title: Lucas Grabeel

text: In 2011, Grabeel released his debut extended play, "Sunshine". He went on to play Toby Kennish in the ABC Freeform drama series "Switched at Birth" (2011–2017). He also provided the voice of Deputy Peck in the Disney Junior television series "Sheriff Callie's Wild West" (2014–2017) and the title character in the Netflix series "Pinky Malinky" (2019).


title: Lucas Grabeel

text: Grabeel was born in Springfield, Missouri on November 23, 1984, the son of Jean () and Stephen Grabeel. Before transferring to and graduating from Kickapoo High School in Springfield in 2003, he attended Logan-Rogersville Elementary, Middle and High School. He also played drums for a local church and initiated a men's a cappella singing group at Kickapoo called No Treble. At school, he found passions in the guitar and the accordion while also enjoying dance. While in Rogersville, Missouri, he regularly attended Harmony Baptist Church, where he was a part of the children's and youth groups.


title: Lucas Grabeel

text: In 2004, he starred in his first film role as Ethan Dolloway in the third installment of the Halloweentown series "Halloweentown High". He reprised this role in the series' fourth installment "Return to Halloweentown". Grabeel has made television guest appearances in TV series such as "Boston Legal", "'Til Death", and "Veronica Mars". On "Smallville", he portrayed a young Lex Luthor. In 2006, he was cast in the role of Ryan Evans, the fraternal twin brother of Sharpay Evans (played by Ashley Tisdale), in the Disney movie "High School Musical". He reprised his role in the television sequels "High School Musical 2" and "". In 2007, he joined co-stars Vanessa Hudgens, Ashley Tisdale, Corbin Bleu and Monique Coleman on the 51-date "". In early 2009, "Billboard" believed that Grabeel and Tisdale's track "I Want It All" should be nominated for an Oscar in the Best Original Song category however, the song did not make the final shortlist. During his time in High School Musical, Grabeel (along with his co-stars) had a total of six tracks chart in the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Lucas Grabeel

text: He was the first artist to debut in the Billboard Hot 100 with two simultaneous new entries in one week. While with Disney Channel, Grabeel also participated in the first ever Disney Channel Games and co-captained the green team along with Ashley Tisdale, Mitchel Musso, Miley Cyrus, Emily Osment and Kyle Massey. A year later, he returned to repeat his captaincy of the green team with Dylan Sprouse, Miley Cyrus, Monique Coleman and Brandon Baker. Other film projects Grabeel was involved with include the animated film, "At Jesus' Side", where he voiced a dog named Jericho. He also filmed the independent film, "Alice Upside Down", as the character of Lester McKinley, based on the "Alice book series" by Phyllis Reynolds Naylor. Aside his involvement in the "High School Musical" soundtracks, Grabeel has recorded a song called "You Know I Will" for the soundtrack of "The Fox and the Hound 2" and also recorded his own version of the Michael Bolton track "Go the Distance", from Disney's "Hercules", for DisneyMania 5.


title: Lucas Grabeel

text: In 2007, Grabeel co-wrote and recorded a song called "You Got It" which was released in the iTunes Store on August 19, 2007 while its accompanying music video was released on his official website. Grabeel also recorded another original song called "Trash Talkin'" which was released November 15, 2008 on YouTube. In 2008, he also appeared in the movie "Milk", a biopic about the slain gay rights activist Harvey Milk. Grabeel played a friend and supporter of Milk, photographer Danny Nicoletta. He also appeared in the 2008 Walt Disney Pictures film "College Road Trip" as Scooter, which features other Disney stars Raven-Symoné, Brenda Song and Margo Harshman. He also stars in the independent movie "Lock and Roll Forever" alongside Oreskaband. Grabeel also guest starred in an episode of "The Cleveland Show".


title: Lucas Grabeel

text: Early in 2009, Grabeel was voted "Most Likely to Do Big Things in 2009" by MTV and had an exclusive interview with them. He mentions the release of another music video for his track "Get Your Ass On". He also mentioned his latest movie project, "The Legend of the Dancing Ninja", where he played the lead Tokyo Jones alongside David Hasselhoff. In May 2009 he portrayed the role on stage of Matt in the Harvey Schmidt and Tom Jones musical, "The Fantasticks" with Eric McCormack and Harry Groener at UCLA's Freud Playhouse. Grabeel also sings in the iTunes show "I Kissed a Vampire", in which, he stars. In early 2009, he appeared at the Southland Theatre Artists Goodwill Event (S.T.A.G.E.), an AIDS charity event, in Beverly Hills performing George and Ira Gershwin's "I Can't Be Bothered Now". He also recorded and released a new track titled '135n8' in early 2014 with the music video being uploaded to his YouTube account.


title: Lucas Grabeel

text: In 2011 he appeared in the 10th season of "Smallville" as Alexander Luthor / Connor Kent, a hybrid clone with Lex Luthor and Clark Kent's DNA. In 2007, he filmed the movie, "The Adventures of Food Boy" with Brittany Curran, as the lead, Ezra Chase. Since the summer of 2011, Grabeel has been starring in the ABC Family drama "Switched at Birth", in which he plays the brother of one of the two girls that were mistakenly switched at birth in the hospital. In March 2012, "I Kissed A Vampire" was released in the US, where Lucas stars alongside Drew Seeley and Adrian Slade. In January 2014 he provided his first-ever voice over role for an animated series, Deputy Peck on "Sheriff Callie's Wild West". He has also played the character of Gustav in "Dragons: Defenders of Berk". In 2019, Grabeel appeared in "" as himself.


title: Lucas Grabeel

text: In 2007, Grabeel founded a production company called "14341 Productions". His role within involves overseeing many projects from writing to directing and executive producing. The company has produced projects such as the short films "The Real Son", "Smoke Break"; the music videos for "Get Your Ass On" and "You Got It". They produced a television pilot called "Regarding Beauregard" which was Grabeel's directorial debut. They also created a 17-minute short film, "Chuckle Boy", as well as a short film called "The Dragon" in 2009. Their work debuted at the 2009 Sundance Film Festival.


title: Exclusive or

text: Exclusive or or exclusive disjunction is a logical operation that is true if and only if its arguments differ (one is true, the other is false).


title: Exclusive or

text: It is symbolized by the prefix operator J and by the infix operators XOR ( or ), EOR, EXOR, ⊻, ⩒, ⩛, ⊕, formula_1, and ≢. The negation of XOR is the logical biconditional, which yields true if and only if the two inputs are the same.


title: Exclusive or

text: It gains the name "exclusive or" because the meaning of "or" is ambiguous when both operands are true; the exclusive or operator "excludes" that case. This is sometimes thought of as "one or the other but not both". This could be written as "A or B, but not, A and B".


title: Exclusive or

text: Since it is associative, it may be considered to be an "n"-ary operator which is true if and only if an odd number of arguments are true. That is, "a" XOR "b" XOR ... may be treated as XOR("a","b"...).


title: Exclusive or

text: Exclusive disjunction essentially means 'either one, but not both nor none'. In other words, the statement is true if and only if one is true and the other is false. For example, if two horses are racing, then one of the two will win the race, but not both of them. The exclusive disjunction formula_2, also denoted by formula_3 ? formula_4 or formula_5, can be expressed in terms of the logical conjunction ("logical and", formula_6), the disjunction ("logical or", formula_7), and the negation (formula_8) as follows:


title: Exclusive or

text: This representation of XOR may be found useful when constructing a circuit or network, because it has only one formula_8 operation and small number of formula_6 and formula_7 operations. A proof of this identity is given below:


title: Exclusive or

text: This equivalence can be established by applying De Morgan's laws twice to the fourth line of the above proof.


title: Exclusive or

text: The exclusive or is also equivalent to the negation of a logical biconditional, by the rules of material implication (a material conditional is equivalent to the disjunction of the negation of its antecedent and its consequence) and material equivalence.


title: Exclusive or

text: Although the operators formula_6 (conjunction) and formula_7 (disjunction) are very useful in logic systems, they fail a more generalizable structure in the following way:


title: Exclusive or

text: The systems formula_23 and formula_24 are monoids, but neither is a group. This unfortunately prevents the combination of these two systems into larger structures, such as a mathematical ring.


title: Exclusive or

text: However, the system using exclusive or formula_25 "is" an abelian group. The combination of operators formula_6 and formula_27 over elements formula_28 produce the well-known field formula_29. This field can represent any logic obtainable with the system formula_30 and has the added benefit of the arsenal of algebraic analysis tools for fields.


title: Exclusive or

text: More specifically, if one associates formula_31 with 0 and formula_32 with 1, one can interpret the logical "AND" operation as multiplication on formula_29 and the "XOR" operation as addition on formula_29:


title: Exclusive or

text: Disjunction is often understood exclusively in natural languages. In English, the disjunctive word "or" is often understood exclusively, particularly when used with the particle "either". The English example below would normally be understood in conversation as implying that Mary is not both a singer and a poet.


title: Exclusive or

text: However, disjunction can also be understood inclusively, even in combination with "either". For instance, the first example below shows that "either" can be felicitously used in combination with an outright statement that both disjuncts are true. The second example shows that the exclusive inference vanishes away under downward entailing contexts. If disjunction were understood as exclusive in this example, it would leave open the possibility that some people ate both rice and beans.


title: Exclusive or

text: Examples such as the above have motivated analyses of the exclusivity inference as pragmatic conversational implicatures calculated on the basis of an inclusive semantics. Implicatures are typically cancellable and do not arise in downward entailing contexts if their calculation depends on the Maxim of Quantity. However, some researchers have treated exclusivity as a bona fide semantic entailment and proposed nonclassical logics which would validate it.


title: Exclusive or

text: This behavior of English "or" is also found in other languages. However, many languages have disjunctive constructions which are robustly exclusive such as French "soit... soit".


title: Exclusive or

text: The symbol used for exclusive disjunction varies from one field of application to the next, and even depends on the properties being emphasized in a given context of discussion. In addition to the abbreviation "XOR", any of the following symbols may also be seen:


title: Exclusive or

text: If using binary values for true (1) and false (0), then "exclusive or" works exactly like addition modulo 2.


title: Exclusive or

text: As noted above, since exclusive disjunction is identical to addition modulo 2, the bitwise exclusive disjunction of two "n"-bit strings is identical to the standard vector of addition in the vector space formula_40.


title: Exclusive or

text: In logical circuits, a simple adder can be made with an XOR gate to add the numbers, and a series of AND, OR and NOT gates to create the carry output.


title: Exclusive or

text: On some computer architectures, it is more efficient to store a zero in a register by XOR-ing the register with itself (bits XOR-ed with themselves are always zero) instead of loading and storing the value zero.


title: Exclusive or

text: In simple threshold-activated neural networks, modeling the XOR function requires a second layer because XOR is not a linearly separable function.


