title: Anaconda

text: Although the name applies to a group of snakes, it is often used to refer only to one species, in particular, the common or green anaconda ("Eunectes murinus"), which is the largest snake in the world by weight, and the second longest after the reticulated python.


title: Anaconda

text: The South American names "anacauchoa" and "anacaona" were suggested in an account by Peter Martyr d'Anghiera, but the idea of a South American origin was questioned by Henry Walter Bates who, in his travels in South America, failed to find any similar name in use. The word anaconda is derived from the name of a snake from Ceylon (Sri Lanka) that John Ray described in Latin in his ' (1693) as '. Ray used a catalogue of snakes from the Leyden museum supplied by Dr. Tancred Robinson, but the description of its habit was based on Andreas Cleyer who in 1684 described a gigantic snake that crushed large animals by coiling around their bodies and crushing their bones. Henry Yule in his "Hobson-Jobson" notes that the word became more popular due to a piece of fiction published in 1768 in the Scots Magazine by a certain R. Edwin. Edwin that described a 'tiger' being crushed to death by an anaconda, when there actually never were any tigers in Sri Lanka. Yule and Frank Wall noted that the snake was in fact a python and suggested a Tamil origin ' meaning elephant killer. A Sinhalese origin was also suggested by Donald Ferguson who pointed out that the word ' (' lightning/large and ' stem/trunk) was used in Sri Lanka for the small whip snake ("Ahaetulla pulverulenta") and somehow got misapplied to the python before myths were created.


title: Harley Quinn Smith

text: Harley Quinn Smith (born June 26, 1999) is an American actress and musician. Smith has appeared in the film "Tusk" and starred in its spin-off "Yoga Hosers", both written and directed by her father, filmmaker Kevin Smith. She is also the bass player and one of the singers in the punk rock band The Tenth. She also appeared in "Jay and Silent Bob Reboot".


title: Harley Quinn Smith

text: Harley Quinn Smith was born in Red Bank, New Jersey, the daughter of Kevin Smith and actress and journalist Jennifer Schwalbach Smith. She was named after the Batman character.


title: Harley Quinn Smith

text: Smith made her acting debut in her father's film "Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back", by portraying the recurring character Silent Bob as a toddler. In 2004, she had an uncredited cameo as Tracy Colelli in the drama film "Jersey Girl" and two years later in the comedy film "Clerks II". In 2014, she had a small role in the thriller film "Tusk", a role she reprised in a starring capacity in 2016's "Yoga Hosers". In January 2016, it was announced that Smith will play her father's character's daughter in the half-hour comedy "Hollyweed".


title: Harley Quinn Smith

text: In 2017, Smith was cast as Lindsay in "All These Small Moments", which premiered at the 2018 Tribeca Film Festival.


title: Harley Quinn Smith

text: Smith joined John Barrowman and other co-hosts in the debut September 15, 2018 episode of "DC Daily", a discussion show focusing on DC Universe comic topics


title: Harley Quinn Smith

text: In early 2019, Smith rejoined her father's View Askewniverse, playing Millennium "Milly" Faulken in "Jay and Silent Bob Reboot". According to Kevin Smith, Milly is part of a girl-gang (made up of characters played by Aparna Brielle, Treshelle Edmond, and Alice Wen) that is not unlike the girl-gang of "Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back"; however, their goals and motivations are different, and they were put together as a commentary on Hollywood's use of youth and diversity in reboots and sequels. Kevin Smith says that Milly's role in the gang is similar to Shannon Elizabeth's character Justice, her character being the daughter of Jay and Justice. The movie was released later in the fall. She also had a small role in Quentin Tarantino "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood", portraying a member of the Manson Family.


title: Harley Quinn Smith

text: Smith is good friends with and a frequent co-star of Lily-Rose Depp, daughter of actor Johnny Depp and Vanessa Paradis, and actress Aparna Brielle.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: EcoBoost is a series of turbocharged, direct-injection gasoline engines produced by Ford and originally co-developed by FEV Inc. (now named FEV North America Inc.). EcoBoost engines are designed to deliver power and torque consistent with those of larger-displacement (cylinder volume), naturally aspirated engines, while achieving about 30% better fuel efficiency and 15% fewer greenhouse emissions, according to Ford. The manufacturer sees the EcoBoost technology as less costly and more versatile than further developing or expanding the use of hybrid and diesel engine technologies. EcoBoost engines are broadly available across the Ford vehicle lineup.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: EcoBoost gasoline direct-injection turbocharged engine technology adds 128 patents and patent applications to Ford's 4,618 active and thousands of pending US patents. Some of the costs of US development and production were assisted by the $5.9 billion Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program by the Department of Energy.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: The V6 EcoBoost engines are being assembled at Cleveland Engine Plant No. 1 in Brook Park, Ohio. The 2.0-liter I4 EcoBoost engines were produced at the Ford Valencia Plant in Spain in 2009. The 1.6-liter I4 EcoBoost engines will be made at the Ford Bridgend Engine Plant in the United Kingdom. The smaller 1000cc-displacement 3 cylinder EcoBoost engine is produced both at Ford Germany in Cologne and at Ford Romania in Craiova.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: By 2012, the company planned to produce 750,000 EcoBoost units annually in the US and 1.3 million globally in the world market. Ford expected over 90% of its global vehicle lineup (includes North America) to offer EcoBoost engine technology by 2013. From the engine's beginning to November 2012, 500,000 Ford EcoBoost vehicles have been sold.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: During Ford's ownership of Volvo (until 2010), it used the term PTDi (petrol turbocharged direct injection) for the 1.6 L I4 engine when introducing Volvo S60 concept and for the 2.0 L I4 engine when introducing Volvo XC60.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: Ford has had to refund hundreds of customers worldwide because Ford EcoBoost engines in their vehicles have overheated and, in some cases, caused engine fires. In 2015, a South African man died after becoming trapped in his Ford Kuga after its 1.6-litre EcoBoost engine burst into flames. In 2017, Ford South Africa recalled all Kugas in the country for engine checks.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: Ford produces a 1.0 L turbocharged in-line three-cylinder engine for the EcoBoost family developed at Ford's Dunton Technical Centre in the UK. Production started in April 2012. The 1.0 is built initially in two versions: and .


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: Both versions deliver a maximum of from 1,400 to 4,500 rpm, whereas higher performing versions can provide up to on overboost for 30 seconds, which makes for a broad torque curve when compared to a naturally aspirated gasoline engine. A version has also been released in the Fiesta Red Edition and Black Edition (some markets), as well as the Focus ST-Line, with of torque. The engine block is cast iron, which offers, in addition to the required strength, up to 50% faster warm-up than aluminum, at the expense of additional weight.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: To quell the natural vibrations of a three-cylinder design, unspecified efforts have been made in the flywheel design to ensure satisfactorily smooth running without the use of energy sapping balance shafts. The 1.0L EcoBoost GTDI engine uses an oil-bathed timing belt.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: The engine is packaged in an engine block with a footprint the size of an A4 sheet of paper. With the introduction of the face-lifted 2013 Ford Fiesta, Ford introduced a naturally aspirated version of 1.0 Fox engine. The two versions produce 65 hp and 80 hp, and both engines use direct injection and Ti-VCT like the turbocharged versions. Start-stop technology is also available.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: The engines are produced in Cologne (Germany), Craiova (Romania) and Chongqing (China). Production is expected to be 700,000–1,500,000 units per year.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: The 1.0 L EcoBoost engine was introduced to the American market with the 2014 Ford Fiesta sedan and hatchback, although cars with this engine did not sell particularly well. It was announced at the 2012 Los Angeles Auto Show, when the Fiesta was introduced. The 123-hp version debuted in the North American market Focus in the 2015 model year. The engine accounted for less than 5 percent of Fiesta and Focus sales in the U.S., according to a 2017 report. The 1.0 L engine was awarded the International Engine of Year Award 2016, making it the Best Engine Under 1.0 L for the fifth time in a row. After the discontinuation of the Focus and Fiesta in North America, the 1.0 L is only available there in the EcoSport.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: In 2017 Ford was again awarded International Engine of Year (for Engines Under 1.0 L) with a largely reconfigured version of the Ecoboost 1.0. Although thermodynamically similar to the old Ecoboost 1.0, the new engine features cylinder deactivation under low-load conditions. A new dual-mass flywheel and a vibration-damping clutch disc (in manual-transmission vehicles) help neutralise engine oscillations when running on two cylinders. Production started in 2018.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: In 2019, Ford launched an mHEV version of the 1.0 EcoBoost engine first fitted to the Puma SUV, which uses a belt-driven integrated starter/generator-motor (BiSG); which is in essence a starter motor, alternator, and propulsion motor in one. Fundamentally, the engine is identical to the 2018–present 1.0 EcoBoost, but features the electric starter/generator and its battery system. The motor itself is not used to propel the vehicle on its own, and is mainly used to increase efficiency by reducing engine load, provide extra power during acceleration, and to reduce the perceived ‘turbo-lag’ at certain engine speeds while accelerating. The starter/generator makes use of a 48-volt battery system in the car, although vehicles fitted with these engines are not plug-in hybrids or full hybrids. Further developments introduced include a more comprehensive ‘start-stop’ functionality, which was previously available but did not cut the engine off until the vehicle was completely stopped. The new engines can turn off while the car decelerates, at a maximum speed of about 15 mph. The new, electrified engines are available with a manual- or Ford's new seven-speed dual-clutch PowerShift automatic transmission, and are available in either 125 bhp or 154 bhp outputs.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: On 24 February 2017, as part of the unveiling of the seventh generation (Mk8 - UK) derived Fiesta ST, Ford announced an all-new aluminum inline 3-cylinder 1.5 L EcoBoost engine with cylinder deactivation technology. The version of this engine announced for the Fiesta ST produces at 6,000 rpm and delivers of torque from 1,600 to 4,000 rpm.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: The engine is based on an expansion of the 1.0 EcoBoost, taking the capacity per cylinder up to 500cc which Ford consider is likely to be the maximum for optimum thermal efficiency. The engine is an all-aluminum design with integrated exhaust manifold, low inertia mixed flow turbocharger and combines both port fuel injection and direct fuel injection.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: The engine will be available with cylinder deactivation technology, implemented by stopping fuel delivery and valve operation for one of the engine's cylinders in conditions where full capacity is not needed.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: Four versions of EcoBoost I4 engines are in production. A 1.5 L downsized version of the 1.6 L, the 1.6 L which replaces larger-displacement, naturally aspirated I4 engines in Ford vehicles, a 2.0 L which replaces small-displacement, naturally aspirated V6 engines, and a 2.3 L used in high-performance applications. All four engines are turbocharged and direct injected. The production engine family was officially announced at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: A 1.5 L version of the EcoBoost engine family was first unveiled in the 2014 Ford Fusion as a downsized version of the 1.6 L EcoBoost engine. The downsized displacement is a result of Chinese vehicle tax regulations which tax vehicles with engine displacements of 1.5 L or less at lower rates. The 1.5 L EcoBoost adds new technology compared to the 1.6 L on which it is based, including an integrated exhaust manifold and a computer-controlled water pump clutch to decrease warm up time. In the 2015 Fusion, the engine produces and 185 lb ft .


