title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: Arnulfo Reyes, a teacher in classroom 111 who received multiple gunshot wounds, recalled he instructed his students to "get under the table and act like you're asleep". Ramos then arrived and shot him, then he fired indiscriminately around classroom 111. Reyes said he "didn't hear talk for a while," but later on, Ramos unleashed a second round of gunfire at students, and Reyes said, "If he didn't get them the first time, he got them the second time." All 11 students in classroom 111 during the shooting died. Reyes pretended to be unconscious on the floor, but Ramos then shot him again. According to Reyes, he heard law enforcement approach his classroom from what sounded like the hallway three times, but they did not enter; during one of these occasions, he heard a student from the adjoining classroom 112 saying, "Officer, we're in here. We're in here." As law enforcement had already left, Reyes said Ramos "walked over there, and he shot again". Reyes later heard law enforcement telling Ramos to come out of the classroom to talk, saying they did not want to hurt anyone. Separately, Reyes said in past security checks, the classroom 111 door that was meant to be locked during lessons remained unlocked because "the latch was stuck", and that he had told the principal about this issue.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: A male student in classroom 109 said that around 15 minutes after the shooting began, the gunman approached classroom 109's door and pulled its handle, but his teacher had jammed the door after hearing gunfire. The gunman shot through the door's glass window, striking another student and the teacher in classroom 109, then left. With a Texas official stating that the gunman had briefly returned into the hallway after entering classrooms 111 and 112 (without specifying what time this occurred), "The Washington Post" reported that "this is likely when those in Room 109 were shot at," before the gunman returned to classrooms 111 and 112.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: Officers arrived three minutes after Ramos entered the school and approached rooms 111 and 112, but they retreated after Ramos fired at them. Officers were not successful in establishing negotiations.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: United States Marshals Service deputies drove nearly to the school and arrived at 12:10p.m., where they helped officers initially confront the shooter, render first aid, and secure the perimeter. At 12:17, UCISD sent out a message on Twitter that there was an active shooter at the elementary school. The school district's police chief, Pedro Arredondo, erroneously determined that the situation had "transitioned from an active shooter to a barricaded subject" according to the Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS). With Ramos thought to be contained, officials believed they had bought enough time to bring in tactical units.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: According to Uvalde County judge Bill Mitchell, teacher Eva Mireles, from inside the adjoining classrooms where the shooter was, called her husband, Ruben Ruiz, a Uvalde Consolidated Independent School District officer, who was outside the school. According to DPS Director Steven McCraw, during the call Mireles told Ruiz that she had been shot and was dying; when Ruiz "tried to move forward into the hallway, he was detained [by law enforcement] and they took his gun away from him and escorted him off the scene." Mireles eventually died from her gunshot wounds.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: After the police cordoned off the outside of the school, parents pleaded with officers to enter the building. When they did not, parents offered to enter the building themselves. Officers held back and tackled parents who tried to enter the school, further warning that they would use tasers if the parents did not comply with directions; video clips were uploaded to social media, including one that depicted a parent being pinned to the ground. Police pepper-sprayed a parent trying to get to their child, and an officer tackled the father of another student. Police reportedly used a taser on a parent who approached a bus to get their child. A mother of two students at the school was placed in handcuffs by officers for attempting to enter the school. When released from the handcuffs, she jumped the fence and retrieved her children, exiting before police entered. A video clip showed parents questioning why police were not trying to save their children, to which an officer replies: "Because I'm having to deal with you!"


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: A United States Border Patrol Tactical Unit (BORTAC) agent rushed to the scene after receiving a text message from his wife, who was a teacher there. Prior to this, the agent had been off-duty. The agent immediately set out with a shotgun his barber had lent him and arrived on the scene approximately an hour after the first responders arrived. He then proceeded to help evacuate children. Contrary to online rumors and social media posts, he did not enter the school or kill the shooter. Additional BORTAC agents arrived, but they did not have a battering ram or other breaching tools, so a U.S. Marshal on the scene provided agents with a ballistic shield. Ramos stayed in the classroom for around one hour, hiding behind a steel door that officers said they could not open until they obtained a master key from the janitor. There is evidence, however, that the door was never locked.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: After the door was opened, a BORTAC agent entered the room holding the shield, followed by two other BORTAC agents, a Border Patrol Search, Trauma, and Rescue agent (BORSTAR), and at least one sheriff's deputy. Ramos reportedly opened fire at the group from a closet in the room before officials returned fire and killed him. As UCISD police officers exchanged fire with Ramos, BORTAC agents joined them in response to a request for assistance; one sustained an injury. According to Governor Greg Abbott, the injured Border Patrol agent fatally shot Ramos. Later reports state that a tactical team breached the room and killed the shooter.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: In an interview by "The Texas Tribune" published on June 9, Arredondo said he arrived at the school thinking he was the first law enforcement officer on the scene; he abandoned his police and campus radios because he wanted his hands free to shoot the gunman, and he also thought the radios would slow him down. He said one radio's antenna would hit him when he ran, while the other radio was prone to falling off his belt when he ran, and that he knew from experience that the radios did not work in some school buildings. Arredondo said he was unaware of 9-1-1 calls being made from the classrooms the gunman was in because he did not have a radio and no one told him; the other officers in the school hallway were not in radio communication either.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: In "The Texas Tribune" interview, Arredondo said that he did not consider himself as the incident commander for law enforcement; instead, his role was a frontline responder, with him assuming someone else was in command. The National Incident Management System, which guides all levels of government on how to respond to mass emergency events, says that the first person on scene is the incident commander. DPS officials have described Arredondo as the incident commander and identified him as giving the order to treat the situation as a barricaded subject. Arredondo said that he attempted to open classroom 111's door, while an Uvalde Police Department officer tried classroom 112's door, but both were locked. According to Arredondo, the classroom door had a steel jamb, that prevented law enforcement from easily breaching the door.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: Arredondo was aware that the gunman was firing shots from within the classroom, grazing some police officers. According to Arredondo, he and the officers in the school hallway did their best to remain quiet, only whispering to each other, fearing that if the gunman heard them, he would shoot at them. He spent over an hour in the hallway, of which he held back from the classroom doors for 40 minutes to avoid attracting gunfire. Arredondo said that during the wait for door breaching tools, he tried to talk to the gunman through the walls to establish rapport, but got no response.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: Also in "The Texas Tribune" interview, Arredondo said he was provided with six keys, which he tried on a door adjacent to the room where the gunman was, but none opened the door; later he received another 20-30 keys which also did not work, and that eventually, other officers called his cellphone to inform him that they obtained a suitable key to open the door. Arredondo denied cowardice and incompetence, stating that law enforcement's "objective was to save as many lives as we could, and the extraction of the students from the classrooms by all that were involved saved over 500 of our Uvalde students and teachers before we gained access to the shooter and eliminated the threat."


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: Below is a timeline of events, according to law enforcement and other sources. This timeline is still under investigation. As of June 19, 2022, there are multiple disputes about the timeline.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: Eighteen people were injured, comprising fourteen children, one teacher, the perpetrator's grandmother, and two police officers. Abbott said the two officers were struck by bullets but had no serious injuries. Several victims died in the ambulance on the way to the hospital, including Mireles. Uvalde Memorial Hospital's CEO reported that eleven children and three other people were admitted for emergency care following the shooting. Four were released, and two, described only as a male and a female, were dead upon arrival. Four other victims, the pepetrator's grandmother and three students, were taken to the University Hospital in San Antonio.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: Born on May 16, 2004, in Fargo, North Dakota, Salvador Ronaldo Ramos was a resident of Uvalde from an early age and was a former student at Uvalde High School. He also attended Robb Elementary School for fourth grade in the same classroom where he was killed. He was frequently bullied in this fourth grade classroom due to his stutter, short haircut, and clothing. He did not have a criminal record or any documented mental health issues, but had previously posted violent threats online. School officials at Uvalde High School withdrew him from the school on October 28, 2021 due to his frequent absences.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: Ramos' social media acquaintances said he openly abused and killed animals such as cats and would livestream the abuse on Yubo. Other social media acquaintances said that he would also livestream himself on Yubo threatening to kidnap and rape girls who used the app, as well as threatening to commit a school shooting. Ramos' account was reported to Yubo, but no action was taken. Up until a month before the shooting, Ramos worked at a local Wendy's and had been employed there for at least a year. According to the store's night manager, he went out of his way to keep to himself. One of his coworkers said he was occasionally rude to his female co-workers, to whom he sent inappropriate text messages, and would intimidate co-workers at his job by asking them, "Do you know who I am?" Ramos' coworkers referred to him by names including "school shooter" because he had long hair and frequently wore black clothing.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: A year before the shooting, Ramos started posting pictures to his Instagram account of semi-automatic rifles that were on his wish list. According to a friend of his, he would often drive around at night with another friend, shooting at strangers with a BB gun and egging cars. According to a man who was in a relationship with Ramos' mother, Ramos moved out of his mother's house and into his grandparents' house two months before the shooting, after an argument broke out between him and his mother over her turning off the Wi-Fi. People close to Ramos' family described his mother as a drug user and said he frequently argued with her. Two months prior to the shooting, he posted a video of himself on Instagram aggressively arguing with his mother and referring to her as a "bitch". Ramos' mother described her son as "not a monster" but admitted that he could "be aggressive". His grandfather said that his grandson did not have a driver's license and did not know how to drive. According to his father, Ramos had a girlfriend, who lived in San Antonio. On May 14, Ramos sent a private Instagram message reading, "10 more days". A person responded, "Are you going to shoot up a school or something?" He replied, "No, stop asking dumb questions. You'll see."