title: Exclusive or

text: Exclusive-or is sometimes used as a simple mixing function in cryptography, for example, with one-time pad or Feistel network systems.


title: Exclusive or

text: Exclusive-or is also heavily used in block ciphers such as AES (Rijndael) or Serpent and in block cipher implementation (CBC, CFB, OFB or CTR).


title: Exclusive or

text: Similarly, XOR can be used in generating entropy pools for hardware random number generators. The XOR operation preserves randomness, meaning that a random bit XORed with a non-random bit will result in a random bit. Multiple sources of potentially random data can be combined using XOR, and the unpredictability of the output is guaranteed to be at least as good as the best individual source.


title: Exclusive or

text: XOR is used in RAID 3–6 for creating parity information. For example, RAID can "back up" bytes and from two (or more) hard drives by XORing the just mentioned bytes, resulting in () and writing it to another drive. Under this method, if any one of the three hard drives are lost, the lost byte can be re-created by XORing bytes from the remaining drives. For instance, if the drive containing is lost, and can be XORed to recover the lost byte.


title: Exclusive or

text: XOR is also used to detect an overflow in the result of a signed binary arithmetic operation. If the leftmost retained bit of the result is not the same as the infinite number of digits to the left, then that means overflow occurred. XORing those two bits will give a "1" if there is an overflow.


title: Exclusive or

text: XOR can be used to swap two numeric variables in computers, using the XOR swap algorithm; however this is regarded as more of a curiosity and not encouraged in practice.


title: Exclusive or

text: XOR linked lists leverage XOR properties in order to save space to represent doubly linked list data structures.


title: Exclusive or

text: In computer graphics, XOR-based drawing methods are often used to manage such items as bounding boxes and cursors on systems without alpha channels or overlay planes.


title: Exclusive or

text: It is also called "not left-right arrow" (codice_1) in LaTeX-based markdown (formula_1). Apart from the ASCII codes, the operator is encoded at and , both in block mathematical operators.


title: VTOL

text: A vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft is one that can take off and land vertically without relying on a runway. This classification can include a variety of types of aircraft including helicopters as well as thrust-vectoring fixed-wing aircraft and other hybrid aircraft with powered rotors such as cyclogyros/cyclocopters and gyrodynes.


title: VTOL

text: Some VTOL aircraft can operate in other modes as well, such as CTOL (conventional take-off & landing), STOL (short take-off & landing), or STOVL (short take-off & vertical landing). Others, such as some helicopters, can only operate as VTOL, due to the aircraft lacking landing gear that can handle taxiing. VTOL is a subset of V/STOL (vertical or short take-off & landing).


title: VTOL

text: Some lighter-than-air aircraft also qualify as VTOL aircraft, as they can hover, takeoff and land with vertical approach/departure profiles.


title: VTOL

text: Electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft, or eVTOLs, are being developed along with more autonomous flight control technologies and mobility-as-a-service (MaaS) to enable advanced air mobility (AAM), that could include on-demand air taxi services, regional air mobility, freight delivery, and personal air vehicles (PAVs).


title: VTOL

text: Besides the ubiquitous helicopters, there are currently two types of VTOL aircraft in military service: tiltrotor aircraft, such as the Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey, and thrust-vectoring airplanes, such as the Harrier family and new F-35B Lightning II Joint Strike Fighter (JSF). In the civilian sector currently only helicopters are in general use (some other types of commercial VTOL aircraft have been proposed and are under development ). Generally speaking, VTOL aircraft capable of STOVL use it wherever possible, since it typically significantly increases takeoff weight, range or payload compared to pure VTOL.


title: VTOL

text: The idea of vertical flight has been around for thousands of years, and sketches for a VTOL (helicopter) show up in Leonardo da Vinci's sketch book. Manned VTOL aircraft, in the form of primitive helicopters, first flew in 1907 but would take until after World War Two to perfect.


title: VTOL

text: In addition to helicopter development, many approaches have been tried to develop practical aircraft with vertical take-off and landing capabilities including Henry Berliner's 1922–1925 experimental horizontal rotor fixed wing aircraft, and Nikola Tesla's 1928 patent and George Lehberger's 1930 patent for relatively impractical VTOL fixed wing airplanes with a tilting engines. In the late 1930s British aircraft designer Leslie Everett Baynes was issued a patent for the Baynes Heliplane, another tilt rotor aircraft. In 1941 German designer Heinrich Focke's began work on the Focke-Achgelis Fa 269, which had two rotors that tilted downward for vertical takeoff, but wartime bombing halted development.


title: VTOL

text: In May 1951, both Lockheed and Convair were awarded contracts in the attempt to design, construct, and test two experimental VTOL fighters. Lockheed produced the XFV, and Convair producing the Convair XFY Pogo. Both experimental programs proceeded to flight status and completed test flights 1954–1955, when the contracts were cancelled. Similarly, the Ryan X-13 Vertijet flew a series of test flights between 1955 and 1957, but also suffered the same fate.


title: VTOL

text: The use of vertical fans driven by engines was investigated in the 1950s. The US built an aircraft where the jet exhaust drove the fans, while British projects not built included fans driven by mechanical drives from the jet engines.


title: VTOL

text: NASA has flown other VTOL craft such as the Bell XV-15 research craft (1977), as have the Soviet Navy and "Luftwaffe". Sikorsky tested an aircraft dubbed the X-Wing, which took off in the manner of a helicopter. The rotors would become stationary in mid-flight, and function as wings, providing lift in addition to the static wings. Boeing X-50 is a Canard Rotor/Wing prototype that utilizes a similar concept.


title: VTOL

text: A different British VTOL project was the gyrodyne, where a rotor is powered during take-off and landing but which then freewheels during flight, with separate propulsion engines providing forward thrust. Starting with the Fairey Gyrodyne, this type of aircraft later evolved into the much larger twin-engined Fairey Rotodyne, that used tipjets to power the rotor on take-off and landing but which then used two Napier Eland turboprops driving conventional propellers mounted on substantial wings to provide propulsion, the wings serving to unload the rotor during horizontal flight. The Rotodyne was developed to combine the efficiency of a fixed-wing aircraft at cruise with the VTOL capability of a helicopter to provide short haul airliner service from city centres to airports.


title: VTOL

text: The CL-84 Dynavert was a Canadian V/STOL turbine tilt-wing monoplane designed and manufactured by Canadair between 1964 and 1972. The Canadian government ordered three updated CL-84s for military evaluation in 1968, designated the CL-84-1. From 1972 to 1974, this version was demonstrated and evaluated in the United States aboard the aircraft carriers USS "Guam" and USS "Guadalcanal", and at various other centres. These trials involved military pilots from the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada. During testing, two of the CL-84s crashed due to mechanical failures, but no loss of life occurred as a result of these accidents. No production contracts resulted.


title: VTOL

text: Although tiltrotors such as the Focke-Achgelis Fa 269 of the mid-1940s and the Centro Técnico Aeroespacial "Convertiplano" of the 1950s reached testing or mock-up stages, the Bell-Boeing V-22 Osprey is considered the world's first production tiltrotor aircraft. It has one three-bladed proprotor, turboprop engine, and transmission nacelle mounted on each wingtip. The Osprey is a multi-mission aircraft with both a vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) and short takeoff and landing capability (STOL). It is designed to perform missions like a conventional helicopter with the long-range, high-speed cruise performance of a turboprop aircraft. The FAA classifies the Osprey as a model of powered lift aircraft.


title: VTOL

text: Attempts were made in the 1960s to develop a commercial passenger aircraft with VTOL capability. The Hawker Siddeley Inter-City Vertical-Lift proposal had two rows of lifting fans on either side. However, none of these aircraft made it to production after they were dismissed as too heavy and expensive to operate.


title: VTOL

text: In 2018 Opener Aero demonstrated an electrically powered fixed-wing VTOL aircraft, the Blackfly, which the manufacturer claims is the world's first ultralight fixed-wing, all-electric, vertical take-off and landing aircraft.


title: VTOL

text: In the 21st century, unmanned drones are becoming increasingly commonplace. Many of these have VTOL capability, especially the quadcopter type.


title: VTOL

text: In 1947, Ryan X-13 Vertijet, a tailsitter design, was ordered by the US Navy, who then further issued a proposal in 1948 for an aircraft capable of vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aboard platforms mounted on the afterdecks of conventional ships. Both Convair and Lockheed competed for the contract but in 1950, the requirement was revised, with a call for a research aircraft capable of eventually evolving into a VTOL ship-based convoy escort fighter.


title: VTOL

text: Another more influential early functional contribution to VTOL was Rolls-Royce's Thrust Measuring Rig ("flying bedstead") of 1953. This led to the first VTOL engines as used in the first British VTOL aircraft, the Short SC.1 (1957), Short Brothers and Harland, Belfast which used four vertical lift engines with a horizontal one for forward thrust.


title: VTOL

text: The Short SC.1 was the first British fixed-wing VTOL aircraft. The SC.1 was designed to study the problems with VTOL flight and the transition to and from forward flight. The SC.1 was designed to meet a Ministry of Supply (MoS) request for tender (ER.143T) for a vertical take-off research aircraft issued in September 1953. The design was accepted by the ministry and a contract was placed for two aircraft (XG900 and XG905) to meet Specification ER.143D dated 15 October 1954. The SC.1 was also equipped with the first "fly-by-wire" control system for a VTOL aircraft. This permitted three modes of control of the aerodynamic surfaces or the nozzle controls.


title: VTOL

text: The Republic Aviation AP-100 was a prototype VTOL 6x General Electric J85 Turbojet engined nuclear capable strike fighter concept designed by Alexander Kartveli that had 3x ducted fans in the centre of its fuselage and tail as a possible contender for the TFX Program. Another design was the A400 AVS that used variable geometry wings but was found too complicated, however it led to the development of the AFVG which in turn helped the development of the Panavia Tornado.


title: VTOL

text: The Yakovlev Yak-38 was a Soviet Navy VTOL aircraft intended for use aboard their light carriers, cargoships, and capital ships. It was developed from the Yakovlev Yak-36 experimental aircraft in the 1970s. Before the Soviet Union broke up, a supersonic VTOL aircraft was developed as the Yak-38's successor, the Yak-141, which never went into production.


title: VTOL

text: In the 1960s and early 1970s, Germany planned three different VTOL aircraft. One used the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter as a basis for research for a V/STOL aircraft. Although two models (X1 and X2) were built, the project was canceled due to high costs and political problems as well as changed needs in the German Air Force and NATO. The EWR VJ 101C did perform free VTOL take-offs and landings, as well as test flights beyond mach 1 in the mid- and late 60s. One of the test-aircraft is preserved in the Deutsches Museum in Munich, Germany, another outside Friedrichshafen Airport. The others were the VFW-Fokker VAK 191B light fighter and reconnaissance aircraft, and the Dornier Do 31E-3 (troop) transport.


