title: Martin Brundle

text: His Formula One career began with the Tyrrell Racing Organisation in . He put in a number of aggressive and fast drives, finishing fifth in his first race in Brazil and then second in Detroit before being disqualified. At the 1984 Dallas Grand Prix Brundle broke his ankles and both feet in a crash during a practice session, and was forced to miss the rest of the season while he recuperated; the severity of the damage to Brundle's left ankle initially led doctors to consider amputating his left foot. While Brundle did recover, the damage would leave him with permanent injuries, preventing him from running and left-foot braking. Later in the year Tyrrell were disqualified from the World Championship due to a technical infringement and Brundle's achievements for that season were wiped from the record books.For the next two seasons he remained with Tyrrell, and despite the team's switch from the Cosworth DFV to the turbocharged Renault engines in mid-, the team struggled against the works teams. He scored only eight points in his time with Tyrrell, all in the season. In he left Tyrrell and moved to the struggling West German team Zakspeed, but scored only two points during the year; both were scored for finishing fifth at the 1987 San Marino Grand Prix. The Zakspeed 871 car was unable to compete with the front runners. The two points scored by Brundle in 1987 were the only points the Zakspeed team scored in their five-year (1985–89) run in Formula One. Ironically, the driver he replaced at Zakspeed, fellow Englishman Jonathan Palmer, would join Tyrrell in 1987 who were once again using a Cosworth engine. While Brundle only had one point scoring finish for the season, Palmer would go on to score six World Championship points for Tyrrell and would also win the Jim Clark Cup as the 'Atmo Champion' for drivers of cars with naturally aspirated engines.


title: Martin Brundle

text: Four years of Formula One racing for underfunded teams led Brundle to seek a new challenge, and thus in 1988 he took a year out. Brundle had been associated with Jaguar since 1983, when he drove TWR-prepared Jaguar XJS touring cars in the European Touring Car Championship. From his two starts with the Jaguar team Brundle took two victories, the second in partnership with TWR owner Tom Walkinshaw. When Jaguar decided to return to the World Sportscar Championship and the American IMSA championship, in partnership with TWR, Walkinshaw chose Brundle as his lead driver. The team performed well in the 1988 World Sportscar Championship season, and Brundle won the world sportscar title with a record points haul. He also won the Daytona 24 Hours the same year. He became the test driver for Williams and stood in for Nigel Mansell at the 1988 Belgian Grand Prix, after Mansell was struck down with chickenpox. Brundle was to have driven Mansell's Williams-Judd again at the next race at Monza in Italy but prior IMSA commitments with TWR saw the drive go to fellow World Sportscar Championship contender Jean-Louis Schlesser instead (as no WSC race clashed with the Italian GP). Schlesser would infamously be involved in the incident which caused the retirement of McLaren's Ayrton Senna late in the race, handing the win to Ferrari's Gerhard Berger and causing McLaren's only loss of the season.


title: Martin Brundle

text: In he returned to Formula One full-time with the returning Brabham team who would be running the Judd V8 engine. But while the former champions were initially competitive, with Brundle running third at Monaco until a flat battery forced him to pit for a replacement while his teammate Stefano Modena finishing third, Brabham were unable to recapture their early past success and Brundle, who had failed to pre-qualify for both the Canadian and French races during the season opted to move back into the sports car arena for 1990. His 1990 24 Hours of Le Mans victory rejuvenated his career, but still a top-line race seat in Formula One eluded him. As well as contesting races in sports prototypes, Brundle also contested the American IROC series in 1990. He took victory at the temporary circuit at Burke Lakefront Airport (the only IROC victory for a British driver) and finished third in the overall standings. In 1991 he rejoined Brabham, but the squad had fallen even further down the grid and good results were sparse.


title: Martin Brundle

text: Seasoned observers noticed Brundle's drives into the points in the uncompetitive Brabham Yamaha in 1991, which was the last points finish for the Brabham team. This helped Brundle get a 1992 switch to Benetton, with whom he would finally claim a recognised podium finish and consistent points finishes with some gritty drives.


title: Martin Brundle

text: In 1992 he had a productive season, with a strong finish to the year. He came close to a win at Canada, where having overtaken Schumacher and closing on leader Gerhard Berger, the transmission failed. He never outqualified teammate Michael Schumacher, but made up places with excellent starts (sixth to third at Silverstone), outraced the German at Imola, Montreal, Magny-Cours and Silverstone, and scored a notable second place at Monza. At Spa, Brundle went by when Schumacher went off the track. Schumacher noticed blisters on his teammate's tyres on his return to the circuit and came in for slicks, a move that won him the race. Had Brundle not been distracted he would have pitted as planned at the end of that lap, with victory the most likely result.


title: Martin Brundle

text: To the shock of the F1 paddock, Brundle found himself dropped from Benetton for 1993, Italian Riccardo Patrese taking his place. He came very close to a seat with world champions Williams, but in the end Damon Hill got the drive instead. Still in demand within F1, Brundle raced for Ligier in 1993. More points finishes and a fine third at Imola were achieved in a car without active suspension. With finishing 7th in the World Drivers' Championship behind the two Williams drivers Alain Prost (1st) and Damon Hill (3rd), McLaren team leader Ayrton Senna (2nd), the Benetton drivers Michael Schumacher (4th) and Riccardo Patrese (5th) and the Ferrari driver Jean Alesi (6th), Brundle was the most successful driver who did not have an active suspension system in his car and Ligier were the most successful team without an active suspension.


title: Martin Brundle

text: For 1994 Brundle was in the frame for the vacant McLaren seat alongside Mika Häkkinen. McLaren were hopeful of re-signing Alain Prost, who had retired at the end of 1993 after winning his fourth championship title, but decided not to renege on his retirement in March, and Brundle got the drive, beating out McLaren test driver Philippe Alliot. He was confirmed less than two weeks before the season-opening 1994 Brazilian Grand Prix.


title: Martin Brundle

text: Joining the team was a case of bad timing in many ways. McLaren were on a downturn and throughout 1994 were unable to win a Grand Prix for the first time since . The team's V10 Peugeot engines were unreliable, as was to be expected from a debuting engine supplier. In the first race Brundle narrowly escaped serious injury or worse in a spectacular accident involving Jos Verstappen; his helmet took a heavy blow as the Benetton cartwheeled overhead. At Aida his engine blew whilst running third while at Silverstone his engine appeared to explode just as the starting lights turned green. In reality the culprit was a clutch that cracked spilling its lubricants on top of the hot engine causing a spectacular fire. The engine, once cleaned, worked without problem. Another sure third place was lost on the last lap in Hungary. Nevertheless, when the car was reliable, Brundle put in strong performances that season, most notably at Monaco where he finished second to Schumacher.


title: Martin Brundle

text: Having had poor luck and with Mansell signed to McLaren for 1995, Brundle once more raced for Ligier that year, although not for the full season. To appease Mugen-Honda he had to share the second seat with Aguri Suzuki, a move denounced by many commentators and fans. He impressed however, with a strong fourth at Magny-Cours and what would be his last F1 podium, at Spa, being the highlights. In 1996 he teamed up with Rubens Barrichello at Jordan and enjoyed a good season, despite a slow start and a spectacular crash at Melbourne's inaugural GP, with regular points, fourth his best result. He finished fifth in the 1996 Japanese Grand Prix, which was his last Grand Prix in Formula One.


title: Martin Brundle

text: Brundle achieved 9 podiums, and scored a total of 98 championship points, with a best championship finish of 6th in 1992. He was especially strong on street circuits and similarly slow-speed, twisty courses – Monaco, Adelaide and the Hungaroring each produced 4 points finishes for him.


title: Martin Brundle

text: Brundle had hoped to stay in F1 beyond 1996, but could not find a seat. He was offered a seat at Sauber in 1997 following the dropping of Nicola Larini, but decided against it. Brundle did however return to Le Mans. Drives for Nissan, Toyota and Bentley impressed, but a second victory failed to materialise. Brundle returned to Le Mans in 2012 but previous to that last raced in 2001, between which he focused on his role with the British Racing Drivers' Club (BRDC).


title: Martin Brundle

text: Having largely retired from motor racing, Brundle became a highly regarded commentator on British television network ITV, whom he joined when they began Formula One coverage in 1997, initially alongside Murray Walker, and from 2002 James Allen. Brundle joined the BBC's commentary team alongside Jonathan Legard when they won back the rights to show F1 from 2009. Before the start of the season, the BBC announced that Brundle was being promoted to lead commentator and would be joined by fellow former F1 driver, David Coulthard. He signed for Sky Sports' coverage at the end of 2011. At Sky Brundle returned to a co-commentary role, working alongside lead commentator David Croft.


title: Martin Brundle

text: For his television work Brundle has won the RTS Television Sports Award for best Sports Pundit in 1998, 1999, 2005 and 2006. In 2005 the judges described him as:


title: Martin Brundle

text: The production company responsible for ITV's F1 coverage, North One Television, also won the Sports Innovation Award for its Insight features, presented by Brundle. His pre-race grid walks are now customary and began at the 1997 British Grand Prix. Discussing the return of Formula One to the BBC in 2009, "The Times" described Brundle "as the greatest TV analyst in this or any other sport."


title: Martin Brundle

text: Before becoming a regular commentator, Brundle was also part of the 1995 BBC commentary team whenever Aguri Suzuki was driving the Ligier-Mugen Honda, such as the 1995 San Marino Grand Prix. He also commentated on Eurosport for a handful of qualifying sessions in 1995.


title: Martin Brundle

text: With Steve Rider busy covering the England versus Kazakhstan 2010 FIFA World Cup Group 6 qualification match, Brundle co-commentated and presented coverage of the 2008 Japanese Grand Prix at Fuji Speedway.


title: Martin Brundle

text: Brundle took the wheel of a Jaguar F1 car for the Formula One demonstration in London prior to the 2004 British Grand Prix and drove a BMW Sauber during a demonstration in 2006. Also in 2006, Brundle drove a 2005 Red Bull Racing car around Silverstone as part of ITV's 'F1 Insight' feature. This was followed up in 2007 with Brundle and colleague Blundell both driving Williams F1 cars to demonstrate overtaking.


title: Martin Brundle

text: In 2008 he came out of retirement to drive in the Formula Palmer Audi Championship alongside his son Alex, who was a series regular. He scored three top-eight finishes from the three races in which he took part.


