to Alf Hiltebeitel, Chandragupta's victory against the Shakas was transposed to a fictional character who is credited with establishing the Vikrama Samvat era.


title: Vikramaditya

text: In most of the legends Vikramaditya had his capital at Ujjain, although some mention him as king of Pataliputra (the Gupta capital). According to D. C. Sircar, Chandragupta II may have defeated the Shaka invaders of Ujjain and made his son, Govindagupta, a viceroy there. Ujjain may have become a second Gupta capital, and legends about him (as Vikramaditya) may have developed. The Guttas of Guttavalal, a minor dynasty based in present-day Karnataka, claimed descent from the Gupta Empire. Their Chaudadanapura inscription alludes to Vikramaditya ruling from Ujjain, and several Gutta kings were named Vikramaditya. According to Vasundhara Filliozat, the Guttas confused Vikramaditya with Chandragupta II; however, D. C. Sircar sees this as further proof that Vikramaditya was based on Chandragupta II.


title: Vikramaditya

text: The Vikramaditya of Ayodhya legend is identified as Skandagupta () by a number of scholars. Book 18 of the "Kathasaritsagara" describes Vikramaditya as a son of Mahendraditya of Ujjain. According to D.C. Sircar, Kumaragupta I (r. 415–455 CE) adopted the title Mahendraditya. His son, Skandagupta, adopted the title Vikramaditya, and this set of legends may be based on Skandagupta.


title: Vikramaditya

text: In the "Kathasaritsagara" recension of the 25 vetala stories, the king is mentioned as the ruler of Pratishthana. A. K. Warder notes that the Satavahanas were the only notable ancient dynasty who ruled from Pratishthana. According to a Satavahana inscription, their king Gautamiputra Satakarni defeated the Shakas. One of Gautamiputra Satakarni's epithets was "vara-varana-vikrama-charu-vikrama". However, according to D. C. Sircar, the epithet means "one whose gait is as beautiful as that of a choice elephant" and is unrelated to Vikramaditya. Most other Vikramaditya legends note the king's capital as Ujjain (or, less commonly, Pataliputra), but the Satavahanas never had their capital at these cities. Vikramaditya was also described as an adversary of the Pratishthana-based king Satavahana (or Shalivahana) in a number of legends.


title: Vikramaditya

text: Max Müller believed that the Vikramaditya legends were based on the sixth-century Aulikara king Yashodharman. The Aulikaras used the Malava era (later known as Vikrama Samvat) in their inscriptions. According to Rudolf Hoernlé, the name of the Malava era was changed to Vikramaditya by Yashodharman. Hoernlé also believed that Yashodharman conquered Kashmir and is the Harsha Vikramaditya mentioned in Kalhana's "Rajatarangini". Although Yashodharman defeated the Hunas (who were led by Mihirakula), the Hunas were not the Shakas; Yashodharman's capital was at Dasapura (modern Mandsaur), not Ujjain. There is no other evidence that he inspired the Vikramaditya legends.


title: Vikramaditya

text: Vikramaditya means "the sun of valour" ("vikrama" means "valour" and "aditya" means "sun"). He is also known as Vikrama, Bikramjit and "Vikramarka" ("arka" also means "sun"). Some legends describe him as a liberator of India from "mlechchha" invaders; the invaders are identified as Shakas in most, and the king is known by the epithet "Shakari" (; "enemy of the Shakas").


title: Vikramaditya

text: Although Vikramaditya is mentioned in a few works dated to before the Gupta period (240–550 CE), portions (including Vikramaditya) may be later Gupta-era interpolations. The earliest work to mention Vikramaditya was probably "Brihatkatha", an Indian epic written between the first century BCE and the third century CE in the unattested Paisaci language. Its existence (and its mention of Vikramaditya) is confirmed only by adaptations in surviving works dating to the sixth century and later and testimonials by contemporary poets. Since there is no surviving copy of "Brihatkatha", it is not known if it contained the Vikramaditya legends; its post-Gupta adaptations, such as the "Katha-Sarit-Sagara", may contain interpolations.


title: Vikramaditya

text: "Gaha Sattasai" (or "Gatha-Saptasati"), a collection of poems attributed to the Satavahana king Hāla (), mentions a king named Vikramaditya who gave away his wealth out of charity. However, many stanzas in this work are not common to its revisions and are apparent Gupta-period expansions. The verse about Vikramaditya is similar to a phrase—"Anekago-shatasahasra-hiranya-kotipradasya"—found in Gupta inscriptions about Samudragupta and Chandragupta II (for example, the Pune and Riddhapur copper-plate inscriptions of Chandragupta's daughter, Prabhavatigupta); this phrase may have been a later, Gupta-era insertion in the work attributed to Hāla.


title: Vikramaditya

text: The earliest uncontested mentions of Vikramaditya appear in sixth-century works: the biography of Vasubandhu by Paramartha (499–569) and "Vasavadatta" by Subandhu. Paramaratha quotes a legend which mentions Ayodhya ("A-yu-ja") as the capital of king Vikramaditya ("Pi-ka-la-ma-a-chi-ta"). According to this legend, the king gave 300,000 gold coins to the Samkhya scholar Vindhyavasa for defeating Vasubandhu's Buddhist teacher (Buddhamitra) in a philosophical debate. Vasubandhu then wrote "Paramartha Saptati", illustrating deficiencies in Samkhya philosophy. Vikramaditya, pleased with Vasubandhu's arguments, gave him 300,000 gold coins as well. Vasubandhu later taught Buddhism to Prince Baladitya and converted the queen to Buddhism after the king's death. According to Subandhu, Vikramaditya was a glorious memory by his time.


title: Vikramaditya

text: In his "Si-yu-ki", Xuanzang () identifies Vikramaditya as the king of Shravasti. According to his account, the king (despite his treasurer's objections) ordered that 500,000 gold coins be distributed to the poor and gave a man 100,000 gold coins for putting him back on track during a wild boar hunt. Around the same time, a Buddhist monk known as Manoratha paid a barber 100,000 gold coins for shaving his head. Vikramaditya, who prided himself on his generosity, was embarrassed and arranged a debate between Manoratha and 100 non-Buddhist scholars. After Manoratha defeated 99 of the scholars, the king and other non-Buddhists shouted him down and humiliated him at the beginning of the last debate. Before his death, Manoratha wrote to his disciple Vasubandhu about the futility of debating biased, ignorant people. Shortly after Vikramaditya's death, Vasubandhu asked his successor, Baladitya, to organise another debate to avenge his mentor's humiliation. In this debate, Vasubandhu defeated 100 non-Buddhist scholars.


title: Vikramaditya

text: Kshemendra's "Brihatkathamanjari" and Somadeva's 11th-century "Kathasaritsagara", both adaptations of "Brihatkatha", contain a number of legends about Vikramaditya. Each legend has several fantasy stories within a story, illustrating his power.


title: Vikramaditya

text: The first legend mentions Vikramaditya's rivalry with the king of Pratishthana. In this version, that king is named Narasimha (not Shalivahana) and Vikramaditya's capital is Pataliputra (not Ujjain). According to the legend, Vikramaditya was an adversary of Narasimha who invaded Dakshinapatha and besieged Pratishthana; he was defeated and forced to retreat. He then entered Pratishthana in disguise and won over a courtesan. Vikramaditya was her lover for some time before secretly returning to Pataliputra. Before his return, he left five golden statues which he had received from Kubera at the courtesan's house. If a limb of one of these miraculous statues was broken off and gifted to someone, the golden limb would grow back. Mourning the loss of her lover, the courtesan turned to charity; known for her gifts of gold, she soon surpassed Narasimha in fame. Vikramaditya later returned to the courtesan's house, where Narasimha met and befriended him. Vikramaditya married the courtesan and brought her to Pataliputra.


title: Vikramaditya

text: Book 12 ("Shashankavati") contains the "vetala panchavimshati" legends, popularly known as "Baital Pachisi". It is a collection of 25 stories in which the king tries to capture and hold a vetala who tells a puzzling tale which ends with a question. In addition to "Kathasaritsagara", the collection appears in three other Sanskrit recensions, a number of Indian vernacular versions and several English translations from Sanskrit and Hindi; it is the most popular of the Vikramaditya legends. There are minor variations among the recensions; see List of Vetala Tales. In Kshemendra, Somadeva and Śivadāsa's recensions, the king is named Trivikramasena; in "Kathasaritsagara", his capital is located at Pratishthana. At the end of the story, the reader learns that he was formerly Vikramaditya. Later texts, such as the Sanskrit "Vetala-Vikramaditya-Katha" and the modern vernacular versions, identify the king as Vikramaditya of Ujjain.


title: Vikramaditya

text: Book 18 ("Vishamashila") contains another legend told by Naravahanadatta to an assembly of hermits in the ashram of a sage, Kashyapa. According to the legend, Indra and other devas told Shiva that the slain asuras were reborn as mlechchhas. Shiva then ordered his attendant, Malyavat, to be born in Ujjain as the prince of the Avanti kingdom and kill the mlechchhas. The deity appeared to the Avanti king Mahendraditya in a dream, telling him that a son would be born to his queen Saumyadarshana. He asked the king to name the child Vikramaditya, and told him that the prince would be known as "Vishamashila" because of his hostility to enemies. Malyavat was born as Vikramaditya; when the prince grew up, Mahendraditya retired to Varanasi. Vikramaditya began a campaign to conquer a number of kingdoms and subdued vetalas, rakshasas and other demons. His general, Vikramashakti, conquered the Dakshinapatha in the south; Madhyadesa in the central region; Surashtra in the west, and the country east of the Ganges; Vikramashakti also made the northern kingdom of Kashmira a tributary state of Vikramaditya. Virasena, the king of Sinhala, gave his daughter Madanalekha to Vikramaditya in marriage. The emperor also married three other women (Gunavati, Chandravati and Madanasundari) and Kalingasena, the princess of Kalinga.


title: Vikramaditya

text: The "Brihatkathamanjari" contains similar legends, with some variations; Vikramaditya's general Vikramashakti defeated a number of mlechchhas, including Kambojas, Yavanas, Hunas, Barbaras, Tusharas and Persians. In "Brihatkathamanjari" and "Kathasaritsagara", Malyavat is later born as Gunadhya (the author of "Brihatkatha", on which these books are based).


