title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Double Trouble ("first played on Series 6, Episode 35"): Players are given a letter. They are then given two clues to things which each have a word that starts with that letter. They have to say the word of each answer that starts with the letter to earn a point.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Correction Centre ("first played on Series 1, Episode 2"): The players are shown statements in which one word is incorrect and needs to be amended. Each player gets their own statements, and get a point for each correct answer, but an incorrect answer opens the statement to everyone else to buzz in.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Mouse of Games ("first played on Series 1, Episode 4"): The players are given a series of clues to films, TV shows, novels, etc. in which a single letter has been changed from the original title. Each clue is a short description of the would-be newly titled work and the player must give the altered title. For films, the year of release of the original film is also given.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: The Answer's in the Question ("first played on Series 1, Episode 5"): The players are shown a statement based on a category. Part of it is in capitals, that need to be rearranged to create an answer that is relevant to the category in question and described by the statement.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: And The Answer Isn't ("first played on Series 1, Episode 5"): Each player is given a question with four possible answers. One is correct, but the other three are false, created by the celebrities who are not answering this question. They need to find the correct answer for a point, but if they choose a false answer, the player who created the false answer chosen gets a point themselves.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Cine-Nyms ("first played on Series 1, Episode 7"): The players are shown a quote from a film, but all its words have been replaced with synonyms of the actual words used. They need to work out the film for a point.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Highbrow Lowbrow ("first played on Series 2, Episode 2"): The players are given two questions with the same answer; however, one of them is highbrow (a more academic question) and the other is lowbrow (a more pop culture question). If they get the question right after the highbrow clue, they get two points; however, they only receive one point if they get the question correct after the lowbrow clue. If they fail to answer the lowbrow question correctly, other players may buzz in with the answer for one point.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: The Pen-Ultimate Round ("first played on Series 2, Episode 10"): The players are each given two statements, which are claimed to be the opening lines to a piece of writing, such as a book, poem or speech. One is the correct answer and the other is a made-up statement by one of the other three contestants who is not answering the question. The players get a point for the statement if they guess correctly, but if they get it wrong, the person who made the statement gets a point instead. This round is the actual penultimate round of the week.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Question Writers' Day Off ("first played on Series 3, Episode 8"): Each player is asked to pick a question from a choice of 8 written by the children (their names and ages are given) of the question writers (who have conveniently been given a day off by Richard), and they get a point for giving the correct answer.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: House of Gamers ("first played on Series 3, Episode 44"): Same as "Mouse of Games" except that, instead of changing a letter in each original title, an extra letter is inserted.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Hose of Games ("first played on Series 3, Episode 48"): Same as "Mouse of Games" except that a letter in each original title is removed rather than changed.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Hey, Alexander! ("first played on Series 4, Episode 2"): The players are shown a board of eight categories. Each player chooses one category, and a statement is then read by the voice of Alexander Armstrong. The player must determine if the statement is true or false for one point. Armstrong and Osman both work on fellow quiz show "Pointless". The title of the round is a multi-layer pun; Armstrong is represented in-show as a virtual assistant based on an Amazon Echo, while "Hey Alexander" refers both to common wake words such as "Hello Siri" and Armstrong's role as narrator of "Hey Duggee".


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Look Who's Back ("first played on Series 4, Episode 8"): Each player is asked to pick a question from a choice of four written by previous "House of Games" players (their names and silhouettes are given) and they get a point for giving the correct answer.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Hidden in Plain Sight ("first played on Series 4, Episode 14"): The players are shown a statement based on a category. There is also a certain string of letters in the statement that spell out, in their entirety, the answer to the category description. These strings of letters can be inside of one word or can overlap through several words. The player must identify the answer and where the answer is spelled out in the question for the point.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Klaus of Games ("first played on Series 6, Episode 12"): Same as "Mouse of Games" except that, instead of changing a letter in each original title, one word is changed to something that rhymes with the original word.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Note: All pairs games are played in the second round, and on each show, the person who is in last place after the first round gets to choose which of the other celebrities they want to be their partner for this round.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Distinctly Average ("first played on Series 1, Episode 1"): The pairs are given questions for which they must write numeric answers on their tablet computers, and the average of both their answers is taken as their team answer; the closest pair to the correct answer win themselves a point. Usually played on Mondays as the second round of the week.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Build Your Own Question ("first played on Series 1, Episode 2"): The pairs are given a left and a right hand set of options; one member chooses from the left and one chooses from the right. The choices chosen are then used to make a question, to which a correct answer gives each player a point.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Dim Sums ("first played on Series 1, Episode 4"): The pairs are given an equation (e.g. ? × ? = 18). The pairs are then given four questions with numeric answers, and must choose two that produce the correct answer. A correct sum earns the players a point.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Chron-Illogical ("first played on Series 2, Episode 1"): The pairs are given three statements which they have to put in chronological order. They all have a loose theme, and one of the statements is about one of the two contestants not in the pair answering the question. The team members get a point each if they put the statements in the correct order.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: You Complete Me ("first played on Series 2, Episode 8"): The pairs are given a question which has a two word answer. One of the players in a pair buzzes in with the first word of the answer and then the other player in the pair has to give the second word for them both to get a point.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: All in the Details ("first played on Series 2, Episode 9"): Before the show, each player answers questions about specific details of a book, film, etc, based on three statements with the key part of the statement left for the players to fill in themselves. Their partner must identify the subject from the answers.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Venn Will I Be Famous? ("first played on Series 2, Episode 17"): Each pair is given the names of three famous people and two statements. They must select the one person to whom both statements apply. For example, if the people were Michael Jackson, Nicolas Cage and Mr. Blobby, and the statements were "I have had a UK Christmas No. 1 in the 90s" and "I have married Elvis's daughter Lisa Marie Presley", then the person who fits both would be Michael Jackson, as Mr. Blobby only fits the first one, and Nicolas Cage only fits the second one.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: You Spell Terrible ("first played on Series 3, Episode 2"): The pairs are given a question which one player must buzz in to say the correct answer, and the other player must spell it out correctly to get a point.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Totes Emoji ("first played on Series 3, Episode 3"): Each player is asked to identify an answer based on a category chosen which one of their opponents has described in emoji before the show.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: The Two Wrongies ("first played on Series 3, Episode 43"): All the players are asked general knowledge questions before the show, and the players in each pair have to guess what wrong answer was said by their teammates to the questions they answered incorrectly. The name of the round alludes to the comedy double act The Two Ronnies.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: I Complete You ("first played on Series 3, Episode 45"): The pairs are given a question which has a two word answer. In a reverse to "You Complete Me", one of the players in a pair buzzes in with the second word of the answer, and then the other player in the pair has to give the first word for them both to get a point.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Reichard Ösmans Haus Der Spiele (changed to Reichard Ösmanns Haus Der Spiele in Series 4) ("first played on Series 3, Episode 50"): The pairs choose from a list of categories in different languages, and are given a multiple-choice question in that language. They choose which of the three possible answers (also in the said foreign language) is the correct one.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: The Z-List ("first played on Series 3, Episode 55"): The pairs are given a category and have to write down a correct answer between them. The team who goes furthest down the alphabet (nearest to Z) wins a point each, and if the team gives the answer that is the furthest possible, they get 2 points each.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Don't State The Obvious ("first played on Series 4, Episode 5"): Each person in turn is given something they must describe to their partner by writing down three words. If the partner guesses correctly, the team scores a point. However, both the opposing pair also get to write down 3 words. If any of their words match with the describer's words, they block them from getting a point.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Password123 ("first played on Series 4, Episode 15"): Each team is asked to pick from a choice of four celebrities, and are asked to guess their "password", which is a combination of the answer of two questions about the said person. They have three guesses to get the password correctly, but after each incorrect guess, Richard will tell them if they have got either of the questions right (without saying which, if one is correct).