title: VTOL

text: The LLRV was a spacecraft simulator for the Apollo lunar lander. It was designed to mimic the flight characteristics of the lunar module (LEM), which had to rely on a reaction engine to land on the Moon.


title: VTOL

text: The idea of using the same engine for vertical and horizontal flight by altering the path of the thrust was conceived by Michel Wibault. It led to the Bristol Siddeley Pegasus engine which used four rotating nozzles to direct thrust over a range of angles. This was developed side by side with an airframe, the Hawker P.1127, which became subsequently the Kestrel and then entered production as the Hawker Siddeley Harrier, though the supersonic Hawker Siddeley P.1154 was canceled in 1965. The French in competition with the P.1154 had developed a version of the Dassault Mirage III capable of attaining Mach 1. The Dassault Mirage IIIV achieved transition from vertical to horizontal flight in March 1966, reaching Mach 1.3 in level flight a short time later.


title: VTOL

text: The Harrier is usually flown in STOVL mode, which enables it to carry a higher fuel or weapon load over a given distance. In V/STOL the VTOL aircraft moves horizontally along the runway before taking off using vertical thrust. This gives aerodynamic lift as well as thrust lift and permits taking off with heavier loads and is more efficient. When landing the aircraft is much lighter due to the loss of propellant weight and a controlled vertical landing is possible. An important aspect of Harrier STOL operations aboard naval carriers is the "ski jump" raised forward deck, which gives the craft additional vertical momentum at takeoff.


title: VTOL

text: The March 1981 cover of Popular Science showed three illustrations for its "Tilt-engine V/STOL - speeds like a plane, lands like a copter" front-page feature story.; a followup story was part of the April 2006 issue that mentioned "the fuel-consumption and stability problems that plagued earlier plane/copter."


title: VTOL

text: Retired from the British Royal Navy in 2006, the Indian Navy continued to operate Sea Harriers until 2016, mainly from its aircraft carrier . The latest version of the Harrier, the BAE Harrier II, was retired in December 2010 after being operated by the British Royal Air Force and Royal Navy. The United States Marine Corps and the Italian and Spanish navies all continue to use the AV-8B Harrier II, an American-designed equivalent version. Replacing the Harrier II/AV-8B in the air arms of the US and UK is the STOVL variant of the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II, the F-35B.


title: VTOL

text: SpaceX developed several prototypes of Falcon 9 to validate various low-altitude, low-velocity engineering aspects of its reusable launch system development program. The first prototype, Grasshopper, made eight successful test flights in 2012–2013. It made its eighth, and final, test flight on October 7, 2013, flying to an altitude of before making its eighth successful VTVL landing. This was the last scheduled test for the Grasshopper rig; next up will be low altitude tests of the Falcon 9 Reusable (F9R) development vehicle in Texas followed by high altitude testing in New Mexico."


title: VTOL

text: On November 23, 2015, Blue Origin's New Shepard booster rocket made the first successful vertical landing following an uncrewed suborbital test flight that reached space. On December 21, 2015, SpaceX Falcon 9 first stage made a successful landing after boosting 11 commercial satellites to low Earth orbit on Falcon 9 Flight 20. These demonstrations opened the way for substantial reductions in space flight costs.


title: VTOL

text: The helicopter's form of VTOL allows it to take off and land vertically, to hover, and to fly forwards, backwards, and laterally. These attributes allow helicopters to be used in congested or isolated areas where fixed-wing aircraft would usually not be able to take off or land. The capability to efficiently hover for extended periods of time is due to the helicopter's relatively long, and hence efficient rotor blades, and allows a helicopter to accomplish tasks that fixed-wing aircraft and other forms of vertical takeoff and landing aircraft could not perform at least as well until 2011.


title: VTOL

text: On the other hand, the long rotor blades restrict the maximum speed to about 250 miles per hour (400 km/h) of at least conventional helicopters, as retreating blade stall causes lateral instability.


title: VTOL

text: Autogyros are also known as gyroplanes or gyrocopters. The rotor is unpowered and rotates freely in the airflow as the craft travels forward, so the craft needs a conventional powerplant to provide thrust. An autogyro is not intrinsically capable of VTOL: for VTO the rotor must be spun up to speed by an auxiliary drive, and vertical landing requires precise control of rotor momentum and pitch.


title: VTOL

text: Gyrodynes are also known as compound helicopters or compound gyroplanes. A gyrodyne has the powered rotor of a helicopter with a separate forward thrust system of an autogyro. Apart from take-off and landing the rotor may be unpowered and autorotate. Designs may also include stub wings for added lift.


title: VTOL

text: A cyclogyro or cyclocopter has a rotary wing whose axis and surfaces remain sideways across the airflow, as with a conventional wing.


title: VTOL

text: A convertiplane takes off under rotor lift like a helicopter, then transitions to fixed-wing lift in forward flight.


title: VTOL

text: A tiltrotor or proprotor tilts its propellers or rotors vertically for VTOL and then tilts them forwards for horizontal wing-borne flight, while the main wing remains fixed in place.


title: VTOL

text: A tiltwing has its propellers or rotors fixed to a conventional wing and tilts the whole assembly to transition between vertical and horizontal flight.


title: VTOL

text: A tail-sitter sits vertically on its tail for takeoff and landing, then tilts the whole aircraft forward for horizontal flight.


title: VTOL

text: Thrust vectoring is a technique used for jet and rocket engines, where the direction of the engine exhaust is varied. In VTOL, the exhaust can be varied between vertical and horizontal thrust.


title: VTOL

text: A lift jet is an auxiliary jet engine used to provide lift for VTOL operation, but may be shut down for normal wing-borne flight.


title: VTOL

text: Lift fan is an aircraft configuration in which lifting fans are located in large holes in an otherwise conventional fixed wing or fuselage. It is used for V/STOL operation.


title: VTOL

text: The aircraft takes off using the fans to provide lift, then transitions to fixed-wing lift in forward flight. Several experimental craft have been flown, but only the F-35 Lightning II entered into production.


title: VTOL

text: Aircraft in which VTOL is achieved by exploiting the Coandă effect are capable of redirecting air much like thrust vectoring, but rather than routing airflow through a duct, the airflow is simply routed along an existing surface, which is usually the body of the craft allowing less material and weight.


title: VTOL

text: The Avro Canada VZ-9 Avrocar, or simply the VZ-9, was a Canadian VTOL aircraft developed by Avro Aircraft Ltd. which utilizes this phenomenon by blowing air into a central area, then it is directed down over the top surface, which is parabolic and resembles a bowed flying saucer. Due to the Coandă effect, the airflow is attracted to the nearest surface and continues to move along that surface despite the change in the surface's direction away from the airflow. The craft is designed to direct the airflow downward to provide lift.


title: VTOL

text: Jetoptera announced a proposed line of aircraft based on what it called fluidic propulsion that employs the Coandă effect. The company claims an Oswald efficiency number of 1.45 for its boxwing design. Other claims include increased efficiency, quieter operation and scalability.


title: Adam Page

text: Stephen Blake Woltz (born July 27, 1991), better known by his ring name "Hangman" Adam Page, is an American professional wrestler currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW), where he is a former AEW World Champion and AEW World Tag Team Champion.


title: Adam Page

text: Woltz began his career in 2008, working on the independent circuit as Adam Page. In 2011, he began to appear in Ring of Honor (ROH), where he stayed for seven years. In 2016, Page joined the villainous stable Bullet Club, having a big push in the promotion. After he joined, he changed his gimmick to "Hangman" Adam Page, a cowboy-inspired character. Along with Bullet Club members The Young Bucks, Page won the ROH World Six-Man Tag Team Championship. Page also worked with the Japanese promotion New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), since ROH had an agreement with NJPW. In 2018, Bullet Club members Cody Rhodes and The Young Bucks left ROH and started their own promotion, All Elite Wrestling. Page also left ROH and signed with AEW. Page participated in a tournament to crown the first AEW World Champion, but was defeated in the finals against Chris Jericho. Months later, he won the AEW World Tag Team Championship with Kenny Omega; in 2021, he defeated Omega to win the AEW World Championship.


title: Adam Page

text: Stephen Woltz was born in the small community of Aaron's Creek in Halifax County, Virginia. He graduated from Halifax County High School in 2009.


title: Adam Page

text: Woltz made his professional wrestling debut in 2008 under the ring name Adam Page. His first professional wrestling championship came when he teamed with Jason Blade to win the CWF Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship in January 2011. After losing the championship in August, Page won the CWF Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship the following year, before losing it to Kamakazi Kid in May 2012. Throughout the following years, Page would win several championships for regional promotions around the United States. In September 2018, Page defeated Joey Janela in a Chicago Street Fight at independent wrestling pay-per-view event All In.


title: Adam Page

text: Page made his ROH debut on January 14, 2011, at "ROH Champions vs. All Stars" in the dark match. In 2013, Page participated in the ROH Top Prospect Tournament, but was defeated on January 5 by Silas Young. Page made his pay-per-view debut at ROH's 11th Anniversary Show, where he participated in a Six Man Mayhem Match won by ACH. At "Manhattan Mayhem", Page was defeated by Young in a singles match. At Death Before Dishonor XI, Page defeated RD Evans. At Glory by Honor XII, Page was defeated by Jimmy Jacobs. At "Golden Dream", Page had his first title match, but he was defeated by the ROH World Television Champion Matt Taven. At Final Battle 2013, Page was defeated by Matt Hardy.


title: Adam Page

text: In 2014, Page feuded with The Decade, a stable formed by ROH veterans. At ROH's 12th Anniversary Show, The Decade (B. J. Whitmer, Jimmy Jacobs, and Roderick Strong) defeated Page, Cedric Alexander, and Mark Briscoe. On March 7, Page joined The Decade, as the first of the group's recruits, or "young boys". At "Supercard of Honor VIII", Page, Jacobs, and Whitmer defeated Andrew Everett and Adrenaline Rush (A. C. H. and TaDarious Thomas). In October 2014, Page became a full-fledged member of The Decade, establishing himself as a heel in the process.


title: Adam Page

text: After Jacobs left the stable and Colby Corino joined, Page started a feud with ACH. At Best in the World, The Decade (Whitmer and Page) defeated ACH and Matt Sydal when Page pinned Sydal after a Rite of Passage. At Death Before Dishonor XIII, Page defeated ACH; however, Page subsequently left The Decade and feuded with BJ Whitmer, turning face in the process. Page faced Whitmer at ROH 14th Anniversary Show, but was defeated.


