title: Fedora

text: In America during the 1940s, the brims of fedoras started to increase in width, while the British maintained a slightly smaller brim size. The colors of fedoras traditionally included shades of black, brown, and gray. However, this palette would grow at the onset of the second world war to include military themed colors such as khaki, blue, and green. One of the most prominent companies to sell fedoras was the department store Sears, Roebuck and Company. In addition, famous hat manufacturers which still exist today include Bailey, Borsalino, and Stetson.


title: Fedora

text: In the 1880s, long before the fedora became popular for men, French stage actress Sarah Bernhardt popularized the fedora for a female wearer.


title: Fedora

text: The word Fédora is the name of a play by the French author Victorien Sardou, where Bernhardt played Princess Fédora Romazoff. It soon became a common fashion accessory for many women, particularly among activists campaigning for gender equality during the late nineteenth century. The fedora was eventually adopted as a defining symbol of the women's rights movement.


title: Fedora

text: Fedoras continue to be worn by women, however, not quite to the same extent as in the early twentieth century. Women's fedoras vary in form, texture, and color. In addition, these fedoras come in almost every color from basic black to bright red and even in the occasional animal print. Along with men's felt hats, women's fedoras were described as making a comeback in an article about 2007 fashion trends. Baseball caps, which had been the staple of headwear, were experiencing a decline in popularity amidst this "fedora renaissance".


title: Fedora

text: Fedoras are usually made by pressing a piece of felt over a mold, and using some kind of heat or sealant to help the felt keep its shape. In the past, molds were created by using a series of wooden blocks to create the shape of the hat, and the felt was pressed on with an iron. The current method is to use metal molds and machinery to create enough pressure to form the shape of the hat. After the general shape of the hat has been achieved, the hat makers attach some sort of decoration, usually a ribbon, between the brim and the crown of the hat. The brim is either left raw, or hemmed. The fedora is considered a soft hat, which means that it is usually constructed from felt, fur, or animal hides. There are variations from hat to hat, but the standard design includes a creased crown, angled brim, a pinch at the top of the hat, and some sort of decoration above the brim of the hat. Men's fedoras especially tend to have stylized brims with edges that are turned down in the front and up in the back. As mentioned earlier, the width of the brim, overall size and color of the hats are  subject to change with fashion trends. Women's hats also tend to have more elaborate decorations and slimmer designs.


title: Fedora

text: Because of the soft nature of the hat, many variations are possible with Fedoras. One variation of the hat includes the Stetson playboy hat which was common in the 1940s. The Stetson playboy hat involved a marketing success story, with a simple variation on the general form of the fedora becoming a significant trend in America. Al Capone was fond of the playboy style. Many pictures of Capone depict him sporting a Stetson playboy hat.


title: Fedora

text: Contemporary takes on the fedora include asymmetrical brims, bright colors, eccentric patterns, and flashy decorations. Some fedoras are now made from straw, and other unconventional materials. However, despite the increase of artistic hats, the most commonly worn fedoras are still neutral colored, with simple shape and design.


title: Fedora

text: Coach Tom Landry wore the hat while he was the head coach of the Dallas Cowboys. It would later become his trademark image. A cenotaph dedicated to Landry with a depiction of his fedora was placed in the official Texas State Cemetery in Austin at the family's request. In addition the Cowboys wore a patch on their uniforms during the 2000 season depicting Landry's fedora. His panel in the Cowboys “Ring of Honor” features a depiction of a fedora where a uniform number is shown for players.


title: Fedora

text: Two "Lupin III" characters, Daisuke Jigen and Koichi Zenigata, wear fedoras as their regular wear; Jigen because he's a retired gangster, and Zenigata because his look was inspired by old-time detectives such as "Dick Tracy".


title: Fedora

text: Indiana Jones re-popularized the fedora in the "Indiana Jones" franchise. The backstory of how he obtains the hat is told in the prologue of "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade", the third film of the series, and the character who gives him the hat is credited as "Fedora".


title: Fedora

text: The character Freddy Krueger, from the "Nightmare on Elm Street" franchise, also wears a brown fedora.


title: Fedora

text: The fedora hat of the ninth president of Turkey, Süleyman Demirel, was a famous part of the president's image.


title: Fedora

text: In the 21st century, the fedora has made a reappearance in the fashion world along with other types of classic hats such as the porkpie and the homburg. In addition, the fedora has appeared in recent portrayals of movies and television shows that are set in the past, such as "Mad Men" (2007–15), "Shutter Island" (2010), and "Boardwalk Empire" (2010–14). Michael Jackson also frequently wore a fedora while performing on stage.


title: Fedora

text: By the early 21st century, the fedora had become a symbol of hipsters. "Vice" has referred to the early 2000s as a "fedora renaissance", with celebrities like Johnny Depp and Pete Doherty wearing the hat. The fedora is often derisively associated with neckbeard and incel stereotypes in online culture, with Vice stating "fedoras may be the single most-hated fashion accessory money can buy" A popular meme featuring actor Jerry Messing tipping a trilby with the dialogue of "M'lady" is often associated with such spoofs of incel culture. A 2016 issue of The Unbeatable Squirrel Girl depicts Marvel Comics villain Mole Man reenacting the "M'lady" meme on the cover.


title: Fedora

text: The fedora was worn by film actors such as Edward G. Robinson, George Raft and Humphrey Bogart. The fedora was a characteristic of film noir and has been the chosen accessory of movie detectives and criminals alike. It was worn by Bogart as Sam Spade in "The Maltese Falcon" (1941) and Philip Marlowe in "The Big Sleep" (1946). Peter Eliopoulos wrote in "The 1930s: The Reality and the Promise": "The popular Bogart-styled fedora was worn slightly cocked, it was pulled down just above the eye line, so that the wearer peaked beneath the brim and through the cigarette smoke that gathered momentarily before curling itself around the top of the hat."


title: Fedora

text: Billy Wilder wrote and directed the film "Fedora" (1978), which takes its title from the female lead character played by Marthe Keller. In addition, fedoras are a strong theme throughout the picture. Most of Wilder's film's feature fedoras prominently in promotional materials as well as in the finished films.


title: Fedora

text: Fedoras were much associated with gangsters during Prohibition era in the United States, a connection coinciding with the height of the hat's popularity between the 1920s and the early 1950s. In the second half of the 1950s, the fedora fell out of favor in a shift towards more informal clothing styles. In addition, well-known gangsters such as Al Capone, Charles Luciano, and Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel used the fedora to create a "tough guy" image.


title: Fedora

text: Fedoras were an important accessory to the zoot suit ensemble which emerged onto the American fashion scene during the 1940s. Zoot suits were mainly associated with Mexican and African Americans and were largely worn in segregated minority communities. As a result, this style soon spread to local jazz musicians who adopted this look and brought it to their audiences.


title: Fedora

text: The association of the fedora with the zoot suit and gangster culture has caused the general public to view it according to this limited connotation.


title: Fedora

text: In Orthodox Judaism, fedoras have been an important addition to a man's wardrobe. Lithuanian yeshiva students in the first half of 20th century wore light hats during prayer and sometimes even while studying, as evident in a rare footage of the Ponevezh Yeshiva and a photo of the Lomza Yeshiva, both in Eastern Europe. Both the footage and the photo show students studying in their hats. Hasidic Jews wore black hats, albeit not fedoras, and in the later half of the 20th century, non-Hasidic (Lithuanian style) yeshiva students began to wear black fedoras (or dark blue or gray). Today, many yeshiva students and Orthodox men wear black fedoras for prayer and many even while walking outside. In recent years, Sephardic Jews began to wear black fedoras too.


title: Tanushree Dutta

text: Tanushree Dutta (pronounced ) is an Indian actress and model. Dutta won the Femina Miss India Universe title in 2004 at age 20. In the same year at the Miss Universe beauty pageant held in Ecuador, she represented India amongst 133 other countries, where she was among the top ten finalists.


title: Tanushree Dutta

text: Dutta has appeared in mostly Hindi films from 2005 to 2010. Some of her best known films includes Aashiq Banaya Aapne, Bhagam Bhag and Dhol. In September 2018, after having been out of the Bollywood spotlight for several years, Dutta gave an interview to "Zoom TV" in which she accused Nana Patekar of sexually harassing her on the sets of the 2009 film "Horn 'Ok' Pleassss." It was a catalyst for the "Me Too" movement in India.


title: Tanushree Dutta

text: Tanushree was born in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India. As of September 2018, Tanushree is a permanent resident of the US.


title: Tanushree Dutta

text: In an interview in 2013, she said that she hit depression after being traumatized on the sets of Horn 'Ok' Pleassss. She took a break and tried recuperation using eastern spirituality. Initially, she stayed at an ashram for one and a half years. Then, she went to Ladakh where she learned Buddhist meditation. She also practices Vipassana meditation.


title: Tanushree Dutta

text: In 2003, Dutta won the Femina Miss India pageant held in Mumbai. As a result, she represented India at the Miss Universe 2004 Pageant which took place in Quito, Ecuador, where she was placed as the sixth runner-up.


title: Tanushree Dutta

text: She made her debut in Tamil cinema in Theeratha Vilayattu Pillai and her Bollywood début in 2005, appearing in "Chocolate" and "Aashiq Banaya Aapne".


title: Tanushree Dutta

text: On 26 September 2018, Dutta gave an interview to "Zoom TV" in which she accused Nana Patekar of sexually harassing her on the sets of the 2009 film "Horn 'Ok' Pleassss." This was a catalyst for the "Me Too" movement in India.


title: Tanushree Dutta

text: Dutta had first made the allegations against Patekar in 2008, filing a complaint with the Cine & TV Artists Association (CINTAA) but no action was taken as the case was considered a criminal case. The allegation was repeated in 2013 in an interview, and again largely ignored. It was not until her September 2018 statements that the CINTAA apologized to Dutta, admitting that the "chief grievance of sexual harassment wasn't even addressed [in 2008]" but added that since the case was more than three years old, they could not reopen it.


title: Tanushree Dutta

text: Janice Sequeira, a journalist, backed her allegations, claiming to be an eyewitness of the incident. She also alleged that filmmaker Vivek Agnihotri had told her to remove her clothes and dance with Irrfan Khan to act on the sets of "Chocolate" (2005). She said Khan and Sunil Shetty stood up for her during this episode. Agnihotri refuted all allegations and shared that it is an attempt to get publicity by Dutta and to malign his image in a legal notice sent to her. The assistant director of "Chocolate", Sattyajit Gazmer, also dismissed Dutta's claims.


