title: Karan Kundrra

text: Karan Kundrra (born 11 October 1984) is an Indian actor. He has starred in several TV shows like "Kitani Mohabbat Hai", "Kitani Mohabbat Hai 2", "Yeh Kahan Aa Gaye Hum", "Dil Hi Toh Hai" and "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai" and hosted the reality shows "MTV Roadies", "MTV Love School" and "Dance Deewane Juniors". Kundra has also featured in films like "Mubarakan" and "1921". He participated in "Bigg Boss 15" in 2021, finishing as second runner-up, and as a jailor in "" in 2022.He hosted "Dance Deewane Juniors"


title: Karan Kundrra

text: Kundrra made his acting debut in 2009 with the lead role of Arjun Punj in "Kitani Mohabbat Hai" on NDTV Imagine. In late 2009, he went on to play the lead character of Veeru in "Bayttaab Dil Kee Tamanna Hai" on Sony TV. After appearing in an episodic role as a ghost Prince in "Aahat" on Sony TV, he went on to participate in the dance reality show "Zara Nachke Dikha" on Star Plus in May 2010. Later on, he played the lead role of Arjun Singhania in "Kitani Mohabbat Hai" on Imagine TV. He was then seen as a host in the first two seasons of "Gumrah – End Of Innocence" on Channel V. He played the role of Karan Kapoor in "Teri Meri Love Stories" on Star Plus. Kundrra was next seen in "V The Serial" on Channel V in 2012. He was also seen as a gangleader in the reality show "Roadies" on MTV. He also hosted another reality show "Love School" on MTV for 3 seasons.


title: Karan Kundrra

text: In 2017, he was cast as Manpreet Sandhu in Anees Bazmee's film "Mubarakan" alongside Arjun Kapoor and Ileana D'Cruz. In 2018, he starred as the lead Ayush Asthana in Vikram Bhatt's horror film "1921". The same year, he made a comeback to television with Ekta Kapoor's romantic drama "Dil Hi Toh Hai," which extended for two more seasons on the OTT platform ALTBalaji and mx player 2019 and 2020.


title: Karan Kundrra

text: In 2020 Kundrra appeared in ALT balaji web series "It happened in Calcutta" where he portrayed the lead character of Ronobir Chatterjee. In April 2021, he played the role of Ranveer Chauhan in "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai". In October 2021, Kundrra participated in the popular reality show "Bigg Boss 15" and emerged as the second runner-up. In March 2022, he was seen as a jailor on the reality show "LockUpp" which streamed on ALTBalaji and MX Player.


title: Karan Kundrra

text: The actor is currently dating actress Tejasswi Prakash. They two met inside the "Bigg Boss 15" house and eventually dating after that.


title: Karan Kundrra

text: Kundrra ranked at 84th and 92nd position on the Forbes India list for top 100 celebrities in 2018 and 2019 respectively.


title: Wikisource

text: Wikisource is an online digital library of free-content textual sources on a wiki, operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. Wikisource is the name of the project as a whole and the name for each instance of that project (each instance usually representing a different language); multiple Wikisources make up the overall project of Wikisource. The project's aim is to host all forms of free text, in many languages, and translations. Originally conceived as an archive to store useful or important historical texts (its first text was the "Déclaration universelle des Droits de l'Homme"), it has expanded to become a general-content library. The project officially began on November 24, 2003 under the name Project Sourceberg, a play on the famous Project Gutenberg. The name Wikisource was adopted later that year and it received its own domain name.


title: Wikisource

text: The project holds works that are either in the public domain or freely licensed; professionally published works or historical source documents, not vanity products. Verification was initially made offline, or by trusting the reliability of other digital libraries. Now works are supported by online scans via the ProofreadPage extension, which ensures the reliability and accuracy of the project's texts.


title: Wikisource

text: Some individual Wikisources, each representing a specific language, now only allow works backed up with scans. While the bulk of its collection are texts, Wikisource as a whole hosts other media, from comics to film to audio books. Some Wikisources allow user-generated annotations, subject to the specific policies of the Wikisource in question. The project has come under criticism for lack of reliability but it is also cited by organisations such as the National Archives and Records Administration.


title: Wikisource

text: As of 2022, there are Wikisource subdomains active for languages comprising a total of articles and recently active editors.


title: Wikisource

text: The original concept for Wikisource was as storage for useful or important historical texts. These texts were intended to support Wikipedia articles, by providing primary evidence and original source texts, and as an archive in its own right. The collection was initially focused on important historical and cultural material, distinguishing it from other digital archives such as Project Gutenberg.


title: Wikisource

text: The project was originally called Project Sourceberg during its planning stages (a play on words for Project Gutenberg).


title: Wikisource

text: In 2001, there was a dispute on Wikipedia regarding the addition of primary-source materials, leading to edit wars over their inclusion or deletion. Project Sourceberg was suggested as a solution to this. In describing the proposed project, user The Cunctator said, "It would be to Project Gutenberg what Wikipedia is to Nupedia," soon clarifying the statement with "we don't want to try to duplicate Project Gutenberg's efforts; rather, we want to complement them. Perhaps Project Sourceberg can mainly work as an interface for easily linking from Wikipedia to a Project Gutenberg file, and as an interface for people to easily submit new work to PG." Initial comments were sceptical, with Larry Sanger questioning the need for the project, writing "The hard question, I guess, is why we are reinventing the wheel, when Project Gutenberg already exists? We'd want to complement Project Gutenberg—how, exactly?", and Jimmy Wales adding "like Larry, I'm interested that we think it over to see what we can add to Project Gutenberg. It seems unlikely that primary sources should in general be editable by anyone — I mean, Shakespeare is Shakespeare, unlike our commentary on his work, which is whatever we want it to be."


title: Wikisource

text: The project began its activity at ps.wikipedia.org. The contributors understood the "PS" subdomain to mean either "primary sources" or Project Sourceberg. However, this resulted in Project Sourceberg occupying the subdomain of the Pashto Wikipedia (the ISO language code of the Pashto language is "ps").


title: Wikisource

text: Project Sourceberg officially launched on November 24, 2003 when it received its own temporary URL, at sources.wikipedia.org, and all texts and discussions hosted on ps.wikipedia.org were moved to the temporary address. A vote on the project's name changed it to Wikisource on December 6, 2003. Despite the change in name, the project did not move to its permanent URL (at ) until July 23, 2004.


title: Wikisource

text: Since Wikisource was initially called "Project Sourceberg", its first logo was a picture of an iceberg. Two votes conducted to choose a successor were inconclusive, and the original logo remained until 2006. Finally, for both legal and technical reasons—because the picture's license was inappropriate for a Wikimedia Foundation logo and because a photo cannot scale properly—a stylized vector iceberg inspired by the original picture was mandated to serve as the project's logo.


title: Wikisource

text: The first prominent use of Wikisource's slogan—"The Free Library"—was at the project's , when it was redesigned based upon the Wikipedia portal on August 27, 2005, (historical version). As in the Wikipedia portal the Wikisource slogan appears around the logo in the project's ten largest languages.


title: Wikisource

text: Clicking on the portal's central images (the iceberg logo in the center and the "Wikisource" heading at the top of the page) links to a "" for "Wikisource" and "The Free Library" in 60 languages.


title: Wikisource

text: A MediaWiki extension called ProofreadPage was developed for Wikisource by developer ThomasV to improve the vetting of transcriptions by the project. This displays pages of scanned works side by side with the text relating to that page, allowing the text to be proofread and its accuracy later verified independently by any other editor. Once a book, or other text, has been scanned, the raw images can be modified with image processing software to correct for page rotations and other problems. The retouched images can then be converted into a PDF or DjVu file and uploaded to either Wikisource or Wikimedia Commons.


title: Wikisource

text: This system assists editors in ensuring the accuracy of texts on Wikisource. The original page scans of completed works remain available to any user so that errors may be corrected later and readers may check texts against the originals. ProofreadPage also allows greater participation, since access to a physical copy of the original work is not necessary to be able to contribute to the project once images have been uploaded. Thus it enhances the project's commitment to the Wikimedia principle that anyone can contribute.


title: Wikisource

text: ThomasV built other tools as well: when the choice of whether publishing annotations or not was discussed, he made a gadget to offer the choice between texts alone or annotated texts. When the choice of modernizing or not the texts was discussed, he made another gadget to modernize the original text only when it was wished, so that it could be decided then that the texts themselves would be the original ones.


title: Wikisource

text: Within two weeks of the project's official start at sources.wikipedia.org, over 1,000 pages had been created, with approximately 200 of these being designated as actual articles. On January 4, 2004, Wikisource welcomed its 100th registered user. In early July, 2004 the number of articles exceeded 2,400, and more than 500 users had registered. On April 30, 2005, there were 2667 registered users (including 18 administrators) and almost 19,000 articles. The project passed its 96,000th edit that same day.


title: Wikisource

text: On November 27, 2005, the passed 20,000 text-units in its third month of existence, already holding more texts than did the entire project in April (before the move to language subdomains). On February 14, 2008, the English Wikisource passed 100,000 text-units with of "", a memoir by painter Francis Bicknell Carpenter. In November, 2011, 250,000 text-units milestone was passed. But counting was difficult because what constitutes a text-unit could not be clearly defined.


title: Wikisource

text: Wikisource collects and stores in digital format previously published texts; including novels, non-fiction works, letters, speeches, constitutional and historical documents, laws and a range of other documents. All texts collected are either free of copyright or released under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. Texts in all languages are welcome, as are translations. In addition to texts, Wikisource hosts material such as comics, films, recordings and spoken-word works. All texts held by Wikisource must have been previously published; the project does not host "vanity press" books or documents produced by its contributors.


title: Wikisource

text: A scanned source is preferred on many Wikisources and required on some. Most Wikisources will, however, accept works transcribed from offline sources or acquired from other digital libraries. The requirement for prior publication can also be waived in a small number of cases if the work is a source document of notable historical importance. The legal requirement for works to be licensed or free of copyright remains constant.