title: Adam Page

text: On May 9, 2016, during the first night of the War of the Worlds tour, Page became a villain once again when he joined Bullet Club by turning on Colt Cabana, The Briscoes, and The Motor City Machine Guns during a ten-man tag team main event. Page hanged Chris Sabin with a hangman's noose which gave Page his "Hangman" nickname. At Death Before Dishonor XIV Page defeated Jay Briscoe. On November 16, 2016, Page, was unsuccessful in winning the ROH World Television Championship where he was defeated by Bobby Fish. On April 1, 2017, Page teamed with Guerrillas of Destiny (Tama Tonga and Tanga Loa) as they were unsuccessful against Bully Ray and The Briscoes (Jay Briscoe and Mark Briscoe) for the ROH World Six-Man Tag Team Championship. Page got involved in a ROH World Television Championship match, helping Marty Scurll defeat Frankie Kazarian by hitting him with a chair. Kazarian and Page then battled in a strap match at Best in the World ending with Page submitting while being hanged via leather strap.


title: Adam Page

text: On August 20, 2017, Page won his first title in ROH, when he and his Bullet Club stablemates The Young Bucks (Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson), billed collectively as "The Hung Bucks", defeated Dalton Castle and The Boys for the ROH World Six-Man Tag Team Championship. While Page and The Young Bucks' Bullet Club stablemates Cody, Kenny Omega and Marty Scurll were later allowed to defend the title under "Bullet Club Rules", only Page and The Young Bucks were recognized as official champions. At ROH 16th Anniversary Show, The Hung Bucks lost the ROH World Six Man Tag Team Championships against SoCal Uncensored (Christopher Daniels, Frankie Kazarian and Scorpio Sky). Page fought Kota Ibushi at Supercard of Honor XII in a losing effort. Page began feuding with Punishment Martinez when Martinez attacked Page with a chair before a match. Page turned face once again when he attacked Martinez later on, putting him through a table; these two traded attacks until Page challenged Martinez for the ROH World Television Championship in a Baltimore Street Fight at Best in the World 2018 in a losing effort. Page entered ROH's International Cup tournament on the 2018 Honor Re-United Tour defeating Joe Hendry and Jimmy Havoc before losing to Mark Haskins in the finals. Page's final match in ROH was at Final Battle 2018 where Page was defeated by defending ROH World Television Champion Jeff Cobb. During the December 15 TV tapings, Page and The Elite left ROH.


title: Adam Page

text: In June 2016, New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) announced Page would debut for the promotion at Dominion 6.19 in Osaka-jo Hall under the ring name Hangman Page in a six-man tag team match where he teamed up with Yujiro Takahashi and Bad Luck Fale to defeat Captain New Japan, Yoshi Tatsu, and Togi Makabe. Page scored the win after pinning Captain New Japan. Afterwards, Page also began using the name in ROH. On July 3, 2016, Page competed in a tag team match where he teamed up with Yujiro to defeat the team of Captain New Japan and Yoshi Tatsu at Kizuna Road 2016 event. On G1 Climax 26 Finals Page and Yujiro unsuccessfully challenged for IWGP Tag Team Championship against The Briscoe Brothers. From November 18 to December 10, 2016, Page and Yujiro participated in World Tag League 2016 where they finished second in A Block with record of four wins and three losses, thus failing to advance to the final. On July 1, 2017, at G1 Special in USA, Page took part in a tournament to determine the inaugural IWGP United States Heavyweight Champion, but was eliminated in his first round match by Jay Lethal. On August 13, Page and Bullet Club stablemate Cody unsuccessfully challenged War Machine (Hanson and Raymond Rowe) for the IWGP Tag Team Championship. From November 18 through December 11, Page once again teamed with Yujiro Takahashi (somewhat-jokingly now called "Dick and Balls") for World Tag League 2017. They placed third in A Block with 8 points.


title: Adam Page

text: At the New Beginning in Sapporo, after Jay White defeated Kenny Omega for the IWGP United States Championship, Page went to challenge White for the title, but was interrupted by Omega, after which Cody attacked Omega. Page challenged White for the IWGP United States Heavyweight Championship at Strong Style Evolved, but was defeated. Throughout Bullet Club's Civil War, Page was the only member fully supporting Cody and his coup to become leader. Page's first main event singles match in NJPW came against Kenny Omega at Wrestling Dontaku 2018 where he lost to Omega. At Dominion 2018, Page, along with Cody and Marty Scurll, defeated the trio of Jushin Thunder Liger, Hiroshi Tanahashi, and Rey Mysterio Jr.. Page and Scurll defeated Tanahashi and Kushida at the G1 Special in San Francisco. After Tama Tonga, Tonga Loa, and King Haku attacked Omega and the Young Bucks at the G1 Special in San Francisco, Page (along with Scurll, Chase Owens, Yujiro, and Cody) attempted to save The Elite only to be beaten down by the Tongans as well. Page participated in his first G1 Climax, G1 Climax 28, from July 14, 2018, through August 12, 2018. He placed second to last (ninth) in the A Block with 6 points. At King of Pro-Wrestling 2018 Page, along with Chase Owens and the Young Bucks, lost to the team of Bad Luck Fale, Tama Tonga, Tonga Loa and Taiji Ishimori. Page and Yujiro Takahashi (no longer as a tag-team) placed tenth in World Tag League 2018 with 10 points. Page's last appearance in NJPW was on the Wrestle Kingdom 13 pre-show where Page, Scurll and Takahashi were the first team eliminated from the NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Championship number one contender gauntlet match. After their elimination, an argument broke out between Page & Scurll, and Takahashi & Chase Owens leading to Owens and Takahashi leaving The Elite.


title: Adam Page

text: In April 2018, Page made his debut for Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG) at the first night of All-Star Weekend 14. Page fought then PWG World Champion, Keith Lee in a losing effort.


title: Adam Page

text: In January 2019, Page signed with upstart promotion All Elite Wrestling (AEW), along with the rest of the Elite. Page was scheduled to face Pac at AEW's inaugural event Double or Nothing after a confrontation between the two at an AEW press conference, but the match was later cancelled due to "creative differences". Instead, Page was the surprise final entrant in the Casino Battle Royale at Double or Nothing, where he last eliminated MJF to win and get an AEW World Championship opportunity. However, at All Out on August 31, Page was defeated by Chris Jericho in a match to crown the inaugural AEW World Champion. On the premiere episode of "Dynamite" on October 2, Page was defeated by a returning Pac, but was able to emerge victorious over him in a rematch at Full Gear on November 9. Following this, Page began teaming alongside Kenny Omega, fellow member of the Elite. The two defeated SoCal Uncensored (Frankie Kazarian and Scorpio Sky) on the January 22, 2020 episode of "Dynamite" to win the AEW World Tag Team Championship, marking the first ever title change in AEW history. At Revolution on February 29, Page and Omega retained their title against The Young Bucks in a highly acclaimed match.


title: Adam Page

text: After this, the Elite began a feud with The Inner Circle (Chris Jericho, Jake Hager, Sammy Guevara, Santana and Ortiz), leading to the Elite recruiting the debuting Matt Hardy to oppose the group. At Double or Nothing on May 23, the Elite and Hardy defeated the Inner Circle in a Stadium Stampede match. After a lengthy period of tension within the group, Page was removed from the Elite by the Young Bucks on the August 27 episode of "Dynamite", after he had stopped them from winning their match. On September 5 at All Out, Page and Omega lost the tag team championship to FTR (Cash Wheeler and Dax Harwood), ending their record-setting reign at 228 days. After losing the championship, Page and Omega separated as a team.


title: Adam Page

text: In September, Page was inserted into a tournament to determine the next challenger for the AEW World Championship. Page defeated Colt Cabana in the first round and Wardlow in the semi-finals to move on to the tournament finals against Omega, who defeated him at the Full Gear pay-per-view on November 7 to become number one contender.


title: Adam Page

text: Going into 2021, Page began a storyline with The Dark Order (Evil Uno, Stu Grayson, Alex Reynolds and John Silver) where they tried to recruit him into their group. However, on the January 20, 2021 episode of "Dynamite", Page rebuffed their offer and stated he would not join them, as he felt that he did not work well in groups. At the Revolution event on March 7, Page defeated Matt Hardy; the Dark Order subsequently came down to the ring to celebrate with him. At Double or Nothing on May 30, Page defeated Brian Cage.


title: Adam Page

text: At Road Rager, Page renewed his rivalry with his former allies Omega, who now held the AEW World Championship, and the Young Bucks, who were the AEW World Tag Team Champions. At Fight for the Fallen, Page teamed with the Dark Order to face Omega, the Young Bucks and the Good Brothers (Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson) in a 10-man tag team elimination match, where if Page and the Dark Order won, they would receive matches for the world and tag team championships, respectively. Page and the Dark Order were defeated, with Page being the last man eliminated on his team. At the Homecoming event on August 4, Omega and all his allies beat Page down, and Page would take paternity leave for the birth of his first child, a son. Page made his return at "Dynamite"s Second Anniversary on October 6 as the surprise entrant in the seven-man Casino Ladder match. He won the match and secured himself a future shot for the AEW World Championship.


title: Adam Page

text: On November 13 at Full Gear, Page defeated Omega to win the world championship in a highly acclaimed match that received a 5 star rating from sports journalist Dave Meltzer, with Meltzer describing the match as a "classic". Page made his first defense of the championship against Bryan Danielson at the Winter Is Coming event on December 15, which ended in a 60-minute time limit draw; Page retained the championship, and received his second consecutive 5-star match from Meltzer. The two met in a rematch on the January 5, 2022 episode of "Dynamite", which Page won. On the February 9 episode of "Dynamite", Page successfully defended his title against Lance Archer in a Texas Deathmatch, and was afterwards confronted by Adam Cole, who indicated his intentions to challenge for the championship. On March 6, Page would defeat Cole at Revolution, despite interference from reDRagon (Bobby Fish and Kyle O'Reilly).


title: Adam Page

text: Page would defeat Cole once again in a Texas Deathmatch during an episode of "Rampage". Shortly before the April 27 episode of "Dynamite", Page tested positive for COVID-19, and was unable to confront CM Punk, who was announced as his opponent for Double or Nothing. At the event, Page lost the championship to Punk, thus ending his reign at 197 days.


title: Adam Page

text: Page wrestled his first match since losing the AEW World Championship on the June 8 episode of "Dynamite", defeating NJPW's David Finlay. After the match, Page would call out Kazuchika Okada, signalling his intentions to challenge for the IWGP World Heavyweight Championship at . Okada, however, would lose the championship to Jay White at Dominion 6.12 in Osaka-jo Hall, who would go on to insult Page in the post-match press conference. On the June 22 episode "Dynamite", Page defeated Silas Young, and was attacked by Adam Cole and Jay White after the match, only to be saved by a debuting Okada. A four-way match for the IWGP World Heavyweight Championship between Page, Cole, White and Okada was made official for Forbidden Door where Page was unsuccessful after White pinned Cole to retain the title. On the October 18 episode of "Dynamite: Title Tuesday", Page suffered a legitimate injury during a match with Jon Moxley for the AEW World Championship after landing off a clothesline, causing a match stoppage.