title: Vikramaditya

text: Kalhana's 12th-century "Rajatarangini" mentions that Harsha Vikramaditya of Ujjayini defeated the Shakas. According to the chronicle Vikramaditya appointed his friend, the poet Matrigupta, ruler of Kashmir. After Vikramaditya's death, Matrigupta abdicated the throne in favour of Pravarasena. According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana confused the legendary Vikramaditya with the Vardhana Emperor Harshavardhana (); Madhusudana's 17th-century "Bhavabodhini" similarly confuses the two kings, and mentions that Harsha, the author of "Ratnavali", had his capital at Ujjain.


title: Vikramaditya

text: According to Ananta's 12th-century heroic poem, "Vira-Charitra" (or "Viracharita"), Shalivahana (or Satavahana) defeated and killed Vikramaditya and ruled from Pratishthana. Shalivahana's associate, Shudraka, later allied with Vikramaditya's successors and defeated Shalivahana's descendants. This legend contains a number of mythological stories.


title: Vikramaditya

text: Śivadāsa's 12th– to 14th-century "Śālivāhana Kātha" (or "Shalivahana-Charitra") similarly describes the rivalry between Vikramaditya and Shalivahana.


title: Vikramaditya

text: Ānanda's "Mādhavānala Kāmakandalā Kathā" is a story of separated lovers who are reunited by Vikramaditya.


title: Vikramaditya

text: "Vikramodaya" is a series of verse tales in which the emperor appears as a wise parrot; a similar series is found in the Jain text, "Pārśvanāthacaritra".


title: Vikramaditya

text: The 15th-century—or later—"Pañcadaṇḍachattra Prabandha" ("The Story of Umbrellas With Five Sticks") contains "stories of magic and witchcraft, full of wonderful adventures, in which Vikramāditya plays the rôle of a powerful magician". Ganapati's 16th-century Gujarati work, "Madhavanala-Kamakandala-Katha", also contains Vikramaditya stories.


title: Vikramaditya

text: The Paramara kings, who ruled Malwa (including Ujjain) from the ninth to the fourteenth century, associated themselves with Vikramaditya and other legendary kings to justify their imperial claims.


title: Vikramaditya

text: "Simhasana Dvatrimsika" (popularly known as "Singhasan Battisi") contains 32 folktales about Vikramaditya. In this collection of frame stories, the Paramara king Bhoja discovers the ancient throne of Vikramaditya after several centuries. The throne has 32 statues, who are actually apsaras (a type of female spirit of the clouds and waters in Hinduism and Buddhist culture) who were turned into stone by a curse. When Bhoja tries to ascend the throne, one apsara comes to life and tells him to ascend the throne only if he is as magnanimous as Vikramaditya (as revealed by her tale). This leads to 32 attempts by Bhoja to ascend the throne, with 32 tales of Vikramaditya's virtue; after each, Bhoja acknowledges his inferiority. Pleased with his humility, the statues finally let him ascend the throne.


title: Vikramaditya

text: The author and date of the original work are unknown. Since the story mentions Bhoja (who died in 1055), it must have been composed after the 11th century. Five primary recensions of the Sanskrit version, "Simhasana-dvatrimsika", are dated to the 13th and 14th centuries. According to Sujan Rai's 1695 "Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh", its author was Bhoja's "wazir" (prime minister) Pandit Braj.


title: Vikramaditya

text: "Vetala Panchavimshati" and "Simhasana Dvatrimsika" are structurally opposite. In the "Vetala" tales, Vikramaditya is the central character of the frame story but is unconnected with the individual tales except for hearing them from the vetala. Although the frame story of the "Throne Tales" is set long after Vikramaditya's death, those tales describe his life and deeds.


title: Vikramaditya

text: Paramara-era legends associate the Paramara rulers with legendary kings, in order to enhance the Paramara imperial claims. The "Bhavishya Purana", an ancient Hindu text which has been edited till as late as 19th century, connects Vikramaditya to the Paramaras. According to the text (3.1.6.45-7.4), the first Paramara king was Pramara (born from a fire pit at Mount Abu, thus an Agnivansha). Vikramaditya, Shalivahana and Bhoja are described as Pramara's descendants and members of the Paramara dynasty.


title: Vikramaditya

text: According to the "Bhavishya Purana", when the world was degraded by non-Vedic faiths, Shiva sent Vikramaditya to earth and established a throne decorated with 32 designs for him (a reference to "Simhasana Dvatrimsika"). Shiva's wife, Parvati, created a vetala to protect Vikramaditya and instruct him with riddles (a reference to "Baital Pachisi" legends). After hearing the vetala's stories, Vikramaditya performed an ashvamedha (horse sacrifice). The wandering of the sacrificial horse defined the boundary of Vikramaditya's empire: the Indus River in the west, Badaristhana (Badrinath) in the north, Kapila in the east and Setubandha (Rameshwaram) in the south. The emperor united the four Agnivanshi clans by marrying princesses from the three non-Paramara clans: Vira from the Chauhan clan, Nija from the Chalukya clan, and Bhogavati from the Parihara clan. All the gods except Chandra celebrated his success (a reference to the Chandravanshis, rivals of Suryavanshi clans such as the Paramaras).


title: Vikramaditya

text: There were 18 kingdoms in Vikramaditya's empire of "Bharatavarsha" (India). After a flawless reign, he ascended to heaven. At the beginning of the Kali Yuga, Vikramaditya came from Kailasa and convened an assembly of sages from the Naimisha Forest. Gorakhnath, Bhartrhari, Lomaharsana, Saunaka and other sages recited the Puranas and the Upapuranas. A hundred years after Vikramaditya's death, the Shakas invaded India again. Shalivahana, Vikramaditya's grandson, subjugated them and other invaders. Five hundred years after Shalivahana's death, Bhoja defeated later invaders.


title: Vikramaditya

text: Few references to Vikramaditya exist in Jain literature before the mid-12th century, although Ujjain appears frequently. After the Jain king Kumarapala (), Jain writers started to compare Kumarapala to Vikramaditya. By the end of the 13th century, legends featuring Vikramaditya as a Jain emperor began surfacing. A major theme in Jain tradition is that the Jain acharya Siddhasena Divakara converted Vikramaditya to Jainism. He is said to have told Vikramaditya that 1,199 years after him, there would be another great king like him (Kumarapala).


title: Vikramaditya

text: Jain tradition originally had four Simhasana-related stories and four vetala-related puzzle stories. Later Jain authors adopted the 32 "Simhasana Dvatrimsika" and 25 "Vetala Panchavimshati" stories.


title: Vikramaditya

text: The Jain author Hemachandra names Vikramaditya as one of four learned kings; the other three are Shalivahana, Bhoja and Munja. Merutunga's "Vicarasreni" places his victory at Ujjain in 57 BCE, and hints that his four successors ruled from 3 to 78 CE.


title: Vikramaditya

text: Many legends, particularly Jain legends, associate Vikramaditya with Shalivahana of Pratishthana (another legendary king). In some he is defeated by Shalivahana, who begins the Shalivahana era; in others, he is an ancestor of Shalivahana. A few legends call the king of Pratishthana "Vikramaditya". Political rivalry between the kings is sometimes extended to language, with Vikramaditya supporting Sanskrit and Shalivahana supporting Prakrit.


title: Vikramaditya

text: In the "Kalakacharya-Kathanaka", Vikramaditya's father Gardabhilla abducted the sister of Kalaka (a Jain acharya). At Kalaka's insistence, the Shakas invaded Ujjain and made Gardabhilla their prisoner. Vikramaditya later arrived from Pratishthana, defeated the Shakas, and began the Vikrama Samvat era to commemorate his victory. According to Alain Daniélou, the Vikramaditya in this legend refers to a Satavahana king.


title: Vikramaditya

text: Other Jain texts contain variations of a legend about Vikramaditya's defeat at the hands of the king of Pratishthana, known as Satavahana or Shalivahana. This theme is found in Jina-Prabhasuri's "Kalpa-Pradipa", Rajashekhara's "Prabandha-Kosha" and "Salivahana-Charitra", a Marathi work. According to the legend, Satavahana was the child of the Nāga (serpent) chief Shesha and a Brahmin widow who lived in the home of a potter. His name, Satavahana, was derived from "satani" (give) and "vahana" (a means of transport) because he sculpted elephants, horses and other means of transport with clay and gave them to other children. Vikramaditya perceived omens that his killer had been born. He sent his vetala to find the child; the vetala traced Satavahana in Pratishthana, and Vikramaditya led an army there. With Nāga magic, Satavahana converted his clay figures of horses, elephants and soldiers into a real army. He defeated Vikramaditya (who fled to Ujjain), began his own era, and became a Jain. There are several variations of this legend: Vikramaditya is killed by Satavahana's arrow in battle; he marries Satavahana's daughter and they have a son (known as Vikramasena or Vikrama-charitra), or Satavahana is the son of Manorama, wife of a bodyguard of the king of Pratishthana.


title: Vikramaditya

text: In a medieval Tamil legend Vikramaditya has 32 marks on his body, a characteristic of universal emperors. A Brahmin in need of Alchemic quicksilver tells him that it can be obtained if the emperor offers his head to the goddess Kamakshi of Kanchipuram. Although Vikramaditya agrees to sacrifice himself, the goddess fulfills his wish without the sacrifice.


title: Vikramaditya

text: In another Tamil legend, Vikramaditya offers to perform a variant of the "navakhandam" rite (cutting the body in nine places) to please the gods. He offers to cut his body in eight places (for the eight Bhairavas), and offers his head to the goddess. In return, he convinces the goddess to end human sacrifice.


title: Vikramaditya

text: "Chola Purva Patayam" ("Ancient Chola Record"), a Tamil manuscript of uncertain date, contains a legend about the divine origin of the three Tamil dynasties. In this legend, Shalivahana (also known as Bhoja) is a shramana king. He defeats Vikramaditya, and begins persecuting worshipers of Shiva and Vishnu. Shiva then creates the three Tamil kings to defeat him: Vira Cholan, Ula Cheran, and Vajranga Pandiyan. The kings have a number of adventures, including finding treasures and inscriptions of Hindu kings from the age of Shantanu to Vikramaditya. They ultimately defeat Shalivahana in the year 1443 (of an uncertain calendar era, possibly from the beginning of Kali Yuga).