title: Wikisource

text: The only original pieces accepted by Wikisource are annotations and translations. Wikisource, and its sister project Wikibooks, has the capacity for annotated editions of texts. On Wikisource, the annotations are supplementary to the original text, which remains the primary objective of the project. By contrast, on Wikibooks the annotations are primary, with the original text as only a reference or supplement, if present at all. Annotated editions are more popular on the German Wikisource. The project also accommodates translations of texts provided by its users. A significant translation on the English Wikisource is the project, intended to create a new, "laissez-faire translation" of The Bible.


title: Wikisource

text: A separate of Wikisource () was created in August 2004. The need for a language-specific Hebrew website derived from the difficulty of typing and editing Hebrew texts in a left-to-right environment (Hebrew is written right-to-left). In the ensuing months, contributors in other languages including German requested their own wikis, but a December vote on the creation of separate language domains was inconclusive. Finally, a that ended May 12, 2005, supported the adoption of separate language subdomains at Wikisource by a large margin, allowing each language to host its texts on its own wiki.


title: Wikisource

text: An initial wave of 14 languages was set up by Brion Vibber on August 23, 2005. The new languages did not include English, but the code en: was temporarily set to redirect to the main website (). At this point the Wikisource community, through a mass project of manually sorting thousands of pages and categories by language, prepared for a second wave of page imports to local wikis. On September 11, 2005, the wikisource.org wiki was reconfigured to enable the , along with 8 other languages that were created early that morning and late the night before. Three more languages were created on March 29, 2006, and then another large wave of 14 language domains was created on June 2, 2006.


title: Wikisource

text: As of 2022, there are Wikisource subdomains for languages of which are active and are closed. The active sites have articles and the closed sites have articles. There are registered users of which are recently active.


title: Wikisource

text: During the move to language subdomains, the community requested that the main website remain a functioning wiki, in order to serve three purposes:


title: Wikisource

text: The idea of a project-specific coordination wiki, first realized at Wikisource, also took hold in another Wikimedia project, namely at Wikiversity's . Like wikisource.org, it serves Wikiversity coordination in all languages, and as a language incubator. But unlike Wikisource, its does not serve as its multilingual portal (which is not a wiki page).


title: Wikisource

text: Wikipedia co-founder Larry Sanger has criticised Wikisource, and sister project Wiktionary, because the collaborative nature and technology of these projects means there is no oversight by experts and therefore their content is not reliable.


title: Wikisource

text: Bart D. Ehrman, a New Testament scholar and professor of religious studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, has criticised the English Wikisource's project to create a user-generated translation of the Bible saying "Democratization isn't necessarily good for scholarship." Richard Elliott Friedman, an Old Testament scholar and professor of Jewish studies at the University of Georgia, identified errors in the translation of the Book of Genesis as of 2008.


title: Wikisource

text: In 2010, Wikimedia France signed an agreement with the Bibliothèque nationale de France (National Library of France) to add scans from its own "Gallica" digital library to French Wikisource. Fourteen hundred public domain French texts were added to the Wikisource library as a result via upload to the . The quality of the transcriptions, previously automatically generated by optical character recognition (OCR), was expected to be improved by Wikisource's human proofreaders.


title: Wikisource

text: In 2011, the English Wikisource received many high-quality scans of documents from the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) as part of their efforts "to increase the accessibility and visibility of its holdings." Processing and upload to Commons of these documents, along with many images from the NARA collection, was facilitated by a NARA Wikimedian in residence, Dominic McDevitt-Parks. Many of these documents have been transcribed and proofread by the Wikisource community and are featured as links in the National Archives' own online catalog.


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: Police ranks are a system of hierarchical relationships in police organisations. The rank system defines authority and responsibility in a police organisation, and affects the culture within the police force. Usually, uniforms denote the bearer's rank by particular insignia affixed to the uniforms.


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: Most of the police forces of the United Kingdom (including those of the British Overseas Territories and the Crown Dependencies) use a standardised set of ranks. However, as Law enforcement in the United Kingdom is organised separetly in the three jurisdictions of England and Wales, Northern Ireland, and Scotland, and as most law enforcement is carried out by police officers serving in regional police services known as territorial police forces, some variations in rank organisation, insignia and responsibilities may occur within the United Kingdom. An example of this are the slight variations in the most senior ranks of the Metropolitan Police and City of London Police. Parallell to the regional services are UK-wide agencies, such as the British Transport Police and the national specialist units of certain territorial police forces, with a possibility of further variations.


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: Due to policing in many countries developing from military organisations and operations, policy ranks in many countries follow a logic similar to that of military ranks. Most of the British police ranks that exist today were, however, deliberately chosen by Home Secretary Sir Robert Peel so that they did not correspond with military ranking. They were enacted under the Metropolitan Police Act 1829.


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: All police forces have used a wide variety of ranks to meet their organisational needs, especially the Metropolitan Police Service. Ranks have been created, abolished, amalgamated and sometimes revived during the history of British policing.


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: In law, every attested police officer is a constable whatever their actual rank, in the sense that officers of any rank have the same powers of arrest. The basic police powers of arrest and search of an ordinary constable are identical to those of a superintendent or chief constable; however certain higher ranks are given administrative powers to authorise certain police actions. In England and Wales, these include the powers to:


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: In relation to police officers of the Home Office or territorial police forces of England and Wales, section 30 of the Police Act 1996 states that "a member of a police force shall have all the powers and privileges of a Constable throughout England and Wales and the adjacent United Kingdom waters". Police officers do not need to be on duty to exercise their powers and can act off-duty if circumstances require it (technically placing themselves back on duty). Officers from the police forces of Scotland and Northern Ireland and non-territorial special police forces have different jurisdictions. See List of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories for a fuller description of jurisdictions.


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: Officers holding ranks up to and including chief superintendent who are members of the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) or Special Branch (and certain other units) have the prefix "detective" before their rank. Due to the nature of their duties, these officers generally wear plain clothes (except for ceremonial purposes) and so do not wear the corresponding rank insignia; however, they still operate within the same structure as their uniformed counterparts.


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: In the United Kingdom, detective ranks are not superior to those of uniformed officers and a detective has the same powers and authority as a uniformed officer of the same rank. The "detective" prefix designates that the officer has received suitable training and passed related examinations to conduct criminal investigations.


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: There are various grades of special constable which assist in the tasking and management of the constabulary. The ranks are management grades; those holding them are not "sergeants" or "inspectors" for the purposes of the law (for example, authorisations to order the removal of disguises or to set up roadblocks). Originally, specials held the same ranks and used the same rank insignia as regular officers, but there was a general shift to distinct terms such as "area officer" and "divisional officer" in the 1980s. However, since 2000, the National Policing Improvement Agency has encouraged special constabularies to return to rank structures and epaulette insignia identical to their regular counterparts. Although most forces have now reverted to regular rank titles (with the prefix "special"), only some have reverted to regular rank insignia. Senior special constables have no authority over regular officers, but very experienced officers may occasionally be given administrative supervision of mixed units of regular and special constables for certain events where no regular supervisory officer is available.


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: Constables who are training to become detective constables sometimes bear the title trainee investigator (T/I) or trainee detective constable (T/DC).


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: The prefix "temporary" before a rank (e.g. temporary detective sergeant, abbreviated T/DS) denotes an officer who has been temporarily promoted to a rank (and so who does actually hold that rank, albeit on a temporary basis), whilst the prefix "acting" (e.g. acting inspector, abbreviated A/Insp) denotes an officer who is performing the role of a higher rank than the one actually held (sometimes informally termed "acting up"). Temporary ranks are often used for set periods (e.g. a six-month appointment to a particular role), whereas acting ranks, although sometimes held for extended periods, are often used for a very short time (e.g. a single shift when additional supervisory officers are required, or to replace an officer on short-term leave).


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: Under section 107 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (England and Wales only), sergeants and chief inspectors may be designated (by an officer of at least the rank of superintendent) to exercise the powers of an inspector or a superintendent respectively. Such a designation will generally accompany such an officer being given an acting rank, so for most operational purposes there is no difference between substantive, temporary and acting ranks at Inspector and above (although there may be differences as to pay, pensions and insignia). However, under section 36 of that act, only substantive sergeants may be appointed custody officers.


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: Police community support officers, in general, do not have a rank system. The South Yorkshire Police and Kent Police, however, have designated PCSO supervisors.


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: Traffic wardens were administered by the police and exercised some police powers to control traffic or issue fixed penalty notices for traffic offences. Very few police Traffic Wardens now exist with a legacy of only 10 police traffic wardens remaining in England & Wales. Section 46 of the Policing and Crime Act 2017 has in effect abolished police traffic wardens allowing police to focus on their core duties. The duties of traffic wardens have been passed to local authority civil enforcement officers (formerly parking attendants) who, under decriminalised parking enforcement, have powers to issue penalty charge notices for breaches of parking laws on highways or in local authority car parks and compel the production of a disabled parking permit (blue badge) for inspection.


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: A similar situation has developed in Scotland with the functions of traffic wardens being taken over by local councils. In many areas parking legislation has been decriminalised and is enforced solely by council-employed parking attendants.


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: All officers have a unique identification number. These are usually referred to as shoulder or collar numbers, referring to the fact that they were once worn on the uniform collar and later on the epaulettes by constables and sergeants. Uniformed officers in many forces still wear them on the epaulettes, but other forces have badges or other ways of displaying their identification numbers. Kent Police, for instance, refers to its numbers as force numbers and officers wear them on a velcro tab on their stab vest or on a badge attached to their shirt or tunic. Officers in all forces of the rank of inspector or above do not usually wear their numbers.


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: The Metropolitan Police and Police Scotland, as well as a few other forces, use a letter and number system:


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: In the Metropolitan Police, the borough code is a two-letter code which follows the digits (but displayed above them on epaulettes). Before the reorganisation into boroughs, each division had a different code, with sergeants having two-digit numbers and constables having three-digit numbers.


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: Badges of rank are usually worn on the epaulettes. However, when in their formal uniform sergeants wear their rank insignia on their upper sleeves. When police tunics had closed collars (not open collars as worn with ties), constables and sergeants did not wear epaulettes but had their divisional call number on their collar (hence they are still often referred to as collar numbers). Sergeants wore their stripes on their upper sleeve. Inspectors and more senior ranks wore epaulettes at a much earlier stage, although they once wore their rank insignia on their collars. Most forces no longer use divisional call numbers, and retain only the collar number and rank insignia.


