title: Al Ahly SC

text: The first official football team was established in 1911. The team was primary and secondary school players who played the ball in Al-Hawash, which was established in 1909 in the club's land. The names of the first players of Al Ahly were as follows: Hussain Higazi, Abdel Fattah Taher, Fouad Darwish, Hussein Mansour, and Ibrahim Fahmy. The star of this team was the striker Hussein Hegazi.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: In 1915, Al Ahly made tours of Egyptian cities to play matches and to spread football and its culture. Al Ahly played in Alexandria, Port Said, Assiut, and Ismailia. The team, led by the star Hussein Hegazy, faced many teams, including foreign teams belonging to the British army, which increased the popularity of Al Ahly and the new game in Egypt.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Ahly contributed with Zamalek SC, El Sekka El Hadid SC in the formation of the first football team of Egypt to participate in the Olympic games 1920. The club also contributed to the establishment of the Egyptian Football Association. In 1923, Al Ahly played an active role in the establishment of the Egyptian Tennis Federation.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: After Al Ahly's refusal to compete with foreign Allied clubs in the Sultan Hussein Cup in its first edition in 1917, the club's management decided to participate in the 1918 championship.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: In 1923, Al-Ahly won the Sultan Hussain Cup after beating the defending champion Zamalek, then added six other titles to be the record holder in the number of wins until the last edition in 1938.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: The club followed winning the Sultan Hussain Cup with the King Farouk Cup in 1924 for the first time, defeating El Sekka El Hadid 4–1 in the final.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: In the summer of 1929, Al Ahly's football team made a tour, the first of its kind where the team traveled to face several European clubs, such as Fenerbahçe and Galatasaray in Turkey and BFC Preussen, 1860 Munich and Schalke in Germany. The tour ended with Al Ahly playing the last two games in Bulgaria against Levski Sofia and Slavia Sofia.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: In November 1930, Al-Ahly defeated traditional rival Zamalek 4–0 in a match in the Cairo League. In that game, Mokhtar El Tetsh was the first player to score a hat trick in the Cairo Derby. At the end of the 1936–1937 season, Al Ahly managed to win the league in the last round by defeating Zamalek 4–1, finishing three points ahead of their rivals. The club achieved the double by winning the King Farouk Cup with a 3–2 Victory over El Sekka El Hadid SC, in a match where Abdel Karim Saqr scored the winning goal in the last minutes.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Inaugurated in 1917, Al Ahly won the last version of the Sultan Hussein Cup held in 1938, with a difficult 1–0 victory over Al Masry in the final match, as Mustafa Latif scored the winning goal in the first half of extra time. The club won the Cairo League, again in the last round, with a large 5–1 victory over the second placed Zamalek, with Saleh Al Sawwaf scoring two goals, and Mokhtar El-Tetsh, Jamil Saber and Abdel-Majid El-Ashry scoring one goal each.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: The team traveled to Mandatory Palestine in 1943 on a 23-day tour, headed by club legend Mokhtar El Tetsh, to play several matches with Arab teams to support Palestine against the Zionists.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: The decision came, despite the refusal of the president of the Egyptian Football Association Haider Pasha due to the pressure from the British, due to their known position against the Palestinian issue.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: In the first edition of the Egyptian Premier League, held for the first time in 1948, Al Ahly won the first match 5–0 against Greek Alexandria. Ahmed Makkawi scored the first goal for Al Ahly in the history of the competition in the 11th minute.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Mekkawi added a second goal in the second half, and Helmy Abu El-Maaty, Mohamed Lahita and Fathi Khattab each scored one goal.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: The first team to represent Al Ahly in the competition was composed of: Kamal Hamed – Abdulaziz Hamami – Muhammad Abu Habajah – Abdel Moneim Shatara – Sayed Othman – Hilmi Abu Al-Moaty – Fouad Sedki – Muhammad Lheta – Ahmed Mekkawi – Saleh Selim – Fathi Khattab.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Mokhatr al Tetsh led Al Ahly to win the first championship in the club's history as a player and also led the club to win the first league in the club's history as a manager, achieving a double of the league and the cup for the first time after defeating Zamalek 3–1 in the 1949 King Farouk Cup final. Toto, Hussein Madkour and Fathi Khattab scored for Al Ahly.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: The 1949–50 season witnessed a historical superiority for Al Ahly by the "Golden Fifties Generation", led by Saleh Selim, Toto and Ahmed Mekkawi, winning all the local championships. Al Ahly won the Egyptian Premier League after a strong competition with Tersana ended with the two teams tying in points. The league winner was decided by a play-off match; Al Ahly clinched the league after defeating Tersana 2–1 in the play-off. Goals were scored by Toto and Fathi Khattab. The club also won the Cairo League, one point ahead of Tersana. In the Egypt Cup, Al Ahly Defeated Tersana in the final by a big score 6–0.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: In the 1950–51 season, Al Ahly won the double, by winning the league for the third consecutive time despite the strong competition with Zamalek, as well as a difficult victory in the King Farouk Cup final against El Sekka El Hadid. Following the dethroning of King Farouk in the 1952 revolution, Ahly appointed Gamal Abdel Nasser as club honorary president.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: In the 1951–52 season, the league championship was cancelled due to the 1952 revolution, and to allow the national team to prepare for the 1952 Summer Olympics. However, the Egypt Cup and the Cairo League were played normally. Al Ahly lost both tournaments to Zamalek. The competition returned the following season and Al Ahly managed to win it for the fourth time in a row, with a narrow two points ahead of Zamalek, after the two teams tied 2–2 in the last round. In the cup, Al Ahly managed to defeat the defending champions Zamalek 4–1 in the final, in a match where Saleh Selim scored two goals and his older brother Abdel-Wahab Selim scored a goal.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: In the 1956–57 season, the number of teams increased to 14 teams, and Al Ahly managed to win the league nine points ahead from Zamalek the runner-up, to win the seventh title in a row. It was the first time that the team had reached 40 points.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Al Ahly won the 1958–59 league championship for the ninth time in a row. El-Sayed El-Dhizui became the first Al Ahly player to be the top goal scorer in the league. The team scored 55 goals in just 18 games that season, more than 20 goals from their nearest competitors.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: After losing the league for the first time since the start of the competition, Al Ahly won the league for the tenth time in the club's history, in the 1960–61 season.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: After the 1967 Six-Day War and the suspension of sporting activity in Egypt, Al Ahly's board headed by Ibrahim Kamel El-Wakil announced that the club will host the military training for the members volunteering in the Egyptian Army, as well as collecting donations in the name of the club to support the military.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: An entire generation of football stars retired because of the war, like: Saleh Selim, Tariq Salim, Taha Ismail, Rifaat El-Fanagily, Adel Haikal and Mahmoud El-Gohary. Al-Ahly did not win the league for another 13 years.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: After years of deterioration, the club took the first steps in recovery when the management decided to sign Nándor Hidegkuti as head coach in September 1973, at a salary of fewer than 600 dollars. Hidegkuti introduced a new generation known as "El Talamza" (the students). The league title returned to Al Ahly in 1974–75, with the team scoring 70 goals in 34 games. Al Ahly's first participation in the African Champions League was in 1976. An unsuccessful start, the team got knocked out from the first round by MC Alger. Al Khatib scored the first continental goal for Al Ahly.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: The club won the league in 1975–76 and 1976–77. The latter season saw the second participation in African competition, where the team fared better than the first time. They eventually bowed out in the quarter-finals by Accra Hearts of Oak S.C. From 1978 to 1980, Hidegkuti refused to take part in the CAF Champions League due to lack of financial resources and exhausting journeys in Africa.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Zamalek remained ahead of Al Ahly by six points in the 1981–82 Egyptian Premier League season. That season, a match won was counted in two points, not three. Last matches in the competition witnessed a dip in form by Zamalek until Al Ahly managed to win the championship with three points ahead of them, after a goalless Cairo derby draw in the last round. Al Ahly reached the semi-final of 1981 African Cup of Champions Clubs but withdrew because of the assassination of the President Anwar Sadat.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Al Ahly won the 1982 African Cup of Champions Clubs, known today as the CAF Champions League, defeating Asante Kotoko S.C. in the final. They won the first leg 3–0. Mahmoud El Khatib scored two goals, and Alaa Mayhoub scored one. The first leg was held on 28 November at the Cairo Stadium in front of 60,000 spectators. In the second leg, in Kumasi, Mahmoud El Khatib returned to score again and the game ended 1–1. The second leg was held on 12 December in Kumasi, Ghana, and was attended by more than 70,000 spectators. Al Ahly during this edition of the tournament played ten games, achieved victory in all five games at home, lost two games and tied in three away. The biggest result was a 5–0 victory against Young Africans S.C. in the round of 16. The club scored 16 goals and conceded five goals only in this tournament. After 15 years, Al Ahly finally won their first continental championship.