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: The 1.6-litre version was first unveiled in the 2009 Lincoln C concept. The engine is rated at and . This was also installed in many Volvos during the years of Ford's ownership of that company; Volvo badged the engine B4164T# (with # being different number for different iterations).


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: The 1.6 L EcoBoost engine is raced in the British Formula Ford Championship. The units have replaced the original N/A 1.6 L Duratec units, which in turn replaced the 1.8 L Zetec-engined cars. The engine has also been used for the past few seasons in the WRC in the Ford Fiesta.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: In 2013, Ford has recalled certain Ford Escapes equipped with this engine due to the potential for them to catch fire after overheating.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: In 2017, Ford recalled over 360,000 Ford Escape, Ford Fiesta ST, Ford Fusion, Ford Transit Connect, Ford Focus and C-Max hybrid with 1.6 ecoboost engines because of a risk of engine fires caused by a "lack of coolant circulation". There were 29 fires in the U.S. and Canada reported to Ford. The recall partly contributed to a charge of US$300 million by Ford.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: Type-turbocharged, direct gasoline-injected inline four-cylinder engine with twin independent variable-camshaft timing


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: A 2.0 L version was first seen in the 2008 Ford Explorer America concept. The engine was rated at and .


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: It is the first EcoBoost engine to include twin independent variable cam timing (Ti-VCT), with advertised 10–20% better fuel economy while maintaining the performance of 3.0 L V6s.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: This engine is derived from the 2.0 L Mazda L engine block used by Ford in the North American Focus MK3, but equipped with unique heads, fuel injection system, and Ford's Ti-VCT. It should not be confused with the Mazda 2.3 DISI Turbo, which also features direct injection along with turbocharging, but shares little else aside from the same engine block.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: The 2.0 L EcoBoost engine used in North American vehicles is now produced at the Cleveland Engine Plant in Brook Park, Ohio.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: Although not listed some 2.0 EcoBoost engines have a different block design including alternate weaker deck design and cooling ports missing. When installed in Volvos, these engines are called B4204T6 and T7.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: It should also be noted that North American-spec and European-spec engines have different cylinder heads: North American market vehicles use a cylinder head with an integrated exhaust manifold, while European-spec vehicles use a cylinder head with individual exhaust ports and a conventional exhaust manifold.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: A redesigned 2.0 L EcoBoost four-cylinder was introduced with the second-generation Ford Edge, followed by the 2017 Ford Escape in spring 2016. It features a higher compression ratio than its predecessor (10.1:1 vs 9.3:1) along with twin-scroll turbocharger and fuel and oil systems upgrades. This new engine will deliver more low-end torque than its predecessor and all-wheel drive will be available in this configuration. It is also expected to tow in the redesigned Edge and 2017 Escape.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: The 2.3L version of the EcoBoost engine debuted in the 2015 Ford Mustang and also the Lincoln MKC crossover and has been implemented in many Ford and Lincoln vehicles with various outputs.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: The 2.3 L EcoBoost engine is produced with the 2.0 L EcoBoost at the Valencia Engine Plant in Valencia, Spain. In March 2015 Ford announced the official production start of the all-new twin-scroll 2.0-liter and 2.3-liter EcoBoost engines for North America at its Cleveland Engine Plant in Ohio.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: Introduced with the 2015 Ford F-150 is a twin-turbo 2.7 L V6 EcoBoost engine. It delivers and . The engine is built at the Lima Ford Engine Plant. Ford has invested US$500 million in the Lima plant for the new engine. Ford also states that the new engine will bring 300 jobs to Allen County, Ohio, but transfers from other plants make the actual number hard to pin down. A 335-hp version is to be an option on the 2017 Lincoln Continental. Being a next-generation design, it uses a two piece block design. Compacted graphite iron, a material Ford uses in its 6.7 L PowerStroke diesel engine, is used for the upper cylinder section with aluminum used for the lower stiffening section of the block.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: The second generation 2.7L EcoBoost V6 was introduced with the 2018 Ford F-150 and is mated to a 10-speed transmission that debuted the year prior. It produces an additional of torque over the first generation. The engine uses a compacted-graphite iron (CGI) block, which is both high strength and lightweight.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: It boasts a number of changes from the first generation, with many carrying over from the second generation 3.5L EcoBoost engine that arrived a year earlier in the F-150. The most prominent change being the addition of port fuel injection, while keeping the direct injection system. It also has reduced internal friction to improve power and fuel economy, and new exhaust gas recirculation system. The specific output of the engine is now 121 hp/L, versus the 395-hp Ford Coyote 5.0L naturally aspirated V-8 which has a specific output of only 78 hp/L. The peak torque matches the 5.0L V-8, albeit at a lower 2,750 rpm vs. 4,500 rpm for the V-8.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: Additional changes include a new lightweight cam to save weight, dual-chain cam drive system that is stronger and reduces parasitic friction loss, a new electrically actuated wastegate that provides more accurate turbo boost control, a high-pressure exhaust gas recirculation system, and a variable-displacement belt-driven oil pump that is electronically controlled to modulate oil flow to further reduce parasitic losses.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: A 3.0L V6 twin-turbocharged gasoline direct-injection engine, derived from the 2.7 L EcoBoost, was released in 2016 that produces between 350 and 400 horsepower. Currently, the 3.0 L is mostly exclusive to the Lincoln line-up to include the MKZ (which replaces the 3.7 L Ti-VCT Cyclone V6 engine the previous year), the Continental, Aviator, Ford Explorer and the 2022 Ford Bronco Raptor.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: The 3.0-liter version of the engine was created by increasing the 2.7-liter's cylinder bore in the CGI-block from 83.0 millimeters to 85.3, and by lengthening piston stroke by 3.0 millimeters (to 86.0).


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: The first Ford vehicle to feature this engine was the 2007 Lincoln MKR concept vehicle under the name TwinForce. The engine was designed to deliver power and torque output equivalent to a typical 6.0 L or larger-displacement V8 while achieving at least 15% better fuel efficiency and reduced greenhouse emissions. In the MKR, the concept TwinForce engine was rated at and of torque, as well as run on E85 fuel. When the same prototype engine reappeared in the Lincoln MKT concept in 2008 North American International Auto Show, the name was changed to EcoBoost. Official EcoBoost production began on May 19, 2009 at Cleveland Engine Plant No. 1.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: The production engines use the Duratec 35 V6 engine block. The fuel charging and delivery systems can attain high fuel pressures up to 2150 psi, necessary for efficient operation of the direct fuel injection system. The F-series EcoBoost 3.5L V6 uses two BorgWarner K03 turbochargers which can spin up to 170,000 rpm and provide up to 15 psi of boost. The transverse EcoBoost 3.5L V6 uses two Garrett GT1549L turbochargers and provides up to 11 psi of boost. The turbos are set up in a twin-turbo configuration. The engine can consume up to 25% more air over the naturally aspirated counterpart. Through the use of direct injection, the engine needs only regular-grade gasoline to run. The EcoBoost V6 was first available as an engine option for 2010 Lincoln MKS, followed by 2010 Ford Flex, 2010 Ford Taurus SHO, and 2010 Lincoln MKT. The fuel-charging and -delivery systems were co-developed with Robert Bosch GmbH.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: In 2009, Ford modified an experimental 3.5 L V6 EcoBoost engine with both E85 direct injection and gasoline indirect fuel injection, which achieved a brake mean effective pressure of 395 psi (27 bar), which translates to roughly of torque and at 3000 rpm (flat torque curve from 1500–3000 rpm).


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: The second generation 3.5L EcoBoost V6 (codename D35) was introduced for the 2017 Ford GT, revealed at the 2015 Detroit Auto Show in January, as well as the 2017 F-150, 2018 Expedition and 2018 Navigator. It produces up to paired with a seven-speed semiautomatic transmission. This engine replaces the 5.4 L supercharged modular V8 from the last generation Ford GT. The GT was on an 11-year hiatus and returned in 2016 for the 2017 model year.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: Also announced at the 2015 Detroit Auto Show was the 2017 Ford F-150 SVT Raptor, which is powered by an all-new 3.5 L twin-turbocharged EcoBoost V6. This new engine will produce 450 horsepower in the Raptor, up from the previous 6.2-L V8's 411.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: The same second-generation 3.5L V6 is replacing the first-generation engine in the 2017 F-150 line-up. It will be standard on the F-150 Limited and remain an optional upgrade for other trim levels. Paired with the second-generation 3.5L EcoBoost V6 is the new 10R80 10-speed automatic transmission that was co-designed with GM. This new transmission will be outfitted on all second-generation 3.5L V6 EcoBoost F-150s. The 10-speed will be exclusive to the 3.5L EcoBoost engine in F-150s for the 2017 model year.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: The most prominent change is the addition of port fuel injection, while keeping the direct injectors. The port fuel injection was partly added due to the fuel output needs on the 3.5L HO Raptor engine, but also has several benefits for the 3.5L EcoBoost. It will prevent buildup on the intake valves and keep them clean due to fuel passing over the valves. Under certain engine conditions such as low rpm and low loads the high-pressure fuel pump and direct injection system will turn off and the engine will only use the port fuel injection, reducing efficiency losses due to the HPFP. Both systems will operate at cold start, which will reduce emissions that direct injection suffers due to cold cylinder walls and lower fuel atomization.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: Turbocharger changes include electronically actuated wastegates, turbine wheels now made with lighter Mar-M-247 super-alloy increasing responsiveness, and the same 51 mm turbine wheels but with sharper vane angles allowing between and higher boost. The turbochargers continue to be supplied by Borg Warner.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: The cam drive system changed from a single primary chain to a stronger two primary chain system with separate chains driving each cylinder bank. In addition to dual primary chains, the side plates on the chains were also thickened. The cam chain drive sprocket on the crankshaft is a double gear arrangement to drive the two primary chains. These two changes were done to improve the harmonics, and are also stronger to help minimize the chain stretch that can occur over time on the 1st generation 3.5L EcoBoost.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: The camshafts were made hollow for weight savings, along with the addition of a roller-finger follower valvetrain. The compression ratio was increased from 10.0:1 to 10.5:1 (except on the 3.5L EcoBoost HO for the Raptor, which remains at 10.0:1).