title: Martin Brundle

text: Brundle came out of retirement again to race for United Autosports in the 2011 Daytona 24 Hours, sharing a Ford-powered Riley with Zak Brown, Mark Patterson and former Ligier and Brabham teammate Blundell; the team finished fourth overall.


title: Martin Brundle

text: In June 2011, shortly before the 2011 European Grand Prix, Brundle completed a one-off Formula One test for the series' tyre supplier Pirelli at Jerez. He completed a total of 70 laps on all of their tyre compounds, with the results and events of the day aired before the 2011 Hungarian Grand Prix.


title: Martin Brundle

text: In June 2012, Brundle made a return to competitive racing at the 24 Hours of Le Mans, teaming up with son Alex to race a Greaves Motorsport-run Zytek-Nissan LMP2. His first appearance at the French classic in over a decade, Brundle worked hard to get back into adequate physical condition – using his son's race-training exercise programme for a year in preparation. Their car finished 15th out of the 56 runners, completing 340 laps.


title: Martin Brundle

text: Brundle has been involved in driver management. At present, he is David Coulthard's manager (as well as his former co-commentator). He co-owned a management company, 2MB Sports Management, alongside Mark Blundell until January 2009, when he announced his intention to step down in order to focus on his television responsibilities and his son's career. Their clients include McLaren test driver Gary Paffett and British Formula 3 champion Mike Conway.


title: Martin Brundle

text: Brundle presented a documentary on British television in 1998 called "Great Escapes", which showed generally live recordings, and occasionally reconstructions, of stories where human beings managed to somehow survive in face of various dangers or perils. It ran for one series on ITV.


title: Martin Brundle

text: In 2004 he released his first book "Working the Wheel". The title is a reference to his 1996 crash in Melbourne.


title: Martin Brundle

text: In June 2013 he released his second book "The Martin Brundle Scrapbook", co-authored with Philip Porter, a biography that tells the story of his life through memorabilia, news cuttings and photographs.


title: Martin Brundle

text: On Friday 13 February 2009, Brundle presented "BBC Look East"'s 6.30 pm bulletin, with Susie Fowler-Watt, reproducing his famous gridwalk.


title: Martin Brundle

text: In September 2007, he suggested that the treatment of McLaren "had the feel of a witch hunt" in his "Sunday Times" column. As a result of these comments, Brundle and the "Sunday Times" received a French writ from Max Mosley and the FIA for libel. In the same column on 9 December 2007 he accused the FIA of double standards and of issuing the writ at the same time as clearing Renault of spying as a warning to other journalists:


title: Martin Brundle

text: The timing of the writ is significant, in my view, given the FIA's decision to find Renault guilty of having significant McLaren designs and information within their systems, but not administering any penalty. It is a warning sign to other journalists and publications to choose their words carefully over that decision. I'm tired of what I perceive as the "spin" and tactics of the FIA press office, as are many other journalists. I expect my accreditation pass for next year will be hindered in some way to make my coverage of F1 more difficult and to punish me. Or they will write to ITV again to say that my commentary is not up to standard despite my unprecedented six Royal Television Society Awards for sports broadcasting. So be it.


title: Martin Brundle

text: As a former Formula One driver, I have earned the right to have an opinion about the sport, and probably know as much about it as anybody else. I have attended approaching 400 grands prix, 158 as a driver. I have spilt blood, broken bones, shed tears, generated tanker loads of sweat, tasted the champagne glories and plumbed the depths of misery. I have never been more passionate about F1 and will always share my opinions in an honest and open way, knowing readers will make up their own minds.


title: Martin Brundle

text: In March 2008, Brundle voiced his opinion regarding the position of Max Mosley following the "News of The World's" allegation that Mosley had engaged in sexual acts with five prostitutes in a scenario that involved Nazi role-playing; saying "It's not appropriate behaviour for the head of any global body such as the FIA." In April, Brundle argued:


title: Martin Brundle

text: The specific detail of the scandal surrounding him is largely irrelevant, in my view. The sporting regulation he has used over the years to keep teams in check relates to bringing the sport into disrepute. If you live by the sword, you die by the sword. Sitting on the fence on this issue for any of us inside the sport is not an option. We must condone or condemn the situation he finds himself in. Mosley's position as president is untenable.


title: Martin Brundle

text: Brundle's helmet was white with two red stripes and a blue stripe between the two red stripes (inspired by the British flag) from the chin to the back of the helmet.


title: Martin Brundle

text: In 1996, a golden ring (with either 'Benson and Hedges' or 'Brundle' written on it) and a blue drawing resembling a B (a representation of his trademark "start the engine" gesture) were added.


title: Martin Brundle

text: The son of a motor car dealer, he and his brother Robin took over the family car dealership from their father. The business closed in 2003 after losing the local Toyota and Peugeot franchises. Robin is also a racing driver, who competes in historic racing events, and was managing director of Lola Cars.


title: Martin Brundle

text: Brundle is married to Liz and they have a daughter, Charlie, and a son, Alex. Alex has followed his father in pursuing a career in driving; he competed in the 2012 GP3 Series and the FIA World Endurance Championship. Brundle has always lived within a 10-mile radius of King's Lynn, and currently lives in Gayton, Norfolk.


title: Martin Brundle

text: In 2017, Brundle disclosed that while covering the 2016 Monaco Grand Prix for Sky Sports, he suffered a heart attack whilst running to do the podium interviews.


title: Martin Brundle

text: In 2016, in an academic paper that reported a mathematical modeling study that assessed the relative influence of driver and machine, Brundle was ranked the 30th best Formula One driver of all time.


title: Martin Brundle

text: Motion picture writer/director David Cronenberg, a motor racing enthusiast, named the protagonist of his 1986 film "The Fly" "Seth Brundle" after Martin Brundle. The protagonist of the film's sequel, "The Fly II" (1989) is Seth Brundle's son "Martin Brundle."


title: Martin Brundle

text: Brundle was ineligible to score points as he was using European specification tyres. Allen Berg therefore secured maximum points at this round.


title: Bow and arrow

text: The bow and arrow is a ranged weapon system consisting of an elastic launching device (bow) and long-shafted projectiles (arrows). Humans used bows and arrows for hunting and aggression long before recorded history, and the practice was common to many prehistoric cultures. They were important weapons of war from ancient history until the early modern period, where they were rendered increasingly obsolete by the development of the more powerful and accurate firearms. Today, bows and arrows are mostly used for hunting and sports.


title: Bow and arrow

text: Archery is the art, practice, or skill of using bows to shoot arrows. A person who shoots arrows with a bow is called a bowman or an archer. Someone who makes bows is known as a bowyer, someone who makes arrows is a fletcher, and someone who manufactures metal arrowheads is an arrowsmith.


title: Bow and arrow

text: A bow consists of a semi-rigid but elastic arc with a high-tensile bowstring joining the ends of the two limbs of the bow. An arrow is a projectile with a pointed tip and a long shaft with stabilizer fins (fletching) towards the back, with a narrow notch ("nock") at the very end to contact the bowstring.


title: Bow and arrow

text: To load an arrow for shooting ("nocking" an arrow), the archer places an arrow across the middle of the bow with the bowstring in the arrow's nock. To shoot, the archer holds the bow at its center with one hand and pulls back (draws) the arrow and the bowstring with the other (typically the dominant hand). This flexes the two limbs of the bow rearwards, which perform the function of a pair of cantilever springs to store elastic energy.


title: Bow and arrow

text: Typically while maintaining the draw, the archer aims the shot intuitively or by sighting along the arrow. Then archer releases (looses) the draw, allowing the limbs' stored energy to convert into kinetic energy transmitted via the bowstring to the arrow, propelling it to fly forward with high velocity.


title: Bow and arrow

text: When not in use, bows are generally kept "unstrung", meaning one or both ends of the bowstring are detached from the bow. This removes all residual tension on the bow and can help prevent it from losing strength or elasticity over time. Many bow designs also let it straighten out more completely, reducing the space needed to store the bow. Returning the bowstring to its ready-to-use position is called "stringing" the bow.


title: Bow and arrow

text: The oldest known evidence of the bow and arrow comes from South African sites such as Sibudu Cave, where likely arrowheads have been found, dating from approximately 72,000–60,000 years ago.


title: Bow and arrow

text: The earliest probable arrowheads found outside of Africa were discovered in 2020 in Fa Hien Cave, Sri Lanka. They have been dated to 48,000 years ago. "Bow-and-arrow hunting at the Sri Lankan site likely focused on monkeys and smaller animals, such as squirrels, Langley says. Remains of these creatures were found in the same sediment as the bone points."


title: Bow and arrow

text: Elsewhere in Eurasia, the bow and arrow seems to reappear around the Upper Paleolithic. After the end of the last glacial period, use of the bow seems to have spread to every inhabited region, except for Australasia and most of Oceania.


title: Bow and arrow

text: The earliest definite remains of bow and arrow from Europe are possible fragments from Germany found at Mannheim-Vogelstang dated 17,500–18,000 years ago, and at Stellmoor dated 11,000 years ago. Azilian points found in Grotte du Bichon, Switzerland, alongside the remains of both a bear and a hunter, with flint fragments found in the bear's third vertebra, suggest the use of arrows at 13,500 years ago.


title: Bow and arrow

text: At the site of Nataruk in Turkana County, Kenya, obsidian bladelets found embedded in a skull and within the thoracic cavity of another skeleton, suggest the use of stone-tipped arrows as weapons about 10,000 years ago.


title: Bow and arrow

text: The oldest extant bows in one piece are the elm Holmegaard bows from Denmark, which were dated to 9,000 BCE. Several bows from Holmegaard, Denmark, date 8,000 years ago. High-performance wooden bows are currently made following the Holmegaard design.


title: Bow and arrow

text: The Stellmoor bow fragments from northern Germany were dated to about 8,000 BCE, but they were destroyed in Hamburg during the Second World War, before carbon 14 dating was available; their age is attributed by archaeological association.


title: Bow and arrow

text: The bow was an important weapon for both hunting and warfare from prehistoric times until the widespread use of gunpowder weapons in the 16th century. It was also common in ancient warfare, although certain cultures would not favor them. Greek poet Archilocus expressed scorn for fighting with bows and slings. Beginning with the reign of William the Conqueror, the longbow was England's principal weapon of war until the end of the Middle Ages. Genghis Khan and his Mongol hordes conquered much of the Eurasian steppe using short bows. Native Americans used archery to hunt and defend themselves during the days of English and later American colonization.


