title: Andrey Rublev

text: At the US Open, the unseeded Rublev defeated eighth seed Stefanos Tsitsipas in four sets in the first round. In the second round, Rublev won the first set against Gilles Simon, but Simon retired early in the second set, sending Rublev into the third round. There he defeated Australian Nick Kyrgios in straight sets, catapulting him to the round of 16 at a Grand Slam tournament for the second time. There, he lost in straight sets to Matteo Berrettini.


title: Andrey Rublev

text: Later in the 2019 campaign, Rublev lost in the second round to Fabio Fognini, in straight sets, at the China Open in Beijing, after having beaten Grigor Dimitrov in the first round.


title: Andrey Rublev

text: On his 22nd birthday, Rublev won his second ATP title at the Kremlin Cup, defeating the Frenchman Adrian Mannarino, in straight sets in the final.


title: Andrey Rublev

text: Rublev entered the 2020 ATP season by winning back-to-back titles. Not allowed to compete in the newly established ATP Cup, as only a country's top two singles tennis players qualified, Rublev instead entered the Qatar Open, this time winning the trophy as he failed to do so two years ago. Next, Rublev took part in the maiden 2020 Adelaide International. Third-seeded, Rublev overcame Canadian Félix Auger-Aliassime in a three-set marathon match in the semifinal, before reaching the final and soundly defeating qualifier Lloyd Harris. Together with his results at 2019 Davis Cup Finals, this was 12th consecutive win for Rublev. He became the first player to win two ATP tournaments in the first two weeks of the season since 2004, when Dominik Hrbatý won tournaments in Adelaide and Auckland.


title: Andrey Rublev

text: Next up for Rublev was the first of the year's four Grand Slam tournaments, the Australian Open where Rublev extended his early 2020 undefeated winning streak to 11 matches by coming from behind for a four-set third round Victory over the 11th seed David Goffin of Belgium. His unbeaten 2020 run then ended the fourth round where he lost in straight sets to the seventh seed Alexander Zverev of Germany, who advanced to his first Australian Open quarterfinal.


title: Andrey Rublev

text: Next in the Rotterdam Open, the seventh-seeded Rublev advanced into the quarterfinals with a round of 16 victory over Alexander Bublik of Kazakhstan. However, he then lost in straight sets to Filip Krajinović of Serbia who then advanced to the semifinals.


title: Andrey Rublev

text: Then, in February at the Dubai Tennis Championships, Rublev made it to the quarterfinals where he lost in straight sets to the unseeded Dan Evans of Great Britain.


title: Andrey Rublev

text: After tournaments that should have started but were cancelled or postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the late 2020 season saw a number of replacement exhibition tournaments. Rublev participated at the Adria Tour, taking place in the Balkans. The tournament was split into four groups of four players each. Rublev, playing in the Alexander Zverev group, in Zadar, Croatia, beat Marin Čilić, Danilo Petrović and Alexander Zverev to qualify into the final, where he should compete with Novak Djokovic. However, one of the participants, Grigor Dimitrov, was tested positive for the coronavirus, and so the final match was cancelled.


title: Andrey Rublev

text: Later in the season when competition resumed prior to the US Open, Rublev lost in three sets in a two out of three-set-match to British player Dan Evans in the opening round of the Western & Southern Open, which was played this year at the Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows, home of the US Open, instead of Mason, Ohio, where it is traditionally being held. Seeded 10th at the US Open, Rublev defeated Jérémy Chardy and Grégoire Barrère, Salvatore Caruso, all in straight sets. Rublev's round of 16 match pitted was a rematch against a player he lost to in the same round in 2019, the fifth seed Matteo Berrettini. This time, Rublev won in four sets and advanced to his second US Open quarterfinal. He then lost in his quarterfinal match to Daniil Medvedev in straight sets with two tiebreakers.


title: Andrey Rublev

text: Next, Rublev achieved his third tour title of the year at the Hamburg European Open, where in the final he defeated second seeded Stefanos Tsitsipas in three sets. However, Tsitsipas returned serve by defeating Rublev in straight sets in the quarterfinals of the 2020 French Open. However, this performance guaranteed him a place in the top ten of the ATP rankings on 12 October 2020. Rublev then won his fourth title of the year at the St. Petersburg Open, defeating seventh seed Borna Ćorić, in straight sets. He reached a career-high of World No. 8 on 19 October 2020.


title: Andrey Rublev

text: In late October, Rublev achieved his fifth title of 2020 by winning the Vienna Open as the fifth seed. He defeated qualifier Norbert Gombos in straight sets to win his first match of the tournament. Rublev would then beat Jannik Sinner in three sets with Sinner retiring after only three games due to injury. Rublev would then upset second seed and defending champion Dominic Thiem. Rublev would then eliminate Kevin Anderson, Anderson would retire in the second set due to injury. Rublev won his match with Anderson. Rublev would then defeat lucky loser Lorenzo Sonego to win the 2020 Vienna Open singles title. With this win, Rublev qualified for the ATP Finals in London, which was his first ATP Finals appearance.


title: Andrey Rublev

text: In mid-November, at the ATP Finals, Rublev was placed in Group London 2020, where he would be eliminated in the round-robin phase. He started off his ATP-Finals debut with a match against Rafael Nadal – the second seed. Nadal beat Rublev. Two days after his loss, Rublev would face off against defending champion and sixth seed, Stefanos Tsitsipas. In his match, Rublev got match point on serve during the deciding set tiebreaker, but he double faulted, and lost the tiebreak and the match. Tsitsipas won. With his loss, Rublev was eliminated from the tournament. Two days later, Rublev faced his final opponent: third seed Dominic Thiem whom Rublev defeated to conclude his ATP Final debut.


title: Andrey Rublev

text: Rublev started his 2021 season with a title at the ATP Cup, a country-based team event. Playing for Russia, in a team with Daniil Medvedev, Aslan Karatsev, and Evgeny Donskoy, Rublev bested Argentina's Guido Pella and Japan's Yoshihito Nishioka in the group stage to help his team advance into the semifinals. There he defeated Germany's Jan-Lennard Struff, coming back from a set down to win. In the final of the ATP Cup, Rublev beat Italy's Fabio Fognini in straight sets.


title: Andrey Rublev

text: Rublev advanced to the quarterfinals of the Australian Open after defeating Yannick Hanfmann, Thiago Monteiro, Feliciano López, and Casper Ruud.


title: Andrey Rublev

text: Rublev then won the Rotterdam Open, defeating Márton Fucsovics in the final. He also bested top-ten player Tsitsipas en route to the final. With this title, Rublev reached a twenty match winning streak at ATP Tour 500 tournaments, which is the third longest ATP 500 winning streak in tennis history.


title: Andrey Rublev

text: The next week, he went on to win doubles at the Qatar Open partnering Aslan Karatsev but lost his first singles match to Roberto Bautista Agut in the semifinal. Rublev's previous rounds were won by walkovers due to his opponents' injuries. The week after, at the 2021 Dubai Tennis Championships he extended his winning streak to twenty one matches with his victory over Emil Ruusuvuori in the second round. With this 21st consecutive win at ATP 500 events, Rublev tied Andy Murray for the second-longest winning streak at the tournament level (since 2009) and also second overall, the only other player to own a longer run of ATP 500 victories being Roger Federer (28). Rublev went on to reach the semifinals defeating Taylor Fritz and Márton Fucsovics in the quarterfinals (for the third time in 2021), losing to wildcard and eventual champion Aslan Karatsev in the semifinals.


title: Andrey Rublev

text: In April, seeded fourth, Rublev reached his first semifinal at a Masters 1000 level at the 2021 Miami Open where he was defeated by the eventual champion Hubert Hurkacz.


title: Andrey Rublev

text: In Monte Carlo, Rublev reached his first singles Masters 1000 final, defeating 11-time champion Rafael Nadal en route. Although he lost to Tsitsipas in the championship match, he reached a career-high of world No. 7 and overtook Roger Federer in the rankings for the first time in his career.


title: Andrey Rublev

text: At the 2021 French Open Rublev was upset in the first round in 5 sets by Jan-Lennard Struff of Germany.


title: Andrey Rublev

text: At the 2021 Wimbledon Championships Rublev reached the fourth round for the first time in his career defeating 26th seed Fabio Fognini. This marked the first time three Russian players reached the fourth round at the All England Club since 2006, when Elena Dementieva, Anastasia Myskina and Maria Sharapova made their run. He was finally defeated by Márton Fucsovics whom he beat in 5 consecutive meetings between the two since his win at the 2020 French Open including Fucsovics's withdrawal in Qatar.


title: Andrey Rublev

text: At the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, he won the mixed doubles title with Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova defeating compatriots Aslan Karatsev and Elena Vesnina in the final. Rublev was playing mixed doubles for the first time in his professional career and has no plans to continue until the next Olympics.


title: Andrey Rublev

text: At the Western & Southern Open, Rublev reached his second Masters 1000 final defeating Marin Cilic, Gael Monfils, Benoit Paire in the quarterfinals and compatriot and top seed Daniil Medvedev in the semifinal, his maiden win over the World No. 2 and the biggest win of his career. In the final, he lost to Alexander Zverev in straight sets. The match, lasting just 59 minutes, was the shortest final contested in the history of the tournament.


title: Andrey Rublev

text: At the final Grand Slam event of the year, the 2021 US Open, Rublev was seeded fifth in lieu of the absence of such players as Rafael Nadal and Dominic Thiem. He lost in five sets in the third round to Frances Tiafoe of the United States. As a result of this run, he made his Top 5 debut on 13 September 2021.


title: Andrey Rublev

text: At the 2021 San Diego Open, he reached his eighth semifinal of the year, defeating 6th seed Diego Schwartzman.


title: Andrey Rublev

text: At the 2021 BNP Paribas Open, he reached the final in doubles partnering Aslan Karatsev where they were defeated by John Peers/Filip Polasek duo. As a result, he reached a new career-high ranking in doubles of No. 59 on 18 October 2021.


title: Andrey Rublev

text: Rublev reached his first final of 2022 at the Open 13 in Marseille, defeating three French players en route Richard Gasquet, Lucas Pouille and ninth seed Benjamin Bonzi with all matches going to three sets. He defeated world No. 9 Felix Auger-Aliassime for his ninth singles title.