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: Senior officers usually wear distinguishing marks around the outer edge of the peaks of their caps (or under the capbadge for female officers, who do not wear peaked caps). Normally this is a raised black band for inspectors and chief inspectors, a silver (gold in the City of London Police) band for superintendents and chief superintendents, and a row of silver oak leaves for chief officers. Chief constables, the Commissioner of the City of London Police, and all commissioner ranks of the Metropolitan Police wear oakleaves on both the outer and inner edges of their peaks (or a double row beneath the capbadge for female officers). In Scotland, however, the mark is a silver band for inspectors and chief inspectors, a silver band and silver oakleaves on the outer and inner edges of the peak respectively for superintendents and chief superintendents, and silver oakleaves on the outer and inner edges of the peak for all chief officers.


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: Additionally, officers at or above the rank of commander or assistant chief constable wear gorget patches on the collars of their tunics. The gorget patches are patterned after those worn by general officers of the British Army and Royal Marines; the police versions, however, are of silver on black (gold on black in the City of London Police) rather than gold on red, in keeping with the police uniform colours.


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: The ranks below are used by all territorial forces in the United Kingdom, and the specialist national forces: the British Transport Police, Ministry of Defence Police, and Civil Nuclear Constabulary. Other specialist forces, and those outside of the United Kingdom (including British Overseas Territories such as Bermuda and Gibraltar, which are parts of the British sovereign territory in most of which internal competencies of governance are mostly delegated to local governments, and the Crown Dependencies of the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man, which are not parts of the British sovereign territory) use the same general system, but often have fewer senior ranks.


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: Chief constable is the title of the head of each United Kingdom territorial police force except the Metropolitan Police and City of London Police, which are headed by commissioners. Ranks above chief superintendent are usually non-operational management roles, and are often referred to as "chief officer" ranks, but the longer phrase "chief police officer" or similar in legislation is specifically a commissioner or chief constable, a "senior police officer" being their immediate deputy. The Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police is often considered to be the highest police rank within the United Kingdom, although in reality every chief constable and the two commissioners are supreme over their own forces and are not answerable to any other officer.


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: Epaulettes are normally black with white sewn on or silver metal insignia, although high-visibility uniforms are often yellow with black insignia.


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: The rank of an officer can be found in varying details of the uniform such as headgear, sleeve patches and tunic collar details.


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: Insignia on hats and uniforms can vary between forces within the UK and the following tables below will not accurately represent all constabularies within the UK.


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: As a variation to the standard set, the deputy chief constable of the British Transport Police wears two rows of oak leaves on their hat.


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: The Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) adopted the same rank system as elsewhere in the United Kingdom on 1 June 1970, but has a different version of the rank insignia, with the star from the PSNI badge replacing the crown. Unusually, the star is worn below the pip by chief superintendents and by the chief constable, who wears both symbols above his tipstaves. The PSNI has retained the RUC's distinctive inverted (point-up) sergeants' chevrons, worn on the lower sleeve in formal uniform. PSNI officers do not wear the custodian helmet and female officers wear a different hat from other forces.


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: The PSNI rank structure and epaulette insignia is the same as the territorial police in Great Britain, except that the crown is replaced with the design from the PSNI badge and sergeants' chevrons are point up. In addition to the epaulettes being a green colour rather than a black, this is to match their green uniforms.


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: City of London Police insignia is gold where that of other forces is silver. For example, rank insignia and collar numbers on epaulettes are gold, as are the bands and oak leaves on the caps of senior officers, and officers of or above the rank of commander wear gold-on-black gorget patches on the collars of their tunics.


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: The City of London Police also previously had variations for some acting ranks such as sergeant and inspector: acting sergeants wore their chevrons above their divisional letters (or later "CP" for all officers, following the abolition of the force's divisions), whereas substantive sergeants wear them below their collar numbers. Acting inspectors were denoted by a crown in the place of their divisional letters, whilst keeping their collar number and chevrons.


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: The City of London Police use a different colour scheme for their police headwear. Instead of the black and white sillitoe "tartan" they use red and white. The assistant commissioner and commander wear a single row of oak leaves on their hats, and only the commissioner wears two rows.


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: Inspectors and chief inspectors in Merseyside Police wear silver instead of black lace on their hats, as did Liverpool City Police before them.


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: The Metropolitan Police uses different ranks above chief superintendent. The fabric used in the crowns is blue, whereas other police forces use red. Although they rank as deputy chief constables, deputy assistant commissioners wear two rows of oak leaves on their hats.


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: The Isle of Man police ranks follow the structure of other British police rank structures however it is notably missing the chief superintendent and assistant chief constable ranks within their own structure. The epaulettes for the constables and sergeants also have an addition of the Isle of Man Constabulary logo and motto above their collar numbers. Headgear rank marking is the same as for England and Wales.


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: Special constabulary epaulettes frequently bear the letters "SC" (with or without a crown above) to differentiate them from regular officers. Within the City of London Special Constabulary is the Honourable Artillery Company Specials; members of this unit wear HAC on the shoulders in addition to other insignia. Senior special constables wear the same markings on their hats as equivalent regular ranks.


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: There is a large variation in the design of epaulettes used across Great Britain for specials. This has been recognised at national level and as part of the Special Constabulary National Strategy 2018–2023 the structure and insignia is under review with the intention to standardise.


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: Other special constabularies use combinations of bars, half bars, pips, crowns, laurel wreaths, collar numbers, force crests and the SC identity (with or without a crown) to distinguish ranks (and/or role).


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: There are, in the United Kingdom, a number of miscellaneous constabularies. These are not operated, regulated or funded by the Home Office, although they are fully authorised (by Act of Parliament) establishments. In general, they provide the policing for ports, docks, tunnels, or other particular institutions. Although these forces tend to require high standards of training and accountability, which closely mirror those of the Home Office police forces, they are usually much smaller in terms of personnel, and therefore utilise fewer of the 'standard' ranks.


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: Officers taking part in public order and public safety (POPS) events and incidents wear colour-coded rank slides to denote command and support roles. Bronze commanders can be of varying ranks and not just chief inspectors as shown below. Tactical advisers can also be of differing ranks, but are most commonly constables or sergeants. It is a requirement under the College of Policing Public Order Manual that all officers, regardless of rank, display an identifying number on their epaulettes. Therefore, ranks such as inspector have collar/warrant numbers displayed on their public order colour-coded epaulettes that they might not have as part of their normal uniform.


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: Police community support officers bear epaulettes with the words "Police community support officer" and their shoulder number, or, in the Metropolitan Police, a borough identification code and shoulder number. South Yorkshire Police PCSO supervisors wear a bar above the words "Police community support officer supervisor" and the shoulder number.


title: Police ranks of the United Kingdom

text: The following table serves as an example of ranks within volunteer police cadet schemes, which vary considerably. Cadets appointed "mayor's cadets" are given a special badge or epaulettes to wear.


title: Cantons of Switzerland

text: The 26 cantons of Switzerland (; ; ; Sursilvan and Surmiran: ; Vallader and Puter: ; Sutsilvan: ; Rumantsch Grischun: ) are the member states of the Swiss Confederation. The nucleus of the Swiss Confederacy in the form of the first three confederate allies used to be referred to as the . Two important periods in the development of the Old Swiss Confederacy are summarized by the terms ('Eight Cantons'; from 1353–1481) and ('Thirteen Cantons', from 1513–1798).


title: Cantons of Switzerland

text: Each canton of the Old Swiss Confederacy, formerly also ('lieu/locality', from before 1450), or ('estate', from ), was a fully sovereign state with its own border controls, army, and currency from at least the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) until the establishment of the Swiss federal state in 1848, with a brief period of centralised government during the Helvetic Republic (1798–1803). The term has been widely used since the 19th century.


title: Cantons of Switzerland

text: The number of cantons was increased to 19 with the Act of Mediation (1803), with the recognition of former subject territories as full cantons. The Federal Treaty of 1815 increased the number to 22 due to the accession of former associates of the Old Swiss Confederacy. The canton of Jura acceded as the 23rd canton with its secession from Bern in 1979. The official number of cantons was increased to 26 in the federal constitution of 1999, which designated former half-cantons as cantons.


title: Cantons of Switzerland

text: The areas of the cantons vary from 37 km (15 sq. mi.) (canton of Basel-Stadt) to 7,105 km (2743 sq. mi.) (canton of the Grisons); the populations (as of 2018) range from 16,000 (canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden) to 1.5 million (canton of Zürich).


title: Cantons of Switzerland

text: The term "canton", now also used as the English term for administrative subdivisions of other countries, originates in French usage in the late 15th century (recorded in Fribourg in 1467), from a word for "edge, corner", at the time the literal translation of Early Modern High German .


title: Cantons of Switzerland

text: After 1490, was increasingly used in French and Italian documents to refer to the members of the Swiss Confederacy. English use of "canton" in reference to the Swiss Confederacy (as opposed to the heraldic sense) dates to the early 17th century.


title: Cantons of Switzerland

text: In the Old Swiss Confederacy, the term (plural: ) was in use from the early 15th century as a generic term for the member cantons. The founding cantons specifically were also known as 'forest settlements' (singular: ). The formulaic for the members of the early confederacy is recorded in the mid-14th century, used interchangeably with ('cities and lands', 'city cantons and rural cantons') until the late 15th century.


title: Cantons of Switzerland

text: The French term adopted into German after 1648, and then only in occasional use until the early 19th century: prominent usage of and gradually disappeared in German-speaking Switzerland from the time of the Helvetic Republic. Only with the Act of Mediation of 1803 did German become an official designation, retained in the Swiss Constitution of 1848.


title: Cantons of Switzerland

text: The term (, ) remains in synonymous usage and is reflected in the name of the upper chamber of the Swiss Parliament, the Council of States (, , , ).


title: Cantons of Switzerland

text: In the modern era, since Neuchâtel ceased to be a principality in 1848, all Swiss cantons can be considered to have a republican form of government. Some cantons formally describe themselves as republics in their constitutions. This applies to the Romance-speaking cantons in particular:


title: Cantons of Switzerland

text: In the 16th century, the Old Swiss Confederacy was composed of 13 sovereign confederate allies (the Thirteen Cantons; ), and there were two different kinds: five rural states () – Uri, Schwyz (which became eponymous of the confederacy), Unterwalden, Glarus, Appenzell – and eight urban states () – Zürich, Bern, Luzern, Zug, Basel, Fribourg, Solothurn, Schaffhausen.