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: According to the Texas Department of Public Safety, in September 2021, Ramos asked his older sister to buy him a gun, but she refused. On May 17, 2022, a day after his 18th birthday, he legally purchased a Smith & Wesson semi-automatic rifle from a local gun store. He then purchased another rifle three days later. Investigators later found that his gun had a "hellfire" trigger device, which decreases the time required for the trigger to reset, increasing the possible rate of fire. Ramos sent an Instagram message to an acquaintance he met through Yubo, which showed the receipt for an AR-15 style rifle purchased from Georgia-based online retailer Daniel Defense eight days before the shooting. He posted a picture of two rifles on his Instagram account three days before the shooting.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: Ahead of the shooting, Ramos had purchased 1,657 total rounds of ammunition, which included 375 rounds of 5.56 NATO ammunition purchased on May 18, 2022. A total of 315 rounds were found inside the school, consisting of 142 spent cartridges and 173 live rounds. Additionally, a total of 922 rounds were found on school property outside the building, consisting of 22 spent cartridges and 900 live rounds. Overall, Ramos fired 164 rounds during the shooting. Police and Border Patrol officers fired a combined total of 35 rounds during the shooting: eight in the hallway and 27 in the classroom where Ramos was killed.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) are assisting local police in the investigation. Ramos' guns and magazines were recovered by law enforcement for analysis. Two days after the shooting, state officials said that the Texas Ranger Division was investigating local police's conduct during the incident. On May 29, the United States Department of Justice announced it would review the law enforcement response to the mass shooting at the request of Uvalde Mayor, Don McLaughlin.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: After initially praising first responders, Governor Greg Abbott called for an investigation into the lack of initiative displayed by law enforcement. On May 27, Abbott said, "Bottom line would be why did they not choose the strategy that would have been best to get in there and to eliminate the killer and to rescue the children?" On June 1, ABC News, citing multiple unnamed law enforcement sources, reported that the Uvalde Police Department (UPD) and the UCISD police force had stopped cooperating with investigations soon after the DPS said on May 27 that police had erred in delaying entry into the classroom. The DPS responded that the UPD and UCISD police force "have been cooperating with investigators", while specifying that UCISD police chief Pedro Arredondo "provided an initial interview but has not responded to a request for a follow-up interview with the Texas Rangers that was made two days ago." Also on June 1, Arredondo told CNN that he was "in contact with DPS everyday", and said he would not release further information about the events of the shooting while funerals are ongoing, citing respect for families: "Whenever this is done and the families quit grieving, then we'll do that obviously."


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: When Uvalde Police Department's acting chief, Lieutenant Mariano Pargas, was interviewed by authorities two days after the shooting, he did not mention that he had known at the time that there were children in the classroom with the shooter. Pargas said that he had officer Ruben Ruiz removed from the hallway after Ruiz said that Ruiz's wife was shot in her classroom, because "we were just afraid that he was gonna try to run in the classroom and try to do what I wanted to do if I could have done it". When Pargas was interviewed again in mid-June and asked about 911 calls made from inside the classroom, Pargas said he cannot remember, and does not mention that he had called his department's dispatchers, who told him about 911 calls from children inside the classroom. Instead, Pargas said: "The last thing we thought was that [the shooter] had actually shot the kids. We thought he had shot up in the air, broken the lights. We had no idea what was behind those doors."


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: On June 9, a committee of three started their investigations into the shooting on behalf of the Texas House of Representatives; the committee consisted of Representative Dustin Burrows (R-Lubbock), Representative Joe Moody (D-El Paso) and former Texas Supreme Court member Eva Guzman (R). That day, committee leader Burrows explained that the investigation would be done in private out of "respect for the process" and wanting to be "thorough" and "accurate" before revealing "any conclusions". On June 20, before the committee had a hearing at Uvalde City Hall, a fire marshal told parents, journalists, and a chaplain to leave the premises because "someone is intimidated".


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: On June 16, a private law firm hired by the City of Uvalde cited several reasons to prevent the release of police records related to the shooting. The stated reasons include: information that "is not of legitimate concern to the public"; "highly embarrassing information" related to criminal history; potential revealing of police "methods, techniques, and strategies for preventing and predicting crime"; potentially distressing information; potentially exposing city employees or officers to "a substantial threat of physical harm"; privacy; and the "dead suspect loophole," where information is suppressed for crimes in which no one has been convicted, including in cases where the suspect is dead.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: Freeman F. Martin, deputy director of Homeland Security Operations at the Texas DPS, informed Burrows that the district attorney of Uvalde County has objected to the release of a portion of a video taken in the hallway during the police response. The clip ended immediately before officers breached the classroom and did not show any images of children. Burrows, Martin, and Uvalde mayor Don McLaughlin believe that releasing the footage would be helpful to the public. On July 12, 2022, the "Austin American-Statesman" released 77 minutes of video composed of footage from hallway cameras and an officer's body worn camera. The released video was edited to obscure the identity of a student and to remove the sound of children screaming. The video was intended to be shown to the families of victims on Sunday, July 17, before it would be released publicly. The video was leaked early by the "Austin American-Statesman" on July 12, creating anger amongst some of the victims' families whilst others expressed support at the release.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: The leaked video attracted further criticism and outrage, showing law enforcement to seemingly not understand the gravity of the situation, including one officer taking a pump of hand sanitizer from a dispenser, and two other officers exchanging a fist bump; however, both incidents occurred after the shooter was dead.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: A Uvalde staff member filed a petition for information about Daniel Defense on June 2, attempting to make a prima facie case against the gunmaker for its marketing of the weapons. The staff member had been outside delivering food to the school for an end-of-year party when she witnessed a car crash. She then had gone inside to grab her cellphone to call 9-1-1 about the crash and had propped open a door to the school with a rock but had kicked the door shut when she ran inside after witnessing the shooter hopping a fence and coming towards the school. This was one part of the misrepresented details that were published after the shooting.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: On June 3, a parent of one of the deceased victims filed a letter, seeking documents and records from Daniel Defense, through lawyers that had represented families of victims of the 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting against the manufacturer of the rifle used in the shooting. On June 7, attorney Thomas J. Henry filed a lawsuit, on behalf of four families of students injured in the shooting, against Ramos' estate and sought answers about how he had gained access to the school. Henry said that the initial lawsuit would allow them to discover evidence and potentially add other parties to the lawsuit, with the discovery process focused on the school system, law enforcement, social media, and the gun and ammunition manufacturers.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: UCISD asked parents not to pick up their children until all Robb Elementary School students were accounted for. At around 2:00 p.m., parents were notified to pick them up. All district and campus activities were canceled, and the parents of students at other schools were asked to pick up their children due to school bus cancelations. That night, UCISD's superintendent Hal Harrel announced in a letter sent to parents that the school year had concluded for the entire district, similarly to what was done during the COVID-19 pandemic in Texas, including the cancelation of a planned graduation ceremony. The school year had previously been scheduled to end two days later on Thursday. Some parents had to wait late into the night for final confirmation of their child's death, awaiting DNA identification.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: On the day of the shooting, Uvalde Memorial Hospital held an emergency blood drive for the victims. The South Texas Blood and Tissue Center issued an urgent request for blood donations after the shooting, and it sent 15 units of blood to Uvalde via helicopter to be used in area hospitals. On May 27, the center reported that more than 2,000 people donated blood after the shooting.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: Shortly after the shooting, a memorial was created outside the school for the victims and survivors with balloons, candles, and crosses. A local man made 21 crosses, inscribed with the victims' names to be placed outside the school. Additional memorials were erected for the deceased victims throughout Uvalde by both locals and those who drove into the city to honor the victims. Other memorials and tributes were held throughout the country. Free headstones and funeral services were offered to the families of victims by local and state businesses. State and locally based food trucks and restaurant owners also traveled to Uvalde to offer food and supplies for families affected by the shooting. The San Antonio Zoo announced they would light up their parking garage red, Robb Elementary school's color for 21 days to honor each of the 21 victims.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: Joe Garcia, the husband of Irma Garcia, one of the teachers killed in the shooting, died two days after the shooting from a heart attack while attending a memorial. His family said the heart attack was tied to grief after losing his wife. UCISD created a fund through the First State Bank, with the money raised going to the families of the victims and survivors with donations accepted in person or by check. On May 27, it was announced that an anonymous donor had donated $175,000 to go towards the funerals of the victims. Fundraising was also seen on the crowdfunding platform GoFundMe, which set up a central hub for people looking to donate to help those affected by the shooting, in an effort to stop scammers from taking advantage of the shooting. As of May 27, about $7.5 million had been raised through the hub from donors across the U.S. and from over 91 countries. Additional fundraisers for the victims and their families were done through many avenues, such as item sales or proceeds from a barbecue.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: Catholic Extension, a grant-giving nonprofit that finances impoverished parishes, announced it has endowed 30 full scholarships for students wounded in the Robb Elementary School mass shooting to attend Sacred Heart Catholic School, a private school in Uvalde.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: Chief Pedro "Pete" Arredondo disputed being the incident commander for law enforcement responding to the shooting. "By 12:46 p.m., Arredondo seemed to give his approval for officers to enter the room, the Times reported. "If y'all are ready to do it, you do it," he said, according to the transcript." He delivered two brief press statements on the day of the shooting (May 24) without answering any questions, then offered no public comments until June 1.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: Arredondo had been elected to the Uvalde City Council on May 7, before the shooting occurred. On May 30, the mayor Don McLaughlin said that the "special City Council meeting" where Arredondo would have been sworn in as a City Council member "will not take place as scheduled", as the "focus on Tuesday is on our families who lost loved ones". McLaughlin commented that there is "nothing in the City Charter, Election Code, or Texas Constitution that prohibits [Arredondo] from taking the oath of office", and that he was "not aware of any investigation" of Arredondo. On May 31, McLaughlin revealed that Arredondo had personally visited City Hall that day and was sworn in as a City Council member, stating that the lack of a ceremony was done out of "respect for the families" whose children were killed in the shooting. Arredondo did not attend a City Council meeting on June 7; when mayor McLaughlin was questioned on Arredondo's absence, McLaughlin said he "can't answer that."