title: Andrey Rublev

text: At the same tournament he reached the quarterfinals with Ukrainian Denys Molchanov. The duo won against the French pair of Bonzi/Albano Olivetti to reach the semifinals and Hugo Gaston/Holger Rune to reach also the final. He lifted the doubles trophy as well just hours after winning the singles to make it a Marseille double against South African Raven Klaasen and Japanese Ben McLachlan. With the victory, he became just the third player to sweep both the singles and doubles titles in the tournament's 30-year history.


title: Andrey Rublev

text: On 26 February, Rublev won the Dubai Duty Free Tennis Championship in Dubai, UAE defeating the Czech player Jiří Veselý in straight set to gain his tenth ATP singles title. Rublev also made international news headlines when, after winning his semifinal match, he wrote "No war please" on a camera lens a few days into the Russian invasion of Ukraine.


title: Andrey Rublev

text: Next Rublev defeated 33rd seed Grigor Dimitrov in the quarterfinals at the 2022 BNP Paribas Open at Indian Wells before losing in straight sets in the semifinals to the 20th seed and eventual champion American Taylor Fritz.


title: Andrey Rublev

text: In April 2022, Rublev defeated in three sets world No. 1 ranked Novak Djokovic, in the final of 2022 Serbia Open. At Roland Garros, Rublev reached the quarterfinals, where he lost in a fifth set tiebreak to 20th seed Marin Cilic.


title: Andrey Rublev

text: On 20 April, the All England Club announced a ban on all Russian and Belarusian players, including Rublev, from competing at the 2022 Wimbledon Championships due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.


title: Andrey Rublev

text: Seeded 9th at the US Open he reached the fourth round, defeating 19th seed Denis Shapovalov in a five set thriller with a fifth set super tiebreak lasting over four hours, for the fourth time at this Major. Next he defeated 7th seed Cameron Norrie in straight sets to reach the quarterfinals, where he was subsequently defeated by Frances Tiafoe.


title: Andrey Rublev

text: Rublev won his 4th title of the year at the Gijón Open in Spain defeated Sebastian Korda in straight sets.


title: Andrey Rublev

text: Seeded sixth, the world No. 7 Rublev qualified for his third ATP Finals in a row and reached the semifinals for the first time defeating two former season finale champions world No. 5 Daniil Medvedev and world No. 3 Stefanos Tsitsipas to setup a meeting with world No. 4 Casper Ruud. In the semifinal, he lost in straight sets to Ruud.


title: Andrey Rublev

text: Rublev is an offensive baseliner with a big forehand – his favorite shot, and has a dangerous and consistent two-handed backhand. His running forehand is particularly lethal because of his consistency and comfort with the shot, making many passing shots with it. Despite his power, Rublev is often hyper-aggressive and can enter situations where he makes consecutive unforced errors, causing technical and mental difficulty to follow. However, he can also demonstrate periods when his forehand is elusive. He states that he does not prefer a particular tennis surface.


title: Andrey Rublev

text: Rublev has a powerful first serve that often reaches 200+ km/h (125+ mph). His second serve, however, is underwhelming because of his high number of double faults during matches, as well as being much slower than his first serve. In 2020, Yevgeny Kafelnikov said the following about Rublev's game: "I think his whole game, it just has some elements of playing junior tennis, hitting the ball harder and harder. If he improves in those two departments, his footwork and second serve, his whole game is going to change."


title: Andrey Rublev

text: Rublev has been endorsed by Nike for apparel and shoes, Head for racquets, Italian luxury brand Bulgari for watches, and Penhaligon's for perfume. He used to be endorsed by Wilson for racquets.


title: Isha Talwar

text: Isha Talwar (born 22 December 1987) is an Indian actress and model who predominantly works in Malayalam and Hindi-language films, besides appearing in a few Tamil and Telugu films. She started out as a model and appeared in various commercials, and later made her film debut with the 2012 Malayalam film "Thattathin Marayathu".


title: Isha Talwar

text: Isha Talwar was born on 22 December 1987, into a Punjabi family and is the daughter of Indian film actor Vinod Talwar. Born and brought up in Mumbai, she graduated from St. Xavier's College, Mumbai. She joined choreographer Terence Lewis's dance school in 2004, where she learned various dance forms like ballet, jazz, hip-hop and salsa and went on to become a tutor in the dance studio. She stated that her choreographer Terence Lewis, was "one person who changed me completely".


title: Isha Talwar

text: Talwar worked as a model and appeared in more than 40 commercials for brands like Pizza Hut, Vivel Fairness Cream, Kaya Skin Clinic, Dulux Paints and Dhatri Fairness Cream, besides a music video with Hrithik Roshan for the "Just Dance" competition. She says she spent two years preparing for her film debut. Although she had worked as a child actress in the 2000 Bollywood film "Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai", her full-length film debut was with the Malayalam film "Thattathin Marayathu", for which she took a four-month voice training class, went through a course to learn the language, and learned to play the guitar. The film which saw her play Aisha, a Muslim girl who falls in love with a Hindu boy, became a blockbuster and was listed by Rediff.com in their "Top five Malayalam films of 2012" list. Critics noted that she "looked beautiful", but had "nothing much to do" in the film. In a later interview, she stated that the role of Aisha had given her "a lot of recognition" and that she was "really happy with" her girl next door image from the film. Her second film "I Love Me" by B. Unnikrishnan had her playing the female lead alongside Asif Ali and Unni Mukundan. She said that her character in the film Samantha had "shades of grey".


title: Isha Talwar

text: Isha Talwar was titled as the most desirable woman in Malayalam film industry of the year 2015. On the subject of desirability, she stated that it's about one's personality and not good looks. When asked, who is the most desirable man according to her; she said that she finds Prithviraj Sukumaran as the most desirable man. Adding to it, she also said that he has an extraordinary charm and charisma. She also said in the 'Reporter' channel interview that, Mohanlal is her favourite actor.


title: Isha Talwar

text: In 2013, she had two releases – her Telugu debut, "Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde", which opened to a positive response, and her Tamil debut, "Thillu Mullu", a remake of the same-titled 1981 Tamil comedy film which was also a commercial success. In 2014, she was seen in the Malayalam films, "Balyakalasakhi", "Utsaha Committee", "God's Own Country" and Anjali Menon's "Bangalore Days". She has shot for an "extended cameo role" in Siddique's "Bhaskar the Rascal". She has also been shooting for the Tamil remake of "Thattathin Marayathu", reprising her own role. She also appeared as Maya in the Hindi movie Tubelight alongside Salman Khan. She made her Bollywood debut alongside Saif Ali Khan in Kaalakaandi. In 2020, she appeared in the Amazon Prime web series "Mirzapur".