title: Cantons of Switzerland

text: Though they were technically part of the Holy Roman Empire, they had become "de facto" independent when the Swiss defeated Emperor Maximilian I in 1499 in Dornach.


title: Cantons of Switzerland

text: In the early modern period, the individual confederate allies came to be seen as republics; while the six traditional allies had a tradition of direct democracy in the form of the "Landsgemeinde", the urban states operated via representation in city councils, de facto oligarchic systems dominated by families of the patriciate.


title: Cantons of Switzerland

text: The old system was abandoned with the formation of the Helvetic Republic following the French invasion of Switzerland in 1798. The cantons of the Helvetic Republic had merely the status of an administrative subdivision with no sovereignty. The Helvetic Republic collapsed within five years, and cantonal sovereignty was restored with the Act of Mediation of 1803. The status of Switzerland as a federation of states was restored, at the time including 19 cantons (the six accessions to the early modern Thirteen Cantons being composed of former associates and subject territories: St. Gallen, Grisons, Aargau, Thurgau, Ticino, Vaud). Three additional western cantons, Valais, Neuchâtel and Geneva, acceded in 1815.


title: Cantons of Switzerland

text: The process of "Restoration", completed by 1830, returned most of the former feudal rights to the cantonal patriciates, leading to rebellions among the rural population. The Radicals embodied these democratic forces calling for a new federal constitution. This tension, paired with religious issues ("Jesuit question") escalated into armed conflict in the 1840s, with the brief Sonderbund War. The victory of the Liberal-Radicals resulted in the formation of Switzerland as a federal state in 1848. The cantons retained far-reaching sovereignty but were no longer allowed to maintain individual standing armies or international relations. As the revolutions of 1848 in Western Europe had failed elsewhere, Switzerland during the later 19th century (and with the exception of the French Third Republic, until the end of World War I) found itself as an isolated democratic republic, surrounded by the restored monarchies of France, Italy, Austria-Hungary and Germany.


title: Cantons of Switzerland

text: The Swiss Federal Constitution declares the cantons to be sovereign to the extent that their sovereignty is not limited by federal law. Areas specifically reserved to the Confederation are the armed forces, currency, the postal service, telecommunications, immigration into and emigration from the country, granting asylum, conducting foreign relations with sovereign states, civil and criminal law, weights and measures, and customs duties.


title: Cantons of Switzerland

text: Each canton has its own constitution, legislature, executive, police and courts. Similar to the Confederation, a directorial system of government is followed by the cantons.


title: Cantons of Switzerland

text: The cantonal legislatures are unicameral parliaments, with their size varying between 58 and 200 seats. A few legislatures also involve or did involve general popular assemblies known as "Landsgemeinden"; the use of this form of legislature has declined: at present, it exists only in the cantons of Appenzell Innerrhoden and Glarus. The cantonal executives consist of either five or seven members, depending on the canton. For the names of the institutions, see the list of cantonal executives and list of cantonal legislatures.


title: Cantons of Switzerland

text: The cantons retain all powers and competencies not delegated to the Confederation by the federal constitution or law: most significantly the cantons are responsible for healthcare, welfare, law enforcement, public education, and retain the power of taxation. Each canton defines its official language(s). Cantons may conclude treaties not only with other cantons but also with foreign states (respectively Articles 48 and 56 of the Federal Constitution).


title: Cantons of Switzerland

text: The cantonal constitutions determine the internal organisation of the canton, including the degree of autonomy accorded to the municipalities, which varies but almost always includes the power to levy taxes and pass municipal laws; some municipalities have their own police forces.


title: Cantons of Switzerland

text: As at the federal level, all cantons provide for some form of direct democracy. Citizens may demand a popular vote to amend the cantonal constitution or laws or to veto laws or spending bills passed by the parliament. Other than in the instances of general popular assemblies in Appenzell Innerrhoden and Glarus, democratic rights are exercised by secret ballot. The right of foreigners to vote varies by canton, as does whether Swiss citizens living abroad (and registered to vote in a canton) can take part in cantonal voting.


title: Cantons of Switzerland

text: Swiss citizens are citizens of a particular municipality (the place of origin) and the canton in which that municipality is part. Cantons, therefore, have a role in and set requirements for the granting of citizenship (naturalisation), though the process is typically undertaken at a municipal level and is subject to federal law.


title: Cantons of Switzerland

text: Switzerland has only one federal public holiday (1 August); public holidays otherwise vary from canton to canton.


title: Cantons of Switzerland

text: The cantons are listed in their order of precedence given in the federal constitution. This reflects the historical order of precedence of the Eight Cantons in the 15th century, followed by the remaining cantons in the order of their historical accession to the confederacy.


title: Cantons of Switzerland

text: The two-letter abbreviations for Swiss cantons are widely used, e.g. on car license plates. They are also used in the with the prefix "CH-" ( — Helvetian Confederation —  having been the ancient Roman name of the region). "CH-SZ", for example, is used for the canton of Schwyz.


title: Cantons of Switzerland

text: Six of the 26 cantons are traditionally, but no longer officially, called "half-cantons" (, , , ). In two instances (Basel and Appenzell) this was a consequence of a historic division, whilst in the case of Unterwalden a historic mutual association, resulted in three pairs of half-cantons. The other 20 cantons were, and in some instances still are—though only in a context where it is needed to distinguish them from any half-cantons—typically termed "full" cantons in English.


title: Cantons of Switzerland

text: The first article of the 1848 and 1874 constitutions constituted the Confederation as the union of "twenty-two sovereign cantons", referring to the half-cantons as "Unterwalden ( [‘above and beneath the woods’])", "Basel ( [‘city and country’])" and "Appenzell ( [‘both Rhoden’])".


title: Cantons of Switzerland

text: The 1874 constitution was amended to list 23 cantons with the accession of the Canton of Jura in 1978.


title: Cantons of Switzerland

text: The historic half-cantons, and their pairings, are still recognizable in the first article of the Swiss Federal Constitution of 1999 by being joined to their other "half" with the conjunction "and":


title: Cantons of Switzerland

text: The 1999 constitutional revision retained the traditional distinction, on the request of the six cantonal governments, as a way to mark the historic association of the half-cantons to each other. While the older constitutions referred to these states as "half-cantons", a term that remains in popular use, the 1999 revision and official terminology since then use the appellation "cantons with half of a cantonal vote".


title: Cantons of Switzerland

text: The , 1 and 2 francs coins as minted since 1874 represent the number of cantons by 22 stars surrounding the figure of Helvetia on the obverse.


title: Cantons of Switzerland

text: The design of the coins was altered to show 23 stars, including Jura, beginning with the 1983 batch. The design has remained unchanged since, and does not reflect the official number of "26 cantons" introduced in 1999.


title: Cantons of Switzerland

text: With their original circumstances of partition now a historical matter, the half-cantons are since 1848 equal to the other cantons in all but two respects:


title: Cantons of Switzerland

text: Between 1831 and 1833 the canton of Schwyz was divided into half-cantons: (Inner) Schwyz and the break-away Outer Schwyz; in this instance, the half-cantons were forced by the Confederation to settle their disputes and reunite.


title: Cantons of Switzerland

text: In the 20th century, some Jura separatists suggested a new canton of Jura to be divided into half-cantons of North Jura and South Jura. Instead, North Jura became the (full) canton of Jura while South Jura remains in the canton of Bern as the region of Bernese Jura.


title: Cantons of Switzerland

text: The enlargement of Switzerland by way of the admission of new cantons ended in 1815. The latest formal attempt considered by Switzerland was in 1919 from Vorarlberg but subsequently rejected. A few representatives submitted in 2010 a parliamentary motion to consider enlargement although it was widely seen as anti-EU rhetoric rather than a serious proposal. The motion was eventually dropped and not even examined by the parliament.


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: Rosh HaShanah (, , literally "head of the year") is the Jewish New Year. The biblical name for this holiday is Yom Teruah (, , lit. "day of shouting/blasting") It is the first of the Jewish High Holy Days (, , "Days of Awe"), as specified by Leviticus 23:23–25, that occur in the late summer/early autumn of the Northern Hemisphere. Rosh Hashanah begins a ten-day period of penitence culminating in Yom Kippur, as well as beginning the cycle of autumnal religious festivals running through Sukkot and ending in Shemini Atzeret.


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: Rosh Hashanah is a two-day observance and celebration that begins on the first day of Tishrei, which is the seventh month of the ecclesiastical year. In contrast to the ecclesiastical lunar new year on the first day of the first month Nisan, the spring Passover month which marks Israel's exodus from Egypt, Rosh Hashanah marks the beginning of the civil year, according to the teachings of Judaism, and is the traditional anniversary of the creation of Adam and Eve, the first man and woman according to the Hebrew Bible, as well as the initiation of humanity's role in God's world.


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: Rosh Hashanah customs include sounding the shofar (a hollowed-out ram's horn), as prescribed in the Torah, following the prescription of the Hebrew Bible to "raise a noise" on "Yom Teruah". Its rabbinical customs include attending synagogue services and reciting special liturgy about teshuva, as well as enjoying festive meals. Eating symbolic foods is now a tradition, such as apples dipped in honey, hoping to evoke a sweet new year.


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: is the Hebrew word for "head", is the definite article ("the"), and means year. Thus means "head of the year", referring to the Jewish day of new year.


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: The term in its current meaning does not appear in the Torah. Leviticus 23:24 refers to the festival of the first day of the seventh month as ("a memorial of blowing [of horns]") Numbers 29:1 calls the festival ("day of blowing [the horn]").


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: The term appears once in the Bible (Ezekiel 40:1), where it has a different meaning: either generally the time of the "beginning of the year", or possibly a reference to Yom Kippur, or to the month of Nisan.


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: In the Jewish prayer-books (the Siddur and Machzor), Rosh Hashanah is also called "Yom Hazikaron" (the day of remembrance), not to be confused with the modern Israeli remembrance day of the same name.