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Al Ahly reached the final of the African Champions League for the second time in a row in 1983, but rivals Kotoko managed to avenge their defeat by scoring the only goal in both matches. The first leg was played on 27 November at Cairo Stadium in the presence of 90,000 spectators, attended by the former President Hosni Mubarak, and ended 0–0. The second leg took place on 11 December in Kumasi in the presence of 70,000 spectators, ended with 1–0 win scored by Opoku Nti in the 22nd minute. The goal of the match was from a clear offside.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Al Ahly reached a continental final again in 1984, this time in the African Cup Winners' Cup against Canon Yaoundé. Al-Ahly won on penalties in the Cameroonian capital after a 1–1 draw in both games. The 1984–85 season was one of the best seasons in the history of Al Ahly, as the Red Giants won the cup and the league, as well as winning the African Cup Winners Cup for the second time in a row by defeating Leventis United 2–1 on aggregate. For the third time in a row, Al Ahly won the African Cup Winners' Cup in 1986 after winning the league, by defeating AS Sogara in the final 3–2 on aggregate, with Taher Abouzeid scoring two goals and Magdi Abdel Ghani scoring once.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Al Ahly won the Egyptian League in the 1986–87 season under the management of the coach Taha Ismail. The competition with Zamalek continued until the last round, when Al Ahly was two points ahead. The club was able to beat Zamalek in the last round 2–1 with two goals scored by Ayman Shawky.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Al Ahly won the 1987 African Cup of Champions Clubs by defeating Al-Hilal Club in the final. The first leg was a 0–0 draw played on 29 November in the Sudanese capital Khartoum, attended by 50,000 Sudanese and 500 Egyptian spectators. The second leg was held on 18 December at the Cairo Stadium in the presence of 80,000 spectators, and ended 2–0 for Al Ahly. Jamal Thaalab scored an own goal and Ayman Shawky scored the second goal. Three days after the match, club legend Mahmoud El Khatib decided to retire after 17 years at the club, in a press conference attended by a large crowd of journalists.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Al Ahly won the Egypt Cup title in 1992 by defeating the league champions Zamalek 2–1 in an exciting final. Ayman Shawky scored the winning goal in the 92nd minute with a header. After winning the cup for the third time in a row in 1993, Al Ahly returned to Africa by winning the African Cup Winners' Cup for the fourth time in its history in 1993, which was the last participation of the club in this tournament. Al Ahly defeated Africa Sports d'Abidjan in the final with a penalty scored by Adel Abdelrahman in Cairo Stadium after a 1–1 draw in the first leg. In the same season, the club won the Egypt Cup by beating Ghazl El Mahalla SC 3–2 in the final.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: After three years without winning the league, the title returned to Al Ahly in the 1993–94 season under the management of Alan Harris after a strong competition with Ismaily SC, which was only decided by a playoff match in which the Red Giants won 4–3 in Alexandria with a hat-trick scored by Mohamed Ramadan.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Al Ahly participated in the Arab Championships for the first time in 1994 after a decision to boycott the African tournaments due to weak financial returns and complaints about the refereeing decisions in the 1994 CAF Super Cup. Al Ahly won the 1994 Arab Cup Winners' Cup by defeating Al Shabab in the final 1–0 with a goal scored by Felix Aboagye. After leading Al Ahly to their second consecutive league title and the Arab Super Cup in Morocco, Reiner Hollmann left Al Ahly at the end of 1997, after finishing second in the 1997 Arab Club Champions Cup in Tunisia. He was replaced by his countryman Rainer Zobel, who succeeded in winning the league championship for the fifth consecutive season in 1997–98 and winning the 1998 Arab Super Cup title with Zobel for the second successive season, beating MC Oran and Al-Shabab, and drawing with Club Africain.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: In the summer of 2001, Ahly signed Manuel José to take on the leadership of the team, the first time in the club's history to have a Portuguese manager. Jose's first acquaintance with Al Ahly was a friendly match against Real Madrid in August 2001, when Al Ahly stunned Madrid with a 1–0 win with a goal by Sunday Chibuike at the Cairo Stadium. The goal came after Khaled Bebo embarked on a counter-attacking solo run before passing to Hossam Ghaly who beat the Real goalkeeper and passed it to Sunday who shoot it into the empty net.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: This was the fourth time Al Ahly had defeated a European champion, the others being a 3–2 victory over Benfica in 1963 who had won the European Cup in 1961 and 1962 and reached the final in 1963, a 2–1 win against Bayern Munich in 1977, and finally, defeating Steaua București 3–0 in 1986.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Al Ahly won the African Champions League title after a 4–1 victory over Mamelodi Sundowns F.C. The first leg was held on 8 December at the Loftus Versfeld Stadium in the South African capital Pretoria, and ended in a 1–1 draw. Gift Kampamba scored in the 26th minute, and Sayed Abdel Hafeez equalized in the 58th minute. The second leg was held on 21 December at the Cairo International Stadium in the presence of 75,000 spectators, and ended with a victory for Al Ahly with three goals scored by Khaled Bebo.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Al Ahly also confirmed their continental supremacy by grabbing the Super Cup with a victory over yet another South African team. This time defeating Kaizer Chiefs F.C. 4–1 in Cairo, in a match that saw Al Ahly's goalkeeper Essam El Hadary scoring his historic goal. Manuel Jose was unable to collect any local championships in his first term, although his team was able to achieve an emphatic 6–1 victory against the defending champion Zamalek in the league, with Khaled Bebo scoring four goals. It is the first and only time in the history of the Cairo derby that any player had achieved that feat. At the end of the season, Jose was sacked and replaced by the Dutchman Johannes Bonfrere on a one-year contract, on a monthly salary of $18,000. The club's decision to sack Jose was not welcomed by the majority of the fans.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Al Ahly achieved victory in all the matches of the first 14 rounds of the 2004–05 Egyptian Premier League, to win the Premier League title for the 29th time in the club history and the first local championship for the Portuguese coach Manuel José who was rehired by the club. Al Ahly won the league by a record 31 point difference from Enppi, the closest competitor. It was the first time that a club won all their matches in the first half of a season since the league began in 1948.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Al Ahly also won their second Egyptian Super Cup in July 2005 by defeating Enppi 1–0, with a goal scored in extra time by Wael Gomaa. At the end of 2005, the club clinched the CAF Champions League for the fourth time in their history after defeating Étoile du Sahel 3–0 in the final in Cairo. The first leg was played on 29 October at the Stade Olympique de Sousse, Tunisia, and ended 0–0. The second leg was played on 12 November at the Cairo Military Academy Stadium in the presence of 30,000 spectators, due to renovations at Cairo International Stadium in preparation for hosting the 2006 African Nations Cup. Al Ahly won 3–0, with goals scored by Mohamed Aboutrika, Osama Hosni, and Mohammed Barakat.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: With their Champions League triumph, the team would go on to set an unprecedented record of going an entire season unbeaten in all competitions. 46 matches were played in the Egyptian Premier League, Egypt Cup, Egyptian Super Cup, and the CAF Champions League combined, with the club completing a quadruple winning all the aforementioned competitions. The club also set another record of not losing in 52 games in 852 days. Al Ahly then made their first appearance at a FIFA Club World Cup in December 2005, but had an unsuccessful campaign as the team lost to Al-Ittihad in the first round and then lost the fifth-place to Sydney FC.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Many believe that 2006–07 season is the best season in the history of Al Ahly in terms of achievements, starting with the Egyptian Super Cup for the second time with another win over Enppi, with a goal in the stoppage time. The club also won the league for the second time in a row. Al Ahly then returned to the Egyptian Cup with a 3–0 win over Zamalek SC, achieving a domestic treble.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Al Ahly dominated Africa again by reaching the final against CS Sfaxien, drawing the first leg 1–1 in the Cairo Stadium, with goals scored by Abu Trika in the first half from a direct free kick, and then an equalizer from Frimpong for Sfaxien, five minutes in the second half. CS Sfaxien were the favorites to win the cup for the first time in their history. In the last seconds of the second leg, however, the result was 0–0 until Mohamed Aboutrika scored the only goal of the match on the volley, to clinch the title for Al Ahly.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: The club then participated in the 2006 FIFA Club World Cup for the second time in a row, in the championship held in Japan. Al Ahly's participation this time was a progress to the previous one, as they defeated Auckland City FC in the quarter-final 2–0 with two goals scored by Flávio Amado and Mohamed Aboutrika in the second half. The team qualified for the semi-finals to face Brazilian club Internacional, losing 2–1 by goals from Alexandre Pato and Luiz Adriano, while Flavio scored for Al Ahly in the second half. The club managed to achieve the bronze medal for the first time in African history by defeating Club América 2–1 in Yokohama. Mohamed Aboutrika scoring the two goals, while Salvador Cabañas scored the only goal for the Mexican club.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Al Ahly played the 2007 CAF Super Cup on 18 February at the Addis Ababa Stadium as the champion of the 2006 CAF Champions League against the ES Sahel, the champion of the 2006 CAF Confederation Cup. Al Ahly suffered from many absentees at this stage due to injuries. However, the match went to penalties after the extra time ended with a goalless draw, which Al Ahly won 5–4 on shootout. After achieving the Super Cup title, the club equalled the record set by Zamalek with 3 Super Cup titles, before adding three other titles to set a new record. Al Ahly also set another record as the club with most participations in the African Super Cup (8 times).