title: Tanushree Dutta

text: In another interview, Dutta said, "He [Patekar] called the MNS party to bash up my car. He was behind everything and was supported by choreographer Ganesh Acharya." In a video from 2008 that went viral on the internet, it was seen the journalists and not the MNS were seen thrashing Dutta's car. A journalist named Pawan Bharadwaj was seen thrashing the car's windshield with his camera, who later clarified that he attacked her car because he had a fight with Dutta's team prior to the incident.


title: Tanushree Dutta

text: Mahrashtra Navnirman Sena filed a defamation case against Dutta. She was also served with two legal notices from Patekar and Agnihotri. Subsequently, on 6 October, Dutta filed an FIR at Oshiwara police station against Patekar; director of "Horn 'Ok' Pleassss", Rakesh Sarang; choreographer Acharya and producer Sami Siddiqui.


title: Tanushree Dutta

text: On 13 October 2018, Dutta's advocate Nitin Satpute submitted an application at the Oshiwara police station in Mumbai saying that actor Nana Patekar, choreographer Ganesh Acharya, producer Samee Siddiqui and director Rakesh Sarang be made to undergo narco-analysis, brain mapping and lie detector tests.


title: Tanushree Dutta

text: In June 2019, Patekar was cleared of the sexual harassment charges by the police. The B-Summary report filed by the Oshiwara police station in Mumbai said that the complaint filed by Tanushree could be "malicious" and "out of revenge".


title: Bertie Carvel

text: Robert Hugh Carvel (born 6 September 1977) is a British actor. He has twice won a Laurence Olivier Award: for Best Actor in a Leading Role in a Musical for his role as Miss Trunchbull in "Matilda the Musical", and for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for his performance as Rupert Murdoch in "Ink". For the latter role, he also won the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Featured Role in a Play.


title: Bertie Carvel

text: On television, Carvel is known for playing Jonathan Strange in "Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell", Simon Foster in "Doctor Foster", and Adam Dalgliesh in "Dalgliesh".


title: Bertie Carvel

text: Carvel was born in Marylebone, London, the son of a psychologist mother and John Carvel, a journalist. Carvel was educated at University College School, Hampstead. He gained a first class honours degree in English at the University of Sussex, going on to win a place at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (his acting training was paid for via scholarships from The Wall Trust and the Sir John Cass Foundation), graduating in 2003 after a three-year course.


title: Bertie Carvel

text: Carvel has appeared in "Revelations" at the Hampstead Theatre, in "Rose Bernd" at the Arcola Theatre, as Alexander Ashbrook in the 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 National Theatre production of Helen Edmundson's "Coram Boy" and in their productions of "The Life of Galileo" and "The Man of Mode", in "Parade" at the Donmar Warehouse, and in "Matilda the Musical" at the Cambridge Theatre, produced by the Royal Shakespeare Company.


title: Bertie Carvel

text: Carvel was nominated for the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role in a Musical for his performance in "Parade" in 2008. He won the award in the same category in 2012 for his performance as Miss Trunchbull in "Matilda the Musical", a production that won six other Oliviers. Carvel also won the UK's TMA Award for Best Performance in a Musical and was similarly nominated for the London's Evening Standard Award. He played Enrico in "Damned By Despair" at the National Theatre.


title: Bertie Carvel

text: In March 2013, he reprised his role as Miss Trunchbull in Matilda on Broadway at the Shubert Theatre. This won him a Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Featured Role in a Musical and a nomination for Tony Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role in a Musical, one of only a handful of nominations for an actor portraying a character of the opposite sex.


title: Bertie Carvel

text: From August to October 2015, Carvel played both Pentheus and Agave in "Bakkhai" at the Almeida Theatre. Carvel also performed as Yank in the play "The Hairy Ape" at the Old Vic in November of the same year.


title: Bertie Carvel

text: In February 2016, Carvel announced his directorial debut. He directed the play "Strife" at the Minerva Theatre, Chichester, which opened in August 2016.


title: Bertie Carvel

text: In September 2017, Carvel played the role of Rupert Murdoch in the play "Ink" by James Graham, which debuted at the Almeida Theatre before transferring to the West End. In April 2019 "Ink" transferred to Broadway, with Carvel reprising his role. This performance won him a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play.


title: Bertie Carvel

text: In 2022 he returned to the Old Vic to play US President Donald Trump in "The 47th", a new play by Mike Bartlett.


title: Bertie Carvel

text: Carvel has appeared in several other film, TV and theatre roles, including "The Wrong Mans", "Babylon", "Doctor Who" (episode "The Lazarus Experiment"), "Sherlock" (episode "The Blind Banker"), "Bombshell", "Hawking", "The Crimson Petal and the White", "Money" and "Midsomer Murders" (episode "The Great and the Good"). He played Lord Carmarthen in "John Adams". In the television film "", he played Christie's second husband Max Mallowan. Carvel appeared as Bamatabois in the film "Les Misérables", based on the musical of the same name. Carvel is also the voice of the male Imperial Agent in the MMORPG "". In 2009, Carvel played Wormwood in Focus on the Family's audio adaptation of "The Screwtape Letters", alongside Andy Serkis as Screwtape. This production was a 2010 Audie Award finalist.


title: Bertie Carvel

text: In 2015, Carvel starred as Jonathan Strange in the BBC One adaptation of Susanna Clarke's novel "Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell", opposite Eddie Marsan as Gilbert Norrell. He played Nick Clegg in the Channel 4 drama "Coalition" and in September appeared as the unfaithful husband of Suranne Jones's title character in the BBC One thriller series "Doctor Foster". The second series of "Doctor Foster" started filming in September 2016 and started broadcast in September 2017.


title: Bertie Carvel

text: Carvel is a Patron of the Globe Theatre's education department's 'Playing Shakespeare' programme, which provides free educational resources and free theatre tickets to secondary school students. In 2013 he ran for and was elected to Equity's 11-person Stage Committee. He was re-elected for a further two-year term in 2015.


title: Bertie Carvel

text: Carvel is married to actress Sally Scott, whom he wed on 5 January 2019 after dating for ten years. Their first child was born in May 2020.


title: Mainstream Sellout

text: Mainstream Sellout is the sixth studio album by American musician Machine Gun Kelly, released on March 25, 2022, through Bad Boy Records and Interscope Records. It is his second collaborative project with drummer and producer Travis Barker, following 2020's "Tickets to My Downfall". The album was initially announced in August 2021 under the title "Born with Horns", before being renamed in January 2022.


title: Mainstream Sellout

text: A continuation of Kelly's transition into pop-punk, "Mainstream Sellout" was met with mixed reviews from critics. Kelly embarked on the Mainstream Sellout Tour throughout 2022 to promote the album. A deluxe edition with six new tracks, subtitled "Life in Pink Deluxe", was released on June 24, 2022. The album is nominated for Best Rock Album at the 65th Annual Grammy Awards.


title: Mainstream Sellout

text: The album was first announced on August 9, 2021, where Kelly and collaborator Travis Barker revealed matching tattoos of the phrase ""born with horns"", the album's previous title. Kelly announced that he and Barker were "back for round two", a reference to his fifth album "Tickets to My Downfall", his first collaboration with Barker. Barker returned to produce "Mainstream Sellout".


title: Mainstream Sellout

text: The album's lead single, "Papercuts", was released on August 11, 2021. The accompanying music video was directed by Cole Bennett. A 20-second teaser of a song was teased on Instagram prior to the album announcement: the post was captioned "Signed a deal; I got papercuts", which matched the lyrics in the clip. Previews teased that he had shaved his head for the music video, though it was later revealed to be a bald cap. The song has led journalists to believe he was continuing in the pop punk direction of "Tickets to My Downfall". The song addresses Kelly's struggles with his own fame.


title: Mainstream Sellout

text: In October 2021, Kelly described the album as "darker" and more "guitar-heavy" than "Tickets to My Downfall". He also hinted at a New Year's Day release date. On January 31, 2022, Kelly announced that the album had been retitled to "Mainstream Sellout". On February 4, 2022, Kelly announced the release date of the album and released the second single "Emo Girl" featuring Willow. On March 4, 2022, Kelly released the third single, "Ay!" with Lil Wayne. On March 14, 2022, Kelly revealed the album cover and the tracklist using a series of Dolce & Gabbana designed clothing items that featured the song titles. The album cover attracted comparisons to that of Japanese Breakfast's 2021 album "Jubilee", though Michelle Zauner denied the similarities, feeling the comparisons were manufactured to try to create controversy. On March 16, 2022, after having performed "Maybe" during Emo Nite in Los Angeles, Kelly released the track as the fourth single of the album. The song features the lead vocalist, Oliver Sykes, of British rock band Bring Me the Horizon. The album was released on March 25, 2022.


title: Mainstream Sellout

text: At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has an average score of 55 out of 100, which indicates "mixed or average reviews" based on 10 reviews.


title: Mainstream Sellout

text: In a positive review, "NME" described the album as "no complacent victory lap" from "Tickets to My Downfall", praising the album for having "a relatable sense of angst" that will "continue to speak to the millions who see Machine Gun Kelly as the saviour of punk rock", concluding that "though it inevitably lacks the shock of the new that made "Downfall" so exciting...it seems that, like the pop-punk revival itself, Machine Gun Kelly won't run out of steam any time soon." AllMusic noted that while the music was filled with "big, distorted guitars, simplistic but catchy hooks, and Barker's tight, snappy drumming", they found it to be not as good as "Tickets to My Downfall", with it being "lighter on ideas and cohesion".


title: Mainstream Sellout

text: Charles Aaron of "Rolling Stone" named the tracks "evolving, not-very-joyful noise" while opining "his buzzsaw-bubblegum can be entertaining. But he needs to realize that 'introspective' songwriting is about more than just yelling about how much you suck." Jesper L. of Sputnikmusic gave the album one out of five, ending his negative review stating that the album "proves that you don't need musical talent to make it big in the music scene". Helen Brown of "The Independent" called the album "dull", "formulaic", and "the kind of thing you'd expect to hear in the Vans outlet of your local shopping mall". Neil McCormick of "The Daily Telegraph" opined that "the music hits you, not with a roar, but a very loud meh". Jake Richardson of "Kerrang!" stated the album "is the weakest record of MGK's rock era so far", although he specifically pointed out "5150" as "MGK's rock dalliance at its most effective". Alim Kheraj of "The Guardian" named the record "entertaining but cliched". Emily Swingle of "Clash" opined that the album was "a brash but ultimately shallow return" and that "it's a shame that Kelly couldn't release a follow-up equally as fresh and fluid", but did name "Sid & Nancy" and "Twin Flame" as standout tracks. Arielle Gordon of "Pitchfork" wrote that "the enfant terrible of the pop-rock revival wades deeper into the genre, coming back with even less than before" and that it "too often feels like a concept album about rock."