title: Bow and arrow

text: Organised warfare with bows ended in the early to mid-17th century in Western Europe, but it persisted into the 19th century in Eastern cultures, including hunting and warfare in the New World. In the Canadian Arctic, bows were made until the end of the 20th century for hunting caribou, for instance at Igloolik. The bow has more recently been used as a weapon of tribal warfare in some parts of Sub-Saharan Africa; an example was documented in 2009 in Kenya when Kisii people and Kalenjin people clashed, resulting in four deaths.


title: Bow and arrow

text: The British upper class led a revival of archery as a sport in the late 18th century. Sir Ashton Lever, an antiquarian and collector, formed the Toxophilite Society in London in 1781, under the patronage of George IV, then Prince of Wales.


title: Bow and arrow

text: The basic elements of a bow are a pair of curved elastic limbs, traditionally made from wood, joined by a riser. However self bows such as the English longbow are made of a single piece of wood encompassing both limbs and the grip. Both ends of the limbs are connected by a string known as the bow string. By pulling the string backwards the archer exerts compression force on the string-facing section, or belly, of the limbs as well as placing the outer section, or back, under tension. While the string is held, this stores the energy later released in putting the arrow to flight. The force required to hold the string stationary at full draw is often used to express the power of a bow, and is known as its draw weight, or weight. Other things being equal, a higher draw weight means a more powerful bow, which is able to project heavier arrows at the same velocity or the same arrow at a greater velocity.


title: Bow and arrow

text: The various parts of the bow can be subdivided into further sections. The topmost limb is known as the upper limb, while the bottom limb is the lower limb. At the tip of each limb is a nock, which is used to attach the bowstring to the limbs. The riser is usually divided into the grip, which is held by the archer, as well as the arrow rest and the bow window. The arrow rest is a small ledge or extension above the grip which the arrow rests upon while being aimed. The bow window is that part of the riser above the grip, which contains the arrow rest.


title: Bow and arrow

text: In bows drawn and held by hand, the maximum draw weight is determined by the strength of the archer. The maximum distance the string could be displaced and thus the longest arrow that could be loosed from it, a bow's draw length, is determined by the size of the archer.


title: Bow and arrow

text: A composite bow uses a combination of materials to create the limbs, allowing the use of materials specialized for the different functions of a bow limb. The classic composite bow uses wood for lightness and dimensional stability in the core, horn to store compression energy, and sinew for its ability to store energy in tension. Such bows, typically Asian, would often use a stiff end on the limb end, having the effect of a recurve. In this type of bow, this is known by the Arabic name 'siyah'.


title: Bow and arrow

text: Modern construction materials for bows include laminated wood, fiberglass, metals, and carbon fiber components.


title: Bow and arrow

text: An arrow usually consists of a shaft with an arrowhead attached to the front end, with fletchings and a nock at the other. Modern arrows are usually made from carbon fibre, aluminum, fiberglass, and wood shafts. Carbon shafts have the advantage that they do not bend or warp, but they can often be too light weight to shoot from some bows and are expensive. Aluminum shafts are less expensive than carbon shafts, but they can bend and warp from use. Wood shafts are the least expensive option but often will not be identical in weight and size to each other and break more often than the other types of shafts. Arrow sizes vary greatly across cultures and range from very short ones that require the use of special equipment to be shot to ones in use in the Amazon River jungles that are long. Most modern arrows are in length.


title: Bow and arrow

text: Arrows come in many types, among which are breasted, bob-tailed, barreled, clout, and target. A breasted arrow is thickest at the area right behind the fletchings, and tapers towards the (nock) and head. A bob-tailed arrow is thickest right behind the head, and tapers to the nock. A barrelled arrow is thickest in the centre of the arrow. Target arrows are those arrows used for target shooting rather than warfare or hunting, and usually have simple arrowheads.


title: Bow and arrow

text: For safety reasons, a bow should never be shot without an arrow nocked; without an arrow, the energy that is normally transferred into the projectile is instead directed back into the bow itself, which will cause damage to the bow's limbs.


title: Bow and arrow

text: The end of the arrow that is designed to hit the target is called the arrowhead. Usually, these are separate items that are attached to the arrow shaft by either tangs or sockets. Materials used in the past for arrowheads include flint, bone, horn, or metal. Most modern arrowheads are made of steel, but wood and other traditional materials are still used occasionally. A number of different types of arrowheads are known, with the most common being bodkins, broadheads, and piles. Bodkin heads are simple spikes made of metal of various shapes, designed to pierce armour. A broadhead arrowhead is usually triangular or leaf-shaped and has a sharpened edge or edges. Broadheads are commonly used for hunting. A pile arrowhead is a simple metal cone, either sharpened to a point or somewhat blunt, that is used mainly for target shooting. A pile head is the same diameter as the arrow shaft and is usually just fitted over the tip of the arrow. Other heads are known, including the blunt head, which is flat at the end and is used for hunting small game or birds, and is designed to not pierce the target nor embed itself in trees or other objects and make recovery difficult. Another type of arrowhead is a barbed head, usually used in warfare or hunting.


title: Bow and arrow

text: Bowstrings may have a nocking point marked on them, which serves to mark where the arrow is fitted to the bowstring before shooting. The area around the nocking point is usually bound with thread to protect the area around the nocking point from wear by the archer's hands. This section is called the serving. At one end of the bowstring a loop is formed, which is permanent. The other end of the bowstring also has a loop, but this is not permanently formed into the bowstring but is constructed by tying a knot into the string to form a loop. Traditionally this knot is known as the archer's knot, but is a form of the timber hitch. The knot can be adjusted to lengthen or shorten the bowstring. The adjustable loop is known as the "tail". The string is often twisted (this being called the "flemish twist").


title: Bow and arrow

text: Bowstrings have been constructed of many materials throughout history, including fibres such as flax, silk, and hemp. Other materials used were animal guts, animal sinews, and rawhide. Modern fibres such as Dacron or Kevlar are now used in commercial bowstring construction, as well as steel wires in some compound bows. Compound bows have a mechanical system of pulley cams over which the bowstring is wound. Nylon is useful only in emergency situations, as it stretches too much.


title: Bow and arrow

text: There is no single accepted system of classification of bows. Bows may be described by various characteristics including the materials used, the length of the draw that they permit, the shape of the bow in sideways view, and the shape of the limb in cross-section.


title: Javanese language

text: Javanese (, , ; , Aksara Jawa: , Pegon: , IPA: ) is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by the Javanese people from the central and eastern parts of the island of Java, Indonesia. There are also pockets of Javanese speakers on the northern coast of western Java. It is the native language of more than 98 million people.


title: Javanese language

text: Javanese is the largest of the Austronesian languages in number of native speakers. It has several regional dialects and a number of clearly distinct status styles. Its closest relatives are the neighboring languages such as Sundanese, Madurese, and Balinese. Most speakers of Javanese also speak Indonesian for official and commercial purposes as well as a means to communicate with non-Javanese-speaking Indonesians.


title: Javanese language

text: There are speakers of Javanese in Malaysia (concentrated in the West Coast part of the states of Selangor and Johor) and Singapore. Javanese is also spoken by traditional immigrant communities of Javanese descent in Suriname, Sri Lanka and New Caledonia.


title: Javanese language

text: Along with Indonesian, Javanese is an official language in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia.


title: Javanese language

text: Javanese is part of the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family, although its precise relationship to other Malayo-Polynesian languages is hard to determine. Using the lexicostatistical method, Isidore Dyen classified Javanese as part of the "Javo-Sumatra Hesion", which also includes the Sundanese and "Malayic" languages. This grouping is also called "Malayo-Javanic" by linguist Berndt Nothofer, who was the first to attempt a reconstruction of it based on only four languages with the best attestation at the time (Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese, and Malay).


title: Javanese language

text: Malayo-Javanic has been criticized and rejected by various linguists. Alexander Adelaar does not include Javanese in his proposed Malayo-Sumbawan grouping (which also covers Malayic, Sundanese, and Madurese languages). Robert Blust also does not include Javanese in the Greater North Borneo subgroup, which he proposes as an alternative to Malayo-Sumbawan grouping. However, Blust also expresses the possibility that Greater North Borneo languages are closely related to many other western Indonesian languages, including Javanese. Blust's suggestion has been further elaborated by Alexander Smith, who includes Javanese in the Western Indonesian grouping (which also includes GNB and several other subgroups), which Smith considers as one of Malayo-Polynesian's primary branches.


title: Javanese language

text: In general, the history of the Javanese language can be divided into two distinct phases: 1) Old Javanese and 2) New Javanese.


title: Javanese language

text: The earliest attested form of Old Javanese can be found on the Sukabumi inscription, which dates from 804 CE. Between the 9th and the 15th century, this form of Javanese flourished in the island of Java. Old Javanese is commonly written in the form of verses. This language variety is also called "kawi" or 'of poets, poetical', although this term could also be used to refer to the archaic elements of New Javanese literature. The writing system used to write Old Javanese is a descendant of the Pallava script from India. Almost half of the entire vocabularies found in Old Javanese literature are Sanskrit loanwords, although Old Javanese also borrowed terms from other languages in the Maritime Southeast Asia.


title: Javanese language

text: The form of Old Javanese found in several texts from 14th century onward (mostly written in Bali) is sometimes referred to as "Middle Javanese". Both Old and Middle Javanese written forms have not been widely used in Java since early 16th century. However, Old Javanese works and poetic tradition continue to be preserved in the Javanese-influenced Bali, and the variety is also used for religious purposes.


title: Javanese language

text: Modern Javanese emerged as the main literary form of the language in the 16th century. The change in the literary system happened as Islam started to gain influence in Java. In its early form, Modern Javanese literary form was based on the variety spoken in the north coast of Java, where Islam had already gained foothold among the local people. Many of the written works in this variety were Islamic in nature, and several of them were translation from works in Malay. The Arabic abjad was also adopted (as Pegon) to write Javanese.


