title: The Secret of NIMH

text: "The Secret of NIMH" was the first feature film to be directed by Don Bluth. On September 13, 1979, Bluth, fellow animators Gary Goldman and John Pomeroy and eight other animation staff left the feature animation department at Disney to set up their own independent studio, Don Bluth Productions. The studio worked, at first, out of Bluth's house and garage, but moved to a two-story, facility in Studio City, California, several months later. While they were still working at Disney, they produced the 27-minute short film "Banjo the Woodpile Cat" as a side project to gain other production skills that the company and their animation program were not addressing. Bluth asked Ron W. Miller, Walt Disney's son-in-law and the president and CEO of the company at the time, to view "Banjo", but Miller declined. As Goldman recalled, "that pulled the enthusiasm rug out from under us. We had hoped that the studio might like what we were doing and agree to buy the film and allow us to finish the short film in the studio, which would allow us to recoup what we had spent in terms of money and the many hours that we and the other members of the team had invested in the film".


title: The Secret of NIMH

text: Before they started making "Banjo", artist and story writer Ken Anderson had been getting into "Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH", which he called "a wonderful story". He gave the book to Bluth for him to read and make a film out of after Bluth finished the animation direction of "Pete's Dragon". Bluth later showed "NIMH" to Disney animation director Wolfgang Reitherman, who turned down Bluth's offers to make a movie based on the book: "We've already got a mouse [named Mickey Mouse] and we've done a mouse movie [called "The Rescuers"]". However, Bluth also presented the novel to the other staff that would work for Don Bluth Productions later on and they all loved it. Two months later, former Disney executive James L. Stewart, who now had started Aurora Productions, called Goldman and told him about Anderson's idea of making a film based on "NIMH". At Bluth, Goldman and Pomeroy's request, Aurora Productions acquired the film rights and offered Don Bluth Productions a budget of US$5.7 million and 30 months to complete the film, tighter in both budget and schedule than most Disney animated features at the time.


title: The Secret of NIMH

text: One of the earliest drafts of the film was written by Steven Barnes, who received a creative consultant credit in the final product and was closer to the original novel. The story would have focused more on the rats and their time at NIMH as it did in the book, which was reduced to a short flashback in later revisions to bring Mrs. Brisby and her plight into the forefront. It also included (from the book) a female rat named Isabella (described as "a young, cute, somewhat motor-mouthed rat with a crush on Justin"), who was ultimately left out and much of her dialogue given to Nicodemus. A revised synopsis dated July 2, 1980 by an unattributed author would take the movie closer to its completed form, which ended with the mysterious disappearance of the rats, leading the characters and audience to wonder if they ever really existed, or were just an elaborate illusion.


title: The Secret of NIMH

text: Bluth himself would later make several changes to the story, most notably with the addition of mystical elements not present in the original novel. He explained that "regarding magic, we really believe that animation calls for some magic, to give it a special 'fantastic' quality". This was most apparent in the magic amulet given to Mrs. Brisby, which was meant to be a visual representation of her character's internal power, something harder to show on film. The object was also meant to introduce a spiritual aspect to the plot, with the director remarking: "The stone or amulet is just a method of letting the audience know that Mrs. Brisby has found 'Courage of the Heart'. Magic? Maybe. Spiritual? Yes". In the same vein, Nicodemus was made into a wizard to "create more mystery" about himself and the rats' colony. The antagonist Jenner was given much more prominence in the movie, being only mentioned as a traitor who leaves in the book, to "add drama" to the narrative by giving it a more visible enemy. Justin also now succeeds Nicodemus as the leader of the rats to give his character more of an arc and allow him an opportunity to "grow and change". Unlike the original work, Justin does not rescue Mrs. Brisby from the cage at the Fitzgibbons' house and she now helps her children without the rats' assistance by using the amulet, once again giving focus to her personal story. As Bluth put it, ""The Secret of NIMH" is really a story about Mrs. Brisby and her need to save her children. If the rats save her children, then she hasn't grown in the film".


title: The Secret of NIMH

text: During the film's production, Aurora contacted Wham-O, the manufacturers of Frisbee flying discs, with concerns about possible trademark infringements if the "Mrs. Frisby" name in O'Brien's original book was used in the movie. Wham-O rejected Aurora's request for waiver to use the same-sounding name to their "Frisbee", in the movie. Aurora informed Bluth & company that Mrs. Frisby's name would have to be altered. By then, the voice work had already been recorded for the film, so the name change to "Mrs. Brisby" necessitated a combination of re-recording some lines and, because John Carradine was unavailable for further recordings, careful sound editing had to be performed, taking the "B" sound of another word from Carradine's recorded lines, and replace the "F" sound with the "B" sound, altering the name from "Frisby" to "Brisby".


title: The Secret of NIMH

text: Goldman described the casting process as "exciting, fun, and sometimes strange". He stated that focusing on the characteristics of each character, the voices and acting abilities were crucial, saying that using voices that added to a movie's texture was part of the team's philosophy in the development of a film. Goldman found the strangest casting decision to be Dom DeLuise for Jeremy the Crow, which Goldman, Bluth, and Pomeroy had considered after they watched the 1978 film "The End". Elizabeth Hartman was cast as Mrs. Brisby, with Goldman calling her performance in "A Patch of Blue" "so believable and sincere that we all felt that she was right for the part". Pomeroy suggested Derek Jacobi, who starred in the 1976 miniseries "I, Claudius", to play the part of Nicodemus. Peter Strauss, whom the team previously saw in another miniseries from 1976, "Rich Man, Poor Man", was cast as Justin. Paul Shenar was assigned to play Jenner since the staff liked his "dark, powerful voice". Shakespearean actor John Carradine was "perfect for the dark, ominous Great Owl", while Aldo Ray was assigned to voice Jenner's reluctant accomplice Sullivan, whom Goldman said "also had a great distinctive voice".


title: The Secret of NIMH

text: The production of "The Secret of NIMH" lasted from January 1980 to early June 1982. The studio set out with the explicit goal in mind of returning feature animation to its "golden era", concentrating on strong characters and story and experimenting with unusual and often more labor-intensive animation techniques. Bluth believed older techniques were being abandoned in favor of lower production costs and the only way that animation could survive was to continue traditional production methods. Among the techniques experimented with on "The Secret of NIMH" were rotoscoping, multiple passes on the camera to achieve transparent shadows, backlit animation (where animated mattes are shot with light shining through color gels to produce glowing areas for artificial light and fire effects) and multiple color palettes for characters to fit in different lighting situations, from daylight, to night, to warm environments, to underwater. Mrs. Brisby had 46 different lighting situations; therefore there were 46 different color palettes, or lists of color, for her. Two modern, computerized versions of the multiplane camera were also manufactured for this production.


title: The Secret of NIMH

text: To achieve the film's detailed full animation while keeping to the tight budget, the studio strove to keep any waste of time and resources to a minimum. The crew often worked long hours with no immediate financial reward (though they were offered a cut of the film's profits, a practice common for producers, directors and stars of live action films, but never before offered to artists on an animated feature); producer Gary Goldman recalled working 110-hour weeks during the final six months of production. Around 100 in-house staff worked on the film, with the labor-intensive cel painting farmed out to 45 people working from home. Many minor roles, including incidental and crowd voice work, were filled in by the in-house staff. The final cost of the film was $6.385 million. The producers, Bluth, Goldman and Pomeroy and the executive producers at Aurora mortgaged their homes collectively for $700,000 to complete the film, with the understanding that their investment would be the first to be repaid. The film was the sixth animated feature to be presented in the Dolby Stereo sound system.


title: The Secret of NIMH

text: In animating Justin and Jenner's sword fight, the animators referenced similar sequences in films such as "The Adventures of Robin Hood" (1938) and "The Vikings" (1958).


title: The Secret of NIMH

text: "The Secret of NIMH: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack" contains songs from the film written by Jerry Goldsmith and performed by the National Philharmonic Orchestra. One song, "Flying Dreams" was vocally performed by Paul Williams and Sally Stevens. It was Goldsmith's first composition for an animated feature, which he admitted was such a departure from his normal work that in the end he approached the project like a live action score, employing the same kind of extended themes and structural development. What made the scoring process hard for Goldsmith was that he had to score scenes that were unfinished: "I was on the phone constantly with them. My dupe [copy of the film] was in black and white, and they'd bring their color copy over so I could see it. They were constantly adding footage, and it was constantly, 'What's going on here?' and 'What's happening here?'"


title: The Secret of NIMH

text: David M. Horton spent a year on the sound design for the film, which was supervised by Goldman. Goldman found the sound work by Horten his second favorite part of the production process, recalling that some of his "most beautiful efforts" had to make way for the recordings of Goldsmith's music: "I remember hearing David's orchestration of ambient sounds and specific sound effects for the 8-minute tractor sequence without Jerry's music cue. It was amazing. But then, so was Jerry's 8-minute music cue, it remains extremely powerful. We were able to combine a lot of David's sounds, treating them like part of the orchestra. It came out great, but I couldn't help but feel empathy for David".


title: The Secret of NIMH

text: The album was released on July 2, 1982, on vinyl and a re-released reissue on March 3, 1995, on CD with a rearranged track listing. Intrada Records issued a remastered limited edition album on CD on August 17, 2015, with one previously unreleased cue ("At Your Service", running 3:39) and three demos of "Flying Dreams" (as performed by Sally Stevens, Paul Williams and as a piano duet) totaling 10:09. Varese Sarabande did release the soundtrack on CD prior to the 1995 re-released reissue in 1986 with the artwork as the same as the LP jacket, but with a black background and a different track arrangement. The track listings below is of the re-released reissue of the CD.


title: The Secret of NIMH

text: The film's distributor, MGM/UA Entertainment Co., barely did any promotion for the film, leading Aurora to finance the advertising campaign themselves. The financiers had expected the film to open in wide release in 1,000 venues, but MGM opted for a limited opening weekend in 100 theaters, with its widest release in only 700. Although in competition with the blockbuster "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial" directed by future Bluth partner Steven Spielberg, it performed better in those theaters alone in its opening week than "Poltergeist", "Rocky III", "Firefox", and "". However, as a result of its release and competition with other summer fare, "NIMH" became only a moderate success, grossing nearly $14.7 million in North America, though it was more successful on home video, cable, and foreign releases, ultimately turning a profit.