title: Vikramaditya

text: According to a legend in Ayodhya, the city was re-discovered by Vikramaditya after it was lost for centuries. Vikramaditya began searching for Ayodhya and met Prayaga, the king of tirthas. Guided by Prayaga, Vikramaditya marked the place but then forgot where it was. A yogi told him that he should free a cow and calf; Ayodhya would be where milk began to flow from the cow's udder. Following this advice, Vikramaditya found the site of ancient Ayodhya.


title: Vikramaditya

text: According to Hans T. Bakker, present-day Ayodhya was originally the Saketa, mentioned in Buddhist sources. The Gupta emperor Skandagupta, who compared himself to Rama and was also known as Vikramaditya, moved his capital to Saketa and renamed it Ayodhya after the legendary city in the "Ramayana". The Vikramaditya mentioned in Paramartha's fourth–fifth century CE biography of Vasubandhu is generally identified with a Gupta king, such as Skandagupta or Purugupta. Although the Gupta kings ruled from Pataliputra, Ayodhya was within their domain. However, scholars such as Ashvini Agrawal reject this account as inaccurate.


title: Vikramaditya

text: In "Jyotirvidabharana" (22.10), a treatise attributed to Kalidasa, nine noted scholars (the Navaratnas) were at Vikramaditya's court:


title: Vikramaditya

text: However, many scholars consider "Jyotirvidabharana" a literary forgery written after Kalidasa's death. According to V. V. Mirashi, who dates the work to the 12th century, it could not have been composed by Kalidasa because it contains grammatical errors. There is no mention of such Navaratnas in earlier literature, and D. C. Sircar calls "Jyotirvidabharana" "absolutely worthless for historical purposes".


title: Vikramaditya

text: There is no historical evidence indicating that the nine scholars were contemporary figures or proteges of the same king. Vararuchi is believed to have lived around the third or fourth century CE. Although Kalidasa's lifetime is debated, most historians place him around the fifth century; Varahamihira is known to have lived in the sixth century. Dhanavantari was the author of a medical glossary (a nighantu), but his lifetime is uncertain. Amarasimha cannot be dated with certainty either, but his lexicon uses works by Dhanavantari and Kalidasa; therefore, he cannot be dated to the first century BCE (Vikramaditya is said to have established an era in 57 BCE). Little is known about Shanku, Vetalabhatta, Kshapanaka and Ghatakarpara. Some Jain writers identify Siddhasena Divakara as Kshapanaka, but this is not accepted by historians.


title: Vikramaditya

text: Kalidasa is the only figure whose association with Vikramaditya is mentioned in works earlier than "Jyotirvidabharana". According to Rajasekhara's "Kāvyamimāṃsa" (10th century), Bhoja's "Sringara Prakasa" and Kshemendra's "Auchitya-Vichara-Charcha" (both 11th century), Vikramaditya sent Kalidasa as his ambassador to the Kuntala country (present-day Uttara Kannada). However, the historicity of these reports is doubtful.


title: Vikramaditya

text: Several Vikramaditya stories appear in the "Amar Chitra Katha" comic-book series. Indian films on king Vikramaditya include G. V. Sane's "Vikram Satvapariksha" (1921), Nanubhai B. Desai's "Vikram Charitra" (1924), Harshadrai Sakerlal Mehta's "Vikram Charitra" (1933), "Vikram Shashikala" (1949), Vijay Bhatt's "Vikramaditya" (1945), Kemparaj Urs' "Raja Vikrama" (1950), Dhirubhai Desai's "Raja Vikram" (1957), Chandrasekhara Rao Jampana's "Bhatti Vikramarka" (1960), T. R. Raghunath's "Vikramaadhithan" (1962), "Chakravarty Vikramaditya" (1964), S. N. Tripathi's "Maharaja Vikram" (1965), G. Suryam's "Vikramarka Vijayam" (1971), Shantilal Soni's "Vikram Vetal" (1986), Krishna's Simhasanam and Singhasan (1986), Ravi Raja Pinisetty's "Raja Vikramarka" (1990), Rajiv Chilakalapudi's "Vikram Betal" (2004).


title: Vikramaditya

text: "Vikram Aur Betaal", which appeared on Doordarshan in the 1980s, was based on "Baital Pachisi". "Kahaniya Vikram aur Betaal Ki", a remake of the Doordarshan television show, aired on Colors TV in 2009. An adaptation of "Singhasan Battisi" was aired on Doordarshan during the late 1980s. In 2014, another adaptation was aired on Sony Pal. Currently a series Vikram Betaal Ki Rahasya Gatha is running on &TV where popular actor Aham Sharma is playing the role of Vikramaditya.


title: Vikramaditya

text: The Indian Navy aircraft carrier INS "Vikramaditya" was named in honour of Vikramaditya. On 22 December 2016, a commemorative postage stamp honouring Samrat Vikramadittya was released by India Post. Historical-fiction author Shatrujeet Nath retells the emperor's story in his "Vikramaditya Veergatha" series.


title: Vikramaditya

text: After the ninth century, a calendar era beginning in 57 BCE (now called the Vikrama Samvat) began to be associated with Vikramaditya; some legends also associate the Shaka era (beginning in 78 CE) with him. When Persian scholar Al-Biruni (973–1048) visited India, he learned that the Indians used five eras: Sri Harsha, Vikramaditya (57 BCE), Shaka (78 CE), Vallabha and Gupta. The Vikramaditya era was used in southern and western India. Al-Biruni learned the following legend about the Shaka era:


title: Vikramaditya

text: Since there was a difference of over 130 years between the Vikramaditya era and the Shaka era, Al-Biruni concluded that their founders were two kings with the same name. The Vikramaditya era named after the first, and the Shaka era was associated with the defeat of the Shaka ruler by the second Vikramaditya.


title: Vikramaditya

text: According to several later legends—particularly Jain legends—Vikramaditya established the 57 BCE era after he defeated the Shakas and was defeated in turn by Shalivahana, who established the 78 CE era. Both legends are historically inaccurate. There is a difference of 135 years between the beginning of the two eras, and Vikramaditya and Shalivahana could not have lived simultaneously. The association of the era beginning in 57 BCE with Vikramaditya is not found in any source before the ninth century. Earlier sources call this era by several names, including "Kṛṭa", "the era of the Malava tribe", or "Samvat" ("Era"). Scholars such as D. C. Sircar and D. R. Bhandarkar believe that the name of the era changed to Vikrama Samvat during the reign of Chandragupta II, who had adopted the title of "Vikramaditya" (see below). Alternative theories also exist, and Rudolf Hoernlé believed that it was Yashodharman who renamed the era Vikrama Samvat. The earliest mention of the Shaka era as the Shalivahana era occurs in the 13th century, and may have been an attempt to remove the era's foreign association.


title: Growing Pains

text: Growing Pains is an American television sitcom created by Neal Marlens that aired on ABC from September 24, 1985, to April 25, 1992. The show ran for seven seasons, consisting of 166 episodes. The series followed the misadventures of the Seaver family, which included psychiatrist and father Jason, journalist and mother Maggie, and their children Mike, Carol, Ben, and Chrissy.


title: Growing Pains

text: The show centers on the Seaver family of Huntington, Long Island, New York. Dr. Jason Seaver (portrayed by Alan Thicke), a psychiatrist, works from home because his wife, Maggie (Joanna Kerns), has gone back to work as a reporter. Jason has to take care of the kids: ladies' man and rebellious troublemaker Mike (Kirk Cameron), bookish honors student Carol (Tracey Gold), and rambunctious Ben (Jeremy Miller) who follows Mike as his role model and becomes a troublemaker too.


title: Growing Pains

text: A fourth child, Chrissy Seaver (twins Kelsey and Kirsten Dohring; Ashley Johnson), is born at the beginning of season 4, a day after Ben's 12th birthday. She was played in her newborn/infant stage by two uncredited sets of twin sisters, who remained in the role until season four (1988–89) ended. By season five (1989–90), she was played in her toddler stage by alternating twins Kirsten and Kelsey Dohring. In seasons six and seven (1990–92), Chrissy's age was advanced to five years old.


title: Growing Pains

text: A new cast member was added for the seventh and final season (1991–92) when homeless teen Luke Brower (Leonardo DiCaprio) is brought into the Seaver family to live with them until nearly the end of season seven.


title: Growing Pains

text: Often mentioned but rarely seen are the Seavers' next-door neighbors, the Koosmans – a reference to the 1969 Miracle Mets, as Tom Seaver and Jerry Koosman anchored the 1969 Mets' pitching rotation.


title: Growing Pains

text: Soon after the cancelation of "The Four Seasons", Joanna Kerns auditioned for a new series in late 1984, called "Growing Pains". She auditioned with Alan Thicke, who was coming off the failure of his TV talk show "Thicke of the Night". Kerns joked in many interviews that she and Alan had immediate chemistry, especially when she kissed him on his nose by accident during their audition together. Kerns and Thicke's chemistry won them both the parts, and the two became great friends off the show; they both had many things in common, including both being newly divorced and both being single parents.


title: Growing Pains

text: In 1985, Tracey Gold auditioned for Carol Seaver's role on "Growing Pains" but was not initially cast. The actress chosen for the pilot was Elizabeth Ward, who had starred alongside Gold in "The Hand-Me-Down Kid", a 1983 "ABC Afterschool Special". However, test audiences did not favor Ward in Carol's role, and Gold promptly replaced her. In 1988 at age 19, Gold gained some weight over the "Growing Pains" series hiatus. That season, the sitcom's scripts called for her to be the brunt of fat jokes from her television brothers for many episodes in a row.


title: Growing Pains

text: In October 1988, Gold dieted from 133 pounds to about 110 pounds on a medically supervised diet, but occasionally, the scripts still included fat jokes at her expense. In her memoir, she says that between 1989 and 1991, she became increasingly obsessed with food and her weight and continued to slowly and steadily lose weight.