title: Javanese language

text: The rise of Mataram in the 17th century shifted the main literary form of Javanese to be based on the inland variety. This written tradition was preserved by writers of Surakarta and Yogyakarta, and later became the basis of the modern written standard of the language. Another linguistic development associated with the rise of Mataram is the stratification of Javanese into speech levels such as "ngoko" and "krama", which were unknown in Old Javanese.


title: Javanese language

text: Books in Javanese have been printed since 1830s, at first using the Javanese script, although the Latin alphabet started to be used later. Since mid-19th century, Javanese has been used in newspapers and travelogues, and later, also novels, short stories, as well as free verses. Today, it is used in media, ranging from books to TV programs, and the language is also taught at schools in primarily Javanese areas.


title: Javanese language

text: Athough Javanese is not a national language, it has recognized status as a regional language in the three Indonesian provinces with the biggest concentrations of Javanese people: Central Java, Yogyakarta, and East Java. Javanese is taught at schools and is used in some mass media, both electronically and in print. There is, however, no longer a daily newspaper in Javanese. Javanese-language magazines include "Panjebar Semangat", "Jaka Lodhang", "Jaya Baya", "Damar Jati", and "Mekar Sari".


title: Javanese language

text: Since 2003, an East Java local television station (JTV) has broadcast some of its programmes in the Surabayan dialect, including "Pojok Kampung" ("Village Corner", main newscast), "Kuis RT/RW" ("RT/RW Quiz"), and "Pojok Perkoro" ("Case Corner", a crime newscast). In later broadcasts, JTV offers programmes in the Central Javanese dialect (called by them "basa kulonan", "the western language") and Madurese.


title: Javanese language

text: In 2005 a new Javanese language magazine, "Damar Jati", appeared. It is not published in the Javanese heartlands, but in Jakarta.


title: Javanese language

text: Javanese is designated as the official language of the Special Region of Yogyakarta under Yogyakarta Special Region Regulation Number 2 of 2021. Previously, Central Java promulgated a similar regulation—Regional Regulation 9/2012—but this did not imply an official status for the language.


title: Javanese language

text: Javanese is spoken throughout Indonesia, neighboring Southeast Asian countries, the Netherlands, Suriname, New Caledonia, and other countries. The largest populations of speakers are found in the six provinces of Java itself, and in the neighboring Sumatran province of Lampung.


title: Javanese language

text: The language is spoken in Yogyakarta, Central and East Java, as well as on the north coast of West Java and Banten. It is also spoken elsewhere by the Javanese people in other provinces of Indonesia, who are numerous due to the government-sanctioned transmigration program in the late 20th century, including Lampung, Jambi, and North Sumatra provinces. In Suriname, Javanese is spoken among descendants of plantation migrants brought by the Dutch during the 19th century. In Madura, Bali, Lombok, and the Sunda region of West Java, it is also used as a literary language. It was the court language in Palembang, South Sumatra, until the palace was sacked by the Dutch in the late 18th century.


title: Javanese language

text: Javanese is written with the Latin script, Javanese script, and Arabic script. In the present day, the Latin script dominates writings, although the Javanese script is still taught as part of the compulsory Javanese language subject in elementary up to high school levels in Yogyakarta, Central and East Java.


title: Javanese language

text: Javanese is the tenth largest language by native speakers and the fifth largest language without official status at the national level. It is spoken or understood by approximately 100 million people. At least 45% of the total population of Indonesia are of Javanese descent or live in an area where Javanese is the dominant language. All seven Indonesian presidents since 1945 have been of Javanese descent. It is therefore not surprising that Javanese has had a deep influence on the development of Indonesian, the national language of Indonesia.


title: Javanese language

text: There are three main dialects of the modern language: Central Javanese, Eastern Javanese, and Western Javanese. These three dialects form a dialect continuum from northern Banten in the extreme west of Java to Banyuwangi Regency in the eastern corner of the island. All Javanese dialects are more or less mutually intelligible.


title: Javanese language

text: A table showing the number of native speakers in 1980, for the 22 Indonesian provinces (from the total of 27) in which more than 1% of the population spoke Javanese:


title: Javanese language

text: According to the 1980 census, Javanese was used daily in approximately 43% of Indonesian households. By this reckoning there were well over 60 million Javanese speakers, from a national population of 147,490,298.


title: Javanese language

text: In Banten, the descendants of the Central Javanese conquerors who founded the Islamic Sultanate there in the 16th century still speak an archaic form of Javanese. The rest of the population mainly speaks Sundanese and Indonesian, since this province borders directly on Jakarta.


title: Javanese language

text: At least one third of the population of Jakarta are of Javanese descent, so they speak Javanese or have knowledge of it. In the province of West Java, many people speak Javanese, especially those living in the areas bordering Central Java, the cultural homeland of the Javanese.


title: Javanese language

text: Almost a quarter of the population of East Java province are Madurese (mostly on the Isle of Madura); many Madurese have some knowledge of colloquial Javanese. Since the 19th century, Madurese was also written in the Javanese script.


title: Javanese language

text: The original inhabitants of Lampung, the Lampungese, make up only 15% of the provincial population. The rest are the so-called "transmigrants", settlers from other parts of Indonesia, many as a result of past government transmigration programs. Most of these transmigrants are Javanese who have settled there since the 19th century.


title: Javanese language

text: In Suriname (the former Dutch colony of Surinam), South America, approximately 15% of the population of some 500,000 are of Javanese descent, among whom 75,000 speak Javanese. A local variant evolved: the "Tyoro Jowo-Suriname" or "Suriname Javanese".


title: Javanese language

text: In closed syllables the vowels are pronounced respectively. In open syllables, are also when the following vowel is in an open syllable; otherwise they are , or identical (). In the standard dialect of Surakarta, is pronounced in word-final open syllables, and in any open penultimate syllable before such an .


title: Javanese language

text: The Javanese "voiced" phonemes are not in fact voiced but voiceless, with breathy voice on the following vowel. The relevant distinction in phonation of the plosives is described as stiff voice versus slack voice.


title: Javanese language

text: A Javanese syllable can have the following form: , where C = consonant, S = sonorant (, or any nasal consonant), and V = vowel. As with other Austronesian languages, native Javanese roots consist of two syllables; words consisting of more than three syllables are broken up into groups of disyllabic words for pronunciation. In Modern Javanese, a disyllabic root is of the following type: .


title: Javanese language

text: Apart from Madurese, Javanese is the only language of Western Indonesia to possess a distinction between dental and retroflex phonemes. The latter sounds are transcribed as "th" and "dh" in the modern Roman script, but previously by the use of an underdot: "ṭ" and "ḍ".


title: Javanese language

text: Javanese, like many other Austronesian languages, is an agglutinative language, where base words are modified through extensive use of affixes.


title: Javanese language

text: Modern Javanese usually employs SVO word order. However, Old Javanese sometimes had VSO and sometimes VOS word order. Even in Modern Javanese, archaic sentences using VSO structure can still be made.


title: Javanese language

text: Both sentences mean: "He (S) comes (V) into (pp.) the (def. art.) palace (O)". In the Old Javanese sentence, the verb is placed at the beginning and is separated by the particle "ta" from the rest of the sentence. In Modern Javanese the definite article is lost, and definiteness is expressed by other means if necessary.


title: Javanese language

text: Verbs are not inflected for person or number. There is no grammatical tense; time is expressed by auxiliary words meaning "yesterday", "already", etc. There is a complex system of verb affixes to express differences of status in subject and object. However, in general the structure of Javanese sentences both Old and Modern can be described using the topic–comment model, without having to refer to conventional grammatical categories. The topic is the head of the sentence; the comment is the modifier. So the example sentence has a simpler description: "Dhèwèké" = "topic"; "teka" = comment; "ing karaton" = setting.


title: Javanese language

text: Javanese has a rich and varied vocabulary, with many loanwords supplementing those from the native Austronesian base. Sanskrit has had a deep and lasting impact. The "Old Javanese–English Dictionary" contains approximately 25,500 entries, over 12,600 of which are borrowings from Sanskrit. Such a high number is no measure of usage, but it does suggest the extent to which the language adopted Sanskrit words for formal purposes. In a typical Old Javanese literary work about 25% of the vocabulary is from Sanskrit. Many Javanese personal names also have clearly recognisable Sanskrit roots.


title: Javanese language

text: Sanskrit words are still very much in use. Modern speakers may describe Old Javanese and Sanskrit words as "kawi" (roughly meaning "literary"); but "kawi" words may also be from Arabic. Dutch and Malay are influential as well; but none of these rivals the position of Sanskrit.


title: Javanese language

text: There are far fewer Arabic loanwords in Javanese than in Malay, and they are usually concerned with Islamic religion. Nevertheless, some words have entered the basic vocabulary, such as "pikir" ("to think", from the Arabic "fikr"), "badan" ("body"), "mripat" ("eye", thought to be derived from the Arabic "ma'rifah", meaning "knowledge" or "vision"). However, these Arabic words typically have native Austronesian or Sanskrit alternatives: "pikir" = "galih", "idhep" (Austronesian) and "manah", "cipta", or "cita" (from Sanskrit); "badan" = "awak" (Austronesian) and "slira", "sarira", or "angga" (from Sanskrit); and "mripat" = "mata" (Austronesian) and "soca" or "nétra" (from Sanskrit).


title: Javanese language

text: Dutch loanwords usually have the same form and meaning as in Indonesian, with a few exceptions such as:


title: Javanese language

text: The word "sepur" also exists in Indonesian, but there it has preserved the "literal" Dutch meaning of "railway tracks", while the Javanese word follows Dutch "figurative" use, and "spoor" (lit. "rail") is used as metonymy for "trein" (lit. "train"). (Compare a similar metonymic use in English: "to travel by rail" may be used for "to travel by train".)


title: Javanese language

text: Malay was the lingua franca of the Indonesian archipelago before the proclamation of Indonesian independence in 1945; and Indonesian, which was based on Malay, is now the official language of Indonesia. As a consequence, there has been an influx of Malay and Indonesian vocabulary into Javanese. Many of these words are concerned with bureaucracy or politics.


title: Javanese language

text: In common with other Austronesian languages, Javanese is spoken differently depending on the social context. In Austronesian there are often three distinct styles or registers. Each employs its own vocabulary, grammatical rules, and even prosody. In Javanese these styles are called:


title: Javanese language

text: There are also "meta-style" honorific words, and their converse "humilifics". Speakers use "humble" words concerning themselves, but honorific words concerning anyone of greater age of higher social status. The humilific words are called "krama andhap", while the honorifics are called "krama inggil". Children typically use the "ngoko" style, but in talking to the parents they must be competent with both "krama inggil" and "krama andhap".