title: Al Ahly SC

text: The Red Giants continued dominating the league title, winning the Egyptian Premier League for the 4th consecutive time by 17 points away from Ismaily SC. The team also won the Super Cup for the fourth time in a row by beating Zamalek 2–0 with goals by Ahmed Hassan and Moataz Eno. It was the second victory in a week for Ahly over Zamalek after their meeting in the CAF Champions League a week earlier. Al Ahly won the CAF Champions league for the sixth time with a 4–2 win on aggregate over Coton Sport FC de Garoua in the final, after finishing the first leg with a 2–0 win and drawing in the second leg 2–2. The club set off for the Club World Cup again, but this time with two defeats from C.F. Pachuca and Adelaide Football Club.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: The club started the 2008–09 season winning the CAF Super Cup after defeating CS Sfaxien 2–1 with two goals scored by Flávio, and before starting the race to the league's shield with Ismaily. The two teams played a playoff match to determine the champion, which Al Ahly won 1–0 by Flavio's header from a free kick delivered by his compatriot Gilberto.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: It was the last championship for Manuel José during his second term before handing over the team's leadership to Hossam El-Badry. El Badry managed to keep the 2009–10 league shield in Al Ahly's cupboard to become the first national coach to win the league championship for the club in 23 years. Al Ahly won the Egyptian Super Cup by defeating Haras El Hodoud SC 1–0.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: In the CAF Champions League, Al Ahly qualified for the semi-finals, but was knocked out by Espérance Sportive de Tunis due to a famous refereeing mistake by Joseph Lamptey that gave the hosts a win in the second leg with a clear handball in the goal scored by Michael Eneramo.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: The sports activity in Egypt was postponed because of the Port Said Stadium riot, which resulted in the deaths of 74 people including 72 Al Ahly fans and caused the injuries of more than 500 people. In the first match after the return of sports activity, Al Ahly won the Egyptian Super Cup after defeating Enppi 2–1, in a mourn-driven match at the empty stadium of Borg El Arab Stadium. Despite the difficult events, Al Ahly players overcame the circumstances and defeated Esperance in the 2012 CAF Champions League Final. The first leg finished 1–1 at the Borg El Arab Stadium. A 2-1 second leg victory to Al Ahly at the Stade Olympique de Radès added the seventh African champions title in the history of the club, with Gedo scoring Ahly's opener from a shot inside the 18 yard box before half-time, and Walid Soliman making it 2–0 in the 61st minute. Esperance's striker Yannick N'Djeng pulled a goal back, and Mohamed Aboutrika missed a penalty, but Al Ahly held on to win the match.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Al Ahly, led by Hossam El Badri, achieved fourth place in the 2012 FIFA Club World Cup in Japan, with a victory in the first match against Sanfrecce Hiroshima 2–1, with goals by El Sayed Hamdy and Ahly's talismanic midfielder Mohamed Aboutrika who came off the bench to score the winning goal after 12 minutes into the second half.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Al Ahly then lost 1–0 to the Copa Libertadores champion Corinthians, and then defeated by Monterrey in the third-place deciding match.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Hossam El Badri left the team to Mohamed Youssef, who managed to complete the march successfully and lead Ahly to the 2013 CAF Champions League title for the eighth time by beating the South African club Orlando Pirates 2–0 in the second leg match, after a 1–1 draw in the first leg. Mohamed Aboutrika scored for Al Ahly in the first leg from a freekick. The second leg match was the last impression of the fans of club legend Mohamed Aboutrika when he scored the first goal of the match to be the last goal of his journey in the red shirt.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Al Ahly made their way to the African Confederations Cup after an early exit from the Champions League, but the Red Giants had a new strong motivation in adding this continental tournament to the club's cupboard for the first time. Al Ahly reached the final against Séwé FC but lost the first leg 2–1. In the return match, the score was 0–0 until the sixth minute of stoppage time, when Al Ahly's Emad Moteab grabbed the goal of the coronation with a header in the dying minutes, that made coach Juan Carlos Garrido running with celebration on the pitch. Garrido was later sacked after the club was eliminated from the CAF Champions League on penalties to Moghreb Tétouan but, he was still able to make Al Ahly win its first Confederation Cup at the first try.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Al Ahly went through a critical phase after most of the stars of the older generation retired, resulting in losses in a number of tournaments. The team regained balance when they met Zamalek in the Super Cup held in Dubai for the first time at the end of 2015.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Abdul-Aziz Abdul-Shafi led the Red Giants as a coach to a 3–2 win over Zamalek at the Hazza Bin Zayed Stadium to add the ninth Egyptian Super Cup in the club's history.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: After missing on the 2014-2015 Egyptian League title, Al Ahly won the 2015-16 league with a seven-point difference between the defending champions Zamalek. Al Ahly finished the competition with the strongest attack and defense under the leadership of Dutchman Martin Jol, who replaced the Portuguese coach Jose Peseiro.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Al Ahly won the league title for the 39th time in the club's history before the end of the league with four rounds. The team managed to go 39th games in a row unbeaten in all competitions, setting a record of 30 games unbeaten in the league, however Al Ahly reached the final of the 2016 Egypt Cup but lost to rival Zamalek SC in a 3–1 defeat hence Al Ahly failed to secure the 36th Egypt Cup for its cabinet. Under the leadership of Hossam El-Badry, Al Ahly was able to keep a clean sheet in 30 games that season in all competitions.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: The club then won the Egyptian Cup for the 36th time in its history after beating Al Masry 2–1 in a strong match at the Egyptian Cup final at Borg El Arab Stadium. Al Masry scored in the 102nd minute before Amr Gamal equalized in the 117th minute, and Ahmed Fathy added the winning goal in the 120th minute.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Al Ahly reached the Final of the 2017 CAF Champions League, drawing 1–1 with Wydad AC at Borg El Arab Stadium, Wydad later hosted Al Ahly at Stade Mohamed V, Casablanca, when Al Ahly was defeated 1-0 and failed to secure the 9th CAF Champions League trophy.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: On 1 December 2017, Mahmoud El Khatib was elected as the new club president. El Khatib won the polls ahead of Mahmoud Taher with 20,956 votes. Taher, who had been president since 2014 until 2017, collected 13,182 votes. In the race of vice-presidency, Mustafa Fahmy collected 14,269 votes compared to former Egyptian sports minister El Amry Farouk who won with 19,923 votes.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Al Ahly won the Egyptian Super Cup title for the tenth time in its history, after defeating Al Masry SC 1–0, in the match that was held on 12 January 2019 at the Hazza bin Zayed Stadium Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: The winning goal was scored by Walid Azaro in the 12th minute of the first extra half of the match, which gave the Red Devils the title, this also made Walid the first Moroccan and foreigner to score in the tournament.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: The next season, the club managed to clinch the Egyptian Premier League for the third consecutive season under the leadership of the manager Hossam El-Badry, and fortieth in its history, reaching the fourth star. Al Ahly officially won the title 6 weeks before the end of the championship, achieving the second fastest league in its history after the historic 2004–05 Egyptian Premier League season.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Al Ahly reached the 2018 CAF Champions League Final, but lost to Tunisian side Esperance, Al Ahly won in the first leg 3–0, but Esperance defeated Al Ahly 3–0 in the second leg, making them win the CAF Champions League because of the away goal rule hence, Al Ahly failed to secure the 9th CAF Champions League title.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Al Ahly managed to win the 2018–19 Egyptian Premier League title for the fourth consecutive season and for the 41st in its history under the leadership of the Uruguayan manager Martín Lasarte, after defeating Al Mokawloon Al Arab 3–1 in a meeting that gathered the two on 24 July 2019 at the Borg El Arab Stadium. This result put Ahly five points clear of their rivals Zamalek with one game of the league season left.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Al Ahly won the 2018-19 League title despite an extremely difficult path and Al Ahly was in the 18th position (last position of the Egyptian Premier League). Results eventually improved and winter signings that included: Hussein El Shahat, Hamdi Fathi, Mahmoud Wahid, Ramadan Sobhi, Mohamed Mahmoud, Yasser Ebrahim and Geraldo helped improve results which led Al Ahly to the 2018-19 league title. The 2018–19 league win raised the club trophies to 136, making Al Ahly the most crowned club in world football with 20 continental titles; nine Champions Leagues, one Confederation Cup, four Cup Winners' Cups, six Super Cups and one Afro-Asian Club Championship. As of 2019, Al Ahly has won CAF Champions League in 1982, 1987, 2001, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2012 and in 2013; making them the most crowned team in Africa. At the national level, Al Ahly achieved 41 Egyptian Premier League and 36 Egypt Cup, 11 Egyptian Super Cup title, and seven Sultan Hussein Cup, 16 Cairo League more than any other club, along with winning the cup of the United Arab Republic on one occasion and the cup of the Egyptian Confederation Cup once.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: On 31 August, Rene Weiler was named the new coach of Al Ahly. Weiler replaced Martin Lasarte who was sacked despite guiding Ahly to win the league title with a game to spare. Weiler was able to win his first title with the club in less than one month as Al Ahly managed to win the Egyptian Super Cup for the 11th time in the club history after defeating Zamalek 3–2 on 20 September 2019 at the Borg El Arab Stadium. The Nigerian striker Junior Ajayi scored the first and third goals for Al Ahly, to become only the second foreigner to score in the history of the Egyptian Super Cup, with the first foreign player to score in the tournament being Moroccan striker Walid Azaro who scored the winning goal against Al Masry in the 2017–18 Egyptian Super Cup. Ajayi became the first Nigerian and foreign player to score two goals in the Egyptian Super Cup.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: On 18 September, after Zamalek's loss to Aswan SC, Al Ahly won their 42nd Egyptian Premier League title in the 2019–20 season; this was the 13th league title the club won from 14 possible since 2004, and was the second title for Weiler before leaving the club and being replaced by Pitso Mosimane, the first South African manager in the history Al Ahly.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: On 27 November, Al Ahly faced local rival Zamalek in the 2020 CAF Champions League Final, winning 2–1 with El Solia opening the score for Al Ahly in the 5th minute with a header. Shikabala then equalized for Zamalek in the 31st minute with a left-footed shot on the edge of the penalty area to the top left corner of the net past El Shenawy.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Magdy got the winning goal for Al Ahly in the 86th minute; controlling the ball on his knee outside the penalty area after a clearance, before volleying to the right corner of the net and past Gabaski, to clinch Al Ahly's ninth CAF Champions League title and their first since 2013. This match is also known as the African Game of the Century, as the two giants of Africa faced off each other for the CAF Champions League trophy.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Qualified for the 2020 FIFA Club World Cup, Al Ahly defeated hosts Al Duhail in the first match of the tournament, thanks to a strike from Hussein El Shahat, sending Al Ahly to its first official match with the European champions Bayern Munich in the Semi-finals. Bayern defeated Al Ahly 2–0 with a brace scored by Robert Lewandowski. Al Ahly managed to secure the bronze medal for the second time in the club's history after defeating Palmeiras, the winners of the 2020 Copa Libertadores in the Third place play off, becoming the first and only Arab or African team to have won two medals in the tournament.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: On 28 May 2021, Al Ahly beat RS Berkane 2–0 in the 2021 CAF Super Cup in Qatar, clinching their 22nd continental title. On 17 July 2021, Al Ahly defeated Kaizer Chiefs 3–0 in the Champions League Final in Morocco, winning their tenth Champions League and twenty third continental title.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: On 21, September, 2021, Al Ahly lost the Egyptian Super Cup to Tala'ea El Gaish in a 3–2 defeat on penalties, this resulted in a disciplinary action by the club's board, deducting £E300,000 from the players, football director, and the entirety of the coaching staff salaries. The deduction was later lifted after Al Ahly beat Zamalek 5–3 in the Cairo derby on 5 November 2021.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: On 22 December 2021, Al Ahly achieved its 8th CAF Super Cup after beating Raja CA 6–5 on penalties. Raja scored the first goal in the 13th minute after Yasser Ibrahim scored an own goal but, Taher Mohamed Taher equalized for Al Ahly on the 90th minute, taking the match to penalty shootouts.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Al Ahly qualified to the 2021 FIFA Club World Cup in the United Arab Emirates as the champions of Africa. The club won the first match 1–0 against the CONCACAF Champions League winners Monterrey of Mexico despite having many players missing due to injuries, and that some of the club's players were participating with the Egyptian national football team in the 2021 Africa Cup of Nations. Mohamed Hany scored the only goal of the match in the 53rd minute. In the Semi-final, Al Ahly lost against Palmeiras, the Winners of the 2021 Copa Libertadores 2–0 to play against Saudi Side Al Hilal in the Third place playoff. Al Ahly achieved the 3rd place in the FIFA Club World Cup for the 3rd time in the club's history after defeating Al Hilal 4–0, the biggest victory for Al Ahly in the Club World Cup.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Al Ahly for the second time reached the CAF Champions League Final for the third time in a row under the management of Pitso Mosimane (the first time was under the management of Portuguese former manager Manuel José), after defeating Algerian side ES Sétif 6–2 on aggregate, but failed to secure the 11th CAF Champions League trophy after losing 2–0 to Wydad AC, this would be seen as unfair since the match was played at Wydad's home stadium (Stade Mohamed V), and the match should have been played at a neutral stadium. Al Ahly players were unwilling to wear the silver medal and went as far by throwing their silver medal on the ground, Al Ahly's manager, Pitso Mosimane, threw it as well and said that he doesn't play for silver.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: On 13 June 2022, Mosimane parted ways with Al Ahly and Samy Koumsan took over the manager role as an interim manager. On June 29, 2022, Ricardo Soares replaced Pitso Mosimane as Al Ahly's manager. His debut with Al Ahly was against Petrojet in the Egypt Cup Semi-final in which he led Al Ahly to a 2–0 victory to meet rival Zamalek for the Egypt Cup Final in which Al Ahly lost to its local rival in a 2-1 defeat hence failed to secure its 38th Egypt Cup. This period witnessed a mass deterioration of Al Ahly, losing 3-2 to Smouha and Soares’s league debut was a goalless draw with El Gouna, Al Ahly lost 2-0 to Pyramids in the league, drawing with Mokawloon Al Arab and drawing with Pharco. Due to that, Al Ahly went through a critical phase.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Al Ahly for the first time since the 1991-92 season was not in the top two of the Egyptian Premier League table as the club finished third place.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Following disappointing results during his reign, Ricardo Soares was sacked on August 31, 2022, just 2 months after he was appointed as Al Ahly’s manager. Many people claimed that the dismissal of Soares was unfair because he arrived to Al Ahly during a hard time.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: He was replaced by Marcel Koller who was appointed as Al Ahly’s new manager on September 9, 2022. Marcel Koller’s first trophy with Al Ahly was the Egyptian Super Cup in which he was able to beat arch-rivals Zamalek SC in a 2-0 win.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: The Cairo Derby is a rival football match between Egyptian clubs Al Ahly SC and Zamalek SC, which are among the most successful clubs in Africa. Al Ahly and Zamalek were named by the Confederation of African Football as the 1st and 2nd African Clubs of the 20th century, respectively. Both clubs are located in Greater Cairo, and their matches are considered the highlight of the football season with a live broadcast to most of the Middle Eastern and North African countries since the 1970s. Typically, the derby is played twice each season with two matches in the Egyptian Premier League, but it is not uncommon to find the teams meeting each other in the Egypt Cup, especially in the final, and in Africa's most prestigious club competition, the CAF Champions League.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Al Ahly has a large fan base of ultras named "Ultras Ahlawy" (abbreviated UA07) which are known for their pyrotechnic displays. Ultras Ahlawy raised its banner for the first time at a match against ENPPI Club on 13 April 2007. Ultras Ahlawy also supports Al Ahly's basketball, volleyball, and handball teams. Ultras Ahlawy members include college graduates, workers, and youth from many social levels in Egypt. Their motto is "Together Forever", which is meant to highlight the connection between their members. Other slogans include "WE ARE EGYPT", "The best club in the universe" or "The best club in existence" A'zam Nady Fi El Koon).