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: When journalists visited the UCISD headquarters, where Arredondo was, law enforcement ordered them to leave. A CNN journalist was given an initial warning, and was told that Uvalde Police were on their way and would charge journalists with criminal trespassing if they continued to remain at the headquarters. A "San Antonio Express-News" journalist was told by district officials that the headquarters are private property.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: On June 3, UCISD's board held a meeting and decided not to take any disciplinary action against Arredondo at the time. He was put on administrative leave on June 22.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: In an interview published June 9 in "The Texas Tribune", Arredondo provided his first detailed public comments on the shooting. He said he did not speak out earlier to avoid blaming others or worsening the community's grief.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: On July 2, Arredondo resigned from his position on the Uvalde city council. The Uvalde school board voted unanimously on August 24 to terminate Arredondo's contract as police chief.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: On June 3, UCISD's board held a meeting and decided that the Robb Elementary School building would no longer be used as a school, with students and staff moving to a new campus. Superintendent Harrel announced that Robb Elementary School would never be reopened, out of concern for the potential to re-traumatize surviving students and staff or the wider community.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: In the wake of the shooting, Donna Independent School District, which serves Donna, Texas, an area four and a half hours from Uvalde, received a "credible threat of violence". In response, the district canceled school while it investigated the threat. On June 7, the Department of Homeland Security warned, "Individuals in online forums that routinely promulgate domestic violent extremist and conspiracy theory-related content have praised [this shooting] and encouraged copycat attacks", while others tried to "spread disinformation and incite grievances, including claims it was a government-staged event meant to advance gun control measures".


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: Almost 400 law enforcement officers, including 150 U.S. Border Patrol agents and 91 Texas DPS officers, came to Uvalde during the shooting. Before tactical units arrived, police officers inside the school, who numbered at least 19, made "no effort" to breach the room where Ramos was located, according to the Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS). According to the DPS, the decision to wait for tactical units to arrive was based on the false belief that Ramos had been isolated to a classroom where he could do no more harm. This decision was made by the incident commander, identified as Pedro Arredondo, UCISD's chief of police.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: Police arrested and handcuffed one mother who drove to the school after hearing about the shooting, which prevented her from trying to save her children. Body camera footage also shows one of the officers, Ruben Ruiz, being held back by other officers and prevented from rescuing his wife (a Robb Elementary teacher), who was inside one of the classrooms, dying of a gunshot wound.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: At a May 26 press conference, when asked whether first responders had erred in waiting for reinforcements, DPS official Victor Escalon said he did not "have enough information to answer that question yet". In a media interview on the same day, DPS spokesman Chris Olivarez said that if law enforcement "proceeded any further not knowing where the suspect was at, they could've been shot, they could've been killed, and that gunman would have had an opportunity to kill other people inside that school". Uvalde's police chief Daniel Rodriguez defended his officers in a May 26 statement, saying, "It is important for our community to know that our officers responded within minutes". Former Austin and Houston's police chief Art Acevedo tweeted, "We don't have all of the particulars right now, but when gunfire is ringing out with, police are trained, expected, and required to engage, engage, engage. This is a moral and ethical obligation". On May 27, the DPS acknowledged several law enforcement errors that potentially led to greater bloodshed. At a news conference, Steven C. McCraw, the DPS director, said, "From the benefit of hindsight where I'm sitting now, of course it was not the right decision. It was the wrong decision. Period".


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: On June 2, Texas state senator Roland Gutierrez said that he heard from the Commission on State Emergency Communications that Arredondo did not know of 9-1-1 calls being made by children trapped in a classroom with Ramos. Gutierrez said the Uvalde Police Department was "receiving the 9-1-1 calls for 45 minutes ... while 19 officers were sitting in a hallway ... We don't know if it was being communicated to those people or not". On June 3, Gutierrez said that he heard from DPS that Arredondo had no radio during the shooting. On June 9, "The New York Times" determined through an investigative review that police officers were aware that there were injured individuals trapped inside classrooms before they decided to breach the entrance.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: On June 18, "San Antonio Express-News", citing a law enforcement source close to the investigation into the shooting, reported that surveillance video showed that law enforcement did not physically try to open the door to the classrooms Ramos was in for 77 minutes before law enforcement's eventual entry. The surveillance video showed Ramos firing inside classrooms 111 and 112, briefly returning into the hallway, and then going back into the classrooms, said the source; Ramos then shot through the closed door, prompting law enforcement to retreat. "San Antonio Express-News" reported that law enforcement "might have assumed the door was locked", while their source relayed investigators' belief that Ramos could not have locked the classroom door from the inside; investigators are still determining whether the classroom door was unlocked all along, which may have been caused by a lock malfunction. The source also said that law enforcement, for the entire time, possessed a halligan tool that could have breached a locked classroom door. The source added that Pete Arredondo had tried various keys not on the classroom door to classrooms 111 and 112 where Ramos was in, but on other classrooms nearby in an attempt to identify a master key.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: On June 21, Steve McCraw, Texas Department of Public Safety Director, testified during the Texas Senate Committee Meeting on the Uvalde School Shooting that the police response was an "abject failure and antithetical to everything we have learned over the past two decades" and that the police could have stopped the shooter in three minutes. His statements were the strongest condemnations by Texas state law enforcement of the police response at Uvalde thus far. In particular, McCraw singled out Uvalde school district police Chief Pete Arredondo, whom he identified as the on-scene commander at the incident. McCraw said, "The only thing stopping a hallway of dedicated officers from entering Room 111 and 112 was the on-scene commander who decided to place the lives of officers before the lives of children."


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: On July 17, the Texas House Investigative Committee released a 77-page report on "systemic failures and egregiously poor decision making" that exacerbated the shooting, and criticized state and federal officials and agencies in addition to local police. The report said a total of 376 law enforcement officials responded to the shooting, including 149 Border Patrol agents and 91 state police officers. According to "The New York Times", the report found that the Uvalde Police chief knew that a child had made 911 calls from inside a classroom, but that "none of the officers who learned of the calls advocated for 'shifting to an active shooter-style response or otherwise acting more urgently to breach the classrooms.'"


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: Officials, including Texas Governor Greg Abbott and Texas DPS director Steve C. McCraw, gave inaccurate and incomplete initial accounts of the shooting. In many ways, new information from the authorities directly contradicted previous accounts from officials. On May 26, Representative Joaquin Castro of Texas said that state officials "provided conflicting accounts" that contradicted witnesses and called for the FBI to investigate and provide a full account of the incident.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: On May 24, Abbott said Ramos had used a handgun and possibly a rifle during the shooting. The claim that Ramos used a handgun was inaccurate. On May 25, Abbott said only one rifle was used during the shooting. Meanwhile, DPS official Erick Estrada said on May 24 that Ramos had "body armor on", but he was later contradicted by DPS official Christopher Olivarez, who said that Ramos was wearing a tactical vest that typically carries magazines, but had no ballistic panels.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: On May 25, two DPS officials, Olivarez and Travis Considine, separately said that a school police officer confronted Ramos outside the school, that the two exchanged gunfire, wounding the school police officer, and that Ramos then entered the school. Later on May 25, McCraw said that a school police officer "engaged" Ramos without firing any shots. On May 26, DPS official Victor Escalon said there had been no confrontation between Ramos and a school police officer, and that Ramos had "walked in [to the school] unobstructed", with no "readily available and armed" officer present. On May 27, McCraw said that the school police officer was not at the school when the incident started, but he drove there during the incident, "drove right by" Ramos, and mistakenly confronted a teacher.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: On May 25, McCraw, without giving a specific timeline, said law enforcement "engaged immediately. They contained [the gunman] in the classroom, and put the tactical stack together in a very orderly way and breached". McCraw also said on that day that law enforcement "engaged the active shooter and continued to keep him pinned down in that location, until a tactical team" was assembled to breach the room to kill Ramos. On May 26, Escalon said law enforcement had delayed an assault on Ramos because they required "specialty equipment", "body armor", and "precision riflemen, negotiators". Escalon introduced the claim that there had been "negotiations", saying Ramos "did not respond" and "there wasn't much gunfire [during negotiations] other than trying to keep the officers at bay".


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: On May 26, McCraw claimed that Ramos entered the school from a door "propped open by a teacher". On May 31, a lawyer for the teacher said that the teacher had in fact closed the door after seeing Ramos, having pulled and held the door closed while telling 9-1-1 about the shooting; the teacher "thought the door would lock because that door is always supposed to be locked". Later on May 31, Considine acknowledged that the teacher had indeed closed the door before Ramos entered, but the door "did not lock as it should". On June 21, McCraw stated that the school entrance door could only be locked from the outside, and that the teacher was unaware of that.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: On May 27, Abbott said at a press conference that he was "misled" and given "inaccurate" information by law enforcement agencies, adding, "I'm absolutely livid about that." CNN reported that Uvalde Mayor, Don McLaughlin, who sat by Abbott at the press conference, was "left as dumbfounded as the governor by the changing stories of law enforcement".