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: The camshaft VCT (phaser) design was also changed to improve reliability and reduce the development of an engine start-up tapping/rattling noise over time. However, the VCT units are found to be failing around 40-80k miles, requiring a replacement to resolve. <br>


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: Ford has issued multiple service bulletins, with the most recent being Customer Satisfaction Program 21N03 – Supplement #4. This program extended warranty coverage under certain conditions for a VCT replacement due to tapping phasers.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: The latest VCT part number (ML3Z prefix) is a significant redesign and so far has been durable and not shown the rattling/tapping issue develop.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: Ford uses a single piston cooling jet per cylinder, but the oil volume was increased. The underside of the pistons were also redesigned to better transfer heat into the oil.


title: Ford EcoBoost engine

text: The engine also features auto start/stop, which decreases emissions during city driving by shutting the engine off in extended idling periods.


title: BMW M4

text: The BMW M4 is a high-performance version of the BMW 4 Series coupes and convertibles developed by BMW's motorsport division, BMW M, and marketed since 2014.


title: BMW M4

text: As part of the renumbering that splits the 3 Series coupé and convertible models into the 4 Series (to further differentiate these from the 3 Series), the M4 replaced the BMW M3 coupé and convertible models. Upgrades over the standard BMW 4 Series include an upgraded engine, suspension, exhaust system, brakes and weight reduction measures including increased use of carbon fibre, such as on the roof of the car.


title: BMW M4

text: On 25 September 2013, BMW released the technical specifications of the M4. It is powered by the S55B30 engine, which is developed and engineered by BMW M GmbH. This 3.0-litre inline-6 engine has been built specifically for the new M4/M3, having a redline of 7,600 rpm with the rev limiter actuated at 7,300 rpm. The engine uses two mono-scroll turbochargers with a peak boost pressure of . The power is rated at , however this is achieved not at a specific engine speed, but is instead rated throughout the range of 5,500–7,300 rpm. The engine's torque is rated at throughout the range of 1,850–5,500. Two transmission choices are available, the 6-speed manual and the 7-speed M-DCT transmissions. The 7-speed M-DCT transmission accelerates the car from 0 to in 4.1 seconds) and the 6-speed manual transmission from 0 to in 4.3 seconds. The weight of the European specification M4 equipped with a manual transmission is and with the M-DCT dual-clutch transmission, the car is some heavier, losing some as compared to the E92 M3.


title: BMW M4

text: As per its E92 predecessor, the roof of the coupe model is constructed from carbon fibre (except if the optional sunroof is fitted). Carbon fibre is also used for the bootlid and engine brace. For the first time in a M3/M4 model, an electric power steering unit is used. The steering system is specifically tuned for both the M3 and M4, however it has been criticised for lacking in feel. The and wheel options are available with lightweight forged alloy wheels being standard. The M compound brakes come standard (with blue brake calipers), while carbon ceramic brakes (with gold brake calipers) are available as an option.


title: BMW M4

text: The M4 features Active Sound, live amplification of the engine's natural sound inducted into the passenger cabin via speakers in the car. BMW claims this technology has been used so that the well insulated cabin can reduce road/wind noise but still provide the driver with the sporty sound of the M powered engine. There are no artificial sound or any pre-recorded track in the system. This system was first implemented in the M5 (F10).


title: BMW M4

text: The M4 is based on the F32 4 Series however 50 percent of its components are unique as compared to the 4 Series.


title: BMW M4

text: The convertible variant of the M4 was announced along with its coupe sibling, also internally known as F82 or F83 M4. It shares almost everything with the coupé version, but weighs more due to its folding metal roof. The convertible weighs (manual), (M-DCT). The three-piece retractable hardtop folds in 20 seconds. The only significant difference between the two is the weight due to its retractable hardtop. Like its hardtop counterpart, the F83 M4 uses carbon fibre reinforced plastic to lighten and stiffen the car.


title: BMW M4

text: Because of its extra weight it accelerates slower, taking it 0.3 seconds longer to ; 4.6 seconds with the manual and 4.3 seconds with the M-DCT transmission. The dynamic differences between the two variants are marginally small.


title: BMW M4

text: Starting from the 2019 model year (production from 07/2018 onward) BMW removed the carbon fibre driveshaft so as to be able to fit an Otto Particulate Filter (OPF), necessary to comply with WLTP emissions regulations and this also meant that the M Performance Exhaust was no longer able to be offered on these cars by BMW.


title: BMW M4

text: In February 2016, BMW announced the M4 Competition Package. The M4 Competition Package boasts and a revised suspension for better handling. New springs, dampers and anti-roll bars complement the included Adaptive M Suspension. BMW also re-tuned the electronic differential and the Dynamic Stability Control to match the upgraded hardware. The interior remains largely unchanged, but Competition Package cars get new lightweight sport seats along with the M-striped woven seat belts. The exterior includes the M Sport exhaust with black chrome tailpipes and high gloss Shadow Line exterior trim. Gloss black trim is added to the kidney grille, side gills, and model badge on the trunk.


title: BMW M4

text: With the Competition Package, the coupe version accelerates from standstill to 100 km/h (62 mph) in 4.0 seconds.


title: BMW M4

text: There is a convertible version, and that does the run in 4.2 seconds, both coupe and convertible forms using the dual clutch transmission.


title: BMW M4

text: BMW introduced the M4 GTS concept in August 2015 at the Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance. In 2016, BMW introduced the production version of the car which was a track-focused version of the standard M4 coupé itself with a limited production run of 700 units. It is powered by the same twin-turbocharged straight-six engine as in the normal M4, but the power output has been raised to at 6,250 rpm and of torque at 5,500 rpm largely due to a nozzle water injection system that is the first to be used on a production automobile in almost twenty years. In addition to the increased engine power, the M4 GTS is lighter than the standard M4 Coupé with the DCT transmission, so the weight now stands at . The 0 to acceleration time is reduced to 3.8 seconds, while the top speed stands at . The M4 GTS has, according to BMW, lapped the infamous Nürburgring Nordschleife track in 7 minutes and 28 seconds, 24 seconds faster than the base M4 and 20 seconds faster than the M3 GTS. This equates to the same time as a Porsche Carrera GT.


title: BMW M4

text: The BMW M4 DTM Champion Edition was first launched in 2014, following the victory of Marco Wittmann in the 2014 DTM season, in commemoration of the winning BMW M4 DTM racecar. The model is based on Wittmann's 2014 M4 DTM in color. The 2014 DTM Champion Edition is limited to 23 units, Wittmann's race number.


title: BMW M4

text: After winning the 2016 season, BMW once again released a DTM Champion Edition of the M4. The M4 DTM Champion Edition uses the engine from the M4 GTS with and water injection. All performance data are identical to those of the GTS. It is limited to 200 units and is only available in white in keeping with the DTM car. The biggest visual difference to the GTS lies in the smaller spoiler, less aggressive front splitter as well as the omission of the orange design elements.


title: BMW M4

text: In early 2017, BMW announced M4 CS in limited run of 3,000 units globally with 1,000 units being delivered to the United States. The M4 CS sits between the M4 Competition Package and the M4 GTS. The M4 CS utilizes the same engine as the standard M4 but gets a 9 hp boost from the M4 Competition Package, and generates and of torque. The M4 CS gets a total boost of 28 hp from its first generation (2014). The car features a light weight interior which trims off the weight of the M4 Competition. This is done in part through the use of "compacted natural fiber" interior door panels with fabric latch pulls as seen in the M4 GTS, light weight M sport seats, and the removal of the central arm rest.


title: BMW M4

text: This came in 2018 after it was initially released in 2016 for the BMW M3. This was limited to 300 units worldwide and celebrated 30 years of M3 convertible and M4 convertible driving. These cars came in Macao Blue, Mandarin II Uni and unique for the UK market a matte finished Frozen Dark Grey and the star-spoke 20-inch wheels came in bespoke Orbit Grey finish. Inside the finish came with two color option black and white and black and blue and these were fully extended leather. Also door sills and carbon interior had the 30 Jahre etched in.There were no performance changes but the car was based on the M4 Competition. These cars did not come with the 360 camera system as one of the key options that was not offered.


title: BMW M4

text: This is the final edition BMW made for the M4 Limited to 750 units and 75 were sent to the UK. The new M4 Edition M Heritage is based on the existing M4 Coupe and engine was based on the M4 Competition. These came in three colours Laguna Seca Blue, Velvet Blue metallic and Imola red and were only in coupe variants. The changes to this car were in the interior where they came in three color schemes white and black, red and black and blue and black with the words M4 Heritage embossed on the seats, door sills and carbon trim.


title: BMW M4

text: M Performance Parts can be fitted to all M4 models. These include the following: carbon fibre diffuser, a carbon fibre spoiler (F82 Only) (a flow through rear spoiler was also offered by BMW), a carbon fibre bumper winglet, a splitter, carbon fibre grills, carbon fibre engine cover, carbon fibre gear shifter, carbon fibre gear surround, carbon fibre and Alcantara handbrake, carbon fibre and Alcantara armrest, M Performance carbon fibre door sills, decals and black side skirts.


title: BMW M4

text: Other additional options as a retrofit were LCI rear lights and Big Brake Carbon Kit, M Performance Exhaust System which all could be bought and fitted by BMW.


title: BMW M4

text: The second iteration of the BMW M4 (codenamed G82) is a largely based on the standard 4 Series (G22 generation), which was previewed by the BMW Concept 4. It is a high performance version of the standard G22 4 Series. Prototypes of the BMW M4 have been seen tested on the Nürburgring beside the G80 BMW M3. The first units were assembled in November 2020, with global deliveries starting in early 2021.


title: BMW M4

text: The more notable upgrades for the G82 M4 is a increase over the previous M4, as well as adopting the twin-kidney grille from the 4 Series.


title: BMW M4

text: The convertible version of the new M4 was introduced in May 2021. Like the standard new-generation BMW 4 Series Convertible, the M4 Convertible (internal designation G83) has a folding soft top. It normally opens/closes in 18 seconds, at speeds up to . The convertible is available as a Competition model with the M xDrive. Top speed is electronically limited to , but with the optional M Driver's Package, it can increase to . As for acceleration on , it is 3.7 seconds.


title: BMW M4

text: For the Thailand market, the manual will be available in the standard M4 and automatic will be available in the M4 Competition they will be imported from Germany.