title: The Secret of NIMH

text: "The Secret of NIMH" debuted on Super 8 film and several home video formats in 1983, including VHS, Betamax, CED Videodisc, Video8 and LaserDisc, which were distributed by MGM/UA Home Video in North America and Warner Home Video in Europe, Australia and Japan. A Video 2000 version was also released exclusively in Europe. With a $79 purchase price in the United States, the VHS edition sold approximately 25,000 copies within the first few months.


title: The Secret of NIMH

text: On September 6, 1990, the film was re-released on both VHS and LaserDisc in a new advertising campaign with lower retail prices. It was this new wide availability on video, as well as broadcasts on cable, that helped "NIMH" garner a cult following long after its theatrical debut. This was followed by another VHS release under the MGM/UA Family Entertainment label in 1994, along with a Philips CD-i video disc version that same year, which was available exclusively through Warner Home Video worldwide.


title: The Secret of NIMH

text: The film was released on DVD for the first time on November 17, 1998, which was reprinted numerous times in the ensuing years, both as a stand-alone release or bundled with other animated movies from MGM or 20th Century Fox. Don Bluth and Gary Goldman later oversaw a high-definition restoration of the film, which was released on June 19, 2007 in a 2-disc DVD set called the "Family Fun Edition". Improvements in the transfer over the 1998 DVD include color correction and dirt and dust removal and included special features such as audio commentary from both individuals and an interview featurette. A Blu-ray version was released on March 29, 2011, which retained the special features of the "Family Fun Edition".


title: The Secret of NIMH

text: "The Secret of NIMH" received positive reviews upon its release. It holds an approval rating of 93% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 68 reviews, with an average rating of 7.50/10. The consensus states: ""The Secret of NIMH" seeks to resurrect the classical style of American animation and succeeds, telling a mature story with rapturous presentation". The film also has a weighted average score of 76 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 15 reviews, which indicates "generally favorable reviews".


title: The Secret of NIMH

text: Critics Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert gave the movie two positive "yes" votes on a July 15, 1982, episode of their television program "Sneak Previews", with Ebert stating "Walt Disney would've liked "The Secret of NIMH"". In his print review for the "Chicago Sun-Times", Ebert gave the film three out of four stars, calling it "an artistic success", praising the quality of its animation and that it "contains that absolute rarity among feature-length animated cartoons, an interesting premise". Despite his praise, Ebert found that "NIMH" may not resonate as well on an emotional level with younger viewers, since "it has so many characters and involves them in so many different problems that there's nobody for the kids in the audience to strongly identify with". Siskel, writing for the "Chicago Tribune", found the movie "charming", but stated that the narrative was "littered with too many unimportant characters" and that Dom DeLuise "insert[ed] too much of himself" into the character of Jeremy. Despite this, Siskel found the film, particularly the second half, to be a "genuine pleasure" and felt that even adults will be drawn into the story by the end, giving it three stars out of four.


title: The Secret of NIMH

text: Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" noted the film's animation was "something of a technical and stylistic triumph" in comparison to that of Disney's golden age, but expressed dismay at the narrative, finding it too complicated and lacking in an "easily identifiable central character". In his review for the 1990 VHS re-release, Jeff Unger of "Entertainment Weekly" gave "The Secret of NIMH" a grade of "A", calling it "a wonderful adaptation" of the original book, adding that "Bluth and his animators, bless them, chose to revive an endangered art form – classically detailed animation. They drew their characters exquisitely and gave them individual personalities. The entire ensemble – artists, actors, animals, and musicians – created something unique: the world's first enjoyable rat race". Similarly, Richard Corliss of "Time" magazine called the movie "something gorgeous to look at".


title: The Secret of NIMH

text: "The Secret of NIMH" won Best Animated Film of 1982 at the 10th annual Saturn Awards, where it also received a nomination for Best Fantasy Film, losing to "The Dark Crystal". In his acceptance speech, Bluth remarked: "Thanks. We didn't think anyone had noticed". The film was also nominated for Best Family Feature for Animation, Musical or Fantasy at the 4th annual Youth in Film Awards, being beaten by "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial", while the home video release received an Award of Excellence from the Film Advisory Board. In 2008, the American Film Institute nominated this film for its Top 10 Animation Films list.


title: The Secret of NIMH

text: A direct-to-video sequel directed by Dick Sebast and produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Animation titled "The Secret of NIMH 2: Timmy to the Rescue" was released on December 22, 1998. Set several years after the events of the first film, the plot focuses on Mrs. Brisby's son Timothy as he struggles to live up to his father's prestigious reputation. Apart from Dom DeLuise and Arthur Malet reprising their roles as Jeremy and Mr. Ages, respectively, none of the original voice cast returned for the film. The movie was made without Don Bluth's input or involvement and was panned by critics and fans upon release.


title: The Secret of NIMH

text: In 2009, Paramount Pictures was working with Neil Burger on a remake of "The Secret of NIMH"; nothing has materialized since.


title: The Secret of NIMH

text: In March 2015, MGM re-acquired the rights to produce a new film based on the original novel "Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH". The film is to be produced by the team of Daniel Bobker and Ehren Kruger, with screenplay by "Ice Age" series writer Michael Berg. It will be James Madigan's directorial debut. It is planned as a CGI/live-action hybrid in the style of films like "The Smurfs" and "Alvin and the Chipmunks", and will be "an origin story in which an imperiled mouse protagonist befriends a comical crew of lab rats as they turn hyper-intelligent. They escape a secret laboratory and become the great minds of vermin civilization, forced to outwit the humans hot on their tails". The studio plans to turn the novel into a family franchise.


title: The Secret of NIMH

text: A television series based on the books was in development at Fox as an event series in September 2021.


title: The Wind in the Willows

text: The Wind in the Willows is a children's novel by the British novelist Kenneth Grahame, first published in 1908. It details the story of Mole, Ratty, and Badger as they try to help Mr. Toad, after he becomes obsessed with motorcars and gets into trouble. It also details short stories about them that are disconnected from the main narrative. The novel was based on bedtime stories Grahame told his son Alastair. It has been adapted numerous times for both stage and screen.


title: The Wind in the Willows

text: "The Wind in the Willows" received negative reviews upon its initial release, but has since become a classic of British literature. It was listed at No. 16 in the BBC's survey The Big Read, and has been adapted multiple times in different mediums.


title: The Wind in the Willows

text: Kenneth Grahame married Elspeth Thomson, the daughter of Robert William Thomson in 1899, when he was 40. The next year they had their only child, a boy named Alastair (nicknamed "Mouse"). He was born premature, blind in one eye, and was plagued by health problems throughout his life. When Alastair was about four years old, Grahame would tell him bedtime stories, some of which were about a toad, and on his frequent boating holidays without his family he would write further tales of Toad, Mole, Ratty and Badger in letters to Alastair.


title: The Wind in the Willows

text: In 1908, Grahame took early retirement from his position as secretary of the Bank of England. He moved with his wife and son to an old farmhouse in Blewbury, Berkshire. There, he used the bedtime stories he had told Alastair as a basis for the manuscript of "The Wind in the Willows".


title: The Wind in the Willows

text: With the arrival of spring and fine weather outside, the good-natured Mole loses patience with spring cleaning. He has fled his underground home and ends up at the river, which he has never seen before. Here he meets Rat, a water vole, who takes Mole for a ride in his rowing boat. They get along well and spend many more days boating, with “Ratty” teaching Mole the ways of the river, with the two friends living together in Ratty's riverside home.


title: The Wind in the Willows

text: One summer day, Rat and Mole disembark near the grand Toad Hall and pay a visit to Toad. Toad is rich, jovial, friendly and kindhearted, but arrogant and rash; he regularly becomes obsessed with current fads, only to abandon them abruptly. His current craze is his horse-drawn caravan. When a passing car scares his horse and causes the caravan to overturn into a ditch, Toad's craze for caravan travel is immediately replaced by an obsession with motorcars.


title: The Wind in the Willows

text: On a snowy winter's day, Mole goes to the Wild Wood, hoping to meet the elusive but virtuous and wise Badger. He gets lost in the woods, succumbs to fright, and hides among the sheltering roots of a tree. Rat finds him as snow begins to fall in earnest. Attempting to find their way home, Mole barks his shin on the boot scraper on Badger's doorscraper. Badger welcomes Rat and Mole to his large and cozy underground home, providing them with hot food, dry clothes, and reassuring conversation. Badger learns from his visitors that Toad has crashed seven cars, has been in the hospital three times, and has spent a fortune on fines. They resolve that when the time is right they will make a plan to protect Toad from himself.


title: The Wind in the Willows

text: With the arrival of spring, the three of them put Toad under house arrest with themselves as the guards, but Toad pretends to be sick and tricks Ratty to leave so he can escape. Badger and Mole continue to live in Toad Hall in the hope that Toad may return. Toad orders lunch at The Red Lion Inn, and then sees a motorcar pull into the courtyard. Taking the car, he drives it recklessly, is caught by the police, and sent to prison for 20 years.


title: The Wind in the Willows

text: In prison, Toad gains the sympathy of the gaoler's daughter, who helps him to escape disguised as a washerwoman. After a long series of misadventures, he returns to the hole of the Water Rat. Rat hauls Toad inside and informs him that Toad Hall has been taken over by weasels, stoats, and ferrets from the Wild Wood, who have driven out Mole and Badger. Armed to the teeth, Badger, Rat, Mole and Toad enter through the tunnel and pounce upon the unsuspecting Wild-Wooders who are holding a celebratory party. Having driven away the intruders, Toad holds a banquet to mark his return, during which he behaves both quietly and humbly. He makes up for his earlier excesses by seeking out and compensating those he has wronged, and the four friends live happily ever after.


title: The Wind in the Willows

text: In addition to the main narrative, the book contains several independent short stories featuring Rat and Mole such as an encounter with the wild god Pan while searching for Otter's son Portly, and Ratty's meeting with a Sea Rat. These appear for the most part between the chapters chronicling Toad's adventures, and are often omitted from abridgements and dramatisations.


title: The Wind in the Willows

text: The original publication of the book was plain text, with a frontispiece illustrated by Graham Robertson, but many illustrated, comic, and annotated versions have been published over the years. Notable illustrators include Paul Bransom (1913), Nancy Barnhart (1922), Wyndham Payne (1927), Ernest H. Shepard (1931), Arthur Rackham (1940), Richard Cuffari (1966), Tasha Tudor (1966), Michael Hague (1980), Scott McKowen (2005), and Robert Ingpen (2007).