title: Adam Page

text: Page made his return from injury on the November 30 edition of "Dynamite", confronting Moxley before a brawl broke out between the two. After the two men were separated by security, the fight continued backstage.


title: Adam Page

text: Woltz has been married to his wife Amanda since 2016. They have one child together a boy born in 2021.


title: Adam Page

text: He is a graduate of Virginia Tech, where he earned a bachelor's degree in communications in two years. Woltz was a full-time high school teacher, teaching journalism and graphic design, for five years while wrestling at the same time. He became a full-time wrestler in May 2016, with his first tour with New Japan Pro-Wrestling.


title: Tornado records

text: This article lists various tornado records. The most "extreme" tornado in recorded history was the Tri-State Tornado, which spread through parts of Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana on March 18, 1925. It is considered an F5 on the Fujita Scale, even though tornadoes were not ranked on any scale at the time. It holds records for longest path length at , longest duration at about 3½ hours, and fastest forward speed for a significant tornado at anywhere on Earth. In addition, it is the deadliest single tornado in United States history with 695 fatalities. It was also the third most costly tornado in history at the time, but has been surpassed by several others non-normalized. When costs are normalized for wealth and inflation, it still ranks third today.


title: Tornado records

text: The deadliest tornado in world history was the Daulatpur–Saturia tornado in Bangladesh on April 26, 1989, which killed approximately 1,300 people. In the history of Bangladesh at least 19 tornadoes killed more than 100 people each, almost half of the total for the rest of the world.


title: Tornado records

text: For 37 years, the most extensive tornado outbreak on record, in almost every category, was the 1974 Super Outbreak, which affected a large area of the central United States and extreme southern Ontario in Canada on April 3 and April 4, 1974. Not only did this outbreak feature 148 tornadoes in only 18 hours, but an unprecedented number of them were violent; 7 were of F5 intensity and 23 were F4. During the peak of this outbreak there were 16 tornadoes on the ground at the same time. More than 300 people, possibly as many as 330, were killed by tornadoes during this outbreak. However, this record was later broken during the 2011 Super Outbreak, which resulted in 360 tornadoes and 324 tornadic fatalities. However, the most tornadoes spawned in the shortest amount of time is 104 over 5 hours and 26 minutes, during the 1981 United Kingdom tornado outbreak on 23 November 1981.


title: Tornado records

text: The 2011 Super Outbreak was the largest tornado outbreak spawned by a single weather system in recorded history; it produced 360 tornadoes from April 25–28, with 216 of those in a single 24-hour period on April 27 from midnight to midnight CDT, fifteen of which were violent EF4–EF5 tornadoes. 348 deaths occurred in that outbreak, of which 324 were tornado related. The outbreak largely contributed to the record for most tornadoes in the month of April with 773 tornadoes, almost triple the prior record (267 in April 1974). The overall record for a single month was 542 in May 2003, which was also broken.


title: Tornado records

text: The infamous 1974 Super Outbreak of April 3–4, 1974, which spawned 148 confirmed tornadoes across eastern North America, held the record for the most prolific tornado outbreak in terms of overall tornadoes for many years, and still holds the record for most violent, long-track tornadoes (7 F5 and 23 F4 tornadoes). More significant tornadoes occurred within 24 hours than any other day on tornado record. Due to a secular trend in tornado reporting, the 2011 and 1974 tornado counts are not directly comparable.


title: Tornado records

text: Most tornado outbreaks in North America occur in the spring, but there is a secondary peak of tornado activity in the fall. It is historically less consistent from year to year but can include exceptionally large and/or intense outbreaks. In 1992, an estimated 95 tornadoes broke out in a record 41 hours of continuous tornado activity from November 21 to 23. This is also among the largest-known outbreaks in areal expanse. Many other very large outbreaks have occurred in autumn, especially in October and November, such as the 2002 Veterans Day weekend outbreak, in which 83 tornadoes occurred from November 9 to 11, and November 17, 2013, when 73 tornadoes were produced in 11 hours.


title: Tornado records

text: The greatest number of tornadoes spawned from a hurricane is 120 from Hurricane Ivan in September 2004, followed by Hurricane Beulah with 115 in September 1967 and 103 from Hurricane Frances in September 2004 (a couple weeks before Ivan). Hurricanes prior to the 1990s, when tornado records were more sparse, perhaps produced more tornadoes than were officially documented.


title: Tornado records

text: The Tri-State Tornado of March 18, 1925, killed 695 people in Missouri (11), Illinois (613), and Indiana (71). The outbreak it occurred with was also the deadliest known tornado outbreak, with a combined death toll of 747 across the Mississippi River Valley.<ref name="NOAA/NWS 1925 Tri-State Tornado Statistics"></ref>


title: Tornado records

text: Similar to fatalities, damage (and observations) of a tornado are a coincidence of what character of tornado interacts with certain characteristics of built up areas. That is, destructive tornadoes are in a sense "accidents" of a large tornado striking a large population. In addition to population and changes thereof, comparing damage historically is subject to changes in wealth and inflation. The 1896 St. Louis–East St. Louis tornado on May 27, incurred the most damages adjusted for inflation, with an estimated $5.36 billion (2022 USD). In raw numbers, the Joplin tornado of May 22, 2011, is considered the costliest tornado in recent history, with damage totals at $3.71 billion (2022 USD). Until April 2011, the Bridge Creek-Moore tornado of May 3, 1999, was the most damaging, Which was later surpassed by the 2011 Tuscaloosa–Birmingham tornado, with a damage total of $3.18 Billion (2022 USD), though this tornado would only last about a month as the most costly as it would be surpassed by the previously mentioned Joplin tornado.


title: Tornado records

text: During the F5 1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado on May 3, 1999, in the southern Oklahoma City metro area, a Doppler on Wheels situated near the tornado measured winds of momentarily in a small area inside the funnel approximately above ground level. These are also the highest wind speeds observed on Earth.


title: Tornado records

text: On May 31, 2013, a tornado hit rural areas near El Reno, Oklahoma. The tornado was originally rated as an EF3 based on damage; however, after mobile radar data analysis was conducted, it was concluded to have been an EF5 due to a measured wind speed of greater than , second only to the Bridge Creek–Moore tornado. Revised RaXPol analysis found winds of well above ground level and ≥ below with some subvortices moving at . These winds may possibly be as high or higher than the winds recorded on May 3, 1999. Despite the recorded windspeed, the El Reno tornado was later downgraded back to EF3 due to the fact that no EF5 damage was found, likely due to the lack of sufficient damage indicators in the largely rural area west of Oklahoma City.


title: Tornado records

text: Winds were measured at using portable Doppler radar in the Red Rock, Oklahoma tornado during the April 26, 1991 tornado outbreak in north-central Oklahoma. Though these winds are possibly indicative of F5 intensity, this particular tornado's path never encountered any significant structures and caused minimal damage. Thus it was rated F4.


title: Tornado records

text: The longest-known track for a single tornado is the Tri-State Tornado with a path length of . For years there was debate whether the originally recognized path length of over 3.5 hours was from one tornado or a series. Some very long track (VLT) tornadoes were later determined to be successive tornadoes spawned by the same supercell thunderstorm, which are known as a tornado family. The Tri-State Tornado, however, appeared to have no gaps in the damage. A six-year reanalysis study by a team of severe convective storm meteorologists found insufficient evidence to make firm conclusions but does conclude that it is likely that the beginning and ending of the path was resultant of separate tornadoes comprising a tornado family. It also found that the tornado began to the west and ended farther east than previously known, bringing the total path to . The segment from central Madison County, Missouri to Pike County, Indiana is likely one continuous tornado and the segment from central Bollinger County, Missouri to western Pike County, Indiana is very likely a single continuous tornado. Another significant tornado was found about east-northeast of the end of aforementioned segment(s) of the Tri-State Tornado Family and is likely another member of the family. Its path length of over about 20 minutes makes the known tornado family path length total to over about 5½ hours. Grazulis in 2001 wrote that the first of the (originally recognized) track is probably the result of two or more tornadoes and that a path length of was seemingly continuous.


title: Tornado records

text: What at one time was thought to be the record holder for the longest tornado path is now thought to be the longest tornado family, with a track of at least on May 26, 1917, from the Missouri border across Illinois into Indiana. It caused severe damage and mass casualties in Charleston and Mattoon, Illinois.


title: Tornado records

text: What was probably the longest track supercell thunderstorm tracked across 6 states in 17.5 hours on March 12, 2006, as part of the March 2006 tornado outbreak sequence. It began in Noble County, Oklahoma and ended in Jackson County, Michigan, producing many tornadoes in Missouri and Illinois.


title: Tornado records

text: Officially, the widest tornado on record is the El Reno, Oklahoma tornado of May 31, 2013 with a width of at its peak. This is the width found by the National Weather Service based on preliminary data from University of Oklahoma RaXPol mobile radar that also sampled winds of which was used to upgrade the tornado to EF5. However, it was revealed that these winds did not impact any structures, and as a result the tornado was downgraded to EF3 based on damage.


title: Tornado records

text: The F4 Hallam, Nebraska tornado during the outbreak of May 22, 2004 was the previous official record holder for the widest tornado, surveyed at wide. A similar size tornado struck Edmonson, Texas on May 31, 1968, when a damage path width between was recorded from an F3 tornado.


title: Tornado records

text: The highest accepted forward speed of a tornado on record was from the 1925 Tri-State Tornado. Other weak tornadoes have approached or exceeded this speed, but this is the fastest forward movement observed in a major tornado.


title: Tornado records

text: A pressure deficit of was observed when a violent tornado near Manchester, South Dakota on June 24, 2003, passed directly over an in-situ probe deployed by storm chasing researcher Tim Samaras. In less than a minute, the pressure dropped to , which are the greatest pressure decline and the lowest pressure ever recorded at the Earth's surface when adjusted to sea level.


title: Tornado records

text: On April 21, 2007, a pressure deficit was reported when a tornado struck a storm chasing vehicle in Tulia, Texas. The tornado caused EF2 damage as it passed through Tulia. The reported pressure drop far exceeds that which would be expected based on theoretical calculations.


title: Tornado records

text: There is a questionable and unofficial citizen's barometer measurement of a drop around Minneapolis in 1904.


title: Tornado records

text: A few scientists in Europe, the US, and elsewhere documented the occurrence of tornadoes in the late 18th and early-mid 19th centuries to try to discern patterns of distribution and sometimes with inferences about formative processes and dynamics.


title: Tornado records

text: Before the Greensburg EF5 tornado on May 4, 2007, it had been eight years and one day since the United States had a confirmed F5/EF5 tornado. Prior to Greensburg, the last confirmed F5/EF5 had hit the southern Oklahoma City metro area and surrounding communities on May 3, 1999. This stretch was later surpassed by an ongoing drought which began on May 20, 2013; it is now the longest interval without an F5/EF5 tornado since official records began in 1950.