title: Growing Pains

text: Kirk Cameron was an atheist in his early teens. When he was 17, during the height of his career on "Growing Pains", he became a born-again Christian. After converting to Protestant Christianity, he began to insist that plot lines be edited to remove anything he thought too adult or inappropriate in "Growing Pains". Cameron's conversion is said to have alienated him from his fellow cast members, as he did not invite any of them to his 1991 wedding.


title: Growing Pains

text: Julie McCullough landed the role of nanny Julie Costello on the show in 1989. Her character appeared in eight episodes until McCullough was fired in 1990. Though the show's producers have claimed that her character was never intended to be permanent and Cameron stated in his 2008 memoir "Still Growing" that he did not call for her firing, it is alleged McCullough's termination from the show was a result of Cameron's objections to her having posed nude in "Playboy", prompting Cameron to claim to the producers they were promoting pornography by hiring McCullough. Cameron reportedly did not reconcile with McCullough, who claims that Cameron refused to speak to her during a later encounter. She remains critical of him, stating that the public criticism she endured during the controversy damaged her career.


title: Growing Pains

text: At about age 14, Jeremy Miller received numerous letters from an older male stalker during the run of "Growing Pains".


title: Growing Pains

text: In 1990, Tracey Gold began group therapy in an eating disorder program but only learned more ways to lose weight. That season, her weight loss problem was touched upon slightly on the series, when Gold is seen looking at her body in a carnival mirror and describes to another character the distorted image in her head. In 1991, she started starving herself more than ever and vomiting, and lost a massive amount of weight, to the point that she was admitted to a hospital in early 1992. Her lowest weight is estimated to have been near 80 pounds. She was suspended from the show for her skeletal appearance. Photos of Gold's emaciated body were plastered all over tabloid magazines, and she was one of the first celebrities ever to be formally outed for anorexia. She last appeared in the 1991 episode, "Menage a Luke," after missing the two prior episodes where her problem is very obvious in some scenes and did not return until the last two episodes of the series in the late spring of 1992. Gold eventually recovered from her years-long struggle and starred in the 1994 television movie "For the Love of Nancy", drawing on her own experiences with anorexia nervosa to portray the title character.


title: Growing Pains

text: In 1991, Leonardo DiCaprio became a recurring cast member on "Growing Pains", playing Luke Brower, a homeless boy who is taken in by the Seaver family. Co-star Joanna Kerns recalled DiCaprio being "especially intelligent and disarming for his age," but also mischievous on set. The teenage DiCaprio was cast by the producers to appeal to the teenage female audiences, but when the show's ratings did not improve, DiCaprio left. He was nominated for a Young Artist Award for Best Young Actor Co-starring in a Television Series.


title: Growing Pains

text: In 1992, Alan Thicke appeared in the pilot episode of the sitcom "Hangin' with Mr. Cooper". He appeared in the pre-credits teaser scene, alongside series star Mark Curry, humorously referencing the pilot episode being filmed on the same set used as the Seavers' home on "Growing Pains".


title: Growing Pains

text: After the series was canceled, Kirk Cameron did not maintain contact with his former co-stars and did not speak to Tracey Gold for eight years. Cameron has stated that this was not due to any animosity on his part toward any of his former cast-members but an outgrowth of his desire to start a new life away from the entertainment industry. In 2000, Cameron revealed he apologized to his TV family for some of his prior behavior, saying, "If I could go back, I think I could make decisions that were less inadvertently hurtful to the cast--like talking and explaining to them why I just wanted to have my family at my wedding."


title: Growing Pains

text: "Growing Pains" spawned the spin-off series, "Just the Ten of Us", which featured Coach Graham Lubbock, Mike and Carol's gym teacher, moving to California with his large family to teach at an all-boys Catholic school after he was fired from Thomas Dewey High School.


title: Growing Pains

text: In 2000, the cast reunited for "The Growing Pains Movie", followed by "" in 2004. Before the premiere of "The Growing Pains Movie", Kirk Cameron described his regrets over how his relationship with his cast mates changed after his religious conversion during the production of the series, admitting, "I definitely kind of made an about-face, going toward another aspect of my life," and "I shifted my focus from 100% on the show, to 100% on [my new life], and left 0% on the show—and even the friendships that were a part of that show."


title: Growing Pains

text: Warner Home Video has released the first two seasons on DVD in Region 1. In contrast, the Warner Archive Collection released the remaining seasons as a manufactured-on-demand title that can only be available exclusively through Warner's online store and Amazon.com.


title: Growing Pains

text: ABC aired reruns of the show on its daytime schedule from July 1988 to August 1989. The show originally aired at 11:00 AM (ET) until January 1989, when "Ryan's Hope" was canceled and "Home" was expanded to an hour from 11:00 AM–noon. The reruns moved to noon.


title: Growing Pains

text: In the fall of 1989, the show was sold to local syndication, which continued until 1997. The show also aired on TBS for several years premiering in October 1993 at 6:35 PM. The show continued to air on TBS until September 1996.


title: Growing Pains

text: Reruns aired on the Disney Channel from September 1997 to September 2001. The cable rights for the show moved to sister network ABC Family, where it ran from 2001 to 2004. It has also aired on ION Television during the fall of 2006 into the spring of 2007.


title: Growing Pains

text: Nick at Nite began airing "Growing Pains" on February 12, 2007, launching with a marathon from 9:00 PM–1:00 AM. It was pulled from the line-up shortly after, and reruns later moved to sister network Noggin (as part of its teen block, The N). TeenNick re-aired the series on Monday, September 13, 2010, in a 5:00 AM hour block, and aired its final showings on December 27, 2010.


title: Growing Pains

text: "Growing Pains" aired on Up TV from January 2015 to July 2017. Antenna TV began airing the series in December 2017.


title: Growing Pains

text: The show aired with the title "" (What's New Doctor?) on Antenne 2 from 1987 then as part of a block called "" from February 19, 1990, on the same network.


title: Growing Pains

text: The show aired in 1987 with the title "" (Parents in blue jeans) where the first two seasons original aired on Canale 5 then it moved to Italia 1 for the later four seasons. This was also the name of an Italian comedy film from the 60s.


title: Growing Pains

text: The show aired in 1986 with Dutch broadcast organization AVRO as "Growing Pains" in English with subtitles in Dutch.


title: Growing Pains

text: In Spain the series aired with the title "" (Growing problems) and was dubbed to Spanish. Originally aired in La 1 (Spanish TV channel) from the end of the 80s to the beginning of the 90s, and subsequently in La 2 (Spanish TV channel), Antena 3 (Spanish TV channel) y Factoría de Ficción


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: Call of Duty: Ghosts is a 2013 first-person shooter video game developed by Infinity Ward and published by Activision. It is the tenth major installment in the "Call of Duty" series and the sixth developed by Infinity Ward. It was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Wii U on November 5, 2013. The game was released with the launch of the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: "Ghosts" received generally mixed reviews from critics, with most praising its multiplayer gameplay and introduction of the new game mode Extinction, but criticizing it for its single-player campaign, rehashing of familiar concepts, and general lack of innovation.


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: In "Call of Duty: Ghosts", the story is mostly told through the eyes of Logan Walker, with several other playable characters, including an astronaut specialist named Baker; Sergeant Thompson; Elias Walker, member of Icarus and Logan's father; and the newer option to play as a German Shepherd, Riley, the first non-human playable character in the franchise.


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: The multiplayer mode in "Call of Duty: Ghosts" features changes from previous "Call of Duty" games as some new mechanics have been added to it. Maps now have areas that can be altered or destroyed. There is a nuke-like kill streak reward, the KEM Strike. The player can get the ODIN kill streak by either getting a certain amount of kills or by killing the top player on the other team and then completing various challenges after picking up a blue briefcase that is dropped. The sniper rifle scopes also have new "dual render technology" allowing the player to see around the outside of the scope (although blurred) when zoomed in. On October 3, a new multiplayer type was revealed, called Squads. This features a squad that the player can build and the player can face other squads around the world. The player's squad can be leveled up and will act like a true individual. "Octane", "Prison Break", "Tremor", "Freight", "Stormfront", "Siege", "Warhawk", "Sovereign", "Overlord", "Flooded", "Strikezone", "Whiteout", "Stonehaven" and "Chasm" are the maps that are in "Call of Duty: Ghosts" so far. The dynamic map, "Free Fall", was a pre-order bonus. The game now features playable female soldiers.


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: "Call of Duty: Ghosts" introduces a new game type called Squads. This mode can be played either solo or with other players including friends. A squad consists of ten different customizable characters. Squads can be utilized in unique gamemodes involving AI controlled enemies and AI controlled squad mates. The gamemodes include Squad Assault, Safeguard, Safeguard Infinite, Squad vs Squad, and Wargame. All of these modes can be played while online or offline.


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: "Call of Duty: Ghosts" features several staple multiplayer game modes, while introducing several new game types, including:


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: Extinction is a 4-player co-op mode, which pits the player(s) against various types of aliens (known altogether as Cryptids) in a base-defending survival style map. The main goal is usually to destroy all of the Cryptid hives scattered across the map (with the exception of Awakening and Exodus; the former requires players scanning for obelisks in an area which need to be destroyed, while Exodus features generators which the players have to activate). Players choose from four different class types, with unique traits and customizable loadouts. The player(s) can level up their classes, unlocking more weapons and equipment for their loadouts. This mode is unlocked by finishing the first level of the Campaign.


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: The first map, "Point of Contact", is included within the base game, and serves as an introduction to the game mode. The map takes place in an abandoned city in Colorado, two weeks after the events of the campaign mission "Ghost Stories".


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: The second map, "Nightfall", is released as part of the Onslaught DLC pack, and is advertised as the first of the four episodic contents for Extinction. The map takes place in an Alaskan research facility, 14 weeks after "Point of Contact", and introduces two characters central to the story: Dr. Samantha Cross and Cpt. David Archer. The map also introduces two new types of Cryptid aliens, one of which (the Breeder) serves as a boss-type enemy. Players are also given access to a mysterious and powerful weapon: The Venom X. Players can unlock several pieces of intel, revealing details about the story revolving around Cross and Archer.