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time is a 2020 platform game developed by Toys for Bob and published by Activision. It was originally released for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, with releases for the Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 5, Xbox Series X/S and Windows following in 2021. The game is the eighth main installment in the "Crash Bandicoot" series and a retcon of the games that originally followed "". The game's story follows Crash Bandicoot and his sister Coco as they recover the all-powerful Quantum Masks in a bid to prevent Doctor Neo Cortex and Doctor Nefarious Tropy from taking over the multiverse. They are indirectly aided by their former enemy Dingodile and an adventuring alternate-dimension counterpart of Crash's old girlfriend Tawna.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: The game retains the series' core platforming gameplay, and adds new elements through the use of the Quantum Masks, who can alter levels and provide means to traverse or overcome obstacles. It also includes additional game modes for replaying levels, and the ability to control five characters, three of whom – Cortex, Dingodile, and Tawna – have their own unique gameplay and levels. The development team intended for the game to be a direct continuation from the original trilogy in both narrative and gameplay, and created the Quantum Masks and additional playable characters after studying the series' mechanics and determining fresh elements to add to the gameplay.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: The game was met with a positive critical reception, with praise going to the preservation and refinement of the series' classic formula as well as the implementation of the new gameplay mechanics. The controls, amount of content and replay value, visuals, music, voice-acting, and story were also commended. The physics, level design, and difficulty drew mixed reactions, and the rail-grinding sections were criticized. Commercially, the game had the highest first-month earnings for a contemporary "Crash Bandicoot" title, topped sales charts in some territories, and was nominated for four awards.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: "Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time" is a platform game in which the player primarily controls either the titular character Crash or his sister Coco, who are tasked with saving the multiverse from domination by Doctors Neo Cortex and Nefarious Tropy. The game's levels take place and progress along a linear map that is divided into ten "Dimensions", each with their own theme. From this map, the player can switch between controlling Crash or Coco at any time. The game can be played in two different styles, which can be selected before the start of a new game and can be switched at any time in the options menu. The default play style is "Modern", in which the player will always return to the latest checkpoint when the player character dies. In the other play style, "Retro", the player is given a limited number of lives (represented by a floating head of the character currently in play), of which more can be collected within the levels. If the player's last life is lost, the level will be restarted from the beginning. Neither the game's difficulty nor reward progress is affected by the differing play styles.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: The gameplay takes place from a third-person perspective, with some sections involving the player character running toward the camera or moving in a side-scrolling fashion. Crash and Coco's basic maneuvers include jumping and double jumping, a spinning attack, crawling, sliding, and slamming onto the ground. They can also grind on, hang off and hop across rails, as well as run along designated walls. Scattered throughout the levels are a wide variety of crates serving different functions. Crates generally contain Wumpa Fruit, which grant an extra life if 100 are collected in the Retro play style. Other crates contain an Aku Aku mask, which shields the player character from contact with a single enemy or hazard. Collecting three consecutive Aku Aku masks will grant the player character temporary invincibility from all dangers except falling down bottomless pits. While invincible, the player character can automatically kill enemies and break crates within a certain radius. Within each level is a "Bonus" area that is accessed via a platform bearing a yellow question mark. Each Bonus area consists of a short side-scrolling puzzle sequence in which the player must break all the crates within the area. Dying in a Bonus area will not deplete a life in the Retro play style, and results in the player character respawning next to the Bonus platform within the level.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: A feature new to the series is the Quantum Masks, four magical masks that are scattered throughout the game and grant Crash and Coco special powers to traverse obstacles during particular segments. Unlike Aku Aku, the Quantum Masks are not found in crates, but rather materialize in areas where their powers can be used, and transform into a suit worn by Crash and Coco. Lani-Loli can phase objects in and out of tangibility; Akano grants the player character a violent "dark matter spin" that enables them to glide across the air and deflect projectiles; Kupuna-Wa can slow the flow of time; and Ika-Ika can reverse gravity. Aside from Crash and Coco, three other characters are controlled during certain levels: Cortex, Dingodile, and a version of Crash's former love interest Tawna from another dimension. Each character features their own unique move sets: Cortex uses a raygun that can transform enemies into solid or bouncy platforms, along with being able to perform a forward dash. Dingodile uses a vacuum gun that can suck up and fire enemies and objects, as well as draw in faraway collectibles. Tawna, while maintaining some moves used by Crash and Coco, can jump off walls and use a grappling hook to hit objects from long distances.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: Each level includes a total of twelve Gems, which can be obtained by fulfilling objectives such as collecting a certain amount of Wumpa Fruit, breaking all the level's crates, completing the level without dying more than three times, and finding the Gem in a hidden area. Earning a certain amount of Gems in a level unlocks a cosmetic skin for either Crash or Coco, for each a total of 30 skins can be unlocked. Collecting all of a level's Gems without losing a life earns the player an N. Sanely Perfect Relic, an achievement that is required for the game's full completion. Hidden in the game are four colored Gems that unlock special Bonus areas.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: Aside from the main levels, every other Dimension includes a dedicated boss level. Completing any given level will unlock a "Time Trial", in which the player must complete the level as quickly as possible. Time Trials are activated by collecting a stopwatch icon at the beginning of the level. While a Time Trial is active, all checkpoints are removed, thus requiring the player to start the level over if the player character dies. The Time Trials feature "ghost" recordings by the developers that allow for real-time feedback on whether the player's run qualifies for a Sapphire, Gold or Platinum Relic. Clearing the "Trouble Brewing" boss level unlocks an "N.Verted" mode for each level, in which the level's path is inverted, a different visual effect depending on the level's Dimension is applied, and the Wumpa Fruit are rebranded as "Bumpa Berries". Six of a level's twelve Gems are only accessible in the N.Verted mode. Some levels contain "Flashback Tapes", which must be collected without dying; if the player character dies before collecting a Flashback Tape, it will disappear unless the player restarts the level from the beginning. Collecting a Flashback Tape unlocks a "Flashback Level", a side-scrolling level that takes place before and during the first game.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: The game features both local cooperative and competitive hotseat multiplayer modes. In Bandicoot Battle, players compete against other players in time trials. It has two distinct modes: Checkpoint Race, in which the player must reach a checkpoint and complete a level as fast as they can, and Crate Combo, which tasks players to smash as many crates as possible while being timed. The cooperative multiplayer mode is called "Pass N. Play", in which players take turns to complete the game's campaign. All multiplayer modes can accommodate up to four players.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: Following their defeat at the hands of Crash, Uka Uka attempts to liberate himself and Doctors Neo Cortex and Nefarious Tropy from their prison in the past. His latest effort rips open a hole in the fabric of space and time, and causes him to pass out. Cortex and N. Tropy swiftly escape, abandoning Uka Uka. They discover that the rift links their universe to the rest of the multiverse, and decide to make use of it to conquer all dimensions. To ensure success, the pair create the Rift Generator, a generator capable of opening other space-time rifts, and recruit aid from Doctors N. Gin and Nitrus Brio to provide an army in anticipation of their enemies' interference. Aku Aku, Uka Uka's twin brother, senses a great power emanating from N. Sanity Island's central peak, and urges Crash to investigate. Crash's exploration leads him to Lani-Loli, whom Aku Aku recognizes as one of the Quantum Masks – four ancient witch doctor masks that have great power over space and time, and who would only appear if something has opened up the multiverse. At Lani-Loli's urging, Crash and his sister Coco follow him through a rift as he explains that they need to find the other three Quantum Masks across the multiverse to seal the rifts.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: During their adventure, Crash and Coco meet an alternate version of Tawna, Crash's old girlfriend. Although they are thrilled to see each other, Tawna declines to explain what happened to Crash and Coco in her own dimension, and insists on working alone. At the same time, Crash and Coco's old enemy Dingodile, who recently retired from villainy to run a diner, is sucked into a rift after exacting revenge on a group of rivaling moonshiner bats after they detonate his business, and he traverses through dimensions in his search for home. Crash and Coco find the Quantum Masks Akano and Kupuna-Wa and defeat N. Gin and N. Brio. When they defeat Cortex, N. Tropy betrays him and reveals that he and his new partner (later revealed to be a female version of himself from Tawna's dimension) plan to use the Rift Generator's power to reset the timeline in all dimensions so that they may rule over all existence as gods. An incensed Cortex agrees to team up with the Bandicoots, and the three rescue the last Quantum Mask Ika-Ika. The trio meet up with Dingodile and Tawna on a space station, but Tawna captures Crash and Coco and leaves them bound as she goes to face the Tropies at the Rift Generator herself. After Dingodile and Cortex free Crash and Coco, they happen upon Tawna struggling against the female Tropy, who tauntingly reveals that she killed Crash and Coco herself in Tawna's dimension. After the Tropies are defeated, the Quantum Masks destroy the Rift Generator, sealing all the space-time disruptions.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: However, following a celebratory trip to a futuristic city, Cortex betrays the group and kidnaps Kupuna-Wa. He uses her powers to travel back in time to 1996 – the year of his original bid for world domination – in an attempt to avert Crash's creation. Ultimately, he is unsuccessful in both convincing his past self to abandon the experiment and killing the present Crash, Coco and Aku Aku, who followed him from the future. As the Quantum Masks banish him to a remote corner of the universe, the past Cortex proceeds with the experiment, preparing to brainwash the past Crash with the Cortex Vortex; the present Crash accidentally destroys the Vortex's power source, causing it to malfunction and reject his past self, thereby ensuring his own creation. Dingodile rebuilds and reopens his diner, Cortex relaxes on a beach and enjoys the peace and quiet, and Crash, Coco, Tawna, Aku Aku and the Quantum Masks play video games at their home on N. Sanity Island. Following an epilogue narrated by Crash detailing the fates and whereabouts of the game's characters, Cortex's relaxation is interrupted by the sudden appearance of Uka Uka.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: "Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time" was developed by Toys for Bob, who had previously developed the "Spyro Reignited Trilogy" and ported the "Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy" to the Nintendo Switch. Around the time of the "Spyro Reignited Trilogy"'s development, Toys for Bob began conversing with Activision about a potential new "Crash Bandicoot" title for 2020. Initially, Toys for Bob internally described the project as a reboot, but as they felt that the descriptor was premature, the team sought to determine their ultimate goal for the franchise. They looked upon a slew of games that fell within the spectrum of reboots and sequels to gauge the benefits and risks of each approach. After profiling players of the recent "Crash Bandicoot" remasters (who were primarily fans of the original trilogy between their mid-20s to early-40s) and studying the critical and commercial performance of past series titles, the team concluded that their project would be a sequel to the original trilogy targeted primarily at its fans. To solidify this statement, the game was titled "Crash Bandicoot 4" to firmly establish it as a direct continuation of the original trilogy in both its narrative and gameplay style, retconning the previous sequels that were less favorably received.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: As Toys for Bob set the game's technical foundations via prototyping and concept art, they drew upon their mission statement for influence as to what their game would and would not be. The game's sequel status resulted in the return of major antagonists Neo Cortex and N. Tropy, as well as the continuation of the time travel theme. Their statement additionally ruled out the open world and beat 'em up elements included in the previous sequels, as well as microtransactions and ""Uncharted" storytelling". Creative director Dan Neil compiled the points derived from these discussions and compressed them into three basic statements concerning the game's tone, gameplay, and setting, which would formulate its core and give development a clear direction.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: Toys for Bob decided early in production that they did not want "Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time" to be perceived as a sequel or DLC extension to the "Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy", and thus set out to define a new art style and direction to differentiate the game from the remasters and establish it as a brand new installment. The team's previous experience with the "Spyro Reignited Trilogy" allowed them to settle on a direction defined by clear shapes, soft gradients, and an off-kilter quality that gave the remaster a whimsical and playful feel; the team then took this core direction and amplified it for "Crash Bandicoot 4" to create a more wild and chaotic aesthetic that better reflected the series' irreverent tone. The team's statement for the setting was to create a colorful and dangerous universe unrestricted by the hardware limitations of the original trilogy.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: Upon establishing Crash's look and feel, the art team began what art director Josh Nadelberg called "a really loose and liberating process" of sketching various gameplay ideas and scenarios to provide inspiration for the design team. Many of the game's settings and environmental features were created before any story was written or any game design was constructed; Nadelberg rationalized that waiting to understand the story and script before accomplishing any designing was not a sensible direction for a platform game, a genre not traditionally reliant on storytelling. Some of the art team's smaller ideas would evolve into larger scenarios; for example, lead concept artist Ron Kee's sketch of Crash bouncing on drums served as the basis for the heavy metal-themed boss battle against N. Gin. Although Kee acknowledged that this open-ended ideation phase was somewhat difficult due to the various directions taken, the team was able to create an overall aesthetic that Nadelberg described as "super wacky and full of motion and energy everywhere you look". Understanding that Naughty Dog's original ambition for "Crash Bandicoot" was to create a living cartoon akin to "Looney Tunes", Toys for Bob's animators looked upon the source material and based the game's designs, models and rigs on their studies, pushing for Tex Avery-styled deformations and extreme movements.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: The development team recognized early on that a new series installment needed to retain the elements that made "Crash Bandicoot" unique among platform games. To this end, they played the original games and compared them to the "N. Sane Trilogy", studied "Crash Bandicoot" community channels, and engaged with fans within Toys for Bob. The team then dissected the games' mechanics to determine fresh elements to instill in the franchise. Aku Aku, a recurring game mechanic and character who grants Crash temporary invincibility, inspired experimentation with a series of "Quantum Masks" who would bestow additional abilities. After a prototyping period involving 20–30 different ideas that were tested in virtual "white rooms", the team settled on four Quantum Masks based on the concepts of "slow time", "density", "phase shifting", and "gravity flip". The "density" mask, who would become Akano, originally granted the power of extreme density, which would cause the player character to move slowly, allow them to walk through explosions, lessen their jumping ability and cause them to fall through certain surfaces. Following a series of prototype puzzles, the team felt that limiting the player's speed and jumping prowess resulted in a less fun experience, and thus tweaked Akano's ability into a "dark matter spin" that would send the character into perpetual motion.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: Conceptual designing for the Quantum Masks began before their mechanics were finalized, with artist Brett Bean drawing influence from various cultures in different time frames. Artist Nicholas Kole designed the four Quantum Masks after they were established. Kupuna-Wa and Ika-Ika were the easiest masks to design, with Kupuna-Wa being based around time-based symbols, and Ika-Ika featuring two-halves displaying mountain and ocean motifs; while Ika-Ika's "blustery old gentleman" personality was quickly established, his other personality was originally more nauseous to reflect his side's water imagery. Akano's furrowed brows and frowning mouth were made to invoke arrows pointing to a center, creating a black hole motif. His design was not affected by the change in mechanic from "density" to "dark matter", as Kole felt that his spinning attack resembled a black hole. Lani-Loli's development was the most difficult. During the prototype stage of his gameplay, the solid and transparent objects affected by his ability were colored pink and blue. This influenced Kole to formulate a "dual personality" concept that went as far as the modeling phase. However, the concept was already in use for Ika-Ika, and Lani-Loli's gameplay was altered to revolve around objects of a single color. Kole ultimately created a personality that was "really frantic, nervous, he always feels like he's lost something". From there, he based Lani-Loli's designs on puzzle motifs, which was later simplified to having certain parts of his face (outside of his eyes and mouth) being solid or transparent at any given moment. The Quantum Masks' ability to manipulate time and space was determined as a means of tying together the diverse environments, themes and scenarios created by the art team, and became the basis for the game's narrative.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: The statement set for the game's tone was summarized as ""Jackass" meets "Looney Tunes"", which Toys for Bob studio head Paul Yan defined as "barreling into danger [with the] silliness and wackiness of "Looney Tunes"" while recognizing the latter source as a primordial influence on the series. In order to solidify this tone, the development team set updating Crash's design for the new game as their earliest task, which prompted conversation within the art team attempting to determine Crash's personality. They eventually honed in on what Nadelberg described as "this dude who's always in the wrong place at the wrong time" who "just manages to get himself out of all these crazy situations in a heroic way, but he's not your classic hero". The team's concept artists created various designs for Crash, with Kole being tasked with combining the most suitable elements from each iteration. Kole did not find photographic references to real bandicoots helpful in the design process, as his attempts to incorporate them resulted in a deviation from the character's spirit; Kole likened Crash's general design to an artist's attempt at drawing a bandicoot from memory a couple years after having seen one. Artist Ryan Jones took the liberty of omitting Crash's flesh-colored lips in favor of a simpler two-toned fur treatment, which was incorporated into his final design. Crash's lack of a neck was the most difficult aspect of his design for the development team's modelers to translate; as Kole observed: "He's just shoulders and then a head. It was actually kind of a big technical challenge to pull that off just right." Coco's redesign, meanwhile, required only minor adjustments, aside from updating her laptop to a tablet.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: Toys for Bob's study of the series' mechanics further inspired the inclusion of additional playable characters. Creative producer Louis Studdert cited this decision as the most difficult aspect of the game's early development due to the series' sizeable cast of characters. The selection was ultimately determined by who would best fit into the game's core platforming tenants. The team then decided that the characters should fill particular narrative roles, with Cortex and Tawna respectively being positioned as a villain and "guardian angel". Seeking a wild card to contrast both characters, the team reworked Dingodile into a chaotic neutral figure who causes mischief while attempting to get home. The characters' distinct personalities allowed the team to find unique ways to fit them into the game's plot and gameplay, as well as take the opportunity to introduce new platforming mechanics.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: Cortex, like Coco, was given only small design adjustments. However, according to Kole, his more "debonair" proportions resulted in his animations turning out "too handsome", which was mitigated with the creation of an expression sheet that aided in the preservation of Cortex's traditionally comedic characterization. The team experienced difficulty in determining the function of Cortex's raygun. Early experiments involved Cortex using the raygun to devolve enemy characters, such as turning a dinosaur into a hatchling. The team recognized that this would have doubled the amount of assets required for each level Cortex was featured in. They then simplified the concept to turning enemy characters into a random object within the game. The random element was discarded in favor of different platforms to accommodate the traditionally deterministic nature of the series; the two types of platforms were pared down from three for further simplification.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: Tawna's inclusion and redesign was given special attention in consideration of the series' dominance of male characters. Writer Mandy Benanav played a significant role in her characterization, pointing out that the narrative's "alternate dimension" aspect provided an opportunity to showcase a version of Tawna who was the hero of her own universe. The art team experimented with various designs that were intended to exude confidence and strength while still being recognizable and fitting within the series' tone and aesthetic. Tawna was originally armed with a boomerang, which was eventually retooled into a grappling hook when the development of Dingodile's gameplay rendered the boomerang's function of retrieving faraway objects redundant. The grappling hook resulted in an emphasis on mobility-based gameplay, and was influenced by "".