title: The Wind in the Willows

text: A number of publishers rejected the manuscript. It was published in the UK by Methuen and Co., and later in the US by Scribner. The critics, who were hoping for a third volume in the style of Grahame's earlier works, "The Golden Age" and "Dream Days", generally gave negative reviews. The public loved it, however, and within a few years it sold in such numbers that many reprints were required. In 1909, then US President Theodore Roosevelt wrote to Grahame to tell that he had "read it and reread it, and have come to accept the characters as old friends".


title: The Wind in the Willows

text: Mapledurham House in Oxfordshire was an inspiration for Toad Hall, although Hardwick House and Fawley Court also make this claim.


title: The Wind in the Willows

text: Simon Winchester suggested that the character of Ratty was based on Frederick Furnivall, a keen oarsman and acquaintance of Grahame. However, Grahame himself said that this character was inspired by his good friend, the writer Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch. Grahame wrote this in a signed copy he gave to Quiller-Couch's daughter, Foy Felicia.


title: The Wind in the Willows

text: "The Scotsman" and "Oban Times" suggested was inspired by the Crinan Canal, because Grahame spent some of his childhood in Ardrishaig.


title: The Wind in the Willows

text: There is a proposal that the idea for the story arose when its author saw a water vole beside the River Pang in Berkshire, southern England. A 29 hectare extension to the nature reserve at Moor Copse, near Tidmarsh Berkshire, was acquired in January 2007 by the Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust.


title: The Wind in the Willows

text: Peter Ackroyd in his book, "Thames: sacred river", asserts that "Quarry Wood, bordering on the river [Thames] at Cookham Dean, is the original of [the] 'Wild Wood' . . . ."


title: BTS albums discography

text: South Korean boy band BTS have released nine studio albums (one of which was reissued under a different title), seven compilation albums, and six extended plays. In December 2018, BTS surpassed 10 million albums sold, setting the record for reaching that milestone in the shortest span of time (5½ years) among all Korean acts to have debuted since 2000, with five million of those albums being sold in South Korea in 2018 alone. By April 2020, the group had sold over 20 million physical albums in South Korea in less than seven years, and became the best-selling Korean act of all time. As of November 2021, they have sold over 32 million albums domestically.


title: BTS albums discography

text: The group debuted in South Korea on June 13, 2013, with the single album "2 Cool 4 Skool". They made a comeback in September 2013 with an extended play, "O!RUL8,2?". In February 2014, BTS released their second extended play, "Skool Luv Affair". This marked the first time their album charted on the "Billboard" World Albums chart and Japan's Oricon Albums Chart. A repackaged version of the album, "Skool Luv Affair Special Addition", was released in May 2014. BTS released their first studio album, "Dark & Wild", in August 2014. It was their first album to break into the US Top Heatseekers chart. To wrap up 2014, BTS made their Japanese debut in December 2014 with first Japanese studio album "Wake Up". All of their Japanese singles—"No More Dream", released on June 4; "Boy in Luv", released on July 16; and "Danger", released on November 19—made it into the top 10 of the Oricon Albums Chart as well as the Japan Hot 100.


title: BTS albums discography

text: The group's third extended play, "The Most Beautiful Moment in Life, Pt. 1", was released in April 2015. When BTS made a comeback with their fourth extended play, "The Most Beautiful Moment in Life, Pt. 2", in November 2015, for the first time, they earned an entry on the "Billboard" 200 at number 171. The EP also topped the "Billboard" Top Heatseekers and World Albums charts for four weeks, the most by a South Korean act. Their first compilation album, "", was released in May 2016. In September 2016, BTS released their second Japanese studio album, "Youth", which sold over 44,000 copies in its first day and became the group's first studio album to top both the daily and weekly Oricon album charts. At the end of 2016, the group released their second studio album "Wings" in October 2016. It debuted at 26 on the "Billboard" 200, making it the highest-ranking Korean album ever on the chart at the time. Its reissue, "You Never Walk Alone", was released in February 2017. Their fifth extended play, "", was released in September 2017. The EP opened at number seven on the US "Billboard" 200 with 31,000 album-equivalent units, making it the highest-charting K-pop album on the chart and biggest sales week of a K-pop album to date.


title: BTS albums discography

text: In April 2018, they released their third Japanese studio album, "Face Yourself". It debuted at number 43 on the "Billboard" 200 with 12,000 album-equivalent units, making it the third-highest-charting Japanese album in the history of the chart. Just one month later, it became their first Japanese album to be certified Platinum by the RIAJ, having sold over 250,000 copies within that time. BTS's third Korean studio album, "", was released on May 18, 2018 and debuted at number one on the "Billboard" 200, becoming the group's highest-charting album in a Western market, as well as the first K-pop album to top the US albums chart and the highest-charting album by an Asian act. BTS had the second-best total album sales in the US in 2018 behind Eminem, and accounted for 22.6% of the total albums sold in Korea that year. In 2019, the group scored their third number-one with "", their sixth extended play, on the "Billboard" 200, making them the first group since the Beatles in 1996 to have three number one albums in less than a year. The EP became the best-selling album in South Korean history, selling nearly 3.4 million copies in two months. They broke the all-time domestic sales record again with their fourth Korean studio album, "", which sold 4.1 million copies in less than nine days since its release in early 2020 and gave BTS their fourth US number-one album.


title: Senior Year (2022 film)

text: Senior Year is a 2022 American comedy film directed by Alex Hardcastle (in his feature film directorial debut) from a screenplay by Andrew Knauer, Arthur Pielli, and Brandon Scott Jones. The film stars Rebel Wilson (who also produced) as a 37-year-old woman who awakens from a 20-year coma and decides to go back to high school to earn her diploma. Sam Richardson, Zoë Chao, Mary Holland, Justin Hartley, Chris Parnell, Angourie Rice, Michael Cimino, Jeremy Ray Taylor, Jones, and Alicia Silverstone also star. The film was released on May 13, 2022, by Netflix, and was the No.1 Netflix Global movie for two weeks in a row and remained in the Netflix Top 10 movie for six weeks, accumulating over 167,600,000 hours of viewership during this time.


title: Senior Year (2022 film)

text: In 1999, after a disastrous birthday party at the local "cool" spot, Rock N Bowl, with her friends Seth and Martha, 14 year-old Australian immigrant Stephanie Conway decides she wants to be one of "the populars". She spends the next few years giving herself a makeover, becoming cheer squad captain, dating popular boy Blaine, and becoming one of the most popular girls by senior year.


title: Senior Year (2022 film)

text: In 2002, Stephanie plans to win the title of prom queen in hopes of becoming like Deanna Russo, an alumna of her high school who got married after graduation, and now lives in an expensive mansion. She lives with her widowed father and is still friends with Martha and Seth, who secretly has a crush on her. Stephanie has regular disagreements over prom preparations with Blaine's ex-girlfriend Tiffany, who feels threatened by the prospect of Stephanie winning the prom queen title. At a cheer performance, Tiffany convinces her friends to sabotage Stephanie's landing, severely injuring her and putting her into a coma.


title: Senior Year (2022 film)

text: Twenty years later, in 2022, Stephanie, now 37, wakes from her coma. Her father and Martha, now principal and cheerleading coach at Harding High, take her home. On the way, driving past Deanna Russo's old house, Stephanie sees that the now-married Tiffany and Blaine reside there. With reluctant support from her father and Martha, Stephanie goes back to high school to finish her senior year, where she learns that Seth is now the librarian, and the positions of prom king and queen have been abolished due to student complaints. Additionally, Tiffany and Blaine's daughter Bri is the most popular girl at school and has a huge social media following. The cheerleaders are no longer the popular students and are forced to perform bland, sanitized routines with no dancing.


title: Senior Year (2022 film)

text: Stephanie works to regain her former popularity through social media, finally succeeding after a risqué cheer routine she choreographs without Martha's permission goes viral at a pep rally. The next day, she is confronted by Martha, who tells her that she and Seth felt abandoned when Stephanie became popular back in high school. Stephanie decides to attend a showing of "Deep Impact" with Seth, and they get closer after goading Tiffany into getting kicked out of the theater for being disruptive. Afterwards, they have drinks at the Rock N Bowl and Stephanie confesses that she wants to be elected prom queen so badly because she wants to make her late mother proud.


title: Senior Year (2022 film)

text: Tiffany uses Bri's influence at school to get the prom king and queen contest reinstated and invites everyone at school except Stephanie to a prom afterparty at their house. Stephanie decides to host her own afterparty at Martha's lake house without her knowledge. Seth agrees to go to prom with Stephanie but is hurt when he sees Blaine attempt to kiss her, not knowing that Blaine was drunk and tried to force himself on her. Bri's boyfriend Lance becomes prom king, and although Tiffany rigs the vote so Bri will win, Bri drops out so that Stephanie is the prom queen. As Stephanie and Lance share the prom king and queen dance, the school rallies around her. Bri tells everyone to attend Stephanie's afterparty, which is successful until Tiffany gets the police to shut it down. Martha angrily confronts Stephanie for using her lake house without asking.


title: Senior Year (2022 film)

text: On the way home from the party, Stephanie realizes her Lyft driver is a middle-aged Deanna Russo. Deanna reveals that before she turned 30, her husband divorced her after deciding to leave her for a 21-year-old woman. Since she did not have a college degree, she was never able to build a life for herself and now works several part-time jobs while struggling to pay for community college. Deanna tells Stephanie that becoming prom queen did not give her a perfect life or fix all of her problems. Bri arrives home, furious that Tiffany called the police on Stephanie's party, and points out that Tiffany did not even ask if she was okay or if she had been arrested. Bri points out that both her father and mother are miserable together and forces her to apologize to Stephanie. Stephanie accepts Tiffany's apology and encourages her to focus more on her daughter instead of keeping up appearances.


title: Senior Year (2022 film)

text: Stephanie tears down her popularity board and contemplates skipping the graduation ceremony, but her father convinces her to attend. Streaming an apology to her followers and friends, she promises to be her true self from now on. At graduation, her friends and family secretly organize the cheer routine from Stephanie's senior year. She makes up with Martha, finally kisses Seth, and welcomes Tiffany to join them on stage as she finally gets to pull off the move that she never got to do twenty years earlier.


title: Senior Year (2022 film)

text: In June 2021, Alicia Silverstone joined the cast. In July 2021, Jade Bender, Michael Cimino, Jeremy Ray Taylor, Avantika, Joshua Colley, newcomer Ana Yi Puig, Molly Brown, Zaire Adams, and Tyler Barnhardt were added to the cast.