title: BMW M4

text: M Performance Parts can be fitted to all models. These includes a wing, carbon fibre side skirts, an M Performance Exhaust system, canards, a carbon fibre splitter, a carbon fibre diffuser and rear ground effects. The M Performance currently released one set of design style that has been produced by many different factories. The G80 and G82 M3, M4 are the only G chassis M available with M performance design.


title: BMW M4

text: In October 2020, BMW released their collaboration with Kith, a lifestyle brand providing clothing items for children and adults, for the G80 generation M4. The car has been named BMW M4 x KITH. Production was limited to only 150 units worldwide and they have a slight premium over the basic form 2021 BMW M4. Slight differences are noticed on the seats with a specific colouration with kith embossed multiple times on the headrest, creating a specific pattern. The carbon roof has the Kith logo. Exterior-wise the car is fully matte black, silver and white.


title: BMW M4

text: At the 2017 Frankfurt Auto Show, head of BMW's M division Frank Van Meel announced that the CSL nameplate would be making a return, replacing the GTS in the performance model monikers. On May 4 of 2022, BMW announced that the M4 CSL would debut at the 2022 Concorso d'Eleganza Villa d'Este. Changes include significant weight reduction of around (hence the CSL name, which stands for Competition Sport Light), a large front carbon fiber front splitter, a ducktail rear spoiler, more horsepower, . Fast forward to May 2022, BMW M revealed the G82 M4 CSL. The latest M4 is now lighter and more powerful than its standard M4 counterpart. Only 1,000 units will be made.


title: BMW M4

text: on 24th November 2022, BMW revealed its all-new BMW 3.0 CSL with a more powerful 3.0-liter Inline-six cylinder engine. which generates a power of 553 HP and 406 lb-ft of torque. and BMW is celebrating BMW M's 50th Anniversary, so on the occasion of M's 50 Anniversary, the new 3.0 CSL will be produced in only 50 units.


title: BMW M4

text: The naturally-aspirated BMW M4 DTM competed in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters from 2014 to 2020. Marco Wittmann won the 2014 and 2016 championships.


title: BMW M4

text: The BMW M4 GT4 is a competition version of the road car, sharing the 3.0 L turbocharged straight-six engine and 7-speed dual clutch transmission. Reuse of these elements of the road car, and of shared electronics systems including the TCS, are aimed at cost, maintenance, and driveability, with further race engineering reused from the GT3 version. Chassis are homologated under the SRO GT4 category, aimed at amateur drivers, with the engine trimmed to in line with the Balance of Performance regulations. The car debuted at the 2017 24 Hours of Nürburgring.


title: BMW M4

text: The BMW M4 GT3 is a racecar version of the G82 BMW M4, homologated under the FIA Group GT3 category, which also enables entry to SRO, IMSA and ADAC competition. It is a direct successor to the BMW M6 GT3, racing from the 2022 season. The M4 GT3 will use a race-prepped variant of the inline-six from the road car. BMW M Motorsport stretches the front to add much wider fenders, and more angular styling for the hood accentuates the inward slanted brows above the headlights. The exhaust exits just ahead of the passenger side front wheel, on the right side of the car. At the back, there are inlets on the sides of the wider fenders. A gooseneck-mounted spoiler and rear diffuser manage the airflow. The steering wheel can be used in racing simulators without modifications. Deliveries started in late 2021.


title: Costa Concordia

text: Costa Concordia () was a cruise ship operated by Costa Crociere. She was the first of her class, followed by sister ships "Costa Serena", "Costa Pacifica", "Costa Favolosa" and "Costa Fascinosa", and "Carnival Splendor" built for Carnival Cruise Line. When the 114,137-ton "Costa Concordia" and her sister ships entered service, they were among the largest ships built in Italy until the construction of the s.


title: Costa Concordia

text: On 13 January 2012 at 21:45, "Costa Concordia" struck a rock in the Tyrrhenian Sea just off the eastern shore of Isola del Giglio. This tore open a gash on the port side of her hull, which soon flooded parts of the engine room, cutting power from the engines and ship services. As water flooded in and the ship listed, she drifted back towards the island and grounded near shore, then rolled onto her starboard side, lying in an unsteady position on a rocky underwater ledge.


title: Costa Concordia

text: The evacuation of "Costa Concordia" took over six hours, and of the 3,229 passengers and 1,023 crew known to have been aboard, 32 died. Francesco Schettino, the ship's captain at that time, was tried and found guilty of manslaughter, causing a maritime accident, and abandoning his ship. The wreck was salvaged three years after the incident and then towed to the port of Genoa, where she was scrapped.


title: Costa Concordia

text: "Costa Concordia" was ordered in 2004 by Carnival Corporation from Fincantieri and built in the Sestri Ponente yard in Genoa, as yard number 6122. At the vessel's launch at Sestri Ponente on 2 September 2005, the champagne bottle, released by model Eva Herzigová, failed to break when swung against the hull the first time. This type of occurrence is considered a bad omen among seafarers, and this incident has been partially blamed for the ship's 2008 accident and 2012 sinking.


title: Costa Concordia

text: The ship was delivered to Costa on 30 June 2006. It cost €450 million (£372 million, ) to build. The name "Concordia" was intended to express the wish for "continuing harmony, unity, and peace between European nations".


title: Costa Concordia

text: "Costa Concordia" was long, had a beam of and drew of water. She had a Diesel-electric power plant consisting of six 12-cylinder Wärtsilä 12V46C four-stroke medium-speed Diesel generating sets with a combined output of . These main generators provided power for all shipboard consumers from propulsion motors to hotel functions such as lighting and air conditioning. The ship was propelled by two 21-megawatt electric motors coupled to fixed-pitch propellers. Her design service speed was , but during sea trials, she achieved a speed of .


title: Costa Concordia

text: "Costa Concordia" was outfitted with approximately 1,500 cabins; 505 with private balconies, and 55 with direct access to the Samsara Spa, which were considered Spa staterooms; 58 suites had private balconies and 12 had direct access to the spa. "Costa Concordia" had one of the world's largest exercise facility areas at sea, the Samsara Spa, a two-level, fitness center, with gym, a thalassotherapy pool, sauna, Turkish bath and a solarium. The ship had four swimming pools, two with retractable roofs, five Jacuzzis, five spas, and a poolside movie theatre on the main pool deck. There were also five on-board restaurants, with Club Concordia and Samsara taking reservations-only dining. There were thirteen bars, including a cigar and cognac bar and a coffee and chocolate bar. Entertainment options included a three-level theatre, casino, a futuristic disco, a children's area equipped with video games and a basketball court. She also had aboard a Grand Prix motor racing simulator and an internet café.


title: Costa Concordia

text: On 22 November 2008, "Costa Concordia" suffered damage to her bow when high winds over the Sicilian city of Palermo pushed the ship against its dock. There were no injuries and repairs started soon after.


title: Costa Concordia

text: Initial repairs were completed by the December following the incident, but dents were still visible. The area was later fully repaired in 2011 during the ship's refurbishment.


title: Costa Concordia

text: On 13 January 2012, under the command of Captain Francesco Schettino, "Costa Concordia" departed Civitavecchia, the port that serves Rome, Italy, for a seven-night cruise. At 21:45 local time (UTC+1), in calm seas and overcast weather, she collided with a rock off Isola del Giglio, on the western coast of Italy approximately northwest of Rome. A long gash was made in the port-side hull, along three compartments of the engine room (deck 0); resulting in power losses, leading to a loss of propulsion and loss of electrical systems, which crippled the ship. Taking on water, the vessel listed to the port side. Twenty-four minutes later, strong winds pushed the vessel back to Giglio Island, where she grounded north of the village of Giglio Porto, resting on her starboard side in shallow waters, with most of her starboard side underwater.


title: Costa Concordia

text: Almost half of the ship remained above water, but it was in danger of sinking completely into a trough deep. Despite the gradual sinking of the ship, its complete loss of power, and its proximity to shore in calm seas, an order to abandon ship was not issued until over an hour after the initial impact. Although international maritime law requires all passengers to be evacuated within 30 minutes of an order to abandon ship, the evacuation of "Costa Concordia" took over six hours. At the time, she was carrying 3,206 passengers and 1,023 crew members. The accident resulted in 32 fatalities. The body of the last missing person, Indian crew member Russel Rebello, was recovered on 3 November 2014. It appears that Rebello died while saving other passengers.


title: Costa Concordia

text: An initial assessment by salvage expert company Smit International estimated that the removal of "Costa Concordia" and her 2,380 tonnes of fuel could take up to 10 months. Smit advised that the ship had been damaged beyond the hope of economical repair and recommended it be written off as a constructive total loss. Smit was soon contracted to initially remove only Concordia's fuel.


title: Costa Concordia

text: During the fuel removal operation, Smit reported that the ship had shifted in the three weeks since her grounding, but that there was no immediate prospect of her breaking up or sinking deeper. Removal of the fuel from the various fuel tanks distributed throughout the ship was completed in March 2012, later than Smit's initial estimates. This cleared the way to arrange for the ultimate salvaging and scrapping of the ship.


title: Costa Concordia

text: On 17 September 2013, "Costa Concordia" was brought to a vertical position through a parbuckling procedure. The cost for salvaging the ship increased to $799 million. In addition, the ship had suffered severe hull deformations in two places. Titan Salvage, the company directing the salvage operations, estimated that the next phase of the salvage operation would be completed by early-to-mid-2014. After this "floating" operation, the ship would be towed to a salvage yard on the Italian mainland for scrapping or "breaking".


title: Costa Concordia

text: On 14 July 2014, work commenced to refloat "Costa Concordia" in preparation for towing. At this point, the costs had risen to €1 billion. Including tow cost, €100 million for the ship to be broken up for scrap and the cost of repairing damage to Giglio island, the estimated final cost was expected to be €1.5 billion ($2 billion). On 23 July, having been refloated, the ship commenced its final journey under tow at a speed of , with a 14-ship escort, to be scrapped in Genoa. It arrived at port on 27 July, after a four-day journey. It was moored to a seawall at the port, awaiting dismantling processes.


title: Costa Concordia

text: On 11 May 2015, following initial dismantling, but still kept afloat by the salvage sponsons, the hull was towed to the Superbacino dock in Genoa for removal of the upper decks. The last of the sponsons were removed in August 2016 and the hull was taken in to a drydock on 1 September for final dismantling. Scrapping of the ship was completed on 7 July 2017.


title: Costa Concordia

text: U.S. poet and singer Patti Smith wrote parts of her 2012 album "Banga" onboard the ship. Smith and Lenny Kaye were invited by Godard to accompany him while he was shooting "Socialisme". The "Banga" CD booklet includes photos taken of Smith and her band during their cruise.