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Clubs in Egypt became a major political force during the 2011 Egyptian revolution against former president Mubarak, but were known for long-standing animosity with the police. When 38 members of the Ultras Devils were arrested in Shebeen al-Kom for "belonging to an illegal group", along with additional violent offences, it was seen as a crackdown on the organizations by authorities.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: On 1 February 2012, a massive riot occurred at Port Said Stadium in Port Said, Egypt, following an Egyptian Premier League football match between Al-Masry and Al Ahly, following a 3–1 victory by Al-Masry. Al-Masry supporters violently attacked supporters of Al Ahly by trapping them inside the stadium and attacking them with clubs, stones, bottles, and fireworks. As a result, 72 supporters of Al Ahly were killed with more than 500 injured after thousands of Al-Masry spectators stormed the stadium stands and pitch. Many of the deaths were due to the police's refusal to open the stadium gates. Members of Ultras Ahlawy claim that the supporters were specifically targeted because of their highly televised calls for the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces to step down, as well as their open mockery of the previous regime and the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: "Arise, Al Ahly" is the club's official anthem written by the journalist Fekry Abaza in 1957 and composed by Umm Kulthum's husband Mahmoud Sherif. It was influenced by the anthem of the Egyptian Revolution of 1919 "Arise Egyptian". The lyrics of the anthem are as follows:


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Amin Sami Pasha was the first person to propose the name of "Al Ahly Sporting Club". Al Ahly, which means "The National", was named as such because it was created to serve the students and graduates of the high schools who were the mainstay of the revolution against the British occupation of Egypt.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Football was not one of the goals of the club's founders. The club was originally founded for students of higher schools to meet and practice political dialogues. However, the club, which prompted Al Ahly to build its first stadium in 1909 and they used to call it at the time (Al-Hawsh), which is a colloquial word from the Egyptian dialect meaning “the courtyard” in Arabic. The stadium was developed over the years to become known as Mokhtar El-Tetsh Stadium. In 1929, the stadium was named after Egypt's prince at this time, the Prince Farouk Stadium. By 1956, light stands were added to the stadium. The stadium was later renamed to the Mokhtar El-Tetsh Stadium, after Mokhtar El-Tetsh, a legend of the club. Al Ahly continued to play their home games at Mokhtar El-Tetsh Stadium until the Cairo International Stadium was opened. Currently the stadium hold the team training and friendly games.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Al Ahly formerly played their home games at their own ground, Mokhtar El Tetsh Stadium, but its capacity was far too small for the club's supporters. As a consequence, Mokhtar El Tetsh Stadium became the official training ground, and Cairo International Stadium replaced it as the official home ground. Since 2014, Al Ahly stopped playing their home games at the Cairo International Stadium for an indefinite period due to security reasons. In the 2016–17 season, Al Ahly played most of their home games at Al Salam Stadium and played their matches in the African competitions at Borg El Arab Stadium. At the first leg of the Egyptian Premier League 2017–18 season, Al Ahly returned to Cairo International Stadium as its official home ground.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: On 4 December 2019 Al Ahly Announced that they bought Al Salam Stadium as usufruct for 25 years or until Al Ahly SC Stadium is built and important matches that needs larger capacity will be played on Cairo Stadium, the stadium was later renamed to Al Ahly Stadium.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: The first match hosted by the stadium was on 6 December against Al-Hilal Club at the 2019–20 CAF Champions League group stage.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Despite acquiring the stadium, Al Ahly confirmed that El Entag El Harby, a club owned by the Egyptian Ministry of Military Production that used to play their home matches there, would be allowed to play at the stadium normally until the end of the 2019–20 season to avoid any possible problems or conflicts in the league's schedule, with the option to extend it for further seasons. Al Ahly also confirmed that all national teams would be allowed to play on the venue.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: In November 2022, Al Ahly had an agreement with an Emirati company named poplous that had built football stadiums such as Arsenal's Emirates Stadium and London's famous Wembley Stadium.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: It was announced that the studium well be establish on an area about 46,000 meters ,and it would hold about 50,000 fans making it the 3rd largest stadium in egypt after borg al arab and cario stadium also it was said it well have an sport complex around the stadium that well include a squash complex with 8 courts.A gymnastics and an karate hall and some training grounds for soccer. It is expected it well be done within 5yrs in Sheikh Zayed City


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Al Ahly TV is an Egyptian-Arab channel that currently broadcasts the football team's friendly matches, youth team matches and other sports matches. The channel was established in 2008, in cooperation with Arab Radio and Television Network. The official broadcast of the channel was launched on 3 December 2010 when former club president Hassan Hamdy announced the opening of the channel.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: The club also has a YouTube channel that has over 1.86 million subscribers as of May 2022. Training videos, exclusive features, and match highlights are frequently published on the channel. On 22 January 2021, the club's channel on YouTube released a documentary called Secret of the 9th, it reached one million views in less than one day.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: On 3 November 1917, Mohamed Sherif Sabri Bek (who was the uncle of King Farouk I) became a member of the club and designed the first logo of Al Ahly (10 years after the foundation of the club), it was inspired by the Egyptian flag (which was red and white at the time) and had a crown that represented Egypt's royal rule. In 1952, following the July Revolution and changing the ruling method of Egypt to presidency, the crown was removed. The logo remained unchanged until 2007, when it had slight changes celebrating the club's centenary. In late 2018, a 4th star was added on the top of the badge after Al Ahly's 40th league title. Al Ahly's crest was voted "the most beautiful in the game" in a 2020 poll by Spanish newspaper Marca.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: The club rankings for this season's CAF Champions League and CAF Confederation Cup based on results from each CAF club competition from 2018 to the 2021–22 season.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Throughout its history, Al Ahly has had 48 club captains, the first captain was Ahmed Fouad Anwar.Mohamed El-Shenawy is the current captain since 2020.


title: Al Ahly SC

text: Al-Ahly of Egypt is the Arab team most participating in the tournament with seven editions, the first of which was in 2005 and the latest version, Al-Ahly's match against Monterrey became the 16th match for the African champion in the Club World Cup, becoming the most participating team in the world in this tournament.


title: Lady Sarah McCorquodale

text: Lady Elizabeth Sarah Lavinia McCorquodale ("née" Spencer; born 19 March 1955) is one of the two older sisters of Diana, Princess of Wales, the other being Jane Fellowes, Baroness Fellowes.