title: Senior Year (2022 film)

text: Principal photography began in Atlanta, Georgia, on May 24, 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Filming was completed by July 2021.


title: Senior Year (2022 film)

text: The movie has received poor reviews, with review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 24%, with an average score of 4.4/10, based on 59 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "In spite of a premise that promises to highlight Rebel Wilson with the appropriate level of pomp and circumstance, "Senior Year" is strictly remedial." Although it also received an audience approval rating of 46%, Buzzfeed article "The Best Reactions To Netflix's "Senior Year" On Twitter" highlighted fans reactions to the movie, calling it a "raunchy comedy that provides laughs galore" and commended Rebel Wilson's performance "an absolute comedic gem."


title: Senior Year (2022 film)

text: LA Times praised the movie, saying that though ""Senior Year" is not an ambitious movie, but it’s mostly a sweet one, and frequently funny." Entertainment Weekly gave "Senior Year" a B grade", saying "[It]" is honestly exactly the kind of movie you probably come to Netflix for, far more than any...prestige: Fun, nonsensical, and meant to be consumed with neither guilt nor pants." Mick LaSalle from San Francisco Chronicle called "Netflix’s ‘Senior Year’ gives Rebel Wilson the role she deserves."


title: I'm Quitting Heroing

text: In a medieval yet futuristic time, the Demon Queen Echidna and her forces have come from a polluted wasteland called Demon World. The world's strongest hero, Leo Demonheart, has defeated Echidna and her Elite Four. Sometime later, Leo shows up wanting to help Echidna rebuild her army because the human populace became fearful of him instead of celebrating his victory as some people worried that he would become the next demon king. As a result of his exile, Leo wants to help Echidna, but she violently rejects his offer. The Elite Four go behind her back by having Leo help rebuild Echidna's army anyway. He also learns that Echidna wants to obtain the Philosopher's Stone so that she can make the Demon World fertile again.


title: I'm Quitting Heroing

text: The series is written by Quantum and illustrated by Hana Amano. Originally serialized online on Kakuyomu from January 12 to February 7, 2017, Fujimi Shobo published the series in three printed volumes under their Kadokawa Books imprint from December 10, 2017, to October 10, 2018. The three volumes were later reprinted by the Fujimi Fantasia Bunko imprint from February 19 to April 20, 2022. An English digital release is being published by Kadokawa on its BookWalker website.


title: I'm Quitting Heroing

text: A manga adaptation with art by Nori Kazato began serialization on Kadokawa Shoten's "Young Ace Up" website on May 31, 2018. Six "tankōbon" volumes have been released as of April 2022. The manga is published in English digitally by Kadokawa on its BookWalker website, and in print by Yen Press.


title: I'm Quitting Heroing

text: An anime television series adaptation was announced on October 20, 2021. The series is animated by EMT Squared and directed by Hisashi Ishii, with Yuu Nobuta serving as chief director, Shigeru Murakoshi overseeing the series' scripts, Yuki Nakano designing the characters, and Kōhei Munemoto composing the music. It aired from April 5 to June 21, 2022, on AT-X, Tokyo MX, BS11, and MBS. The opening theme song is "Broken Identity" by Minori Suzuki, while the ending theme song is "Growing" by Nao Tōyama. Sentai Filmworks has licensed the series outside of Asia. Medialink has licensed the series in Southeast Asia, South Asia, and Oceania minus Australia and New Zealand. A two-part original video animation was released with the series' Blu-ray/DVD volumes on June 24 and August 24, 2022.


title: Gayniggers from Outer Space

text: Gayniggers from Outer Space is a 1992 Danish English-language science fiction short film, directed by Danish performance artist Morten Lindberg. The film is a parody of the science fiction and blaxploitation genres.


title: Gayniggers from Outer Space

text: The film follows a group of intergalactic homosexual black men from the planet Anus, who discover the presence of female creatures on planet Earth. Using rayguns, they proceed to eliminate females one by one from Earth, eliciting gratitude from the previously oppressed male population. Before leaving the planet, they leave behind a "Gay Ambassador" to educate the Earthlings about their new way of life.


title: Gayniggers from Outer Space

text: The film has been described as a "queer-interest B movie in the hyper-transgressive tradition of John Waters", and is said to have appealed to an audience of "nerdy white boys" who liked the concept of blaxploitation. The film was used in a recruiting campaign by the Internet troll group Gay Nigger Association of America in the 2000s.


title: Gayniggers from Outer Space

text: The film begins in black-and-white and later turns to color, in a way similar to "The Wizard of Oz". According to director Morten Lindberg, this was a "dramatic special effect" to illustrate "the world being freed from vicious women".


title: Garnet

text: Garnets () are a group of silicate minerals that have been used since the Bronze Age as gemstones and abrasives.


title: Garnet

text: All species of garnets possess similar physical properties and crystal forms, but differ in chemical composition. The different species are pyrope, almandine, spessartine, grossular (varieties of which are hessonite or cinnamon-stone and tsavorite), uvarovite and andradite. The garnets make up two solid solution series: pyrope-almandine-spessartine (pyralspite), with the composition range ; and uvarovite-grossular-andradite (ugrandite), with the composition range .


title: Garnet

text: The word "garnet" comes from the 14th-century Middle English word "gernet", meaning 'dark red'. It is borrowed from Old French "grenate" from Latin "granatus," from "granum" ('grain, seed'). This is possibly a reference to "mela granatum" or even "pomum granatum" ('pomegranate', "Punica granatum"), a plant whose fruits contain abundant and vivid red seed covers (arils), which are similar in shape, size, and color to some garnet crystals.


title: Garnet

text: Garnet species are found in every colour, with reddish shades most common. Blue garnets are the rarest and were first reported in the 1990s.


title: Garnet

text: Garnet species' light transmission properties can range from the gemstone-quality transparent specimens to the opaque varieties used for industrial purposes as abrasives. The mineral's luster is categorized as vitreous (glass-like) or resinous (amber-like).


title: Garnet

text: Garnets are nesosilicates having the general formula "X""Y"(). The "X" site is usually occupied by divalent cations (Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn) and the "Y" site by trivalent cations (Al, Fe, Cr) in an octahedral/tetrahedral framework with [SiO] occupying the tetrahedra. Garnets are most often found in the dodecahedral crystal habit, but are also commonly found in the trapezohedron habit as well as the hexoctahedral habit. They crystallize in the cubic system, having three axes that are all of equal length and perpendicular to each other, but are never actually cubic because, despite being isometric, the {100} and {111} families of planes are depleted. Garnets do not have any cleavage planes, so when they fracture under stress, sharp, irregular (conchoidal) pieces are formed.


title: Garnet

text: Because the chemical composition of garnet varies, the atomic bonds in some species are stronger than in others. As a result, this mineral group shows a range of hardness on the Mohs scale of about 6.0 to 7.5. The harder species like almandine are often used for abrasive purposes.


title: Garnet

text: For gem identification purposes, a pick-up response to a strong neodymium magnet separates garnet from all other natural transparent gemstones commonly used in the jewelry trade. Magnetic susceptibility measurements in conjunction with refractive index can be used to distinguish garnet species and varieties, and determine the composition of garnets in terms of percentages of end-member species within an individual gem.


title: Garnet

text: Almandine, sometimes incorrectly called almandite, is the modern gem known as carbuncle (though originally almost any red gemstone was known by this name). The term "carbuncle" is derived from the Latin meaning "live coal" or burning charcoal. The name "Almandine" is a corruption of Alabanda, a region in Asia Minor where these stones were cut in ancient times. Chemically, almandine is an iron-aluminium garnet with the formula FeAl(SiO); the deep red transparent stones are often called precious garnet and are used as gemstones (being the most common of the gem garnets). Almandine occurs in metamorphic rocks like mica schists, associated with minerals such as staurolite, kyanite, andalusite, and others. Almandine has nicknames of Oriental garnet, almandine ruby, and carbuncle.


title: Garnet

text: Pyrope (from the Greek "pyrōpós" meaning "firelike") is red in color and chemically an aluminium silicate with the formula MgAl(SiO), though the magnesium can be replaced in part by calcium and ferrous iron. The color of pyrope varies from deep red to black. Pyrope and spessartine gemstones have been recovered from the Sloan diamondiferous kimberlites in Colorado, from the Bishop Conglomerate and in a Tertiary age lamprophyre at Cedar Mountain in Wyoming.


title: Garnet

text: A variety of pyrope from Macon County, North Carolina is a violet-red shade and has been called "rhodolite", Greek for "rose". In chemical composition it may be considered as essentially an isomorphous mixture of pyrope and almandine, in the proportion of two parts pyrope to one part almandine. Pyrope has tradenames some of which are misnomers; "Cape ruby", "Arizona ruby", "California ruby", "Rocky Mountain ruby", and "Bohemian ruby" from the Czech Republic.


title: Garnet

text: Pyrope is an indicator mineral for high-pressure rocks. Mantle-derived rocks (peridotites and eclogites) commonly contain a pyrope variety.


title: Garnet

text: Spessartine or spessartite is manganese aluminium garnet, MnAl(SiO). Its name is derived from Spessart in Bavaria. It occurs most often in skarns, granite pegmatite and allied rock types, and in certain low grade metamorphic phyllites. Spessartine of an orange-yellow is found in Madagascar. Violet-red spessartines are found in rhyolites in Colorado


title: Garnet

text: Blue pyrope–spessartine garnets were discovered in the late 1990s in Bekily, Madagascar. This type has also been found in parts of the United States, Russia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Turkey. It changes color from blue-green to purple depending on the color temperature of viewing light, as a result of the relatively high amounts of vanadium (about 1 wt.% VO).


title: Garnet

text: Other varieties of color-changing garnets exist. In daylight, their color ranges from shades of green, beige, brown, gray, and blue, but in incandescent light, they appear a reddish or purplish/pink color.


title: Garnet

text: This is the rarest type of garnet. Because of its color-changing quality, this kind of garnet resembles alexandrite.


title: Garnet

text: Andradite is a calcium-iron garnet, CaFe(SiO), is of variable composition and may be red, yellow, brown, green or black. The recognized varieties are demantoid (green), melanite (black), and topazolite (yellow or green). Andradite is found in skarns and in deep-seated igneous rocks like syenite as well as serpentines and greenschists. Demantoid is one of the most prized of garnet varieties.