title: Mainstream Sellout

text: "Mainstream Sellout" debuted atop the US all-format "Billboard" 200 albums chart dated April 9, 2022, moving 93,000 album equivalent units. The figure includes 42,000 pure album sales, also making it the highest-selling album of the week. It is Kelly's second US number-one album. In its following week the album dropped to number-nine, selling 30,500 units, figure includes 4,700 pure album sales. At the end of June 2022, Kelly released the ""Life in Pink"" deluxe version, as well had released the vinyl copy of the album. "Mainstream Sellout" jumped to number-seventeen and accumulated 25,900 album units, 9,000 being pure album sales. "Mainstream Sellout" entered at number-five on the "Billboard" Vinyl's chart. In the following week it dropped to twenty-eight on the "Billboard 200" selling just over 17,000 album units, 2,600 of which were pure album sales.


title: Mainstream Sellout

text: After a close race in the United Kingdom, it debuted at number-two on the UK Albums Chart selling an estimated 210 units behind Michael Bublé eleventh studio album "Higher", and marked his highest LP debut in the United Kingdom, eclipsing his previous best "Tickets to My Downfall" which debuted at number-three. "Mainstream Sellout" entered the UK's Official Vinyl Albums Chart debuting at number-nine, before falling off the chart in its following week. The album also re-entered the UK Albums Chart at number forty, before dropping to eighty-three.


title: Mainstream Sellout

text: In Canada, the album debuted atop the Canadian Albums Chart for the chart dated 9th April 2022, becoming Kelly's consecutive number-one album in the country. The album dropped to number-five in its following week.


title: Mainstream Sellout

text: In Australia, it debuted atop the ARIA Albums Chart, becoming Kelly's first number-one album in the country. Besting his previous 2020 album "Tickets to My Downfall" peak of number-two on the chart. In the albums following week it dropped seven chart positions to number-eight.


title: Kohl's

text: Kohl's (stylized in all caps) is an American department store retail chain, operated by Kohl's Corporation. it is the largest department store chain in the United States, with 1,165 locations, operating stores in every U.S. state except Hawaii. The company was founded by Polish immigrant Maxwell Kohl, who opened a corner grocery store in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1927. It went on to become a successful chain in the local area, and in 1962 the company branched out by opening its first department store. British American Tobacco Company took a controlling interest in the company in 1972 while still managed by the Kohl Family, and in 1979, the corporation was sold to BATUS Inc. A group of investors purchased the company in 1986 from British American Tobacco and took it public in 1992.


title: Kohl's

text: Kohl's is headquartered in the Milwaukee suburb of Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin. It became the largest department store chain in the United States in May 2012, surpassing its biggest competitor J. C. Penney. The company is listed on both the S&P 400 and the Fortune 500. In terms of revenue, the chain was the 23rd-largest retailer in the United States in 2019. As of 2013, Kohl's was the second-largest U.S. department store company by retail sales.


title: Kohl's

text: Maxwell Kohl, who had operated traditional grocery stores since 1927, built his first supermarket in 1946, the first in what would become a southeastern Wisconsin chain known as Kohl's Food Stores. In September 1962, after building Kohl's Food Stores into the largest supermarket chain in the Milwaukee area, Kohl opened his first department store in Brookfield, Wisconsin. He positioned Kohl's between the higher-end department stores and the discounters, selling everything from candy to engine oil to sporting equipment.


title: Kohl's

text: In 1972, the British American Tobacco Company's U.S. retail division, Batus Inc., bought a controlling interest in Kohl's Corporation, which at the time operated 50 grocery stores, six department stores, three drug stores, and three liquor stores. The Kohl family, led by Allen Kohl and Herb Kohl, continued to manage the company. Herb Kohl left the management in 1979, eventually becoming a United States senator and owner of the Milwaukee Bucks. The firm then expanded Kohl's presence from 10 to 39 stores in Wisconsin, Illinois and Indiana. The grocery stores were sold to A&P in 1983, operating under the name Kohl's Food Store, and later Kohl's Food Emporium. In February 2003, A&P put the Kohl's Food Stores up for sale, as part of an effort to reduce debt. That same year, A&P closed all Kohl's Food Stores locations and the Kohl family left remaining management.


title: Kohl's

text: A group of investors, led by the senior management, purchased the company in 1986. Building on the existing 40 department stores, the company added 27 more stores over the next two years. In 1988, the chain acquired 26 locations from the Chicago-based retailer MainStreet, gaining several stores in Chicago's suburbs, the Twin Cities, and Michigan. Kohl's completed its initial public offering on May 19, 1992 and began trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol KSS.


title: Kohl's

text: During the 2000s, Kohl's expanded nationwide to 49 states. Building from 76 stores in the Midwest in 1992, Kohl's expanded into the New York metropolitan area in 2000 after Caldor was liquidated. The chain later expanded into California in 2003 with 28 new stores, the Pacific Northwest in 2006 with 10 new stores, and the Southeast with 43 new stores opening between 2005 and 2008. To raise money to repurchase its stock and open new stores, Kohl's sold its credit card division in 2006 to J.P. Morgan Chase for $1.5 billion. In 2011, Kohl's replaced Chase with Capital One as their private credit card processing partner for an undisclosed sum. In 2016, Kohl's added the Capital One backed private label Kohl's Card to the Kohl's App to create Kohl's Pay - the first integrated mobile checkout solution for a retailer in US, combining Kohl's Card, Kohl's Cash, Kohl's Yes-2-You Rewards and Kohl's coupons into a single QR Code Payment, with technology powered by Omnyway, Inc (né OmnyPay), a Silicon Valley startup. That same year, Kohl's became the first retailer to include Kohl's Card and Kohl's Rewards in one tap payments with Apple Pay.


title: Kohl's

text: Kohl's hired New York City advertising agency DeVito/Verdi in 2009 to strengthen the Kohl's brand via a series of national television, online, and social media campaigns. The same year, "Newsweek" magazine ranked the company 18th overall and first in its industry in its "Green Rankings", an examination of 500 of the largest corporations on their environmental track records. "Newsweek" remarked that Kohl's had the largest solar power program of any retailer globally, it pursues green building certification, and over 78 locations in six states have solar panels. Kohl's had also begun to sell reusable shopping bags the previous year.


title: Kohl's

text: Kohl's was awarded $62.5 million in tax credits from the Wisconsin Economic Development Corporation in 2012. The retailer was to create 3,000 jobs with the funds, but only created 473. In the same year, Kohl's requested financing from the village of Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin, to fund the construction of its new headquarters there. Kohl's received $2 million, the first of five installments that was to equal a total payout of $12 million, but ultimately backed out of the transaction.


title: Kohl's

text: In 2015, the company opened the first test store of Off/Aisle, a chain built around selling like-new clothing, home goods, jewelry, and accessories that were purchased and returned at Kohl's stores. The stores sold items at discounted prices, and had a more restrictive return policy than typical Kohl's stores. The Off/Aisle stores were ultimately closed in 2019.


title: Kohl's

text: In early January 2017, Kohl's shares fell 19% in value, in what "The Wall Street Journal" said was "the stock's worst day on record," and noted that it was a noticeable exception to the overall declining volatility of the market. The company ranked 157th on the 2018 Fortune 500, the annual list of the largest United States corporations, having earned revenues of $19.095 billion in 2017. In that year, Kohl's entered into a partnership with Amazon, which included a program where select stores would accept Amazon returns; in 2019 it was expanded nationwide. In 2018, Kohl's announced a pilot program to lease space to grocer Aldi and, the following year, to fitness center Planet Fitness, alongside up to 10 stores each.


title: Kohl's

text: On March 16, 2022, it was announced that Hudson's Bay Company and Sycamore Partners were considering bids to buy Kohl's, which its shares jumped 17%. On April 25, 2022, it was announced that Simon Property Group and Brookfield Asset Management, the owners of JCPenney, had set an offer to buy Kohl's. In June 2022, the Franchise Group considered making a bid for the ownership of Kohl's which might result in the sale of the real estate that Kohl's owns to fund the acquisition by the Franchise Group. Kohl's ultimately withdrew from the deal after Franchise Group lowered their bid for the company after finding out that Kohl's had downgraded its outlook for the second fiscal quarter for the company as a result of "softer consumer spending amid decades-high inflation".


title: Kohl's

text: Kohl's store brands include diffusion lines from high-end designers such as Dana Buchman, Vera Wang, Narciso Rodriguez, and Peter Som. Celebrities such as Avril Lavigne, Lauren Conrad, Daisy Fuentes, Paula DeAnda, Jennifer Lopez, Britney Spears, Marc Anthony, and Tony Hawk have sold branded clothing exclusively through Kohl's.


title: Kohl's

text: Kohl's private brands generate nearly half of the firm's $19 billion in annual sales. These include in-house clothing brands such as American Beauty, Apt. 9, Croft & Barrow, Jumping Beans, So, Tek Gear, and Urban Pipeline. The Sonoma Goods for Life brand of apparel and home goods alone is worth over a billion dollars, and Kohl's announced relaunch plans for the brand in 2016. Kohl's has also purchased the exclusive retail rights to existing brands such as Candie's and Mudd Jeans.


title: Kohl's

text: In 2021, Kohl's made a deal with makeup retailer Sephora, to have certain Kohl's locations have Sephora stores inside of the stores. This is a move to replace their in-house beauty selection.


title: Kohl's

text: Kohl's uses a "racetrack" layout with a single aisle that circles the entire store, a layout borrowed from discount stores.


title: National Amusements

text: National Amusements, Inc. is an American privately owned movie theater operator and mass media holding company incorporated in Maryland and based in Norwood, Massachusetts. It is the controlling shareholder of Paramount Global.


title: National Amusements

text: The company was founded by Michael Redstone in 1936 in the Boston suburb of Dedham as Northeast Theater Corporation, operating a chain of movie theaters in the region. Fifty years later in 1986, when the founder's son Sumner Redstone joined the company, it was renamed National Amusements. That year, the company acquired Viacom, a former CBS subsidiary syndicating television programs to stations around the United States. NA retained the Viacom name and made a string of large acquisitions in the early 1990s, announcing plans to merge with Paramount Communications (formerly Gulf+Western), parent of Paramount Pictures, in 1993, and buying the Blockbuster Video chain in 1994. The acquisition of Paramount Communications in July 1994 made Viacom one of the world's largest entertainment companies.


title: National Amusements

text: In March 2005, the company announced plans of looking into splitting Viacom into two publicly traded companies under the continuing ownership of National Amusements because of a stagnating stock price. The internal rivalry between Les Moonves and Tom Freston, longtime heads of CBS and MTV Networks respectively, and the controversy of Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show, which resulted in MTV being banned from producing any more Super Bowl halftime shows, were also seen as factors. After the departure of Mel Karmazin in 2004, Redstone, who served as chairman and chief executive officer, decided to split the offices of president and chief operating officer between Moonves and Freston. Redstone was set to retire in the near future, and a split would be a creative solution to the matter of replacing him.