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Stick It ("first played on Series 4, Episode 18"): Each player is given 30 seconds to draw a person (possibly a fictional character) as a stick figure, and their teammate has to guess who the person is supposed to be.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: My Perfect Match ("first played on Series 5, Episode 5"): Each pair is shown two characteristics that Osman claims he is looking for in his perfect match, along with two celebrities. They must select the celebrity with both shown characteristics to earn a point.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Mime Time ("first played on Series 6, Episode 25"): Each player is given a question, and they have to mime the answer to their partner.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Is It Me? ("first played on Series 1, Episode 1"): Each team member is given a card with something specific on it. Osman asks questions and each player must raise their card up if they think that the answer on the card is a correct answer to the question, and lower their card if they do not think it relates to it.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: The Nice Round ("first played on Series 2, Episode 3"): A category is given and each player gets given an individual question. The other three players are given the answer on a card, and have to write down a word on their tablet, which they think would give the answer to what is on the card, without mentioning anything to do with what is on the card. The player trying to guess the answer can then nominate players to get a point for giving a good clue.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: But What's The Question? ("first played on Series 3, Episode 4"): A list of four answers is provided at the start of the round, and each player is given one answer chosen by an opponent. They are then shown three questions and must pick the one which leads to that answer.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Lucky Dip ("first played on Series 3, Episode 11"): A bag of four balls numbered 1 to 4 is given to players, who must each pick a ball (from left to right, as seen on the screen), and the person who picks ball number 1 gets the first chance to answer, the person who picks ball number 2 gets the second chance to answer, etc. A list of four answers is provided for each question, and the order of answering continues until the correct answer is given.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Win When They're Singing ("first played on Series 3, Episode 16"): The players hear the introduction to a well-known song, then, after a few seconds, it is faded out. They need to buzz in when they think the first word is sung in that particular song to win themselves a point.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: The (Not Quite So) Nice Round ("first played on Series 3, Episode 44"): A category is given and each player gets given an individual question. The other three players are given the answer on a card and have to write down a word on their tablet, which they think would give the answer to what is on the card, without mentioning anything to do with what is on the card. Unlike "The Nice Round", the player trying to guess the answer can also nominate players to get a point deducted for giving a bad clue.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Who Goes First? ("first played on Series 3, Episode 98"): A question with four options is shown, but to decide who gets to the answer the question first, another question is asked to the contestants, such as "How many pets have you owned?", and the contestant who has the highest to that answer gets to go first, and if they get the question right, they get the point. If they get it wrong, the next person down gets the same question with three choices left and it carries on going down until someone gets it right.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: There's No 'I' in Osman ("first played on Series 4, Episode 47"): The players are made to stand up and, in turn, offer a correct answer to a category which Osman gives. Their answers must not contain a certain letter, for example "Monopoly spaces without an 'I. If a player fails to give Osman a correct answer, they sit down. The last player standing wins a point.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: I Am Not A Robot ("first played on Series 5, Episode 6"): Each player in turn is shown a picture divided into squares, resembling a CAPTCHA. They must select all squares fulfilling a particular condition (and no other squares) to earn a point.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Tom, Vic and Abby ("first played on Series 6, Episode 11"): The players are shown three different questions written by three different question writers, which share a common answer. They must identify the correct answer to all three questions.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Put Your Finger on It ("first played on Series 1, Episode 2"): The players are given a picture question and have to point out who or what they think is the correct answer (it could be a specific person or an unusual item). Everyone plays on their own tablet.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Where Is Kazakhstan? ("first played on Series 1, Episode 3"): The players are given a map of a certain part of the world on their tablets. They are given a question and have to point on their map where they think it is. The closest to the correct place wins a point.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: The Rich List ("first played on Series 1, Episode 4"): The players have to write down an answer that is correct based on a statement given by the computer (there are multiple correct answers to each question). The players only get points for a correct answer that no other player chose, but as an added twist, Osman will also write down an answer to make it even harder.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Size Matters ("first played on Series 2, Episode 2"): The players are given a category and have to write down a correct answer relating to the category. The player who gives the correct response with the most letters in the answer wins a point, and they get a bonus point if the correct answer is the longest possible answer.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: I'm Terrible At Dating ("first played on Series 2, Episode 5"): The players have to write down what they think the answer is to a question to which the answer is a year. The player who is closest to the correct answer gets a point, but if anyone gets the year exactly right, they then get two points.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Outplay Osman ("first played on Series 3, Episode 39"): The players have to write down one of the possible answers to a question. Osman then gives as many answers as he can think of in 30 seconds, and any player with a correct answer that he has not given gets a point.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Answer Smash: The teams are given a category and a picture relating to that category appears on the screen. Below the picture is a general knowledge question. The players have to "smash" the answers together to create one answer. (E.g. if given a picture of Mr. Stink and a question whose answer is Tinky Winky, the answer the players would have to give is "Mr. Stinky Winky".) A point is given for each correct answer, but a point is deducted for an incorrect answer. If there is a tie for first place at the end of Answer Smash, one additional question is played with only the tied players taking part. In some Series 4 episodes, broadcast in 2021, and all of Series 5 in 2022, the question was shown first, followed by the picture, and the answers had to be smashed together in that order.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: On each day, the celebrities play for "daily prizes", which, as explained above, are regular everyday items with the show's logo on them. Each day has its own set of prizes, which were as follows:


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: On 20 November 2020, Osman launched a five-episode spin-off called "Richard Osman's House of Games Night", broadcast weekly in primetime on BBC One. A one-episode Christmas Special aired on 28 December 2020. A second series, consisting of six episodes, began on 1 October 2021.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: The series follows the exact same format as the main show, but with the addition of rounds not seen in the original. There are no double points in the final episode. Series 2 features a house band led by David O'Doherty.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Don't Cry For Me Guatemala ("first played on Series 1, Episode 1, Round 3"): The players are given a question before the show in which the answer is (unknown to them) part of the lyrics of a well-known song. A live band then sings the song and cuts to the answers given by each player to see if they have completed it.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Don't Trust The Experts ("first played on Series 1, Episode 2, Round 4"): Two experts give each player a fact in their area of expertise. Only one of these facts is true, which the player has to determine.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Clash In The Attic ("first played on Series 1, Episode 3, Round 4"): The players are given questions before the show and must find an object in the House of Games attic that provides the answers to the questions. The title is a pun on the reality show "Cash in the Attic".


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Sounding Off ("first played on Series 1, Episode 4, Round 2"): The players must guess the historical event that their teammate is recreating using Foley art.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: This Music Round's Better With You ("first played on Series 1, Episode 5, Round 3"): Each player in turn is asked to pick from a choice of 8 categories. A live band then asks a question in that category in the form of an original song in which the final lyric, the answer to the question, is missing. The player must correctly answer the question to earn a point. The title is a pun on the 1998 Stardust hit "Music Sounds Better with You".


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Is There A Doctor In The House Of Games? ("first played on Series 2, Episode 1, Round 1"): Each player in turn is asked a question with an obscure answer. One member of the live audience will know that answer, and Osman will give a qualification of the audience member who knows the answer. The player must identify the audience member who knows the answer. If they do this successfully, they earn a point. Otherwise, any other player can buzz in and try to take the point.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: I've Got The Historical Blues ("first played on Series 2, Episode 1, Round 2"): David O'Doherty has the "historical blues" and he represents this by singing original songs played by the live band. O'Doherty sings each player in turn a song whose lyrics reference a historical event (Group 1) or figure (Group 2), with the final lyric being of the form "I've got the (event or figure) blues". Just before this lyric, the song stops, and the player must name the event or figure. If they do this successfully, they earn a point; otherwise, any other player can buzz in and try to take the point. Unusually for a game played in Round 2, this game is not a pairs game.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Arty-Facts ("first played on Series 2, Episode 1, Round 3"): This is a pairs game. Before the show, each player is asked to represent something in a given category with a work of art in a particular medium. In the show, each player in turn is shown their partner's work, and they must identify what the work represents. If they are successful, they and their partner earn a point; otherwise, the other pair can make a guess and try to take the point.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: It's Not Me, It's You ("first played in Series 2, Episode 2, Round 2"): Each pair in turn selects one of two pairs of categories. The two contestants then sit in front of the screen, with a divider preventing them from seeing each other. Each contestant is given a paddle with one of the categories written on it. Osman then gives a series of statements to which one of the two categories apply. For an answer to be considered correct, the contestant with the correct category must raise their paddle and the contestant without the correct category must keep theirs lowered. Giving a correct answer results in Osman moving on to the next statement. Giving an incorrect answer, both or neither contestants raising the paddles or taking too long to give an answer results in Osman declaring "incorrect" (without specifying why) and returning to the first statement. The pair have 90 seconds to give correct answers to as many unique statements as they can. They earn one point for each unique statement they gave a correct answer to.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Get Your Head In The Game ("first played in Series 2, Episode 2, Round 4"): Each contestant in turn stands behind the screen. The screen displays a live video feed of the contestant, with their face replaced by something else (which may or may not be the face of a famous person). Each of the other contestants provides a one-word clue as to what the contestant "is", after which the contestant must guess who they "are". If they are correct, they earn a point. Similarly to "The Nice Round", they can also give a point to the opponent who wrote the best clue.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Here's One You Asked Yourself Earlier ("first played on Series 2, Episode 3, Round 1"): Before the show, each player is asked to ask a question backwards. In the show, each player in turn is shown a video of them asking their question backwards, then that video is played backwards twice. If the player gives the correct answer, they earn a point; otherwise, any other player can buzz in and try to take the point.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Famous Last Words ("first played on Series 2, Episode 3, Round 2"): David O'Doherty remembers some events of a book (Group 1) or objects (Group 2), but he cannot remember the book's title or object's name. O'Doherty sings each player in turn a song whose lyrics reference some events or objects, with the final lyric being the book's title or object's name. Just before this lyric, the song stops and the player must name the title of the book or objects. If they do this successfully, they earn a point; otherwise, any other player can buzz in and try to take the point. Unusually for a game played in Round 2, this game is not a pairs game.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Get Your Junk Out ("first played on Series 2, Episode 3, Round 4"): This round is played in exactly the same way as "Richard's Junk" from the regular show. However, instead of the junk items being shown on the screen, ten members of the audience physically hold up the junk items for the contestants to see (during the 15-second memorisation period and when the items are given as correct answers).


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Weigh Up Your Options ("first played on Series 2, Episode 4, Round 4"): Each pair must estimate the weight of an object by using several items provided from the trolley. The pair whose item's weight is closest to the actual weight of the object win themselves a point.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Coming Up Next... ("first played on Series 2, Episode 5, Round 4"): This round is played in exactly the same way as "All in the Details" from the regular show. However, in each subject, there are four statements to be filled in instead of three and then those filled-in statements are read as a script by a famous TV/radio personality via video tape (he/she also knows the subject).