title: Garnet

text: Grossular is a calcium-aluminium garnet with the formula CaAl(SiO), though the calcium may in part be replaced by ferrous iron and the aluminium by ferric iron. The name grossular is derived from the botanical name for the gooseberry, "grossularia", in reference to the green garnet of this composition that is found in Siberia. Other shades include cinnamon brown (cinnamon stone variety), red, and yellow. Because of its inferior hardness to zircon, which the yellow crystals resemble, they have also been called "hessonite" from the Greek meaning inferior. Grossular is found in skarns, contact metamorphosed limestones with vesuvianite, diopside, wollastonite and wernerite.


title: Garnet

text: Grossular garnet from Kenya and Tanzania has been called tsavorite. Tsavorite was first described in the 1960s in the area of Kenya, from which the gem takes its name.


title: Garnet

text: Uvarovite is a calcium chromium garnet with the formula CaCr(SiO). This is a rather rare garnet, bright green in color, usually found as small crystals associated with chromite in peridotite, serpentinite, and kimberlites. It is found in crystalline marbles and schists in the Ural mountains of Russia and Outokumpu, Finland. Uvarovite is named for Count Uvaro, a Russian imperial statesman.


title: Garnet

text: Knorringite is a magnesium-chromium garnet species with the formula MgCr(SiO). Pure endmember knorringite never occurs in nature. Pyrope rich in the knorringite component is only formed under high pressure and is often found in kimberlites. It is used as an indicator mineral in the search for diamonds.


title: Garnet

text: The crystallographic structure of garnets has been expanded from the prototype to include chemicals with the general formula "A""B"("C"O). Besides silicon, a large number of elements have been put on the "C" site, including germanium, gallium, aluminum, vanadium and iron.


title: Garnet

text: Yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG), YAl(AlO), is used for synthetic gemstones. Due to its fairly high refractive index, YAG was used as a diamond simulant in the 1970s until the methods of producing the more advanced simulant cubic zirconia in commercial quantities were developed. When doped with neodymium (Nd), YAG may be used as the lasing medium in s. When doped with erbium, it can be used as the lasing medium in s. When doped with gadolinium, it can be used as the lasing medium in Gd:YAG lasers. These doped YAG lasers are used in medical procedures including laser skin resurfacing, dentistry, and ophthalmology.


title: Garnet

text: Interesting magnetic properties arise when the appropriate elements are used. In yttrium iron garnet (YIG), YFe(FeO), the five iron(III) ions occupy two octahedral and three tetrahedral sites, with the yttrium(III) ions coordinated by eight oxygen ions in an irregular cube. The iron ions in the two coordination sites exhibit different spins, resulting in magnetic behavior. YIG is a ferrimagnetic material having a Curie temperature of 550 K. Yttrium iron garnet can be made into YIG spheres, which serve as magnetically tunable filters and resonators for microwave frequencies.


title: Garnet

text: Lutetium aluminium garnet (LuAG), , is an inorganic compound with a unique crystal structure primarily known for its use in high-efficiency laser devices. LuAG is also useful in the synthesis of transparent ceramics. LuAG is particularly favored over other crystals for its high density and thermal conductivity; it has a relatively small lattice constant in comparison to the other rare-earth garnets, which results in a higher density producing a crystal field with narrower linewidths and greater energy level splitting in absorption and emission.


title: Garnet

text: Terbium gallium garnet (TGG), , is a Faraday rotator material with excellent transparency properties and is very resistant to laser damage. TGG can be used in optical isolators for laser systems, in optical circulators for fiber optic systems, in optical modulators, and in current and magnetic field sensors.


title: Garnet

text: Another example is gadolinium gallium garnet (GGG), which is synthesized for use as a substrate for liquid-phase epitaxy of magnetic garnet films for bubble memory and magneto-optical applications.


title: Garnet

text: The mineral garnet is commonly found in metamorphic and to a lesser extent, igneous rocks. Most natural garnets are compositionally zoned and contain inclusions. Its crystal lattice structure is stable at high pressures and temperatures and is thus found in green-schist facies metamorphic rocks including gneiss, hornblende schist, and mica schist. The composition that is stable at the pressure and temperature conditions of Earth's mantle is pyrope, which is often found in peridotites and kimberlites, as well as the serpentines that form from them. Garnets are unique in that they can record the pressures and temperatures of peak metamorphism and are used as geobarometers and geothermometers in the study of geothermobarometry which determines "P-T Paths", Pressure-Temperature Paths. Garnets are used as an index mineral in the delineation of isograds in metamorphic rocks. Compositional zoning and inclusions can mark the change from growth of the crystals at low temperatures to higher temperatures. Garnets that are not compositionally zoned more than likely experienced ultra high temperatures (above 700 °C) that led to diffusion of major elements within the crystal lattice, effectively homogenizing the crystal or they were never zoned. Garnets can also form metamorphic textures that can help interpret structural histories.


title: Garnet

text: In addition to being used to devolve conditions of metamorphism, garnets can be used to date certain geologic events. Garnet has been developed as a U-Pb geochronometer, to date the age of crystallization as well as a thermochronometer in the (U-Th)/He system to date timing of cooling below a closure temperature.


title: Garnet

text: Red garnets were the most commonly used gemstones in the Late Antique Roman world, and the Migration Period art of the "barbarian" peoples who took over the territory of the Western Roman Empire. They were especially used inlaid in gold cells in the cloisonné technique, a style often just called garnet cloisonné, found from Anglo-Saxon England, as at Sutton Hoo, to the Black Sea. Thousands of Tamraparniyan gold, silver and red garnet shipments were made in the old world, including to Rome, Greece, the Middle East, Serica and Anglo Saxons; recent findings such as the Staffordshire Hoard and the pendant of the Winfarthing Woman skeleton of Norfolk confirm an established gem trade route with South India and Tamraparni (ancient Sri Lanka), known from antiquity for its production of gemstones.


title: Garnet

text: Pure crystals of garnet are still used as gemstones. The gemstone varieties occur in shades of green, red, yellow, and orange. In the US it is known as the birthstone for January. The garnet family is one of the most complex in the gem world. It is not a single species, but is composed of multiple species and varieties. It is the state mineral of Connecticut, New York's gemstone, and star garnet (garnet with rutile asterisms) is the state gemstone of Idaho.


title: Garnet

text: Garnet sand is a good abrasive, and a common replacement for silica sand in sand blasting. Alluvial garnet grains which are rounder are more suitable for such blasting treatments. Mixed with very high pressure water, garnet is used to cut steel and other materials in water jets. For water jet cutting, garnet extracted from hard rock is suitable since it is more angular in form, therefore more efficient in cutting.


title: Garnet

text: As an abrasive, garnet can be broadly divided into two categories; blasting grade and water jet grade. The garnet, as it is mined and collected, is crushed to finer grains; all pieces which are larger than 60 mesh (250 micrometers) are normally used for sand blasting. The pieces between 60 mesh (250 micrometers) and 200 mesh (74 micrometers) are normally used for water jet cutting. The remaining garnet pieces that are finer than 200 mesh (74 micrometers) are used for glass polishing and lapping. Regardless of the application, the larger grain sizes are used for faster work and the smaller ones are used for finer finishes.


title: Garnet

text: There are different kinds of abrasive garnets which can be divided based on their origin. The largest source of abrasive garnet today is garnet-rich beach sand which is quite abundant on Indian and Australian coasts and the main producers today are Australia and India.


title: Garnet

text: This material is particularly popular due to its consistent supplies, huge quantities and clean material. The common problems with this material are the presence of ilmenite and chloride compounds. Since the material has been naturally crushed and ground on the beaches for past centuries, the material is normally available in fine sizes only. Most of the garnet at the Tuticorin beach in south India is 80 mesh, and ranges from 56 mesh to 100 mesh size.


title: Garnet

text: "River garnet" is particularly abundant in Australia. The river sand garnet occurs as a placer deposit.


title: Garnet

text: "Rock garnet" is perhaps the garnet type used for the longest period of time. This type of garnet is produced in America, China and western India. These crystals are crushed in mills and then purified by wind blowing, magnetic separation, sieving and, if required, washing. Being freshly crushed, this garnet has the sharpest edges and therefore performs far better than other kinds of garnet. Both the river and the beach garnet suffer from the tumbling effect of hundreds of thousands of years which rounds off the edges. Gore Mountain Garnet from Warren County, New York, USA is a significant source of rock garnet for use as an industrial abrasive.


title: Garnet

text: Garnet is the birthstone of January. It is also the birthstone of Aquarius and Capricorn in tropical astrology.


title: Garnet

text: In Persia this birth gem was considered a talisman from nature's forces like storm and lightning. It was widely accepted that garnet could signal approaching danger by turning pale.


title: Garnet

text: Garnet is New York State's official gemstone, Connecticut has almandine garnet as its state gemstone, Idaho has star garnet as its state gemstone, and Vermont has grossular garnet as its state gemstone.


title: Garnet

text: Since 2003 New York State has ranked first in industrial garnet-production in the United States. Since there are just a few companies that account for all U.S. industrial garnet production, published detailed production statistics for New York State are not available. However, generally speaking, Barton Mines in Warren County is the largest U.S. garnet producer.


title: Garnet

text: The New York State Museum in Albany, NY houses specimens from significant sites across the state, including 93 mineral species from the Balmat-Edwards mining district in St. Lawrence, super garnets from the Barton Mine in the Adirondack Mountains, and Herkimer diamonds from Herkimer County, New York


title: Garnet

text: The largest garnet mine in the world is located Near North Creek New York and is operated by Barton Mines Corporation who supplies about 90% of the world's garnet.


title: Garnet

text: Barton Mines Corporation is the first and oldest industrial garnet mining operation in the world and the second oldest continuous mining operation in the United States under the same management and mining the same product throughout its history. The Gore Mountain Mine of the Barton Mines Corporation was first mined under the direction of H. H. Barton, Sr. in 1878 to produce garnet as the primary product.


title: Garnet

text: The open-pit Barton Garnet Mine, located at Gore Mountain in the Adirondack Highlands, yields the world's largest single crystals of garnet; diameters range from 5 to 35 cm and commonly average 10–18 cm.