title: Lady Sarah McCorquodale

text: Elizabeth Sarah Lavinia Spencer was born with the honorific "The Honourable"; she acquired the courtesy title "Lady" in 1975, when her grandfather died and her father became the 8th Earl Spencer. She suffered from the eating disorder anorexia nervosa in her early twenties. She was educated firstly at Riddlesworth Hall School in Norfolk and secondly at West Heath boarding school near Sevenoaks in Kent. After passing O Level exams, she left West Heath to work in London.


title: Lady Sarah McCorquodale

text: Sarah married Neil Edmund McCorquodale (born 4 October 1951), son of Alastair McCorquodale and Rosemary Sybil Turnor, on 17 May 1980 in Northamptonshire, England. Neil is a 2nd cousin once removed of Lady Sarah's stepmother, Raine Spencer.


title: Lady Sarah McCorquodale

text: She and her family reside near Grantham, Lincolnshire where she served a one-year term as High Sheriff of Lincolnshire in 2009. She became a master of the Belvoir Hunt in May 2010. Lady Sarah was also president of the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund, which raised £100 million for various charities. The Fund unsuccessfully took legal action in 1998 against the Franklin Mint over the unlicensed use of Diana's image. The Fund closed at the end of 2012.


title: Lady Sarah McCorquodale

text: In 1977, Sarah's relationship with Prince Charles led to the first meeting between Diana and her future husband. Sarah later commented on her sister's marriage saying: "I introduced them. I'm Cupid." During the period in which Sarah dated the Prince, she allegedly met two reporters, James Whittaker and Nigel Nelson, at a restaurant and gave them an exclusive report on her royal connection.


title: Lady Sarah McCorquodale

text: Sarah is said to have admitted to having been diagnosed with anorexia, having "thousands of boyfriends," a past problem involving alcohol, and that she had started keeping a scrapbook of all the press clippings about her royal romance that she intended to "show" future grandchildren. "Her head seemed to be turned by the publicity," the two reporters later said. Sarah also declared that she would not marry Charles "if he were the dustman or the King of England." When the article was released, Sarah showed it to the prince, who was infuriated by it. The relationship dissolved soon after that. Some have stated the relationship between her and Diana was strained, because of her long resentment of the Prince marrying Diana and not her, though others (including Diana's biographer Andrew Morton) have said Sarah was one of the few people Diana trusted. Later in their lives, Sarah often accompanied Diana on official visits as one of her ladies-in-waiting.


title: Lady Sarah McCorquodale

text: Upon the death of Diana on 31 August 1997, Sarah flew to Paris with her younger sister, Jane, and Prince Charles to accompany Diana's body back to England. She contributed to the readings at Diana's funeral. She was co-executor of Diana's will and was president of the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund. Sarah attended the wedding of her nephew Prince William to Catherine Middleton on 29 April 2011. It is said that William and Catherine are close to Lady Sarah, with whom they spent a weekend on the 16th anniversary of Diana's death. Sarah also attended the wedding of her other nephew Prince Harry to Meghan Markle on 19 May 2018.


title: Lady Sarah McCorquodale

text: In 2018, Sarah spoke publicly in support of George Grant, an employee of Belvoir Hunt whom she had known for 27 years, after he assaulted foxhunt saboteurs. Grant, along with his son and other men, assaulted the hunt saboteurs who were affiliated with the League Against Cruel Sports. Sarah, who served as joint master of the Belvoir Hunt, claimed that Grant's actions were out of character.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: In Canada, Indigenous groups comprise the First Nations, Inuit and Métis. Although "Indian" is a term still commonly used in legal documents, the descriptors "Indian" and "Eskimo" have fallen into disuse in Canada, and most consider them to be pejorative. "Aboriginal peoples" as a collective noun is a specific term of art used in some legal documents, including the "Constitution Act, 1982", though in most Indigenous circles "Aboriginal" has also fallen into disfavour.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: Old Crow Flats and Bluefish Caves are some of the earliest known sites of human habitation in Canada. The Paleo-Indian Clovis, Plano and Pre-Dorset cultures pre-date the current Indigenous peoples of the Americas. Projectile point tools, spears, pottery, bangles, chisels and scrapers mark archaeological sites, thus distinguishing cultural periods, traditions, and lithic reduction styles.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: The characteristics of Indigenous culture in Canada includes a long history of permanent settlements, agriculture, civic and ceremonial architecture, complex societal hierarchies, and trading networks. Métis of mixed ancestry originated in the mid-17th century when First Nations and Inuit married European fur traders, primarily the French. The Inuit had more limited interaction with European settlers during that early period. Various laws, treaties, and legislation have been enacted between European immigrants and First Nations across Canada. Today, it is a common perception that Aboriginal peoples in Canada have the right to self-government to provide an opportunity to manage historical, cultural, political, health care and economic control aspects within First Nation's communities. However, some Canadian legislation may contradict this, for example the Indian act states 35 (3), ""the Governor in Council may, in lieu of the province, authority or corporation taking or using the lands without the consent of the owner, authorize a transfer or grant of the lands to the province, authority or corporation, subject to any terms that may be prescribed by the Governor in Council.""


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: As of the 2021 census, Indigenous peoples in Canada totaled 1,807,250 people, or 5.0% of the national population, with 1,048,405 First Nations people, 624,220 Métis, and 70,540 Inuit. 7.7% of the population under the age of 14 are of Indigenous descent. There are over 600 recognized First Nations governments or bands with distinctive cultures, languages, art, and music. National Indigenous Peoples Day recognizes the cultures and contributions of Indigenous peoples to the history of Canada. First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples of all backgrounds have become prominent figures and have served as role models in the Indigenous community and help to shape the Canadian cultural identity.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: In Section 35 of the "Constitution Act, 1982", "Aboriginal peoples of Canada" includes First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples. "Aboriginal peoples" is a legal term encompassing all Indigenous peoples living in Canada. "Aboriginal peoples" has begun to be considered outdated and is slowly being replaced by the term "Indigenous peoples". There is also an effort to recognize each Indigenous group as a distinct nation, much as there are distinct European, African, and Asian cultures in their respective places.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: "First Nations" (most often used in the plural) has come into general use since the 1970s replacing "Indians" and "Indian bands" in everyday vocabulary. However, on reserves, "First Nations" is being supplanted by members of various nations referring to themselves by their group or ethnic identity. In conversation, this would be "I am Haida," or "we are Kwantlens," in recognition of their First Nations ethnicities. Also coming into general use since the 1970s, First Peoples refers to all Indigenous groups, i.e. First Nations, Inuit, and Métis.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: Notwithstanding Canada's location within the Americas, the term "Native American" is not used in Canada as it is typically used solely to describe the Indigenous peoples within the boundaries of the present-day United States. "Native Canadians" was often used in Canada to differentiate this American term until the 1980s.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: In contrast to the more-specific "Aboriginal", one of the issues with the term is its general applicability: in certain contexts, it could be used in reference to non-Indigenous peoples in regards to an individual place of origin/birth. For instance, people who were born or grew up in Calgary may call themselves "Calgary natives", as in they are "native" to that city. With this in mind, even the term "native American", as another example, may very well indicate someone who is "native to America" rather than a person who is ethnically Indigenous to the boundaries of the present-day United States. In this sense, "native" may encompass a broad range of populations and is therefore not recommended.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: The "Indian Act" (R.S.C., 1985, c. I-5) sets the legal term "Indian", designating that "a person who pursuant to this Act is registered as an Indian or is entitled to be registered as an Indian." Section 5 of the act states that a registry shall be maintained "in which shall be recorded the name of every person who is entitled to be registered as an Indian under this Act." No other term is legally recognized for the purpose of registration and the term "Indian" specifically excludes reference to Inuit as per section 4 of the act.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: "Indian" remains in place as the legal term used in the Canadian Constitution; however, its usage outside such situations can be considered offensive.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: The term "Eskimo" has pejorative connotations in Canada and Greenland. Indigenous peoples in those areas have replaced the term "Eskimo" with "Inuit", though the Yupik of Alaska and Siberia do not consider themselves Inuit, and ethnographers agree they are a distinct people. They prefer the terminology Yupik, Yupiit, or Eskimo. The Yupik languages are linguistically distinct from the Inuit languages, but are related to each other. Linguistic groups of Arctic people have no universal replacement term for "Eskimo", inclusive of all Inuit and Yupik across the geographical area inhabited by them.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: Besides these ethnic descriptors, Aboriginal peoples are often divided into legal categories based on their relationship with the Crown (i.e. the state). Section 91(24) of the "Constitution Act, 1867" gives the federal government (as opposed to the provinces) the sole responsibility for "Indians, and Lands reserved for the Indians." The government inherited treaty obligations from the British colonial authorities in Eastern Canada and signed treaties itself with First Nations in Western Canada (the Numbered Treaties). It also passed the "Indian Act" in 1876 which governed its interactions with all treaty and non-treaty peoples.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: Members of First Nations bands who are subject to the "Indian Act" are compiled on a list called the Indian Register, and such people are designated as status Indians. Many non-treaty First Nations and all Inuit and Métis peoples are not subject to the "Indian Act". However, two court cases have clarified that Inuit, Métis, and non-status First Nations people, all are covered by the term "Indians" in the "Constitution Act, 1867". The first was "Re Eskimos" in 1939 covering the Inuit, the second being "Daniels v. Canada" in 2013 which applies to Métis and non-status First Nations.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: According to archaeological and genetic evidence, North and South America were the last continents in the world with human habitation. During the Wisconsin glaciation, 50,000–17,000 years ago, falling sea levels allowed people to move across the Bering land bridge that joined Siberia to northwest North America (Alaska). Alaska was ice-free because of low snowfall, allowing a small population to exist. The Laurentide Ice Sheet covered most of Canada, blocking nomadic inhabitants and confining them to Alaska (East Beringia) for thousands of years.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: Aboriginal genetic studies suggest that the first inhabitants of the Americas share a single ancestral population, one that developed in isolation, conjectured to be Beringia. The isolation of these peoples in Beringia might have lasted 10,000–20,000 years. Around 16,500 years ago, the glaciers began melting, allowing people to move south and east into Canada and beyond.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: The first inhabitants of North America arrived in Canada at least 14,000 years ago. It is believed the inhabitants entered the Americas pursuing Pleistocene mammals such as the giant beaver, steppe wisent, musk ox, mastodons, woolly mammoths and ancient reindeer (early caribou). One route hypothesized is that people walked south by way of an ice-free corridor on the east side of the Rocky Mountains, and then fanned out across North America before continuing on to South America. The other conjectured route is that they migrated, either on foot or using primitive boats, down the Pacific Coast to the tip of South America, and then crossed the Rockies and Andes. Evidence of the latter has been covered by a sea level rise of hundreds of metres following the last ice age.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: The Old Crow Flats and basin was one of the areas in Canada untouched by glaciations during the Pleistocene Ice ages, thus it served as a pathway and refuge for ice age plants and animals. The area holds evidence of early human habitation in Canada dating from about 12,000. Fossils from the area include some never accounted for in North America, such as hyenas and large camels. Bluefish Caves is an archaeological site in Yukon, Canada from which a specimen of apparently human-worked mammoth bone has been radiocarbon dated to 12,000 years ago.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: Clovis sites dated at 13,500 years ago were discovered in western North America during the 1930s. Clovis peoples were regarded as the first widespread Paleo-Indian inhabitants of the New World and ancestors to all Indigenous peoples in the Americas. Archaeological discoveries in the past thirty years have brought forward other distinctive knapping cultures who occupied the Americas from the lower Great Plains to the shores of Chile.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: Localized regional cultures developed from the time of the Younger Dryas cold climate period from 12,900 to 11,500 years ago. The Folsom tradition are characterized by their use of Folsom points as projectile tips at archaeological sites. These tools assisted activities at kill sites that marked the slaughter and butchering of bison.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: The land bridge existed until 13,000–11,000 years ago, long after the oldest proven human settlements in the New World began. Lower sea levels in the Queen Charlotte sound and Hecate Strait produced great grass lands called "archipelago of Haida Gwaii".