title: National Amusements

text: The split was approved by Viacom's board on June 14, 2005, and took effect on January 1, 2006, and effectively reversed the Viacom/CBS merger of 1999. The existing Viacom was renamed CBS Corporation (thus restoring its pre-merger name) and was headed by Moonves. It was intended to include Viacom's slower-growing business, namely CBS, The CW (a merger of UPN and The WB), CBS Radio (since sold to Entercom [renamed Audacy, Inc. in 2021] as of November 17, 2017), Simon & Schuster (to be sold to Penguin Random House), CBS Outdoor (formerly Viacom Outdoor, since spun-off as Outfront Media in 2014), Showtime Networks, CBS Television Studios, CBS Television Distribution and CBS Studios International.


title: National Amusements

text: In addition, CBS Corporation was given Paramount Parks, which it later sold to amusement park operator Cedar Fair on June 30, 2006, and the CBS College Sports Network, now known as the CBS Sports Network.


title: National Amusements

text: Additionally, a spun-off company was created called Viacom, which was headed by Freston. It comprised MTV Networks, BET Networks, Paramount Pictures, and Paramount Pictures' home entertainment operations. These businesses were categorized as the high-growth businesses.


title: National Amusements

text: At the end of 2008, due to financial troubles, owners Sumner Redstone and Shari Redstone sold $400 million of nonvoting shares in National Amusements. In October 2009, the company sold almost $1 billion of its interest in the stock of CBS and Viacom and sold 35 theaters to Rave Motion Pictures. Today these theatres are owned by Cinemark, AMC, Alamo, or have closed. National Amusements now almost exclusively operates theaters in the Northeastern United States (with the exception of one location in Ohio). The following year, National Amusements planned to sell $390 million of notes to refinance a large part of the company's bank owed debt.


title: National Amusements

text: As of December 2019, National Amusements, directly and through subsidiaries, holds approximately 79.4% of the Class A (voting) common stock of Paramount Global, constituting 10.2% of the overall equity of the company. The company may hold an unspecified stake in Audacy, Inc., as part of the reverse Morris trust that spun CBS's radio assets off to that company; CBS Corporation shareholders overall held a 72% stake in the then-named Entercom as of the spin-off.


title: National Amusements

text: The company operates more than 1,500 movie screens across the Northeastern United States, the United Kingdom, and Latin America under its Showcase Cinemas, Showcase Cinema de Lux, Multiplex Cinemas, and Cinema de Lux. In Canada, National Amusements also owned Famous Players theatres through Viacom which today are now owned by Cineplex Entertainment and Landmark Cinemas. In 2004, National Amusements acquired the Brazilian operations to cinema chain UCI, and revamping it to be more in line with Showcase. They also share some of the corporate identities of Showcase and have XPlus & De Lux rooms in selected cinemas, as well as fully reclining seats.


title: National Amusements

text: In 2019, it was announced that the multinational media conglomerates controlled by National Amusements (Viacom and CBS Corporation), would re-merge to form a new company named ViacomCBS. Viacom and CBS announced that the merger would close on December 4; following the official close, the company began trading on NASDAQ the following day. In 2022, the company was renamed Paramount Global.


title: Jake McDorman

text: John Allen McDorman IV (born July 8, 1986) is an American actor. On television, he headlined the CBS comedy-drama "Limitless" (2015–2016) and was the male lead of the sitcoms "Are You There, Chelsea?" (2012) and "Manhattan Love Story" (2014). He was also a series regular on the ABC Family comedy-drama "Greek" (2007–2011), the fourth season of the Showtime comedy-drama "Shameless" (2014), the revival of the CBS sitcom "Murphy Brown" (2018), and the Disney+ historical drama "The Right Stuff" (2020) as Alan Shepard.


title: Jake McDorman

text: McDorman was born in Dallas, Texas, the son of Deborah Gale (née Stallings) and John Allen McDorman III. He has a younger sister, Morgan, and an older half-sister, Amanda. McDorman studied acting at the Dallas Young Actors Studio and Nancy Chartier's Film and Acting Studio. He attended Richardson High School, Westwood Junior High and Northwood Hills Elementary in Texas.


title: Jake McDorman

text: McDorman starred in the Fox sitcom "Quintuplets" from 2004 to 2005, and later guest-starred on "House", "" and "Cold Case". He made his film debut in the 2005 thriller "Echoes of Innocence", and later has appeared in "Aquamarine", "" and "Live Free or Die Hard". From 2007 to 2011, McDorman starred as Evan Chambers in the ABC Family teen drama series "Greek". He also played the lead role in the 2011 Lifetime movie "The Craigslist Killer".


title: Jake McDorman

text: In 2012, McDorman played the male lead role opposite Laura Prepon in the short-lived NBC sitcom "Are You There, Chelsea?". He later joined the cast of Showtime comedy-drama, "Shameless" as Mike Pratt. He starred in the film "See You in Valhalla" opposite Sarah Hyland, and in 2014 co-starred in Clint Eastwood's film "American Sniper". Also in 2014, McDorman was cast in the male lead role opposite Lio Tipton in the ABC romantic comedy series, "Manhattan Love Story". In 2015, he starred in CBS's "Limitless" as Brian Finch, a young man who uses a mysterious drug called "NZT" to enhance his intelligence to help the FBI solve cases. The TV series continued the story of the motion picture of the same name. The show was cancelled after one season.


title: The Silence of the Lambs (novel)

text: The Silence of the Lambs is a psychological horror novel by Thomas Harris. First published in 1988, it is the sequel to Harris's 1981 novel "Red Dragon". Both novels feature the cannibalistic serial killer Dr. Hannibal Lecter, this time pitted against FBI Special Agent Clarice Starling. Its film adaptation directed by Jonathan Demme was released in 1991 to widespread critical acclaim and box office success. It won the Academy Award for Best Picture.


title: The Silence of the Lambs (novel)

text: Clarice Starling, a young FBI trainee, is asked to carry out an errand by Jack Crawford, the head of the FBI division that draws up psychological profiles of serial killers. Starling is to present a questionnaire to the brilliant forensic psychiatrist and cannibalistic serial killer, Hannibal Lecter. Lecter is serving nine consecutive life sentences in a Maryland mental institution for a series of murders.


title: The Silence of the Lambs (novel)

text: Crawford's real intention, however, is to try to solicit Lecter's assistance in the hunt for a serial killer dubbed "Buffalo Bill", whose M.O. involves kidnapping large women, starving them for up to two weeks, killing and skinning them, and dumping the remains in nearby rivers. The nickname was started by Kansas City Homicide as a sick joke that "he likes to skin his humps." Throughout the investigation, Starling periodically returns to Lecter in search of information, and the two form a strange relationship in which he offers her cryptic clues in return for information about her troubled and bleak childhood as an orphan.


title: The Silence of the Lambs (novel)

text: When Bill's sixth victim is found in West Virginia, Starling helps Crawford perform the autopsy. Starling finds a pupa in the throat of the victim, and just as Lecter predicted, she has been scalped. Triangular patches of skin have also been taken from her shoulders. Furthermore, autopsy reports indicate that Bill had killed her within four days of her capture, much faster than his earlier victims. Starling takes the pupa to the Smithsonian, where it is initially identified by entomologist Noble Pilcher as the black witch moth, a species that does not naturally occur where the victim was found, though later it is identified as the Death's-head Moth, an even more exotic species that would have to be reared in captivity from imported eggs.


title: The Silence of the Lambs (novel)

text: On the basis of Lecter's prediction, Starling believes that he knows who Buffalo Bill really is. She asks Crawford why she was sent to fish for information on Buffalo Bill without being told she was doing so; Crawford claims that if she had had an agenda, Lecter would have sensed it and never spoken up.


title: The Silence of the Lambs (novel)

text: In Tennessee, Catherine Baker Martin, daughter of Senator Ruth Martin, is kidnapped. Within six hours, her blouse is found on the roadside, slit up the back: Buffalo Bill's calling card. He traps her in an oubliette and begins to starve her. Crawford is advised that no less than the President of the United States has expressed "intense interest" in the case, and that a successful rescue is preferable. Crawford estimates they have three days before Catherine is killed. Starling is sent to Lecter with the offer of a deal: if he assists in Catherine's rescue and Buffalo Bill's capture, he will be transferred out of the asylum, something he has continually longed for. Lecter expresses skepticism at the genuineness of the offer, but he does not believe that Starling would intentionally lie to him.


title: The Silence of the Lambs (novel)

text: After Starling leaves, Lecter reminisces on the past, recalling a conversation with Benjamin Raspail, a former patient whom he had eventually murdered. During therapy sessions, Raspail told Lecter about a former lover, Jame Gumb: After Raspail left Gumb and began dating a sailor named Klaus, Gumb became jealous and murdered Klaus, using his skin to make an apron. Raspail also revealed that Gumb had an epiphany upon watching a butterfly hatch.


title: The Silence of the Lambs (novel)

text: Lecter's ruminations are interrupted when Dr. Frederick Chilton—the asylum's administrator and Lecter's self-styled nemesis—steps in. A listening device allowed him to record Starling's offer, and Chilton has found out that Crawford's deal is a lie. He offers one of his own: If Lecter reveals Buffalo Bill's identity, he will indeed get a transfer to another asylum, but only if Chilton gets credit for getting the information from him. Lecter agrees, but insists that he be allowed to give the information to Senator Martin in person, in Tennessee. Unbeknown to Chilton, Lecter has secretly collected the ingredients for an improvised handcuff lockpick, which he deduces will be useful at some point during the travel.


title: The Silence of the Lambs (novel)

text: In Tennessee, Lecter toys with Senator Martin briefly, enjoying the woman's anguish, but eventually gives her some information about Buffalo Bill: his name is William "Billy" Rubin, and he has suffered from "elephant ivory anthrax", a knifemaker's disease. He also provides an accurate physical description. The name, however, is a red herring: bilirubin is a pigment in human bile and a chief coloring agent in human feces, which the forensic lab compares to the color of Chilton's hair.


title: The Silence of the Lambs (novel)

text: Starling tries one last time to get information from Lecter as he is held in police custody. He offers a final clue—"we covet what we see every day"—and demands to hear her worst memory. Starling reveals that, after her father's death, she was sent to live with a cousin on a sheep and horse ranch. One night, she discovered the farmer slaughtering the spring lambs, and fled in terror with a mare also destined for the slaughterhouse whom she named Hannah. The farmer caught her and sent her to an orphanage, where she spent the rest of her childhood. Lecter, seeing the parallels between the helpless lambs and the equally helpless Catherine, thanks her for her candor, and the two share a brief moment of connection before Chilton forces her to leave. Shortly after this, Lecter escapes by killing and eviscerating his guards, using one of their faces as a mask to fool paramedics.