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: Answer Smash: The teams are given a category and a picture relating to that category appears on the screen. But unlike the regular version, the picture is below the general knowledge question. The players have to "smash" the answers together to create one answer. (E.g. if the answer to the question was Claudia Winkleman and the picture was Manfred Mann, the answer the players would have to give is "Claudia Winklemanfred Mann".) A point is given for a correct answer, but a point is deducted for an incorrect answer.


title: Richard Osman's House of Games

text: On 17 October 2019, Osman and Alan Connor published "Richard Osman's House of Games: 101 new & classic games from the hit BBC series", a quizbook based on the programme.


title: George II of Greece

text: George II (, "Geórgios II"; 19 July [O.S.: 7 July] 1890 – 1 April 1947) was King of Greece from September 1922 to March 1924 and from November 1935 to his death in April 1947.


title: George II of Greece

text: The eldest son of King Constantine I and Sophia of Prussia, George followed his father into exile in 1917 following the National Schism, while his younger brother Alexander was installed as king. Constantine was restored to the throne in 1920 but was forced to abdicate two years later in the aftermath of the Greco-Turkish War. George acceded to the Greek throne, but after a failed royalist coup in October 1923 he was exiled to Romania. Greece was proclaimed a republic in March 1924 and George was formally deposed and stripped of Greek nationality. He remained in exile until the Greek monarchy was restored in 1935, upon which he resumed his royal duties. The king supported Ioannis Metaxas's 1936 self-coup, which established the authoritarian, nationalist and anti-communist 4th of August Regime.


title: George II of Greece

text: Greece was overrun following a German invasion in April 1941, forcing George into his third exile. He left for Crete and then Egypt before settling in London, where he headed the Greek government-in-exile. George returned to Greece after the war after a 1946 plebiscite preserved the monarchy. He died of arteriosclerosis in April 1947 at the age of 56. Having no children, he was succeeded by his younger brother, Paul.


title: George II of Greece

text: George was born at the royal villa at Tatoi, near Athens, the eldest son of Crown Prince Constantine of Greece and his wife, Princess Sophia of Prussia; George pursued a military career, training with the Prussian Guard at the age of 18, then serving in the Balkan Wars as a member of the 1st Greek Infantry. When his grandfather was assassinated in 1913, his father became King Constantine I and George became the crown prince.


title: George II of Greece

text: After a coup deposed Constantine I during World War I, Crown Prince George, by then a major in the Hellenic Army, followed his father into exile in June 1917 (see National Schism). George's younger brother, Alexander, was installed as king by Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos and the allied powers because George, like his father, was viewed as a germanophile.


title: George II of Greece

text: When Alexander I died following an infection from a monkey bite in 1920, Venizelos was voted out of office, and a plebiscite restored Constantine to the throne. Crown Prince George served as a colonel, and later a major general in the war against Turkey. During this time he married his second cousin, on 27 February 1921 in Bucharest, Princess Elisabeth of Romania, daughter of King Ferdinand and Queen Marie of Romania. On 10 March that same year, his younger sister Princess Helen, married his brother in-law from his recent marriage the future Carol II of Romania. When the Turks defeated Greece at the Battle of Dumlupınar, the military forced the abdication of Constantine, and George succeeded to the Greek throne on 27 September 1922.


title: George II of Greece

text: Following a failed royalist coup in October 1923, the Revolutionary Committee asked George to leave Greece while the National Assembly considered the question of the future form of government. He complied and, although he refused to abdicate, George departed on 19 December 1923 for exile in his wife's home nation of Romania.


title: George II of Greece

text: A cold, aloof man, George rarely inspired love or affection from those who knew him, and certainly not from the vast majority of his subjects. Many commented that his moody, sullen personality seemed more appropriate for his ancestral homeland of Denmark than Greece. Furthermore, George's long years spent living abroad had led him to a mentality that was essentially Western European in outlook. He had come to see Greece very much as Western Europeans did at the time, namely as a primitive, backward Balkan state inhabited by people who were romantic, but savage.


title: George II of Greece

text: The Second Hellenic Republic was proclaimed by parliament on 25 March 1924, before being confirmed by a referendum two and a half weeks later. George and Elisabeth were officially deposed and banished; along with all members of the royal family they were stripped of their Greek citizenship and their property was confiscated by the government of the new republic. Rendered stateless, they were issued new passports from their cousin, King Christian X of Denmark.


title: George II of Greece

text: Exiled in Romania since December 1923, the former Greek ruler and his wife settled in Bucharest, where King Ferdinand and Queen Marie of Romania put at their disposal a wing of the Cotroceni palace for some time. After several weeks, however, the couple moved and established their residence in a more modest villa on Victory Avenue. Regular guests of the Romanian sovereigns, George and Elizabeth took part in the ceremonies which punctuated the life of the Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen family. Despite the kindness with which his mother-in-law treated him, the ex-King of the Hellenes felt idle in Bucharest and struggled to hide the boredom he felt from the splendors of the Romanian court.


title: George II of Greece

text: Tried by the humiliations of exile, financial difficulties and the absence of descendants, relations between George and Elisabeth deteriorated. After having first assuaged her weariness in too rich food and gambling, the ex-queen of the Hellenes then carried on extra-marital affairs with various married men. She took advantage of a visit to her sick sister, in Belgrade, to flirt with her own brother-in-law, Alexander, the King of Yugoslavia. Later, she began an affair with her husband's banker, a Greek named Alexandros Scavani, whom she made her chamberlain to cover up the scandal.


title: George II of Greece

text: At the start of his life as an exile, George spent half the year in Romania with Elizabeth. Alone or with his wife, he divided the remaining six months between Tuscany, where he resided with his mother, at "Villa Bobolina", and the UK, where he had many friends. On 16 September 1930, he was initiated into Freemasonry in London and became venerable master of the Wellwood Lodge in 1933. After the death of the queen dowager Sophie, in 1932, George chose to leave Bucharest and his wife permanently to establish his residence in London. Accompanied by his squire, Major Dimitrios Levidis, and a faithful servant, Mitso Panteleos, the ex-sovereign rented a small suite with two rooms at Brown's Hotel in Mayfair.


title: George II of Greece

text: After the abolition of the monarchy, in 1924, the anti-Venizelist leaders, except for Metaxas, refused to recognise the new regime. This "regime issue", that arose just after the proclamation of the Republic, haunted Greek politics for more than a decade and eventually led to the restoration of monarchy. In October 1935 General Georgios Kondylis, a former Venizelist who had suddenly decided to throw in his lot with the monarchist forces, overthrew the government and appointed himself prime minister. He then arranged a plebiscite both to approve his government and to bring an end to the republic. On 3 November 1935, almost 98% of the reported votes supported restoration of the monarchy. The balloting was not secret, and participation was compulsory. As "Time" described it at the time, "As a voter one could drop into the ballot box a blue vote for George II and please General George Kondylis ... or one could cast a red ballot for the Republic and get roughed up."


title: George II of Greece

text: George, who had been living at Brown's Hotel in London, returned to Greek soil on 25 November. Almost immediately he and Kondylis disagreed over the terms of a general amnesty the King wanted to declare, and George appointed an interim prime minister, Konstantinos Demertzis. New elections were held in January, which resulted in a hung parliament with the Communists (who were naturally anti-monarchist) holding the balance of power. A series of unexpected deaths amongst the better-known politicians (including Kondylis and Demertzis), as well as the uncertain political situation, led to the rise to power of politician and veteran army officer Ioannis Metaxas. On 4 August 1936, George endorsed Metaxas's establishment of dictatorship – the "4th of August Regime", signing decrees that dissolved the parliament, banned political parties, abolished the constitution, and purported to create a "Third Hellenic Civilization". The king, ruling jointly with Prime Minister Metaxas, oversaw a right-wing regime in which political opponents were arrested and strict censorship was imposed. George disliked dealing with both Greek politicians and ordinary Greeks, and preferred to let Metaxas undertake tours of the provinces. King George retained the full control of the army and he was largely responsible for foreign policy making.


title: George II of Greece

text: On 28 October 1940, Metaxas rejected an Italian ultimatum demanding the stationing of Italian troops on Greek soil, sparking the Greco-Italian War. The Greeks successfully repelled the Italian invasion and launched a successful counter-attack, eventually occupying the southern half of Albania (then an Italian protectorate). But when the Germans invaded from Bulgaria on 6 April 1941, the Greeks and the British Expeditionary Force were quickly overrun.


title: George II of Greece

text: Following the suicide of Prime Minister Alexandros Koryzis on 18 April 1941 in the face of the rapid German advance, George unable to find a speedy successor, found himself as the "de facto" head of government as well as head of the armed services. The King had thus a unique opportunity to form a broader government of national consensus, and abolish the hated dictatorial regime—whose sole bastion of support he now was. Though urged to this step by the influential British ambassador, Michael Palairet, George refused.


title: George II of Greece

text: Instead, several names were put forward to head a government. George initially proposed Konstantinos Kotzias, one of Metaxas' ministers, but his ties to the regime made him an unfeasible choice; instead veteran Venizelist general Alexandros Mazarakis-Ainian was given the mandate to form a government, but returned it on 20 April, partly due to his refusal to collaborate with Metaxas' hated Security Minister Konstantinos Maniadakis; other figures, such as the former dictator Theodoros Pangalos, were also rejected. Finally, Emmanouil Tsouderos, former governor of the Bank of Greece, was chosen, chiefly on account of his known Anglophile sentiments, Venizelist past, and Cretan origin-where with mainland Greece being overrun, the government was preparing to evacuate too. As Cretans cherished the memory of Venizelos but was generally seen as anti-monarchical, this appointment was seen as a sop to local sentiment.


title: George II of Greece

text: On 23 April the King and the government fled the Greek mainland for Crete. Despite a heroic defense of the island by Greek and New Zealand forces alongside the local population in the face of a German airborne attack, Crete soon fell and George was forced evacuated once again-initially to Egypt. Seemingly at the behest of King Farouk of Egypt and his pro-Italian ministers, George soon relocated to Great Britain, as in his previous exile.


title: George II of Greece

text: Throughout the Axis occupation, George remained the internationally recognised head of state, backed by the Greek government-in-exile and the Free Greek Forces. The British Foreign Office found him an exceedingly difficult man to deal with however. George was deeply obstinate about upholding what he regarded as his royal prerogatives; he proved notably unwilling to compromise with those who wanted a clear break with the 4th of August Regime. and resisted British pressure to promise to restore the constitution of 1911, under the grounds that doing so would be to admit he acted illegally in suspending the constitution in 1936. George kept on until 1942 cabinet ministers from the Metaxas regime, most notably Maniadakis. Under heavy British pressure, George in a radio broadcast on 28 October 1941 reluctantly proclaimed the end of the 4th of August Regime, and only in February 1942 did he promise to restore articles 5, 6, 10, 12, 14, 20 and 95 of the 1911 constitution.