title: Tornado records

text: 2018 was the only year since official records began in 1950 that no tornado in the United States was rated in the violent class (F4/EF4+).


title: Tornado records

text: Matt Suter of Fordland, Missouri holds the record for the longest-known distance traveled by anyone picked up by a tornado who survived their ordeal. On March 12, 2006, he was carried , shy of , according to National Weather Service measurements.


title: Tornado records

text: The small town of Codell, Kansas, was hit by a tornado on the same date (May 20) three consecutive years: 1916, 1917, and 1918. The United States has about 100,000 thunderstorms per year; less than 1% produce a tornado. The odds of this coincidence occurring again are extremely small.


title: Tornado records

text: Tanner, a small town in northern Alabama, was hit by an F5 tornado on April 3, 1974 and was struck again 45 minutes later by a second F5 (however, the rating is disputed and it may have been high-end F4), demolishing what remained of the town. Thirty-seven years later, on April 27, 2011 (the largest and deadliest outbreak since 1974), Tanner was hit yet again by the EF5 2011 Hackleburg–Phil Campbell tornado, which produced high-end EF4 damage in the southern portion of town. The suburban community of Harvest, Alabama, just to the northeast, also sustained major impacts from all three Tanner tornadoes, and was also hit by destructive tornadoes in 1995 and 2012.


title: Tornado records

text: The south Oklahoma City suburb of Moore, Oklahoma was hit by violent tornadoes (which have ratings of at least F/EF4) in 1999, 2003, 2010, and 2013. The 1999 and 2013 events were rated F5 and EF5, respectively. In total, about 23 tornadoes have struck within the immediate vicinity of Moore since 1890, the most recent of which was an EF2 on March 25, 2015.


title: Tornado records

text: The city of Jackson, Tennessee has been hit by an F4/EF4 tornado four separate times, in 1999, 2003, and 2 in 2008. All four of these tornadoes occurred after dark and were preceded or followed by a separate F3/EF3 tornado that caused additional destruction in the Jackson area.


title: Tornado records

text: Two F4 tornadoes, occurring on January 23, 1969, and March 29, 1976, took extremely similar paths across much of Southern Mississippi. Both directly struck the towns of Hazlehurst and Puckett. The first tornado of the two killed 32 people across its path.


title: Tornado records

text: The small town of Dolores, Uruguay has been hit multiple times by intense tornadoes. On November 25, 1985, the city was hit by an intense tornado rated as an F3. On December 8, 2012, 27 years later, another intense tornado occurred in the outskirts of the city. On April 15, 2016, an EF3 tornado destroyed large portions of the city.


title: Tornado records

text: On March 22, 2022, an EF3 tornado struck the New Orleans metropolitan area. On December 14 of that year, another tornado, rated EF2, affected many of the same areas, with the two tornado tracks overlapping in parts of Terrytown and Arabi.


title: DeAndre Yedlin

text: DeAndre Roselle Yedlin (born July 9, 1993) is an American professional soccer player who plays for Major League Soccer club Inter Miami and the United States national team. Primarily a right-back, he has also featured as a wing-back and wide midfielder.


title: DeAndre Yedlin

text: Yedlin was born and raised in Seattle, Washington. Yedlin began playing soccer at age four and learned while watching his uncle from the sideline. Yedlin was a product of O'Dea High School in Seattle, and was part of Washington Youth Soccer's State Olympic Development Program (ODP) from 2006 to 2009. He also played youth soccer for Emerald City FC and Northwest Nationals before going to U.S. Soccer Development Academy club Crossfire Premier. Yedlin stayed in the DA, but moved to the Seattle Sounders FC youth academy for the 2010–11 season.


title: DeAndre Yedlin

text: On February 8, 2011, Yedlin signed a letter of intent to play college soccer at the University of Akron. In his freshman year, Yedlin started in 20 of his 23 games for the Zips. He scored his first collegiate goal on September 28, 2011, in a 3–1 victory over Ohio State. He finished the year with six assists. In his sophomore year, Yedlin made 22 appearances and finished the year with six assists as well.


title: DeAndre Yedlin

text: Yedlin also played for Seattle Sounders FC U-23 in the Premier Development League, and was named to the 2012 All-PDL First XI for his play.


title: DeAndre Yedlin

text: On January 11, 2013, after two seasons with Akron, Yedlin signed with Seattle Sounders FC as the club's first homegrown player. He made his debut on March 2 in a 1–0 home defeat to the Montreal Impact. Yedlin was named to the MLS Team of the Week for his performance, becoming the first rookie to earn the honor in his professional debut. On March 12 he scored his first professional goal for the club in a 3–1 win against Tigres in the second leg of the Sounders 3–2 CONCACAF Champions League quarterfinal aggregate victory.


title: DeAndre Yedlin

text: On July 15, Yedlin was named to the MLS All-Star team for their match against Roma on July 31, making him the first rookie to be named to the All-Star team since 2005 when Michael Parkhurst was selected during his rookie season. Yedlin was ranked 3rd among MLS players under the age of 24 in 2013, according to MLSSoccer.com.


title: DeAndre Yedlin

text: Yedlin scored his first professional league goal in a 1–1 draw with the Colorado Rapids on July 20, 2013.


title: DeAndre Yedlin

text: On August 13, 2014, it was confirmed that Yedlin had signed a four-year contract with Tottenham Hotspur of the Premier League. He remained with Seattle before joining Tottenham in January 2015. He trained with Tottenham for the first time on January 7, 2015. He made his first appearance for the under-21 team on January 9, 2015. Yedlin made his Premier League debut on April 11, 2015, in a loss to Aston Villa.


title: DeAndre Yedlin

text: On September 1, 2015, Sunderland acquired Yedlin on a year-long loan. On September 22, Yedlin made his Sunderland debut in a League Cup match, playing the full 90 minutes and notching an assist for the "Black Cats"' only goal in a 4–1 loss to Manchester City. On October 3, 2015, Yedlin started his first Premier League game against West Ham United.


title: DeAndre Yedlin

text: On August 24, 2016, Yedlin moved to Newcastle United for £5 million on a five-year contract. He made his debut on August 27, in a match against Brighton and Hove Albion as an 88th-minute substitute for Yoan Gouffran. Two weeks later, Yedlin scored his first goal for the club and his first in three years in a 2–0 victory against Derby County on September 10. He scored his first Premier League goal on September 1, 2018, in a 2–1 defeat at Manchester City.


title: DeAndre Yedlin

text: On February 1, 2021, Yedlin joined Turkish side Galatasaray on a 2.5-year contract. On March 19, Yedlin scored his first goal for the club, his first since 2019, conceded a penalty, and was sent off in a dramatic 3–4 defeat at home to Çaykur Rizespor. On January 26, 2022, his contract with Galatasaray was terminated by mutual consent.


title: DeAndre Yedlin

text: Yedlin joined Inter Miami on February 2, 2022, on a four-year contract with an additional one-year option.


title: DeAndre Yedlin

text: Yedlin was named to the United States under-20 squad on June 7, 2013, for the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Turkey. Yedlin made his U-20 international debut a week later in a 3–1 victory over Portugal.


title: DeAndre Yedlin

text: Yedlin earned his first call up to the senior men's national team on January 3, 2014. He made his first appearance with the senior team on February 1, 2014, in a friendly against South Korea.


title: DeAndre Yedlin

text: Yedlin was included on the U.S. final 23-man roster for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. He made his World Cup debut against Portugal, coming on as a late second-half substitute. He helped set up Sounders teammate Clint Dempsey's late goal which put the U.S. up 2–1. He also came on late in the next game, a 1–0 loss v. Germany; his deep cross to Dempsey was headed off target. In the round of 16 match against Belgium, Yedlin came on as a substitute for the injured Fabian Johnson.


title: DeAndre Yedlin

text: In the 2016 Copa America Centenario, Yedlin received a second yellow card (and subsequent red) in a match against Paraguay.


title: DeAndre Yedlin

text: On November 9, 2022, Yedlin was called up to the final 26-man squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup, being the only U.S. player to play in both the 2014 and 2022 FIFA World Cups.


title: DeAndre Yedlin

text: Yedlin is one-quarter black, one-quarter Native American, and half Latvian. Yedlin and his mother are Jewish.


title: DeAndre Yedlin

text: Yedlin is very close with his mother, Rebecca Yedlin, who had him when she was very young and is now a college faculty member; his father has never been part of his life. He was raised by his maternal grandfather, Ira Nathan Yedlin, and step-grandmother, Vicki Walton. Yedlin has a sister Jenea who is three years younger than he is.


title: DeAndre Yedlin

text: Seattle Sounders youth director Darren Sawatzky first saw him play at age 11 and later said that Yedlin was "an offensive player at the time, he was tricky, he had explosiveness and could run for days." Seattle Sounders FC sporting director Chris Henderson said of Yedlin: "DeAndre has great quickness and speed. He reads the game well, keeps possession, but he's able to attack the flank and get crosses in."


title: Wendy Crewson

text: Wendy Jane Crewson (born May 9, 1956) is a Canadian actress and producer. She began her career appearing on Canadian television, before her breakthrough role in 1991 dramatic film "The Doctor".


title: Wendy Crewson

text: Crewson has appeared in many Hollywood films, including "The Good Son" (1993), "The Santa Clause" (1994) and its sequels "The Santa Clause 2" (2002) and "" (2006), as well as "Air Force One" (1997), "Bicentennial Man" (1999), "What Lies Beneath" (2000), "The 6th Day" (2000), "The Covenant" (2006) and "Eight Below" (2006). She also starred in a number of independent movies, such as "Better Than Chocolate" (1999), "Suddenly Naked" (2001), "Perfect Pie" (2002), "Away from Her" (2006), "Into the Forest" (2015) and "Room" (2015).


title: Wendy Crewson

text: Crewson has won six Gemini Awards, two Canadian Screen Awards and ACTRA Award for her performances on television. She played leading roles in a number of television films, include playing Joanne Kilbourn in six movies based on novels by Gail Bowen. She had recurring roles on American television series "24" and "Revenge", and the Canadian television series "Frankie Drake Mysteries". From 2012 to 2017, Crewson co-starred in the CTV medical drama "Saving Hope".


title: Wendy Crewson

text: Crewson was born in Hamilton, Ontario, the daughter of June Doreen (née Thomas) and Robert Binnie Crewson. She attended John Rennie High School in Pointe-Claire, Québec, as did her younger brother, Brad Crewson.


title: Wendy Crewson

text: She attended Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, where she won the Lorne Greene Award for outstanding work in the theater. She then studied at the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art in London.


title: Wendy Crewson

text: When she returned to Canada, Crewson landed a leading role in the television movie "War Brides" (1980) directed by Martin Lavut, for which she received her first ACTRA Award nomination. From 1980 to 1983, she starred in the CBC drama series, "Home Fires", a family saga set in Toronto during World War II. For the final season, she won ACTRA Award for Best Actress in a Drama Series in 1984. In 1982, she made her American debut starring alongside Tom Hanks in the television drama film "Mazes and Monsters".