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: On June 21, McCraw stated that the classroom door had not been locked by the gunman; the classroom door could only be locked from the outside, not from the inside, and a teacher had reported before the shooting that the classroom door's lock was broken.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: On June 2, nine days after the mass shooting, there was a private meeting at Uvalde City Hall. The gathering was arranged by Governor Greg Abbott's office, due to "rising tensions between Uvalde officials." Gov. Abbott's general counsel and his chief of staff Luis Saenz were both in attendance as mediators. Various Uvalde civic leaders were also present, including mayor Don McLaughlin, county judge Bill Mitchell, local district attorney Christina Mitchell Busbee, county attorney John Dodson, local police officials, Uvalde assistant city manager Joe Cardenas, and Uvalde city attorney Paul Tarski.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: During the meeting, a one-page document titled "narrative" was given to Steven McCraw, the state's top police official. This was presented to him by city attorney Paul Tarski. Uvalde city officials then pressured McCraw to publicly endorse their storyline and hold a press conference in which he was asked to change his depiction of events into a version more favorable to their liking: one in which "the quick arrival of officers at the school" would be promoted, highlighting "their success in containing the gunman." The "narrative" document was made available to "The New York Times" following a public information request.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: The city claimed, "There was zero hesitation on any of these officers’ part, they moved directly toward the gunfire" and "The total number of persons saved by the heroes that are local law enforcement and the other assisting agencies is over 500." The document defended the delayed police response prior to final confrontation with the gunman, stating that time was "not wasted but each minute was used to save lives of children and teachers" and that "Absent the shields, every U.P.D. officer was of the opinion that breaching the door was suicide." However, according to "The New York Times", "Some of the footage from the scene raises questions about the city’s account. Video from the hallway of Robb Elementary ... made clear that shields began arriving in the hallway outside the classrooms long before the officers moved in."


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: The city's description of events also conflicted with Steven McCraw's previous statements to the public, in which he portrayed a scene where officers had not adhered to standard training procedures. The hour-long meeting was "heated", and voices were raised. McCraw refused to endorse the city's narrative as presented to him, saying that he disagreed with their summary. District attorney Busbee also objected to the city's narrative and argued her point with the Uvalde city attorney, saying she was "concerned with the release of inaccurate or incomplete information."


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: Ramos' mother said that she had no explanation for her son's attack on the school but that he "had his reasons for doing what he did and please don't judge him. I only want the innocent children who died to forgive me." His father apologized for his son's actions and said, "He should've just killed me, you know, instead of doing something like that."


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: Arnulfo Reyes, the teacher in classroom 111 who lost all 11 of his students present during the shooting, was shot in the arm, lung, and back. Reyes labeled law enforcement as "cowards" for their response during the shooting, saying: "They sit there and did nothing for our community. They took a long time to go in." He also said: "After everything, I get more angry because you [law enforcement] have a bulletproof vest, I have nothing." He commented that no training "gets you ready for this. We trained our kids to sit under the table ... but we set them up to be like ducks ... You can give us all the training you want but gun laws have to change ... I will go anywhere to the end of the world to not let my students die in vain ... I will go to the end of the world to make sure things get changed."


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: Survivors, family members of survivors, and victims spoke to a Congressional panel, the United States House Committee on Oversight and Reform, about two weeks after the shooting. The testimony was done prior to the House debating a bill on June 8 that would raise the minimum age to 21 to purchase certain firearms and toughen prohibitions on untraceable guns. Multiple survivors from the shooting have expressed their fear of returning to school, and have spoken with media outlets to recount their experiences.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: Angeli Gomez, who was handcuffed by police when she ran into the school to rescue her children, was later interviewed by CBS News. She said that she was on probation from charges from a decade prior, and that law enforcement contacted her after the shooting to warn her not to publicize her story because she could face charges for obstruction of justice. Her lawyer later said that she had been harassed by police in two instances, the first when police conducted a traffic stop on her vehicle and falsely accused her of harboring illegal immigrants in it, and the second when a police vehicle stopped outside her home for around 45 minutes and flashed its lights at her and her mother. Although, in a special report by the Uvalde Leader News it was reported that Gomez’s story was false after a investigation into the actions of Ms. Gomez were looked upon by several Uvalde reporters after being refuted by Robb Elementary staff and personnel. Gomez has not responded to the news article.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: On November 28, 2022, the family of victim Eliahna Torres, including her mother, Sandra, filed a lawsuit alongside Everytown for Gun Safety against gun manufacturer Daniel Defense and gun store Oasis Outback, as well as two dozen additional people and entities. The lawsuit alleged that Daniel Defense markets its AR-15 style rifles by “using militaristic imagery and video game references, by marketing on various social media platforms, and by suggesting that its rifles can be used by civilians for offensive combat-style operations against non-combatants“, as well as accusations of unfair marketing tactics and violation of the Federal Trade Commission Act. Oasis Outback, which delivered the rifle used in the attack to Ramos, was accused of negligent transfer of firearms as well as the fact that the store “had a duty not to sell weapons to the just-turned 18-year-old shooter, who it knew or reasonably should have known was likely to harm himself or others”. Ramos was described by witnesses as “nervous” and “behaving suspiciously” while inside the store. Furthermore, the lawsuit filed charges on the accusation of a “failed law enforcement response”, claiming that Eliahna’s Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment rights were violated when she and her fellow students and teachers were involuntarily confined within their classrooms, accompanying additional unlawful seizure and lack of due process accusations towards the law enforcement defendants.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: President Joe Biden ordered flags at federal buildings to be flown at half-staff. In a speech on May 24, Biden highlighted that other countries have "mental health problems", "domestic disputes", and "people who are lost, but these kinds of mass shootings never happen with the kind of frequency they happen in America. Why? Why are we willing to live with this carnage?" Biden said that he was "sick and tired" of mass shootings, declaring "we have to act", and calling for "common sense" gun laws. Biden also spoke to Texas Governor Greg Abbott to offer assistance, according to Biden's communications director.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: On May 25, Abbott held a press conference where he described the shooting as "evil", "intolerable", and "unacceptable". Abbott continued by saying the shooting "could have been worse" if not for the actions of law enforcement, who he described as having provided a "quick response" and showed "amazing courage by running toward gunfire". He proceeded to blame the shooting on "a problem with mental health illness" in the local community, while saying in the same speech that Ramos had no known criminal or mental health history. During the press conference, Beto O'Rourke, the Democratic nominee in the 2022 Texas gubernatorial election, confronted Abbott by telling him, "You said this was not predictable – this was totally predictable, and you choose not to do anything." Don McLaughlin, the Republican mayor of Uvalde since 2014, told O'Rourke to leave the press conference, calling him a "sick son of a bitch" who was making "a political issue", before O'Rourke was escorted out of the auditorium. O'Rourke later criticized Abbott for reducing mental health services in the state and expanding gun access to 18-year-olds.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: The shooting was condemned by former presidents Bill Clinton, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump. Senator Susan Collins (R-ME) described the shooting as an "unbelievably tragic and horrible crime", and she expressed support for red flag laws that help restrict potentially violent individuals from accessing firearms. Senator Ted Cruz (R-TX) called the shooting "yet another act of evil and mass murder". He offered his prayers to the families and children affected by the shooting, and he said that the country has seen "too many of these shootings". Senator Ron Johnson (R-WI) reacted by blaming school shootings in the U.S. on "wokeness", "CRT", and "liberal indoctrination". Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton said that his message for grieving families in Uvalde was: "I believe God always has a plan. Life is short no matter what it is. And certainly, we're not going to make sense of" the killing of children.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: Partly based on a rumor started by an anonymous user on the /pol/ imageboard on 4chan, Representative Paul Gosar (R-AZ) made unsubstantiated claims, on Twitter the day after the shooting, that the perpetrator was a "transsexual leftist illegal alien"; the tweet was taken down within two hours. The false claims were further spread by Representative Marjorie Taylor Greene (R-GA) and other far-right House Republicans and conservative media figures and social media users, despite authorities identifying Ramos as an American citizen.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: Internationally, the shooting was condemned by various governments and politicians, including by the government of Mexico, which said it was working with American authorities to identify Mexican victims. Mexican consul Ismail Naveja responded by going to Uvalde on the day of the shooting, and Mexico said it was providing consular assistance for Mexican nationals. President Andrés Manuel López Obrador commented on the Hispanic origin of the majority of the victims, noting, "Just look at the surnames; they are children, grandchildren of Mexicans... it hurts us a lot." British Prime Minister Boris Johnson and Leader of the Opposition Keir Starmer both paid tribute to the victims in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: The shooting was denounced, among others, by Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, Chinese diplomat Wang Wenbin, the European Union ambassador to the United States Stavros Lambrinidis, French President Emmanuel Macron, German Chancellor Olaf Scholz, Israeli Prime Minister Naftali Bennett, New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres, and Pope Francis. The human-rights group Amnesty International said, "Among wealthier, developed countries, the U.S. is an outlier when it comes to firearm violence. U.S. governments have allowed gun violence to become a human rights crisis." Gérard Araud, the former French ambassador to the United States during the Obama and Trump administrations, said it was a "craziness without any prospect of improvement".