title: George II of Greece

text: A deeply paranoid and insecure man, George believed that the British government was plotting to prevent his return to Greece, despite all of the evidence to the contrary. Edward Warner of the Southern Department of the Foreign Office wrote in March 1942 that the king was "under the extraordinary impression that the Foreign Office was 'pro-Republican and anti-himself'". The British ambassador to the government-in-exile, Sir Reginald Leeper, noted that the king's coldness did not win him many friends, writing: "Amongst these vivacious, talkative and intensely political southerners he is very much the reserved northerner who damps the ardour of those who might otherwise acclaim him". Leeper noted that almost every meeting he had with the king, he had to listen to a lengthy litany of complaints. In particular, the king objected to BBC's Greek language service, whose main radio announcer, G.N. Soteriadis, was a Venizelist. George repeatedly asked that Soteriadis be replaced with a monarchist. One of George's few friends was the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, who was determined to see him restored and often backed the king's complaints against his own officials.


title: George II of Greece

text: In occupied Greece, however, the leftist partisans of the National Liberation Front (EAM) and National Popular Liberation Army (ELAS), now unfettered by Metaxas' oppression, had become the largest Greek Resistance movement, enjoying considerable popular support. As liberation drew nearer, however, the prospect of the King's return caused dissensions both inside Greece and among the Greeks abroad. Although the King effectively renounced the Metaxas regime in a radio broadcast, a large section of the people and many politicians rejected his return on account of his support of the dictatorship. In November 1943, George wrote to the prime minister-in-exile Emmanouil Tsouderos, "I shall examine anew the question of the date of my return to Greece in agreement with the Government". Either deliberately or accidentally, the version released for publication omitted the words "of the date", creating the impression that George had agreed to a further plebiscite on the monarchy, even though a retraction was issued.


title: George II of Greece

text: After two changes of prime minister, the establishment of a rival Communist-led government in occupied Greece and a pro-EAM mutiny among the armed forces in the Middle East, it was agreed in the May 1944 Lebanon conference that the fate of the monarchy would be decided in a national referendum. George was very much opposed to a regency, and tried his best to turn his friend Winston Churchill against Archbishop Damaskinos of Athens, accusing him of being a Communist and a Nazi collaborator. As late as Christmas Eve 1944, during the height of the "Dekemvriana", George had rejected the compromise solution of a regency, demanding that he return to Greece at once to reclaim his throne. On 29 December 1944, at a meeting at 10 Downing Street, Churchill told the king "that if he did not agree to the matter would be settled without him, and that we should recognise the new Government instead of him". The king's private secretary recalled: "I could hear through the door the voices of Churchill and Eden, particularly the latter, raised in anger at the King. In this heated argument the door was flung open and the King stormed out, his face white and taut ... In the car as we drove back to the hotel the King would not trust himself to speak; after recovering his composure he went back to Downing Street and informed Churchill and Eden that had no choice but to acquiesce to their demands".


title: George II of Greece

text: Bowing to Allied pressure, George was forced to appoint Archbishop Damaskinos of Athens as Regent in January 1945. Damaskinos immediately appointed a republican-dominated government. Ill, exhausted and powerless, George bought a lease on a house in Chester Square, Belgravia, and made a home there with his long-time mistress.


title: George II of Greece

text: In elections held on 31 March 1946, the monarchist parties won a clear majority of the parliamentary seats, aided by the abstention of the Communists, and the referendum on the monarchy was set for 1 September. Between then and the plebiscite, the electoral registers were revised under Allied supervision. The announced results claimed 68.4% in favour of the King's return on an 86.6% turnout. However, even Allied observers acknowledged that the official results were marked by significant fraud by monarchist supporters. In the words of the official Allied observation report, "There is no doubt in our minds that the party representing the government view exercised undue influence in securing votes in support of the return of the King."


title: George II of Greece

text: On 26 September, George returned to Greece to find the Royal Palace looted, the woods at Tatoi chopped down for fuel and corpses buried in shallow graves outside. His country faced economic collapse and political instability.


title: George II of Greece

text: He died of arteriosclerosis on 1 April 1947, after he was discovered unconscious in his room at the Royal Palace in Athens. When the news was announced some thought it to be an April Fool's Day joke.


title: George II of Greece

text: His funeral was held on 6 April at the Orthodox Metropolitan Cathedral of Athens, He was succeeded by his younger brother, Paul.


title: George II of Greece

text: During WWII, the Allies used the figure of George II as an instrument of propaganda to reinforce Greek patriotic sentiment. Several short films centred on the sovereign and his government are thus shot, such as "Heroic Greece!" by the American Frank Norton (1941).


title: George II of Greece

text: The romantic relationship of King George II and his mistress, nicknamed "Mrs. Brown", is briefly mentioned in the third episode ("The New King") from the British mini-series "Edward & Mrs. Simpson", which features the king's cruise with Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson in the Greek Islands, in 1936.


title: George II of Greece

text: Various stamps bearing the effigy of George II have been issued by Greek Post during his reign. A series of four stamps depicting the sovereign was thus issued, shortly after his restoration to the throne, on 1 November 1937, with face values of ₯1, ₯3, ₯8 and ₯100.


title: George II of Greece

text: Various Greek coins bearing the image of George II have been issued by the Bank of Greece. Among these are:


title: Gulzarilal Nanda

text: Gulzarilal Nanda (4 July 1898 – 15 January 1998) was an Indian politician and economist who specialized in labour issues. He was the Interim Prime Minister of India for two 13-day tenures following the deaths of Jawaharlal Nehru in 1964 and Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1966 respectively. Both his terms ended after the ruling Indian National Congress's parliamentary party elected a new prime minister. He was awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, in 1997.


title: Gulzarilal Nanda

text: Nanda was born on 4 July 1898 in Sialkot in the Punjab, British India in a Punjabi Hindu Khatri family. Sialkot later became a part of the Punjab Province of Pakistan in 1947, after the partition of India. Nanda received his education in Lahore, Amritsar, Agra, and Allahabad.


title: Gulzarilal Nanda

text: Nanda worked as a research scholar on labour problems at Allahabad University (1920–1921), and became a professor of economics at National College in Bombay (Mumbai) in 1921. The same year, he joined the Indian Non-Cooperation Movement against the British Raj. In 1922, he became secretary of the Ahmedabad Textile Labour Association where he worked until 1946. He was imprisoned for Satyagraha in 1932, and again from 1942 to 1944.. He was honored with "Proud Past Alumni" in the list of 42 members, from "Allahabad University Alumni Association", NCR, Ghaziabad (Greater Noida) Chapter 2007–2008 registered under society act 1860 with registration no. 407/2000.


title: Gulzarilal Nanda

text: Nanda was elected to the Lok Sabha in the 1957 elections, and was appointed Union Minister for Labour, Employment and Planning, and later, as Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission. He visited the Federal Republic of Germany, Yugoslavia, and Austria in 1959.


title: Gulzarilal Nanda

text: Nanda was re-elected to the Lok Sabha in the 1962 elections from the Sabarkantha constituency in Gujarat. He initiated the Congress Forum for Socialist Action in 1962. He was Union Minister for Labour and Employment in 1962–1963, and Minister for Home Affairs in 1963–1966.


title: Gulzarilal Nanda

text: Nanda was re-elected to the Lok Sabha in the 1967 and 1971 elections from the Kaithal (Lok Sabha Constituency) in Haryana.He was a principled man. In 1971, he resigned from the Congress saying that he did not like the politics of that era.


title: Gulzarilal Nanda

text: Nanda was the Interim Prime Minister of India twice for thirteen days each: the first time after the death of first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru in 1964, and the second time after the death of second Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1966. He was the Home Minister of India during both these periods, and this is the reason why he was chosen as Prime Minister. The Indian Constitution has no provision of Acting Prime Minister as is widely circulated but incorrectly. Both his terms were uneventful, yet they came at sensitive times because of the potential danger to the country following Nehru's death soon after a war with China in 1962 and Shastri's death after a war with Pakistan in 1965. Nanda died on 15 January 1998 at the age of 99; from 25 November 1997 when former Malawian President Hastings Banda died, until his own death Nanda was the oldest living former State Leader. At his death, Nanda was the last surviving member of the second and third Nehru cabinets and the last living state leader to have been born in the 19th century.


title: Gulzarilal Nanda

text: He lived a very simple life, with no personal property at the time of his death. He never allowed politics to influence his family life. Yet he always had enough time for his family. He once engaged his government provided driver for a car that was used by his family. He never allowed his family to use his official vehicle. He once got angry with his staff when he learned that his grandson, Tejas used his office paper and drew a picture. He immediately purchased paper from market and gave his grandson to draw on it.


title: Gulzarilal Nanda

text: He was also concerned about rising corruption in the country and suggested to decrease wasteful consumption by officials and people in general. He had also opposed Indira Gandhi's Emergency, as he felt that the sacrifices to bring democracy to India became meaningless due to the tyranny.


title: Gulzarilal Nanda

text: "A Dedicated Worker – Shri Gulzarilal Nanda" is a 1999 short documentary film directed by A. K. Goorha and produced by the Films Division of India which covers Nanda's work towards labourers and others as the PM and otherwise.


title: Gulzarilal Nanda

text: Swarup Rani Nehru (née Thussu, 1868 – 10 January 1938) was the wife of the barrister and Indian National Congress leader Motilal Nehru and mother of India's first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru


title: Bad Robot Productions

text: Bad Robot is an American film and television production company founded on May 27, 1999 and led by J. J. Abrams and Katie McGrath as Co-CEO. Under its Bad Robot Productions division, the company is responsible for the television series "Alias", "Lost", "Fringe", "Person of Interest", "Revolution," and "Westworld" alongside the feature-length films "Cloverfield", "Star Trek", "Super 8", "Star Trek Into Darkness", "", "", "Star Wars Episodes " and "", "10 Cloverfield Lane", "Star Trek Beyond", "The Cloverfield Paradox", "," and "Overlord".