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: Hunter-gatherers of the area left distinctive lithic technology tools and the remains of large butchered mammals, occupying the area from 13,000–9,000 years ago. In July 1992, the Government of Canada officially designated (near Mission, British Columbia) as a National Historic Site, one of the first Indigenous spiritual sites in Canada to be formally recognized in this manner.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: The Plano cultures was a group of hunter-gatherer communities that occupied the Great Plains area of North America between 12,000 and 10,000 years ago. The Paleo-Indians moved into new territory as it emerged from under the glaciers. Big game flourished in this new environment. The Plano culture are characterized by a range of projectile point tools collectively called Plano points, which were used to hunt bison. Their diets also included pronghorn, elk, deer, raccoon and coyote. At the beginning of the Archaic Era, they began to adopt a sedentary approach to subsistence. Sites in and around Belmont, Nova Scotia have evidence of Plano-Indians, indicating small seasonal hunting camps, perhaps re-visited over generations from around 11,000–10,000 years ago. Seasonal large and smaller game fish and fowl were food and raw material sources. Adaptation to the harsh environment included tailored clothing and skin-covered tents on wooden frames.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: The North American climate stabilized by 8000 BCE (10,000 years ago); climatic conditions were very similar to today's. This led to widespread migration, cultivation and later a dramatic rise in population all over the Americas. Over the course of thousands of years, Indigenous peoples of the Americas domesticated, bred and cultivated a large array of plant species. These species now constitute 50–60% of all crops in cultivation worldwide.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: The vastness and variety of Canada's climates, ecology, vegetation, fauna, and landform separations have defined ancient peoples implicitly into cultural or linguistic divisions. Canada is surrounded north, east, and west with coastline and since the last ice age, Canada has consisted of distinct forest regions. Language contributes to the identity of a people by influencing social life ways and spiritual practices. Aboriginal religions developed from anthropomorphism and animism philosophies.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: The placement of artifacts and materials within an Archaic burial site indicated social differentiation based upon status. There is a continuous record of occupation of by Aboriginal people dating from the early Holocene period, 10,000–9,000 years ago. Archaeological sites at Stave Lake, Coquitlam Lake, Fort Langley and region uncovered early period artifacts. These early inhabitants were highly mobile hunter-gatherers, consisting of about 20 to 50 members of an extended family. The Na-Dene people occupied much of the land area of northwest and central North America starting around 8,000 BCE. They were the earliest ancestors of the Athabaskan-speaking peoples, including the Navajo and Apache. They had villages with large multi-family dwellings, used seasonally during the summer, from which they hunted, fished and gathered food supplies for the winter. The Wendat peoples settled into Southern Ontario along the Eramosa River around 8,000–7,000 BCE (10,000–9,000 years ago). They were concentrated between Lake Simcoe and Georgian Bay. Wendat hunted caribou to survive on the glacier-covered land. Many different First Nations cultures relied upon the buffalo starting by 6,000–5,000 BCE (8,000–7,000 years ago). They hunted buffalo by herding migrating buffalo off cliffs. Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump, near Lethbridge, Alberta, is a hunting grounds that was in use for about 5,000 years.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: The west coast of Canada by 7,000–5000 BCE (9,000–7,000 years ago) saw various cultures who organized themselves around salmon fishing. The Nuu-chah-nulth of Vancouver Island began whaling with advanced long spears at about this time. The Maritime Archaic is one group of North America's Archaic culture of sea-mammal hunters in the subarctic. They prospered from approximately 7,000 BCE–1,500 BCE (9,000–3,500 years ago) along the Atlantic Coast of North America. Their settlements included longhouses and boat-topped temporary or seasonal houses. They engaged in long-distance trade, using as currency white chert, a rock quarried from northern Labrador to Maine. The Pre-Columbian culture, whose members were called Red Paint People, is indigenous to the New England and Atlantic Canada regions of North America. The culture flourished between 3,000 BCE – 1,000 BCE (5,000–3,000 years ago) and was named after their burial ceremonies, which used large quantities of red ochre to cover bodies and grave goods.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: The Arctic small tool tradition is a broad cultural entity that developed along the Alaska Peninsula, around Bristol Bay, and on the eastern shores of the Bering Strait around 2,500 BCE (4,500 years ago). These Paleo-Arctic peoples had a highly distinctive toolkit of small blades (microblades) that were pointed at both ends and used as side- or end-barbs on arrows or spears made of other materials, such as bone or antler. Scrapers, engraving tools and adze blades were also included in their toolkits. The Arctic small tool tradition branches off into two cultural variants, including the Pre-Dorset, and the Independence traditions. These two groups, ancestors of Thule people, were displaced by the Inuit by 1000 CE.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: The Old Copper complex societies dating from 3,000 BCE – 500 BCE (5,000–2,500 years ago) are a manifestation of the Woodland Culture, and are pre-pottery in nature. Evidence found in the northern Great Lakes regions indicates that they extracted copper from local glacial deposits and used it in its natural form to manufacture tools and implements.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: The Woodland cultural period dates from about 2,000 BCE – 1,000 CE, and has locales in Ontario, Quebec, and Maritime regions. The introduction of pottery distinguishes the Woodland culture from the earlier Archaic stage inhabitants. Laurentian people of southern Ontario manufactured the oldest pottery excavated to date in Canada. They created pointed-bottom beakers decorated by a cord marking technique that involved impressing tooth implements into wet clay. Woodland technology included items such as beaver incisor knives, bangles, and chisels. The population practising sedentary agricultural life ways continued to increase on a diet of squash, corn, and bean crops.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: The Hopewell tradition is an Aboriginal culture that flourished along American rivers from 300 BCE – 500 CE. At its greatest extent, the Hopewell Exchange System networked cultures and societies with the peoples on the Canadian shores of Lake Ontario. Canadian expression of the Hopewellian peoples encompasses the Point Peninsula, Saugeen, and Laurel complexes.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: First Nations peoples had settled and established trade routes across what is now Canada by 500 BCE – 1,000 CE. Communities developed each with its own culture, customs, and character. In the northwest were the Athapaskan, Slavey, Dogrib, Tutchone, and Tlingit. Along the Pacific coast were the Tsimshian; Haida; Salish; Kwakiutl; Heiltsuk; Nootka; Nisga'a; Senakw and Gitxsan. In the plains were the Niisitapi; Káínawa; Tsuutʼina; and Piikáni. In the northern woodlands were the Nēhiyawak and Chipewyan. Around the Great Lakes were the Anishinaabe; Algonquin; Haudenosaunee and Wendat. Along the Atlantic coast were the Beothuk, Wəlastəkwewiyik, Innu, Abenaki and Mi'kmaq.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: Many First Nations civilizations established characteristics and hallmarks that included permanent urban settlements or cities, agriculture, civic and monumental architecture, and complex societal hierarchies. These cultures had evolved and changed by the time of the first permanent European arrivals (c. late 15th–early 16th centuries), and have been brought forward through archaeological investigations.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: There are indications of contact made before Christopher Columbus between the first peoples and those from other continents. Aboriginal people in Canada first interacted with Europeans around 1000 CE, but prolonged contact came after Europeans established permanent settlements in the 17th and 18th centuries. European written accounts generally recorded friendliness of the First Nations, who profited in trade with Europeans. Such trade generally strengthened the more organized political entities such as the Iroquois Confederation. Throughout the 16th century, European fleets made almost annual visits to the eastern shores of Canada to cultivate the fishing opportunities. A sideline industry emerged in the un-organized traffic of furs overseen by the Indian Department.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: Prominent First Nations people include Joe Capilano, who met with King of the United Kingdom, Edward VII, to speak of the need to settle land claims and Ovide Mercredi, a leader at both the Meech Lake Accord constitutional reform discussions and Oka Crisis.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: Inuit are the descendants of what anthropologists call the Thule culture, which emerged from western Alaska around 1,000 CE and spread eastward across the Arctic, displacing the Dorset culture (in Inuktitut, the Tuniit). Inuit historically referred to the Tuniit as "giants", who were taller and stronger than the Inuit. Researchers hypothesize that the Dorset culture lacked dogs, larger weapons and other technologies used by the expanding Inuit society. By 1300, the Inuit had settled in west Greenland, and finally moved into east Greenland over the following century. The Inuit had trade routes with more southern cultures. Boundary disputes were common and led to aggressive actions.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: Warfare was common among Inuit groups with sufficient population density. Inuit, such as the Nunatamiut (Uummarmiut) who inhabited the Mackenzie River delta area, often engaged in common warfare. The Central Arctic Inuit lacked the population density to engage in warfare. In the 13th century, the Thule culture began arriving in Greenland from what is now Canada. Norse accounts are scant. Norse-made items from Inuit campsites in Greenland were obtained by either trade or plunder. One account, , speaks of "small people" with whom the Norsemen fought. 14th-century accounts relate that a western settlement, one of the two Norse settlements, was taken over by the Skræling.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: After the disappearance of the Norse colonies in Greenland, the Inuit had no contact with Europeans for at least a century. By the mid-16th century, Basque fishers were already working the Labrador coast and had established whaling stations on land, such as those excavated at Red Bay. The Inuit appear not to have interfered with their operations, but they did raid the stations in winter for tools, and particularly worked iron, which they adapted to native needs.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: Notable among the Inuit are Abraham Ulrikab and family who became a zoo exhibit in Hamburg, Germany, and Tanya Tagaq, a traditional throat singer. Abe Okpik was instrumental in helping Inuit obtain surnames rather than disc numbers and Kiviaq (David Ward) won the legal right to use his single-word Inuktituk name.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: The Métis are people descended from marriages between Europeans (mainly French) and Cree, Ojibway, Algonquin, Saulteaux, Menominee, Mi'kmaq, Maliseet, and other First Nations. Their history dates to the mid-17th century.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: When Europeans first arrived to Canada they relied on Aboriginal peoples for fur trading skills and survival. To ensure alliances, relationships between European fur traders and Aboriginal women were often consolidated through marriage. The Métis homeland consists of the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Ontario, as well as the Northwest Territories (NWT).