title: Javanese language

text: The most polite word meaning "eat" is "dhahar". But it is forbidden to use these most polite words for oneself, except when talking with someone of lower status; and in this case, "ngoko" style is used. Such most polite words are reserved for addressing people of higher status:


title: Javanese language

text: The use of these different styles is complicated and requires thorough knowledge of Javanese culture, which adds to the difficulty of Javanese for foreigners. The full system is not usually mastered by most Javanese themselves, who might use only the "ngoko" and a rudimentary form of the "krama". People who can correctly use the different styles are held in high esteem.


title: Javanese language

text: There are three main groups of Javanese dialects, based on sub-regions: Western Javanese, Central Javanese, and Eastern Javanese. The differences are primarily in pronunciation, but with vocabulary differences also. Javanese dialects are all mutually intelligible.


title: Javanese language

text: Central Javanese ("Jawa Tengahan") is founded on the speech of Surakarta and to a lesser extent of Yogyakarta. It is considered the most "refined" of the regional variants, and serves as a model for the standard language. Those two cities are the seats of four Javanese principalities (heirs to the Mataram Sultanate) that once dominated the whole of Java and beyond. This variant is used throughout Central Java and the Special Region of Yogyakarta, and there are many lower-level dialects such as "Muria" and "Semarangan", as well as "Surakarta" and "Yogyakarta" themselves. The variations in Central Java are said to be so plentiful that almost every administrative region (or "kabupatèn") has its own local slang; but those minor dialects are not seen as distinct by most Javanese speakers.


title: Javanese language

text: Central Javanese is also used in the western part of East Java province. For example, Javanese spoken in the Madiun region (along with Javanese spoken in Blitar, Ponorogo, Pacitan, and Tulungagung, and central parts of Kediri) bears a strong influence of Surakarta Javanese.


title: Javanese language

text: Western Javanese ("Jawa Kulonan"), spoken in the western part of the Central Java province and throughout the West Java province (particularly on the north coast), includes dialects that are distinct for their Sundanese influences. It retains many archaic words.


title: Javanese language

text: Some Western Javanese dialects such as Banyumasan dialects and Tegal dialect are sometimes referred to as "basa ngapak" by other Javanese.


title: Javanese language

text: Eastern Javanese ("Jawa Wétanan") speakers range from the eastern banks of Brantas River in Kertosono, and from Nganjuk to Banyuwangi, comprising the majority of the East Java province excluding Madura island. However, the variant has been influenced by Madurese.


title: Javanese language

text: The most outlying Eastern Javanese dialect is spoken in Balambangan (or Banyuwangi). It is generally known as "basa Using". "Using", a local negation word, is a cognate of "tusing" in Balinese.


title: Javanese language

text: Surinamese-Javanese is mainly based on Central Javanese, especially from Kedu residency. The number of speakers of Suriname-Javanese in Suriname was estimated at 60,000 as of 2012. Most Surinamese-Javanese are bi- or trilingual. According to the 2004 census, Surinamese-Javanese was the first or second language in 11 percent of households. In a 2012 study of multilingualism in Surinamese education by the Dutch Language Union, 3,497 out of 22,643 pupils (15 percent) in primary education indicated Surinamese-Javanese as a language spoken at home. Most of them were living in Wanica and Paramaribo districts.


title: Javanese language

text: Not all immigrants from Indonesia to Suriname were speakers of Javanese. Immigration records show that 90 percent of immigrants were Javanese, with 5 percent Sundanese, 0.5 percent Madurese and 2.5 percent from Batavia. The ethnic composition of this last group was not determinable. Probably Sundanese, Madurese or Malay speaking immigrants were forced to learn Javanese during their stay in Suriname to adapt. In view of the language policies in Netherlands Indies at the time of immigration, it is unlikely the immigrants had knowledge of the Dutch language prior to immigration to Suriname. Dutch today is the official language of Suriname.


title: Javanese language

text: Surinamese Javanese is somewhat different from Indonesian Javanese. In Surinamese-Javanese there is a difference between formal and informal speech. Surinamese-Javanese took many loanwords from languages like Dutch, Sranantongo, Sarnami and Indonesian. The influence of the latter language, which is not spoken in Suriname, can be attributed to the Indonesian embassy and Islamic teachers from Indonesia. Indonesian movies are popular, and usually shown without subtitles on Surinamese-Javanese television channels.


title: Javanese language

text: In 1986, the Surinamese government adopted an official spelling for Surinamese-Javanese. It is seldom used as a written language, however.


title: Javanese language

text: In the 2012 survey, pupils who indicated Surinamese-Javanese as a language spoken at home, reported Dutch (97.9 percent) and Sranantongo (76.9 percent) also being spoken in the household.


title: Javanese language

text: Surinamese-Javanese speaking pupils report high proficiency in speaking and understanding, but very low literacy in the language. They report a low preference for the language in interaction with family members, including their parents, with the exception of their grandparents. Pupils where Surinamese-Javanese is spoken at tend at home to speak Dutch (77 percent) rather than Surinamese-Javanese (12 percent).


title: Javanese language

text: Phoneme /i/ at closed ultima is pronounced as [ɪ] in Central Javanese (Surakarta–Yogyakarta dialect), as [i] in Western Javanese (Banyumasan dialect), and as [ɛ] in Eastern Javanese.


title: Javanese language

text: Phoneme /u/ at closed ultima is pronounced as [ʊ] in Central Javanese, as [u] in Western Javanese, and as [ɔ] in Eastern Javanese.


title: Javanese language

text: Phoneme /a/ at closed ultima in Central Javanese is pronounced as [a] and at open ultima as [ɔ]. Regardless of position, it tends toward [a] in Western Javanese and as [ɔ] in Eastern Javanese.


title: Javanese language

text: Western Javanese tends to add a glottal stop at the end of word-final vowels, e.g.: "Ana apa?" [anaʔ apaʔ] "What happened?", "Aja kaya kuwè!" [adʒaʔ kajaʔ kuwɛʔ] "Don't be like that!".


title: Javanese language

text: Final consonant devoicing occurs in the standard Central Javanese dialect, but not in Banyumasan. For example, "endhog" (egg) is pronounced [əɳɖ̻ɔk] in standard Central Javanese, but [əɳɖ̥ɔg] in Banyumasan. The latter is closer to Old Javanese.


title: Javanese language

text: The vocabulary of standard Javanese is enriched by dialectal words. For example, to get the meaning of "you", Western Javanese speakers say "rika" , Eastern Javanese use "kon" or "koen" , and Central Javanese speakers say "kowé" . Another example is the expression of "how": the Tegal dialect of Western Javanese uses "kepribèn" , the Banyumasan dialect of Western Javanese employs "kepriwé" or "kepriwèn" , Eastern Javanese speakers say "ya' apa"  – originally meaning "like what" ("kaya apa" in standard Javanese) or "kepiyé"  – and Central Javanese speakers say "piye" or "kepriyé" .


title: Javanese language

text: The Madiun–Kediri dialect has some idiosyncratic vocabulary, such as "panggah" 'still' (standard Javanese: "pancet"), "lagèk" 'progressive modal' (standard Javanese: "lagi"), and emphatic particles "nda", "pèh", and "lé".


title: Javanese language

text: A preliminary general classification of Javanese dialects given by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology's Department of Linguistics is as follows. Pesisir (Pemalang) and Tengger are considered to be among the most conservative dialects. The Banten, Pesisir Lor, Banyumas, Tengger, and Osing dialects do not have the vowel raising and vowel harmony features that are innovations of the "standard" Solo and Yogyakarta dialects.


title: Javanese language

text: Standard Javanese is the variety of the Javanese language that was developed at the Yogyakarta and Surakarta courts, based on the Central Javanese dialect, and becomes the basis for the Javanese modern writings. It is marked with the strict usage of two speech levels for politeness, i.e. vernacular level called "ngoko" and high-register level called "krama". Other dialects do not contrast the usage of the speech levels.


title: Javanese language

text: Javanese has been traditionally written with Javanese script. Javanese and the related Balinese script are modern variants of the old Kawi script, a Brahmic script introduced to Java along with Hinduism and Buddhism. Kawi is first attested in a legal document from 804 AD. It was widely used in literature and translations from Sanskrit from the 10th century; by the 17th, the script is identified as "carakan".


title: Javanese language

text: The Javanese script is an abugida. Each of the twenty letters represents a syllable with a consonant (or a "zero consonant") and the inherent vowel 'a' that is pronounced as /ɔ/ in open position. Various diacritics placed around the letter indicate a different vowel than [ɔ], a final consonant, or a foreign pronunciation.


title: Javanese language

text: Letters have subscript forms used to transcribe consonant clusters, though the shape are relatively straightforward, and not as distinct as conjunct forms of Devanagari. Some letters are only present in old Javanese and became obsolete in modern Javanese. Some of these letters became "capital" forms used in proper names. Punctuation includes a comma; period; a mark that covers the colon, quotations, and indicates numerals; and marks to introduce a chapter, poem, song, or letter.


title: Javanese language

text: However, Javanese can also be written with the Arabic script (known as the Pegon script) and today generally uses Latin script instead of Javanese script for practical purposes. A Latin orthography based on Dutch was introduced in 1926, revised in 1972–1973; it has largely supplanted the carakan. The current Latin-based forms:


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: Sierra Entertainment, Inc. (formerly On-Line Systems and Sierra On-Line, Inc.) was an American video game developer and publisher founded in 1979 by Ken and Roberta Williams. The company is known for pioneering the graphic adventure game genre, including the first such game, "Mystery House". It is also known for its graphical adventure game series "King's Quest", "Space Quest", "Police Quest", "Gabriel Knight", "Leisure Suit Larry", and "Quest for Glory", as well as being the original publishers of Valve's "Half-Life" series.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: After seventeen years as an independent company, Sierra was acquired by CUC International in February 1996 to become part of CUC Software. However, CUC International was caught in an accounting scandal in 1998, and many of the original founders of Sierra including the Williamses left the company. Sierra remained as part of CUC Software as it was sold and renamed several times over the next few years; Sierra was formally disestablished as a company and reformed as a division of this group in August 2004. The former CUC Software group was acquired by Vivendi and branded as Vivendi Games in 2006. The Sierra division continued to operate through Vivendi Games' merger with Activision to form Activision Blizzard on July 10, 2008, but was shut down later that year. The Sierra brand was revived by Activision in 2014 to re-release former Sierra games and some independently developed games.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: Sierra Entertainment was founded in 1979 as On-Line Systems in Simi Valley, California, by the husband-and-wife duo Ken and Roberta Williams. Ken, a programmer for IBM, had planned to use the company to create business software for the TRS-80 and Apple II. Ken had brought a teletype terminal home one day in 1979 and, while looking through the host system's catalog of programs, discovered the text adventure "Colossal Cave Adventure". He encouraged Roberta to join him in playing it, and she was enthralled by the game; after Ken had brought an Apple II to their home, she played through other text adventures such as those by Scott Adams and Softape to study them. Dissatisfied with the text-only format, she realized that the graphics display capability of the Apple II could enhance the adventure gaming experience. With Ken's help in some of the programming, Roberta designed "Mystery House", inspired by the novel "And Then There Were None" and the board game "Clue", using text commands and printout combined with rudimentary graphics depicting the current setting.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: "Mystery House" was released through mail-order in May 1980. It was an instant hit with about 15,000 copies sold, earning . It is the first computer adventure game to have graphics, although made with crude, static, monochrome line drawings. The two decided to shift the company's focus to developing more graphical adventure games. "Mystery House" became the first of their "Hi-Res Adventure" series. The "Hi-Res Adventure" series continued with "Mission Asteroid", which was released as "Hi-Res Adventure #0" though being the second release. The next release, "Wizard and the Princess", also known as "Adventure in Serenia", is considered a prelude to the later "King's Quest" series in both story and concept. Through 1981 and 1982, more games were released in the series including "Cranston Manor", "Ulysses and the Golden Fleece", "Time Zone", and "The Dark Crystal". A simplified version of "The Dark Crystal", intended for a younger audience, was written by Al Lowe and released as "Gelfling Adventure".


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: On-Line Systems was renamed Sierra On-Line in 1982, and they moved to Oakhurst, California. The "Sierra" name was taken from the Sierra Nevada mountain range that Oakhurst was near, and its new logo incorporated the imagery of a mountain reflecting that. By early 1984, "InfoWorld" estimated that Sierra was the world's 12th-largest microcomputer software company, with $12.5 million in 1983 sales.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: The company weathered the video game crash of 1983 by seeing only a 20% increase in sales, after analysts in 1982 had predicted a doubling in 1983 of the entire software market. The company had spent much of 1983 developing for a Commodore machine and the TI-99/4A which were both obsolete by the end of the year. Ken Williams was reportedly described as "bewildered by the pace at which computers come into and fall out of favor", and Williams said, "I've learned my lesson. I'm not moving until I understand the market better."


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: Many of Sierra's most well known series began in the 1980s. In 1983, Sierra On-Line was contacted by IBM to create a game for the new PCjr. IBM offered to fund the entire development and marketing of the game, paying royalties. Ken and Roberta Williams accepted and started on the project. Roberta Williams created a story featuring classic fairy-tale elements. Her game concept includes animated color graphics, a pseudo 3D-perspective where the main character is visible on the screen, a more competent text parser that understands advanced commands from the player, and music playing in the background through the PCjr sound hardware. For the game, a complete development system called Adventure Game Interpreter (AGI) was developed. In mid-1984, "" was released to much acclaim, beginning the "King's Quest" series.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: Al Lowe, who had been working at Sierra On-Line for many years, was asked by Ken Williams to write a modern version of Chuck Benton's "Softporn Adventure" from 1981, the only pure text adventure that the company had ever released. "Leisure Suit Larry in the Land of the Lounge Lizards" was a great hit and won the Software Publishers Association's Best Adventure Game award of 1987. It can be deduced that the game first became famous as an early example of software piracy, as Sierra sold many more hintbooks than actual copies of the game. A series of "Leisure Suit Larry" games followed.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: Ken Williams befriended a retired highway patrol officer named Jim Walls and asked him to produce an adventure series based on a police theme. Walls proceeded to create "", which was released in 1987. Several sequels followed, and the series was touted for adherence to police protocol (relevant parts of which were explained in the games' manuals), and presenting some real-life situations encountered by Walls during his career as an officer.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: "Quest for Glory" is a series of hybrid adventure/role-playing video games designed by Corey and Lori Ann Cole. The first game in the series, "", was released in 1989. The series combines humor, puzzle elements, themes and characters borrowed from various legends, puns, and memorable characters, creating a five-part series of the Sierra stable. Although the series was originally titled "Hero's Quest", Sierra failed to trademark the name. Milton Bradley successfully trademarked an electronic version of their unrelated joint Games Workshop board game, "HeroQuest," which forced Sierra to change the series' title to "Quest for Glory". This decision caused all future games in the series (as well as newer releases of "Hero's Quest I") to switch over to the new name.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: In 1987, Sierra On-Line started to publish its own gaming magazine, about its upcoming games and interviews with the developers. The magazine was initially named "The Sierra Newsletter", "The Sierra News Magazine", and "The Sierra/Dynamix Newsmagazine". However, since Sierra Club already published a magazine called "Sierra Magazine", the name of the magazine published by Sierra On-Line was changed to "InterAction" in 1991. It was discontinued in 1999.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: Sierra's Adventure Game Interpreter engine, introduced with "King's Quest", was replaced in 1988 with Sierra's Creative Interpreter in "King's Quest IV". The game was released under both engines, so those who had newer computers could use the new engine and better rendering technology.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: Sierra became a public company in 1989, trading on the NASDAQ under the stock ticker "SIER". Additional investment from public funding allowed the company to engage in further acquisitions over the next several years.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: In 1990, Sierra released "King's Quest V", the first Sierra On-Line game ever to have more than 500,000 copies sold and the highest selling game for five years. It won several awards, such as the Best Adventure Game of the Year from both the Software Publishers Association and "Computer Gaming World" magazine.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: The Sierra Network was launched on May 6, 1991, as the first game-only online environment. Development of the network began in 1989, as Ken Williams was inspired by the launch of the Prodigy service in 1988 to create something similar for Sierra's games. As a free service outside of access use charges, the network provided a "land-based" precursor to MMORPGs and internet chat rooms, each land theme for the type of content provided multi-player gaming and category based bulletin boards and chat rooms throughout the continental United States. By July 1993, having reached about 40,000 subscribers, AT&T announced plans to invest into the network and add more games, gaining partial control as part of its expansion into the growing online services. AT&T later took sole possession of the network on November 15, 1994, and as a result the name was changed to the ImagiNation Network. The network failed to find a mass audience, and was sold to America On-Line in 1996.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: In 1991, Sierra released the first game in the "Dr. Brain" series, "Castle of Dr. Brain", a hybrid puzzle adventure education game, which has several sequels. In 1993, "" was released, beginning the "Gabriel Knight" series. The game and subsequent sequels were critically acclaimed in the mainstream press at the time.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: Sierra and Broderbund started merger discussions in March 1991; however, the idea was scrapped later that month.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: Sierra needed a new building due to growth, and moved its headquarters and much of its key staff to Bellevue, Washington. Sierra's original location in Oakhurst was later renamed Yosemite Entertainment, and continued under that name until early 1999, when its doors were shut and the remaining employees let go.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: The company was now made up of five separate and largely autonomous development divisions: Sierra Publishing, Sierra Northwest, Dynamix, Bright Star Technology, and Coktel Vision, with each group working separately on product development but sharing manufacturing, distribution, and sales resources.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: 1995 was a successful year for the company. Sierra was the market-share leader in PC games for the year. With $83.4 million in sales from software-publishing, earnings improved by 19 percent, and a net income of $11.9 million. In June, Sierra and Pioneer Electric Corp. signed an agreement to create a joint venture that would develop, publish, manufacture, and market entertainment software for the Japanese software market. This joint venture created a new company called Sierra Venture. With Sierra and Pioneer investing over $12 million, the new company immediately manufactured and shipped over twenty of Sierra's most popular products to Japan and created new titles for the Japanese market. 1995 also saw Sierra acquiring a number of development companies, both small home developers and larger companies.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: "Phantasmagoria" was by far the largest project ever undertaken by Sierra. The anticipation for the game was high at release in late 1995. Although nearly one million copies were sold when the game was first released in August 1995, Sierra's bestselling adventure game created, the game received mixed reviews from industry critics.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: In February 1996, early e-commerce pioneer CUC International, seeking to expand into interactive entertainment, offered to buy Sierra at a price of about $1.5 billion. Walter Forbes, the CEO of CUC International, and a member of Sierra's own Board of Directors since 1991, surprised Ken Williams with the deal after a board meeting. At this point, Sierra had seen modest revenues of about in their current fiscal year, so the sum was surprising to Ken. Forbes had poised the idea to Ken that this would be the start of a large company eventually to bring in LucasArts Entertainment, Broderbund, and Davidson & Associates (which at the time owned Blizzard Entertainment) under one entity and be a major publisher in the video game industry, a great boon to the Williams and to Sierra's shareholders. Roberta had expressed her concerns about the offer to Ken, as well as executive officers of the company, but he remained interested in the potential that Forbes offered. Ken accepted the offer, believing it was in the best interest for Sierra's future and stockholders, and CUC announced by the end of February 1996 that they were starting to close on acquiring both Sierra and Davidson for and in CUC stock, respectively; the deal to obtain LucasArts and Broderbund fell through.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: Sierra's acquisition closed on July 24, 1996. Among the terms included that Ken Williams would be named a vice-chairman of CUC International, a Member of the Office of the President of CUC, and would remain responsible for Sierra's R&D as well as remaining Sierra's CEO. He also requested that a "software board" be created. The board consisted of him, Michael Brochu (Sierra's President and COO), Bob Davidson (founder and CEO of Davidson & Associates), and Forbes. It functioned as a governing body of what would become CUC Software, regulating major decisions and product lines.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: In September 1996, CUC announced plans to consolidate some functions of their game companies into a single company called CUC Software Inc., headquartered in Torrance, California. Bob Davidson, founder and CEO of Davidson & Associates became the CEO for the publishing body. CUC Software consolidated manufacturing, distribution, and sales resources of all of divisions including what was to become Sierra, Davidson, Blizzard, Knowledge Adventure, and Gryphon Software.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: CUC Software utilized their various labels' market specialties; for example, in October 1996, Sierra published "Stay Tooned!", an adventure game developed by Funnybone Interactive (a subsidiary of Davidson & Associates) as Sierra was more known as an adventure game publisher than Davidson.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: In November 1996, Ken Williams met with the founders of Valve and negotiated Sierra's exclusive rights to publish "Half-Life", which Ken Williams debuted at E3 in May 1997. In December 1996, Sierra released "The Realm Online", an online fantasy role-playing game.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: After the sale, Ken Williams remained within the software division so that he could provide strategic guidance to Sierra, although he began to grow disillusioned as he soon found that his new titles at CUC meant very little and the software board met only once. He also began to have disputes with Davidson over Davidson's conservative management style and his disdain for Sierra's more risque product lines such as "Phantasmagoria" and "Leisure Suit Larry".