title: Costa Concordia

text: On 11 April 2012, a documentary broadcast in the United Kingdom, titled "Terror at Sea: The Sinking of the Costa Concordia", and another first broadcast on Channel 4, titled "The Sinking of the Concordia: Caught on Camera", featured footage recorded by the passengers and crew.


title: Costa Concordia

text: On 14 July 2012, a documentary titled "Cruise Ship Disaster: Inside the Concordia", was first broadcast on the Discovery Channel, "CNN Presents: Cruise to Disaster", first broadcast by CNN and another, titled "Inside Costa Concordia: Voices of Disaster", was first broadcast by the National Geographic Channel. The season 39 "Nova" episode "Why Ships Sink" discusses the sinking of "Costa Concordia". A later "Nova" season 42 episode "Sunken Ship Rescue" featured the salvage effort and race to refloat and remove the badly damaged Costa Concordia from the accident scene before the ship could break apart, risking an environmental catastrophe.


title: Costa Concordia

text: On 15 February 2013, ABC's "20/20" aired a special on the sinking and interviews with the survivors following the engine fire on .


title: Costa Concordia

text: On 10 November 2015 the U.S. syndicated true crime TV series "Corrupt Crimes" aired an episode about the Costa Concordia sinking titled "Death on the High Seas".


title: William Rehnquist

text: William Hubbs Rehnquist ( ; October 1, 1924 – September 3, 2005) was an American attorney and jurist who served on the U.S. Supreme Court for 33 years, first as an associate justice from 1972 to 1986 and then as the 16th chief justice from 1986 until his death in 2005. Considered a staunch conservative, Rehnquist favored a conception of federalism that emphasized the Tenth Amendment's reservation of powers to the states. Under this view of federalism, the Court, for the first time since the 1930s (with the exception of "National League of Cities v. Usery", which was overruled in "Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority"), struck down an act of Congress as exceeding its power under the Commerce Clause.


title: William Rehnquist

text: Rehnquist grew up in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and served in the U.S. Army Air Forces during the final years of World War II. After the war's end in 1945, he studied political science at Stanford University and Harvard University, then attended Stanford Law School, where he was an editor of the "Stanford Law Review" and graduated first in his class. Rehnquist clerked for Justice Robert H. Jackson during the Supreme Court's 1952–53 term, then entered private practice in Phoenix, Arizona. Rehnquist served as a legal adviser for Republican presidential nominee Barry Goldwater in the 1964 U.S. presidential election, and President Richard Nixon appointed him U.S. Assistant Attorney General of the Office of Legal Counsel in 1969. In that capacity, he played a role in forcing Justice Abe Fortas to resign for accepting $20,000 from financier Louis Wolfson before Wolfson was convicted of selling unregistered shares.


title: William Rehnquist

text: In 1971, Nixon nominated Rehnquist to succeed Associate Justice John Marshall Harlan II, and the U.S. Senate confirmed him that year. During his confirmation hearings, Rehnquist was criticized for allegedly opposing the Supreme Court's decision in "Brown v. Board of Education" and allegedly taking part in voter suppression efforts targeting minorities as a lawyer. Whether he committed perjury during the hearings is debated by historians, but it is known that at the very least he had defended segregation by private businesses in the early 1960s on the grounds of freedom of association. Rehnquist quickly established himself as the Burger Court's most conservative member. In 1986, President Ronald Reagan nominated Rehnquist to succeed retiring Chief Justice Warren Burger, and the Senate confirmed him.


title: William Rehnquist

text: Rehnquist served as Chief Justice for nearly 19 years, making him the fourth-longest-serving Chief and the eighth-longest-serving Justice. He became an intellectual and social leader of the Rehnquist Court, earning respect even from the justices who frequently opposed his opinions. Though he remained a strong member of the conservative wing of the court, Associate Justices Antonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas were often regarded as more conservative. As Chief Justice, Rehnquist presided over the impeachment trial of President Bill Clinton. Rehnquist wrote the majority opinions in "United States v. Lopez" (1995) and "United States v. Morrison" (2000), holding in both cases that Congress had exceeded its power under the Commerce Clause. He opposed "Roe v. Wade" and continued to argue that "Roe" had been incorrectly decided in "Planned Parenthood v. Casey". In "Bush v. Gore", he voted with the court's majority to end the Florida recount in the 2000 U.S. presidential election.


title: William Rehnquist

text: Rehnquist was born on October 1, 1924, and grew up in the Milwaukee suburb of Shorewood. His father, William Benjamin Rehnquist, was a sales manager at various times for printing equipment, paper, and medical supplies and devices; his mother, Margery ("née" Peck)—the daughter of a local hardware store owner who also served as an officer and director of a small insurance company—was a local civic activist, as well as translator and homemaker. His paternal grandparents immigrated from Sweden.


title: William Rehnquist

text: Rehnquist graduated from Shorewood High School in 1942. He attended Kenyon College, in Gambier, Ohio, for one quarter in the fall of 1942 before enlisting in the U.S. Army Air Forces, the predecessor of the U.S. Air Force. He served from 1943 to 1946, mostly in assignments in the United States. He was put into a pre-meteorology program and assigned to Denison University until February 1944, when the program was shut down. He served three months at Will Rogers Field in Oklahoma City, three months in Carlsbad, New Mexico, and then went to Hondo, Texas, for a few months. He was then chosen for another training program, which began at Chanute Field, Illinois, and ended at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey. The program was designed to teach maintenance and repair of weather instruments. In the summer of 1945, Rehnquist went overseas as a weather observer in North Africa.


title: William Rehnquist

text: After leaving the military in 1946, Rehnquist attended Stanford University with financial assistance from the G.I. Bill. He graduated in 1948 with Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts degrees in political science and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. He did graduate study in government at Harvard University, where he received another Master of Arts in 1950. He then returned to Stanford to attend the Stanford Law School, where he was an editor of the "Stanford Law Review". Rehnquist was strongly conservative from an early age and wrote that he "hated" liberal Justice Hugo Black in his diary at Stanford. He graduated in 1952 ranked first in his class with a Bachelor of Laws. Rehnquist was in the same class at Stanford Law as Sandra Day O'Connor, with whom he would later serve on the Supreme Court. They briefly dated during law school, and Rehnquist proposed marriage to her. O'Connor declined as she was by then dating her future husband (this was not publicly known until 2018). Rehnquist married Nan Cornell in 1953.


title: William Rehnquist

text: After law school, Rehnquist served as a law clerk for U.S. Supreme Court justice Robert H. Jackson from 1952 to 1953. While clerking for Jackson, he wrote a memorandum arguing against federal court-ordered school desegregation while the Court was considering the landmark case "Brown v. Board of Education", which was decided in 1954. Rehnquist's 1952 memo, "A Random Thought on the Segregation Cases", defended the separate-but-equal doctrine. In the memo, Rehnquist wrote:


title: William Rehnquist

text: In both his 1971 United States Senate confirmation hearing for associate justice and his 1986 hearing for chief justice, Rehnquist testified that the memorandum reflected Jackson's views rather than his own. Rehnquist said, "I believe that the memorandum was prepared by me as a statement of Justice Jackson's tentative views for his own use." Jackson's longtime secretary and confidante Elsie Douglas said during Rehnquist's 1986 hearings that his allegation was "a smear of a great man, for whom I served as secretary for many years. Justice Jackson did not ask law clerks to express his views. He expressed his own and they expressed theirs. That is what happened in this instance." But Justices Douglas's and Frankfurter's papers indicate that Jackson voted for "Brown" in 1954 only after changing his mind.


title: William Rehnquist

text: At his 1986 hearing for chief justice, Rehnquist tried to further distance himself from the 1952 memo, saying, "The bald statement that "'Plessy" was right and should be reaffirmed' was not an accurate reflection of my own views at the time." But he acknowledged defending "Plessy" in arguments with fellow law clerks.


title: William Rehnquist

text: Several commentators have concluded that the memo reflected Rehnquist's own views, not Jackson's. A biography of Jackson corroborates this, stating that Jackson instructed his clerks to express their views, not his. Further corroboration is found in a 2012 "Boston College Law Review" article that analyzes a 1955 letter to Frankfurter that criticized Jackson.


title: William Rehnquist

text: In any event, while serving on the Supreme Court, Rehnquist made no effort to reverse or undermine "Brown" and often relied on it as precedent. In 1985, he said there was a "perfectly reasonable" argument against "Brown" and in favor of "Plessy", even though he now saw "Brown" as correct.


title: William Rehnquist

text: In a memorandum to Jackson about "Terry v. Adams", which involved the right of blacks to vote in Texas primaries where a non-binding white-only pre-election was being used to preselect the winner before the actual primary, Rehnquist wrote:


title: William Rehnquist

text: After his Supreme Court clerkship, Rehnquist entered private practice in Phoenix, Arizona, where he worked from 1953 to 1969. He began his legal work in the firm of Denison Kitchel, subsequently serving as the national manager of Barry M. Goldwater's 1964 presidential campaign. Prominent clients included Jim Hensley, John McCain's future father-in-law. During these years, Rehnquist was active in the Republican Party and served as a legal advisor under Kitchel to Goldwater's campaign. He collaborated with Harry Jaffa on Goldwater's speeches.


title: William Rehnquist

text: During both his 1971 hearing for associate justice and his 1986 hearing for chief justice, several people came forward to allege that Rehnquist had participated in Operation Eagle Eye, a Republican Party voter suppression operation in the 1960s in Arizona to challenge minority voters. Rehnquist denied the charges, and Vincent Maggiore, then chairman of the Phoenix-area Democratic Party, said he had never heard any negative reports about Rehnquist's Election Day activities. "All of these things", Maggiore said, "would have come through me."


title: William Rehnquist

text: When Richard Nixon was elected president in 1968, Rehnquist returned to work in Washington. He served as Assistant Attorney General of the Office of Legal Counsel from 1969 to 1971. In this role, he served as the chief lawyer to Attorney General John Mitchell. Nixon mistakenly called him "Renchburg" in several of the tapes of Oval Office conversations revealed during the Watergate investigations.