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: The origin of the Hebrew New Year is connected to the beginning of the economic year in the agricultural societies of the ancient Near East. The New Year was the beginning of the cycle of sowing, growth, and harvest; the harvest was marked by its own set of major agricultural festivals. The Semites generally set the beginning of the new year in autumn, while other ancient civilizations chose spring for that purpose, such as the Persians or Greeks; the primary reason was agricultural in both cases, the time of sowing the seed and bringing in the harvest.


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: Some scholars posit a connection between the Babylonian festival Akitu and Rosh Hashanah, as there are some striking similarities. The Akitu festival of Ur was celebrated in the beginning of Nisanu (first month), which lasted at least five days, and again in Tashritu, the seventh month, which lasted eleven days. In one of the rituals and cultic processions the god Marduk (and the earthly Babylonian representative) was re-enthroned, and the king in a penitential ritual had to bow down before Marduk and convince him that he has not shirked off his duties as king and that he has not sinned. Marduk also made judgements that day and decided the fate of his subjects (the Babylonians) for the upcoming year. On the last day the gods reconvened to finalize what has been decided in the previous assembly. This particularly is reminiscent of the ten day gap between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur, in the latter which God is said to sign the fate of the wicked and the good in the book of life and dead that has already been decided on Rosh Hashanah. Akitu was also strongly tied to the creation myth of Enuma Elish and the victory of Marduk over the sea monster Tiamat, and the creation of the universe from her corpse. Similarly it is said that the world was created on Rosh Hashanah.


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: The reckoning of Tishrei as the beginning of the Jewish year began with the early Egyptians and was preserved by the Hebrew nation, being also alluded to in the Hebrew Bible (Genesis 7:11) when describing the Great Deluge at the time of Noah. This began during the "second month" ("Marheshvan") counting from Tishrei, a view that has largely been accepted by the Sages of Israel.


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: Rosh Hashanah marks the start of the numbering of a new year in the Hebrew calendar, but, just as modern governments may insist on taxing over a fiscal year, universities observe an academic year, and the Christian liturgical calendar begins on the first Sunday in Advent, in Jewish law, "four" different ″New Years″ are observed. In order of import, they are Rosh Hashanah (the first of Tishrei), the first of Nisan, the first of Elul, and Tu BiShvat (the fifteenth of Shevat). Each one delineates the beginning of a "year" for different legal or ecclesiastical purposes. The Talmudic distinctions among the "New Years" are discussed in the tractate on Rosh Hashanah. Rosh Hashanah is the new year for calculating ordinary calendar years, Sabattical years, Jubilee years, and dates inscribed on legal deeds and contracts. Rosh Hashanah commemorates the creation of Man. In Jewish practice, the months are numbered starting with the spring month of Nisan, making Tishrei the seventh month; Rosh Hashanah, the first day of the new calendar year, is also actually the first day of the "seventh" month.


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: The second of these "New Years", the first of the lunar month Nisan (usually corresponds to the months March–April in the Gregorian calendar) is the beginning of the ecclesiastical year; the months are numbered beginning with Nisan. It marks the start of the year for the three Jewish pilgrimages. Its injunction is expressly stated in the Hebrew Bible: "This month shall be unto you of months" (Exodus 12:2). Their injunction is expressly stated in the Hebrew Bible: "Three times in the year you shall keep a feast unto me... the feast of unleavened bread (Passover)... the feast of harvest (Shavuot)... and the feast of ingathering (Sukkot) which is " (Exodus 23:14–16). "At the departing of the year" implies that the new year begins here. It is also when a new year is added to the reign of Jewish kings.


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: The third "New Year," the first of Elul, the new year for animals, began the religious taxation period for tithing animals in Biblical times. Sensibly, Elul corresponds to the Gregorian August/September, after the spring birthings, when it was relatively simple to count the number of animals in herds. The fourth "New Year," Tu Bishvat, the new year for trees, began the religious taxation period for tithing fruits and nuts from trees. Again, sensibly, Shevat corresponds to the Gregorian January/February, the end of the Mediterranean wet season when the majority of the year's rainfall had occurred. Taking fruit or nuts from a tree younger than three years old, with the birthday counted as Tu Bishvat, was prohibited.


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: The Mishnah contains the second known reference to Rosh Hashanah as the "day of judgment" ("Yom haDin"). In the Talmud tractate on Rosh Hashanah, it states that three books of account are opened on Rosh Hashanah, wherein the fate of the wicked, the righteous, and those of the intermediate class are recorded. The names of the righteous are immediately inscribed in the Book of Life and they are sealed "to live". The intermediate class is allowed a respite of ten days, until Yom Kippur, to reflect, repent, and become righteous; the wicked are "blotted out of the book of the living forever."


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: Some midrashic descriptions depict God as sitting upon a throne, while books containing the deeds of all humanity are opened for review, and each person passes in front of him for evaluation of his or her deeds.


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: "The Holy One said, 'on Rosh Hashanah recite before Me [verses of] Sovereignty, Remembrance, and Shofar blasts (): Sovereignty so that you should make Me your King; Remembrance so that your remembrance should rise up before Me. And through what? Through the Shofar.' (Rosh Hashanah 16a, 34b)"


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: This is reflected in the prayers composed by classical rabbinic sages for Rosh Hashanah found in traditional machzorim where the theme of the prayers is the "coronation" of God as King of the universe, in preparation for the acceptance of judgments that will follow on that day.


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: The best-known ritual of Rosh Hashanah is the blowing of the shofar, a musical instrument made from an animal horn. The shofar is blown at various points during the Rosh Hashanah prayers, and it is customary in most communities to have a total of 100 blasts on each day.


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: While the blowing of the shofar is a Biblical statute, it is also a symbolic "wake-up call", stirring Jews to mend their ways and repent. The shofar blasts call out: "Sleepers, wake up from your slumber! Examine your ways and repent and remember your Creator."


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: On Rosh Hashanah day, religious poems called , are added to the regular services. A special prayer book, the machzor (plural ), is used on Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. A number of additions are made to the regular service, most notably an extended repetition of the Amidah prayer for both Shacharit and Mussaf. The shofar is blown during Mussaf at several intervals. (In many synagogues, even little children come and hear the shofar being blown.) A variety of , medieval penitential prayers, are recited regarding themes of repentance. The "Alenu" prayer is recited during the silent prayer as well as the repetition of the Mussaf Amidah.


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: The narrative in the Book of Genesis describing the announcement of Isaac's birth and his subsequent birth is part of the Torah readings in synagogues on the first day of Rosh Hashanah, and the narrative of the sacrifice and binding of Isaac is read in synagogue on the second day of Rosh Hashanah.


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: The Mussaf Amidah prayer on Rosh Hashanah is unique in that apart from the first and last three blessings, it contains three central blessings making a total of nine. These blessings are entitled "Malchuyot" (Kingship, and also includes the blessing for the holiness of the day as is in a normal Mussaf), "Zichronot" (Remembrance), and "Shofarot" (concerning the shofar). Each section contains an introductory paragraph followed by selections of verses about the "topic". The verses are three from the Torah, three from the Ketuvim, three from the Nevi'im, and one more from the Torah. During the repetition of the Amidah, the shofar is sounded (except on Shabbat) after the blessing that ends each section. Recitation of these three blessings is first recorded in the Mishna, though writings by Philo and possibly even Psalms 81 suggest that the blessings may have been recited on Rosh Hashanah even centuries earlier.


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: Rosh Hashanah is preceded by the month of Elul, during which Jews are supposed to begin a self-examination and repentance, a process that culminates in the ten days of the "Yamim Nora'im", the Days of Awe, beginning with Rosh Hashanah and ending with the holiday of Yom Kippur.


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: The "shofar" is traditionally blown on weekday mornings, and in some communities also in the afternoon, for the entire month of Elul, the month preceding Rosh Hashanah. The sound of the "shofar" is intended to awaken the listeners from their "slumbers" and alert them to the coming judgment.


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: In the period leading up to Rosh Hashanah, penitential prayers called "selichot", are recited. The Sephardic tradition is to start at the beginning of Elul, while the Ashkenazic and Italian practice is to start a few days before Rosh Hashanah.


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: The day before Rosh Hashanah day is known as "Erev Rosh Hashanah" ("Rosh Hashanah eve"). It is the 29th day of the Hebrew month of Elul, ending at sundown, when Rosh Hashanah commences. Some communities perform Hatarat nedarim (a nullification of vows) after the morning prayer services. Many Orthodox men immerse in a mikveh in honor of the coming day.


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: Rosh Hashanah meals usually include apples dipped in honey to symbolize a sweet new year; this is a late medieval Ashkenazi addition, though it is now almost universally accepted. Other foods with a symbolic meaning may be served, depending on local "minhag" ("custom"), such as the head of a fish (to symbolize the prayer "let us be the head and not the tail").


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: Many communities hold a "Rosh Hashanah seder" during which blessings are recited over a variety of symbolic dishes. The blessings have the incipit ""Yehi ratzon"", meaning "May it be Thy will." In many cases, the name of the food in Hebrew or Aramaic represents a play on words (a pun). The Yehi Ratzon platter may include apples (dipped in honey, baked or cooked as a compote called "mansanada"); dates; pomegranates; black-eyed peas; pumpkin-filled pastries called "rodanchas"; leek fritters called "keftedes de prasa"; beets; and a whole fish with the head intact. It is also common among Sephardim to eat stuffed vegetables called "legumbres yaprakes".


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: Some of the symbolic foods eaten are dates, black-eyed peas, leeks, spinach, and gourd, all of which are mentioned in the Talmud: "Let a man be accustomed to eat on New Year's Day gourds (קרא), and fenugreek (רוביא), leeks (כרתי), beet [leaves] (סילקא), and dates (תמרי)."


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: Pomegranates are used in many traditions, to symbolize being fruitful like the pomegranate with its many seeds. Typically, round challah bread is served, to symbolize the cycle of the year. From ancient to quite modern age, lamb head or fish head were served. Nowadays, gefilte fish and lekach are commonly served by Ashkenazic Jews on this holiday. On the second night, new fruits are served to warrant the inclusion of the shehecheyanu blessing.