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: In January 1997, Davidson stepped down as CEO of CUC Software, and CUC Executive Chris MacLeod was named as his replacement. After this, Ken Williams shifted his focus work on CUC's online product distributor, NetMarket while remaining as CEO of Sierra in name only. In November, Ken Williams departed from CUC International, while Roberta Williams remained with Sierra until the release of "" in December 1998. Brochu, who had been hired in 1995 by Ken Williams, to handle the day-to-day business affairs of Sierra, replaced Ken Williams and remained as President of Sierra until October 1997, when he too departed the company.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: In April 1997, to further expand upon their role in the edutainment business, Sierra purchased Books That Work and CUC International purchased Berkeley Systems and transferred management of the studio to Sierra as an internal developer. In December 1997, in order to secure the rights to "Return to Krondor", Sierra purchased PyroTechnix, who were developing the game.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: On November 5, 1997, after the departure of Brochu in October, Sierra was split into three business units, all of which reported directly to MacLeod.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: On November 24, 1997, Sierra published "", the official expansion pack for the widely popular game "Diablo" developed by Synergistic Software, a division of Sierra.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: On November 19, 1998, Sierra published "Half-Life" for the PC, developed by Valve, which became a huge success.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: During these events, CUC merged with Henry Silverman's HFS Incorporated in December 1997 and became the Cendant Corporation; the merger did not immediately affect operations of Sierra. However, Silverman, who served as CEO of Cendant, had become more involved with the bookkeeping of the merged companies and noticed irregularities from CUC's past bookkeeping, leading to the discovery of massive accounting fraud at CUC in March 1998; Forbes was later convicted on three charges related to fraud by the Security and Exchange Commission in 2007. With the news, Cendant announced intention to sell the computer entertainment division, and on November 20, 1998, announced the sale of the consumer software division to Paris-based Havas S.A. Sierra became a part of Havas Interactive, the interactive entertainment division of the company.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: On February 22, 1999, Sierra announced a major reorganization of the company, resulting in the shutdown of several of their development studios, cutbacks on others and the relocation of key projects, and employees from those studios, to Bellevue. About 250 people in total lost their jobs. Development groups within Sierra such as PyroTechnix were shut down. Others such as Books That Work were relocated to Bellevue. Also shut down was Yosemite Entertainment, the division occupying the original headquarters of Sierra On-Line. The company sold the rights of Headgate Studios back to the original owner. With the exception of the warehouse and distribution department, the entire studio was shut down. Game designers Al Lowe and Scott Murphy were laid off. Lowe had just started work on "Leisure Suit Larry 8". Murphy was involved in a "Space Quest 7" project at the time. Layoffs continued on March 1, when Sierra terminated 30 employees at the previously unaffected Dynamix, or 15 percent of their workforce.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: Despite the layoffs, Sierra continued to publish games for smaller development houses. In September 1999, they released "Homeworld", a real-time space-combat strategy game developed by Relic Entertainment. The game design was revolutionary for the genre, and the game received great critical acclaim and many awards.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: UK-based game developer and publisher Codemasters, in an effort to establish themselves in the United States, announced the launch a new development studio in Oakhurst, using the abandoned Sierra facilities and hiring much of the Yosemite Entertainment's laid-off staff in mid-September 1999. In early October, the company announced plans to take over management and maintenance of the online RPG "The Realm" and acquiring the complete yet previously canceled "Navy SEALs". The company also reported they obtained the rights to continue using the name Yosemite Entertainment for the development house.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: Meanwhile, Sierra announced another reorganization, this time into three business units: Core Games, Casual Entertainment, and Home Productivity. This reorganization resulted in even more layoffs, eliminating 105 additional jobs and a number of games in production. After 1999, Sierra almost entirely ceased to be a developer of games and, as time went on, instead became a publisher of games by independent developers.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: At the end of June 2000, a strategic business alliance between Vivendi, Seagram, and Canal+ was announced, and Vivendi Universal, a leading global media and communications company, was formed after the merger with Seagram (the parent company of Universal Studios). Havas S.A. was renamed Vivendi Universal Publishing and became the publishing division of the new group, divided into five groups: games, education, literature, health, and information. The merger was followed by many more layoffs of Sierra employees.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: In August 2001, Sierra announced a major reorganization, which included the closure of Dynamix as well as the layoffs of 148 employees located at the company headquarters in Bellevue.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: On February 19, 2002, Sierra On-Line officially announced the name change to Sierra Entertainment, Inc.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: In 2002, Sierra, working with High Voltage Software, announced the development of a new chapter in the Leisure Suit Larry franchise, titled "". Released to mostly mixed to negative reviews; Larry's creator, Lowe, was not involved with the project.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: The newly renamed Sierra Entertainment continued to develop mostly unsuccessful interactive entertainment products. However, hit "Homeworld 2" once again cemented Sierra's reputation as a respectable publisher.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: In 2003, Sierra Entertainment released the second video game adaptation of "The Hobbit", as well as "NASCAR Racing 2003 Season".


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: In the spring of 2004, cost-cutting measures were taken at Sierra's parent company Vivendi Universal Games due to financial troubles and because of Sierra's lack of profitability as a working developer. Sierra's last owned studios Impressions Games and the Papyrus Design Group were both shut down in the spring of 2004, losing 50 jobs in the process; 180 Sierra-related positions were also eliminated at Vivendi's Los Angeles offices; and by June 2004, Vivendi had completely shut down Sierra's Bellevue location, which cost over 100 people their jobs and dispersed Sierra's work to other VU Games divisions, and re-locating the remains of Sierra's assets to Vivendi's corporate headquarters in Fresno, California. In total, 350 people lost their jobs. Various titles that were retired in the process included Print Artist and titles like the "Hoyle" franchise were sold to other publishers or developers. Sierra by this point was simply a publishing label and brand name for Vivendi titles, being used in tandem with their own name for publishing. As a company, Sierra was disestablished on August 24, 2004. The business continued to operate as a division of Vivendi Games.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: In late 2005, the Sierra brand was re-launched from Los Angeles. A new subsidiary called Sierra Online (no-relation to Sierra's former name Sierra On-Line) was also founded within this time, which focused on download games and online-only titles.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: Throughout 2005 and 2006, Vivendi acquired several game development studios including Massive Entertainment, High Moon Studios, Radical Entertainment, Secret Lair Studios / Studio Ch'in (based in Seattle and Shanghai) and Swordfish Studios and integrated them into Sierra, alongside the creative licenses from other Vivendi divisions and from companies partnered with Vivendi and the copyrights of several notable intellectual properties, such as "Crash Bandicoot", "Spyro the Dragon", "" and "". Vivendi also ceased publishing under their own name by this point after their name change, with all major titles being released under the Sierra brand name.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: "Caesar IV" was published September 26, 2006 in North America, in partnership with Tilted Mill Entertainment.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: In the summer of 2007, Sierra Online began launching Xbox Live Arcade titles for the Xbox 360. One of the first releases was the conversion of the successful "German-style" board game "Carcassonne", which had been in development at Secret Lair Studios.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: In late 2007, Sierra released titles like the first-person shooter game "TimeShift" (which was originally going to be published by Atari but was delayed various times during development) and the real-time tactical video game "World in Conflict".


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: In 2008, Sierra Entertainment's parent company Vivendi Games merged with video game publisher Activision to form the Activision Blizzard holding company. Vivendi Games was absorbed into Activision after the merger and the ownership of Sierra properties went to Activision. Later that year, Sierra was closed down for possible future sale. Leading up to the merger, Activision's management was confident that Sierra would cease operations post-merger.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: On July 29, 2008, Activision announced a long-term strategy for the Sierra titles under their hands, and confirmed that they would only retain the rights to five titles and properties: "", "", "Prototype" and "", and an unannounced new IP. The rest of the titles, including the Sierra Online division, was deemed by the company to be "non-strategic" with the company's then-current business practices, with the Sierra Online division later ceasing operations.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: What followed was a selection of earlier sales and reversions. On July 30, a day following the announcement, the video game rights to the Robert Ludlum/"Bourne" franchise reverted back to Robert Ludlum's estate, which later sublicensed it to Electronic Arts in February 2009. On August 13, 2008, the publishing rights to games based on "Scarface", most notably a planned sequel to "", reverted to Universal Pictures. On September 8, Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment acquired the rights to the "F.E.A.R." trademark from Vivendi, alongside the original game and its outsourced expansion packs "Extraction Point" and "Perseus Mandate". This allowed Monolith Productions, who developed the original title, to rename their upcoming sequel "" as "F.E.A.R. 2: Project Origin". On October 8, Activision announced the closure of the online servers of several older Sierra titles on November 1. The Sierra Online division was also closed within the same year.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: Within the course of six months, the rest of the Sierra titles and developers that Activision rejected were sold off, beginning with the sale of "" to THQ on October 13, 2008, and the sale of "" and "" to Atari's parent company, Infogrames, on October 30. On November 11, Massive Entertainment alongside the rights to "World in Conflict" and it's then-developed expansion pack "" were sold to Ubisoft, and a day later, Swordfish Studios' Manchester studio was acquired by Monumental Games, with their Birmingham studio sold to Codemasters on 15 November. On December 12, Electronic Arts purchased "Brütal Legend".