title: Wendy Crewson

text: During 1980s, Crewson appeared in a number of Canadian television productions, including a recurring roles on "Night Heat" and "Street Legal", and several television films. She was lead actress in two short lived American drama series: "Hard Copy" (CBS, 1987), and "Studio 5-B" (ABC, 1989). In 1988, she starred in the HBO political mockumentary miniseries"Tanner '88" directed by Robert Altman, and in 1990 starred in "Getting Married in Buffalo Jump", for which she was nominated for Gemini Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Dramatic Program or Mini-Series. She also received Gemini Awards nomination for "I'll Never Get to Heaven" (1992), "A Killing Spring" (2002), "Sex Traffic" (2004), "The Robber Bride" (2007), and "The Summit" (2008), and won for "" (1999), "The Many Trials of One Jane Doe" (2002), and "The Man Who Lost Himself" (2005). Crewson also won Gemini Awards for guest starring in "Due South " in 1998, and supporting role in "ReGenesis" in 2007.


title: Wendy Crewson

text: In 1991, Crewson appeared in her first breakthrough role in the American drama film "The Doctor" starring William Hurt. The following year, she starred opposite Tom Selleck in the comedy-drama "Folks!", the film was panned by critics and grossed only $6 million. In 1993, she starred in the psychological thriller "The Good Son" (1993), and in 1994 appeared opposite Whoopi Goldberg in "Corrina, Corrina". Also in 1994, Crewson starred alongside Tim Allen in the financially successful Christmas comedy film "The Santa Clause". The film grossed $189 million and its two sequels, "The Santa Clause 2" (2002) and "" (2006) also grossed $283 million worldwide together.


title: Wendy Crewson

text: In 1996, Crewson co-starred in the romantic drama film "To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday" as Peter Gallagher's unfortunate blind date, and the following year played Grace Marshall, First Lady to President James Marshall (Harrison Ford) in the political thriller "Air Force One" directed by Wolfgang Petersen. She also appeared in "Gang Related" (1997), played a leading role in "Sleeping Dogs Lie" (1998), and co-starred opposite Robin Williams in the science fiction film "Bicentennial Man" (1999). In 2000, she played Arnold Schwarzenegger's wife in "The 6th Day", and appeared in "What Lies Beneath". She also appeared in "Between Strangers" (2002), "The Clearing" (2004), "Eight Below" (2006), "The Covenant" (2006), Academy Award-nominated "Away from Her" (2006), "The Seeker" (2007), "Winnie Mandela" (2011), "Antiviral" (2012), "Into the Forest", "Room" (2015), "Kodachrome" (2017), and "On the Basis of Sex" (2018).


title: Wendy Crewson

text: Crewson starred in independent movies "Better Than Chocolate" (1999) and "Suddenly Naked" (2001), both directed by Anne Wheeler. In 2002, she starred in drama film "Perfect Pie", for which she received ACTRA Award nomination. She had leading roles in a number of made for television movies. She starred opposite Robert Urich in Lifetime movies "" (1994) and "Spenser: A Savage Place"(1995), and opposite Susan Lucci in "Ebbie" (1995). In 1998, she played Faye Stafford, wife of Thomas Stafford, in the Sally Field-directed episode of HBO miniseries "From the Earth to the Moon". Other credits including "Lives of Girls & Women" (1996), "Summer's End" (1999), "The Matthew Shepard Story" (2002), "An Unexpected Love" (2003), "Twelve Mile Road" (2003), and "The Path to 9/11" (2006). From 2000 to 2002, she played Joanne Kilbourn, a single mom of three and an ex-cop who teaches criminology and solves crimes in her spare time, in six movies based on novels by Gail Bowen.


title: Wendy Crewson

text: In 2003, Crewson took a recurring role as Dr. Anne Packard, personal physician and love interest to the President, of the third season of Fox drama series "24". From 2006 to 2010, she hosted W Network series "Crimes of Passion", and from 2007 to 2008 starred on the Canadian science-fiction series "ReGenesis" as Dr. Rachel Woods. She later guest-starred on "Flashpoint", "Rookie Blue", "" and "Murdoch Mysteries". From 2012 to 2013, she had a recurring role during the second season of ABC primetime soap opera "Revenge" playing villainous Helen Crowley. Also in 2012, Crewson began playing Dr. Dana Kinny in the CTV medical drama "Saving Hope", for which she received Canadian Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Program or Series in 2013. The series ended in 2017. Also in 2017, she won another Canadian Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress for her recurring role on "Slasher".


title: Wendy Crewson

text: In 2015, Crewson was inducted to Canada's Walk of Fame. In 2016, she received the Earle Grey Award, which recognizes actors for their contributions to the international profile of Canadian TV or for their significant body of work.


title: Wendy Crewson

text: From 2017 to 2021, Crewson played a recurring role lead character's mother and assisting her in investigations in the CBC drama series, "Frankie Drake Mysteries". She received two nominations for Canadian Screen Award for Best Guest Performance, Drama Series. Also that time, she had a recurring role on the CBC sitcom "Workin' Moms", receiving another Canadian Screen Award nomination in 2020. In 2018, she starred in the CTV crime drama series, "The Detail", for which she was nominated for a Canadian Screen Award for Best Actress in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role. In 2019, she starred in the Hallmark series "When Hope Calls", and in 2020 starred in the Netflix horror series "October Faction". In 2021, she starred in the second season of Peacock series "Departure", and in 2022 starred as title character' mother in the CBS medical drama "Good Sam". She later was cast in the third season of CBC Television police drama "Pretty Hard Cases" and the internationally produced thriller "Gray".


title: Wendy Crewson

text: She married actor Michael Murphy in 1988, and they have two children. They divorced in January 2009, but remain friends and worked together on the film "Fall" (2014).


title: Wendy Crewson

text: Crewson came out publicly as lesbian in December 2014, and revealed to the press that she had come out to her family years earlier. In 2015, it was reported that Crewson dated Julie Bristow, president of Bristow Global Media in Canada.


title: King Philip's War

text: King Philip's War (sometimes called the First Indian War, Metacom's War, Metacomet's War, Pometacomet's Rebellion, or Metacom's Rebellion) was an armed conflict in 1675–1676 between indigenous inhabitants of New England and New England colonists and their indigenous allies. The war is named for Metacom, the Wampanoag chief who adopted the name Philip because of the friendly relations between his father Massasoit and the "Mayflower" Pilgrims. The war continued in the most northern reaches of New England until the signing of the Treaty of Casco Bay on April 12, 1678.


title: King Philip's War

text: Massasoit had maintained a long-standing alliance with the colonists. Metacom (), his younger son, became tribal chief in 1662 after Massasoit's death. Metacom, however, forsook his father's alliance between the Wampanoags and the colonists after repeated violations by the colonists. The colonists insisted that the 1671 peace agreement should include the surrender of Native guns; then three Wampanoags were hanged in Plymouth Colony in 1675 for the murder of another Wampanoag, which increased tensions. Native raiding parties attacked homesteads and villages throughout Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Maine over the next six months, and the colonial militia retaliated. The Narragansetts remained neutral, but some Narragansetts participated in raids of colonial strongholds and militia, so colonial leaders deemed them to be in violation of peace treaties. The colonies assembled the largest army New England had yet mustered, consisting of 1,000 militia and 150 Native allies. Governor Josiah Winslow marshaled them to attack the Narragansetts in November 1675. They attacked and burned Native villages throughout Rhode Island territory, culminating with the attack on the Narragansetts' main fort in the Great Swamp Fight. An estimated 600 Narragansetts were killed, and their coalition was taken over by Narragansett sachem Canonchet. They pushed back the borders of the Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, and Rhode Island colonies, burning towns as they went, including Providence in March 1676. However, the colonial militia overwhelmed the Native coalition. By the end of the war, the Wampanoags and their Narragansett allies were almost completely destroyed. On August 12, 1676, Metacom fled to Mount Hope, where he was killed by the militia.


title: King Philip's War

text: The war was the greatest calamity in seventeenth-century New England and is considered by many to be the deadliest war in Colonial American history. In the space of little more than a year, 12 of the region's towns were destroyed and many more were damaged, the economy of Plymouth and Rhode Island Colonies was all but ruined and their population was decimated, losing one-tenth of all men available for military service. More than half of New England's towns were attacked by Natives. Hundreds of Wampanoags and their allies were publicly executed or enslaved, and the Wampanoags were left effectively landless.


title: King Philip's War

text: King Philip's War began the development of an independent American identity. The New England colonists faced their enemies without support from any European government or military, and this began to give them a group identity separate and distinct from Britain.


title: King Philip's War

text: Plymouth Colony was established in 1620 with significant early help from local Natives, particularly Squanto and Massasoit. Subsequent colonists founded Salem, Boston, and many small towns around Massachusetts Bay between 1628 and 1640, during a time of increased English immigration. The colonists progressively expanded throughout the territories of the several Algonquian-speaking tribes in the region. Prior to King Philip's War, tensions fluctuated between Native tribes and the colonists. The Narragansetts fought alongside the English colonists in the Pequot War and participated in the Mystic massacre but were horrified afterwards. With the defeat of the Pequots, the Narragansett leader Miantonomoh gathered groups of Algonquians together in the 1640s, in the hope that they could face the colonists together. He was captured by colonists in Connecticut and executed by the Mohegan sachem Uncas, shattering the indigenous coalition.


title: King Philip's War

text: The Rhode Island, Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and New Haven colonies each developed separate relations with the Wampanoags, Nipmucs, Narragansetts, Mohegans, Pequots, and other tribes of New England, whose territories historically had differing boundaries. Many of the neighboring tribes had been traditional competitors and enemies. As the colonial population increased, the New Englanders expanded their settlements along the region's coastal plain and up the Connecticut River valley. By 1675, they had established a few small towns in the interior between Boston and the Connecticut River settlements.


title: King Philip's War

text: The Wampanoag tribe under Metacomet's leadership had entered into an agreement with the Plymouth Colony and believed that they could rely on the colony for protection. However, in the decades preceding the war, it became clear to them that the treaty did not mean that the Colonists were not allowed to settle in new territories.


title: King Philip's War

text: Metacomet became sachem of the Pokanoket and Grand Sachem of the Wampanoag Confederacy in 1662 after the death of his older brother Grand Sachem Wamsutta (called "Alexander" by the colonists), who had succeeded their father Massasoit (d. 1661) as chief. Metacomet was well known to the colonists before his ascension as paramount chief to the Wampanoags, but he distrusted the colonists.