title: The Silence of the Lambs (novel)

text: Starling continues her search for Buffalo Bill, deducing that he knew his first victim, Fredrica Bimmel, from everyday life. She visits Fredrica's family home and discovers that both she and Buffalo Bill were accomplished tailors and is killing the women in order to make a 'suit' for himself, having come to believe he was transsexual despite this self-diagnosis consistently being deemed false by doctors, causing him to be rejected for sexual reassignment surgery by multiple hospitals. By canvassing Bimmel's known associates, she ends up at the house of one Jame Gumb, a dressmaker and leatherworker. She spies a Death's-head moth in his home and knows whom she has found; however, Gumb escapes into his basement. Starling, armed only with a revolver but aware that calling for backup will result in Catherine's death, follows him down, and kills him after a protracted chase. Catherine is returned to her family physically unharmed.


title: The Silence of the Lambs (novel)

text: Lecter then writes a congratulatory letter to Starling, in which he hopes that "the lambs have stopped screaming" and indicates that he has no plans to pursue her. He also predicts correctly that saving Catherine Martin may have granted Clarice some relief, but that the silence will never become eternal, heralding her motives for a continued career at the FBI. The novel ends with Clarice sleeping peacefully alongside Pilcher "in the silence of the lambs".


title: The Silence of the Lambs (novel)

text: The novel was a great success. Children's novelist Roald Dahl greatly enjoyed the novel, describing it as "subtle, horrific and splendid, the best book I have read in a long time". Author David Foster Wallace used the book as part of his curriculum while teaching at Pomona College and later included the book, as well as Harris's " Red Dragon", on his list of ten favorite novels. John Dunning says of "Silence of the Lambs": [it is] "simply the best thriller I've read in five years".


title: The Silence of the Lambs (novel)

text: Some critics and transgender activists decried the novel as transphobic and homophobic because of its portrayal of Buffalo Bill. Because of this there were protests against the film version when it was released. The book was criticized by feminist author Julia Serano for presenting transsexualism as psychosis, despite Harris' insistence in the text that Jame Gumb was not a true transsexual.


title: The Silence of the Lambs (novel)

text: Following the 1986 adaptation of "Red Dragon" (filmed as "Manhunter"), "The Silence of the Lambs" was adapted by Jonathan Demme in 1991. "The Silence of the Lambs" became the third film in Oscar history to win the following five Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Screenplay, Best Actor and Best Actress. It stars Jodie Foster as Clarice Starling and Anthony Hopkins as Hannibal Lecter.


title: The Silence of the Lambs (novel)

text: In 2005, comedian-musicians Jon and Al Kaplan parodied the story, especially the film, in "Silence! The Musical". It premiered Off-Off-Broadway and has since had productions in London and Los Angeles. In 2012, the Los Angeles production won the Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle awards for Score, Lead Performance, and Choreography.


title: The Silence of the Lambs (novel)

text: A series called "Clarice", which was created by Jenny Lumet and Alex Kurtzman, aired on CBS in 2021. The series takes place three years after the events of the 1991 film adaptation of the novel, and it stars Rebecca Breeds as Clarice Starling. It was canceled after one season.


title: Isobel Waller-Bridge

text: Isobel Noeline Waller-Bridge (born 23 April 1984) is a British composer who is known for her scores for film, television, and theatre, along with her works for electronic music and contemporary classical music.


title: Isobel Waller-Bridge

text: Waller-Bridge received her bachelor's degree in music from Edinburgh University and a master's degree from King's College London. She was also awarded a scholarship from the Royal Academy of Music, where she received another diploma.


title: Isobel Waller-Bridge

text: Waller-Bridge composed the soundtrack for the BBC comedy-drama series, "Fleabag" (2016–2019), which was written by and starring her sister, Phoebe Waller-Bridge. She also wrote the score for the feature film, "Vita and Virginia" (2018), and "Emma." (2020). In 2021, she scored Netflix's "Munich: The Edge of War", which was released by Milan Records/Sony Music, and "The Phantom of the Open."


title: Isobel Waller-Bridge

text: Aside from composing, Waller-Bridge is also a performer, playing in venues such as the St James Theatre and Union Chapel. In 2016, her music appeared on albums with the Icelandic composers Ólafur Arnalds and Jóhann Jóhannsson. In 2021, she was commissioned by the Philharmonia Orchestra to write music for their "Human/Nature" series. Her piece, "Temperatures," was premiered in November 2021, conducted by Pekka Kuusisto at the Royal Festival Hall. In 2020, she was commissioned by Sarah Burton to score Alexander McQueen’s Spring/Summer 2020 collection at Paris Fashion Week. In 2021, she collaborated with ballet dancer and actress, Francesca Hayward, to score her dance film, "Siren".


title: Isobel Waller-Bridge

text: For theatre, Waller-Bridge worked on Florian Zeller's "The Son" (West End) and "The Forest" (Hampstead Theatre), "Woyzeck," adapted by Jack Thorne (Old Vic), "Blood Wedding" (Young Vic), and "Knives in Hens" (Donmar Warehouse).


title: Isobel Waller-Bridge

text: In June 2022, it was announced that Waller-Bridge would be providing an original score for an animated short film of "The Boy, The Mole, The Fox And The Horse", which is set to air on BBC One and BBC iPlayer on Christmas 2022.


title: Isobel Waller-Bridge

text: Waller-Bridge is the daughter of Theresa Mary Waller-Bridge (née Clerke) and Michael Cyprian Waller-Bridge. Her father founded the electronic trading platform, Tradepoint, and her mother works for the Worshipful Company of Ironmongers.


title: Isobel Waller-Bridge

text: The Waller-Bridge family were landed gentry of Cuckfield, Sussex. On her father's side, she is a descendant of the Revd Sir Egerton Leigh, 2nd Baronet, and a distant relative of politician and author, Egerton Leigh. Her maternal grandfather was Sir John Edward Longueville Clerke, 12th baronet, of Hitcham, Buckinghamshire.


title: Alex Winter

text: Alexander Ross Winter (born July 17, 1965) is a British-American actor and filmmaker. He played the slacker Bill in the 1989 film "Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure" and its sequels "Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey" (1991) and "Bill & Ted Face the Music" (2020). He is also known for his role as Marko in the 1987 vampire film "The Lost Boys"; for co-writing, co-directing, and starring in the 1993 film "Freaked"; and for directing documentaries in the 2010s.


title: Alex Winter

text: Winter was born in London, England. His mother, Margaret "Gregg" Mayer, is a New York-born American and former Martha Graham dancer, who founded a modern-dance company in London in the mid-1960s. His father, Ross Albert Winter, is an Australian who danced with Winter's mother's troupe. Winter received training in dance as a child. He has an older brother named Stephen. His father has English ancestry and his mother is Jewish, of Ukrainian Jewish descent.


title: Alex Winter

text: When Winter was five, his family moved to Missouri, where his father ran the Mid-American Dance Company, while his mother taught dance at Washington University in St. Louis. The two divorced in 1973.


title: Alex Winter

text: In 1978, Winter moved to the New York City area, where he and his mother lived in Montclair, New Jersey. During this time Winter began performing as an actor on and off Broadway, commuting into New York City. He reports his experience in New Jersey as being positive.


title: Alex Winter

text: In 1983, after graduating from Montclair High School, Winter was accepted into the Tisch School of the Arts at New York University. While at NYU, he met fellow aspiring filmmaker Tom Stern. The two collaborated on a number of 16 mm short films and both graduated with honours.


title: Alex Winter

text: As an actor, Winter spent many years on Broadway with supporting roles in productions of "The King and I", "Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up", and the American premiere of Simon Gray's "Close of Play" at the Manhattan Theatre Club.


title: Alex Winter

text: Winter dropped out of NYU film school before his senior year, and he and Tom Stern moved out to Hollywood, where the two wrote and directed a number of short films and music videos. Winter continued to find work as an actor, landing notable roles in such big productions as "The Lost Boys" and "Rosalie Goes Shopping".


title: Alex Winter

text: In 1989, Winter found international success when he co-starred with Keanu Reeves, playing Bill S. Preston in the smash-hit comedy "Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure", a role he reprised in its 1991 sequel, "Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey".


title: Alex Winter

text: Following the success of "Bill & Ted", Winter and creative collaborators Tom Stern and Tim Burns were hired to develop a sketch comedy show for MTV. The result, 1991's "The Idiot Box", was a success for the network, but the channel's budgetary problems prevented them from filming additional seasons, and it was canceled after six episodes. Winter, Stern and Burns accepted a $12 million deal from 20th Century Fox to film their own feature film, which became 1993's "Freaked". While the film was never widely released, despite positive reviews from "The New York Times" and "Entertainment Weekly", "Freaked" went on to become a cult favourite, through festivals, TV and DVD, and was cited by "Entertainment Weekly", on their list of Top Ten Comedies of the Nineties.


title: Alex Winter

text: Winter did not return to directing until 1999, when he filmed "Fever". The film was shown at film festivals worldwide, including Official Selection in the Director's Fortnight at Cannes. New York "Daily News" praised the film, calling it "a claustrophobic mind bender. Winter sustains an aura of creepiness worthy of Roman Polanski."


title: Alex Winter

text: Winter directed the of the hit Cartoon Network series "Ben 10", which aired in November 2007 and garnered the highest ratings in Cartoon Network history. He directed its sequel, "", which aired on Cartoon Network in November 2009 and captured over 16 million viewers in its premiere weekend. As of 2008, he was attached to write the screenplay for the Howard Stern-produced remake of "Rock 'n' Roll High School". In 2010, he was attached to direct a 3D-remake of the 1987 horror film "The Gate", which was scheduled for release in 2011.


title: Alex Winter

text: Winter's 2012 VH1 rock doc "Downloaded" earned worldwide critical acclaim at theatrical and festival screenings. Winter's multiple award-winning 2015 documentary "Deep Web" had its world premiere at SXSW and a broadcast premiere in the U.S. on the Epix network alongside a global festival tour. The film went wide on September, 2015, opening as the #1 documentary on iTunes.


title: Alex Winter

text: In 2013, he had a role in the thriller "Grand Piano", starring Elijah Wood and John Cusack, playing The Assistant.


title: Alex Winter

text: In 2016, Winter released a short documentary entitled "Relatively Free" about journalist Barrett Brown's release from prison. This was followed in 2017 by another short documentary, "Trump's Lobby" about President elect Donald Trump.