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: In February 2009, it was announced that Codemasters had picked up the rights to publish "". On April 27, the last cancelled Sierra title that had not been sold, "WET", was purchased by Bethesda Softworks. In July, several classic titles formerly owned by Sierra: "Evil Genius", "Ground Control", "Empire Earth", "Lords of Magic" and "Lords of the Realm" were all sold to Rebellion Developments.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: On August 7, 2014, the website for Sierra, which previously redirected to Activision's website, was updated, showcasing a new logo, teasing: "More to be revealed at Gamescom 2014." Activision confirmed that the Sierra label will re-release some of their older games, re-imagining their older franchises, as well as collaborate with indie studios to create new "innovative, edgy and graphically unique" projects. Sierra will focus on publishing downloadable games through PlayStation Network, Steam for PC and Xbox Live. "We're very proud of what we created all those years ago with Sierra On-Line, and today's news about carrying Sierra forward as an indie-specific brand is very encouraging," said founder Ken Williams in an official statement. "We look forward to seeing Sierra's independent spirit live on." On the same day, "King's Quest" and "" were announced; they were the first two games published under the revived Sierra brand. On December 5, 2014, they were awarded with the "Industry Icon" award during the 2014 The Game Awards, and they also introduced the first footage from the reboot of "King's Quest".


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: In August 2018, TJX Companies acquired the domain sierra.com from Activision, subsequently shortening the name of their Sierra Trading Post subsidiary to Sierra.


title: Sierra Entertainment

text: Sierra both developed its own games and published several games from its divisions and from third-party developers. As a developer, Sierra launched the video game series "King's Quest", "Space Quest", "Police Quest", "Gabriel Knight", "Leisure Suit Larry", and "Quest for Glory".


title: Neeti Mohan

text: Neeti Mohan (born 18 November 1979) is an Indian singer. She sings mainly in Hindi and few Tamil films, but has also done songs in Marathi, Telugu, Kannada, Bengali, Punjabi, and English. Born in Delhi, she was one of the winners of the Channel V's reality show "Popstars", subsequently being chosen for Aasma, with other winners of the show. She rose to prominence after recording "Ishq Wala Love" from "Student of the Year" (2012), ultimately winning the Filmfare RD Burman Award for New Music Talent and was nominated for the Best Female Playback Singer for "Jiya Re" from "Jab Tak Hai Jaan" (2012).


title: Neeti Mohan

text: Her rendition of six jazz tracks in the soundtrack album of Amit Trivedi's "Bombay Velvet" (2015) received positive response from the music critics. The following year, she received her second Filmfare nomination with the song "Sau Aasmaan" from "Baar Baar Dekho" (2016). In that year, Mohan appeared as a coach in the 1st season of "The Voice India Kids" and the second season of "The Voice India". Besides her career in music, she has also been involved in various charities and social causes.


title: Neeti Mohan

text: Neeti Mohan was born in Delhi. Her father, Brij Mohan Sharma, is a government officer and her mother, Kusum, is a homemaker. Neeti Mohan is the eldest of four sisters; Shakti Mohan, Mukti Mohan and Kriti Mohan. Mohan initiated in learning music at the Gandharva Mahavidyalaya. During the time, she was involved in dramatics and dancing; considering singing as a "serious hobby".


title: Neeti Mohan

text: During her school days, Mohan was part of the school band, and participated in Delhi Republic Day parade for five years in a row. Convinced by her father, Mohan participated in many extra-curricular activities during her school; singing, dancing, performing in the band and theatre. She was adjudged best cadet in the National Cadet Corps of India and represented India as Youth Exchange Programme cadet. Later, she learnt music formally at the Bhatkhande Music Institute and continued training in Mumbai with Rajashree Pathak, for five years. Apart from training in singing, Mohan studied dancing with her two sisters. She trained in Bharata Natyam and Kathak under the supervision of Ashley Lobo. Besides training kids to dance, Mohan worked as an instructor there. Mohan graduated in philosophy from Miranda House, University of Delhi.


title: Neeti Mohan

text: In 2003, Mohan was one of the winners of Channel V's reality television show "Popstars", subsequently being chosen for Aasma—a pop group formed with the other winners of the show—where she got the chance to perform with Bryan Adams. Insisted by Deepak Gattani, who manages A.R. Rahman's concert tours, While she was assisting Lobo, he proffered Mohan to be featured in a supporting role in Imtiaz Ali-directed film, "Socha Na Tha" (2005), while Lobo was working as the choreographer in the film. In 2009, Mohan participated in the Star Plus show "Music Ka Maha Muqqabla", where she was part of the winning team "Shankar's Rockstars" led by Shankar Mahadevan. She tied the knot with actor Nihaar Pandya on 15 February 2019. The couple announced their first pregnancy on 15 February 2021 on their second wedding anniversary


title: Neeti Mohan

text: In a candid interview with TV host Amin Dhillon that has gone viral with over 400K views, Mohan shared the untold story on how AR Rahman discovered her. Mohan's sister Shakti was performing as a dancer at a AR Rahman show for New Year's Eve in 2006. Shakti had called Mohan right before the show and Mohan had wished to speak to Rahman but didn't get a chance. Instead she told her sister that one day she would be performing with Rahman and six months later, Mohan was singing with him. Mohan had previously met Rahman's manager while she was in Aasma and in 2007 Mohan bumped into him again when he was coming out of the cinema. It was at this chance meeting Mohan learned Rahman and his team were auditioning new voices for his USA tour. She recorded a vocal audition, singing "Maya Maya" from the film Guru among other songs. After 3 weeks, Mohan got a call from Rahman's manager informing her that Rahman liked her voice and she was picked for the tour.


title: Neeti Mohan

text: Mohan made her Bollywood debut with Vishal–Shekhar-composed "Student of the Year" (2012), where she performed the soft-ballad "Ishq Wala Love", along with Salim Merchant and Shekhar Ravjiani. She was next heard in "Jiya Re" from "Jab Tak Hai Jaan" which was composed by A. R. Rahman. Mohan perceived that Rahman called her for recording the song, since she has shown "a lot of spirit" in the shows she did with him, and the song features a girl—played by Anushka Sharma—enacting the song "very spunky". Koimoi's Shivi mentioned that Mohan's "refreshing voice delivers the track with lot of enthusiasm and variations". Though "Ishq Wala Love" was released earlier, Mohan's first recorded Hindi song was "Jiya Re". both the songs declared chartbusters. For her work in both the songs, Mohan won the RD Burman Award for New Music Talent at the Annual Filmfare awards, and won the Best Female Playback Singer for the song "Jiya Re". Besides, Mohan provided the chorus along with Natalie Di Luccio in Raghav Sachar-composed "Bittoo Sab Ki Lega" from "Bittoo Boss", released the same year. During the year, she released her first single, titled "Ja Ja"; composed and written by Mohan, assisted by her father.


title: Neeti Mohan

text: The following year, Mohan lent her voice for Ayushmann Khurrana's Punjabi track, "Saadi Galli Aaja", co-composed, co-written and co-sung by Khurana. Since Mohan does not speak Punjabi, she had to learn to pronounce the words before recording the song. Koimoi stated that Mohan "mesmerizes" the listeners in the unplugged version of the song, with her "husky voice". Mohan performed the track "Kashmir Main Tu Kanyakumari" for Vishal–Shekhar composed "Chennai Express", along with Sunidhi Chauhan and Arijit Singh. Besides, she worked with Vishal–Shekhar for two other projects; "Gippi" and "Gori Tere Pyaar Mein", where she recorded "Dil Kaagzi" for the former and "Naina" for the latter. While Mohan and Rashid Ali were performing in one Rahman's concert show, he came up with the idea to bring a duet between the two, since "both shares similar vocal texture". Hence, she did playback for Sonam Kapoor in "Raanjhanaa" "Nazar Laaye". Mohan had to bring the "softness" in her voice to match the "definite attitude" in Kapoor's persona for her character.


title: Neeti Mohan

text: Mohan's first release of 2014 was Sohail Sen-composed "Tune Maari Entriyaan" in "Gunday". Sung along with Bappi Lahiri, Vishal Dadlani and KK, the song was a critical and commercial success, being placed at position 8 in ""The Times of India" Radio Mirchi Top 10 songs" of the year. Furthermore, Mohan along with Aditi Singh Sharma performed an electronic dance music styled "Pinacolada" from "Darr @ The Mall", marketed as the first Gothic Bollywood song. Mohan collaborated again with Khurrana in Raghu Dixit's "Khamakhaan" from "Bewakoofiyaan", where "The Indian Express" affirmed that the song is "owned by Mohan from the moment she breathes into it in the beginning without any instruments". Apart from rendering Sajid–Wajid's "Galat Baat Hai" from "Main Tera Hero", for which Rajiv Vijayakar of Bollywood Hungama considered Mohan's vocals "spirited", she lent to voice for "Kambal Ke Neeche" from Ismail Darbar-composed "Kaanchi". Mohan described the latter as a "family song" since it features two of her sisters; Shakti Mohan and Mukti Mohan in the video.


title: Neeti Mohan

text: During the year, Mohan worked with Himesh Reshammiya for four films; "The Xposé", "Humshakals", "Kick" and "Action Jackson". Aishwarya from Koimoi felt that Mohan's talent was "misused" in songs "Catch Me If You Can" and "Dard Dilo Ke" from "The Xposé". Similar sentiments were echoed for the songs "Caller Tune" and "Look Into My Eyes" from "Humshakals", where Aishwarya stated, "Mohan did not show any variation that fans know she is capable of, as far as this album is concerned". However, "Tu Hi Tu" from "Kick" was critically acclaimed; Devesh Sharma from "Filmfare" wrote: "Mohan brings a young girl's yearning in her breezy rendition and makes her version a winner too". Besides, Mohan collaborated with Jeet Gannguli for the first time with the song "Darbadar" from "CityLights". Producer of the film, Mukesh Bhatt wanted a "young Asha Bhosle", hence she had to "fix" her "tone and projection" for the song. Likewise, Mohan was roped in by Vishal–Shekhar for "Bang Bang!" and "Happy New Year", where the title track for the former and "India Waale" for the latter were commercially successful. Besides, Mohan provided backing vocals for the track "Makhna", featuring Sukhwinder Singh in Rahman-composed American film "Million Dollar Arm".