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: Actor Matthew McConaughey, who was born in Uvalde, has also expressed his sympathy towards the victims and families. After the incident, McConaughey visited the White House to push for stricter gun laws and mental health reform.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: President Biden delivered a speech on the shooting and asked, "When in God's name are we going to stand up to the gun lobby?". His lack of a concrete plan attracted controversy from gun control activists. In a speech given on the night of the shooting, Vice President Kamala Harris reacted to the shooting by calling for policy changes to prevent similar shootings. Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer called for the U.S. to pass stricter gun control measures, and he urged Republican members of Congress to resist influence from the National Rifle Association (NRA), a gun-rights lobby that have long been blamed for USA lawmakers' resistance to supporting gun control.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: Top Texas Republican officials, such as Abbott, Lieutenant Governor Dan Patrick, Texas House Speaker Dade Phelan of Beaumont, Attorney General Ken Paxton, Representative Tony Gonzales of San Antonio, and Senators Cornyn and Cruz, resisted the possibility of more comprehensive gun control measures. Abbott said that tougher gun regulations were "not a real solution". Instead of gun control, many Senate Republicans called for increasing security presence in schools, limiting entryways into schools, and arming teachers and other school officials.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: Republican Senator Ron Johnson promoted the Luke and Alex Safety Act, a bill to create a national database of school safety practices, but was silent on whether he was receding from his longstanding opposition to universal background checks. Johnson's move to advance his bill by unanimous consent was blocked, with Schumer saying that the Senate was "going to vote on gun legislation" through consideration of the Domestic Terrorism Prevention Act, and that Johnson's proposal could be considered as part of that process. Senator Cruz commented that some politicians would politicize the shooting to push for stricter gun reforms. Users on social media accused Cruz of hypocrisy for accepting money from gun interest groups, and for planning to speak at the NRA's annual meeting being held in Houston with Abbott and Cornyn.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: The NRA-ILA's annual leadership forum on May 27 in Houston drew heavy criticism in light of the recent shooting. Former President Donald Trump; governors Kristi Noem and Greg Abbott; Texas Lieutenant Governor Dan Patrick; Senators Ted Cruz and John Cornyn; and Representative Dan Crenshaw were previously scheduled to give remarks. Cornyn and Crenshaw subsequently canceled their attendances, and Abbott announced that he would instead appear at a news conference in Uvalde and send pre-recorded remarks to the NRA convention.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: Daniel Defense, the manufacturer of a firearm used in the shooting, decided not to attend. At the event, Trump and other Republicans rejected gun reforms, with Senator Cruz blaming mass shootings in the U.S. on a "cultural sickness" based on fatherless children and an alleged link between violence and video games, and advocated for arming teachers and redesigning schools to have only one entrance and exit. Gun safety advocacy groups such as Moms Demand Action and March for Our Lives, as well as local teachers' unions, Black Lives Matter chapters, the Harris County Democratic Party, and Beto O'Rourke protested outside the convention.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: Gun manufacturer Daniel Defense was met with social media criticism in the wake of the shooting, including criticism of a since-deleted Twitter post made on May 16 depicting a child holding a Daniel Defense rifle, causing the company to make many of its social media accounts private.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: Manuel Oliver, a gun control activist and the father of a Stoneman Douglas High School shooting victim, issued a statement expressing his outrage, and said that the families of the victims do not need the thoughts and prayers of politicians; instead, they "need their kids". Several families of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting victims spoke out, with several calling for stricter gun control. Fred Guttenberg, whose daughter was killed during the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, also called for politicians to enact stricter gun control, and expressed support for the families of Robb Elementary School victims.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: In a press conference during the 2022 NBA playoffs, Golden State Warriors head coach Steve Kerr expressed his outrage at the refusal of American politicians to implement laws on gun control, while the Miami Heat urged their fans to contact state senators "demanding their support for common sense gun laws". The social media accounts for the New York Yankees and Tampa Bay Rays began posting facts about gun violence during a game in St. Petersburg, Florida.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: Starting on May 26, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and the Liberal Party of Canada took steps in proposing new firearms regulations, including a freeze on handgun sales on October 24.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: On June 6, the state of New York passed a new law raising the age from 18 to 21 for people to be able to buy semi-automatic weapons.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: On June 2, the United States House Committee on the Judiciary proposed the Protecting Our Kids Act. The bill notably excludes an assault weapons ban but includes other measures, such as banning those under 21 from purchasing semi-automatic rifles and the import, sale, manufacture, transfer, or possession of high-capacity magazines, requiring bump stocks to be registered under the National Firearms Act and banning them for civilian use. It also redefines ghost guns to require background checks on all sales, strengthens federal offenses for gun trafficking and straw purchases, creates a compensated buyback program between local governments and individuals surrendering such magazines, along with a new tax credit for the sale of safe storage device at home, and penalizes violations of new safe storage requirements on residences. The House later passed the bill, though it is unlikely to pass the Senate. The International Association of Chiefs of Police and the Fraternal Order of Police wrote to congressional leadership offering to help work on gun measures.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: On June 23, the Senate passed the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act with bipartisan support in a 65–33 vote. 15 Senate Republicans voted to support it.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: On June 24, the House of Representatives passed the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act with bipartisan support in a 234–193 vote. House Republican leaders opposed the bill and called for other House Republicans to similarly oppose, but 14 House Republicans still voted to support.


title: Robb Elementary School shooting

text: On June 25, President Joe Biden signed the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act into law. It was the most significant federal gun reform legislation in almost 30 years, since the Brady Bill of 1993 and the since-expired Federal Assault Weapons Ban of 1994.


title: Hiatal hernia

text: A hiatal hernia or hiatus hernia is a type of hernia in which abdominal organs (typically the stomach) slip through the diaphragm into the middle compartment of the chest. This may result in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) with symptoms such as a taste of acid in the back of the mouth or heartburn. Other symptoms may include trouble swallowing and chest pains. Complications may include iron deficiency anemia, volvulus, or bowel obstruction.


title: Hiatal hernia

text: The most common risk factors are obesity and older age. Other risk factors include major trauma, scoliosis, and certain types of surgery. There are two main types: sliding hernia, in which the body of the stomach moves up; and paraesophageal hernia, in which an abdominal organ moves beside the esophagus. The diagnosis may be confirmed with endoscopy or medical imaging. Endoscopy is typically only required when concerning symptoms are present, symptoms are resistant to treatment, or the person is over 50 years of age.


title: Hiatal hernia

text: Symptoms from a hiatal hernia may be improved by changes such as raising the head of the bed, weight loss, and adjusting eating habits. Medications that reduce gastric acid such as H2 blockers or proton pump inhibitors may also help with the symptoms. If the condition does not improve with medications, a surgery to carry out a laparoscopic fundoplication may be an option. Between 10% and 80% of people in the United States are affected.


title: Hiatal hernia

text: Hiatal hernia has often been called the "great mimic" because its symptoms can resemble many disorders. Among them, a person with a hiatal hernia can experience dull pains in the chest, shortness of breath (caused by the hernia's effect on the diaphragm), heart palpitations (due to irritation of the vagus nerve), and swallowed food "balling up" and causing discomfort in the lower esophagus until it passes on to the stomach. In addition, hiatal hernias often result in heartburn but may also cause chest pain or pain with eating.


title: Hiatal hernia

text: In most cases, however, a hiatal hernia does not cause any symptoms. The pain and discomfort that a patient experiences is due to the reflux of gastric acid, air, or bile. While there are several causes of acid reflux, it occurs more frequently in the presence of hiatal hernia.


title: Hiatal hernia

text: In newborns, the presence of Bochdalek hernia can be recognised from symptoms such as difficulty breathing, fast respiration, and increased heart rate.


title: Hiatal hernia

text: The diagnosis of a hiatal hernia is typically made through an upper GI series, endoscopy, high resolution manometry, esophageal pH monitoring, and computed tomography (CT). Barium swallow as in upper GI series allows the size, location, stricture, stenosis of oesophagus to be seen. Besides, it can also evaluate the oesophageal movements. Endoscopy can analyse the esophageal internal surface for erosions, ulcers, and tumours. Meanwhile, manometry can determine the integrity of esophageal movements, and the presence of esophageal achalasia. pH testings allows the quantitative analysis of acid reflux episodes. CT scan is useful in diagnosing complications of hiatal hernia such as gastric volvulus, perforation, pneumoperitoneum, and pneumomediastinum.


title: Hiatal hernia

text: Type I: A type I hernia, also known as a sliding hiatal hernia, occurs when part of the stomach slides up through the hiatal opening in the diaphragm. There is a widening of the muscular hiatal tunnel and circumferential laxity of the phrenoesophageal ligament, allowing a portion of the gastric cardia to herniate upward into the posterior mediastinum. The clinical significance of type I hernias is in their association with reflux disease. Sliding hernias are the most common type and account for 95% of all hiatal hernias. (C)


title: Hiatal hernia

text: Type II: A type II hernia, also known as a paraesophageal or rolling hernia, occurs when the fundus and greater curvature of the stomach roll up through the diaphragm, forming a pocket alongside the esophagus. It results from a localized defect in the phrenoesophageal ligament while the gastroesophageal junction remains fixed to the pre aortic fascia and the median arcuate ligament. The gastric fundus then serves as the leading point of herniation. Although type II hernias are associated with reflux disease, their primary clinical significance lies in the potential for mechanical complications. (D)


title: Hiatal hernia

text: Type III: Type III hernias have elements of both types I and II hernias. With progressive enlargement of the hernia through the hiatus, the phrenoesophageal ligament stretches, displacing the gastroesophageal junction above the diaphragm, thereby adding a sliding element to the type II hernia.


title: Hiatal hernia

text: Type IV: Type IV hiatus hernia is associated with a large defect in the phrenoesophageal ligament, allowing other organs, such as colon, spleen, pancreas and small intestine to enter the hernia sac.