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: The third map, "Mayday", is released as part of the Devastation DLC pack, and is the second of four episodes of Extinction. The map takes place on board a Naval ship, 26 days after the events in "Nightfall", and introduces two more new types of Cryptids: The Seeder (Which looks like the red seekers) but is bright orange and spawns plantlike turrets that shoot projectiles at the players, and the Kraken, the large, multi-tentacled boss at the end of the chapter. In addition to weapons scattered throughout the ship, players can access schematics to build powerful offensive and defensive weapons, including 4 variations of the Venom X from the previous chapter. Players can also find intel as well to learn more about the story of Extinction.


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: The fourth map, "Awakening", which is released as part of the Invasion DLC pack, is advertised as the third episode. The map takes place in an underground Cryptid hive, 36 hours after "Mayday", and introduces three new types of Cryptids: the flying Gargoyle, the explosive Bomber, and the powerful Mammoth. The Cryptids' masters, the Ancestors, are also seen in the map. The players have access to ARK attachments, which turn weapons into laser weapons, greatly increasing their power. As with the previous two maps, intels can be found to discover more information regarding the story.


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: The final map, "Exodus", which also acts as the final episode of Extinction, is released as part of the Nemesis DLC pack. The map takes place in a launch facility, 3 months after "Awakening", where the players are pit in a final battle against the forces of the Cryptids. Nearly every Cryptid type is encountered in the map, including the Ancestors. Players can choose their own paths in progressing throughout the map. The map also introduces two brand new weapons, the NX-1 Disruptor and the NX-1 Grenades, which are required in taking out the Ancestors.


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: "Call of Duty: Ghosts" is set in the near future that follows the nuclear destruction of the Middle East. The oil-producing nations of Latin America form the Federation of the Americas in response to the ensuing global economic crisis and quickly grow into a global superpower, swiftly invading and conquering Central America, the Caribbean, and Mexico.


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: The game's main protagonists are the Ghosts, a force of U.S. Special Operations personnel trained to conduct clandestine missions behind enemy lines. The unit is led by retired U.S. Army Captain Elias Walker (Stephen Lang). He is joined by his sons Logan and David "Hesh" Walker (Brandon Routh), along with a trained German Shepherd named Riley, Captain Thomas A. Merrick (Jeffrey Pierce), and Gunnery Sergeant Keegan P. Russ (Brian Bloom).


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: The game's main antagonist is Gabriel T. Rorke (Kevin Gage), the former leader of the Ghosts who works for the Federation after being captured and brainwashed by the Federation via torture and hallucinogens.


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: In 2017, U.S. Army officer Elias Walker tells his teenage sons Hesh and Logan the legend of how the Ghosts, an elite coalition of all U.S. Special Operations units, first appeared. Meanwhile, in space, the Federation of the Americas hijack the Orbital Defense Initiative (ODIN), an orbital superweapon that consists of a network of satellites that utilize kinetic bombardment. The Federation uses it to destroy several cities in the southwestern United States. U.S. Air Force astronauts Baker and Mosley sacrifice themselves to self-destruct the space station and prevent ODIN from launching other payloads further inland. The Walker family narrowly escapes the destruction of San Diego.


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: Ten years later, the war between the United States and the Federation has been a bloody stalemate along a front that comprises the destroyed cities (known as "No Man's Land"), which has become a war of attrition as more Federation forces attempt to break the frontlines. However, the U.S. stands its ground, fighting near the former United States-Mexico border. Hesh and Logan are part of a U.S. Marines special unit under the command of Elias and are accompanied by Riley, their loyal military-trained German Shepherd. During a mission into No Man's Land, they spot Federation agent Gabriel Rorke interrogating Ghost member Ajax. The brothers meet and join Ghost members Thomas Merrick and Keegan Russ in an attempt to rescue Ajax, but he is killed.


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: The brothers return to Santa Monica, California, where U.S. forces hold out against a Federation assault, and reunite with their father, who reveals himself as the leader of the Ghosts. Recruiting his sons into the Ghosts, Elias tells them about how Rorke was the Ghosts' previous commanding officer until Elias was forced to abandon him during a successful mission in Caracas to assassinate a former Federation leader. The Federation captured and brainwashed Rorke, and are now using him to hunt down the Ghosts.


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: The Ghosts assault Rorke's base and capture him, but Federation forces destroy their plane and rescue him. The team lands in the Yucatán Peninsula, where they witness the launch of a mysterious Federation missile. The Ghosts infiltrate a Federation base and discover plans to create a new superweapon. Constructing a counter-attack, the Ghosts make significant gains against the Federation by destroying their Atlas oil platform in Antarctica and sinking a destroyer guarding a Federation factory in the port of Rio de Janeiro. The team then breaks into the factory and discovers that the Federation reverse-engineered ODIN into their own orbital bombardment system named LOKI.


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: After destroying the factory, the Ghosts regroup at a safehouse in Las Vegas, but are captured by Rorke, who executes Elias. In a last-ditch effort, the U.S. Navy pools all its remaining forces, including its last aircraft carrier USS "Liberator", in a synchronized all-out assault. Hesh and Logan launch a missile to destroy the Federation space center in the Atacama Desert, while forces in U.S. Space Force take over the Federation space station. They seize control of LOKI and decimate the Federation forces by turning their weapons on them. Hesh and Logan then disobey Merrick's orders and pursue Rorke to avenge their father. Despite being shot by Logan and left to drown, Rorke survives and captures Logan, wanting to brainwash him into becoming a Federation agent.


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: In a post-credits scene, Logan is seen inside a caged pit in the jungle, presumably going through the same torture methods as Rorke.


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: The Extinction story takes place in an alternate reality following the events of the first mission of the Ghosts campaign, where the ODIN strike unearths ancient creatures known as Cryptids upon mankind. The player takes on the role of an elite unnamed soldier, whose appearance is carried from the player's multiplayer character. The story revolves mainly around two central characters: Doctor Samantha Cross (Ali Hillis), a researcher of the Nightfall Programme who was studying Cryptid origins; and Captain David Archer (Dave B. Mitchell), leader of the Nightfall Program.


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: Following the Federation's attack on ODIN Station and the strike that decimated a large portion of the United States, a stray missile hit Caldera Peak, Colorado, revealing a colony of ancient creatures called Cryptids lying dormant below it. The Cryptids' masters, the Ancestors, seized the opportunity by commanding them to awake, massacre the town, and destroy everything in their path. In order to contain the outbreak, a Task Force codenamed Spectre was sent in to exterminate the Cryptids' presence. Though they were successful, remains of the Cryptids were collected by Nightfall, a research program dedicated to uncovering the origins of the creatures. The program's leader, Captain David Archer, implemented covert operations to breed Cryptids for experimentation, as well as deciphering of glyphs found within several sites where Nightfall was researching on Cryptid appearance. However, one of the doctors working at Nightfall, Samantha Cross, began to fall under the Ancestors' influence, and slowly became one of their hypnotic spies, capable of telepathic abilities. She caused an outbreak at the Nightfall facility, killing all members within it, except herself and Archer. An elite squad named CIF Team One was dispatched to help Archer and Cross escape, but Archer secretly snuck away on a destroyer vessel supplied by one of his mysterious contacts, in order to arrive at another Cryptid site.


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: For the following three weeks, Archer would experiment on Cross in order to learn of her abilities, realizing that she is capable of taming the Cryptids. Using her as a beacon, Archer guided the destroyer toward the remaining Cryptid Arks around the world. Cross fell into the Ancestors' control even more, and upon full possession, she began to summon the Ark's guardian, the Kraken, to protect the Cryptid colony and kill Archer and everyone aboard the destroyer. CIF Team One was sent in once again to rescue Archer, as well as eliminate Cross, per the deal between Archer and CIF Team One's handler, General "Godfather" Castle. However, Cross evaded their attempts to kill her and wound up in the Cryptid Ark. Archer and his men later arrived at the island where the Ark is located, however they encounter hordes of Cryptids, leading to Archer's hand being infected. Cross arrived and amputated his hand, then forged a temporary alliance with him, as she attempted to explain the Ancestors' true motives, and her reasons for not siding with them. CIF Team One was later dispatched by Castle to find Archer as well as retrieve the Cortex, a device containing tissue samples of an Ancestor's brain. The team succeeded in finding the Cortex, and Cross was extracted from the Ark, while Archer was left to die.


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: While on their way back to the United States, CIF Team One was attacked by Cryptid forces, and was stranded in the heart of the outbreak, while Cross escaped captivity. For the next three months, Cryptids would begin to overrun all military centers of the US, leaving General Castle as the leader of the surviving remnants of the country. He came in contact with CIF Team One, and ordered them to protect the Exodus launch site, allowing the remnants to escape Earth into outer space, away from the Cryptids' influence. In the midst of the operation, Cross regained contact with the survivors, reasoning CIF Team One must sacrifice themselves to activate the Medusa, a psionic weapon capable of eradicating all Cryptids within a three-mile radius, and give mankind a chance to overcome extinction. In a final order, General Castle commanded his men to defeat the oncoming Cryptid siege led by the Ancestors themselves. Now in safe passage to the space station, Cross acknowledged that her otherworldly powers were key in humanity's future retaliation, agreeing to be placed in a replica Beacon Amplifier to harness her gifts to benefit the future descendants of the Exodus program.


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: On February 7, 2013, Activision confirmed that a new "Call of Duty" game was in development and would be released Q4, 2013. The publisher expected to sell fewer copies than the series' previous entry, "" on seventh generation consoles (PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360) due to the transition to next-generation consoles.


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: The series starts a new subseries with "Ghosts" to coincide with Sony and Microsoft's eighth generation consoles entering the market. The game was supposed to debut an engine built by the developer, originally described as a new engine, but later clarified to be the same engine as used in previous games with "significant" upgrades. The game also utilized Umbra Software's rendering tool, Umbra 3, as a way to speed up the rendering process of large environments by an optimization known as occlusion culling – a method of filtering out hidden objects so they are not rendered.


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: Infinity Ward prioritised frame rate over display resolution during the development of "Call of Duty: Ghosts", with the game targeted to run at 60 frames per second on each platform. While the game outputs at 1080p on PlayStation 4, the Xbox One can only manage 720p while maintaining the frame rate. Due to a "configuration issue" however, the PlayStation 4 version still required a release day patch to reach 1080p.


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: David Buckley scored the game's original soundtrack. Rapper Eminem's 2013 song "Survival" is featured as the game's credit song.