title: Garnet

text: Gore Mountain garnets are unique in many respects, and considerable effort has been made to determine the timing of garnet growth. The first dating was that of Basu et al. (1989), who used plagioclase-hornblende-garnet to produce a Sm/Nd isochron that yielded an age of 1059 ± 19 Ma. Mezger et al. (1992) conducted their own Sm/Nd investigation using hornblende and the drilled core of a 50 cm garnet to produce an isochron age of 1051 ± 4 Ma. Connelly (2006) utilized 7 different fractions of a Gore Mountain garnet to obtain a Lu-Hf isochron age of 1046.6 ± 6 Ma. We therefore conclude with confidence that the garnets formed at 1049 ± 5 Ma, the average of the three determinations. This is also the local age of peak metamorphism in the 1090–1040 Ma Ottawan phase of the Grenvillian orogeny and serves as a critical data point in ascertaining the evolution of the megacrystic garnet deposits.


title: Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit

text: Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit is a 2014 American action thriller film based on the character Jack Ryan created by author Tom Clancy. It is the fifth film in the "Jack Ryan" series and the second reboot thereof. Unlike its predecessors, it is not an adaptation of a particular Clancy novel, but rather an original story. Chris Pine stars in the title role, becoming the fourth actor to play Ryan, following Alec Baldwin, Harrison Ford, and Ben Affleck. The film is directed by Kenneth Branagh, who also stars alongside Kevin Costner, and Keira Knightley.


title: Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit

text: The original screenplay was written by Adam Cozand and David Koepp. The film was produced by Mace Neufeld, Lorenzo di Bonaventura, David Barron and Mark Vahradian, with David Ellison, Dana Goldberg, Paul Schwake and Tommy Harper as executive producers. The film score was composed by Patrick Doyle.


title: Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit

text: The film was released in the United States on January 17, 2014. It grossed over $130 million and was met with mixed critical reviews. It is dedicated to Clancy, who died on October 1, 2013.


title: Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit

text: After the September 11 attacks, Jack Ryan, studying at the London School of Economics, becomes a U.S. Marine officer serving in Afghanistan, until his spine is critically injured while saving two of his fellow soldiers when his helicopter is shot down. During a lengthy recovery back in the United States, he meets Cathy Muller, a medical student helping him to recover. Later, Thomas Harper, a veteran CIA official, recruits Jack.


title: Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit

text: Ten years later, Ryan is working on Wall Street covertly for the CIA looking for suspicious financial transactions that indicate terrorist activity, while Muller is now his fiancée. When Russia loses a key vote before the United Nations and the markets do not respond as expected, Ryan discovers that billions of dollars possessed by Russian business interests, most of which belong directly or indirectly to Russian oligarch Viktor Cherevin, have disappeared.


title: Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit

text: Ryan's employer conducts business with one of Cherevin's businesses. When Ryan finds certain accounts inaccessible to him as an auditor, he uses it as a legitimate excuse to visit Moscow and investigate. After narrowly surviving an attempt on his life by an assassin posing as his bodyguard, Ryan contacts the CIA and is surprised that his backup is Harper. During their debrief at Staraya Square, Ryan explains how Cherevin's web of international investments make the United States vulnerable to complete financial collapse following a staged terrorist attack.


title: Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit

text: At his meeting with Cherevin the next day, he is told that the problem company and all its assets have just been sold, preventing an audit. Meanwhile, Muller suspects that Ryan is having an affair and flies to Moscow. Against protocol for unmarried couples, Ryan reveals his CIA employment. Improvising on the situation, Harper convinces Muller to help them infiltrate Cherevin's offices. Ryan and Muller meet Cherevin at an upscale restaurant across the street from the office; Muller lures Cherevin away so Ryan can leave without suspicion and re-enter Cherevin's office, where he accesses Cherevin's computer and downloads crucial files. While Muller remains with Cherevin, she notices symptoms that reveal he has cirrhosis.


title: Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit

text: Ryan and the CIA discover Cherevin has secretly propped up the struggling Chinese and Japanese state economies for years, leaving the U.S. economy vulnerable, as well as using a falsified death certificate to place his son, Aleksandr, in the U.S. as a sleeper agent. Ryan uses his talent for pattern recognition to determine that Aleksandr will execute a terrorist attack on Wall Street. Returning to New York City, he locates and catches up to a fake police response vehicle driven by Aleksandr, and discovers a bomb inside the vehicle. Unable to defuse it, he hijacks the vehicle and crashes it into the East River while jumping out; the bomb detonates, killing Aleksandr. Cherevin's fellow conspirators kill him to cover their tracks. Afterwards, Ryan, now married, and Harper are called to the White House to brief the President on their next move.


title: Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit

text: After the financial success of their film "The Sum of All Fears" (2002), Paramount Pictures made attempts to continue the Jack Ryan film series, but nothing came to fruition. According to Mace Neufeld, Ben Affleck was not hired to reprise his role in future films after his involvement with the box office flop "Gigli", stalling the series as the producers failed to recast the role. In 2008, the company engaged director Sam Raimi to spearhead a revival of the series, but he later dropped out due to focus on the development of the ultimately unproduced "Spider-Man 4".


title: Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit

text: In October 2009, Paramount and co-financier Skydance Productions were negotiating with actor Chris Pine to portray Jack Ryan in a film based on Tom Clancy's character, but not on any of the books. At the time, producers Mace Neufeld and Lorenzo di Bonaventura were working with an original concept drafted by Hossein Amini, with David Ready serving as co-producer for di Bonaventura. In August 2010, director Jack Bender was the frontrunner to direct the film, based on a script tentatively titled "Moscow" by Adam Cozad. The following month, writer Anthony Peckham was brought on to perform rewrites, and later Steve Zaillian, who wrote the screenplay for "Clear and Present Danger" (1994), was engaged to perform rewrites as well. However, Zaillian withdrew after a few weeks and the film was put on hold by Paramount for Pine to reprise his role as James T. Kirk in "Star Trek Into Darkness". During this time, David Koepp was brought on to rewrite the script, with shooting scheduled to begin in the second half of 2012.


title: Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit

text: The film faced another setback in March 2012, when director Bender dropped out due to scheduling conflicts. Paramount and Skydance Pictures quickly hired Kenneth Branagh to replace him, in order to start production after Pine was finished with "Into Darkness" around September 2012. "This script arrived and was un-put-down-able and I knew the previous films, I'd read some of the books and, simple as that, it came out of the blue", said Branagh. "I was going to be making another movie, but it went away and this one came to me and I read it and responded very strongly and it's the kind of the film that I go to see".


title: Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit

text: Pre-production for "Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit" took place at the production offices of August Street Films Limited, based at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire. Months after signing on as director, Kenneth Branagh also made a deal with the studio to star as the film's villain.


title: Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit

text: In early August 2012, Keira Knightley, Felicity Jones, and Evangeline Lilly were being considered for the female lead while Kate Beckinsale and Jessica Biel were approached but declined. Days later, Knightley won the role. That same month, Kevin Costner signed on to play Thomas Harper in a two-picture deal that would have also seen him play the character in a film adaptation of Clancy's "Without Remorse".


title: Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit

text: While images from the film's production in Manhattan surfaced in late August 2012, Paramount Pictures and Skydance Productions did not announce the start of principal photography on "Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit" until September 18, 2012. At that time, filming took place in Liverpool city centre, which doubled as Moscow. Filming in New York City had been completed earlier that month. Other shooting locales included London and Moscow. Later, reshoots were also done in New York City.


title: Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit

text: The musical score of "Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit" was composed by Patrick Doyle, who has collaborated on many of Kenneth Branagh's directorial efforts. Writing the score took Doyle up to seven months, which is more than usual. "In "Jack Ryan", [Kenneth] wanted a piece of music for this scene and I had the theme the following day for it," said Doyle on his relationship with Branagh. "I actually wrote the main theme of the movie, just sitting there watching it. This is the expectation of a person you're very close to. There's no pressure in that you're so relaxed, especially someone like Kenneth. He brings out the best in you because he creates such a casual, relaxed, but hard-working environment at the same time." A soundtrack album was released digitally by Varèse Sarabande on January 14, 2014 and in physical formats on February 4.


title: Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit

text: The film was originally scheduled to be released on December 25, 2013, but was pushed back from its original release date to January 17, 2014, by Paramount Pictures to give the release date to Martin Scorsese's "The Wolf of Wall Street". It then was slated for release on January 17, 2014, corresponding with the Martin Luther King Jr. holiday in the United States. In August 2013, Paramount began rolling out a trailer for the film to test audiences bearing the title "Jack Ryan: Shadow One". On October 2, 2013, a day after the death of Tom Clancy, the first film poster was released, featuring the new title, "Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit". The first trailer for the film was released the same day. In December 2014, Pine confirmed that there would not be a sequel to the film due to its lackluster box office performance.


title: Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit

text: The film was later released in Video on Demand format for home media markets on May 20, 2014. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray formats by Paramount Home Entertainment on June 10, 2014.


title: Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit

text: "Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit" earned $5.4 million on its opening day in North American markets. and reached $17.2 million by the end of its opening weekend. The film opened below all previous Jack Ryan films despite a wider theatre count. Based on exit-polling service CinemaScore, more than a third of the film's opening weekend audience was over the age of 50. With only 15 percent of viewers under the age of 25, the film failed to attract younger viewers despite the casting of Chris Pine. The film is the twenty-fourth highest grossing of 2014 and was the first film of the year to have reached over $100 million worldwide. During its theatrical run, the film had grossed $50.6 million domestically and $85 million in foreign business, for a worldwide total of $135.6 million.


title: Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 54% based on 187 reviews, with an average rating of 5.6/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "It doesn't reinvent the action-thriller wheel, but "Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit" offers a sleek, reasonably diverting reboot for a long-dormant franchise." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 57 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit

text: Peter Hartlaub of the "San Francisco Chronicle" gave the film a positive review, saying, "Under taut direction from Kenneth Branagh (who also plays the Russian heavy), Pine is convincing as a character who is pushing papers one day and dodging assassins in Moscow the next." Hartlaub added, "Even with its thrifty set pieces and smaller ambitions, this attempt to reboot the series based on Tom Clancy characters does the most important thing right: It almost always feels like a Jack Ryan movie." Kyle Smith of the "New York Post" also gave the film a positive review. Smith said, "Despite the occasional hard-to-believe moment, the reboot of the 1990s franchise is soundly structured, smart and fast, with a plausible central scenario, several gripping moments and well-wrought dialogue. If it isn't quite as gritty or intelligent as the Bourne movies, it is ... close enough."