title: Alex Winter

text: In 2018, Winter released two documentaries, "The Panama Papers", about the Panama Papers, and "Trust Machine: The Story Of Blockchain", which premiered in Los Angeles on November 16, 2018. In July 2015, Winter began work on a biographical documentary of the rock guitarist and composer Frank Zappa. The Zappa Family Trust publicly gave its approval to Winter's plans for the film. Released on November 27, 2020, "Zappa" was not only the first documentary with access to his archives, but this project was the highest funded documentary in crowdfunding history, via Kickstarter.


title: Alex Winter

text: In April 2011, Winter's "Bill & Ted" co-star Keanu Reeves confirmed that a third installment of the film series was under way; the film was in development for most of the 2010s. Winter returned as Bill S. Preston, Esq. in the film, "Bill & Ted Face the Music", which was released on August 28, 2020; with Reeves describing the plot as, "Basically, they're supposed to write a song to save the world and they haven't done that."


title: Alex Winter

text: Winter said he began devoting a lot of his attention to the internet not just because he liked technology, but also because "I found this community there." Winter liked the idea of large numbers of anonymous users discussing a variety of topics in an anonymous space. "I found that really striking then. And it seemed liked the beginning of something," he said.


title: Alex Winter

text: He criticized media companies and news outlets for exaggerating how many people used Napster for digital piracy. "Napster was a huge threat to the power structure," Winter said.


title: Alex Winter

text: Winter's interest in technology, the Internet and privacy inspired him to make the 2012 documentary film "Downloaded", about internet file sharing and Napster, and the 2015 film "Deep Web", about the Silk Road, bitcoin, and the dark web.


title: Alex Winter

text: Winter was married to Sonya Dawson, with whom he had a son, born in 1998. The couple later divorced. In 2010, he married Ramsey Ann Naito. They have two children.


title: Alex Winter

text: On February 2, 2018, Winter revealed that he was molested by an older man at age 13 while he was acting on Broadway. Winter refused to name his abuser, but revealed he is coping with PTSD since the incident, saying “I had extreme PTSD for many, many years, and that will wreak havoc on you."


title: Robert Redford filmography

text: Redford gained prominence for his leading roles in the romantic comedy "Barefoot in the Park" (1967) opposite Jane Fonda and the western "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid" (1969) alongside Paul Newman. He reunited with Newman in the 1973 caper film "The Sting" receiving his only nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor. He continued his leading man status starring in the western film "Jeremiah Johnson", the political drama "The Candidate" (both 1972), the romantic dramas "The Way We Were" (1973), and "The Great Gatsby" (1974), and the dramas "Three Days of the Condor", and "The Great Waldo Pepper" (both 1975). The following year he starred as Bob Woodward in the Alan J. Pakula political drama "All the President's Men" (1976). He later appeared in the Richard Attenborough war film "A Bridge Too Far" (1977), and Sydney Pollack western comedy "The Electric Horseman" (1979).


title: Robert Redford filmography

text: He further stablished himself as a star in the Barry Levinson sports drama "The Natural" (1984) and the Sydney Pollack epic romance "Out of Africa" (1985). He continued appearing in films such as "Sneakers" (1992), "Indecent Proposal" (1993), "The Horse Whisperer" (1998), "An Unfinished Life" (2005), "All is Lost" (2013), "A Walk in the Woods" (2015), "Peter's Dragon" (2016), and "The Discovery" (2017). In 2014 he entered the Marvel Cinematic Universe appearing as Alexander Pierce in "" (2014), a role he would reprise in "" (2019). In 2015 portrayed Dan Rather in the drama "Truth" (2015). He reunited with Jane Fonda in the Netflix romance "Our Souls at Night" (2017), and "The Old Man & the Gun" (2018).


title: Robert Redford filmography

text: In 1980 he made his directorial film debut with "Ordinary People" for which it won the Academy Award for Best Picture with Redford receiving the Academy Award for Best Director. He continued directing films such as "A River Runs Through It" (1992), "Quiz Show" (1994), "The Legend of Bagger Vance" (1998), "Lions for Lambs" (2007), "The Conspirator" (2010), and "The Company You Keep" (2012). In 2002 he received the Academy Honorary Award as an "Actor, director, producer, creator of Sundance, inspiration to independent and innovative filmmakers everywhere."


title: Robert Redford filmography

text: From 2002 to 2018, Redford has narrated "The New Environmentalists", a PBS series about grassroots activists around the globe.


title: The Ridiculous 6

text: The Ridiculous 6 is a 2015 American Western action comedy film directed by Frank Coraci and written by Tim Herlihy and Adam Sandler, and starring Sandler, Terry Crews, Jorge Garcia, Taylor Lautner, Rob Schneider, and Luke Wilson. As Happy Madison Productions' first Western film, the plot follows six men who discover that they share the same bank-robbing father (Nick Nolte) and thereafter set out to reunite with him.


title: The Ridiculous 6

text: Released worldwide on Netflix on December 11, 2015, the film was panned by critics and is one of the few films to receive an approval rating of 0% on Rotten Tomatoes.


title: The Ridiculous 6

text: In the Old West, Tommy (Adam Sandler), known as "White Knife" by the American Indian tribe who raised him after his mother was murdered, is to marry a member of the tribe named Smoking Fox (Julia Jones) as arranged by his adoptive father Chief Screaming Eagle (Saginaw Grant). Following a run-in with Will Patch (Will Forte) and his Left-Eye Gang who claimed to have removed their right eye, as well as a one-eyed food proprietor named Clem (Steve Zahn), Tommy is visited by a bank robber named Frank Stockburn (Nick Nolte) who claims to be his biological father. Frank tells Tommy that he is dying of consumption and had amassed $50,000 buried in a meadow, which he offers to Tommy and his tribe.


title: The Ridiculous 6

text: The next day, a group of bandits led by the ruthless Cicero (Danny Trejo) come to the village and want Frank to give them his "big score.” Frank has the bandits kidnap him so he can lead them to the money at the so-called "Singing Windmill", in return for the bandits not attacking Tommy or the Natives. After searching the meadow Tommy is unable to find the stash of money and sets off on a quest to steal the amount needed and save his father.


title: The Ridiculous 6

text: During his journey, Tommy discovers that he has 5 half-brothers: Mexican burro rider Ramon (Rob Schneider) whose innkeeper mother had a fling with Frank; mentally challenged yet happy-go-lucky Lil' Pete (Taylor Lautner) whose strong neck makes him immune to hanging; mountain man Herm (Jorge Garcia) who speaks incomprehensibly and helped his mother sell their moonshine; a drunkard named Danny (Luke Wilson) who was the former bodyguard of Abraham Lincoln (Dan Patrick) and is guilt-ridden from accidentally leading John Wilkes Booth (Chris Kattan) to murder the president when he mistook him for a fan of the president on his way to the restroom; and African-American saloon pianist Chico (Terry Crews) who confesses to being half-White.


title: The Ridiculous 6

text: Meanwhile, Clem joins the Left-Eye Gang at the cost of his only functional eye and helps them abduct Smoking Fox. She escapes due to Clem's blindness and begins searching for Tommy and his half-brothers, now known as the Ridiculous 6.


title: The Ridiculous 6

text: After meeting Chico and Danny, the half-brothers have a run in with Chico's boss, sociopathic saloon owner Smiley Harris (Harvey Keitel), who was part of Frank's gang until Frank stole his cut of their biggest score and left him to die at the windmill. When Smiley attempts to kill the half-brothers out of revenge against Frank, he ends up being unintentionally decapitated by Ramon. The group later encounters Abner Doubleday (John Turturro) who is developing baseball with some Chinese immigrants.


title: The Ridiculous 6

text: The Left-Eye Gang soon catch up to the Ridiculous 6 while the latter are relaxing in a pond. The gang overpowers the Ridiculous 6 and steal their loot. Through Herm's ramblings, translated by Tommy, the Ridiculous 6 then decide to rob a gambling game in Yuma hosted by Ezekiel Grant (Jon Lovitz) and attended by Mark Twain (Vanilla Ice) and General George Armstrong Custer (David Spade). The Ridiculous 6 succeed, though Wyatt Earp (Blake Shelton) nearly jeopardizes their plan, and set off to ransom their father.


title: The Ridiculous 6

text: On the way, the Ridiculous 6 come across the Left-Eye Gang who have been left to die in the desert by Cicero. Tommy and the brothers rescue the Left-Eye Gang and reclaim the $50,000 they had stolen from them. That evening, Tommy sees a photograph carried by Danny that proves Cicero is the one who murdered his mother and sets off alone to rescue his father and confront the bandit leader. After meeting with Cicero and paying the ransom, Tommy confronts Cicero just and gets his revenge on his mother's killer.


title: The Ridiculous 6

text: The Ridiculous 6, who followed Tommy along with the Left-Eye Gang, have a reunion with their long-lost father. When Frank learns his sons exceeded his expectations by amassing $100,000, he reveals that he masterminded his abduction. But Tommy counters that his group had a Plan B: a hidden bomb inside the bag containing the ransom money. When the bomb explodes and commotion ensues, Frank runs off to a mine with Smoking Fox as his hostage. Tommy runs after them and successfully rescues his bride-to-be and captures his father.


title: The Ridiculous 6

text: Back in the Native Village, Tommy weds Smoking Fox with his half-brothers in attendance. Since the revelation that their biological father Frank Stockburn was no more than a two-bit crook, Screaming Eagle decides to adopt all the half-brothers as he did with Tommy. The Left-Eye Gang revealed that they lied about removing their right eyes, much to the anger of Clem.


title: The Ridiculous 6

text: In the post-credits, Abner Doubleday and his Chinese baseball team do a chant to detail their appreciation for the Stockburns.


title: The Ridiculous 6

text: "The Ridiculous 6" had been in production by Columbia Pictures, Paramount Pictures and Warner Bros., but was dropped by all three. The latter dropped out soon after Adam Sandler and Happy Madison Productions signed a four-picture deal with Netflix, although an insider noted to "The Hollywood Reporter" that the deal had nothing to do with their decision.


title: The Ridiculous 6

text: By January 2015, Netflix picked up the film with others joining the cast including Taylor Lautner, Nick Nolte, Blake Shelton, Steve Buscemi, Rob Schneider, Will Forte, Vanilla Ice and Luke Wilson. On February 16, 2015, Jorge Garcia joined the cast. Principal photography began on February 20, 2015, and ended on May 2, 2015.