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: On April 29, 2013, the official "Call of Duty" website was updated with a social media mosaic that filled up every time a user logged into the site via Twitter or Facebook. The next day, the mosaic was completed and the picture showed a skull along the text "the Ghosts are real." Some details about "Ghosts" leaked prior, especially when Tesco pulled the listing of the game for the PlayStation 3 after it was put up accidentally. Several other retailers, including Target, listed it for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. The live-action teaser trailer for "Ghosts", titled "Masked Warriors", features glimpses of people wearing historical battle masks, among them one of a group of soldiers putting on the skull mask shown on the box art. It was released on May 1, 2013. "Ghosts" appeared at the "Xbox Reveal" event on May 21, 2013. During E3 2013 the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions were promoted, and the Wii U version was confirmed towards the end of the event on June 13.


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: On August 14, 2013, American rapper Eminem's "Survival" featuring Liz Rodrigues, with production by DJ Khalil was premiered in the multiplayer trailer for the game. The music video for the song features various footage from the game's single player campaign, and other elements from the game.


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: "Call of Duty: Ghosts" was released for Microsoft Windows and current-generation game consoles – PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Wii U – on November 5, 2013. Activision announced that the game would be available for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in time for each console's release date on November 15, 2013, and November 22, 2013, respectively. Despite the official announcement for next-generation systems, the PlayStation 4 version of the game was made available by some retailers ahead of the scheduled release date.


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: Downloadable content (DLC) for "Ghosts" has been released. Pre-ordered versions of the game included a bonus "dynamic" map called "Free Fall" and also got Simon "Ghost" Riley and John "Soap" MacTavish from "Modern Warfare 2" as playable multiplayer characters. However, "Free Fall" was excluded from the Wii U pre-ordered version, which was later released on the Wii U on March 4, 2014.


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: Four sets of DLC map packs were released in 2014. A Season Pass is available, which gives players immediate access to all four DLC packs.


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: The first map pack, "Onslaught", was released for the Xbox 360 and Xbox One on January 28, 2014 and for Windows, PlayStation 3, and PlayStation 4 on February 27, 2014. It contains an exclusive playlist for owners of the DLC. The DLC pack brings in 4 new multiplayer maps: "Fog", "Bayview", "Ignition", and "Containment". The map Ignition is a re-make of Scrapyard from "Modern Warfare 2". It also includes two new multiplayer weapons: the Maverick assault rifle, and the Maverick A-2 sniper rifle; as well as "Nightfall", the first of the four Extinction episodic contents. On the multiplayer map Fog, Michael Myers from the "Halloween" film series appears as a playable character, obtainable by earning a care package by completing various challenges via Field Orders.


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: The second map pack, "Devastation", was released on the Xbox 360 and Xbox One on April 3, 2014, and on Windows, PlayStation 3, and PlayStation 4 on May 8, 2014. It contains an exclusive playlist for owners of the DLC. The pack introduces four new multiplayer maps: "Ruins", "Behemoth", "Collision", and "Unearthed". The map Unearthed is a re-make of the fan-favorite map Dome from "Modern Warfare 3". It includes a new hybrid multiplayer weapon called the Ripper, which Season Pass owners received early. On the map "Ruins", Predator from the "Predator" film series appears as a playable character. Additionally, it includes the next installment in the Extinction episodic contents, titled "Mayday".


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: The third map pack, "Invasion", was released on the Xbox 360 and Xbox One on June 3, 2014, and on Windows, PlayStation 3, and PlayStation 4 on July 3, 2014. It contains an exclusive playlist for owners of the DLC. The pack introduces four new multiplayer maps: "Pharaoh", "Departed", "Mutiny", and "Favela", a re-make of the fan-favorite map of the same name from "Modern Warfare 2". It includes the third Extinction episodic content, titled "Awakening".


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: The final map pack, "Nemesis", was released on the Xbox 360 and Xbox One on August 5, 2014, and on Windows, PlayStation 3, and PlayStation 4 on September 4, 2014. It contains an exclusive playlist for owners of the DLC. The pack introduces four new multiplayer maps: "Goldrush", "Subzero", "Dynasty", and a reimagined version of the map "Shipment" from "", "Showtime". It includes the final Extinction episode, titled "Exodus".


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: Additional downloadable content includes; Announcer Packs of Snoop Dogg and the Drill Instructor featuring R. Lee Ermey (who starred in "Full Metal Jacket"), Personalization Packs, Legend Packs and Special Characters.


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: "Call of Duty: Ghosts" received both "mixed or average" and "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. IGN praised the sequel for introducing "sweeping changes that breathe new life into the multiplayer experience" and called the campaign "lengthy, challenging, and varied". GameSpot went even further regarding the campaign calling it "impressive" and "a terrific collection of shootouts and set pieces". Both also welcomed the new character customization feature and game types in multiplayer, particularly Extinction which was called "tremendous fun" and "an interesting strategic dynamic".


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: Conversely, "PC Gamer" dubbed the campaign as "exciting but only passively entertaining" and criticized the "whack-a-mole" feel in the game's multiplayer. VideoGamer.com praised overall gameplay, saying it "seems more refined and enjoyable than """ but criticized the campaign calling it a "po-faced, nonsensical rehash of greatest hits long past". Eurogamer was less critical of the campaign, commenting that "the "Ghosts" campaign can't help but feel like a step backwards", but that "it's still capable of being devilishly entertaining" and "moment-to-moment thrills are still there, if muted by expectation". Joystiq disparaged both types of gameplay, saying "It layers a fresh coat of paint over a tired design document; a document that brings players down a rote campaign path before landing them in a multiplayer mode that abandons many of the creative advancements seen in "Black Ops 2"".


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

text: Despite shipping $1 billion worth of units to retail channels within 24 hours of the game's launch, overall sales were down compared to 2012's "". Activision blamed the fall in demand on uncertainty caused by the upcoming transition to eighth generation consoles. As of February 2014, the game has sold over 19 million copies.


title: Flo Rida

text: Tramar Lacel Dillard (born September 16, 1979), better known by his stage name Flo Rida (, ), is an American rapper and singer. His 2007 breakout single "Low" was number one for 10 weeks in the United States and broke the record for digital download sales at the time of its release.


title: Flo Rida

text: Flo Rida's debut studio album, 2008's "Mail on Sunday", reached number four in the US. The album was succeeded by "R.O.O.T.S.", the next year. His subsequent albums, 2010's "Only One Flo (Part 1)" and 2012's "Wild Ones", also charted on the US "Billboard" 200 chart. Flo Rida has sold over 80 million records worldwide, making him one of the best-selling music artists. His catalog includes the international hit singles "Right Round", "Club Can't Handle Me", "Good Feeling", "Wild Ones", "Whistle", "I Cry", "G.D.F.R." and "My House".


title: Flo Rida

text: Не represented San Marino, together with Senhit, at the Eurovision Song Contest 2021 in Rotterdam with the song "Adrenalina". They scored 50 points, finishing 22nd overall in the final.


title: Flo Rida

text: Dillard was born on September 16, 1979, in the Carol City neighborhood of Miami Gardens, Florida. His parents raised him together with his seven sisters, the youngest of whom is his twin. Some of his sisters would sing in a local gospel group. His brother-in-law was a hype man for local rap group 2 Live Crew, and while in ninth grade, Flo Rida joined an amateur rap group called the GroundHoggz. The GroundHoggz had been a three-man group, with members who lived in the same apartment complex as Flo Rida. They started recording at underground studios in Carver Ranches. The GroundHoggz, in this four-man incarnation, remained together for eight years. Early on in his career one of his sisters, Julia, died due to bronchitis. Her death greatly affected Dillard and his career, with him telling MTV, "I was very close to her, and I told myself that I was going to do this for my sister."


title: Flo Rida

text: While performing, rapper Fresh Kid Ice took notice and asked him to be his hype man, and shortly after he took him for a show in Hawaii. Flo Rida considers this period his schooling. With The GroundHoggz, they were featured guests on Fresh Kid Ice's album "Freaky Chinese" (2004).


title: Flo Rida

text: Flo Rida's work with Fresh Kid Ice attracted the attention of DeVante Swing, a member of the band Jodeci. However, he was rejected by several of the major labels, so he sought many other jobs outside of music. After graduating from high school in 1998, he studied international business management at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas for two months and attended Barry University for two months. He returned to Florida to continue pursuing his music career after receiving a phone call from a representative of the independent label Poe Boy Entertainment.


title: Flo Rida

text: Flo Rida was associated with The Eastside Boyz, as featuring artist in 2000. In year 2004, he began affiliating himself for with other Southern hip hop artists, such as Rick Ross, Trina, T-Pain, and Trick Daddy. A promotional single entitled "Birthday", featuring Rick Ross, was his first significant release. He made his debut guest appearance with the song "Bitch I'm From Dade County" on DJ Khaled's album "We the Best" (2007), which also features Trick Daddy, Trina, Rick Ross, Brisco, C-Ride, and Dre.


title: Flo Rida

text: Flo Rida's debut album, "Mail on Sunday", was released on March 18, 2008. The first single was "Low", featuring T-Pain, which was also included in the soundtrack to the movie "". "Low" reached No. 1 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. "Elevator", featuring Timbaland, "In the Ayer" featuring will.i.am, and "Roll" featuring Sean Kingston followed, and both charted on the Hot 100 and other charts.


title: Flo Rida

text: In addition to T-Pain, there were many featured guests throughout "Mail on Sunday". Timbaland, who produced the second single "Elevator", is also featured on the track. Rick Ross, and Trey Songz made appearances as well. Lil Wayne appeared on the track "American Superstar", while Sean Kingston appeared on the J. R. Rotem-produced "Roll", which was co-written by Compton rapper Spitfiya. Various other guests include Birdman, Brisco, and Yung Joc.


title: Flo Rida

text: "Money Right", featuring Brisco and Rick Ross, was scheduled to be the fourth single, but this was canceled due to the upcoming release of Flo Rida's second studio album, R.O.O.T.S. His second collaboration with T-Pain, "I Bet", as well as his collaboration with Trina, named "Bout It", both did not make the final tracklist, but were recorded.