title: Bad Robot Productions

text: Bad Robot was originally based at Touchstone Television, but was moved by Abrams to Paramount Pictures and Warner Bros. Television, after his contract with ABC expired in 2006. Bad Robot produced "Lost" in association with ABC Studios, formerly Touchstone Television. The two companies jointly produced "Six Degrees" and "What About Brian". The deal was first recommended and presented in 1999 as part of a presentation deal, with J.J. Abrams being contracted to Disney. In 2004, Thom Sherman joined Bad Robot Television as president of the studio. The company had developed presentation pitches for ABC and The WB, none of them would eventually got to series.


title: Bad Robot Productions

text: Abrams is Chairman and Co-Chief executive officer of Bad Robot, and Katie McGrath serves as the Company's Co-Chief executive officer. In June 2017, Bad Robot announced that Brian Weinstein would become President and Chief Operating Officer, overseeing daily operations and spearhead the company's growth strategy in its existing businesses, while developing new areas of expansion across the entire Bad Robot platform and pursuing alternative financing options. In May 2015, Ben Stephenson left the BBC where he had been head of drama to helm Bad Robot Television. Lindsey Weber leads Bad Robot's feature film division.


title: Bad Robot Productions

text: The production logo has appeared since 2001, featuring a red rectangular headed robot running through a meadow silhouetted until it appears suddenly in front of the camera, followed by voices provided by two of Abrams's children, Henry and Gracie Abrams, saying "Bad robot!" Although some fans believe that the name comes from a line in the animated film "The Iron Giant", Abrams told "Entertainment Weekly" that it simply came to him during a writers' meeting.


title: Bad Robot Productions

text: In February 2013, it was announced that Bad Robot would be partnering with the Valve Corporation to produce possibly a "Half-Life" or "Portal" film in the distant future. In August 2015, Valve released a new beta game mode to "Team Fortress 2", "PASS Time", which Bad Robot worked on. On July 7, 2016, the "PASS Time" game mode became official. Bad Robot released a trailer entitled "Stranger" (otherwise known as "S."), rumoured to be Abrams' next film or television project, perhaps even a "Lost" spin-off, but it was finally explained to be promoting "S.", Abrams and Doug Dorst's new novel, as a new trailer for "S." was released. In February 2017, it was announced Julius Avery is attached to direct a Paramount coproduction, the World War II zombie film "Overlord", from screenwriter Billy Ray.


title: Bad Robot Productions

text: Bad Robot Productions is currently based in Santa Monica, California, in a building which is incorrectly labeled on purpose as the home of the fictional "National Typewriter Company" because Abrams "likes typewriters — and misdirection."


title: Bad Robot Productions

text: In June 2018, the company announced a spin-off venture formed with the Chinese video game publisher Tencent to launch Bad Robot Games for the development of video games on mobile, computer and consoles, with Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment as a minority investor. Bad Robot Games will develop and publish titles related to Abrams' works and other Bad Robot Production contents, with Tencent holding the rights for distribution in China. The division will be helmed by Dave Baronoff, who has worked on the "Cloverfield" franchise and in developing "Spyjinx" as a joint project between Bad Robot Productions and Epic Games (also partially owned by Tencent), while Tim Keenan, who helped develop "Duskers", will serve as the creative director.


title: Bad Robot Productions

text: In 2006, Bad Robot teamed up with Paramount Pictures and Warner Bros. Television for a $60 million development deal that lasted through 2018.


title: Bad Robot Productions

text: In late 2018, it was announced that Bad Robot was leaving Paramount and seeking a new overall deal. In January 2019, it was announced that Universal, Disney, and Warner Bros. were the top three studios battling it out for what could be a record breaking overall deal including theme parks, music labels, TV, merchandising, and streaming services as Bad Robot plans on ramping up production significantly in the coming years. It was also announced that Bad Robot would be co-producing a remake of the British series "The Wrong Mans" for American network Showtime along with BBC Studios, but Showtime later cancelled the project.


title: Bad Robot Productions

text: Bad Robot launched a subsidiary record label called Loud Robot in late 2018, in partnership with Capitol Music Group. Loud Robot is headed by co-general managers McKee Floyd and Nicky Berger along with Charles Scott, who currently heads Bad Robot's music division and has been the leading music supervisor for the company's films. Artists signed to the label include Cleveland-born rapper Nnena, neo soul singer/songwriter UMI, Nashville, Tennessee-based alternative rock artist Chaz Cardigan, and London-based rhythm and blues artist DWY.


title: Bad Robot Productions

text: On September 12, 2019, Bad Robot officially announced a new five-year overall deal with WarnerMedia. According to "The Hollywood Reporter", WarnerMedia agreed to pay Bad Robot at least $250 million (plus various financial incentives) to produce feature films, television shows, video games, and digital content.


title: Bad Robot Productions

text: On May 25, 2021, Abrams announced that a Portal film adaptation, which has been in development since 2013, was still in production and a script has been written for the film. In November 2021, the company launched its podcast division with a multi-year first-look deal at Spotify.


title: Bad Robot Productions

text: On April 25, 2022, it was announced that Bad Robot will team up with Mattel Films and Warner Bros. Pictures to produce a live-action "Hot Wheels" film based on the toy line of the same name.


title: Aortic aneurysm

text: An aortic aneurysm is an enlargement (dilatation) of the aorta to greater than 1.5 times normal size. They usually cause no symptoms except when ruptured. Occasionally, there may be abdominal, back, or leg pain. The prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysm ("AAA") has been reported to range from 2 to 12% and is found in about 8% of men more than 65 years of age. The mortality rate attributable to AAA is about 15,000 per year in the United States and 6,000 to 8,000 per year in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Between 2001 and 2006, there were approximately 230,000 AAA surgical repairs performed on Medicare patients in the United States.


title: Aortic aneurysm

text: The etiology remains the topic of continued investigation. Known causes include trauma, infection, and inflammatory disorders. Risk factors include cigarette smoking, advanced age, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and coronary artery disease. The pathophysiology of the disease is related to an initial arterial insult causing a cascade of inflammation and extracellular matrix protein breakdown by proteinases leading to arterial wall weakening. They are most commonly located in the abdominal aorta, but can also be located in the thoracic aorta. Aortic aneurysms result from a weakness in the wall of the aorta and increase the risk of aortic rupture. When rupture occurs, massive internal bleeding results and, unless treated immediately, shock and death can occur.


title: Aortic aneurysm

text: Screening with ultrasound is indicated in those at high risk. Prevention is by decreasing risk factors, such as smoking, and treatment is either by open or endovascular surgery. Aortic aneurysms resulted in about 152,000 deaths worldwide in 2013, up from 100,000 in 1990.


title: Aortic aneurysm

text: Most intact aortic aneurysms do not produce symptoms. As they enlarge, symptoms such as abdominal pain and back pain may develop. Compression of nerve roots may cause leg pain or numbness. Untreated, aneurysms tend to become progressively larger, although the rate of enlargement is unpredictable for any individual. Rarely, clotted blood which lines most aortic aneurysms can break off and result in an embolus.


title: Aortic aneurysm

text: Aneurysms cannot be found on physical examination. Medical imaging is necessary to confirm the diagnosis and to determine the anatomic extent of the aneurysm. In patients presenting with aneurysm of the arch of the aorta, a common sign is a hoarse voice from stretching of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the vagus nerve that winds around the aortic arch to supply the muscles of the larynx.


title: Aortic aneurysm

text: Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are more common than their thoracic counterpart. One reason for this is that elastin, the principal load-bearing protein present in the wall of the aorta, is reduced in the abdominal aorta as compared to the thoracic aorta. Another is that the abdominal aorta does not possess vasa vasorum, the nutrient-supplying blood vessels within the wall of the aorta. Most AAA are "true aneurysms" that involve all three layers (tunica intima, tunica media and tunica adventitia). The prevalence of AAAs increases with age, with an average age of 65–70 at the time of diagnosis. AAAs have been attributed to atherosclerosis, though other factors are involved in their formation.


title: Aortic aneurysm

text: The risk of rupture of an AAA is related to its diameter; once the aneurysm reaches about 5 cm, the yearly risk of rupture may exceed the risks of surgical repair for an average-risk patient. Rupture risk is also related to shape; so-called "fusiform" (long) aneurysms are considered less rupture-prone than "saccular" (shorter, bulbous) aneurysms, the latter having more wall tension in a particular location in the aneurysm wall.


title: Aortic aneurysm

text: Before rupture, an AAA may present as a large, pulsatile mass above the umbilicus. A bruit may be heard from the turbulent flow in the aneurysm. Unfortunately, however, rupture may be the first hint of AAA. Once an aneurysm has ruptured, it presents with classic symptoms of abdominal pain which is severe, constant, and radiating to the back.


title: Aortic aneurysm

text: The diagnosis of an abdominal aortic aneurysm can be confirmed at the bedside by the use of ultrasound. Rupture may be indicated by the presence of free fluid in the abdomen. A contrast-enhanced abdominal CT scan is the best test to diagnose an AAA and guide treatment options.


title: Aortic aneurysm

text: Only 10–25% of patients survive rupture due to large pre-and postoperative mortality. Annual mortality from ruptured aneurysms in the United States is about 15,000. Most are due to abdominal aneurysms, with thoracic and thoracoabdominal aneurysms making up 1% to 4% of the total.


title: Aortic aneurysm

text: An aortic aneurysm can rupture from wall weakness. Aortic rupture is a surgical emergency and has a high mortality even with prompt treatment. Weekend admission for a ruptured aortic aneurysm is associated with increased mortality compared with admission on a weekday, and this is likely due to several factors including a delay in prompt surgical intervention.