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: Amongst notable Métis people are singer and actor Tom Jackson, Commissioner of the Northwest Territories Tony Whitford, and Louis Riel who led two resistance movements: the Red River Rebellion of 1869–1870 and the North-West Rebellion of 1885, which ended in his trial and subsequent execution.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: The languages inherently Métis are either Métis French or a mixed language called Michif. Michif, Mechif or Métchif is a phonetic spelling of Métif, a variant of Métis. The Métis today predominantly speak English, with French a strong second language, as well as numerous Aboriginal tongues. A 19th-century community of the Métis people, the Anglo-Métis, were referred to as Countryborn. They were children of Rupert's Land fur trade typically of Orcadian, Scottish, or English paternal descent and Aboriginal maternal descent. Their first languages would have been Aboriginal (Cree, Saulteaux, Assiniboine, etc.) and English. Their fathers spoke Gaelic, thus leading to the development of an English dialect referred to as "Bungee".


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: S.35 of the "Constitution Act, 1982" mentions the Métis yet there has long been debate over legally defining the term Métis, but on September 23, 2003, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that Métis are a distinct people with significant rights (Powley ruling).


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: Unlike First Nations people, there has been no distinction between status and non-status Métis; the Métis, their heritage and Aboriginal ancestry have often been absorbed and assimilated into their surrounding populations.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: From the late 18th century, European Canadians (and the Canadian government) encouraged assimilation of Aboriginal culture into what was referred to as "Canadian culture." These attempts reached a climax in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with a series of initiatives that aimed at complete assimilation and subjugation of the Aboriginal peoples. These policies, which were made possible by legislation such as the "Gradual Civilization Act" and the "Indian Act", focused on European ideals of Christianity, sedentary living, agriculture, and education.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: Missionary work directed at the Aboriginal people of Canada had been ongoing since the first missionaries arrived in the 1600s, generally from France, some of whom were martyred (Jesuit saints called the Canadian Martyrs). Christianization as government policy became more systematic with the "Indian Act" in 1876, which would bring new sanctions for those who did not convert to Christianity. For example, the new laws would prevent non-Christian Aboriginal people from testifying or having their cases heard in court, and ban alcohol consumption. When the "Indian Act" was amended in 1884, traditional religious and social practices, such as the Potlatch, would be banned, and further amendments in 1920 would prevent "status Indians" (as defined in the "Act") from wearing traditional dress or performing traditional dances in an attempt to stop all non-Christian practices.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: Another focus of the Canadian government was to make the Aboriginal groups of Canada sedentary, as they thought that this would make them easier to assimilate. In the 19th century, the government began to support the creation of model farming villages, which were meant to encourage non-sedentary Aboriginal groups to settle in an area and begin to cultivate agriculture. When most of these model farming villages failed, the government turned instead to the creation of Indian reserves with the "Indian Act" of 1876. With the creation of these reserves came many restricting laws, such as further bans on all intoxicants, restrictions on eligibility to vote in band elections, decreased hunting and fishing areas, and inability for status Indians to visit other groups on their reservations.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: Through the "Gradual Civilization Act" in 1857, the government would encourage Indians (i.e., First Nations) to "enfranchise" – to "remove all legal distinctions between [Indians] and Her Majesty's other Canadian Subjects". If an Aboriginal chose to enfranchise, it would strip them and their family of Aboriginal title, with the idea that they would become "less savage" and "more civilized," thus become assimilated into Canadian society. However, they were often still defined as "non-citizens" by Europeans, and those few who did enfranchise were often met with disappointment.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: The final government strategy of assimilation, made possible by the "Indian Act" was the Canadian residential school system:


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: Beginning in 1847 and lasting until 1996, the Canadian government, in partnership with the dominant Christian Churches, ran 130 residential boarding schools across Canada for Aboriginal children, who were forcibly taken from their homes. While the schools provided some education, they were plagued by under-funding, disease, and abuse.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: According to some scholars, the Canadian government's laws and policies, including the residential school system, that encouraged or required Indigenous peoples to assimilate into a Eurocentric society, violated the United Nations Genocide Convention that Canada signed in 1949 and passed through Parliament in 1952. Therefore, these scholars believe that Canada could be tried in international court for genocide. A legal case resulted in settlement of in 2006 and the 2008 establishment of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, which confirmed the injurious effect on children of this system and turmoil created between Indigenous peoples and non-Indigenous peoples.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: In 2008, Prime Minister Stephen Harper issued an apology on behalf of the Canadian government and its citizens for the residential school system.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: Canadian Indigenous law refers to Indigenous peoples' own legal systems. This includes the laws and legal processes developed by Indigenous groups to govern their relationships, manage their natural resources, and manage conflicts. Indigenous law is developed from a variety of sources and institutions, which differ across legal traditions. Canadian aboriginal law is the area of law related to the Canadian Government's relationship with its Indigenous peoples. Section 91(24) of the "Constitution Act, 1867" gives the federal parliament exclusive power to legislate in matters related to Aboriginals, which includes groups governed by the "Indian Act", different Numbered Treaties and outside of those Acts.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples began interactions during the European colonization period. Many agreements signed before the Confederation of Canada are recognized in Canadian law, such as the Peace and Friendship Treaties, the Robinson Treaties, the Douglas Treaties, and many others. After Canada's acquisition of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory in 1870, the eleven Numbered treaties were signed between First Nations and the Crown from 1871 to 1921. These treaties are agreements with the Crown administered by Canadian Aboriginal law and overseen by the Minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: In 1973, Canada re-started signing new treaties and agreements with Indigenous peoples to address their land claims. The first modern treaty implemented under the new framework was the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement in 1970. The Nunavut Land Claims Agreement of 1993 lead to the creation of the Inuit-majority territory of Nunavut later that decade. The Canadian Crown continues to sign new treaties with Indigenous peoples, notably though the British Columbia Treaty Process.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: According to the "First Nations–Federal Crown Political Accord", "cooperation will be a cornerstone for partnership between Canada and First Nations, wherein "Canada" is the short-form reference to Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. The Supreme Court of Canada argued that treaties "served to reconcile pre-existing Aboriginal sovereignty with assumed Crown sovereignty, and to define Aboriginal rights." First Nations interpreted agreements covered in treaty 8 to last "as long as the sun shines, grass grows and rivers flow." However, the Canadian government has frequently breached the Crown's treaty obligations over the years, and tries to address these issues by negotiating specific land claim.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: The "Indian Act" is federal legislation that dates from 1876. There have been over 20 major changes made to the act since then, the last time being in 1951; amended in 1985 with Bill C-31. The "Indian Act" indicates how reserves and bands can operate and defines who is recognized as an "Indian."


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: In 1985, the Canadian Parliament passed Bill C-31, "An Act to Amend the Indian Act". Because of a constitutional requirement, the bill took effect on 17 April 1985.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: Those people accepted into band membership under band rules may not be status Indians. C-31 clarified that various sections of the "Indian Act" apply to band members. The sections under debate concern community life and land holdings. Sections pertaining to Indians (First Nations peoples) as individuals (in this case, wills and taxation of personal property) were not included.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples was a Royal Commission undertaken by the Government of Canada in 1991 to address issues of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. It assessed past government policies toward Aboriginal people, such as residential schools, and provided policy recommendations to the government. The Commission issued its final report in November 1996. The five-volume, 4,000-page report covered a vast range of issues; its 440 recommendations called for sweeping changes to the interaction between Aboriginal, non-Aboriginal people and the governments in Canada. The report "set out a 20-year agenda for change."