title: Flo Rida

text: After the success of "Mail on Sunday", Flo Rida made guest performances on other R&B, rap, and pop singles, including "Move Shake Drop" by DJ Laz, "We Break the Dawn" by Michelle Williams, the remix of "4 Minutes" by Madonna, "Running Back" by Australian R&B singer Jessica Mauboy, "Feel It" by DJ Felli Fel, and the remix of "Speedin'" by Rick Ross. During the summer of 2008, he did live performances on the Fox dance competition program "So You Think You Can Dance" in the US and 2008 MuchMusic Video Awards in Canada. He appeared on the albums "We Global" by DJ Khaled, "Gutta" by Ace Hood, and "The Fame" by Lady Gaga.


title: Flo Rida

text: Flo Rida began recording his second album, "R.O.O.T.S.", 9 months after "Mail On Sunday". The album was released on March 31, 2009. The first single, "Right Round" featuring Kesha, was released for airplay in January 2009. "Right Round" jumped from number 58 to the top spot in one week in late February. The song broke a record for the most digital one week sales in the US, with 636,000, beating the previous record he had set himself with "Low". "Right Round" sampled "You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)", a 1985 hit by British band Dead or Alive. "Right Round" also became Flo Rida's first chart-topping song in the United Kingdom. The second official single was "Sugar", which featured R&B singer Wynter Gordon. The song reached No. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100. "Jump", featuring singer Nelly Furtado, was the third official single and was released on July 27, 2009, in the United Kingdom, and July 28, 2009, worldwide. "Be on You", featuring singer Ne-Yo, was the album's fourth official single, released on October 6, 2009. Both songs charted in the top 100 in various countries. "Available", featuring Akon, was going to be released on iTunes but was cancelled. A music video was, however, shot in mid-2009.


title: Flo Rida

text: "R.O.O.T.S." debuted at number eight on the "Billboard" 200 chart, selling 55,000 copies in its first week. As of August 2009, the album has sold 223,000 copies in the United States, and 536,000 worldwide. By the end of 2009, the album sold 247,000 copies in the US, becoming the eighth best selling rap album of 2009.


title: Flo Rida

text: Flo Rida made guest performances on "Feel It" by DJ Felli Fel, "Starstruck" by Lady Gaga, and "Feel It" by Three 6 Mafia. "Bad Boys", the second song by winner of season 5 of the British TV singing competition "The X Factor" Alexandra Burke that featured Flo Rida, debuted at the top of the UK Singles Chart in October 2009, becoming both Burke's and Flo Rida's second chart-topping song in Britain.


title: Flo Rida

text: Flo Rida's third album "Only One Flo (Part 1)" was released on November 24, 2010. In March 2010, Flo Rida announced on Twitter that the album would be titled "The Only One". "Billboard" reported that "The Only One" was to be a double album. A promo single, titled "Zoosk Girl", which features T-Pain, was released on the internet; though the song is not featured on the album, the single does have its own music video. On June 28, 2010, Flo Rida released the song "Club Can't Handle Me" featuring David Guetta, which was stated to be the official first single for the album. The song was also featured in the "Step Up 3D" soundtrack. On November 2, 2010, "Come with Me" was released as the first promo single for the album, along with "Puzzle", produced, and featuring by Electrixx, which is not featured on the album. On November 16, 2010, "Turn Around (5, 4, 3, 2, 1)" was released as the second official promo single for the album via the iTunes Store. It debuted on the Australian Singles Chart at number thirty-four on November 29, 2010. After the release of the album in the UK, "Who Dat Girl" started to receive a strong number of downloads, thus causing it to debut at number 136 on the UK Singles Chart and chart at a current peak of number thirty-one on the UK R&B Chart. "Why You Up In Here" was released as the fourth single, and third promo single, on May 11, 2011. The song features Ludacris, Gucci Mane, and Git Fresh.


title: Flo Rida

text: Flo Rida also made guest appearances on "iYiYi", a song by Australian teen singer Cody Simpson, and on the song "Out My Video" by Bulgarian singer LiLana. Flo Rida collaborated with UK girl group The Saturdays, recording a new version of their single, "Higher".


title: Flo Rida

text: In December 2010, Flo Rida created his own label, International Music Group, inspired by Nicki Minaj's signing with Lil Wayne's. He has signed an 18-year-old rapper, Brianna and Git Fresh to International.


title: Flo Rida

text: Flo Rida's fourth album, "Wild Ones" (originally titled "Only One Rida (Part 2)") was released in July 2012. Its debut single was "Good Feeling", released on August 29, 2011. The song samples Etta James' 1962 song, "Something's Got a Hold on Me". Following the death of Etta James on January 20, 2012, Flo Rida dedicated the song in her memory. The song peaked at No. 3 in the United States, and topped the charts in Austria, Germany, and the United Kingdom. In the latter country, it became Flo Rida's fourth chart-topper on the UK Singles Chart including collaborations with British artists and David Guetta. It reached the top five in nine other countries. The next two singles from the album were the title track, "Wild Ones", released in December 2011, and "Whistle", released in April 2012. "Wild Ones" reached No. 1 in various countries, and hit #5 in the US, while "Whistle" reached No. 1 in 20 countries, including the United States.


title: Flo Rida

text: On April 1, 2012, Flo Rida appeared at WWE's WrestleMania XXVIII in a segment with Heath Slater, Curt Hawkins, and Tyler Reks, in which Slater called Flo Rida "Florida" and the rapper shoved him into a wall. Later that night, he performed "Wild Ones" and "Good Feeling" before Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson came out for his match against John Cena. An exclusive Australian EP entitled "Good Feeling" was released in Australia on April 6, which contains six of his biggest hits and two remixes. It debuted at No. 21 on the Australian ARIA Albums Chart On May 22, 2012, Flo Rida performed and closed the show at the first Q102 Springle Ball Concert, and the following day he performed "Goin' In" with Jennifer Lopez on the "America Idol" finale.


title: Flo Rida

text: On September 13, Flo Rida performed his new single "I Cry" on "America's Got Talent". On December 9, he performed "Let It Roll" and "Wild Ones" at the 2012 edition of WWE's Tribute to the Troops. In November 2012, he collaborated with Olly Murs for his song "Troublemaker". In June 2013, Flo Rida collaborated with Marc Mysterio on the song "Booty on the Floor" to benefit the families and victims of the Boston Marathon bombing via One Fund Boston.


title: Flo Rida

text: In January 2014, Flo Rida was featured in the song "One Night Stand" by Slovak duo TWiiNS. In November, he appeared on Nickelback's album "No Fixed Address" in the track "Got Me Runnin' Round". Flo Rida was also featured in Jeremih's track "Tonight Belongs to U!".


title: Flo Rida

text: On September 29, 2014 (October 21 in the U.S), Flo Rida released the lead single from his EP "My House" (2015) titled "G.D.F.R." featuring Sage the Gemini. The song became his tenth top 10 hit in the United States, peaking at number 8 in the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart and at number 3 in the US Top 100 chart on iTunes. On June 19, 2015, Flo Rida released the second single called "I Don't Like It, I Love It" featuring Robin Thicke and Verdine White. The single reached the No. 43 spot on the "Billboard" Hot 100. On October 15, 2015, the title track "My House" was released as a single and became an international success, peaking at number 4 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in early 2016.


title: Flo Rida

text: Following the EP, in December 2015, Flo Rida released the single "Dirty Mind", featuring Sam Martin. On February 20, 2016, Flo Rida released "Who Did You Love", a collaboration with Arianna. On February 26, 2016, Flo Rida released a standalone single "Hello Friday" featuring Jason Derulo, that peaked at number 79 in the "Billboard Hot 100" chart. On March 24, 2016, he released the promotional single "Who's with Me".


title: Flo Rida

text: On July 29, 2016, Flo Rida released "Zillionaire", that was featured in the trailer for "Masterminds". Flo Rida was also featured on Liz Elias' single "At Night" as well as on Pitbull's single "Greenlight", included on Pitbull's tenth album "Climate Change". In early 2017, Flo Rida's track "Cake" featuring Bay Area rap duo 99 Percent went viral with the trending #CakeChallenge dance, and the song reached No. 77 on the Hot 100. On November 17, 2017, Flo Rida released another single "Hola" featuring Colombian singer/songwriter Maluma. On March 2, 2018, Flo Rida released a new single titled "Dancer" followed shortly afterwards by the "Just Dance 2019" track "Sweet Sensation".


title: Flo Rida

text: In July 2017, Flo Rida declared in an interview that his fifth album is still in the works and that it was 70 percent finished. On March 23, 2020, Flo Rida posted a picture on Instagram of him in the studio, presumably with new music on the way. On April 8, he announced he was "88% done", and alluded to a 2021 release date on January 6, 2021.


title: Flo Rida

text: Flo Rida was featured on the song "Adrenalina" by Italian singer Senhit who represented San Marino in the Eurovision Song Contest 2021. On May 18, 2021, two days prior to the second semi-final of the contest where Senhit was slated to perform the song, it was confirmed that Flo Rida would be joining her on stage.


title: Flo Rida

text: As of 2022, Flo Rida has been experimenting with a new sound by recording country rap singles, such as "High Heels" featuring Walker Hayes that was released on October 7th, 2022 and "No Bad Days" featuring Jimmie Allen that was released on December 16th, 2022.


title: News Corp

text: News Corporation, stylized as News Corp, is an American mass media and publishing company headquartered in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. The second incarnation of the original News Corporation, it was formed on June 28, 2013, following a spin-off of the media outlets of the original News Corp as 21st Century Fox. Operating across digital real estate information, news media, book publishing, and cable television, News Corp's notable assets include Dow Jones & Company (publisher of "The Wall Street Journal"), News UK (publisher of "The Sun" and "The Times"), News Corp Australia, REA Group (operator of realestate.com.au), Realtor.com, and book publisher HarperCollins.


title: News Corp

text: It is one of two companies that succeeded the original News Corporation, alongside 21st Century Fox—which consisted of broadcasting and media properties such as Fox Entertainment Group. The spin-out was structured so that 21st Century Fox was the legal continuation of the original News Corporation, with the new News Corp being a new company formed by a stock split. Following the acquisition of a majority of 21st Century Fox assets by The Walt Disney Company in 2019, Fox Corporation, which is News Corp's sister company and successor to the former 21st Century Fox, is also owned and controlled by the Murdoch family.