title: Aortic aneurysm

text: An aortic aneurysm can occur as a result of trauma, infection, or, most commonly, from an intrinsic abnormality in the elastin and collagen components of the aortic wall. While definite genetic abnormalities were identified in true genetic syndromes (Marfan, Elher-Danlos and others) associated with aortic aneurysms, both thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms demonstrate a strong genetic component in their aetiology.


title: Aortic aneurysm

text: The risk of aneurysm enlargement may be diminished with attention to the patient's blood pressure, smoking and cholesterol levels. There have been proposals to introduce ultrasound scans as a screening tool for those most at risk: men over the age of 65. The tetracycline antibiotic doxycycline is currently being investigated for use as a potential drug in the prevention of aortic aneurysm due to its metalloproteinase inhibitor and collagen stabilizing properties.


title: Aortic aneurysm

text: Anacetrapib is a cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor that raises high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and reduces low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.


title: Aortic aneurysm

text: Anacetrapib reduces progression of atherosclerosis, mainly by reducing non-HDL-cholesterol, improves lesion stability and adds to the beneficial effects of atorvastatin


title: Aortic aneurysm

text: Elevating the amount of HDL cholesterol in the abdominal area of the aortic artery in mice both reduced the size of aneurysms that had already grown and prevented abdominal aortic aneurysms from forming at all. In short, raising HDL cholesterol is beneficial because it induces programmed cell death. The walls of a failing aorta are replaced and strengthened. New lesions should not form at all when using this drug.


title: Aortic aneurysm

text: Screening for an aortic aneurysm so that it may be detected and treated prior to rupture is the best way to reduce the overall mortality of the disease. The most cost-efficient screening test is an abdominal aortic ultrasound study. Noting the results of several large, population-based screening trials, the US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) now provides payment for one ultrasound study in male or female smokers aged 65 years or older ("SAAAVE Act").


title: Aortic aneurysm

text: Surgery (open or endovascular) is the definitive treatment of an aortic aneurysm. Medical therapy is typically reserved for smaller aneurysms or for elderly, frail patients where the risks of surgical repair exceed the risks of non-operative therapy (observation alone).


title: Aortic aneurysm

text: Medical therapy of aortic aneurysms involves strict blood pressure control. This does not treat the aortic aneurysm per se, but control of hypertension within tight blood pressure parameters may decrease the rate of expansion of the aneurysm.


title: Aortic aneurysm

text: The medical management of patients with aortic aneurysms, reserved for smaller aneurysms or frail patients, involves cessation of smoking, blood pressure control, use of statins and occasionally beta blockers. Ultrasound studies are obtained on a regular basis (i.e. every 6 or 12 months) to follow the size of the aneurysm.


title: Aortic aneurysm

text: Despite optimal medical therapy, patients with large aneurysms are likely to have continued aneurysm growth and risk of aneurysm rupture without surgical repair.


title: Aortic aneurysm

text: Decisions about repairing an aortic aneurysm are based on the balance between the risk of aneurysm rupture without treatment versus the risks of the treatment itself. For example, a small aneurysm in an elderly patient with severe cardiovascular disease would not be repaired. The chance of the small aneurysm rupturing is overshadowed by the risk of cardiac complications from the procedure to repair the aneurysm.


title: Aortic aneurysm

text: The risk of the repair procedure is two-fold. First, there is consideration of the risk of problems occurring during and immediately after the procedure itself ("peri-procedural" complications). Second, the effectiveness of the procedure must be taken into account, namely whether the procedure effectively protects the patient from aneurysm rupture over the long term, and whether the procedure is durable so that secondary procedures, with their attendant risks, are not necessary over the life of the patient. A less invasive procedure (such as endovascular aneurysm repair) may be associated with fewer short-term risks to the patient (fewer peri-procedural complications) but secondary procedures may be necessary over long-term follow-up.


title: Aortic aneurysm

text: The determination of surgical intervention is determined on a per-case basis. The diameter of the aneurysm, its rate of growth, the presence or absence of Marfan syndrome, Ehlers–Danlos syndromes or similar connective tissue disorders, and other co-morbidities are all important factors in the overall treatment.


title: Aortic aneurysm

text: A large, rapidly expanding, or symptomatic aneurysm should be repaired, as it has a greater chance of rupture. Slowly expanding aortic aneurysms may be followed by routine diagnostic testing (i.e.: CT scan or ultrasound imaging).


title: Aortic aneurysm

text: For abdominal aneurysms, the current treatment guidelines for abdominal aortic aneurysms suggest elective surgical repair when the diameter of the aneurysm is greater than . However, recent data on patients aged 60–76 suggest medical management for abdominal aneurysms with a diameter of less than .


title: Aortic aneurysm

text: Open surgery starts with exposure of the dilated portion of the aorta via an incision in the abdomen or abdomen and chest, followed by insertion of a synthetic (Dacron or Gore-Tex) graft (tube) to replace the diseased aorta. The graft is sewn in by hand to the non-diseased portions of the aorta, and the aneurysmal sac is closed around the graft.


title: Aortic aneurysm

text: The aorta and its branching arteries are cross-clamped during open surgery. This can lead to inadequate blood supply to the spinal cord, resulting in paraplegia. A 2004 systematic review and meta analysis found that cerebrospinal fluid drainage (CFSD), when performed in experienced centers, reduces the risk of ischemic spinal cord injury by increasing the perfusion pressure to the spinal cord. A 2012 Cochrane systematic review noted that further research regarding the effectiveness of CFSD for preventing a spinal cord injury is required.


title: Aortic aneurysm

text: Endovascular treatment of aortic aneurysms is a minimally invasive alternative to open surgery repair. It involves the placement of an endo-vascular stent through small incisions at the top of each leg into the aorta.


title: Aortic aneurysm

text: As compared to open surgery, EVAR has a lower risk of death in the short term and a shorter hospital stay but may not always be an option. There does not appear to be a difference in longer term outcomes between the two. After EVAR, repeat procedures are more likely to be needed.


title: Saw III

text: Saw III is a 2006 horror film directed by Darren Lynn Bousman from a screenplay by Leigh Whannell and a story by Whannell and James Wan. It is the third installment in the "Saw" film series. The film stars Tobin Bell, Shawnee Smith, Angus Macfadyen, Bahar Soomekh, and Dina Meyer. The plot follows Jeff Denlon, a man whose son was killed by a drunk driver, who is put through a series of tests by Jigsaw meant to help him overcome his anger towards the killer driver. Meanwhile, John Kramer, now bed-ridden due to progression of his cancer, has his apprentice, Amanda Young, kidnap Dr. Lynn Denlon (Jeff's wife), who is tasked with keeping John alive for one final test before his death.


title: Saw III

text: Much like its predecessor, "Saw II", the film was immediately green-lit after the successful opening weekend of the prior film. Filming took place in Toronto from May to June 2006. Whannell aimed to make the story more emotional than previous installments, particularly with the Amanda and Jigsaw storyline. The film is dedicated to producer Gregg Hoffman, who died on December 4, 2005.


title: Saw III

text: "Saw III" was released in the United States on , by Lionsgate Films. It was a financial success, opening to $33.6 million and grossing $80.2 million in the United States and Canada. It is the highest-grossing film of the series in the international market with $84.6 million and the highest-grossing film in the series overall with $164.9 million worldwide. It received mixed to negative reviews from critics. Bell was nominated for "Best Villain" at the 2007 MTV Movie Awards and the film received nominations for a Saturn Award as "Best Horror Film". The film was released to DVD and Blu-ray on , and topped the charts selling 2.5 million units in its first week. A sequel, titled "Saw IV", was released in 2007.


title: Saw III

text: After being left in the bathroom to die, Detective Eric Matthews breaks his foot with a toilet lid to escape his shackle. Six months later, the aftermath of a Jigsaw game is discovered by Officer Daniel Rigg's SWAT team. The victim, Troy, had to rip chains from his body to escape a bomb. Detective Allison Kerry points out that the room's exit was welded shut, breaking Jigsaw's modus operandi of giving his victims a chance to survive. While reviewing the videotape, Kerry is abducted and awakens in a harness hooked into her ribs. She retrieves the key from a beaker of acid as instructed, but the lock does not open and the trap inevitably kills her.


title: Saw III

text: Dr. Lynn Denlon is abducted from the hospital she works at and brought to the bedridden John Kramer. His apprentice, Amanda Young, locks a collar armed with five shotgun shells around Lynn's neck that is connected to John's heart rate monitor and will detonate if she moves out of range or John dies. Lynn is instructed by Amanda to keep him alive until another test subject has completed his game; the victim Jeff, a grief-stricken father consumed with vengeance after the death of his son Dylan in a drunk driving accident, must undergo a series of tests around the abandoned meatpacking plant to confront those involved in the case.


title: Saw III

text: Jeff's first test leads him into a meat freezer where he finds Danica Scott, the only witness to the accident, who refused to testify in court; naked and chained to a metal frame inside the plant's freezer, with nozzles inside the frame to spray her with water to quicken her hypothermia. Jeff retrieves the key after Danica persuades him to help her, but she freezes to death before he can do so. In his next test, Judge Halden, who passed a lenient sentence on the driver who caused Dylan's death, is chained at the neck to the bottom of a vat. Rotting pig carcasses are dropped into a grinder that slowly fill the pit until Jeff saves him by burning Dylan's memorabilia in an incinerator to retrieve a key. His third test involves Timothy Young, the driver who killed Dylan, who is strapped to a machine that will slowly twist his limbs and then his head. The key is tied to the trigger of an enclosed shotgun that goes off after Jeff retrieves it, accidentally killing Halden. Jeff fails to save Timothy in time and the machine breaks his neck.