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: Dingodile's design was challenging for the artists due to the need to find a balance between the elements of his unique hybrid anatomy. The development team compared Dingodile's vengeful motive to John Wick, and acknowledged that his lack of connection to the game's main narrative granted a degree of freedom to the level designers. For Dingodile's gameplay, the general notion of a vacuum was an early decision by the developers. Experiments with the vacuum mechanic included using TNT crates to launch Dingodile backward, pulling switches, and operating slingshots, which were all rejected due to their complexity and effect on the game's pacing.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: Tropy's role as the catalyst of the game's dimension-hopping narrative granted the artists ample opportunity for exploration. A wide range of variations on Tropy were created, including an infant piloting a mechanical suit. The prospect of adding a female villain to the series led the team to create the female Tropy, whose design was influenced by Victorian horror audiobooks. For N. Brio's boss battle, Kole created a number of alternate forms that Brio would transform himself into, including a "Slinky worm" and a pterosaur. Although the team ultimately only used Brio's trademark "hulking brute" form for simplicity, the team's positive response to the pterosaur design led to its inclusion in the end-of-level cutscene. Recurring antagonist Ripper Roo was intended to appear as a boss at the end of the "Run It Bayou" level, but does not appear in the final game. Although Nitros Oxide, the antagonist of "Crash Team Racing", was rejected as a potential playable character due to his association with racing-based gameplay, he appears in the "Bermugula's Orbit" group of levels, in which his spaceship is hijacked by the two Tropies. His inclusion prompted the art team to design several members of his species, who appear as enemy characters.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: While acknowledging the universal appeal of physical humor, Toys for Bob sought to ensure that the game spoke specifically to its adult target audience. To this end, they included suggestive innuendos in some of the skin names and level titles (e.g. "Big Horn Energy" and "Booty Calls"), as well as edgier scenarios such as N. Tropy's narcissism culminating in an incestuous relationship with his female self. This direction influenced the self-aware script, in which the game's nature as a retcon is humorously alluded to in one scene.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: Toys for Bob's statement concerning the gameplay was "tense, precise execution". While ensuring that Crash's signature maneuvers of jumping, spinning, sliding, and body slamming felt satisfying and familiar, they sought to exceed the difficulty of the original trilogy while integrating a smoother curve. The development team intended "Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time" to be "the biggest "Crash" game ever", which influenced the scope and length of the levels as well as the amount of extra features. The game, developed with Unreal Engine 4, was built from scratch rather than reusing assets from the "Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy". However, Toys for Bob's developmental input on the "N. Sane Trilogy" as well as "Crash Team Racing Nitro-Fueled" allowed the team to analyze the franchise's fundamental elements and emulate the gameplay and camera of the original games. The team used "" as its primary frame of reference in finding a balance between new features and preserving the series' core platforming experience.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: In the midst of creating certain levels, the design team experienced difficulty in gauging jumps due to the changing perspectives. To preserve the game's challenge level while granting players a resource to land precise jumps, an overt indicator in the form of a yellow ring around Crash's shadow was added. The development team initially planned to incorporate the "warp room" hub format for accessing levels that was previously seen in "Crash Bandicoot 2: Cortex Strikes Back" and "Crash Bandicoot: Warped". However, they found that their goal concerning the game's difficulty melded better with the linear map system seen in the first game. This system also allowed the team to better craft the game's narrative chronologically, as they sought to place more emphasis on storytelling and character relationships than previous installments had. Beenox, the developer of "Crash Team Racing Nitro-Fueled", collaborated with Toys for Bob to create the visual effects and musical remixes for the N. Verted levels, while Activision Shanghai assisted in creating the game's multiplayer modes.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: The score of "Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time" was composed by Walter Mair, who was a fan of the franchise and was enthusiastic when he was invited for an audition by Toys for Bob. Mair was granted access to the title from an early stage of development, allowing him to observe the creation of the game's animations, characters and settings. As Toys for Bob sought to create a sculpted and dynamic musical experience, Mair maintained frequent communication with the audio team, seeking to create an inventive and fresh score that stayed true to the series' established tone. To this end, he incorporated the characteristically heavy use of marimbas and playful compositions, as well as some familiar themes such as those of Cortex and N. Gin. Mair's instrumentation for the game's multitude of characters and settings was varied; for example, Dingodile's leitmotif is defined by a double bass and a "clumsily played" tuba, while the prehistoric levels feature primitive instruments such as bone flutes and fur drums. The game's official soundtrack went live on YouTube on November 18, 2020.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: The game's voice-acting was recorded in the Los Angeles-based Rocket Sound studio under the direction of Amanda Wyatt. While Lex Lang reprised his role as Doctor Neo Cortex, several established roles were inherited by new actors, including Scott Whyte as Crash, Eden Riegel as Coco, JP Karliak as Doctor Nefarious Tropy, and Roger Craig Smith as Doctor Nitrus Brio. Fred Tatasciore and Zeno Robinson jointly play the two-headed Quantum Mask Ika-Ika. The cast also features Richard Steven Horvitz and Greg Eagles. The game is dedicated to Aku Aku's original voice actor Mel Winkler, who died on June 11, 2020.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: On June 11, 2020, the redesigns for Crash and Tawna were leaked via merchandise listings by European distributor Blackfire. The game was teased on June 18, when Activision sent several reporters a jigsaw puzzle depicting Kupuna-Wa, who first appeared in the PlayStation 4 promotional video "It's Time to Play" in November 2019. The puzzles came with a message signed by "Your Favorite Bandicoot" and stating "A little something to help pass the TIME". The following day, a Taiwan Digital Game Rating Committee filed a rating for the game, revealing the title, box art, a short plot synopsis and the game's developer.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: On June 22, a trailer showcasing gameplay mechanics and featuring the Fatboy Slim track "The Rockafeller Skank" was revealed, as well as a release date of October 2 for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. Although a notice on the Microsoft Store indicated that the game would feature "in-app purchases", Toys for Bob later confirmed that there would be no microtransactions, attributing the notice to the free "Totally Tubular" cosmetic skins that were offered as a bonus for those who preordered digital copies through the Microsoft Store or PlayStation Store. The N. Verted levels and Dingodile's gameplay were revealed on Sony's State of Play livestream on August 6, and the Flashback levels were revealed at the 2020 Gamescom on August 28. On September 8, Tawna's gameplay was revealed, and Activision announced the September 16 release of a demo consisting of the levels "Snow Way Out" and "Dino Dash" as a bonus to those who had preordered a digital copy of the game through the PlayStation Store. A launch trailer featuring the Chemical Brothers song "Go" was released on September 22, over a week before the game's release for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on October 2, 2020. Those who preordered a physical copy of the game through GameStop received a minute hourglass timer. The game's official art book, titled "The Art of Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time", was published on October 28.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: On August 10, 2020, a piece of placeholder source code for the game's official website was found to refer to the Nintendo Switch in a section labeled "PlatformLabel", stirring speculation that the game would potentially be released on the platform. On February 9, 2021, Activision and Toys for Bob announced a March 12 release for the PlayStation 5, Xbox Series X and Series S, and Nintendo Switch, as well as a pending Microsoft Windows release via Battle.net. The PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X versions run natively at 4K 60 FPS (with the Xbox Series S version featuring upscale to 4K), and feature faster loading times and 3D audio. The Switch version displays at 1080p when docked and 720p in handheld mode, with both modes running at 30 FPS. Those who have purchased the game on the PlayStation 4 or Xbox One can upgrade to the respective next-generation version at no extra cost (except in Japan) and transfer save data. The PlayStation 5 version uses the DualSense's adaptive triggers when using Cortex's and Tawna's weapons. On the day of the game's release for next-gen consoles, a new "Bare Bones" skin for Crash and Coco was added, which can be obtained by completing the second level. The same day, a new trailer setting the Microsoft Windows release for March 26 was revealed. Due to its Battle.net exclusivity, the Windows version features always online DRM. The day after its release, the Windows version's digital rights management was cracked by the group Empress, allowing players to bypass the online check-in. On October 7, 2022, Activision and Toys for Bob announced that the PC version of "Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time" would be released via Steam on October 18. The announcement was made via a package delivered to influencers by Activision consisting of a pizza box with an attached receipt announcing the game's release on the service.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: "Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time" received "generally favorable" reviews on all platforms, according to review aggregator Metacritic.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: Michael Leri of "GameRevolution" gave the game a perfect score and proclaimed it to be the best entry in the series. The preservation and refinement of the classic "Crash" formula was commended, and the controls were deemed responsive. Although Leri considered the physics and collision to be an improvement over those of the "N. Sane Trilogy", others found them to be imprecise, particularly on the platforms' edges. The level design was met with a mixed response; some considered it diverse and well-paced, while others deemed it monotonous and "sadistic". The rail-grinding sections were criticized for their camera perspectives (which were said to obscure incoming obstacles) and sluggish controls. Austen Goslin of "Polygon" admired the boss battles for their creativity, though Chris Carter of "Destructoid" felt that a few of them were anticlimactic. Jonathon Dornbush of "IGN" disliked the addition of fire-spewing crates, claiming that they added little complexity to the platforming and merely added waiting time for them to cool down.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: The Quantum Masks were generally welcomed for adding variety to the series' established mechanics. However, the physics for the Akano mechanic were criticized as awkward and ill-suited for precise platforming, and Kevin Dunsmore of "Hardcore Gamer" additionally faulted the Ika-Ika mechanic for a built-in delay between its activation and effect. The increased roster of playable characters was also welcomed for their unique and enjoyable gameplay styles, though aiming with the characters was said to be difficult due to the lack of a targeting reticle. Some were perplexed by the structure of returning to Crash and Coco's perspective halfway through a new character's level to repeat a past level, with Alex Avard of "GamesRadar+" feeling that the stages are "over before they've properly begun", and Oscar Taylor-Kent of "PC Gamer" finding the process of retreading old levels to play as the new characters "exhausting". Mike Epstein of "GameSpot" added that switching between the new characters and Crash or Coco could affect the player's muscle memory. Critics remarked that the amount of collectibles and extra modes lent a considerable amount of replay value. Dom Peppiatt of "VG247" felt that the amount of new characters and mechanics led to some of them, such as the Dingodile levels, feeling half-baked.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: The difficulty level was regarded as challenging and often frustrating, with Goslin and Steven Green of "Nintendo World Report" claiming that the game's approach to challenge was outdated. The game's final level, which involves using a series of Quantum Masks in rapid succession, was given particular notice, with some players having accumulated a death count numbering in the hundreds. Despite this, Goslin considered the level to be the most fun in the game. The inclusion of the Modern playstyle setting, which grants an indefinite amount of lives, was appreciated for slightly mitigating the difficulty.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: The visuals were praised for their bright and vibrant colors, varied and detailed environments, expressive character designs and animations, and Saturday-morning cartoon-styled cutscenes. Josh Wise of "VideoGamer.com", however, disliked the game's "synthetic" art direction in comparison to the rougher and sparser look of the original games. Tawna's redesign for the game was criticized by fans for its perceived influence by social justice warrior culture. Paul Tamburro of "GameRevolution" ridiculed detractors by characterizing their grievances as shallow, and regarded the controversy as "depressing". While Dornbush preferred the hub room format of selecting levels from the second and third games, he was charmed by the presentation of the linear overworld maps, comparing them to pop-up storybooks. Epstein commended the increased frame rate and faster loading times of the PlayStation 5 version, observing that the smoother and more clearly articulated animations resulted in faster gameplay and improved reaction times. Green and Chris Scullion of "Nintendo Life", while acknowledging the lowered resolution and frame rate on the Switch version, considered the visuals to be impressive regardless.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: The soundtrack was positively received for its upbeat and catchy nature and emulation of Josh Mancell's work on the original trilogy. Leri and Dornbush additionally enjoyed the special effects that the Quantum Masks' abilities had on the background music. Michael Damiani of "Easy Allies", however, felt that the soundtrack was mediocre and had no stand-out pieces. Critics enjoyed the light-hearted, humorous, and self-aware script, and also commended the voice-acting, with Goslin singling out Horvitz's and Eagles's performances. Dunsmore, while entertained by the plot, characters, writing, and voice-acting, felt that the limited use of cutscenes left an inadequate amount of time to enjoy the performances, and wished for a longer story.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: In the United States, the game finished as the 11th best-selling game of September; despite being released in October, October 2–4 is considered by the NPD Group to be a part of the last week of September. It rose to tenth place in the October 2020 NPD charts. The game sold 402,000 units digitally in its first month, a lower figure than those of the recent remastered titles; by comparison, the "Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy" sold 520,000 digital units within the last day of June 2017, and "Crash Team Racing Nitro-Fueled" sold 552,000 throughout June 2019. SuperData Research speculated there was lessened demand for the new title, and observed that its particular release period was more crowded than that of its predecessors. However, they noted that the game's first-month earnings were the highest for a contemporary "Crash Bandicoot" title due to its higher price tag. Following the release of the PS5, Xbox Series X and Series S, and Switch versions of the game, the game rose to No. 15 on the NPD monthly sales charts from No. 65 the previous month. On March 30, 2021, NPD Group analyst Mat Piscatella observed that console sales for "Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time" were being sustained by the success of the mobile runner game "", as well as the game's launch on the Switch and continued digital promotion.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: The game made #1 in the UK physical sales charts, selling 1,000 copies more than "", but physical sales were 80% less than "Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy". The game made No. 2 in the UK digital charts. In Japan, the PlayStation 4 version sold 10,437 physical copies within its first week of release, making it the fifth best-selling retail game of the week in the country. The Switch version was released in Japan the following year and sold 2,288 copies during its first week, and was the 20th best-selling retail game in the country during that week. The game topped sales charts for the week of September 28 – October 4, 2020 in Australia, New Zealand, Italy, and France, with just three days' worth of sales. In Switzerland, it was the second best-selling game during its first week of release.