title: News Corp

text: On June 28, 2012, Rupert Murdoch announced that News Corporation's publishing operations would be spun off to form a new, publicly traded company. Murdoch stated that performing this split would "unlock the true value of both companies and their distinct assets, enabling investors to benefit from the separate strategic opportunities resulting from more focused management of each division". The move also came in the wake of a series of scandals that had damaged the reputation of multiple News Corporation-owned properties. Robert James Thomson, editor of "The Wall Street Journal", was announced as the initial chief operating officer for the company; while Murdoch would not serve as CEO, he remained chairman and a shareholder of the new News Corp. Thomson promised that the new company would "cultivate a start-up sensibility even though we already work for the world's most established and prestigious diversified media and information services company" and would emphasize building new business models around its properties and content. The logo of the new News Corporation was unveiled at an investor presentation on May 28, 2013; the handwritten logo uses script based on Murdoch's own handwriting.


title: News Corp

text: News Corp's board approved the split on May 24, 2013, while shareholders approved the split on June 11; Preliminary trading on the Australian Securities Exchange of the new News Corp's class B stock began on June 19, 2013, at around $15 per share; a value slightly lower than expected by some analysts. The shares fell in price by 3% to $14.55 per share, valuing the new company at around $7.9 billion US. The corporate split was finalized on June 28, 2013; during the stock splitting process, one share of the new News Corp was given to shareholders for every four shares they owned in the former News Corp. The current News Corp began trading on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the symbol "NWS" on July 1, 2013; at the same time, the former News Corporation (which encompassed purely of media properties, such as Fox Entertainment Group and 20th Century Fox) was renamed 21st Century Fox.


title: News Corp

text: On September 4, 2013, News Corp announced that it would sell the Dow Jones Local Media Group, a group of 33 local newspapers, to Newcastle Investment Corp.—an affiliate of Fortress Investment Group, for $87 million. The newspapers will be operated by GateHouse Media, a newspaper group owned by Fortress. Robert Thomson indicated that the newspapers "were not strategically consistent with the emerging portfolio" of the company. GateHouse then filed for prepackaged Chapter 11 bankruptcy on September 27, 2013, to restructure its debt obligations to accommodate the acquisition. then GateHouse emerged from bankruptcy on November 26, 2013.


title: News Corp

text: On December 20, 2013, News Corp announced its acquisition of Dublin, Ireland-based social news agency Storyful, a startup founded by journalist Mark Little. At the time, Storyful was described as "scour[ing] social-media services like Twitter and Instagram" to discover user-generated content—"breaking news and viral online content"—and after sourcing, to then verify, acquire, and distribute it. Storyful had, for instance, reported 2013 results of 750m views of user-generated videos by its partners. The cost of the Storyful acquisition was €18 million (£15m, US$25m), and marked News Corp's first acquisition since the split. News Corp CEO at the time, Robert Thomson, stated that the service had "become the village square for valuable video, using journalistic sensibility, integrity and creativity", and that with the acquisition, News Corp would "define the opportunities that the digital landscape presents, rather than simply adapt to them".


title: News Corp

text: On May 2, 2014, News Corp acquired romance novel publisher Harlequin Enterprises from Torstar for $415 million. The deal closed on August 1; it is now operated as a subsidiary of News Corp's HarperCollins. On September 30, 2014, News Corp announced its acquisition of Move, Inc., a real estate listings company and owner of Realtor.com, a 20% stake of which was, at the time, owned by REA Group, a publicly traded subsidiary of News Corp Australia.


title: News Corp

text: News Corp also began making investments in India in late 2014, such as a $30 million investment in real estate site ProTiger in November, the December 2014 purchase of BigDecisions.com, a financial planning website, and the acquisition of Indian media firm VCCircle in March 2015. In October 2015, News Corp sold its digital education brand Amplify to a management team supported by a group of private investors for an undisclosed sum. In June 2016, News Corp acquired Wireless Group (formerly UTV Media), a British radio broadcaster, for $296 million


title: News Corp

text: In January 2020, News Corp sold Unruly, an outstream video ad marketplace, in exchange of 6.91% of Tremor Video stock. On July 31, 2020, James Murdoch resigned from the News Corp board of directors, "due to disagreements over certain editorial content published by the Company's news outlets and certain other strategic decisions."


title: News Corp

text: In October 14, 2022, it was announced that, under the instruction of Rupert Murdoch, a special committee had been established to explore a potential merger of Fox and News Corp, bringing the two companies back together after the former 21st Century Fox was spun-off from News Corp in 2013.


title: News Corp

text: The company consists of the former News Corp's newspaper and book publishing assets, together with the digital real estate advertising properties that are now its largest business and includes:


title: Arsène Lupin

text: Arsène Lupin ( ]) is a fictional gentleman thief and master of disguise created in 1905 by French writer Maurice Leblanc. The character was first introduced in a series of short stories serialized in the magazine "Je sais tout". The first story, "The Arrest of Arsène Lupin", was published on 15 July 1905.


title: Arsène Lupin

text: Lupin was featured in 17 novels and 39 novellas by Leblanc, with the novellas or short stories collected into book form for a total of 24 books. The number becomes 25 if the 1923 novel "The Secret Tomb" is counted: Lupin does not appear in it, but the main character Dorothée solves one of Arsène Lupin's four fabulous secrets.


title: Arsène Lupin

text: The character has also appeared in a number of books by other writers as well as numerous film, television, stage play, and comic book adaptations. Five authorized sequels were written in the 1970s by the celebrated mystery writing team of Boileau-Narcejac.


title: Arsène Lupin

text: Arsène Lupin is a literary descendant of Pierre Alexis Ponson du Terrail's fictional character Rocambole, whose adventures were published from 1857 to 1870. Like Rocambole, Lupin is often a force for good while operating on the wrong side of the law. Lupin shares similarities with E. W. Hornung's gentleman thief A. J. Raffles, whose stories were published from 1898 to 1909. Both Raffles and Lupin have inspired later characters such as Louis Joseph Vance's The Lone Wolf (created in 1914) and Leslie Charteris's "The Saint" (created in 1928).


title: Arsène Lupin

text: Several Arsène Lupin novels contain some fantasy elements: a radioactive 'god-stone' that cures people and causes mutations is the object of an epic battle in "L’Île aux trente cercueils"; the secret of the Fountain of Youth, a mineral water source hidden beneath a lake in the Auvergne, is the goal sought by the protagonists in "La Demoiselle aux yeux verts"; finally, in "La Comtesse de Cagliostro", Lupin's arch-enemy and lover is none other than Joséphine Balsamo, the alleged granddaughter of Cagliostro himself.


title: Arsène Lupin

text: Leblanc introduced Sherlock Holmes to Lupin in the short story "Sherlock Holmes Arrives Too Late" in "Je sais tout" No. 17, 15 June 1906. In it, an aged Holmes meets a young Lupin for the first time. After legal objections from Doyle, the name was changed to "Herlock Sholmes" when the story was collected in book form in Volume 1.


title: Arsène Lupin

text: Sholmes returned in two more stories collected in Volume 2, "Arsène Lupin contre Herlock Sholmes", and then in a guest-starring role in the battle for the secret of the Hollow Needle in "L'Aiguille creuse". "Arsène Lupin contre Herlock Sholmes" was published in the United States in 1910 under the title "The Blonde Lady" which used the name "Holmlock Shears" for Sherlock Holmes, and "Wilson" for Watson. It is also stated in this book that Arsene Lupin is a vegetarian for "hygiene" reasons though he is not averse to eating meat to avoid being eccentric or stand-out when in company while on the job.


title: Arsène Lupin

text: Sherlock Holmes, this time with his real name and accompanied by familiar characters such as Watson and Lestrade (all copyright protection having long expired), also confronted Arsène Lupin in the 2008 PC 3D adventure game "Sherlock Holmes Versus Arsène Lupin". In this game Holmes (and occasionally others) are attempting to stop Lupin from stealing five valuable British items. Lupin wants to steal the items in order to humiliate Britain, but he also admires Holmes and thus challenges him to try to stop him.


title: Arsène Lupin

text: In a novella "The Prisoner of the Tower, or A Short But Beautiful Journey of Three Wise Men" by Boris Akunin published in 2008 in Russia as the conclusion of "Jade Rosary Beads" book, Sherlock Holmes and Erast Fandorin oppose Arsène Lupin on December 31, 1899.


title: Arsène Lupin

text: Due to long-standing copyright issues related to the character of Sherlock Holmes with the estate of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the name "Herlock Sholmes" was used for the character of the same name in the international release of "The Great Ace Attorney Chronicles" in honour of Leblanc, with the characters of John and Iris Watson having their surnames changed to "Wilson".


title: Arsène Lupin

text: In the pastiche "Larsen Hupin dans les pas de Charles Kolms" (2021), the detective investigates at the same time as the gentleman thief.


title: Arsène Lupin

text: a book in a series with a turkish recreation of Arsene Lupin (Cingöz Recai, AKA Recai the shrewd) as the main character. In this book in the series, Arsene Lupin comes to Turkey, and falls in love with a woman while there.


title: Arsène Lupin

text: A number of later works of fiction use characters based on, or related to, Leblanc's character of Arsène Lupin.


title: Gospel of John

text: The Gospel of John () is the fourth of the four canonical gospels. It contains a highly schematic account of the ministry of Jesus, with seven "signs" culminating in the raising of Lazarus (foreshadowing the resurrection of Jesus) and seven "I am" discourses (concerned with issues of the church–synagogue debate at the time of composition) culminating in Thomas' proclamation of the risen Jesus as "my Lord and my God". The gospel's concluding verses set out its purpose, "that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that believing you may have life in his name."


title: Gospel of John

text: John reached its final form around AD 90–110, although it contains signs of origins dating back to AD 70 and possibly even earlier. Like the three other gospels, it is anonymous, although it identifies an unnamed "disciple whom Jesus loved" as the source of its traditions. It most likely arose within a "Johannine community", and – as it is closely related in style and content to the three Johannine epistles – most scholars treat the four books, along with the Book of Revelation, as a single corpus of Johannine literature, albeit not from the same author.