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: The ritual of tashlikh is performed on the afternoon of the first day of Rosh Hashanah by most Ashkenazic and Sephardic Jews (but not by Spanish and Portuguese Jews or some Yemenites, as well as those who follow the practices of the Vilna Gaon). Prayers are recited near natural flowing water, and one's sins are symbolically cast into the water. Many also have the custom to throw bread or pebbles into the water, to symbolize the "casting off" of sins. In some communities, if the first day of Rosh Hashanah occurs on Shabbat, "tashlikh" is postponed until the second day. The traditional service for "tashlikh" is recited individually and includes the prayer "Who is like unto you, O God... And You will cast all their sins into the depths of the sea", and Biblical passages including ("They will not injure nor destroy in all My holy mountain, for the earth shall be as full of the knowledge of the Lord as the waters cover the sea") and , and , as well as personal prayers. Though once considered a solemn individual tradition, it has become an increasingly social ceremony practiced in groups. Tashlikh can be performed any time until Hoshana Rabba, and some Hasidic communities perform Tashlikh on the day before Yom Kippur.


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: The Hebrew common greeting on Rosh Hashanah is "Shanah Tovah" (; in many Ashkenazic communities and in Israeli and Sephardic communities), which translated from Hebrew means "[have a] good year". Often "Shanah Tovah Umetukah" (Hebrew: ), meaning "[have a] Good and Sweet Year", is used. In Yiddish the greeting is אַ גוט יאָר ""a gut yor"" ("a good year") or אַ גוט געבענטשט יאָר ""a gut gebentsht yor"" ("a good blessed year"). The formal Sephardic greeting is "Tizku Leshanim Rabbot" ("may you merit many years"), to which the answer is "Ne'imot VeTovot" ("pleasant and good ones"); while in Ladino, they say אנייאדה בואינה, דולסי אי אליגרי ""anyada buena, dulse i alegre"" ("may you have a good, sweet and happy New Year").


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: A more formal greeting commonly used among religiously observant Jews is "Ketivah VaChatimah Tovah" (Hebrew: ), which translates as "A good inscription and sealing [in the Book of Life]", or "L'shanah tovah tikatevu v'techatemu" meaning "May you be inscribed and sealed for a good year". After Rosh Hashanah ends, the greeting is changed to "G'mar chatimah tovah" (Hebrew: ) meaning "A good final sealing", until Yom Kippur. After Yom Kippur is over, until Hoshana Rabbah, as Sukkot ends, the greeting is "Gmar Tov" (Hebrew: ), "a good conclusion".


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: Unlike the denominations of Rabbinical Judaism, Karaite Judaism believes the Jewish New Year starts with the first month and celebrates this holiday only as it is mentioned in the Torah, that is as a day of rejoicing and shouting. Karaites allow no work on the day except what is needed to prepare food (Leviticus 23:23, 24).


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: Samaritans preserve the biblical name of the holiday, "Yom Teruah", and do not consider the day to be a New Year's day.


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: The Torah defines Rosh Hashanah as a one-day celebration, and since days in the Hebrew calendar begin at sundown, the beginning of Rosh Hashanah is at sundown at the end of 29 Elul. Since the time of the destruction of the Second Temple of Jerusalem in 70 CE and the time of Rabban Yohanan ben Zakkai, normative Jewish law appears to be that Rosh Hashanah is to be celebrated for two days, because of the difficulty of determining the date of the new moon. Nonetheless, there is some evidence that Rosh Hashanah was celebrated on a single day in Israel as late as the thirteenth century CE.


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: Orthodox and Conservative Judaism now generally observe Rosh Hashanah for the first two days of Tishrei, even in Israel where all other Jewish holidays dated from the new moon last only one day. The two days of Rosh Hashanah are said to constitute ""Yoma Arichtah"" (Aramaic: ""one" long day"). In Reform Judaism, while most congregations in North America observe only the first day of Rosh Hashanah, some follow the traditional two-day observance as a sign of solidarity with other Jews worldwide. Karaite Jews, who do not recognize Rabbinic Jewish oral law and rely on their own understanding of the Torah, observe only one day on the first of Tishrei, since the second day is not mentioned in the Written Torah.


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: Originally, the date of Rosh Hashanah was determined based on observation of the new moon ("molad"), and thus could fall on any day of the week. However, around the third century CE, the Hebrew calendar was fixed, such that the first day of Rosh Hashanah never falls out on Sunday, Wednesday, or Friday.


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: Rosh Hashanah occurs 163 days after the first day of Passover, and thus is usually (but not always) determined by the new moon closest to the autumnal equinox.


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: In terms of the Gregorian calendar, the earliest date on which Rosh Hashanah can fall is 5 September, as happened in 1842, 1861, 1899, and 2013. The latest Gregorian date that Rosh Hashanah can occur is 5 October, as happened in 1815, 1929, and 1967, and will happen again in 2043. After 2089, the differences between the Hebrew calendar and the Gregorian calendar will result in Rosh Hashanah falling no earlier than 6 September. Starting in 2214, the new latest date will be 6 October.


title: Rosh Hashanah

text: In 2020 the Jewish President of Ukraine, Volodymyr Zelenskyy, announced that Ukraine would declare Rosh Hashanah a national holiday. This makes Ukraine the only country besides Israel where the day is a national holiday. Traditionally, mostly orthodox men travel to Uman every year to pray at the tomb of Rabbi Nachman.


title: Jalen Ramsey

text: Jalen Lattrel Ramsey (born October 24, 1994) is an American football cornerback for the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Florida State and was drafted by the Jacksonville Jaguars fifth overall in the 2016 NFL Draft.


title: Jalen Ramsey

text: With the Jaguars, Ramsey quickly became one of the top cornerbacks in the NFL, making the Pro Bowl twice and being named an All-Pro in 2017, in addition to helping Jacksonville snap a 10-year playoff drought. However, following a fallout and standoff with the Jaguars' front office, he was traded to the Los Angeles Rams midway through the 2019 season. In 2020, he agreed to an extension with the Rams that made him the highest-paid defensive back in league history at the time.


title: Jalen Ramsey

text: Ramsey was born on October 24, 1994, in Smyrna, Tennessee to Lamont, an emergency medical technician (EMT) and Jalen's training coach, and Margie Ramsey. Jalen's older brother, Jamal, participated in football, basketball, and track at Battle Ground Academy in Franklin, Tennessee, and played quarterback at Middle Tennessee State University in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, where their father had once played football. Jalen perfected his football skills playing with much older boys at a local park. He grew up cheering for the Miami Hurricanes in a family of Florida Gators fans.


title: Jalen Ramsey

text: Ramsey attended Ensworth High School in Nashville, Tennessee, during his freshman year. He then transferred to Brentwood Academy in Brentwood, Tennessee, where he was a two-sport star in football and track & field. He was rated by both Rivals.com and Scout.com as a five-star recruit and one of the top overall recruits in his class. He originally committed to the University of Southern California (USC) to play college football, but later changed to Florida State University.


title: Jalen Ramsey

text: Ramsey had a highly decorated high school track career. On May 24, 2013, in his final high school track meet, he shattered the Tennessee state record in the long jump with a mark of 25′ 3.25″, breaking the 16-year-old record set in 1997. As of 2016, no other athlete in TSSAA history has surpassed the 25-foot mark. Ramsey competed in events ranging from the 100 meters to the shot put. As a sprinter, he recorded personal best times of 10.50 in the 100-meter dash, 21.44 in the 200-meter dash, and 48.02 in the 400-meter dash. Ramsey established personal bests in the high jump at 6′ 8″ and the triple jump 47′ 7″. He also posted a top throw of 49′ 11″ in the shot put.


title: Jalen Ramsey

text: Ramsey started all 14 games for the Florida State Seminoles as a true freshman in 2013. He was the first true freshman to start a game at cornerback for the Seminoles since Deion Sanders in 1985. Ramsey wore the #13 jersey during his freshman year when Florida State won the National Championship over Auburn. He later switched to jersey #8 for his sophomore and junior seasons. Also, Ramsey chose the #17 jersey for kick returns during his junior year, a number that had been retired in honor of former superstar Charlie Ward, who granted Ramsey permission to wear the number. He recorded a 23-yard fumble return for a touchdown in the 59–3 victory over Wake Forest on November 9, 2013. He finished the year with 49 tackles, one interception, and one sack. As a sophomore, Ramsey played 14 games with 80 tackles, two interceptions, 12 passes defended, three forced fumbles, and two sacks. As a junior, he played 13 games with one sack, nine passes defended, and one fumble recovery on 52 tackles. On September 18, against Boston College, he recorded a 36-yard fumble return for a touchdown in the 14–0 victory. He was named as a Consensus All-American for his performance in the 2015 season. After his junior year, he announced his intention to forego his senior season and enter the 2016 NFL Draft.


title: Jalen Ramsey

text: Ramsey competed in track & field at Florida State as a relay sprinter and long jumper. He was a three-time All-ACC honoree as a member of the Florida State Indoor and Outdoor championship track and field team in 2013. He placed third in the long jump at both the indoor and outdoor ACC T&F Championships and ran a leg on the conference champion 4×100 relay team at the outdoor meet. During the 2014 season, his best outdoor long jump mark was 25' 0" (7.62m) and his top indoor jump was 24' 11" (7.59m), ranking second nationally among NCAA Division I football players. Ramsey qualified for the NCAA East Preliminary meet in the long jump. He placed third at the 2014 ACC Indoor Championship in the long jump (7.46 m).


title: Jalen Ramsey

text: In March 2015, Ramsey recorded his personal best jump of 26' 1.75" at the NCAA Indoor Championships. In May 2015, Ramsey won the ACC Long Jump Championship with a leap of 26' 1.5" (7.96m),


title: Jalen Ramsey

text: Coming out of Florida State, Ramsey was projected a first round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. He was considered to be a top ten pick by NFL media analysts Daniel Jeremiah, Charles Davis, and Mike Mayock. He received an invitation to the NFL combine and completed all the combine and positional drills and tied for the top performance in the broad jump and vertical jump.