title: The Ridiculous 6

text: On April 23, 2015, Indian Country Today Media Network reported that approximately "a dozen Native actors and actresses, as well as the Native cultural advisor, left the set of Adam Sandler’s newest film production, "The Ridiculous Six"" in protest of its portrayal of the Apache culture. The "New York Daily News" later reported that there were only four who left, out of over 100 Native American actors on the set. Navajo Nation tribal members Loren Anthony and film student Allison Young said they left because they felt the film portrayed Native Americans in a negative light and took satire too far. They also complained that the portrayal of women was degrading. A representative of Netflix responded saying, "The movie has ridiculous in the title for a reason: because it is ridiculous. It is a broad satire of Western movies and the stereotypes they popularized, featuring a diverse cast that is not only part of—but in on—the joke."


title: The Ridiculous 6

text: On May 4, 2015, the "New York Daily News" reported that Ricky Lee, one of the Native American actors on the "Ridiculous 6" set, said previous news reports were exaggerated and indeed there were only "four actors who left, but there were 150 extras, including grandmas and grandpas and children, who kept working." Apparently, before the film's wrap party, he and several other actors were approached by Sandler to speak about the controversy. Lee considered that those who left raised legitimate issues but it was "the wrong battlefield."


title: The Ridiculous 6

text: The film premiered on Netflix on December 11, 2015. On January 6, 2016, Netflix announced that the film had been viewed more times in 30 days than any other film in Netflix history. It also made it to the #1 spot in every territory in which Netflix operates.


title: The Ridiculous 6

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 0% based on 37 reviews, with an average rating of 2.40/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Every bit as lazily offensive as its cast and concept would suggest, "The Ridiculous Six" is standard couch fare for Adam Sandler fanatics and must-avoid viewing for film enthusiasts of every other persuasion." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 18 out of 100 based on reviews from 12 critics, indicating "overwhelming dislike".


title: The Ridiculous 6

text: Justin Chang of "Variety" wrote: "The scenery ain't bad but the laughs are tumbleweed-sparse in "The Ridiculous 6," a Western sendup so lazy and aimless, it barely qualifies as parody."


title: The Ridiculous 6

text: Mike McCahill of "The Guardian" gave it 2 out of 5 and wrote: "Peer through this dopey haze long enough, and you can't fail to notice the cavalier racial attitudes, the endlessly pliable women; you'd have every right to be outraged, were it not now par for the Sandler course."


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: The Transformers: The Movie is a 1986 animated science fiction action film based on the "Transformers" television series. It was released in North America on August 8, 1986, and in the United Kingdom on December 12, 1986. It was co-produced and directed by Nelson Shin, who also produced the television series. The screenplay was written by Ron Friedman, who created "Bionic Six" a year later.


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: The film features the voices of Eric Idle, Judd Nelson, Leonard Nimoy, Casey Kasem, Robert Stack, Lionel Stander, John Moschitta Jr., Scatman Crothers, Peter Cullen, Frank Welker, and Orson Welles, who died 10 months before the film's release, in his final film role. The soundtrack comprises electronic music composed by Vince DiCola and songs from rock and heavy metal acts including Stan Bush and "Weird Al" Yankovic.


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: The story is set in 2005, 20 years after the TV series' second season. After a Decepticon assault devastates Autobot City, Optimus Prime wins a deadly one-on-one duel with Megatron, but ultimately sustains fatal injuries in the encounter. With Megatron gravely injured, the Decepticons are forced to retreat, saving the Autobots. The Autobots are hunted across the galaxy by Unicron, a planet-sized Transformer intending to consume Cybertron and who transfigures Megatron to become the enslaved Galvatron.


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: Hasbro's exclusively toy-focused agenda demanded a product refresh, to be contrived by the on-screen extermination of starring characters, at the protest of some creators of the film and TV series. The slaughter of characters, especially Optimus Prime, inadvertently upset the young audience.


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: The film was a box-office failure, having been released in a season crowded with hit films, and having a failing young distribution company, De Laurentiis Entertainment Group (DEG). Contemporary critics were generally negative, perceiving a thin plot made of blatant advertising and violent action appealing only to children while praising the cinematic quality of the animation, soundtrack, and voice acting. The film gained cult classic status decades later with many home re-releases and theatrical screenings, especially coinciding with Michael Bay's live-action series in the 2000s. Several critics greatly favor the original over the live-action films; "Den of Geek" remembered it as "The Great Toy Massacre of 1986" which "traumatized a generation of kids with a string of startling deaths", and as "a milestone in animation history".


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: In 2005, the evil Decepticons have conquered the Autobots' home planet of Cybertron. The heroic Autobots, operating from Cybertron's two moons, prepare a counter-offensive. Autobot leader Optimus Prime sends a shuttle to Autobot City on Earth for supplies. However, their plan is discovered by the Decepticons, who kill Ironhide, Prowl, Ratchet, Brawn and hijack the ship. In Autobot City, Hot Rod, relaxing with Daniel Witwicky (son of Spike Witwicky) spots the hijacked shuttle and a deadly battle breaks out. Optimus arrives with reinforcements just as the Decepticons are near victory. Optimus defeats many of them and engages Megatron in brutal combat, leaving both mortally wounded, forcing the surviving Decepticons to retreat, get in Astrotrain and go to space.


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: On his deathbed, Optimus passes the Matrix of Leadership to Ultra Magnus, telling him that its power will light the Autobots' darkest hour. It drops from Optimus's hands and is caught by Hot Rod, who hands it to Ultra Magnus. Optimus Prime's body loses color and dies.


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: The Decepticons withdraw from Autobot City within Astrotrain. To conserve fuel so they can make it to Cybertron, they jettison Thundercracker, Skywarp, Shrapnel, Kickback, Bombshell and Megatron who got discarded by his treacherous second-in-command Starscream. Drifting into space, the wounded Decepticons are found by Unicron, a sentient planet who consumes other worlds. Unicron offers Megatron a new body in exchange for destroying the Matrix, which has the power to destroy Unicron. Megatron reluctantly agrees and is remade into Galvatron, while the corpses of other jettisoned Decepticons are converted into his new troops: Cyclonus, Cyclonus' Armada, Scourge, and Sweeps. Unicron also gives Galvatron a new ship.


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: On Cybertron, Galvatron disrupts Starscream's coronation as Decepticon leader and kills him. Unicron then consumes the moons of Cybertron including the secret bases with Autobots and Spike. Retaking command of the Decepticons, Galvatron leads his forces to seek out Ultra Magnus at the ruined Autobot City.


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: The surviving Autobots escape in separate shuttles, which are shot down by the Decepticons and crash on different planets. Hot Rod and Kup are taken prisoner by the Quintessons, a clutch of tyrants who hold kangaroo courts and execute prisoners by feeding them to the Sharkticons. Hot Rod and Kup learn of Unicron from Kranix, a lone survivor of Lithone, a planet devoured by Unicron at the beginning of the film. After Kranix is executed, Hot Rod and Kup escape, aided by the Dinobots and the small Autobot Wheelie, who helps them find an escape ship.


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: The other Autobots land on the Planet of Junk where they are attacked by the native Junkions, who then hide from Galvatron's arriving forces. Ultra Magnus secures the remaining Autobots while attempting and failing to release the power of the Matrix. He is destroyed by Galvatron who seizes the Matrix, now intent on using it to control Unicron. The Autobots befriend the local Junkions, led by Wreck-Gar, who rebuild Magnus. They are joined by the Autobots from the planet of the Quintessons. Deducing that Galvatron has the Matrix, the Autobots and Junkions (who have their own ship) fly to Cybertron. Galvatron attempts to threaten Unicron, but like Ultra Magnus, cannot activate the Matrix. In response to Galvatron's threats, Unicron transforms into a colossal robot and begins to dismember Cybertron. When Galvatron attacks him, Unicron swallows him and the Matrix whole.


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: The Autobots crash their spaceship outward through Unicron's eye and become disbanded while Unicron continues to battle Decepticons, Junkions, and other defenders of Cybertron. Daniel saves his father Spike from Unicron's digestive system, and the group rescue Bumblebee, Jazz, and Cliffjumper. Galvatron attempts to form an alliance with Hot Rod, but Unicron forces him to attack. Hot Rod is almost killed but, at the last second, recovers and successfully activates the Matrix, resulting in him becoming Rodimus Prime, the new Autobot leader. Rodimus tosses Galvatron into space and uses the Matrix's power to destroy Unicron, then escapes with the other Autobots. With the Decepticons in disarray from Unicron's attack, the Autobots celebrate the war's end and the retaking of their home planet while Unicron's severed head orbits Cybertron.


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: The "Transformers" television series began broadcasting in 1984 to promote the Transformers toys by Hasbro; "The Transformers: The Movie" was conceived as a commercial tie-in to promote the 1986 line of toys. The TV series featured no deaths, and the writers had already deliberately assigned familial identities to characters for young children to associate with; however, Hasbro ordered that the film kill off several existing characters to refresh the cast.


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: Director Nelson Shin recalled: "[Hasbro] created the story using characters that could best be merchandised for the film. Only with that consideration could I have freedom to change the storyline." Screenwriter Ron Friedman, who had written for the TV series, advised against killing Autobot leader Optimus Prime. He said in a 2013 interview: "To remove Optimus Prime, to physically remove Daddy from the family, that wasn't going to work. I told Hasbro and their lieutenants they would have to bring him back but they said no and had 'great things planned'. In other words, they were going to create new, more expensive toys."


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: According to the screenwriters, Hasbro underestimated the extent to which Prime's death would shock the young audience. Story consultant Flint Dille said: "We didn't know that he was an icon. It was a toy show. We just thought we were killing off the old product line to replace it with new products. [...] Kids were crying in the theaters. We heard about people leaving the movie. We were getting a lot of nasty notes about it. There was some kid who locked himself in his bedroom for two weeks." Optimus Prime was subsequently revived in the TV series.


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: A scene in which Ultra Magnus is drawn and quartered was scripted and storyboarded, but replaced with a scene of him being shot. Another unproduced scene would have killed "basically the entire '84 product line" in a charge against the Decepticons.


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: The film's budget was $6 million, six times greater than that of the equivalent 90 minutes of the TV series. Shin's team of almost one hundred personnel normally took three months to make one episode of the series, so the extra budget did not help the considerable time constraints from the concurrent production of both the film and TV series. Shin conceived of Prime's body fading to grey to show that "the spirit was gone from the body".


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: Toei Animation vice president Kozo Morishita spent one year in the United States during production. He supervised the art direction, insisting the Transformers be given several layers of shading and shadows for a dynamic and detailed appearance.


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: "The Transformers: The Movie" is the final film featuring Orson Welles. Welles spent the day of October 5, 1985, performing Unicron's voice on set, and died on October 10. "Slate" reported that his "voice was apparently so weak by the time he made his recording that technicians needed to run it through a synthesizer to salvage it". Shin stated that Welles had originally been pleased to accept the role after reading the script and had expressed an admiration for animated films. Shortly before his death, Welles told his biographer, Barbara Leaming, "You know what I did this morning? I played the voice of a toy. I play a planet. I menace somebody called Something-or-other. Then I'm destroyed. My plan to destroy Whoever-it-is is thwarted and I tear myself apart on the screen."