title: William Rehnquist

text: Rehnquist played a role in the investigation of Justice Abe Fortas for accepting $20,000 from Louis Wolfson, a financier under investigation by the Securities and Exchange Commission. Although other justices had made similar arrangements, Nixon saw the Wolfson payment as a political opportunity to cement a conservative majority on the Supreme Court. Nixon wanted the Justice Department to investigate Fortas but was unsure if this was legal, as there was no precedent for such an activity. Rehnquist sent Attorney General John N. Mitchell a memo arguing that an investigation would not violate the separation of powers. Rehnquist did not handle the direct investigation, but was told by Mitchell to "assume the most damaging set of inferences about the case were true" and "determine what action the Justice Department could take." The worst inference Rehnquist could draw was that Fortas had somehow intervened in the prosecution of Wolfson, which was untrue. Based on this false accusation, Rehnquist argued that the Justice Department could investigate Fortas. After being investigated by Mitchell, who threatened to also investigate his wife, Fortas resigned.


title: William Rehnquist

text: Because he was well-placed in the Justice Department, many suspected Rehnquist could have been the source known as Deep Throat during the Watergate scandal. Once Bob Woodward revealed on May 31, 2005, that W. Mark Felt was Deep Throat, this speculation ended.


title: William Rehnquist

text: On October 21, 1971, President Nixon nominated Rehnquist as an associate justice of the Supreme Court, to succeed John Marshall Harlan II. Henry Kissinger initially proposed Rehnquist for the position to presidential advisor H.R. Haldeman and asked, "Rehnquist is pretty far right, isn't he?" Haldeman responded, "Oh, Christ! He's way to the right of Buchanan", referring to then-presidential advisor Patrick Buchanan.


title: William Rehnquist

text: Rehnquist's confirmation hearings before the Senate Judiciary Committee took place in early November 1971. In addition to answering questions about school desegregation and racial discrimination in voting, Rehnquist was asked about his views on the extent of presidential power, the Vietnam War, the anti-war movement and law enforcement surveillance methods. On November 23, 1971, the committee voted 12-4 to send the nomination to the full Senate with a favorable recommendation.


title: William Rehnquist

text: On December 10, 1971, the Senate first voted 52–42 against a cloture motion that would have allowed the Senate to end debate on Rehnquist's nomination and vote on whether to confirm him. The Senate then voted 22–70 to reject a motion to postpone consideration of his confirmation until July 18, 1972. Later that day, the Senate voted 68–26 to confirm Rehnquist, and he took the judicial oath of office on January 7, 1972.


title: William Rehnquist

text: There were two Supreme Court vacancies in the fall of 1971. The other was filled by Lewis F. Powell Jr., who took office on the same day as Rehnquist to replace Hugo Black.


title: William Rehnquist

text: On the Court, Rehnquist promptly established himself as Nixon's most conservative appointee, taking a narrow view of the Fourteenth Amendment and a broad view of state power. He almost always voted "with the prosecution in criminal cases, with business in antitrust cases, with employers in labor cases, and with the government in speech cases." Rehnquist was often a lone dissenter in cases early on, but his views later often became the Court's majority view.


title: William Rehnquist

text: For years, Rehnquist was determined to keep cases involving individual rights in state courts out of federal reach. In "National League of Cities v. Usery" (1977), his majority opinion invalidated a federal law extending minimum wage and maximum hours provisions to state and local government employees. Rehnquist wrote, "this exercise of congressional authority does not comport with the federal system of government embodied in the Constitution."


title: William Rehnquist

text: According to law professor Erwin Chemerinsky, Rehnquist presided over a "federalist revolution" as chief justice, during which the Court limited federal power in cases such as "New York v. United States", "United States v. Lopez", "Printz v. United States", and "United States v. Morrison". But Cato Institute scholar Roger Pilon has said that the "Rehnquist court has revived the doctrine of federalism ... only at the edges and in very easy cases."


title: William Rehnquist

text: Rehnquist rejected a broad view of the Fourteenth Amendment. In 1952, while clerking for Jackson, Rehnquist wrote a memorandum concluding that ""Plessy v. Ferguson" was right and should be re-affirmed. If the Fourteenth Amendment did not enact Spencer's Social Statics, it just as surely did not enact Myrddahl's American Dilemma" ("An American Dilemma"), by which he meant that the Court should not "read its own sociological views into the Constitution." Rehnquist believed the Fourteenth Amendment was meant only as a solution to the problems of slavery, and was not to be applied to abortion rights or prisoner's rights. He believed the Court "had no business reflecting society's changing and expanding values" and that this was Congress's domain. Rehnquist tried to weave his view of the Amendment into his opinion for "Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer", but the other justices rejected it. He later extended what he said he saw as the Amendment's scope, writing in "Trimble v. Gordon", "except in the area of the law in which the Framers obviously meant it to apply—classifications based on race or on national origin". During the Burger Court's deliberations over "Roe v. Wade", Rehnquist promoted his view that courts' jurisdiction does not apply to abortion.


title: William Rehnquist

text: Rehnquist voted against the expansion of school desegregation plans and the establishment of legalized abortions, dissenting in "Roe v. Wade". He expressed his views about the Equal Protection Clause in cases like "Trimble v. Gordon":


title: William Rehnquist

text: Rehnquist consistently defended state-sanctioned prayer in public schools. He held a restrictive view of criminals' and prisoners' rights and believed capital punishment to be constitutional. He supported the view that the Fourth Amendment permitted a warrantless search incident to a valid arrest.


title: William Rehnquist

text: In "Nixon v. Administrator of General Services" (1977), Rehnquist dissented from a decision upholding the constitutionality of an act that gave a federal agency administrator certain authority over former President Nixon's presidential papers and tape recordings. He dissented solely on the ground that the law was "a clear violation of the constitutional principle of separation of powers".


title: William Rehnquist

text: During oral argument in "Duren v. Missouri" (1978), the Court faced a challenge to laws and practices that made jury duty voluntary for women in that state. At the end of Ruth Bader Ginsburg's oral presentation, Rehnquist asked her, "You will not settle for putting Susan B. Anthony on the new dollar, then?"


title: William Rehnquist

text: Rehnquist wrote the majority opinion in "Diamond v. Diehr", , which began a gradual trend toward overturning the ban on software patents in the United States first established in "Parker v. Flook", . In "Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.", pertaining to video cassette recorders such as the Betamax system, John Paul Stevens wrote an opinion providing a broad fair use doctrine while Rehnquist joined the dissent supporting stronger copyrights. In "Eldred v. Ashcroft", , Rehnquist was in the majority favoring the copyright holders, with Stevens and Stephen Breyer dissenting in favor of a narrower construction of copyright law.


title: William Rehnquist

text: Harvard University law professor David Shapiro wrote that as an associate justice, Rehnquist disliked even minimal inquiries into legislative objectives except in the areas of race, national origin, and infringement of specific constitutional guarantees. For Rehnquist, the rational basis test was not a standard for weighing the interests of the government against the individual but a label to describe a preordained result. In 1978, Shapiro pointed out that Rehnquist had avoided joining rational basis determinations for years, except in one case, "Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld". In "Trimble v. Gordon", Rehnquist eschewed the majority's approach to equal protection, writing in dissent that the state's distinction should be sustained because it was not "mindless and patently irrational". (The Court struck down an Illinois law allowing illegitimate children to inherit by intestate succession only from their mothers.) Shapiro wrote that Rehnquist seemed content to find a sufficient relationship between a challenged classification and perceived governmental interests "no matter how tenuous or speculative that relationship might be".


title: William Rehnquist

text: A practical result of Rehnquist's view of rational basis can be seen in "Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur", wherein the Court's majority struck down a school board rule that required every pregnant teacher to take unpaid maternity leave beginning five months before the expected birth of her child. Lewis Powell had written an opinion resting on the ground that the school board rule was too inclusive to survive equal protection analysis. In dissent, Rehnquist attacked Powell's opinion, saying:


title: William Rehnquist

text: Rehnquist's dissent in "United States Department of Agriculture v. Murry" illuminates his view that a classification should pass muster under the rational basis test so long as that classification is not entirely counterproductive with respect to the purposes of the legislation in which it is contained. Shapiro alleges that Rehnquist's stance "makes rational basis a virtual nullity".


title: William Rehnquist

text: Rehnquist developed warm personal relations with his colleagues, even with ideological opposites. William J. Brennan Jr. "startled one acquaintance by informing him that 'Bill Rehnquist is my best friend up here.'" Rehnquist and William O. Douglas bonded over a shared iconoclasm and love of the West. "The Brethren" claims that the Court's "liberals found it hard not to like the good-natured, thoughtful Rehnquist", despite finding his legal philosophy "extreme", and that Potter Stewart regarded Rehnquist as "excellent" and "a "team player, a part of the group in the center of the court, even though he usually ended up in the conservative bloc".


title: William Rehnquist

text: Since Rehnquist's first years on the Supreme Court, other justices criticized what they saw as his "willingness to cut corners to reach a conservative result", "gloss[ing] over inconsistencies of logic or fact" or distinguishing indistinct cases to reach their destination. In "Jefferson v. Hackney", for example, Douglas and Thurgood Marshall charged that Rehnquist's opinion "misrepresented the legislative history" of a federal welfare program. Rehnquist did not correct what "The Brethren" characterizes as an "outright misstatement, ... [and thus] publish[ed] an opinion that twisted the facts". His "misuse" of precedents in another case "shocked" Stevens. For his part, Rehnquist was often "contemptuous of Brennan's opinions", seeing them as "bending the facts or law to suit his purposes". Rehnquist had a tense relationship with Marshall, who sometimes accused him of bigotry. In one incident, while discussing the case Plyler v. Doe, Rehnquist called undocumented immigrants "wetbacks", which angered Marshall. Rehnquist said that the term was common when and where he was growing up, to which Marshall replied that by that standard, Rehnquist ought to call him a nigger.


title: William Rehnquist

text: Rehnquist usually voted with Chief Justice Warren Burger, and, recognizing "the importance of his relationship with Burger", often went along to get along, joining Burger's majority opinions even when he disagreed with them, and, in important cases, "tr[ying] to straighten him out". Even so, being reluctant to compromise, Rehnquist was the most frequent sole dissenter during the Burger Court, garnering the nickname "the Lone Ranger".


title: William Rehnquist

text: When Burger retired in 1986, President Ronald Reagan nominated Rehnquist for chief justice. Although Rehnquist was far more conservative than Burger, "his colleagues were unanimously pleased and supportive", even his "ideological opposites". The nomination "was met with 'genuine enthusiasm on the part of not only his colleagues on the Court but others who served the Court in a staff capacity and some of the relatively lowly paid individuals at the Court. There was almost a unanimous feeling of joy.'" Thurgood Marshall later called him "a great chief justice".