title: Saw III

text: Lynn is forced to perform an improvised surgery to relieve pressure on John's brain. The surgery is successful and Lynn convinces John to order Amanda to remove the collar. However, Amanda refuses and threatens Lynn's life, having become jealous of her interactions with John. John pleads with Amanda, who admits that she no longer believes in his philosophy and had been manipulating her traps to Troy and Kerry. Refusing to listen to John's warnings, Amanda shoots Lynn just as Jeff arrives. Jeff, who is revealed to be Lynn's husband, retaliates by shooting Amanda with a gun provided by John after his tests. As Amanda dies, John reveals that Lynn's test was actually hers: John was aware of her motives and unwilling to allow a murderer to continue his legacy. He then addresses Jeff, offering to call an ambulance for Lynn if he has learned everything from his ordeal, and accept one last test: either killing John or forgiving him. In response, Jeff slashes John's throat with a power saw, activating Lynn's collar as the room is sealed shut. Before dying, John takes out a tape recorder to inform Jeff that his daughter, Corbett was also captured and he must face another test to save her.


title: Saw III

text: Archival footage of Danny Glover, Ken Leung, Erik Knudsen, Beverley Mitchell, Mike Butters, and Paul Gutrecht, as David Tapp, Steven Sing, Daniel Matthews, Laura Hunter, Paul Leahy, and Mark Wilson respectively are seen in the film as well.


title: Saw III

text: Darren Lynn Bousman, director and co-writer of "Saw II" (2005), James Wan, director of "Saw" (2004), and Leigh Whannell, screenwriter on both, turned down the offer to make a third film in the franchise. "Saw II" producer Gregg Hoffman died a few weeks after its release. Bousman, Wan, and Whannell got together to have lunch the day they heard of Hoffman's passing and decided to make "Saw III" in dedication to Hoffman. Whannell aimed to make "Saw III" more emotional, describing the plot as essentially a father-daughter "love story" between Jigsaw and Amanda Young.


title: Saw III

text: Dr. Lawrence Gordon, the protagonist of the first film, was originally meant to return as the protagonist again, being forced by Jigsaw to play another game to save his wife and culminating with him killing Jigsaw and Amanda, ending the series as a trilogy. This ended up becoming Jeff Denlon's role in the finished film. Gordon eventually returned to the series in "Saw 3D" (2010), but with a whole different storyline.


title: Saw III

text: Bousman said they did not intend to have a twist ending, as distinctly as the previous films, noting that "I think most people will figure it out in the first 15 minutes of the film". Whannell added, "What Darren and I struck for "Saw III" was to have an emotionally impactful ending". As with the previous two films, the ending was only given to the actors who appeared in the final scene at the time it was filmed. At one point the script was stolen from Bousman's chair; however, it was returned before it was leaked online.


title: Saw III

text: Bahar Soomekh became close with Lionsgate after appearing in their film "Crash" (2004) and they wanted her in their next big film, being cast in the role of Lynn Denlon. Not a fan of horror films nor having seen the first two "Saw" films, she found the role challenging. "I had nightmares the first month I was on set", she said. She did, however, enjoy not being typecasted as a Middle Eastern like in most of her previous roles. Angus Macfadyen, a fan of certain horror films including "Saw", was cast as Jeff Denlon after reading the script.


title: Saw III

text: Costas Mandylor was cast as Mark Hoffman after being introduced to Bousman, who asked him if he wanted to come up and have some fun on the film for a week. J. Larose was cast as Troy, Jigsaw's victim at the beginning of the film. Larose found challenge in playing a role that required making the character's pain look and feel authentic, but nonetheless felt grateful for playing the opening sequence victim of a "Saw" film, appreciating his opportunity to work with Bousman.


title: Saw III

text: Monica Potter, who played Dr. Gordon's wife Alison in the first film, was approached to reprise her role in the film, but she declined the offer due to a lack of interest, feeling that she had done "plenty" with the first film. Similarly, Daniel Rigg's role in the movie was significantly reduced as Lyriq Bent was unavailable due to his work in "Angela's Eyes" (2006) at the same time; despite the filmmakers' attempts to make his schedule work, Bent was only able to shoot one day. Bent later speculated that Rigg's intended role in the film could have been that he later had in "Saw IV" (2007) if he had been available.


title: Saw III

text: "Saw III" was given a larger budget of $10 million, compared to "Saw II"s $4 million. Principal photography took place for 27 days at Toronto's Cinespace Film Studios from , to late June. Production borrowed the bathroom set used in "Scary Movie 4", which parodied the franchise. Almost all the transitions from one place to another were not made using digital effects; the transitions were shot on the spot. For example, when the camera moves from Troy's crime scene to Kerry being in the bathtub, Meyer had to run, take off all her clothes, and jump into the tub. Visually the film is akin to the previous two with using quick cuts and fast-paced rhythms. Bousman said, "We're using a lot of whip pans and flash frames to create a dynamic feel". Post-production services were provided by Deluxe.


title: Saw III

text: Bousman described the hardest scene to film was the "Pig Scene", explaining that they had to rush and it involved filming "so many moving parts". The pig carcasses were made out of foam, rubber, and latex. The pig props had live, disinfected maggots attached with honey.


title: Saw III

text: For "The Rack Trap", Whannell originally conceived it as a trap that would fold a person into a box, though it eventually morphed into the twisting of body parts. Bousman wanted to have a trap that involved freezing someone to death since the films had already covered burning to death, bleeding to death, and being cut to death. A body cast was made of Debra Lynne McCabe for "The Freezer Room" trap, but due to safety regulations a person cannot be entombed; only a front or back body cast could be on the actress at any given time. For the "Classroom Trap", J. Larose's character was originally going to be hanged from the ceiling by meat hooks, but it was decided against since he would not have been able to rip the chains out himself (as the script called for). It proved to be a challenge since it was done with prosthetics and practical effects.


title: Saw III

text: "Saw III" was released domestically and in the United Kingdom on . It was released in Australia on , and on , in New Zealand. According to executive producer Daniel Heffner, the film was toned down seven times to obtain the "R" rating. According to Bousman, the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) ratings board was less concerned with the film's graphic violence than it was with emotional torture, citing television shows like "" for expanding the scope of what is acceptable. In Japan, "Saw III" received a R18+ rating while the previous two films received an R15+ rating. In Canada, "Saw III" is rated 18A by the Maritime Film Classification Board. In the United Kingdom, the film has a BBFC rating of 18. At screenings in the United Kingdom, five people were reported to have fainted at separate cinemas with three at one cinema, resulting in ambulances being called.


title: Saw III

text: The opening scene of Troy's trap was shown at San Diego Comic-Con International on July 21, 2006. The same clip was planned to be shown before the opening of "Crank" in theaters on . However, the MPAA would not allow it. On , Bell, Smith and Bousman appeared at Spike TV's Scream Awards to promote the film and the clip of Troy's trap was shown.


title: Saw III

text: Lionsgate's president of theatrical marketing Tim Palen thought of the idea to make 1,000 posters with a small amount of Bell's blood, which was mixed with the printing ink. He said, "I asked if it would be possible to use actual blood. There was silence. He said, 'We could try, but are you serious?' I said I was dead serious." The posters were sold for $20, with the first being auctioned off; all the proceeds from the auctioned poster were donated to the Red Cross. Lionsgate also held the third annual "Give Til It Hurts" blood drive for the Red Cross and collected 23,493 pints of blood.


title: Saw III

text: The soundtrack was released on . James Christopher Monger of AllMusic gave the soundtrack three out of five stars. Ed Thompson of IGN Music gave it a 7.2 out of 10.


title: Saw III

text: "Saw III" was released to DVD and Blu-ray through Lionsgate Home Entertainment on . It topped the home video charts in the United States and Canada with 1.6 million units sold its first day and finished the week with 2.5 million units sold. The "Unrated DVD" was also released that day and features a 113-minute cut of the film that includes more gore. A 120-minute-long Director's cut was released on , to coincide with the theatrical release of "Saw IV" on . It also included an alternate ending. The director's cut was released on Blu-ray in Region B on October 7, 2008, in France only.


title: Saw III

text: The original cut of the film ran for slightly over two hours, and several scenes were cut out, including an extended scene of Kerry and Rigg examining Troy's trap, where Kerry reveals to Rigg she has had nightmares about Eric, and she blames herself for what happened to him. Adam had more scenes in the original cut. A scene that showed Jigsaw regretting his actions was also cut. Bell said, "I'm glad they cut that scene. This guy knows exactly what he's doing. Does he start off with a model, then refine it? Yeah, he probably does. But there are certain things that are interesting and advance the story, and there are other things that are basically sort of backstory, and you don't really need to know".


title: Saw III

text: "Saw III" opened at number one on 4,700 screens at 3,167 theaters grossing $33.6 million from its opening weekend, a two percent increase from "Saw II" $31.7 million. It held the biggest Halloween weekend debut for five years until it was beaten in 2011 by "Puss in Boots" ($34 million). It was also Lionsgate's highest-opening weekend. Lionsgate's exit polling indicated that 69 percent of the audience was under 25 years old and 51 percent was male. In its second weekend it placed number four, dropping down 56% to $14.8 million, compared to "Saw II" second weekend drop of 47% to $16.9 million. The film was closed out of theaters on , after 49 days of release.


title: Saw III

text: "Saw III" opened at number five in the international market with an estimated $6 million. It opened at number one in the United Kingdom to $4.7 million. In Taiwan it placed third and opened to $320,000. For its second weekend it opened to number two with an estimated $9.7 million. In Spain it made $3.1 million, an improvement over the previous films. For its third weekend, "Saw III" grossed $8 million, including Japan's opening on 86 screens with $1.1 million. Australia made $4.3 million, Spain grossed $3.8 million and Brazil made $3.8 million. In its fourth weekend it placed fourth place with an estimated $5.6 million from 24 territories. Its best market was a second-place start in France.