title: Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

text: The game was nominated for Best Family Game in The Game Awards 2020, but lost to "". It was also nominated for Outstanding Control Precision, Outstanding Family Game (Franchise), and Outstanding Sound Effects in the 20th NAVGTR Awards, but lost to "", "Animal Crossing: New Horizons", and "The Last of Us Part II" respectively. "GameSpot" named the game one of the best of 2020 by score, and "GameRevolution" voted it the tenth best game of 2020.


title: Michelle Triola Marvin

text: Michelle Triola (November 13, 1932 – October 30, 2009) was an American woman notable for unsuccessfully suing actor Lee Marvin in 1977, having cohabited with him from 1965 to 1970. The trial, which brought about the concept of palimony, was widely covered in the media at the time. During this time, she was Michelle Triola Marvin, having legally changed her name to add Marvin's surname to her own. She was represented by attorney Marvin Mitchelson.


title: Michelle Triola Marvin

text: Triola was born in Los Angeles. She never had children. She lived with actor Dick Van Dyke from 1976 until her death in 2009.


title: Michelle Triola Marvin

text: Triola majored in theater arts at UCLA. She was a lounge singer and dancer. She danced in the original 1958 Broadway production of "Flower Drum Song", directed by Gene Kelly. Her film acting career consisted of minor roles, including a stand-in in Marvin's 1965 film "Ship of Fools" and a guest role on the Dick Van Dyke television series "".