title: Jalen Ramsey

text: On March 29, 2016, he chose to participate at Florida State's pro day, along with Roberto Aguayo, Lamarcus Brutus, Terrance Smith, and 20 other prospects. Team representatives and scouts from 31 NFL teams attended, with the Cincinnati Bengals opting not to, and among them included general managers Doug Whaley (Bills), Kevin Colbert (Steelers), Jason Licht (Buccaneers), Jon Robinson (Titans), and Steelers' head coach Mike Tomlin. Ramsey chose to stand on his combine numbers and only perform positional drills. He was ranked as the top free safety prospect in the draft by NFLDraftScout.com, the top overall defensive back prospect by "Sports Illustrated", and was ranked the top cornerback by NFL analyst Mike Mayock.


title: Jalen Ramsey

text: The Jacksonville Jaguars selected Ramsey in the first round with the fifth overall pick in the 2016 NFL Draft. He was the highest cornerback selected in the draft. He was the earliest drafted cornerback in Jaguars' franchise history.


title: Jalen Ramsey

text: On May 19, 2016, Ramsey suffered a small meniscus tear during rookie training camp. He had microfracture surgery on the same knee in his sophomore year of high school. On May 22, 2016, the Jaguars signed Ramsey to a four-year, $23.35 million that included $22.90 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $15.18 million. On May 24, 2016, Ramsey underwent surgery to repair the torn meniscus.


title: Jalen Ramsey

text: Head coach Gus Bradley named him the starting cornerback, alongside Davon House. Ramsey made his NFL debut and first start in the season-opener against the Green Bay Packers and recorded three solo tackles in the 27–23 loss. During a Week 8 against the Tennessee Titans, he made a season-high eight combined tackles as the Jaguars lost on the road by a score of 36–22.


title: Jalen Ramsey

text: On December 18, 2016, Ramsey collected four solo tackles, a season-high five pass deflections, a forced fumble, and recorded his first NFL interception by picking off Brock Osweiler in a 21–20 road loss to the Houston Texans. Following the game, the Jaguars fired head coach Gus Bradley after a 2–12 record. The next week, under interim head coach Doug Marrone, Ramsey made four solo tackles, defended four passes, and intercepted Matt Cassel and returned it for a touchdown, helping the Jaguars defeat the Tennessee Titans by a score of 38–17. Ramsey was named AFC Defensive Player of the Week for his performance against the Titans.


title: Jalen Ramsey

text: Ramsey finished his rookie season with 65 combined tackles (55 solo), 14 pass deflections, two interceptions, and a touchdown in 16 games and 16 starts. Pro Football Focus gave Ramsey an overall grade of 82.3, which ranked 21st among all qualifying cornerbacks in 2016. He was named to the NFL All-Rookie Team.


title: Jalen Ramsey

text: Ramsey returned as the Jaguars' "de facto" starting cornerback and joined a revamped secondary that included A. J. Bouye, Aaron Colvin, Barry Church, and Tashaun Gipson. NFL analyst Ike Taylor ranked them the seventh best secondary prior to the season and ranked Ramsey and Bouye the top cornerback tandem.


title: Jalen Ramsey

text: On September 24, 2017, Ramsey recorded two solo tackles and intercepted a pass attempt from Baltimore Ravens' quarterback Joe Flacco, as the Jaguars routed the Ravens 44–7. During a Week 5 contest against the Pittsburgh Steelers, he collected a season-high seven combined tackles, four pass deflections, and intercepted a pass attempt by Ben Roethlisberger in the Jaguars' 30–9 victory. On November 5, 2017, Ramsey was ejected during a 23–7 victory over the Cincinnati Bengals after an altercation that began with him pushing Cincinnati Bengals wide receiver A. J. Green to the ground and ended with several punches thrown. On December 19, 2017, Ramsey was named to his first Pro Bowl as a starter alongside teammate Bouye. Ramsey started all 16 games in 2017 and made 63 combined tackles (52 solo), 17 pass deflections, and four interceptions. Pro Football Focus gave Ramsey an overall grade of 91.8, which ranked second among all qualifying cornerbacks in 2017. In addition, he was named as a First Team All-Pro.


title: Jalen Ramsey

text: The Jaguars finished the season atop the AFC South with a 10–6 record and claiming the #3-seed in the AFC. They defeated the Buffalo Bills in the , 10–3. In Ramsey's playoff debut, he recorded two solo tackles, one pass defensed, and one interception. His interception came late in the fourth quarter when he picked off Bills' quarterback Nathan Peterman, who had just entered the game for the injured Tyrod Taylor, and sealed the win for the Jaguars. In the against the Pittsburgh Steelers, he finished with four total tackles in the 45–42 road victory at Heinz Field. In the against the New England Patriots, he finished with two total tackles in the 24–20 defeat at Gillette Stadium. He was ranked 17th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2018.


title: Jalen Ramsey

text: In the 2018 season, Ramsey started all 16 games and totaled 65 total tackles, three interceptions, and 13 passes defensed as the Jaguars finished with a 5–11 record. On November 18, against the Pittsburgh Steelers, he had two interceptions, three passes defensed, and a career-high eight total tackles in the 20–16 home loss. He had a multi-interception game for the first time in his professional career. He started every game in the 2018 season and finished with 65 total tackles, 13 passes defensed, and three interceptions. He was named to his second Pro Bowl, where he switched positions and caught a receiving touchdown from Houston Texans quarterback Deshaun Watson in the fourth quarter. He was ranked 27th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2019.


title: Jalen Ramsey

text: On April 25, 2019, the Jaguars picked up the fifth-year option on Ramsey's contract. Ramsey started the Jaguars' first three games, totaling 13 solo tackles with a pass deflection and a forced fumble. However, during a 13–12 loss to the Houston Texans in Week 2, Ramsey was involved in a verbal altercation with Jaguars head coach Doug Marrone, and the player and coach had to be physically restrained from each other. The following day, reports surfaced that Ramsey was demanding a trade, but he started the following week in a 20–7 victory over the Tennessee Titans, the Jaguars' first victory of the season. The following week, Ramsey was placed on the inactive list, with the team announcing that Ramsey would be absent in order to attend the birth of his second child. Ramsey would never play for the Jaguars again, remaining on Jacksonville's inactive list from Week 4 through Week 6.


title: Jalen Ramsey

text: On October 15, 2019, Ramsey was traded to the Los Angeles Rams in exchange for a 2020 first-round pick (eventually used on K'Lavon Chaisson), a 2021 first-round pick (eventually used on Travis Etienne), and a 2021 fourth-round pick.


title: Jalen Ramsey

text: During Week 16 against the San Francisco 49ers on Saturday Night Football, Ramsey recorded his first interception of the season off a pass thrown by Jimmy Garoppolo in the first quarter during the 34–31 road loss. In the final minute on third and 16, he and safety Taylor Rapp made an error in coverage which resulted in a 46-yard completion to wide receiver Emmanuel Sanders, eventually leading to the game-winning field goal which knocked the Rams out of playoff contention. Overall, in the 2019 season, Ramsey finished with 50 tackles, five passes defensed, two forced fumbles, and one interception. He earned a third consecutive Pro Bowl nomination. He was ranked 37th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2020.


title: Jalen Ramsey

text: On September 9, 2020, Ramsey signed a five-year, $105 million extension with the Rams, including $71.2 million guaranteed. The deal made him the highest-paid defensive back in NFL history.


title: Jalen Ramsey

text: Following a 17–9 Week 4 victory against the New York Giants, a fight broke out between Ramsey and his ex-girlfriend’s brother Golden Tate after the game was over due in part to Ramsey’s comments against Tate’s sister Breanna who had two children with him.


title: Jalen Ramsey

text: On October 10, 2020, Ramsey was fined $15,625 for his role in the postgame fight. Ramsey finished the 2020 season with 44 total tackles, one interception, and nine passes defensed in 15 games. He earned First Team All-Pro honors and his second Pro Bowl nomination for 2020. He was ranked 13th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2021.


title: Jalen Ramsey

text: On June 13, 2021, Ramsey announced during the Rams minicamp that he would officially change his number to 5 per the new NFL jersey number rule.


title: Jalen Ramsey

text: Ramsey finished the 2021 regular season with 77 tackles and four interceptions. Ramsey and the Rams defeated the Cincinnati Bengals in the Super Bowl 23–20, earning Ramsey's first career Super Bowl championship. In the Super Bow, Ramsey had four total tackles and one pass defensed. He earned First Team All-Pro honors and a Pro Bowl nomination for 2021. He was ranked ninth by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2022.


title: Jalen Ramsey

text: On June 21, Ramsey underwent shoulder surgery. It was revealed that Ramsey had tears in both shoulders during the entire 2021 season.


title: Jalen Ramsey

text: In July 2018, Ramsey and Breanna Tate, the younger sister of NFL wide receiver Golden Tate, had a daughter together. The pair had a second daughter in September 2019, though they had broken up earlier that summer.


title: Jalen Ramsey

text: Ramsey was known for his trash talk both on and off the field, primarily during his time with Jacksonville. Notable examples include Ramsey's altercation with Cincinnati Bengals wide receiver A. J. Green in 2017, which was caused by his trash talk, and banter between him and Kansas City Chiefs wide receiver Tyreek Hill prior to a 2018 matchup between the Jaguars and Chiefs. In an August 2018 interview with "GQ", Ramsey also offered his unfiltered opinions of several NFL quarterbacks, criticizing Joe Flacco, Josh Allen, Andrew Luck, Eli Manning, Ben Roethlisberger, Matt Ryan, Jared Goff, among others. In 2019 during a game against the rival Seattle Seahawks, Ramsey engaged in an altercation with Seahawks’ then-rookie receiver DK Metcalf. Ramsey was not charged for the penalty nor fined by the league after the incident, however; DK Metcalf was given the penalty.


title: Lee Zeldin

text: Lee Michael Zeldin (born January 30, 1980) is an American attorney, politician, and officer in the United States Army Reserve. A Republican, he has represented New York's 1st congressional district in the United States House of Representatives since 2015. He represents the eastern two-thirds of Suffolk County, including most of Smithtown, the entirety of Brookhaven, Riverhead, Southold, Southampton, East Hampton, Shelter Island, and a small portion of Islip. From 2011 to 2014, Zeldin served as a member of the New York State Senate from the 3rd Senate district.


title: Lee Zeldin

text: During Donald Trump's presidency, Zeldin was a staunch Trump ally. He prominently defended Trump during his first impeachment hearings in relation to the Trump–Ukraine scandal.