title: Saw III

text: The film took $80.2 million in the United States and Canada and $84.6 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $164.8 million. "Saw III" has the highest-grossing weekend in the series, holds the records of highest-grossing in the international market and is the highest-grossing film in the series worldwide. It is also Lionsgate's fifth highest-grossing film in the United States and Canada.


title: Saw III

text: The film was not screened in advance for critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 28% based on 92 reviews, and a rating average of 4.23/10. The site's consensus states: ""Saw III" does little beyond repeating its predecessor's tropes on a gorier level." At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film received an average score of 48 based on 16 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was a "B" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Saw III

text: "Variety"s Robert Koehler gave the film a mixed review. He criticized the use of several flashbacks in the film, saying that it "[...] hinder[ed] the movie, ratcheting down its tension and pace". He explained, "A bigger problem lies with Leigh Whannell's script, which utilizes so many flashbacks and explanatory inserts that the tension, a defining feature of the first "Saw", is lost". He did, however praise the acting. Roger Moore of the "Orlando Sentinel" gave it two out of five stars, criticizing the plot and acting.


title: Saw III

text: The "San Francisco Chronicle"s Peter Hartlaub gave the film a negative review, criticizing the plot. Michael Ordoña of the "Los Angeles Times" said that "More gore is really all "Saw III" has to offer", Owen Gleiberman of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the film a "C". Randy Cordova of "The Arizona Republic" gave it a negative review saying, ""Saw III" is devoid of any suspense or terror". "Empire"s Kim Newman gave the film two out of five stars. He said the acting was "surprisingly good" but criticized the script and torture devices.


title: Saw III

text: "Saw III" was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Horror Film, but lost to "The Descent". It was also nominated as the "Choice Movie: Horror/Thriller" at the Teen Choice Awards, but lost to "Disturbia". Bell was nominated for a MTV Movie Award for Best Villain, but lost to Jack Nicholson for his role in "The Departed".


title: Full moon

text: The full moon is the lunar phase when the Moon appears fully illuminated from Earth's perspective. This occurs when Earth is located between the Sun and the Moon (when the ecliptic longitudes of the Sun and Moon differ by 180°). This means that the lunar hemisphere facing Earth—the near side—is completely sunlit and appears as an approximately circular disk. The full moon occurs roughly once a month.


title: Full moon

text: The time interval between a full moon and the next repetition of the same phase, a synodic month, averages about 29.53 days. Therefore, in those lunar calendars in which each month begins on the day of the new moon, the full moon falls on either the 14th or 15th day of the lunar month. Because a calendar month consists of a whole number of days, a month in a lunar calendar may be either 29 or 30 days long.


title: Full moon

text: A full moon is often thought of as an event of a full night's duration, although its phase seen from Earth continuously waxes or wanes, and is full only at the instant when waxing ends and waning begins. For any given location, about half of these maximum full moons may be visible, while the other half occurs during the day, when the full moon is below the horizon. As the Moon’s orbit is inclined by 5.145° from the ecliptic, it is not generally perfectly opposite from the Sun during full phase, therefore a full moon is in general not perfectly full except on nights with a lunar eclipse as the Moon crosses the ecliptic at opposition from the Sun.


title: Full moon

text: Many almanacs list full moons not only by date, but also by their exact time, usually in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Typical monthly calendars that include lunar phases may be offset by one day when prepared for a different time zone.


title: Full moon

text: The full moon is generally a suboptimal time for astronomical observation of the Moon because shadows vanish. It is a poor time for other observations because the bright sunlight reflected by the Moon, amplified by the opposition surge, then outshines many stars.


title: Full moon

text: The date and approximate time of a specific full moon (assuming a circular orbit) can be calculated from the following equation:


title: Full moon

text: where "d" is the number of days since 1 January 2000 00:00:00 in the Terrestrial Time scale used in astronomical ephemerides; for Universal Time (UT) add the following approximate correction to "d":


title: Full moon

text: where "N" is the number of full moons since the first full moon of 2000. The true time of a full moon may differ from this approximation by up to about 14.5 hours as a result of the non-circularity of the Moon's orbit. See New moon for an explanation of the formula and its parameters.


title: Full moon

text: The age and apparent size of the full moon vary in a cycle of just under 14 synodic months, which has been referred to as a full moon cycle.


title: Full moon

text: When the Moon moves into Earth's shadow, a lunar eclipse occurs, during which all or part of the Moon's face may appear reddish due to the Rayleigh scattering of blue wavelengths and the refraction of sunlight through Earth's atmosphere. Lunar eclipses happen only during a full moon and around points on its orbit where the satellite may pass through the planet's shadow. A lunar eclipse does not occur every month because the Moon's orbit is inclined 5.145° with respect to the ecliptic plane of Earth; thus, the Moon usually passes north or south of Earth's shadow, which is mostly restricted to this plane of reference. Lunar eclipses happen only when the full moon occurs around either node of its orbit (ascending or descending). Therefore, a lunar eclipse occurs about every six months, and often two weeks before or after a solar eclipse, which occurs during a new moon around the opposite node.


title: Full moon

text: Full moons are traditionally associated with insomnia (inability to sleep), insanity (hence the terms "lunacy" and "lunatic") and various "magical phenomena" such as lycanthropy. Psychologists, however, have found that there is no strong evidence for effects on human behavior around the time of a full moon. They find that studies are generally not consistent, with some showing a positive effect and others showing a negative effect. In one instance, the 23 December 2000 issue of the "British Medical Journal" published two studies on dog bite admission to hospitals in England and Australia. The study of the Bradford Royal Infirmary found that dog bites were twice as common during a full moon, whereas the study conducted by the public hospitals in Australia found that they were less likely.


title: Full moon

text: The symbol of the Triple Goddess is drawn with the circular image of the full moon in the center flanked by a left facing crescent and right facing crescent, representing a maiden, mother and crone archetype.


title: Full moon

text: Historically, month names are names of moons (lunations, not necessarily full moons) in lunisolar calendars. Since the introduction of the solar Julian calendar in the Roman Empire, and later the Gregorian calendar worldwide, people no longer perceive month names as "moon" names. The traditional Old English month names were equated with the names of the Julian calendar from an early time (soon after Christianization, according to the testimony of Bede around AD 700).


title: Full moon

text: Some full moons have developed new names in modern times, such as "blue moon", as well as "harvest moon" and "hunter's moon" for the full moons of autumn.


title: Full moon

text: Lunar eclipses occur only at a full moon and often cause a reddish hue on the near side of the Moon. This full moon has been called a blood moon in popular culture.


title: Full moon

text: The "harvest moon" and the "hunter's moon" are traditional names for the full moons in late summer and in the autumn in the Northern Hemisphere, usually in September and October, respectively. It is celebrated by festivities such as the Chinese Mid-Autumn Festival, which is as important as the Chinese New Year.


title: Full moon

text: The "harvest moon" (also known as the "barley moon" or "full corn moon") is the full moon nearest to the autumnal equinox (22 or 23 September), occurring anytime within two weeks before or after that date. The "hunter's moon" is the full moon following it. The names are recorded from the early 18th century. The "Oxford English Dictionary" entry for "harvest moon" cites a 1706 reference, and for "hunter's moon" a 1710 edition of "The British Apollo", where the term is attributed to "the country people" ("The Country People call this the Hunters-Moon.") The names became traditional in American folklore, where they are now often popularly attributed to Native Americans. The Feast of the Hunters' Moon is a yearly festival in West Lafayette, Indiana, held in late September or early October each year since 1968. In 2010, the harvest moon occurred on the night of the equinox itself (some 5 hours after the moment of equinox) for the first time since 1991, after a period known as the Metonic cycle.


title: Full moon

text: All full moons rise around the time of sunset. Since the moon moves eastward among the stars faster than the sun, lunar culmination is delayed by about 50.47 minutes (on average) each day, thus causing moonrise to occur later each day.


title: Full moon

text: Due to the high lunar standstill, the harvest and hunter's moons of 2007 were special because the time difference between moonrises on successive evenings was much shorter than average. The moon rose about 30 minutes later from one night to the next, as seen from about 40° N or S latitude (because the full moon of September 2007 rose in the northeast rather than in the east). Hence, no long period of darkness occurred between sunset and moonrise for several days after the full moon, thus lengthening the time in the evening when there is enough twilight and moonlight to work to get the harvest in.


title: Full moon

text: The "Maine Farmers' Almanac" from around the 1930s began to publish Native American "Indian" full moon names, some of which had been adopted by colonial Americans. The "Farmers' Almanac" (since 1955 published in Maine, but not the same publication as the "Maine Farmers' Almanac") continues to do so.


title: Full moon

text: An early list of "Indian month names" was published in 1918 by Daniel Carter Beard in his "The American Boy's Book of Signs, Signals and Symbols" for use by the boy scouts.


title: Full moon

text: Such names have gained currency in American folklore. They appear in print more widely outside of the almanac tradition from the 1990s in popular publications about the Moon.


title: Full moon

text: "Mysteries of the Moon" by Patricia Haddock ("Great Mysteries Series", Greenhaven Press, 1992) gave an extensive list of such names along with the individual tribal groups they were supposedly associated with. Haddock supposes that certain "Colonial American" moon names were adopted from Algonquian languages (which were formerly spoken in the territory of New England), while others are based in European tradition (e.g. the Colonial American names for the May moon, "Milk Moon", "Mother's Moon", "Hare Moon" have no parallels in the supposed native names, while the name of November, "Beaver Moon" or “Sponge Moon” is supposedly based in an Algonquian language).


title: Full moon

text: In Hinduism, most festivals are celebrated on auspicious days. Many of the Hindu festivals are celebrated on days with a full moon at night.


title: Full moon

text: Most pre-modern calendars the world over were lunisolar, combining the solar year with the lunation by means of intercalary months.


title: Full moon

text: The Julian calendar abandoned this method in favour of a purely solar reckoning while conversely the 7th-century Islamic calendar opted for a purely lunar one.