title: Michelle Triola Marvin

text: Although she and Marvin never married, Triola sought financial compensation similar to that available to spouses under California's alimony and community property laws. The result was the landmark case "Marvin v Marvin", 18 Cal. 3d 660 (1976). The Supreme Court of California held that Triola could proceed with her suit, as it did state a cause of action and the trial court erred in granting judgment to Marvin on the pleadings.


title: Michelle Triola Marvin

text: The case went to trial. On April 18, 1979, Judge Arthur K. Marshall ordered Marvin to pay $104,000 to Triola for "rehabilitation purposes", but denied her community property claim for one half of the $3.6 million which Marvin had earned during their six years of cohabitation. Both sides claimed victory, but in August 1981, the California Court of Appeal ruled that Triola could not show any contract between her and Marvin to justify any payment to her. As a result, Triola received no money from Marvin.


title: Michelle Triola Marvin

text: In April 2008, she underwent surgery for lung cancer. The cancer caused her death on October 30, 2009, at the home she shared with Van Dyke. She was 76 years old.


title: Dab (dance)

text: Dabbing, or the dab, is a gesture in which a person drops their head into the bent crook of a slanted, upwardly angled arm, while raising the opposite arm out straight in a parallel direction. The move looks similar to someone sneezing into the crook of their elbow. Since 2015, dabbing has been used as a gesture of triumph or playfulness, becoming a youthful fad and Internet meme.


title: Dab (dance)

text: Before the term "dab" was coined, the move had been a feature of Japanese popular culture for decades. A popular example is the 1990s anime series "Dragon Ball Z", where the character Gohan (as The Great Saiyaman) occasionally performs the dab move.


title: Dab (dance)

text: It is known as a "Sentai move" in Japan, from its popular use in the "Super Sentai" and "Kamen Rider" tokusatsu superhero series since the 1970s (localised as "Power Rangers" and "Masked Rider" in the 1990s).


title: Dab (dance)

text: It resurfaced again in 1993, seen in one of Janet Jackson's dance videos for the song "If", which also had strong Asian influences. In the 1990s show "Detective Conan"s 2000 opening theme "Koi wa Thrill, Shock, Suspense", the main character was shown dancing while occasionally dabbing. This opening was then remade 20 years later in Opening 51 with the same character doing a few dabs when the music starts. Other anime series where the dab move appears include the early 2010s show "Love Live!", among others.


title: Dab (dance)

text: The K-pop group Crayon Pop also appear to have performed the dab dance in the early 2010s, and so does the American dance crew Poreotics in 2010.


title: Dab (dance)

text: During a performance at the Paramount Theater in Springfield, Massachusetts in early 2014, rap group Migos performed the dance move, and the dab gained popularity in mid-2014. The dab was introduced to Migos and their Quality Control Music label by Peter Thomson. Musicians on label had claimed the dab was invented by rapper Skippa Da Flippa and had origins in the Atlanta hip-hop scene in the 2010s. Another rap group on that label, Migos, who released a single in 2015 titled "Look at My Dab," had claimed to have invented the move,


title: Dab (dance)

text: but they later agreed that Skippa Da Flippa was the inventor after criticism from a third member of that label, OG Maco.


title: Dab (dance)

text: The English language audio dub of the Japanese anime series "Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS" (2017) adds a joke referring to a Sentai move as "the dab".


title: Dab (dance)

text: American rapper Bow Wow attempted to explain the origin of the dab dance, saying it derived from the cannabis dabbers community, which started in about 2012, before the dance move. He was met with opposition from other rappers who immediately took to Twitter to insult him and disprove his claims. The rappers Peewee Longway, Jose Guapo and Rich the Kid contributed to popularizing the dab dance.


title: Dab (dance)

text: A slight variation of the dance move also appears several times in the music video for Michael Jackson's "Smooth Criminal" from 1988.


title: Dab (dance)

text: One of the Indian dances include a wingtip-hand version of Dabbing. Bollywood choreographers can be seen performing the move in the song Tamma Tamma Loge.


title: Dab (dance)

text: As "XXL" magazine reported in August 2015, "What started as a regional down South adlib is quickly becoming a masterful maneuver in clubs and on street corners. It’s called dabbin’." Jason Derulo taught James Corden how to dab during the November 4, 2015 edition of "Carpool Karaoke" on "The Late Late Show with James Corden".


title: Dab (dance)

text: The dab gained popularity in American sports following an eight-second celebratory dab by Cam Newton, football quarterback for the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League, during a game against the Tennessee Titans on November 15, 2015. According to a "Sports Illustrated" account of the incident, "[w]hen two Titans players confronted [Newton] about the celebration, he continued to dance in their faces, even as he backed away." Newton explained the incident by crediting a 16-year-old for instructing him to "Dab on them folks":


title: Dab (dance)

text: I'm a firm believer that if you don't like me to do it then don't let me in ... I just like doing it, man. It's not to be boastful, and from the crowd's response they like seeing it. ... Tell me what to do "Dab on them folks," so I tried "Dab on them folks," in that tone too. "Dab on them folks." He's only like 16, but he's got an Adam's apple out of this world.


title: Dab (dance)

text: It was later confirmed that the 16-year-old was Newton's younger brother Caylin. On June 9, 2016, Cam Newton announced that he would no longer perform the celebration. However, he dabbed again on November 13, 2016 after a touchdown against the Kansas City Chiefs, nearly a year after his initial dab against the Titans.


title: Dab (dance)

text: Dabbing has made its appearance in politics, as well. In January 2016, Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton dabbed on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show". In October 2016, Congresswoman Loretta Sanchez dabbed at the end of a Senate debate against Attorney General Kamala Harris. On January 3, 2017, Cal Marshall, 17-year-old son of Rep. Roger Marshall (R-Kan), dabbed at his father's swearing in as a Congressman, confusing House Speaker Paul Ryan. On February 22, 2017, Deputy Labour Leader Tom Watson dabbed in the UK's House of Commons. French presidential candidates Emmanuel Macron, Benoît Hamon and François Fillon dabbed on TV in March 2017. In May 2017, Prince Sverre Magnus of Norway dabbed at the Royal Palace in Oslo during his grandparents' King Harald V and Queen Sonja's official appearance for their 80th birthday. In October 2017, Australian Labor Party leader Bill Shorten dabbed as part of a "diss track" criticising members of the Liberal Party. He later alluded to the dab's infamy, stating that his children had been "humiliated" by it.


title: Dab (dance)

text: In January 2017, an Australian cricketer Usman Khawaja dabbed in celebration of his half-century score in a Test match against Pakistan in Sydney. His move received mixed reactions, with some praising it and others accusing him of disrespecting his opponents.


title: Dab (dance)

text: In February 2017, the president of Kenya, Uhuru Kenyatta, invited a dance group to State House to perform the dab dance move with him. The president was doing the dab dance in a bid to appeal to the youthful population of Kenya to come out and register as voters. Some critics found this move to be in bad taste since there were other pressing issues like the doctors and lecturers strike that the president should have been dealing with rather than dancing.


title: Dab (dance)

text: Today, the dab is both a dance move and a statement. The culture behind it has been propagated by celebrity use and memes. Many dancers incorporate the move in their repertoire as a minor addition to a set; a dab is usually used to mark a drop. In addition, the dance move has become notorious around the world and has gained the significant attraction and attention from media in many countries.


title: Dab (dance)

text: Manchester United footballers Paul Pogba and Jesse Lingard also popularised the dab by performing the dance as their goal celebration. Wrestler T. J. Perkins often uses the move as a taunt or a sign of disrespect after a headstand headscissors takedown.


title: Dab (dance)

text: In Saudi Arabia, dabbing was made illegal by the National Committee for Drug Control as it was deemed that it alludes to cannabis and other illegal substances. In August 2017, Saudi singer and actor Abdallah Al Shaharani was arrested for performing the move at a music festival in Ta'if, and afterward apologized in a tweet.


title: Bonnie Piesse

text: Bonnie Piesse (born 10 August 1983) is an Australian actress and singer. Her breakthrough role was playing a trapeze artist in the Australian children's television series "High Flyers" at the age of 15 and not long after that she was scouted by George Lucas to play a young Beru Lars in "" and "Episode III – Revenge of the Sith", a role she reprised in the 2022 Disney+ series "Obi-Wan Kenobi" (2022). She also had recurring roles on "Blue Heelers", "Horace and Tina", "Stingers", and "Last Man Standing".


title: Bonnie Piesse

text: Piesse attended a Rudolf Steiner School in Australia where she developed a love for the performing arts and honed her skills as a singer/songwriter. Between 2000 and 2002, Bonnie won the 'Ranges Songsmith Award' and 'Apollo Bay Young Performers Competition' for songs she'd written and she was one of only a handful of "VCE" performing arts students from around Victoria to be selected to perform at "Hamer Hall" as part of the 2002 'Season of Excellence'.


title: Bonnie Piesse

text: Piesse was cast as Donna in "High Flyers" when she was 15. She learned the trapeze and Spanish web for the role and took six months off school for the shoot. She then went on to play Alicia in "Horace and Tina", had a recurring role in "Stingers", and guest starred in "Blue Heelers" and "Last Man Standing". She subsequently appeared in "" and "Episode III – Revenge of the Sith" as Beru Lars (Luke Skywalker's aunt).


title: Bonnie Piesse

text: In 2005, Piesse played Sharona in "Attack of the Sabretooth", which was directed by George T. Miller and shot in Fiji.


title: Bonnie Piesse

text: In January 2011, Piesse completed shooting her scenes for the romantic comedy, "Love Eterne". She plays Sidonia, a psychic, mentor and confidant to the female lead, Medina, played by Melissa Navia. Her song, "There for Me" is featured in it. After completing its film festival run, "Love Eterne" has won awards at the Los Angeles Movie Awards, Best Shorts Competition and "The Accolade Competition". It was an official selection at the "New York International Independent Film & Video Festival" (20 November 2011) and NewFilmmakers New York Annual Christmas Show (13 December 2011).


title: Bonnie Piesse

text: In December 2017, "The Actors Awards" nominated Piesse for "Best Supporting Actress" for her role in "Love Eterne Mourning", a short film made from a couple of her scenes from "Love Eterne".