title: Lee Zeldin

text: In April 2021, Zeldin announced his candidacy for governor of New York in 2022. He defeated three challengers in the Republican primary, becoming the nominee of the Republican Party and the Conservative Party. Zeldin lost the election to Democratic incumbent Governor Kathy Hochul while receiving the highest percentage of the vote for a Republican gubernatorial nominee since 2002 and the highest raw vote total for a Republican gubernatorial nominee since 1970. Since his defeat, he has been considering a campaign for chair of the Republican National Committee in 2023.


title: Lee Zeldin

text: Zeldin was born in East Meadow, New York, the son of Merrill Schwartz and David Zeldin. He was raised in Suffolk County, New York, and graduated from William Floyd High School in Mastic Beach, New York, in 1998. He also attended Hebrew school.


title: Lee Zeldin

text: Zeldin received a bachelor's degree in political science from the SUNY University at Albany in 2001. He received a Juris Doctor from Albany Law School in May 2003. In 2004, he was admitted to the New York State Bar.


title: Lee Zeldin

text: Zeldin received an Army ROTC commission as a second lieutenant, and served in the United States Army from 2003 to 2007, first in the Military Intelligence Corps. In 2007, he transitioned from active duty to the Army Reserve, where he achieved the rank of lieutenant colonel.


title: Lee Zeldin

text: In 2007, Zeldin became an attorney for the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. In 2008, he started a general-practice law firm in Smithtown, New York. He operated it full-time until he was elected to New York's 3rd State Senate district in 2010.


title: Lee Zeldin

text: In 2010 Zeldin ran in the New York State Senate's 3rd district, challenging Democratic incumbent Brian X. Foley. Zeldin defeated Foley with 57% of the vote. Zeldin was reelected in 2012, defeating Democrat Francis Genco with 56% of the vote.


title: Lee Zeldin

text: In June 2011, Zeldin voted against the Marriage Equality Act, which the Senate passed 33–29. Governor Andrew Cuomo signed the bill into law. In a statement after the bill passed, Zeldin said: "It is my belief that marriage should be defined as between a man and a woman."


title: Lee Zeldin

text: In March 2012, Zeldin helped to create the PFC Joseph Dwyer PTSD Peer-to-Peer Veterans Support program; funding for the program was included in the 2012–13 New York State Budget.


title: Lee Zeldin

text: Zeldin did not vote on the NY SAFE Act, a gun control bill that passed the New York State Senate on January 14, 2013, and later became law. He missed the vote because he was in Virginia on Army Reserve duty. In a statement released to the press after the vote, he said he would have voted against the measure.


title: Lee Zeldin

text: In February 2014, Zeldin introduced a bill that sought to halt implementation of the Common Core curriculum for three years.


title: Lee Zeldin

text: In March 2014, Zeldin voted against the New York Dream Act, which would allow undocumented students who meet in-state tuition requirements to obtain financial aid to study at the university level.


title: Lee Zeldin

text: In 2008, Zeldin challenged incumbent Representative Tim Bishop in New York's 1st congressional district. Bishop defeated Zeldin, 58%–42%.


title: Lee Zeldin

text: On October 6, 2013, Zeldin announced he would again seek the Republican nomination to run against Bishop. His state senate district included much of the congressional district's western portion.


title: Lee Zeldin

text: Zeldin defeated George Demos in the Republican primary and ran unopposed for the Conservative Party nomination in the June 24 primary. On November 4, he defeated Bishop with 54% of the vote.


title: Lee Zeldin

text: In February 2015, the National Republican Congressional Committee announced that Zeldin was one of 12 members in the Patriot Program, a program designed to help protect vulnerable Republican incumbents in the 2016 election.


title: Lee Zeldin

text: In the 2016 Republican primary, Zeldin faced no opposition. In the November 8 general election, he faced Democratic nominee Anna Throne-Holst, a member of the Southampton Town Board. Zeldin won with 58% of the vote.


title: Lee Zeldin

text: Zeldin ran unopposed in the 2018 Republican primary. In the November general election his chief opponent was Democratic nominee Perry Gershon, who also had the endorsement of the Working Families Party.


title: Lee Zeldin

text: Zeldin's 2018 campaign featured fundraisers with Breitbart News founder Steve Bannon and Sebastian Gorka. At the Gorka event, reporters from local news outlets were removed.


title: Lee Zeldin

text: Zeldin ran unopposed in the Republican primary. In the November 3, general election, he defeated Democratic nominee Nancy Goroff, 54.9%-45.1%.


title: Lee Zeldin

text: Amid the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Zeldin was one of 963 Americans the Russian Foreign Ministry banned from entering Russia.


title: Lee Zeldin

text: In April 2021, Zeldin announced he would run for governor of New York in 2022. On April 30, 2021, Zeldin announced that Erie and Niagara counties' Republican party chairs had endorsed his campaign, giving him the necessary 50% of state committee support to gain the Republican nomination. In June 2021, Republican state chair Nick Langworthy named Zeldin the party's "presumed nominee" after he earned 85% of a straw poll vote of county leaders. Conservative state chair Gerard Kassar also called Zeldin the "presumptive nominee" of the Conservative Party of New York State. As of August 2021, Zeldin had been endorsed by 49 of New York's 62 county Republican party chairs.


title: Lee Zeldin

text: Zeldin's campaign reportedly raised $4 million during the first half of 2021 and $4.3 million in the second half. 90% of his donations are small-dollar donations. Zeldin has visited every county in New York state twice during his campaign. In November 2021, he declined to commit to campaigning with Donald Trump, saying, "There are plenty of New Yorkers who love him, there are plenty of New Yorkers out there who don't."


title: Lee Zeldin

text: On March 1, 2022, Zeldin received the New York Republican State Committee's designation for governor of New York; 85% of the committee voted to back him. He has also received the Conservative Party's designation. Zeldin's preferred pick for lieutenant governor, retired NYPD Deputy Inspector Alison Esposito, ran unopposed and also received the state party's designation.


title: Lee Zeldin

text: Zeldin faced Rob Astorino, Andrew Giuliani, and Harry Wilson in the 2022 Republican gubernatorial primary and was declared the winner on June 29, 2022. He faced incumbent Governor Kathy Hochul in the November general election.


title: Lee Zeldin

text: On July 21, 2022, Zeldin was attacked at a campaign event in Perinton, New York. A man, later identified as David Jakubonis, got on the stage while Zeldin was giving a speech and attacked him with a pointed plastic key chain intended to be used for self-defense. AMVETS national director Joe Chenelly stopped the attacker. The Monroe County Sheriff's Department detained the man before releasing him the next day without bail. Monroe County district attorney Sandra Doorley, who is also a co-chair of Zeldin's campaign, recused herself from the case because she was at the event. After his initial release, Jakubonis was arrested on federal assault charges. After being indicted, he said he had been drinking on the day of the attack and "did not know who" Zeldin was.


title: Lee Zeldin

text: Zeldin lost the election to Hochul, while receiving the highest vote percentage for a Republican gubernatorial nominee since 2002.


title: Lee Zeldin

text: In May 2015, Zeldin voted for the Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act, a bill he co-sponsored, which would prohibit abortions in cases where the fetus's probable age is 20 weeks or more, with exceptions in cases of rape, incest, or if the mother's life was in danger. The act would also impose criminal penalties on doctors who violated the ban. It did not pass.


title: Lee Zeldin

text: On September 18, 2015, Zeldin voted for the Defund Planned Parenthood Act of 2015, a bill that would defund the nonprofit organization Planned Parenthood for one year unless the organization agreed not to provide abortion services.


title: Lee Zeldin

text: In January 2020, Zeldin joined a "friend of the court" brief demanding that the U.S. Supreme Court overturn "Roe v. Wade".


title: Lee Zeldin

text: In April 2022, Zeldin said it would be "a great idea" to appoint a health commissioner who was opposed to abortion.


title: Lee Zeldin

text: Zeldin opposes abortion, and has said that regardless of what the Supreme Court decides on "Roe v. Wade", "nothing changes in the state of New York". When the Court overturned "Roe v. Wade" in June 2022, Zeldin said it was "a victory for life, for family, for the Constitution, and for federalism".


title: Lee Zeldin

text: Zeldin has opposed New York's bail reform, which went into effect on January 1, 2020, eliminating cash bail for most misdemeanor and nonviolent felony charges, repeatedly calling for its repeal.


title: Lee Zeldin

text: In July 2015, Zeldin attached an amendment to the Student Success Act to allow states to opt out of Common Core without penalty. The amendment was passed and signed into law.


title: Lee Zeldin

text: In April 2015, Zeldin and Senator Chuck Schumer introduced the Fluke Fairness Act. The bill would have changed the current system for managing fluke fishing quotas by creating a regional approach to updating quotas and standards based on geographic, scientific, and economic data. It did not pass.


title: Lee Zeldin

text: On July 15, 2015, Zeldin introduced the Exclusive Economic Zone Clarification Act. The bill proposed to amend the boundary in part of the federal Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). It would give fisheries management of Block Island Sound exclusively to New York and Rhode Island. (Some Connecticut fishermen alleged that the bill could put them out of business.) The bill died in committee.


title: Lee Zeldin

text: In September 2015, Zeldin and Citizens Campaign for the Environment executive director Adrienne Esposito condemned a proposed federal plan for dumping of dredged materials, saying, "We can't just assume that dumping these waste spoils in the Long Island Sound is environmentally benign."


title: Lee Zeldin

text: In April 2018, Zeldin said he did not support the Paris Agreement in its form at that time. He expressed concern about "other countries that are contributing to very adverse impacts on our climate but not having the level of responsibility that they need to have in stepping up and making a positive change in their own countries".


title: Lee Zeldin

text: In January 2016, the "New York Post" reported that Zeldin was a no-show in 2015 at 12 of 18 House Committee on Foreign Affairs hearings that dealt specifically with ISIL and with Syria.


title: Lee Zeldin

text: In February 2016, Zeldin and Representatives Mike Pompeo and Frank LoBiondo sought visas to travel to Iran to check the country's compliance with the Iran nuclear deal framework. In June 2016, Iran called the request a "publicity stunt" and said it would deny the visas.