title: Hiatal hernia

text: The end stage of type I and type II hernias occurs when the whole stomach migrates up into the chest by rotating 180° around its longitudinal axis, with the cardia and pylorus as fixed points. In this situation the abnormality is usually referred to as an intrathoracic stomach.


title: Hiatal hernia

text: In the great majority of cases, people experience no significant discomfort, and no treatment is required. People with symptoms should elevate the head of their beds and avoid lying down directly after meals. If the condition has been brought on by stress, stress reduction techniques may be prescribed, or if overweight, weight loss may be indicated.


title: Hiatal hernia

text: Antisecretory drugs such as proton pump inhibitors and H receptor blockers can be used to reduce acid secretion. Medications that reduce the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure should be avoided.


title: Hiatal hernia

text: There is tentative evidence from non-controlled trials that oral neuromuscular training may improve symptoms. This has been approved by the UK National Health Service for supply on prescription from 1 May 2022.


title: Hiatal hernia

text: In some unusual instances, as when the hiatal hernia is unusually large, or is of the paraesophageal type, it may cause esophageal stricture or severe discomfort. About 5% of hiatal hernias are paraesophageal. If symptoms from such a hernia are severe for example if chronic acid reflux threatens to severely injure the esophagus or is causing Barrett's esophagus, surgery is sometimes recommended. However surgery has its own risks including death and disability, so that even for large or paraesophageal hernias, watchful waiting may on balance be safer and cause fewer problems than surgery. Complications from surgical procedures to correct a hiatal hernia may include gas bloat syndrome, dysphagia (trouble swallowing), dumping syndrome, excessive scarring, and rarely, achalasia. Surgical procedures sometimes fail over time, requiring a second surgery to make repairs.


title: Hiatal hernia

text: One surgical procedure used is called Nissen fundoplication. In fundoplication, the gastric fundus (upper part) of the stomach is wrapped, or plicated, around the inferior part of the esophagus, preventing herniation of the stomach through the hiatus in the diaphragm and the reflux of gastric acid. The procedure is now commonly performed laparoscopically. With proper patient selection, laparoscopic fundoplication studies in the 21st century have indicated relatively low complication rates, quick recovery, and relatively good long term results.


title: Hiatal hernia

text: Regarding the discussion of partial versus complete fundoplication procedures, significant variations in the postoperative outcome emphasize the increased prevalence of dysphagia after Nissen. The statistics given support the superiority of laparoscopic over traditional surgery, owing to the greater aesthetic result, shorter admission time – with lower costs – and faster social reintegration.


title: Hiatal hernia

text: Incidence of hiatal hernias increases with age; approximately 60% of individuals aged 50 or older have a hiatal hernia. Of these, 9% are symptomatic, depending on the competence of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). 95% of these are "sliding" hiatal hernias, in which the LES protrudes above the diaphragm along with the stomach, and only 5% are the "rolling" type (paraesophageal), in which the LES remains stationary, but the stomach protrudes above the diaphragm.


title: Hiatal hernia

text: Hiatal hernias are most common in North America and Western Europe and rare in rural African communities. Some have proposed that insufficient dietary fiber and the use of a high sitting position for defecation may increase the risk.


title: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯

text: The infinite series whose terms are the natural numbers is a divergent series. The "n"th partial sum of the series is the triangular number


title: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯

text: which increases without bound as "n" goes to infinity. Because the sequence of partial sums fails to converge to a finite limit, the series does not have a sum.


title: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯

text: Although the series seems at first sight not to have any meaningful value at all, it can be manipulated to yield a number of mathematically interesting results. For example, many summation methods are used in mathematics to assign numerical values even to a divergent series. In particular, the methods of zeta function regularization and Ramanujan summation assign the series a value of , which is expressed by a famous formula


title: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯

text: where the left-hand side has to be interpreted as being the value obtained by using one of the aforementioned summation methods and not as the sum of an infinite series in its usual meaning. These methods have applications in other fields such as complex analysis, quantum field theory, and string theory.


title: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯

text: In a monograph on moonshine theory, University of Alberta Mathematician Terry Gannon calls this equation "one of the most remarkable formulae in science".


title: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯

text: This equation was known to the Pythagoreans as early as the sixth century BCE. Numbers of this form are called triangular numbers, because they can be arranged as an equilateral triangle.


title: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯

text: The infinite sequence of triangular numbers diverges to +∞, so by definition, the infinite series also diverges to +∞. The divergence is a simple consequence of the form of the series: the terms do not approach zero, so the series diverges by the term test.


title: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯

text: Among the classical divergent series, is relatively difficult to manipulate into a finite value. Many summation methods are used to assign numerical values to divergent series, some more powerful than others. For example, Cesàro summation is a well-known method that sums Grandi's series, the mildly divergent series , to . Abel summation is a more powerful method that not only sums Grandi's series to , but also sums the trickier series to .


title: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯

text: Unlike the above series, is not Cesàro summable nor Abel summable. Those methods work on oscillating divergent series, but they cannot produce a finite answer for a series that diverges to +∞. Most of the more elementary definitions of the sum of a divergent series are stable and linear, and any method that is both stable and linear cannot sum to a finite value; see below. More advanced methods are required, such as zeta function regularization or Ramanujan summation. It is also possible to argue for the value of using some rough heuristics related to these methods.


title: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯

text: Srinivasa Ramanujan presented two derivations of "" in chapter 8 of his first notebook. The simpler, less rigorous derivation proceeds in two steps, as follows.


title: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯

text: The first key insight is that the series of positive numbers closely resembles the alternating series . The latter series is also divergent, but it is much easier to work with; there are several classical methods that assign it a value, which have been explored since the 18th century.


title: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯

text: In order to transform the series into , one can subtract 4 from the second term, 8 from the fourth term, 12 from the sixth term, and so on. The total amount to be subtracted is , which is 4 times the original series. These relationships can be expressed using algebra. Whatever the "sum" of the series might be, call it Then multiply this equation by 4 and subtract the second equation from the first:


title: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯

text: The second key insight is that the alternating series is the formal power series expansion of the function but with "x" defined as 1. (This can be seen by equating to the alternating sum of the nonnegative powers of "x", and then differentiating and negating both sides of the equation.) Accordingly, Ramanujan writes


title: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯

text: Generally speaking, it is incorrect to manipulate infinite series as if they were finite sums. For example, if zeroes are inserted into arbitrary positions of a divergent series, it is possible to arrive at results that are not self-consistent, let alone consistent with other methods. In particular, the step is not justified by the additive identity law alone. For an extreme example, appending a single zero to the front of the series can lead to a different result.


title: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯

text: One way to remedy this situation, and to constrain the places where zeroes may be inserted, is to keep track of each term in the series by attaching a dependence on some function. In the series , each term "n" is just a number. If the term "n" is promoted to a function "n", where "s" is a complex variable, then one can ensure that only like terms are added. The resulting series may be manipulated in a more rigorous fashion, and the variable "s" can be set to −1 later. The implementation of this strategy is called zeta function regularization.


title: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯

text: In zeta function regularization, the series formula_6 is replaced by the series formula_7. The latter series is an example of a Dirichlet series. When the real part of "s" is greater than 1, the Dirichlet series converges, and its sum is the Riemann zeta function "ζ"("s"). On the other hand, the Dirichlet series diverges when the real part of "s" is less than or equal to 1, so, in particular, the series that results from setting "s" = –1 does not converge. The benefit of introducing the Riemann zeta function is that it can be defined for other values of "s" by analytic continuation. One can then define the zeta-regularized sum of to be "ζ"(−1).


title: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯

text: From this point, there are a few ways to prove that One method, along the lines of Euler's reasoning, uses the relationship between the Riemann zeta function and the Dirichlet eta function "η"("s"). The eta function is defined by an alternating Dirichlet series, so this method parallels the earlier heuristics. Where both Dirichlet series converge, one has the identities:


title: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯

text: The identity formula_9 continues to hold when both functions are extended by analytic continuation to include values of "s" for which the above series diverge. Substituting , one gets Now, computing "η"(−1) is an easier task, as the eta function is equal to the Abel sum of its defining series, which is a one-sided limit:


title: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯

text: The method of regularization using a cutoff function can "smooth" the series to arrive at . Smoothing is a conceptual bridge between zeta function regularization, with its reliance on complex analysis, and Ramanujan summation, with its shortcut to the Euler–Maclaurin formula. Instead, the method operates directly on conservative transformations of the series, using methods from real analysis.


title: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯

text: where "f" is a cutoff function with appropriate properties. The cutoff function must be normalized to ; this is a different normalization from the one used in differential equations. The cutoff function should have enough bounded derivatives to smooth out the wrinkles in the series, and it should decay to 0 faster than the series grows. For convenience, one may require that "f" is smooth, bounded, and compactly supported. One can then prove that this smoothed sum is asymptotic to , where "C" is a constant that depends on "f". The constant term of the asymptotic expansion does not depend on "f": it is necessarily the same value given by analytic continuation, .