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: Stan Bush's song "The Touch" is prominently featured in the film, having been originally written for the Sylvester Stallone film "Cobra" (1986). A remix is in the 2012 video game "", and in the 2018 film "Bumblebee". The soundtrack includes "Instruments of Destruction" by NRG, "Dare" by Stan Bush, "Nothin's Gonna Stand in Our Way" and "Hunger" by Kick Axe (credited as Spectre General), "Dare To Be Stupid" by "Weird Al" Yankovic, and a hard rock remake of the "Transformers" TV theme song by Lion.


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: The film was released on August 8, 1986 to 990 screens in the United States, grossing on opening weekend. It opened at 14th place behind "About Last Night", which had already been in theaters for five weeks. Its final box office gross of made it the 99th highest-grossing film of 1986. In that year, Hasbro lost a total of $10 million on its two collaborations with the one-year-old and serially failing film distribution company, De Laurentiis Entertainment Group (DEG): "" and then "Transformers: The Movie". Box office returns were booming across the industry, but several other small young distribution companies were similarly failing due to bulk production of many cheap films. Furthermore, "Transformers: The Movie" was reportedly "lost in an already-crowded summer lineup" including "Short Circuit", "Ferris Bueller's Day Off", "Labyrinth", "Big Trouble in Little China", "", "Aliens", "Howard the Duck", "Stand By Me", "Flight of the Navigator", and "The Fly".


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: Across the decades, "Transformers" has become a cult classic, which yielded a remastering, several home media re-releases, and more theatrical screenings. In September 2018, the film was screened for one night in the United States, in 450 (later increased by 300, totaling 750) theaters.


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: The film was animated in 4:3 "fullscreen" format, and the trailer promises "spectacular widescreen action". The feature was vertically cropped to widescreen dimensions for theatrical showings and released in fullscreen on VHS and DVD.


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: The film was originally released in 1987 on VHS, Betamax, and LaserDisc in North America by Family Home Entertainment. This print of the film removes the usage of profanity said by Spike, but retains Ultra Magnus' line.


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: Rhino Home Video released the film on VHS in 1999. This version uses the UK master which has scrolling text and narration at the beginning to replace the cast credits, and an additional closing narration assuring viewers that "Optimus Prime will return." The company released the film on DVD on November 7, 2000 with a newly remastered print based on the US version, and restores Spike's swear. It distributed exclusively in Canada by Seville Pictures.


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: Following Rhino's home video rights to Sunbow's catalog expiring, Sony Wonder released a 2-disc 20th Anniversary Special Edition on November 7, 2006. This release featured a brand new widescreen remaster of the film, in addition to the original fullscreen version. The extras include several audio commentaries, newly-produced behind-the-scenes featurettes, storyboards, commercials, and an episode from "" - "Scramble City: Mobilization". However, it only features audio commentary.


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: Shout! Factory released a 30th anniversary edition on Blu-ray and DVD on September 13, 2016. Shout! Factory released a 35th anniversary edition on 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray on August 3, 2021.


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: The film was initially released on VHS in September 1987 by Video Gems. This print of the film uses the same master used for the UK theatrical release but excludes the swear words. The film was re-released in February 2000 by Maverick Entertainment.


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: Maverick would release the film on DVD in November 2001, which once again used the UK print, but used the sound master from the US DVD, which restores Spike's swear. It features an episode of the "" anime as a bonus, alongside the theatrical trailer and a picture gallery. This version was later released on VHS in April 2002, which also contains the "Headmasters" episode. Afterwards, the home video rights transferred over from Maverick to Metrodome Distribution after TV-Loonland AG's purchase of a stake in the company.


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: Metrodome Distribution releasing "The Transformers: The Movie - Reconstructed" in September 2005, which featured a newly remastered version of the film that exposed the entire visible picture from the film's negative. The film was also released on UMD the following month.


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: In June 2007, Metrodome Distribution released an "Ultimate Edition" two-disc of the movie, one month prior to the release of the live-action "Transformers" film, which featured the same remastered widescreen print from the Sony Wonder release on Disc 1, alongside the UK version on Disc 2. Its extras include many from the Remastered edition, plus fan commentary, a fan-made trailer, interviews with Peter Cullen and Flint Dille, and "Scramble City". This was followed up with a UMD reissue and a Blu-ray release in October 2007. This release uses an upscaled version of the 2006 widescreen remaster print, although it lacks bonus features.


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: In December 2016, Manga Entertainment released the 30th Anniversary Edition as a limited edition Blu-ray steelbook, and released the standard edition on DVD and Blu-ray a year later. This release uses the same master and prints from the US Shout! Factory release, being released under license from the company. Funimation UK later reissued the Blu-ray and released the movie on 4K Blu-ray in October 2021, once again using the same prints and masters from the Shout! Factory release.


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: On January 25, 2001, Pioneer LDC released the film on Region 2 DVD with Japanese and English audio (which was presented in the UK version). That release is no longer in print.


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: Contemporary film critics had a mostly negative tone. Many perceived a thin but darkly violent plot appealing only to children, based on blatant advertisement, unintelligible action, and supposedly lookalike characters. The day after release, Caryn James of "The New York Times" described the film: "While all this action may captivate young children, the animation is not spectacular enough to dazzle adults, and the Transformers have few truly human elements to lure parents along, even when their voices are supplied by well-known actors." Scott Cain reported a "packed theater", but complained that "as a jaundiced adult", he irritably "never had the slightest clue as to what was taking place" even after consulting several excited children and the irreconcilable four-page studio synopsis. He did not care to identify the voices of famous actors and concluded that "non-stop action is sufficient for kiddie audiences [but] I am offended that "The Transformers" is a 90-minute toy commercial. Even worse, it paints a future in which war is incessant. The only human child among the characters is in tears almost constantly." Richard Martin said "It's everything you'd expect from a Saturday morning cartoon blown up to feature length and designed to sell more toys to more kids. [... Unicron is] a monster planet that consumes everything in its path, just as the movie seems set to do." Jack Zink said "Dino De Laurentiis has seen the future, and it is spare parts", calling the film "a wall-to-wall demolition derby for kids". As "an animated, heavy-metal comic book [with a] maddeningly simple story", he said "The art and graphics may be substantially more complex than the TV series but the net visual result is less impressive than most viewers have a right to expect. [...] Not bad for what it is, but not much in the face of precedents like "Heavy Metal" (1981) and "Fritz the Cat" (1972)." He said most of its characters are descended from "Mad Max" and Luke Skywalker, and "have learned the art of the civil insult".


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: The 1987 VHS release remained on the "Billboard" Top Kid Video Sales top 25 chart for at least 40 weeks.


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 62% of the 26 surveyed critics gave "The Transformers: The Movie" a positive review. The site's critical consensus reads: "A surprisingly dark, emotional, and almost excessively cynical experience for "Transformers" fans."


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: In 2007, John Swansburg of "Slate" wrote, "Though a modest film compared with Michael Bay's blockbuster <nowiki>[</nowiki>2007 "Transformers"<nowiki>]</nowiki>, the original "Transformers" is the better film ... [T]here's nothing even approaching the original's narrative depth." He recalled the film giving him a new curse word and childhood trauma: "only in our scariest nightmares would we have imagined that a mere 20 minutes into the movie, Optimus Prime, the most beloved of Autobots, would be killed ... It just blew me away. Witnessing death on that scale was [...] every bit as shocking as "War of the Worlds" had been for Grandma and Grandpa".


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: Gabe Toro of "CinemaBlend" wrote in 2014: "..."Transformers: The Movie" otherwise provides the sort of chase-heavy thrills that comes from robots that can become cars. Contrast that with Michael Bay's vision, where the robots basically abandon their transforming skills to have endless, violent punch-outs that annihilate cities. Bay's films show the action as a junkyard orgy. The '86 offering slows down to allow for actors like Leonard Nimoy and, yes, even Orson Welles to give actual performances. Fans of Michael Bay's "Transformers" movies are free to enjoy them. But they'll never top the gravity and excitement of "The Transformers: The Movie"."


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: Kashann Kilson of "Inverse" wrote in 2015: "[N]ostalgia is a funny thing: for many of us in the 30-and-over "Transformers" fan club, that first movie was an integral part of our childhood. To hell with what the reviews said – the O.G. "Transformers" movie rocked our collective worlds ... We still love the original so much today, part of the fun of watching Bay's explosion-fests is being able to wave our canes at the youngsters and wax poetic about how back in our day, Hollywood knew how to make a real movie about giant, alien robot warriors."


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: In 2017, film historian Leonard Maltin gave the picture the lowest possible rating in his "Movie & Video Guide" and wrote, "Little more than an obnoxious, feature-length toy commercial...That deafening rock score certainly doesn't help."


title: The Transformers: The Movie

text: In the late 2010s, "Den of Geek" published several retrospective reviews focusing on the film's gruesome but quirky tone, and on the traumatic cultural impact of its violence which is heavier than most preceding animated films. In 2018, it said "the shadow of death hung like a black curtain" over the film and called the psychedelic scenes of Unicron's world-eating guts "a futuristic rendering of Dante's "Inferno"" in "apocalyptic detail". In 2019, the film was called "The Great Toy Massacre of 1986" which "traumatized a generation of kids with a string of startling deaths". It is remembered as "a story about death, transfiguration, guilt, and redemption", and as "a milestone in animation history".


title: Tony Orlando

text: Michael Anthony Orlando Cassavitis (born April 3, 1944) is an American pop singer whose career spans over 60 years. He is best known for his work as part of Tony Orlando and Dawn.


title: Tony Orlando

text: In 1993, he opened the Tony Orlando Yellow Ribbon Music Theatre in Branson, Missouri. He ended his act there in 2013 and has since continued to perform many live shows as a headliner, mostly in Las Vegas, Nevada.


title: Tony Orlando

text: Michael Anthony Orlando Cassavitis was born on April 3, 1944, the son of a Greek father and a Puerto Rican mother. He spent his earliest years in Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan, New York City. In his teenage years, the family moved to Union City, New Jersey, and later Hasbrouck Heights, New Jersey.


title: Tony Orlando

text: Orlando's musical career started with The Five Gents, a doo-wop group he formed in 1959 at age 15, with whom he recorded demo tapes. He got the attention of music publisher and producer Don Kirshner, who hired him to write songs in an office across from New York's Brill Building, along with Carole King, Neil Sedaka, Toni Wine, Barry Mann, Bobby Darin, Connie Francis, and "Tom and Jerry", who didn't make it in the office until they changed their name to Simon and Garfunkel.