title: Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit

text: Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" was less enthusiastic about the film, saying it "has no personality of its own." Travers added, "It's a product constructed out of spare parts and assembled with computerized precision. It's hard to care when Jack turns operational and becomes a CIA robocop. The movie feels untouched by human hands." Todd McCarthy of "The Hollywood Reporter" also gave the film a negative review, saying, "While [the film] benefits from an attractive cast, the perennial allure of the spy game and the exoticism of the contemporary Moscow setting, the biggest problem afflicting this modest diversion is that it's the sort of film in which computers get to the bottom of every problem that comes up in about five seconds."


title: Puma (genus)

text: Puma is a genus in the family Felidae whose only extant species is the cougar (also known as the puma, mountain lion, and panther, among other names), and may also include several poorly known Old World fossil representatives (for example, "Puma pardoides", or Owen's panther, a large, cougar-like cat of Eurasia's Pliocene). In addition to these potential Old World fossils, a few New World fossil representatives are possible, such as "Puma pumoides" and the two species of the so-called "American cheetah", currently classified under the genus "Miracinonyx".


title: Puma (genus)

text: Pumas are large, secretive cats. They are also commonly known as cougars and mountain lions, and are able to reach larger sizes than some other "big" cat individuals. Despite their large size, they are more closely related to smaller feline species than to lions or leopards. The seven subspecies of pumas all have similar characteristics but tend to vary in color and size. Pumas are the most adaptable felines in the Americas and are found in a variety of different habitats, unlike other cat species.


title: Puma (genus)

text: Members of the genus "Puma" are primarily found in the mountains of North and South America, where a majority of individuals can be found in rocky crags and pastures lower than the slopes grazing herbivores inhabit. Though they choose to inhabit those areas, they are highly adaptive and can be found in a large variety of habitats, including forests, tropical jungle, grasslands, and even arid desert regions. With the expansion of human settlements and land clearance, the cats are being pushed into smaller, more hostile areas. However, their high adaptability will likely allow them to avoid disappearing from the wild forever.


title: Puma (genus)

text: Subspecies of the genus "Puma" include cats that are the fourth-largest in the cat family. Adult males can reach around from nose to tip of tail, and a body weight typically between . Females can reach around from nose to tail, and a body weight between . They also have tails ranging from long. The heads of these cats are round, with erect ears. They have powerful forequarters, necks, and jaws which help grasp and hold prey. They have four retractable claws on their fore paws, and also their hind paws.


title: Puma (genus)

text: The majority of pumas are found in more mountainous regions, so they have a thick fur coat to help retain body heat during freezing winters. Depending on subspecies and the location of their habitat, the puma's fur varies in color from brown-yellow to grey-red. Individuals that live in colder climates have coats that are more grey than individuals living in warmer climates with a more red color to their coat. Pumas are incredibly strong and fast predators with long bodies and powerful short legs. The hindlimbs are larger and stronger than the forelimbs, enabling them to be great leapers. They are able to leap as high as into the air and as far as horizontally. They can reach speeds of up to , as they are adapted to perform powerful sprints in order to catch their prey.


title: Puma (genus)

text: Members of the genus live solitarily, with the exception of the time cubs spend with their mothers. Individuals cover a large home range searching for food, covering a distance around 80 mi during the summers and 40 mi during the winters. They are able to hunt at night just as effectively as they can during the day. Members of the genus are also known to make a variety of different sounds, particularly used when warning another individual away from their territory or during the mating season when looking for a mate.


title: Puma (genus)

text: A study released in 2017 suggests that pumas have a secret social life only recently captured on film. They were seen sharing their food kills with other nearby pumas. They share many social patterns with more gregarious species such as chimpanzees.


title: Puma (genus)

text: Members of this genus are large and powerful carnivores. The majority of their diet includes small animals such as rodents, birds, fish, and rabbits. Larger individuals are able to catch larger prey such as bighorn sheep, deer, guanaco, mountain goats, raccoons, and coati. They occasionally take livestock in areas with high populations of them.


title: Puma (genus)

text: Breeding season normally occurs between December and March, with a three-month (91 days) gestation period resulting in a litter size up to six kittens. After mating, male and female part ways; the male continues on to mate with other females for the duration of the mating season, while the female cares for the kittens on her own. Like most other felines, kittens are born blind and remain completely helpless for about 2 weeks until their eyes open. Kittens are born with spots and eventually lose all of them as they reach adulthood. The spots allow the kittens to hide better from predators. Kittens are able to eat solid food when they reach 2–3 months of age, and remain with their mother for about a year. The life expectancy of individuals in the wild averages 12 years, but can reach up to 25 years in captivity.


title: Puma (genus)

text: Although they have been pushed into smaller habitats by human settlement expansion, members of the genus have been designated least-concern species by the IUCN, indicating low risk of becoming extinct in their natural environments in the near future. This is due to their high adaptiveness to changing habitat conditions. In fact, many feel the pumas' ability to adapt to different environments explains their current numbers. However, in many large metropolitan areas such as Los Angeles, California, pumas' habitats have been fragmented by urban development and massive freeways. These barriers have made it nearly impossible for populations of mountain lions in specific areas of mountain ranges to reach one another to breed and increase genetic diversity. While their numbers still remain at decent levels, the number of kittens that are inbred is rising every year. This poses a threat to these already-reduced communities of mountain lions that are forced to quickly adapt to shrinking habitats and increased run-ins with humans. Many researchers from the National Park Service are using their findings to propose ideas to cities like Los Angeles, which harbors large populations of urban wildlife, to increase conservation efforts in areas on both sides of freeways, and begin the process of building land bridges for wildlife to safely cross freeways.


title: Femina Miss India

text: Miss India or Femina Miss India is a national beauty pageant in India that annually selects representatives to compete in Miss World, one of the Big Four major international beauty pageants. It is organised by "Femina", a women's magazine published by The Times Group. Since 2013, Femina has also organised Miss Diva as a separate competition, with representatives competing at Miss Universe.


title: Femina Miss India

text: In addition to Miss Diva, the organisation holds a contest every two years to select the Indian representative for the Mister World and Mister Supranational pageants.


title: Femina Miss India

text: The reigning Femina Miss India (Femina Miss India World) titleholder is Sini Sadanand Shetty of Karnataka who was crowned by the outgoing titleholder Manasa Varanasi on 3 July 2022 at Jio World Center, Mumbai.


title: Femina Miss India

text: The first Miss India was Pramila (Esther Victoria Abraham), from Calcutta, who won in 1947. It was organised by the local press.


title: Femina Miss India

text: In 1952, two Miss India pageants were held, Indrani Rehman and Nutan were the winners of the pageant. Nutan was crowned as Miss Mussorie. The pageant was held by the local press. Indrani Rehman was crowned at Brabourne Stadium in Mumbai in the month of April 1952. Indrani later represented India at Miss Universe 1952, the inaugural edition of Miss Universe pageant.


title: Femina Miss India

text: In 1953, Peace Kanwal from Punjab was crowned Miss India 1953 at KARDAR-KOLYNOS Pageant. The pageant was organised by Abdur Rashid Kardar. She later established herself as a Bollywood actress.


title: Femina Miss India

text: In 1954, Leela Naidu from Maharashtra was declared Miss India, and the same year was featured in "Vogue" magazine's list of the world's ten most beautiful women.


title: Femina Miss India

text: There was no Miss India pageant from 1955 to 1958. In 1959, Eve's Weekly organised its very first Miss India contest called Eve's Weekly Miss India to send India's representatives to the Miss World pageant. Fleur Ezekiel was crowned the eventual winner. She represented India at Miss World 1959 held in London, United Kingdom.


title: Femina Miss India

text: The first Femina Miss India pageant was held in year 1964. Meher Castelino Mistri of Maharashtra was crowned the first Femina Miss India. She was chosen to represent India at Miss Universe 1964 held in the United States and Miss Nations 1964 held in Spain.


title: Femina Miss India

text: Reita Faria was the first Miss India ever to win any international beauty pageant. She was crowned Miss World 1966 in London, United Kingdom. She was the winner of Eve's Weekly Miss India contest. The same year Femina Miss India winner Yasmin Daji represented India at Miss Universe 1966 and was crowned 3rd Runner-up at the event. She was the first Femina Miss India Winner to get placed at any international beauty pageant.


title: Femina Miss India

text: Zeenat Aman was the first Femina Miss India titleholder to win an international pageant. She was crowned Femina Miss India Asia Pacific and went on to win Miss Asia Pacific 1970 held in Philippines.


title: Femina Miss India

text: She won the Miss India contest at the age of 17 in the year 1981 and was known for phenomenal acting in 'Hero' 'Damini', 'Ghayal' and 'Ghatak'. She quit the industry very early and got married.


title: Femina Miss India

text: In 1993 Miss Femina India, Vaishali Sood, daughter of Cdr Sudhir Sood, who was the winner of the 1991 Navy May Queen Ball, stood second runner up. She went on to act in a Bollywood Movie, "Mr Bond", starring Akshay Kumar.


title: Femina Miss India

text: In 2010, after the I Am She - Miss Universe India acquired the rights to send India's representatives to Miss Universe, Femina Miss India crowned three winners as "Femina Miss India World", "Femina Miss India Earth" and "Femina Miss India International", the third winner representend India in Miss International pageant.


title: Femina Miss India

text: In 2010, Tantra Entertainment Pvt. Ltd. (TEPL), in partnership with Sushmita Sen, started a new pageant called I Am She – Miss Universe India. The winner of this pageant participated in the Miss Universe pageant from 2010 to 2012.


title: Femina Miss India

text: In 2008, Gladrags President Maureen Wadia provided legal notice to newly crowned Femina Miss India Earth 2008, Harshita Saxena for violating an exclusive two-year contract with Gladrags that had been signed by Harshita in 2006. To participate in any other beauty pageant, Harshita would need a written letter of no objection from Gladrags. Harshita surrendered the title and the crown went to Tanvi Vyas, who represented India at the Miss Earth 2008 pageant held in November 2008. Later, Harshita was ranked fourth at Femina Miss India 2009 and represented India at Miss International 2009. Harshita was later placed fourth in Miss India 2009 and represented India in Miss International 2009.


title: Femina Miss India

text: In 2004, Lakshmi Pandit (Kalpana Pandit's sister) was initially declared the winner, but had to return the title as she was married (to Siddarth Mishra); Sayali Bhagat was finally declared the winner.


title: Femina Miss India

text: In 1989, the winner Kalpana Pandit was found to have misrepresented her nationality (she had a US passport); she was stripped of her title and Dolly Minhas was declared the winner.


title: Femina Miss India

text: Miss India has been participating in the Miss Universe pageant since 1952, starting with Indrani Rehman and in the Miss World pageant since 1959, starting with Fleur Ezekiel.