title: William Rehnquist

text: The nomination was submitted to the Senate Judiciary Committee on July 20, 1986. This was the first confirmation hearing on a chief justice nominee to be opened to gavel-to-gavel television coverage. During the hearing, Senator Ted Kennedy challenged Rehnquist on his unwitting ownership of property that had a restrictive covenant against sale to Jews (such covenants were held to be unenforceable under the 1948 Supreme Court case "Shelley v. Kraemer"). Along with senators Joe Biden and Howard Metzenbaum, Kennedy called Rehnquist "insensitive to minorities and women's rights while on the court." Rehnquist also drew criticism for his membership in the Washington, D.C. Alfalfa Club, which at the time did not allow women to join. On August 14, the Judiciary Committee voted 13–5 to report the nomination to the Senate with a favorable recommendation.


title: William Rehnquist

text: Despite various Democrats' efforts to defeat the nomination, the Senate confirmed Rehnquist on September 17. After cloture was invoked in a 68–31 vote, Rehnquist was confirmed in a 65–33 vote (49 Republicans and 16 Democrats voted in favor; 31 Democrats and two Republicans voted against). He took office on September 26, becoming the first person since Harlan F. Stone to serve as both an associate justice and chief justice. Rehnquist's associate justice successor, Antonin Scalia, was sworn into office that same day.


title: William Rehnquist

text: Rehnquist had no prior experience as a judge upon his appointment to the Court. His only experience in presiding over a case at the trial level was in 1984, when Judge D. Dortch Warriner invited him to preside over a civil case, "Julian D. Heislup, Sr. and Linda L. Dixon, Appellees, v. Town of Colonial Beach, Virginia, et al." Exercising the authority of a Supreme Court justice to preside over lower court proceedings, he oversaw the jury trial involving allegations that police department employees' civil rights were violated when they testified in a matter involving alleged police brutality against a teenage boy. Rehnquist ruled for the plaintiffs in a number of motions, allowing the case to go to the jury. When the jury found for the plaintiffs and awarded damages, the defendants appealed. The appeal was argued before the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals on June 4, 1986–16 days before Rehnquist was nominated as chief justice. Forty-three days after Rehnquist was sworn in as chief justice, the Fourth Circuit reversed the judgment, overruling Rehnquist, and concluding that there was insufficient evidence to have sent the matter to the jury.


title: William Rehnquist

text: In 1999, Rehnquist became the second chief justice (after Salmon P. Chase) to preside over a presidential impeachment trial, during the proceedings against President Bill Clinton. In 2000, he wrote a concurring opinion in "Bush v. Gore", the case that ended the presidential election controversy in Florida, agreeing with four other justices that the Equal Protection Clause barred a "standardless" manual recount of the votes as ordered by the Florida Supreme Court.


title: William Rehnquist

text: In his capacity as chief justice, Rehnquist administered the Oath of Office to the following presidents of the United States:


title: William Rehnquist

text: Rehnquist tightened up the justices' conferences, keeping justices from going too long or off track and not allowing any justice to speak twice until each had spoken once, and gained a reputation for scrupulous fairness in assigning opinions: Rehnquist assigned no justice (including himself) two opinions before everyone had been assigned one, and made no attempts to interfere with assignments for cases in which he was in the minority. Most significantly, he successfully lobbied Congress in 1988 to give the Court control of its own docket, cutting back on mandatory appeals and certiorari grants in general.


title: William Rehnquist

text: Rehnquist added four yellow stripes to the sleeves of his robe in 1995. A lifelong fan of Gilbert and Sullivan operas, he liked the Lord Chancellor's costume in a community theater production of "Iolanthe", and thereafter appeared in court with the same striped sleeves. (The Lord Chancellor was traditionally the senior member of the British judiciary.) His successor, Chief Justice John Roberts, chose not to continue the practice.


title: William Rehnquist

text: Scholars expected Rehnquist to push the Supreme Court in a more conservative direction during his tenure. Many commentators expected to see the federal government's power limited and state governments' power increased. But legal reporter Jan Crawford has said that some of Rehnquist's victories toward the federalist goal of scaling back congressional power over the states had little practical impact.


title: William Rehnquist

text: Rehnquist voted with the majority in "City of Boerne v. Flores" (1997), and referred to that decision as precedent for requiring Congress to defer to the Court when interpreting the Fourteenth Amendment (including the Equal Protection Clause) in a number of cases. "Boerne" held that any statute that Congress enacted to enforce the Fourteenth Amendment (including the Equal Protection Clause) had to show "a congruence and proportionality between the injury to be prevented or remedied and the means adopted to that end". The Rehnquist Court's congruence and proportionality theory replaced the "ratchet" theory that had arguably been advanced in "Katzenbach v. Morgan" (1966). According to the ratchet theory, Congress could "ratchet up" civil rights beyond what the Court had recognized, but Congress could not "ratchet down" judicially recognized rights. According to the majority opinion of Justice Anthony Kennedy, which Rehnquist joined in "Boerne":


title: William Rehnquist

text: The Rehnquist Court's congruence and proportionality standard made it easier to revive older precedents preventing Congress from going too far in enforcing equal protection of the laws.


title: William Rehnquist

text: One of the Rehnquist Court's major developments involved reinforcing and extending the doctrine of sovereign immunity, which limits the ability of Congress to subject non-consenting states to lawsuits by individual citizens seeking money damages.


title: William Rehnquist

text: In both "Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents" (2000) and "Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett" (2001), the Court held that Congress had exceeded its power to enforce the Equal Protection Clause. In both cases, Rehnquist was in the majority that held discrimination by states based upon age or disability (as opposed to race or gender) need satisfy only rational basis review as opposed to strict scrutiny.


title: William Rehnquist

text: Though the Eleventh Amendment by its terms applies only to suits against a state by citizens of another state, the Rehnquist Court often extended this principle to suits by citizens against their own states. One such case was "Alden v. Maine" (1999), in which the Court held that the authority to subject states to private suits does not follow from any of the express enumerated powers in Article I of the Constitution, and therefore looked to the Necessary and Proper Clause to see whether it authorized Congress to subject the states to lawsuits by the state's own citizens. Rehnquist agreed with Kennedy's statement that such lawsuits were not "necessary and proper":


title: William Rehnquist

text: Rehnquist also led the Court toward a more limited view of Congressional power under the Commerce Clause. For example, he wrote for a 5-to-4 majority in "United States v. Lopez", , striking down a federal law as exceeding congressional power under the Clause.


title: William Rehnquist

text: "Lopez" was followed by "United States v. Morrison", , in which Rehnquist wrote the Court's opinion striking down the civil damages portion of the Violence Against Women Act of 1994 as regulating conduct that has no significant direct effect on interstate commerce. Rehnquist's majority opinion in "Morrison" also rejected an Equal Protection argument on the Act's behalf. All four dissenters disagreed with the Court's interpretation of the Commerce Clause, and two dissenters, Stevens and Breyer, also took issue with the Court's Equal Protection analysis. David Souter asserted that the Court was improperly seeking to convert the judiciary into a "shield against the commerce power".


title: William Rehnquist

text: Rehnquist's majority opinion in "Morrison" cited precedents limiting the Equal Protection Clause's scope, such as "United States v. Cruikshank" (1876), which held that the Fourteenth Amendment applied only to state actions, not private acts of violence. Breyer, joined by Stevens, agreed with the majority that it "is certainly so" that Congress may not "use the Fourteenth Amendment as a source of power to remedy the conduct of private persons", but took issue with another aspect of the "Morrison" Court's Equal Protection analysis, arguing that cases that the majority had cited (including "United States v. Harris" and the "Civil Rights Cases", regarding lynching and segregation, respectively) did not consider "this kind of claim" in which state actors "failed to provide adequate (or any) state remedies". In response, the "Morrison" majority asserted that the Violence Against Women Act was "directed not at any State or state actor, but at individuals who have committed criminal acts motivated by gender bias".


title: William Rehnquist

text: The federalist trend "Lopez" and "Morrison" set was seemingly halted by "Gonzales v. Raich" (2005), in which the Court broadly interpreted the Commerce Clause to allow Congress to prohibit the intrastate cultivation of medicinal cannabis. Rehnquist, O'Connor and Justice Clarence Thomas dissented in "Raich".


title: William Rehnquist

text: Rehnquist authored the majority opinion in "South Dakota v. Dole" (1987), upholding Congress's reduction of funds to states not complying with the national 21-year-old drinking age. Rehnquist's broad reading of Congress's spending power was also seen as a major limitation on the Rehnquist Court's push to redistribute power from the federal government to the states.


title: William Rehnquist

text: Some commentators expected the Rehnquist Court to overrule several controversial decisions broadly interpreting the Bill of Rights. But the Rehnquist Court expressly declined to overrule "Miranda v. Arizona" in "Dickerson v. United States". Rehnquist believed that federal judges should not impose their personal views on the law or stray beyond the framers' intent by reading broad meaning into the Constitution; he saw himself as an "apostle of judicial restraint". Columbia Law School Professor Vincent Blasi said of Rehnquist in 1986 that "[n]obody since the 1930s has been so niggardly in interpreting the Bill of Rights, so blatant in simply ignoring years and years of precedent." In the same article, Rehnquist was quoted as retorting that "such attacks come from liberal academics and that 'on occasion, they write somewhat disingenuously about me'."


title: William Rehnquist

text: Rehnquist disagreed with "Roe v. Wade". In 1992, "Roe" survived by a 5–4 vote in "Planned Parenthood v. Casey", which relied heavily on the doctrine of "stare decisis". Dissenting in "Casey", Rehnquist criticized the Court's "newly minted variation on "stare decisis"", and asserted "that "Roe" was wrongly decided, and that it can and should be overruled consistently with our traditional approach to "stare decisis" in constitutional cases".


title: William Rehnquist

text: The Court decided another abortion case, this time dealing with partial birth abortion, in "Stenberg v. Carhart" (2000). Again, the vote was 5–4, and again Rehnquist dissented, urging that "stare decisis" not be the sole consideration: "I did not join the joint opinion in "Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pa. v. Casey", 505 U. S. 833 (1992), and continue to believe that case is wrongly decided."


title: William Rehnquist

text: In a 1977 dissent in the case of Ratchford v. Gay Lib, Rehnquist gave weight to the pseudoscientific notion that homosexuality is contagious.


title: William Rehnquist

text: Rehnquist joined the majority opinion in Bowers v. Hardwick upholding the outlawing of gay sex acts as constitutional, but did not join Chief Justice Burger's openly homophobic concurrence.