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: In 1995, the Government of Canada announced the Aboriginal Right to Self-Government Policy. This policy recognizes that First Nations and Inuit have the constitutional right to shape their own forms of government to suit their particular historical, cultural, political and economic circumstances. The Indian Health Transfer Policy provided a framework for the assumption of control of health services by Aboriginal peoples, and set forth a developmental approach to transfer centred on self-determination in health. Through this process, the decision to enter transfer discussions with Health Canada rests with each community. Once involved in transfer, communities can take control of health programme responsibilities at a pace determined by their individual circumstances and health management capabilities. The National Aboriginal Health Organization (NAHO) incorporated in 2000, was an Aboriginal-designed and-controlled not-for-profit body in Canada that worked to influence and advance the health and well-being of Aboriginal Peoples. Its funding was discontinued in 2012.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: First Nations and Inuit organizations ranged in size from band societies of a few people to multi-nation confederacies like the Iroquois. First Nations leaders from across the country formed the Assembly of First Nations, which began as the National Indian Brotherhood in 1968. The Métis and the Inuit are represented nationally by the Métis National Council and Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami respectively.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: Today's political organizations have resulted from interaction with European-style methods of government through the Federal Interlocutor for Métis and Non-Status Indians. Indigenous political organizations throughout Canada vary in political standing, viewpoints, and reasons for forming. First Nations, Métis and Inuit negotiate with the Government of Canada through Indian and Northern Affairs Canada in all affairs concerning land, entitlement, and rights. The First Nation groups that operate independently do not belong to these groups.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: Countless Indigenous words, inventions and games have become an everyday part of Canadian language and use. The canoe, snowshoes, the toboggan, lacrosse, tug of war, maple syrup and tobacco are just a few of the products, inventions and games. Some of the words include the barbecue, caribou, chipmunk, woodchuck, hammock, skunk, and moose.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: Many places in Canada, both natural features and human habitations, use Indigenous names. The word "Canada" itself derives from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word meaning 'village' or 'settlement'. The province of Saskatchewan derives its name from the Saskatchewan River, which in the Cree language is called "Kisiskatchewani Sipi", meaning 'swift-flowing river'. "Ottawa", the name of Canada's capital city, comes from the Algonquin language term "adawe", meaning 'to trade'.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: Modern youth groups, such as Scouts Canada and the Girl Guides of Canada, include programs based largely on Indigenous lore, arts and crafts, character building and outdoor camp craft and living.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: Aboriginal cultural areas depend upon their ancestors' primary lifeway, or occupation, at the time of European contact. These culture areas correspond closely with physical and ecological regions of Canada. The Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast were centred around ocean and river fishing; in the interior of British Columbia, hunter-gatherer and river fishing. In both of these areas, the salmon was of chief importance. For the people of the plains, bison hunting was the primary activity. In the subarctic forest, other species such as the moose were more important. For peoples near the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River, shifting agriculture was practised, including the raising of maize, beans, and squash. While for the Inuit, hunting was the primary source of food with seals the primary component of their diet. The caribou, fish, other marine mammals and to a lesser extent plants, berries and seaweed are part of the Inuit diet. One of the most noticeable symbols of Inuit culture, the inuksuk is the emblem of the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics. "Inuksuit" are rock sculptures made by stacking stones; in the shape of a human figure, they are called "inunnguaq".


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: Indian reserves, established in Canadian law by treaties such as Treaty 7, are lands of First Nations recognized by non-Indigenous governments. Some reserves are within cities, such as the Opawikoscikan Reserve in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, Wendake in Quebec City or Enoch Cree Nation 135 in the Edmonton Metropolitan Region. There are more reserves in Canada than there are First Nations, which were ceded multiple reserves by treaty. Aboriginal people currently work in a variety of occupations and may live outside their ancestral homes. The traditional cultures of their ancestors, shaped by nature, still exert a strong influence on them, from spirituality to political attitudes. National Indigenous Peoples Day is a day of recognition of the cultures and contributions of the First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada. The day was first celebrated in 1996, after it was proclaimed that year, by then Governor General of Canada Roméo LeBlanc, to be celebrated on June 21 annually. Most provincial jurisdictions do not recognize it as a statutory holiday.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: There are 13 Aboriginal language groups, 11 oral and 2 sign, in Canada, made up of more than 65 distinct dialects. Of these, only Cree, Inuktitut, and Ojibwe have a large enough population of fluent speakers to be considered viable to survive in the long term. Two of Canada's territories give official status to native languages. In Nunavut, Inuktitut and Inuinnaqtun are official languages alongside the national languages of English and French, and Inuktitut is a common vehicular language in territorial government.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: In the Northwest Territories, the "Official Languages Act" declares that there are 11 different languages: Chipewyan, Cree, English, French, Gwichʼin, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey, and Tłįchǫ. Besides English and French, these languages are not vehicular in government; official status entitles citizens to receive services in them on request and to deal with the government in them.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: Indigenous peoples were producing art for thousands of years before the arrival of European settler colonists and the eventual establishment of Canada as a nation state. Like the peoples who produced them, Indigenous art traditions spanned territories across North America. Indigenous art traditions are organized by art historians according to cultural, linguistic or regional groups: Northwest Coast, Plateau, Plains, Eastern Woodlands, Subarctic, and Arctic.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: Art traditions vary enormously amongst and within these diverse groups. Indigenous art with a focus on portability and the body is distinguished from European traditions and its focus on architecture. Indigenous visual art may be used in conjunction with other arts. Shamans' masks and rattles are used ceremoniously in dance, storytelling and music. Artworks preserved in museum collections date from the period after European contact and show evidence of the creative adoption and adaptation of European trade goods such as metal and glass beads. The distinct Métis cultures that have arisen from inter-cultural relationships with Europeans contribute culturally hybrid art forms. During the 19th and the first half of the 20th century the Canadian government pursued an active policy of forced and cultural assimilation toward Indigenous peoples. The "Indian Act" banned manifestations of the Sun Dance, the Potlatch, and works of art depicting them.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: It was not until the 1950s and 1960s that Indigenous artists such as Mungo Martin, Bill Reid and Norval Morrisseau began to publicly renew and re-invent Indigenous art traditions. Currently, there are Indigenous artists practising in all media in Canada and two Indigenous artists, Edward Poitras and Rebecca Belmore, have represented Canada at the Venice Biennale in 1995 and 2005 respectively.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: The Aboriginal peoples of Canada encompass diverse ethnic groups with their individual musical traditions. Music is usually social (public) or ceremonial (private). Public, social music may be dance music accompanied by rattles and drums. Private, ceremonial music includes vocal songs with accompaniment on percussion, used to mark occasions like Midewivin ceremonies and Sun Dances.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: Traditionally, Indigenous peoples used the materials at hand to make their instruments for centuries before Europeans immigrated to Canada. First Nations people made gourds and animal horns into rattles, which were elaborately carved and brightly painted. In woodland areas, they made horns of birch bark and drumsticks of carved antlers and wood. Traditional percussion instruments such as drums were generally made of carved wood and animal hides. These musical instruments provide the background for songs, and songs the background for dances. Traditional First Nations people consider song and dance to be sacred. For years after Europeans came to Canada, First Nations people were forbidden to practice their ceremonies.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: There are three (First Nations, Inuit and Métis) distinctive groups of Indigenous peoples that are recognized in the Canadian "Constitution Act, 1982", sections 25 and 35. Under the "Employment Equity Act", Aboriginal people are a designated group along with women, visible minorities, and persons with disabilities; as such, they are neither a visible minority under the "Act" or in the view of Statistics Canada.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: The 2016 Canadian Census enumerated 1,673,780 Aboriginal people in Canada, 4.9% of the country's total population. This total includes 977,230 First Nations people, 587,545 Métis, and 65,025 Inuit. National representative bodies of Aboriginal people in Canada include the Assembly of First Nations, the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, the Métis National Council, the Native Women's Association of Canada, the National Association of Native Friendship Centres, and the Congress of Aboriginal Peoples.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: In 2016, Indigenous children ages zero to four accounted for 7.7% of those aged zero to four in Canada, and made up 51.2% of children in this age group living in foster care.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: In the 20th century the Aboriginal population of Canada increased tenfold. Between 1900 and 1950 the population grew by 29%. After the 1960s the infant mortality level on reserves dropped dramatically and the population grew by 161%. Since the 1980s the number of First Nations babies more than doubled and currently almost half of the First Nations population is under the age of 25.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: Indigenous people assert that their sovereign rights are valid, and point to the Royal Proclamation of 1763, which is mentioned in the Canadian "Constitution Act, 1982", Section 25, the "British North America Acts" and the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (to which Canada is a signatory) in support of this claim.


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: Ethnographers commonly classify Indigenous peoples of the Americas in the United States and Canada into ten geographical regions, cultural areas, with shared cultural traits. The Canadian regions are:


title: Indigenous peoples in Canada

text: Across Canada, 56% of Indigenous peoples live in urban areas. The urban Indigenous population is the fastest-growing population segment in Canada.


title: Theravada

text: Theravāda () (, , , , , , ) is the most commonly accepted name of Buddhism's oldest existing school. The school's adherents, termed Theravādins, have preserved their version of Gautama Buddha's teaching or "Buddha Dhamma" in the Pāli Canon for over two millennia.


title: Theravada

text: The Pāli Canon is the most complete Buddhist canon surviving in a classical Indian language, Pāli, which serves as the school's sacred language and "lingua franca". In contrast to "Mahāyāna" and "Vajrayāna", Theravāda tends to be conservative in matters of doctrine ("pariyatti") and monastic discipline ("vinaya"). One element of this conservatism is the fact that Theravāda rejects the authenticity of the Mahayana sutras (which appeared c. 1st century BCE onwards).


title: Theravada

text: Modern Theravāda derives from the Mahāvihāra order, a Sri Lankan branch of the Vibhajjavāda tradition, which is, in turn, a sect of the Indian Sthavira Nikaya. This tradition began to establish itself in Sri Lanka from the 3rd century BCE onwards. It was in Sri Lanka that the Pāli Canon was written down and the school's commentary literature developed. From Sri Lanka, the Theravāda Mahāvihāra tradition subsequently spread to the rest of Southeast Asia. It is the official religion of Sri Lanka, Myanmar and Cambodia, and the dominant religion in Laos and Thailand and is practiced by minorities in India, Bangladesh, China, Nepal, North Korea and Vietnam. The diaspora of all of these groups, as well as converts around the world, also embrace and practice Theravāda Buddhism.


title: Theravada

text: During the modern era, new developments have included Buddhist modernism, the Vipassana movement which reinvigorated Theravāda meditation practice, the growth of the Thai Forest Tradition which reemphasized forest monasticism and the spread of Theravāda westward to places such as India and Nepal, along with Buddhist immigrants and converts in the European Union and the United States.