title: Bonnie Piesse

text: On March 29, 2021, it was announced that Piesse would return to her role as Beru Lars in the Disney+ series "Obi-Wan Kenobi".


title: Bonnie Piesse

text: Piesse met Grammy-winning music producer Val Garay when she first arrived in Los Angeles. He introduced her to several songwriters including Jack Tempchin, Eric Kaz, Bonnie Hayes, and J.D. Souther, with whom she co-wrote some of the songs for her debut album "The Deep End." The album was recorded in Los Angeles, and was released in January 2011 on Big Deal Records.


title: Bonnie Piesse

text: Piesse's song "All I Have" was featured in two episodes of the CW television series "Life Unexpected" in 2010.


title: Bonnie Piesse

text: Bonnie recorded "Bittersweet EP" with Producer Emile Kelman and her song "Ariella" won the Singer Songwriter Category of the UK Songwriting Contest in 2013, alongside Lisa Nelson for her song, "Butterfly."


title: Bonnie Piesse

text: Piesse recorded a cover of "Dream State (Brighter Night)" by Son Lux for opening credits of "The Vow".


title: Bonnie Piesse

text: Piesse is married to South African filmmaker Mark Vicente. Piesse and her husband were members of the self-described American multi-level marketing company and cult NXIVM. The couple left the organization in 2017 and became NXIVM's most outspoken detractors. Their departure from the cult is documented in "The Vow", a documentary series for HBO directed by Jehane Noujaim and Karim Amer.


title: Story of Your Life

text: "Story of Your Life" is a science fiction novella by American writer Ted Chiang, first published in "Starlight 2" in 1998, and in 2002 in Chiang's collection of short stories, "Stories of Your Life and Others". Its major themes are language and determinism.


title: Story of Your Life

text: "Story of Your Life" won the 2000 Nebula Award for Best Novella, as well as the 1999 Theodore Sturgeon Award. It was nominated for the 1999 Hugo Award for Best Novella. The novella has been translated into Italian, Japanese, French and German.


title: Story of Your Life

text: A film adaptation of the story, "Arrival", was conceived and adapted by Eric Heisserer. Titled and directed by Denis Villeneuve, it was released in 2016. It stars Amy Adams, Jeremy Renner, and Forest Whitaker and was nominated for eight Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay; it won the award for Best Sound Editing. The film also won the 2017 Ray Bradbury Award for Outstanding Dramatic Presentation and the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation.


title: Story of Your Life

text: "Story of Your Life" is narrated by linguist Dr. Louise Banks the day her daughter is conceived. Addressed to her daughter, the story alternates between recounting the past: the coming of the aliens and the deciphering of their language; and remembering the future: what will happen to her preborn daughter as she grows up, and the daughter's untimely death.


title: Story of Your Life

text: The aliens arrive in spaceships and enter Earth's orbit; 112 devices resembling large semi-circular mirrors appear at sites across the globe. Dubbed "looking glasses", they are audiovisual links to the aliens in orbit, who are called heptapods for their seven-limbed radially symmetrical appearance. Louise and physicist Dr. Gary Donnelly are recruited by the U.S. Army to communicate with the aliens, and are assigned to one of nine looking glass sites in the US. They make contact with two heptapods they nickname Flapper and Raspberry. In an attempt to learn their language, Louise begins by associating objects and gestures with sounds the aliens make, which reveals a language with free word order and many levels of center-embedded clauses. She finds their writing to be chains of semagrams on a two-dimensional surface in no linear sequence, and semasiographic, having no reference to speech. Louise concludes that, because their speech and writing are unrelated, the heptapods have two languages, which she calls Heptapod A (speech) and Heptapod B (writing).


title: Story of Your Life

text: Attempts are also made to establish heptapod terminology in physics. Little progress is made, until a presentation of Fermat's Principle of Least Time is given. Gary explains the principle to Louise, giving the example of the refraction of light, and that light will always take the fastest possible route. Louise reasons, "[a] ray of light has to know where it will ultimately end up before it can choose the direction to begin moving in." She knows the heptapods do not write a sentence one semagram at a time, but draw all the ideograms simultaneously, suggesting they know what the entire sentence will be beforehand. Louise realizes that instead of experiencing events sequentially (causality), heptapods experience all events at once (teleology). This is reflected in their language, and explains why Fermat's principle came naturally to them.


title: Story of Your Life

text: Soon, Louise becomes quite proficient at Heptapod B, and finds that when writing in it, trains of thought are directionless, and premises and conclusions interchangeable. She finds herself starting to think in Heptapod B and begins to see time as heptapods do. Louise sees glimpses of her future and of a daughter she does not yet have. This raises questions about the nature of free will: knowledge of the future would imply no free will, because knowing the future means it cannot be changed. But Louise asks herself, "What if the experience of knowing the future changed a person? What if it evoked a sense of urgency, a sense of obligation to act precisely as she knew she would?"


title: Story of Your Life

text: One day, after an information exchange with the heptapods, the aliens announce they are leaving. They shut down the looking glasses and their ships disappear. It is never established why they leave, or why they had come in the first place.


title: Story of Your Life

text: In the "Story Notes" section of "Stories of Your Life and Others", Chiang writes that inspiration for "Story of Your Life" came from his fascination in the variational principle in physics. When he saw American actor Paul Linke's performance in his play "Time Flies When You’re Alive", about his wife's struggle with breast cancer, Chiang realized he could use this principle to show how someone deals with the inevitable. Regarding the theme of the story, Chiang said that Kurt Vonnegut summed it up in his introduction in the 25th anniversary edition of his novel "Slaughterhouse-Five":


title: Story of Your Life

text: In a 2010 interview Chiang said that "Story of Your Life" addresses the subject of free will. The philosophical debates about whether or not we have free will are all abstract, but knowing the future makes the question very real. Chiang added, "If you know what's going to happen, can you keep it from happening? Even when a story says that you can't, the emotional impact arises from the feeling that you should be able to."


title: Story of Your Life

text: Chiang spent five years researching and familiarizing himself in the field of linguistics before attempting to write "Story of Your Life."


title: Story of Your Life

text: In "The New York Review of Books" American author James Gleick said that "Story of Your Life" poses the questions: would knowing your future be a gift or a curse, and is free will simply an illusion? Gleick wrote "For us ordinary mortals, the day-to-day experience of a preordained future is almost unimaginable", but Chiang does just that in this story, he "imagine[s] it". In a review of Chiang's "Stories of Your Life and Others" in "The Guardian", English fantasy author China Miéville described "Story of Your Life" as "tender" with an "astonishingly moving culmination", which he said is "surprising" considering it is achieved using science.


title: Story of Your Life

text: Writing in "Kirkus Reviews" Ana Grilo called it a "thought-provoking, beautiful story". He said that in contrast to the familiar fare of lavish stories involving aliens, "Story of Your Life" is "a breath of fresh air" whose objective "is to not only to learn how to communicate but how to communicate "effectively"." In a review in "Entertainment Monthly" Samantha Schraub said that the story's two narratives, Louise recalling the unraveling of the heptapods' language, and telling her yet-to-be-born daughter what will happen to her, creates "an ambiguity and air of mystery, which make the reader question everything that unfolds". Schraub called it "an award-worthy science fiction novella that will resonate with readers, and leave them thinking how they would live—or even change—their present, if they knew their future."


title: Gay panic defense

text: The gay panic defense or homosexual advance defence is a legal strategy in which a defendant claims to have acted in a state of violent, temporary insanity, committing assault or murder, because of unwanted same-sex sexual advances, usually between men. A defendant may allege to have found the same-sex sexual advances so offensive or frightening that they were provoked into reacting, were acting in self-defense, were of diminished capacity, or were temporarily insane, and that this circumstance is exculpatory or mitigating.


title: Gay panic defense

text: The trans panic defense is a closely related legal strategy applied in cases of assault or murder of a transgender individual with whom the assailant(s) had engaged in or was close to engaging in sexual relations with and claim to have been unaware that the victim was transgender, producing in the attacker an alleged trans panic reaction, often a manifestation of transphobia. In most cases, the violence or murder is perpetrated by a heterosexual man to a trans woman.


title: Gay panic defense

text: The gay panic defense grew out of a combination of legal defenses from the mid-nineteenth century and a mental disorder described in the early twentieth. It seeks to apply the legal framework of the temporary insanity defense, using the mental condition of "homosexual panic disorder".


title: Gay panic defense

text: The legal framework of the temporary insanity defense goes back to 1859, and seeks a verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity.


title: Gay panic defense

text: Psychiatrist Edward J. Kempf (1886–1971) coined the term "Homosexual panic" in 1920 and identified it as a condition of "panic due to the pressure of uncontrollable perverse sexual cravings" and classified it as an acute pernicious dissociative disorder, meaning that it involved a disruption in typical perception and memory functions. Kempf identified the condition during and after World War I at St. Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, D.C.


title: Gay panic defense

text: The disorder was briefly included in DSM-1 as a supplementary term in Appendix C but did not appear in any subsequent editions of DSM and thus is not considered a diagnosable condition by the American Psychiatric Association.


title: Gay panic defense

text: Unlike the legal defense created later and named after it, the onset of the condition was not attributed to unwanted homosexual advances. Rather, Kempf stated that it was caused by the individual's own "aroused homosexual cravings".


title: Gay panic defense

text: Homosexual panic as a mental health disorder is distinct from the homosexual panic defense (HPD) (also known as "gay panic defense") within the legal system. Whereas homosexual panic disorder was at one point considered a diagnosable medical condition, the HPD implies only a temporary loss of self-control.


title: Gay panic defense

text: In Australia, it is known as the "homosexual advance defence" (HAD). Of the status of the HAD in Australia, Kent Blore wrote:


title: Gay panic defense

text: Victoria passed similar reforms in 2005, followed by Western Australia in 2008 and Queensland in 2017 (with a clause to allow it in 'exceptional circumstances' to be determined by a magistrate). In a differing approach, New South Wales, the ACT and Northern Territory have implemented changes to stipulate that non-violent sexual advances (of any kind, including homosexual) are not a valid defense.