title: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯

text: The Ramanujan sum of is also . Ramanujan wrote in his second letter to G. H. Hardy, dated 27 February 1913:


title: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯

text: Ramanujan summation is a method to isolate the constant term in the Euler–Maclaurin formula for the partial sums of a series. For a function "f", the classical Ramanujan sum of the series formula_13 is defined as


title: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯

text: where "f" is the (2"k" − 1)-th derivative of "f" and "B" is the 2"k"-th Bernoulli number: , , and so on. Setting , the first derivative of "f" is 1, and every other term vanishes, so


title: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯

text: To avoid inconsistencies, the modern theory of Ramanujan summation requires that "f" is "regular" in the sense that the higher-order derivatives of "f" decay quickly enough for the remainder terms in the Euler–Maclaurin formula to tend to 0. Ramanujan tacitly assumed this property. The regularity requirement prevents the use of Ramanujan summation upon spaced-out series like , because no regular function takes those values. Instead, such a series must be interpreted by zeta function regularization. For this reason, Hardy recommends "great caution" when applying the Ramanujan sums of known series to find the sums of related series.


title: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯

text: A summation method that is linear and stable cannot sum the series to any finite value. (Stable means that adding a term to the beginning of the series increases the sum by the same amount.) This can be seen as follows. If


title: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯

text: by stability. By linearity, one may subtract the second equation from the first (subtracting each component of the second line from the first line in columns) to give,


title: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯

text: In bosonic string theory, the attempt is to compute the possible energy levels of a string, in particular, the lowest energy level. Speaking informally, each harmonic of the string can be viewed as a collection of "D" − 2 independent quantum harmonic oscillators, one for each transverse direction, where "D" is the dimension of spacetime. If the fundamental oscillation frequency is "ω", then the energy in an oscillator contributing to the "n"-th harmonic is "nħω"/2. So using the divergent series, the sum over all harmonics is . Ultimately it is this fact, combined with the Goddard–Thorn theorem, which leads to bosonic string theory failing to be consistent in dimensions other than 26.


title: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯

text: The regularization of is also involved in computing the Casimir force for a scalar field in one dimension. An exponential cutoff function suffices to smooth the series, representing the fact that arbitrarily high-energy modes are not blocked by the conducting plates. The spatial symmetry of the problem is responsible for canceling the quadratic term of the expansion. All that is left is the constant term −1/12, and the negative sign of this result reflects the fact that the Casimir force is attractive.


title: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯

text: A similar calculation is involved in three dimensions, using the Epstein zeta-function in place of the Riemann zeta function.


title: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯

text: It is unclear whether Leonhard Euler summed the series to . According to Morris Kline, Euler's early work on divergent series relied on function expansions, from which he concluded . According to Raymond Ayoub, the fact that the divergent zeta series is not Abel-summable prevented Euler from using the zeta function as freely as the eta function, and he "could not have attached a meaning" to the series. Other authors have credited Euler with the sum, suggesting that Euler would have extended the relationship between the zeta and eta functions to negative integers. In the primary literature, the series is mentioned in Euler's 1760 publication alongside the divergent geometric series . Euler hints that series of this type have finite, negative sums, and he explains what this means for geometric series, but he does not return to discuss . In the same publication, Euler writes that the sum of is infinite.


title: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯

text: David Leavitt's 2007 novel "The Indian Clerk" includes a scene where Hardy and Littlewood discuss the meaning of this series. They conclude that Ramanujan has rediscovered "ζ"(−1), and they take the "lunatic asylum" line in his second letter as a sign that Ramanujan is toying with them.


title: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯

text: Simon McBurney's 2007 play "A Disappearing Number" focuses on the series in the opening scene. The main character, Ruth, walks into a lecture hall and introduces the idea of a divergent series before proclaiming, "I'm going to show you something really thrilling", namely . As Ruth launches into a derivation of the functional equation of the zeta function, another actor addresses the audience, admitting that they are actors: "But the mathematics is real. It's terrifying, but it's real."


title: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯

text: In January 2014, Numberphile produced a YouTube video on the series, which gathered over 1.5 million views in its first month. The 8-minute video is narrated by Tony Padilla, a physicist at the University of Nottingham. Padilla begins with and and relates the latter to using a term-by-term subtraction similar to Ramanujan's argument. Numberphile also released a 21-minute version of the video featuring Nottingham physicist Ed Copeland, who describes in more detail how as an Abel sum, and as "ζ"(−1). After receiving complaints about the lack of rigour in the first video, Padilla also wrote an explanation on his webpage relating the manipulations in the video to identities between the analytic continuations of the relevant Dirichlet series.


title: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯

text: In "The New York Times" coverage of the Numberphile video, mathematician Edward Frenkel commented: "This calculation is one of the best-kept secrets in math. No one on the outside knows about it."


title: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ⋯

text: Coverage of this topic in "Smithsonian" magazine describes the Numberphile video as misleading and notes that the interpretation of the sum as relies on a specialized meaning for the "equals" sign, from the techniques of analytic continuation, in which "equals" means "is associated with".


title: Arjun Sarja

text: Srinivasa "Arjun" Sarja is an Indian actor, producer, and director who works predominantly in the Tamil film industry, in addition to Kannada and Telugu languages as well. Referred to by the media and his fans as "Action King" for his roles in action films, Arjun has acted in more than 160 films, most of them being lead roles. He is one of few South Indian actors to attract fan following from multiple states of India. He has directed 12 films and also produced and distributed a number of films.


title: Arjun Sarja

text: In 1993, he starred in S. Shankar's blockbuster "Gentleman" which opened to positive reviews, while Arjun went on to win the Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor. During this time, he starred in hits such as "Jai Hind" (1994), "Karnaa" (1995), and the action thriller film "Kurudhipunal" (1995), for which Arjun won acclaim for his role while the film became India's official entry for the 68th Academy Awards in the Best Foreign Language Film category. In 1999, he starred in the political action-thriller, "Mudhalvan" (1999), which earned him the Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor for his role as well as numerous other nominations. He was then featured in Vasanth's romantic drama film "Rhythm", where he played a photographer, who eventually falls in love with a widow. Featuring a popular soundtrack and opening to positive reviews, "Rhythm" also became a commercial success.


title: Arjun Sarja

text: Arjun made appearances in the bilingual film "Sri Manjunatha" (2001) and the Telugu film "Hanuman Junction" (2001). In 2012, he appeared in the Kannada film "Prasad", which screened at the Berlin Film Festival. He won the Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor for his work in the film. The multilingual film "Abhimanyu" (2014) won the Karnataka State Film Award for Second Best Film.


title: Arjun Sarja

text: Sarja was born to actor Shakti Prasad, and his mother was Lakshmi, an art teacher. He had one elder brother Kishore Sarja, who directed Kannada films. Arjun had always thought and dreamt of becoming a police officer but his fate took him into an entirely different direction.


title: Arjun Sarja

text: Arjun is an ardent devotee of Hanuman. He is building the Hanuman temple at the outskirts of Chennai. A 35-foot statue of the Lord Anjaneya was sculpted exclusively for the temple and the statue of the Hanuman is in a sitting posture and weighs around 140 tonnes. The sitting posture of the Hanuman statue is first of its kind in India. The single-stone statue is in 35 feet high and 12 feet wide and 7 feet thick.


title: Arjun Sarja

text: His nephews Chiranjeevi Sarja and Dhruva Sarja have acted in Kannada movies. Another nephew of Arjun, Bharat Sarja, made his acting debut in 2014. Sarja, inspired by Bruce Lee's 1973 film "Enter the Dragon", began training Karate at the age of 16 and now holds a black belt.


title: Arjun Sarja

text: He is married to Niveditha Arjun in 1988, a former actress who has appeared in the 1986 Kannada film "Ratha Sapthami" under the stage name of Asha Rani. Kannada actor Rajesh is his father-in-law. Sarja has two daughters, Aishwarya and Anjana. Aishwarya Arjun made her acting debut in 2013.


title: Arjun Sarja

text: Arjun's father Shakti Prasad, a renowned actor of Kannada films, did not want his son to become an actor and turned down film offers that Arjun began to receive as a teenager. In a surprise move, film producer Rajendra Singh Babu managed to convince Arjun to begin shooting for a feature film for his production house without Shakti Prasad's express permission and consequently, his father agreed to Arjun's career choice. The film "Simhada Mari Sainya" (1981) featured him as a junior artiste and the director of the film gave him the stage name of Arjun, replacing his original name Ashok Babu. While he began to establish himself Kannada films, he received an offer from actor-producer A. V. M. Rajan and director Rama Narayanan to do a Tamil film "Nandri" (1984). Simultaneously he was offered a Telugu film, Kodi Ramakrishna's "Maa Pallelo Gopaludu" (1985) in Telugu too which went on to be a big success, running for a year in three centers.


title: Arjun Sarja

text: His career as an actor began to take off in the mid-1980s and he sometimes worked for up to seven shifts in a day to keep up with the films he had committed to do. In Telugu, he established himself as a bankable actor with roles in films such as "Naga Devatha" (1986) and "Manavadostunnadu" (1987). In Tamil, his successful films during the period included "Shankar Guru" (1987), "Thaimel Aanai" (1988), "Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu" (1989) and "Sonthakkaran" (1989). By 1990, his films lost box office value and he was out of work in Tamil and Telugu films for almost a year.


title: Arjun Sarja

text: In 1992, he subsequently chose to direct his feature film "Sevagan". Soon after, Shankar cast him in the lead role in his first film, "Gentleman" (1993), after much persuasion. Arjun had initially rejected the film without listening to Shankar's narration but the director's persistence prompted him to feature in the film as a vigilante against corruption. The film opened to positive reviews and went on to become a trendsetter in the Tamil film industry, as well as achieving significant box office success, while Arjun went on to win the State Award for Best Actor. His change of fortune at the box office continued and Arjun began to gain ground as a bankable lead star in action films after his films including his patriotic directorial venture "Jai Hind" (1994) and "Karnaa" (1995), where he played a dual role, went on to become blockbusters. Kamal Haasan approached Arjun to play a police officer in the action thriller film "Kurudhipunal" (1995), and the actor accepted the opportunity and agreed to do the film even without hearing the narration. Arjun won positive acclaim for his role, while the film became India's official entry for the 68th Academy Awards Best Foreign Language Film category.