title: William Rehnquist

text: In "Romer v. Evans" (1996), Colorado adopted an amendment to the state constitution that would have prevented any municipality within the state from taking any legislative, executive, or judicial action to protect citizens from discrimination on the basis of their sexual orientation. Rehnquist joined Scalia's dissent, which argued that since the Constitution says nothing about this subject, "it is left to be resolved by normal democratic means". The dissent argued as follows (some punctuation omitted):


title: William Rehnquist

text: The dissent mentioned the Court's then-existing precedent in "Bowers v. Hardwick" (1986), that "the Constitution does not prohibit what virtually all States had done from the founding of the Republic until very recent years—making homosexual conduct a crime." By analogy, the "Romer" dissent reasoned that:


title: William Rehnquist

text: The dissent listed murder, polygamy, and cruelty to animals as behaviors that the Constitution allows states to be very hostile toward, and said, "the degree of hostility reflected by Amendment 2 is the smallest conceivable." It added:


title: William Rehnquist

text: In "Lawrence v. Texas" (2003), the Supreme Court overruled "Bowers". Rehnquist again dissented, along with Scalia and Thomas. The Court's result in "Romer" had described the struck-down statute as "a status-based enactment divorced from any factual context from which we could discern a relationship to legitimate state interests". The sentiment behind that statute had led the Court to evaluate it with a "more searching" form of review. Similarly, in "Lawrence", "moral disapproval" was found to be an unconstitutional basis for condemning a group of people. The Court protected homosexual behavior in the name of liberty and autonomy.


title: William Rehnquist

text: Rehnquist sometimes reached results favorable to homosexuals−for example, voting to allow a gay CIA employee to sue on the basis of constitutional law for improper personnel practices (although barring suit on the basis of administrative law in deference to a claim of national security reasons), to allow same-sex sexual harassment claims to be adjudicated, and to allow the University of Wisconsin–Madison to require students to pay a mandatory fee that subsidized gay groups along with other student organizations.


title: William Rehnquist

text: Because of his votes in gay rights cases, ACT UP included Rehnquist alongside Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Jerry Falwell, and Jesse Helms in a series of posters denouncing what it regarded as leading figures in the anti-gay movement in America.


title: William Rehnquist

text: In "Alexander v. Sandoval" (2001), which involved the issue of whether a citizen could sue a state for not providing driver's license exams in languages other than English, Rehnquist voted with the majority in denying a private right to sue for discrimination based on race or national origin involving disparate impact under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. "Sandoval" cited "Cannon v. University of Chicago" (1979) as precedent. The Court ruled 5–4 that various facts (regarding disparate impact) mentioned in a footnote of "Cannon" were not part of the holding of "Cannon". The majority also viewed it as significant that §602 of Title VI did not repeat the rights-creating language (race, color, or national origin) in §601.


title: William Rehnquist

text: In 1992, Rehnquist joined a dissenting opinion in "Lee v. Weisman" arguing that the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment only forbids government from preferring one particular religion over another. Souter wrote a separate concurrence specifically addressed to Rehnquist on this issue.


title: William Rehnquist

text: Rehnquist also led the way in allowing greater state assistance to religious schools, writing another 5-to-4 majority opinion in "Zelman v. Simmons-Harris" that approved a school voucher program that aided church schools along with other private schools.


title: William Rehnquist

text: In "Van Orden v. Perry" (2005), Rehnquist wrote the plurality opinion upholding the constitutionality of a display of the Ten Commandments at the Texas state capitol in Austin. He wrote:


title: William Rehnquist

text: University of Chicago Law School Professor Geoffrey Stone has written that Rehnquist was by an impressive margin the justice least likely to invalidate a law as violating "the freedom of speech, or of the press". Burger was 1.8 times more likely to vote in favor of the First Amendment; Scalia, 1.6 times; Thomas, 1.5 times. Excluding unanimous Court decisions, Rehnquist voted to reject First Amendment claims 92% of the time. In issues involving freedom of the press, he rejected First Amendment claims 100% of the time. Stone wrote:


title: William Rehnquist

text: Rehnquist wrote a concurrence agreeing to strike down the male-only admissions policy of the Virginia Military Institute as violating the Equal Protection Clause, but declined to join the majority opinion's basis for using the Fourteenth Amendment, writing:


title: William Rehnquist

text: Rehnquist remained skeptical about the Court's Equal Protection Clause jurisprudence; some of his opinions most favorable to equality resulted from statutory rather than constitutional interpretation. For example, in "Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson" (1986), Rehnquist established a hostile-environment sexual harassment cause of action under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, including protection against psychological aspects of harassment in the workplace.


title: William Rehnquist

text: Jeffery Rosen has argued that Rehnquist's "tactical flexibility was more effective than the rigid purity of Scalia and Thomas." Rosen writes:


title: William Rehnquist

text: In "The Partisan: The Life of William Rehnquist", biographer John A. Jenkins was critical of Rehnquist's history with racial discrimination. He noted that, as a private citizen, Rehnquist had protested "Brown v. Board of Education", and as a justice, consistently ruled against racial minorities in affirmative action cases. Only when white males began to make reverse discrimination claims did he become sympathetic to equal protection arguments.


title: William Rehnquist

text: Charles Fried has described the Rehnquist Court's "project" as "to reverse not the course of history but the course of constitutional doctrine's abdication to politics". Legal reporter Jan Greenburg has said that conservative critics noted that the Rehnquist Court did little to overturn the left's successes in the lower courts, and in some cases actively furthered them. But in 2005, law professor John Yoo wrote, "It is telling to see how many of Rehnquist's views, considered outside the mainstream at the time by professors and commentators, the court has now adopted."


title: William Rehnquist

text: After Rehnquist's death in 2005, the FBI honored a Freedom of Information Act request detailing the Bureau's background investigation before Rehnquist's nomination as chief justice. The files reveal that for a period, Rehnquist had been addicted to Placidyl, a drug widely prescribed for insomnia. It was not until he was hospitalized that doctors learned of the extent of his dependency.


title: William Rehnquist

text: Freeman Cary, a U.S. Capitol physician, prescribed Rehnquist Placidyl for insomnia and back pain from 1972 to 1981 in doses exceeding the recommended limits, but the FBI report concluded that Rehnquist was already taking the drug as early as 1970. By the time he sought treatment, Rehnquist was taking three times the prescribed dose of the drug nightly. On December 27, 1981, Rehnquist entered George Washington University Hospital for treatment of back pain and Placidyl dependency. There, he underwent a monthlong detoxification process. While hospitalized, he had typical withdrawal symptoms, including hallucinations and paranoia. For example, "One doctor said Rehnquist thought he heard voices outside his hospital room plotting against him and had 'bizarre ideas and outrageous thoughts', including imagining 'a CIA plot against him' and seeming to see the design patterns on the hospital curtains change configuration."


title: William Rehnquist

text: For several weeks before his hospitalization, Rehnquist had slurred his words, but there were no indications he was otherwise impaired. Law professor Michael Dorf observed that "none of the Justices, law clerks or others who served with Rehnquist have so much as hinted that his Placidyl addiction affected his work, beyond its impact on his speech."


title: William Rehnquist

text: On October 26, 2004, the Supreme Court press office announced that Rehnquist had recently been diagnosed with anaplastic thyroid cancer. In the summer of 2004, Rehnquist traveled to England to teach a constitutional law class at Tulane University Law School's program abroad. After several months out of the public eye, Rehnquist administered the oath of office to President George W. Bush at his second inauguration on January 20, 2005, despite doubts about whether his health would permit it. He arrived using a cane, walked very slowly, and left immediately after the oath was administered.


title: William Rehnquist

text: Rehnquist missed 44 oral arguments before the Court in late 2004 and early 2005, returning to the bench on March 21, 2005. But during his absence, he remained involved in Court business, participating in many decisions and deliberations.


title: William Rehnquist

text: On July 1, 2005, Justice O'Connor announced her impending retirement from the Court after consulting with Rehnquist and learning that he had no intention to retire. To a reporter who asked whether he would be retiring, Rehnquist replied, "That's for me to know and you to find out."


title: William Rehnquist

text: Rehnquist died at his Arlington, Virginia, home on September 3, 2005, four weeks before his 81st birthday. He was the first justice to die in office since Robert H. Jackson in 1954 and the first chief justice to die in office since Fred M. Vinson in 1953. He was also the last serving justice appointed by Nixon.


title: William Rehnquist

text: On September 6, 2005, eight of Rehnquist's former law clerks, including John Roberts, his eventual successor, served as pallbearers as his casket was placed on the same catafalque that bore Abraham Lincoln's casket as he lay in state in 1865. Rehnquist's body lay in repose in the Great Hall of the United States Supreme Court Building until his funeral on September 7, a Lutheran service conducted at the Roman Catholic Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle in Washington, D.C. President George W. Bush and Justice O'Connor eulogized Rehnquist, as did members of his family. Rehnquist's funeral was the largest gathering of political dignitaries at the cathedral since President John F. Kennedy's funeral in 1963. It was followed by a private burial service, in which he was interred next to his wife, Nan, at Arlington National Cemetery.


title: William Rehnquist

text: Rehnquist's death, just over two months after O'Connor announced her impending retirement, left two vacancies for President Bush to fill. On September 5, 2005, Bush withdrew the nomination of John Roberts of the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals to replace O'Connor as associate justice and instead nominated him to replace Rehnquist as chief justice. Roberts was confirmed by the U.S. Senate and sworn in as the new chief justice on September 29, 2005. He had clerked for Rehnquist in 1980–81. O'Connor, who had made the effective date of her resignation the confirmation of her successor, continued to serve on the Court until Samuel Alito was confirmed and sworn in in January 2006.


title: William Rehnquist

text: Eulogizing Rehnquist in the "Harvard Law Review", Roberts wrote that he was "direct, straightforward, utterly without pretense—and a patriot who loved and served his country. He was completely unaffected in manner."


title: William Rehnquist

text: Rehnquist's paternal grandparents immigrated separately from Sweden in 1880. His grandfather Olof Andersson, who changed his surname from the patronymic Andersson to the family name Rehnquist, was born in the province of Värmland; his grandmother was born Adolfina Ternberg in the Vreta Kloster parish in Östergötland. Rehnquist is one of two chief justices of Swedish descent, the other being Earl Warren, who had Norwegian and Swedish ancestry.


title: William Rehnquist

text: Rehnquist married Natalie "Nan" Cornell on August 29, 1953. The daughter of a San Diego physician, she worked as an analyst on the CIA's Austria desk before their marriage. The couple had three children: James, a lawyer and college basketball star; Janet, a lawyer; and Nancy, an editor (including of her father's books) and homemaker. Nan Rehnquist died on October 17, 1991, aged 62, of ovarian cancer. Rehnquist was survived by nine grandchildren.