title: Femina Miss India

text: In the 1970s, Femina acquired the rights to send a representative to Miss World as well, and started to send the winner to Miss Universe and the runner-up to the Miss World contest. Later in 1991, Femina Miss India also acquired the rights to send India's representatives to Miss International pageant.


title: Femina Miss India

text: In 1994, following India's historic dual wins at both Miss Universe and Miss World, the custom of crowning a single winner was discontinued. Instead, the top three placers were designated winners with equal visibility, equal prizes and responsibilities, and were crowned as Femina Miss India-Universe, Femina Miss India-World, and Femina Miss India-Asia Pacific and a finalist was sent to Miss International. In 2002, the third title was changed to "Femina Miss India-Earth", to designate India's representation at the newly launched Miss Earth pageant, focused on the cause of environmental advocacy and a finalist was sent to Miss International.


title: Femina Miss India

text: From 2007 to 2009, three equal winners were selected going to Miss Universe, Miss World, and Miss Earth. In 2010, I Am She - Miss Universe India acquired the rights to send India's representatives to Miss Universe. Later, in 2013 The Times Group again acquired the rights to send India's representatives to Miss Universe and launched a new pageant for Miss Universe named Miss Diva.


title: Femina Miss India

text: In 1970, Zeenat Aman won Miss Asia Pacific 1970. She became the first Indian and South Asian woman to win the title.


title: Femina Miss India

text: The awards for 1989 were given at the end of the year (December); hence there was no separate contest for 1990.


title: Femina Miss India

text: In 1994, Sushmita Sen won the Miss Universe title after winning the Miss India crown and became the first Indian woman ever to win the Miss Universe crown. The same year the runner-up of Miss India, Aishwarya Rai, won the Miss World title. Sushmita Sen and Aishwarya Rai established themselves in the Bollywood industry after winning their titles.


title: Femina Miss India

text: The success of Sen and Rai spawned coaching institutions which were set up to groom young women in pageant participation skills. The number of participants in the preliminary rounds of the pageant has increased considerably. Miss India World 1997, Diana Hayden won the title of Miss World 1997. In 1999, the Miss India World Yukta Mookhey went on to win the Miss World that year.


title: Femina Miss India

text: In 2000, three of the Miss India winners won their respective international pageants — Lara Dutta (Miss Universe), Priyanka Chopra (Miss World) and Diya Mirza Miss Asia Pacific. The other country to have won all three major titles in one year were Australia in 1972.


title: Femina Miss India

text: In 2010, after the introduction of I Am She - Miss Universe India, the third title was changed to "Femina Miss India-International" and the winner represented India at Miss International pageant.


title: Femina Miss India

text: In 2010, Nicole Faria became the first Indian to win the Miss Earth title in Vietnam, which leaves Miss International as the only major international pageant that has not been won by an Indian contestant.


title: Femina Miss India

text: In 2012, Himangini Singh Yadu won Miss Asia Pacific World 2012 and became first Indian and Asian to win the pageant. She was sent by I Am She - Miss Universe India pageant.


title: Femina Miss India

text: In 2013, Srishti Rana won Miss Asia Pacific World 2013 giving India a rare back to back victory. She is the second Indian and first Miss Diva Winner to win Miss Asia Pacific World Crown. She is also the first Indian delegate to win an international pageant that has been sent by Femina Miss India's sister pageant, Miss Diva.


title: Femina Miss India

text: In 2014, Asha Bhat, Miss Diva Supranational 2014 won Miss Supranational 2014 and became the first Indian woman to win the crown. Asha is the second Asian to win the crown. The same year Ruhi Singh who was crowned the first Femina Miss India Universal Peace and Humanity won the first Miss Universal Peace and Humanity pageant held in Lebanon.


title: Femina Miss India

text: After May Myat Noe, the winner of Miss Asia Pacific World 2014 pageant was dethroned, the organisation organised another pageant named Miss Asia Pacific 2014 Supertalent of the World Season 5 under Miss Asia Pacific World title, Swetha Raj who represented India won the crown, giving India a rare back to back to back victory, India is the only country to win any international pageant three years in a row, however Swetha was sent by Miss India Australia organisation.


title: Femina Miss India

text: When Reita Faria of India won Miss World 1966, she became the first Asian to do so, and India won its first Big Four title. Sushmita Sen was crowned Miss Universe 1994, becoming the country's first Miss Universe winner. Later that year, Aishwarya Rai added to India's winning streak by becoming Miss World 1994, making the country the last in the twentieth century to win both Miss Universe and Miss World in the same year.


title: Femina Miss India

text: Diana Hayden then won the Miss World title in 1997. Actor and model Yukta Mookhey was later crowned Miss World 1999. Six years after Sushmita Sen and Aishwarya Rai's double wins, Lara Dutta and Priyanka Chopra replicated the feat in 2000, marking the most recent time (as of ) that any country has won back-to-back at Miss World and, to date, the only time that any country won Miss Universe and Miss World in the same year in the 21st century. India's appearances at the Miss Universe semifinals from 1992 to 2002 made it the first country in the Eastern Hemisphere to place annually at the pageant for at least 10 consecutive years.


title: Femina Miss India

text: In 2010, Nicole Faria from Bangalore became the first Indian woman to win the Miss Earth pageant. Manushi Chhillar won the Miss World 2017 title. In 2021, Harnaaz Sandhu became the third Indian woman to win Miss Universe title, becoming the most recent Big 4 pageant titleholder from India as of


title: Femina Miss India

text: The following women have represented India in the Big Four international beauty pageants, the four major international beauty pageants for women. These are Miss World, Miss Universe, Miss International, Miss Earth.


title: Femina Miss India

text: From 1959 to 1966 representatives to Miss World were sent by Eve's Weekly Miss India pageant. In 1968, Bharat Sundari got the franchise to send India's representative to Miss World. They sent the delegates from 1968 to 1970, 1972, 1975. Femina got the franchise in 1976. Femina also sent delegates to Miss World in 1971 and 1974. Traditionally the runner up in Miss India pageant was sent to Miss World but this changed in 2013 and now the winner of Miss India is sent to represent at Miss World.


title: Femina Miss India

text: India did not compete in the Miss Universe pageant from 1953 to 1963. I AM She – Miss Universe India sent its delegates to Miss Universe from 2010 to 2012. Traditionally the Miss India Winner was sent to Miss Universe and the runner up was sent to Miss World; however since 2013 a separate pageant Miss Diva has been held to send delegates to Miss Universe and the Miss India winner will represent India at Miss World annually.


title: Femina Miss India

text: Femina Miss India and Miss Diva (The Times Group) acquired the rights to send India representatives to Miss Supranational only from the year 2013.


title: Femina Miss India

text: Femina Miss India dropped the franchise of Miss International in 2015. The last representative to Miss International from Femina Miss India was Jhataleka Malhotra in 2014.


title: Femina Miss India

text: Femina Miss India dropped the Miss Earth Franchise in 2014 after Alankrita Sahai being the last representative from Miss Diva.


title: Femina Miss India

text: In the years 2013 and 2014 India's delegates to Miss Grand International were sent by Indian Princess. Femina Miss India acquired the franchise in 2015 till 2019 and 2021.Delegate for Miss Grand International 2020 and 2022 and onwards was sent by Glamanand Supermodel India.


title: Femina Miss India

text: The representatives for Miss United Continents have been selected by Femina Miss India since the pageant's inception in 2013.


title: Femina Miss India

text: In the years 2011 and 2012, I Am She – Miss India sent their runners-up to this pageant. Femina had franchise to select their representatives in the years 2013 and 2014.


title: Femina Miss India

text: India is the only country to win an international pageant three years in a row. In the year 2012, Himangini Singh Yadu was crowned as Miss Asia Pacific World 2012. In the succeeding year Srishti Rana was crowned as Miss Asia Pacific World 2013. In the year 2014, May Myat Noe of Myanmar was originally crowned but later she was dethroned. A new pageant was held by the organizers and Swetha Raj of India became victorious, thus giving India a rare Three-peat victory in an international pageant.


title: Femina Miss India

text: Along with Femina Miss India and Miss Diva, the Times Group also organised Mister India pageant to select representative for Mister World and Mister Supranational.


title: Femina Miss India

text: Prateik Jain was the first Mister World India under The Times Group and Jitesh Thakur was the first ever Mister Supranational India.


title: Femina Miss India

text: In 2016, Rohit Khandelwal became the first Indian and thus the first Asian to win the Mister World contest title.


title: Femina Miss India

text: In 2018, Prathamesh Maulingkar became the first Indian and thus the first Asian to win the Mister Supranational contest title. This marked India, the only country to win both Miss and Mister Supranational titles.


title: Burgundy

text: Burgundy (; ) is a historical territory and former administrative region and province of east-central France. The province was once home to the Dukes of Burgundy from the early 11th until the late 15th century. The capital of Dijon was one of the great European centres of art and science, a place of tremendous wealth and power, and Western Monasticism. In early Modern Europe, Burgundy was a focal point of courtly culture that set the fashion for European royal houses and their court. The Duchy of Burgundy was a key in the transformation of the Middle Ages toward early modern Europe.


title: Burgundy

text: Upon the 9th-century partitions of the Kingdom of Burgundy, the lands and remnants partitioned to the Kingdom of France were reduced to a ducal rank by King Robert II of France in 1004. The House of Burgundy, a cadet branch of the House of Capet, ruled over a territory that roughly conformed to the borders and territories of the modern administrative region of Burgundy. Upon the extinction of the Burgundian male line the duchy reverted to the King of France and the House of Valois. Following the marriage of Philip of Valois and Margaret III of Flanders, the Duchy of Burgundy was absorbed into the Burgundian State alongside parts of the Low Countries which would become collectively known as the Burgundian Netherlands. Upon further acquisitions of the County of Burgundy, Holland, and Luxembourg, the House of Valois-Burgundy came into possession of numerous French and imperial fiefs stretching from the western Alps to the North Sea, in some ways reminiscent of the Middle Frankish realm of Lotharingia.


title: Burgundy

text: The Burgundian State, in its own right, was one of the largest ducal territories that existed at the time of the emergence of Early Modern Europe. It was regarded as one of the major powers of the 15th century and the early 16th century. The Dukes of Burgundy were among the wealthiest and the most powerful princes in Europe and were sometimes called "Grand Dukes of the West". Through its possessions the Burgundian State was a major European centre of trade and commerce.