title: Gay panic defense

text: South Australia was the first Australian jurisdiction to legalize consensual homosexual acts in 1975; however, it was the only Australian jurisdiction not to have repealed or overhauled the gay panic defense. In 2015, the South Australian state government was awaiting the report from the South Australian Law Reform Institute and the outcome of the appeal to the High Court from the Court of Criminal Appeal of South Australia. In 2011, Andrew Negre was killed by Michael Lindsay bashing and stabbing him. Lindsay's principal defense was that he stabbed Negre in the chest and abdomen but Negre's death was the result of someone else slitting Negre's throat. The secondary defense was that Lindsay's action in stabbing Negre was because he had lost self-control after Negre made sexual advances towards him and offered to pay Lindsay for sex. The jury convicted Lindsay of murder and he was sentenced to life imprisonment with a 23-year non-parole period. The Court of Criminal Appeal upheld the conviction, finding that the directions to the jury on the gay panic defense were flawed, but that every reasonable jury would have found that an ordinary person would not have lost self-control and acted in the way Lindsay did. The High Court held that a properly instructed jury might have found that an offer of money for sex made by a Caucasian man to an Aboriginal man in the latter's home and in the presence of his wife and family may have had a pungency that an unwelcome sexual advance made by one man toward another in other circumstances would not have. Lindsay was re-tried and was again convicted of murder. The Court of Criminal Appeal upheld the conviction, and an application for special leave to appeal to the High Court was dismissed. In April 2017, the South Australian Law Reform Institute recommended that the law of provocation be reformed to remove discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and/or gender, but that the removal of a non-violent sexual advance as a partial defence to murder be deferred until stage 2 of the report was produced.


title: Gay panic defense

text: In April 2019, the government of South Australia announced that the gay panic defense would be abolished. Following a "community consultation phase", a bill was introduced to the Parliament of South Australia and passed and implemented on December 1, 2020, resulting in the defence no longer being available in any Australian jurisdiction.


title: Gay panic defense

text: In 2003, a gay interior designer and former television host, David McNee, was killed by a part-time sex worker, Phillip Layton Edwards. Edwards said at his trial that he told McNee he was not gay, but would masturbate in front of him on a "no-touch" basis for money. The defense successfully argued that Edwards, who had 56 previous convictions and had been on parole for 11 days, was provoked into beating McNee after he violated their "no touching" agreement. Edwards was jailed for nine years for manslaughter.


title: Gay panic defense

text: In July 2009, Ferdinand Ambach, 32, a Hungarian tourist, was convicted of killing Ronald Brown, 69, by hitting him with a banjo and shoving the instrument's neck down Brown's throat. Ambach was initially charged with murder, but the charge was downgraded to manslaughter after Ambach's lawyer successfully invoked the gay panic defense.


title: Gay panic defense

text: On November 26, 2009, the New Zealand Parliament voted to abolish Section 169 of the Crimes Act 1961, removing the provocation defense from New Zealand law, although it was argued by some that this change was more a result of the failed provocation defense in the Sophie Elliott murder trial by her ex-boyfriend.


title: Gay panic defense

text: Lance Cpl. Joseph Scott Pemberton, a U.S. Marine from Massachusetts, was convicted of homicide (but not of murder) in the killing of Jennifer Laude in a motel room in Olongapo in the Philippines in 2014. Police said that Pemberton became enraged after discovering that Laude was transgender. After Pemberton served six years of a ten-year sentence, President Rodrigo Duterte gave him an absolute pardon. Sen. Imee Marcos said the pardon would help the Philippines maintain "very deep and very cordial" relations with the US.


title: Gay panic defense

text: Guidance given to counsel by the Crown Prosecution Service of England and Wales states: "The fact that the victim made a sexual advance on the defendant does not, of itself, automatically provide the defendant with a defence of self-defence for the actions that they then take." In the UK, it has been known for decades as the "Portsmouth defence" or the "guardsman's defence". The latter term was used in a 1980 episode of "Rumpole of the Bailey".


title: Gay panic defense

text: In 2018, Senator Edward Markey (D-MA) and Representative Joseph Kennedy III (D-MA) introduced S.3188 and H.R.6358, respectively, which would ban the gay and trans panic defense at the national level. Both bills died in committee.


title: Gay panic defense

text: In June 2019, the bill was reintroduced in both houses of Congress as the Gay and Trans Panic Defense Prohibition Act of 2019 (S.1721 and H.R.3133). The bills would prohibit a federal criminal defendant from asserting, as a defense, that the nonviolent sexual advance of an individual or a perception or belief of the gender, gender identity, or expression, or sexual orientation of an individual excuses or justifies conduct or mitigates the severity of an offense. Similarly to S.3188, after being sent to committee, the bill died at the end of 2020, and was re-introduced (as S.1137) in April 2021.


title: Gay panic defense

text: In 2006, the California State Legislature amended the Penal Code to include jury instructions to ignore bias, sympathy, prejudice, or public opinion in making their decision, and a directive was made to educate district attorneys' offices about panic strategies and how to prevent bias from affecting trial outcomes. The American Bar Association (ABA) unanimously passed a resolution in 2013 urging governments to follow California's lead in prescribing explicit juror instructions to ignore bias and to educate prosecutors about panic defenses.


title: Gay panic defense

text: Following the ABA's resolution in 2013, the LGBT Bar is continuing to work with concerned lawmakers at the state level to help ban the use of this tactic in courtrooms across the country.


title: Gay panic defense

text: On September 27, 2014, Governor Jerry Brown signed Assembly Bill No. 2501, making California the first state in the US to ban the gay and trans panic defense. AB 2501 states that discovery of, knowledge about, or potential disclosure of the victim's actual or perceived gender, gender identity, gender expression, or sexual orientation does not, by itself, constitute sufficient provocation to justify a lesser charge of voluntary manslaughter.


title: Gay panic defense

text: In August 2017, Bruce Rauner, Governor of Illinois, signed SB1761, banning the gay and trans panic defenses in that state.


title: Gay panic defense

text: In June 2018, H7066aa and S3014, bills to prohibit the gay and trans panic defense passed the Rhode Island Assembly with overwhelming margins: The House voted 68–2 and the Senate voice voted 27–0. The Governor of Rhode Island signed the bill into law a month later in July 2018. The law went into effect immediately.


title: Gay panic defense

text: In 2019, the New York State Legislature once again considered banning the gay panic defense. For the 2019–2020 session, the bills considered were S3293 and A2707; prior versions of the bill have died in committee (S7048, 2013–14 session; A5467/S499, 2015–16 session; A5001/S50, 2017–18 session). On June 30, 2019, the day of the NYC Pride March, Governor Andrew Cuomo signed the ban into law, effective immediately.


title: Gay panic defense

text: In April 2019, both houses of the Hawaii State Legislature passed bills to prohibit the gay and trans panic defense (HB711 and SB2). A conference committee was set up to reconcile the two versions of the bill; the reconciled bill passed both houses on April 26, 2019, and was signed into law two months later, on June 26, 2019, by the Governor David Ige. It went into effect immediately.


title: Gay panic defense

text: In May 2019, the Nevada Legislature passed SB97 to prohibit the gay and trans panic defense used within Nevada state courts and tribunals. On May 14, 2019, Governor Steve Sisolak signed SB97 into law. The law went into effect on October 1, 2019.


title: Gay panic defense

text: In June 2019, the Connecticut General Assembly passed SB-0058 unanimously to prohibit the trans and gay panic defense. The bill was signed into law by Governor Ned Lamont. The law went into effect on October 1, 2019, as per the rules governed under the Constitution of Connecticut.


title: Gay panic defense

text: Also in June 2019, the Maine Legislature passed a bill (House vote 132–1 and Senate vote 35–0), which was signed by Governor Janet Mills on June 21, 2019, to ban the "gay and trans panic defense" effective immediately.


title: Gay panic defense

text: New Jersey passed a bill without a single vote in opposition to ban the gay and trans panic defense; it was signed into law in January 2020.


title: Gay panic defense

text: In February 2020, the Washington State Legislature passed a bill (House vote 90–5 with 3 excused and Senate vote 46–3) to abolish the gay panic defense. The bill was signed into law in March 2020, by the Governor of Washington State Jay Inslee. Washington state became the tenth US state to ban the gay panic defense when the law went into effect in June 2020.


title: Gay panic defense

text: In July 2020, Colorado became the 11th US state to abolish the gay panic defense. The final vote was 63–1–1 in the House and 35–0 in the Senate.


title: Gay panic defense

text: In December 2020, the Council of the District of Columbia unanimously voted on a bill to ban the use of the "gay and trans panic defense". Mayor Muriel Bowser said she would sign the measure. The bill will then go to Capitol Hill for a 30 legislative day review by Congress, required by the District of Columbia Home Rule Act.


title: Gay panic defense

text: The gay panic defense is invoked as an affirmative defense, but only to strengthen a more "traditional criminal law defense such as insanity, diminished capacity, provocation, or self-defense" and is not meant to provide justification of the crime on its own. While using the gay panic defense to explain insanity has typically not been successful in winning a complete acquittal, diminished capacity, provocation, and self-defense have all been used successfully to reduce charges and sentences.


title: Gay panic defense

text: Historically, in US courts, use of the gay panic defense has not typically resulted in the acquittal of the defendant; instead, the defendant was usually found guilty, but on lesser charges, or judges and juries may have cited homosexual solicitation as a mitigating factor, resulting in reduced culpability and sentences.


title: Gay panic defense

text: A case in which this occurred was the "Jenny Jones" case, in which Jonathan Schmitz was tried for the first-degree murder of Scott Amedure and was instead found guilty of the lesser offense of second-degree murder.


title: Today (American TV program)

text: Today (also called The Today Show or informally, NBC News Today) is an American news and talk morning television show that airs weekdays from 7:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on NBC. The program debuted on January 14, 1952. It was the first of its genre on American television and in the world, and after 70 years of broadcasting it is fifth on the list of longest-running United States television series.


title: Today (American TV program)

text: Originally a weekday two-hour program from 7:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m., it expanded to Sundays in 1987 and Saturdays in 1992. The weekday broadcast expanded to three hours in 2000, and to four hours in 2007 (though over time, the third and fourth hours became distinct entities). "Today"s dominance was virtually unchallenged by the other networks until the late 1980s, when it was overtaken by ABC's "Good Morning America".