title: King Philip's War

text: The Plymouth colonists had passed laws making it illegal to have commerce with the Wampanoags. They learned that Wamsutta had sold a parcel of land to Roger Williams, so Governor Josiah Winslow had Wamsutta arrested, even though Wampanoags who lived outside of colonist jurisdiction were not accountable to Plymouth Colony laws. Conflict between the Wampanoags and settlers increased due to the continual intrusion of settlers' livestock onto Wampanoag farms and food stores, with extremely few colonists taking more than half-hearted steps to prevent this in spite of regular complaints by the Wampanoags. Another grievance held by many Wampanoags was the persistent attempt by colonial missionaries to convert them to Christianity; among those who expressed such grievances was Metacomet himself, who declared that he and other Wampanoag leaders possessed a great fear that any of their people "should be called or forced to be Christian Indians”. Metacomet began negotiating with the other Algonquian tribes against the Plymouth Colony, in the winter of 1674–1675, soon after the death of his father and his brother.


title: King Philip's War

text: The population of New England colonists totaled about 65,000 people. They lived in 110 towns, of which 64 were in the Massachusetts Bay colony, which then included the southwestern portion of Maine. The towns had about 16,000 men of military age who were almost all part of the militia, as universal training was prevalent in all colonial New England towns. Many towns had built strong garrison houses for defense, and others had stockades enclosing most of the houses. All of these were strengthened as the war progressed. Some poorly populated towns were abandoned if they did not have enough men to defend them.


title: King Philip's War

text: Each town had local militias based on all eligible men who had to supply their own arms. Only those who were too old, too young, disabled, or clergy were excused from military service. The militias were usually only minimally trained and initially did relatively poorly against the warring Natives, until more effective training and tactics could be devised. Joint forces of militia volunteers and volunteer Native allies were found to be the most effective. The Native allies of the colonists numbered about 1,000 from the Mohegans and Praying Indians, with about 200 warriors.


title: King Philip's War

text: By 1676, the regional Native population had decreased to about 10,000 (exact numbers are unavailable), largely because of epidemics. These included about 4,000 Narragansetts of western Rhode Island and eastern Connecticut, 2,400 Nipmucs of central and western Massachusetts, and 2,400 combined in the Massachusett and Pawtucket tribes living around Massachusetts Bay and extending northwest to Maine. The Wampanoags and Pokanokets of Plymouth and eastern Rhode Island are thought to have numbered fewer than 1,000. About one in four were considered to be warriors. By then, the Natives had almost universally adopted steel knives, tomahawks, and flintlock muskets as their weapons. The various tribes had no common government. They had distinct cultures and often warred among themselves, although they all spoke related languages from the Algonquian family.


title: King Philip's War

text: John Sassamon was a Native convert to Christianity, commonly referred to as a "praying Indian." He played a key role as a "cultural mediator," negotiating with both colonists and Natives while belonging to neither party. He was an early graduate of Harvard College and served as a translator and adviser to Metacomet. He reported to the governor of Plymouth Colony that Metacomet planned to gather allies for Native attacks on widely dispersed colonial settlements.


title: King Philip's War

text: Metacomet was brought before a public court, where court officials admitted that they had no proof but warned that they would confiscate Wampanoag land and guns if they had any further reports that he was conspiring to start a war. Not long after, Sassamon's body was found in the ice-covered Assawompset Pond, and Plymouth Colony officials arrested three Wampanoags on the testimony of a Native witness, including one of Metacomet's counselors. A jury that included six Native elders convicted the men of Sassamon's murder, and they were executed by hanging on June 8, 1675 (O.S.), at Plymouth.


title: King Philip's War

text: A band of Pokanokets attacked several isolated homesteads in the small Plymouth colony settlement of Swansea on June 20, 1675. They laid siege to the town, then destroyed it five days later and killed several more people. On June 27, 1675, a full eclipse of the moon occurred in the New England area, and various tribes in New England thought it a good omen for attacking the colonists. Officials from the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies responded quickly to the attacks on Swansea; on June 28, they sent a punitive military expedition that destroyed the Wampanoag town at Mount Hope in Bristol, Rhode Island.


title: King Philip's War

text: The war quickly spread and soon involved the Podunk and Nipmuc tribes. During the summer of 1675, the Natives attacked at Middleborough and Dartmouth, Massachusetts (July 8), Mendon, Massachusetts (July 14), Brookfield, Massachusetts (August 2), and Lancaster, Massachusetts (August 9). In early September, they attacked Deerfield, Hadley, and Northfield, Massachusetts.


title: King Philip's War

text: Wheeler's Surprise and the ensuing Siege of Brookfield were fought in August 1675 between Nipmuc Natives under Muttawmp and the colonists of Massachusetts Bay under the command of Thomas Wheeler and Captain Edward Hutchinson. The battle consisted of an initial ambush on August 2, 1675, by the Nipmucs against Wheeler's unsuspecting party. Eight men from Wheeler's company died during the ambush: Zechariah Phillips of Boston, Timothy Farlow of Billerica, Edward Coleborn of Chelmsford, Samuel Smedly of Concord, Shadrach Hapgood of Sudbury, Sergeant Eyres, Sergeant Prichard, and Corporal Coy of Brookfield. Following the ambush was an attack on Brookfield, Massachusetts, and the consequent besieging of the remains of the colonial force. The Nipmuc forces harried the settlers for two days, until they were driven off by a newly arrived force of colonial soldiers under the command of Major Simon Willard. The siege took place at Ayers' Garrison in West Brookfield, but the location of the initial ambush was a subject of extensive controversy among historians in the late nineteenth century.


title: King Philip's War

text: The New England Confederation comprised the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth Colony, New Haven Colony, and Connecticut Colony; they declared war on the Natives on September 9, 1675. The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations tried to remain neutral, but much of the war was fought on Rhode Island soil; Providence and Warwick suffered extensive damage from the Natives.


title: King Philip's War

text: The next colonial expedition was to recover crops from abandoned fields along the Connecticut River for the coming winter and included almost 100 farmers and militia, plus teamsters to drive the wagons.


title: King Philip's War

text: The Battle of Bloody Brook was fought on September 12, 1675, between militia from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and a band of Natives led by Nipmuc sachem Muttawmp. The Natives ambushed colonists escorting a train of wagons carrying the harvest from Deerfield to Hadley. They killed at least 40 militia men and 17 teamsters out of a company that included 79 militia.


title: King Philip's War

text: The Natives next attacked Springfield, Massachusetts, on October 5, 1675, the Connecticut River's largest settlement at the time. They burned to the ground nearly all of Springfield's buildings, including the town's grist mill. Most of the Springfielders who escaped unharmed took cover at the house of Miles Morgan, a resident who had constructed one of the settlement's few fortified blockhouses. A Native servant who worked for Morgan managed to escape and alerted the Massachusetts Bay troops under the command of Major Samuel Appleton, who broke through to Springfield and drove off the attackers.


title: King Philip's War

text: Morgan's sons were famous Native fighters in the territory. His son Peletiah was killed by Natives in 1675. Springfielders later honored Miles Morgan with a large statue in Court Square.


title: King Philip's War

text: The Narragansetts endeavored to remain neutral in the war, driven partly by their relationship with Roger Williams. Although not directly involved in the war, they had sheltered many of the Wampanoag fighters, women, and children, and there were questions about some of their warriors participating in several Native attacks. In October of 1675, The Narraganset sachem Canonchet signed a "Treaty of Neutrality" with the Massachusetts Bay Colony, but the distrust by the colonists remained.


title: King Philip's War

text: On November 2, Plymouth Colony governor Josiah Winslow led a combined force of colonial militia against the Narragansett tribe. The colonists distrusted the tribe and did not understand the various alliances. As the colonial forces went through Rhode Island, they found and burned several Native towns which had been abandoned by the Narragansetts, who had retreated to a massive fort in a frozen swamp. The cold weather in December froze the swamp so that it was relatively easy to traverse. The colonial force found the Narragansett fort on December 19, 1675, near present-day South Kingstown, Rhode Island; they attacked in a combined force of Plymouth, Massachusetts, and Connecticut militia numbering about 1,000 men, including about 150 Pequots and Mohegan Native allies. The fierce battle that followed is known as the Great Swamp Fight. It is believed that the militia killed about 600 Narragansetts. They burned the fort (occupying over of land) and destroyed most of the tribe's winter stores.


title: King Philip's War

text: Most of the Narragansett warriors escaped into the frozen swamp. The colonists lost many of their officers in this assault; about 70 of their men were killed and nearly 150 more wounded. The rest of the colonial assembled forces returned to their homes, lacking supplies for an extended campaign. The nearby towns in Rhode Island provided care for the wounded until they could return to their homes.


title: King Philip's War

text: In the Spring of 1676, The Narragansett counterattacks from Canonchet began after assembling an army of 2000 braves. Providence was burned, including Roger William's house. The Narragansetts were finally defeated when Canonchet was captured and executed in April 1676, then female sachem Queen Quaiapen drowned on July 2 attempting to cross a river.


title: King Philip's War

text: In December 1675, Metacomet established a winter camp in Schaghticoke, New York. His reason for moving into New York has been attributed to a desire to enlist Mohawk aid in the conflict. Though New York was a non-belligerent, Governor Edmund Andros was nonetheless concerned at the arrival of the Wampanoag sachem. Either with Andros' sanction, or of their own accord, the Mohawk—traditional rivals of the Algonquian people—launched a surprise assault against a 500-warrior band under Metacomet's command the following February. The "ruthless" "coup de main" resulted in the death of between 70 and as many as 460 of the Wampanoag. His forces crippled, Metacomet withdrew to New England, pursued "relentlessly" by Mohawk forces who attacked Algonquian settlements and ambushed their supply parties.


title: King Philip's War

text: Over the next several months, fear of Mohawk attack led some Wampanoag to surrender to the colonists, and one historian described the decision of the Mohawk to engage Metacomet's forces as "the blow that lost the war for Philip".


title: King Philip's War

text: Natives attacked and destroyed more settlements throughout the winter of 1675–1676 in their effort to annihilate the colonists. Attacks were made at Andover, Bridgewater, Chelmsford, Groton, Lancaster, Marlborough, Medfield, Medford, Portland, Providence, Rehoboth, Scituate, Seekonk, Simsbury, Sudbury, Suffield, Warwick, Weymouth, and Wrentham, including modern-day Norfolk and Plainville. The famous account written and published by Mary Rowlandson after the war gives a colonial captive's perspective on the conflict.


title: King Philip's War

text: The Lancaster raid in February 1676 was a Native attack on the community of Lancaster, Massachusetts. Philip led a force of 1,500 Wampanoag, Nipmuc, and Narragansett Natives in a dawn attack on the isolated village, which then included all or part of the neighboring modern communities of Bolton and Clinton. They attacked five fortified houses. The house of the Rev. Joseph Rowlandson was set on fire, and most of its occupants were slaughtered—more than 30 people. Rowlandson's wife Mary was taken prisoner, and afterward wrote a best-selling captivity narrative of her experiences. Many of the community's other houses were destroyed before the Natives retreated northward.