title: Arjun Sarja

text: In the late 1990s, after a series of action films, including "Sengottai" (1996) and "Thaayin Manikodi" (1998), he teamed up again with Shankar in the political drama film "Mudhalvan" (1999). Portraying an ambitious TV journalist who receives the opportunity to become the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for a day, Arjun offered bulk dates for filming the project to Shankar. The film subsequently won positive reviews with Arjun described as having "acquitted himself with aplomb in the challenging role". Arjun received the Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor for his role as well as numerous other nominations.


title: Arjun Sarja

text: Arjun then briefly experimented in softer roles, portraying critically acclaimed characters of businessman with "shades of grey" in Prabhu Solomon's "Kannodu Kanbathellam" (1999) and as an energetic civil service officer in "Vaanavil" (2000). He then featured in Vasanth's romantic drama film "Rhythm" (2000), where he played a photographer, who eventually falls in love with another widower. Featuring a popular soundtrack and opening to positive reviews, "Rhythm" also became a commercial success, with a critic noting "Arjun is as polished as ever" and adding "who would have conceived this idea that the "action king" could attempt a soft-natured role of this kind". He carried on with a lighter theme in his next directorial venture, the love story "Vedham" (2001), while he ventured into Telugu cinema again by appearing in Raja's "Hanuman Junction" and as a Hindu devotee in "Sri Manjunatha" (2001).


title: Arjun Sarja

text: The image of "action king" made him popular with town and village centre audiences, who appreciated the actor's fight and stunt scenes. He thus actively chose to specialise in action films, often collaborating with directors who specialised in them such as Sundar C, Venkatesh and Selva. In the mid-2000s, he appeared in several action films with the same premise, often portraying a police officer or a local do-gooder. He directed and featured in both the action films "Ezhumalai" (2002) and "Parasuram" (2003), while also being involved in Maharajan's "Arasatchi" (2004). Some of his films, "Giri" (2004) and "Marudhamalai" (2007), were box office successes, with several of his projects were not, including "Madrasi" (2006), "Vathiyar" (2006) and "Durai" (2008), in all of which he was the story writer.


title: Arjun Sarja

text: Despite not achieving any significant hit films in the 2000s, producers often considered Arjun as a "minimum guarantee" actor and felt his sizable fan following the four Southern States of India would help recover money even through dubbed versions. In a rare experimental film for him in the decade, he portrayed the role of the Hindu deity Hanuman in Krishna Vamsi's devotional film "Sri Anjaneyam" (2004) and worked on the film without receiving remuneration as a self-confessed worshipper of the deity.


title: Arjun Sarja

text: Since the turn of the decade, Arjun has attempted to move away from his "action king" image and accepted to star in films where he would play the antagonist or a supporting role, with the move drawing praise from film critics. In 2011, Arjun accepted the opportunity to act alongside Ajith Kumar in Venkat Prabhu's action thriller "Mankatha", with critics praising his performance as a police officer in the blockbuster. The following year he appeared in Kannada film "Prasad", for which he won the Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor. Portraying a middle-class father with a deaf and dumb son, Arjun noted it was a rewarding experience for him to break the monotony of his standard roles and attempt something different, admitting he was moved by the script. The film opened to unanimously positive reviews in March 2012 and then was selected to be screened at the Berlin Film Festival, with critics labelling Arjun's portrayal as a "stunning performance" and his "career-best".


title: Arjun Sarja

text: Arjun collaborated with Mani Ratnam with "Kadal" (2013), in which the actor portrayed a negative role of a smuggler in coastal Tamil Nadu. While the film opened to mixed reviews and became a box office failure, Arjun won rave reviews for his portrayal with Sify.com noting Arjun is "deliciously despicable in his career's most memorable negative role" and The Hindu labelling him as "brilliant". He then won acclaim for his portrayal of a real-life police officer K. Vijay Kumar in the Kannada film "Attahasa" (2013), the biopic of notorious forest brigand Veerappan, as well as for his role of a paralysed swimming coach in Vasanth's romance film, "Moondru Per Moondru Kadal" (2013).


title: Arjun Sarja

text: His directorial venture, "Jai Hind 2" (2014) contained a message about the declining state of the Indian education system. The film became a box office success in Kannada, while the Tamil and Telugu versions did not perform well at the box office. In 2016, he played a realistic police officer in Bharathiraja's critically acclaimed "Final Cut of Director" (dubbed in Tamil as "Bommalattam"), where a reviewer felt his "showcase of the soft, subtle yet unrelenting cop was noteworthy". In 2017, he appeared in his 150th film "Nibunan", an action thriller where he played a police officer hunting a serial killer. The film won positive reviews, with a critic noting that Arjun "looks stylish and suave as the fit and honest officer, and excels in a couple of action blocks he gets". He then directed a bilingual film titled "Prema Baraha" (2018) starring his daughter Aishwarya Arjun in the leading role While, the Kannada version performed well, the Tamil version, "Sollividava", went unnoticed at the box office. He starred in the Telugu films "Lie" (2017) and "Naa Peru Surya, Naa Illu India" (2018). "Irumbu Thirai" (2018) showed a different Arjun to the audience. "Kolaigaran" (2019) was also a performance-oriented film. Arjun Sarja's performance as Karna is another highlight of the movie "Kurukshetra" (2019).


title: Arjun Sarja

text: In October 2018, as part of the ＃MeToo movement, actress Shruthi Hariharan accused Arjun Sarja of misconduct, in November 2015, on the set of the 2016 film "Vismaya (Nibunan in Tamil)", where she was portraying Arjun Sarja's wife. After her allegations, Arjun Sarja completely denied her allegations and filed Rs 5 crore defamation suit against Sruthi Hariharan.


title: Arjun Sarja

text: After Arjun's defamation case was filed, Sruthi Hariharan filed a sexual harassment case with the police with a new set of stories. The Bangalore Police immediately investigated this case and they submitted their report also. In their report, they said there was "no evidence" in favor of her.


title: Arjun Sarja

text: In this investigation, All crew members of this film said there was no such incident that happened on the sets and director Arun Vaidyanathan who was named as the eye-witness in the case, said Arjun Sarja is a nice person. He said The romantic scene script was already finalized before the shooting. According to the director, Arjun Sarja had asked the filmmaker to reduce the romantic scenes in the movie. He had also said that Arjun Sarja and Sruthi Hariharan are good friends and he never noticed Arjun Sarja misbehaving with Sruthi on the sets.


title: Al Jolson

text: Al Jolson (born Eizer Yoelson; June 9, 1886 – October 23, 1950) was a Lithuanian-American Jewish singer, comedian, actor, and vaudevillian. He was one of the United States' most famous and highest-paid stars of the 1920s, and was self-billed as "The World's Greatest Entertainer." Jolson was known for his "shamelessly sentimental, melodramatic approach" towards performing, as well as for popularizing many of the songs he sang. Jolson has been referred to by modern critics as "the king of blackface performers."


title: Al Jolson

text: Although best remembered today as the star of the first talking picture, "The Jazz Singer" (1927), he starred in a series of successful musical films during the 1930s. After the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, he was the first star to entertain troops overseas during World War II. After a period of inactivity, his stardom returned with "The Jolson Story" (1946), in which Larry Parks played Jolson, with the singer dubbing for Parks. The formula was repeated in a sequel, "Jolson Sings Again" (1949). In 1950, he again became the first star to entertain GIs on active service in the Korean War, performing 42 shows in 16 days. He died weeks after returning to the U.S., partly owing to the physical exhaustion from the performance schedule. Defense Secretary George Marshall posthumously awarded him the Medal for Merit.


title: Al Jolson

text: According to music historian Larry Stempel, "No one had heard anything quite like it before on Broadway." Stephen Banfield wrote that Jolson's style was "arguably the single most important factor in defining the modern musical."


title: Al Jolson

text: With his dynamic style of singing jazz and blues, he became widely successful by extracting traditionally African-American music and popularizing it for white American audiences who would be unwilling to listen to it when performed by black artists. Despite his promotion and perpetuation of black stereotypes, his work was often well-regarded by black publications and he has been credited for fighting against black discrimination on Broadway as early as 1911. In an essay written in 2000, music critic Ted Gioia remarked, "If blackface has its shameful poster boy, it is Al Jolson", showcasing Jolson's complex legacy in American society.


title: Al Jolson

text: Al Jolson was born Eizer Yoelson in the Jewish village of Srednike () now known as Seredžius, near Kaunas in Lithuania, then part of the Russian Empire. He was the fifth and youngest child of Nechama "Naomi" (née Cantor, c. 1858–1895) and Moses Rubin Yoelson (–1945); his four siblings were Rose (–1939), Etta (–1948), another sister who died in infancy, and Hirsch (Harry) (–1953). Jolson did not know his date of birth, as birth records were not kept at that time in that region, and he gave his birth year as 1885.


title: Al Jolson

text: In 1891, his father, who was qualified as a rabbi and cantor, moved to New York City to secure a better future for his family. By 1894, Moses Yoelson could afford to pay the fare to bring Nechama and their four children to the U.S. By the time they arrived—as steerage passengers on the SS "Umbria" arriving at the Port of New York on April 9, 1894—he had found work as a cantor at Talmud Torah Congregation in the Southwest Waterfront neighborhood of Washington, D.C., where the family was reunited.