title: Paddy McGuinness

text: Patrick Joseph McGuinness (born 14 August 1973) is an English actor, comedian and television presenter. He rose to fame with the help of Peter Kay, who invited him to appear in his programmes "That Peter Kay Thing", "Phoenix Nights" and "Max and Paddy's Road to Nowhere". He is best known for his roles within Channel 4, ITV and the BBC presenting game shows such as "Take Me Out" as well as, since 2019, being one of the three hosts of BBC's "Top Gear". In 2021, he became the new host of "Question of Sport".


title: Paddy McGuinness

text: McGuinness was born on 14 August 1973 in Farnworth, Lancashire, to Irish parents from County Tipperary, and attended Mount St Joseph High School. It was from his school days in Farnworth that McGuinness formed his close friendship with fellow Trotter comedian Peter Kay.


title: Paddy McGuinness

text: McGuinness made his television debut in 1995 as a contestant for the show "God's Gift". He also appeared in the second series of the Sky 1 show "The Match". On 15 May 2006, McGuinness hosted "Inside Wayne Rooney" on Sky 1, a programme where he completed different tasks to see the difference between him and the professional footballer.


title: Paddy McGuinness

text: McGuinness' other television work includes his own "Chuck Stryker: The Unknown Stuntman" on E4 which he wrote and starred in opposite Jonathan Wrather and a few other familiar faces.


title: Paddy McGuinness

text: First airing on 13 August 2008, McGuinness co-starred in a television series with British comedian Rory McGrath, broadcast on Channel 5, "Rory and Paddy's Great British Adventure". This was a four-part series in which McGuinness and McGrath embark on a nationwide road-trip, "on a mission to explore Britain's sporting heritage by probing the hidden life of its towns and villages". The series focuses on arcane sports, such as cheese rolling. A second series began on 20 September 2010 on Channel 5.


title: Paddy McGuinness

text: On 29 November 2006, McGuinness guest hosted "The Paul O'Grady Show" while O'Grady took the week off. He presented the entertainment series "Hotel GB" in 2012, however the show was later cancelled. On 18 January 2013, McGuinness presented "Paddy's TV Guide", consisting of eight episodes. In October 2014 McGuinness narrated the three-part charity series "Stars at Your Service" for Channel 4. In 2015, he presented the Channel 4 daytime game show series "Benchmark" for 30 episodes as well as five celebrity editions.


title: Paddy McGuinness

text: In 2007, McGuinness presented "Raiders of the Lost Archive", where he and his guests watched TV shows they had appeared in years ago, which they had previously thought were lost. From 2010 until 2019, McGuinness hosted the ITV dating show "Take Me Out".


title: Paddy McGuinness

text: He guest presented a number of episodes of "This Morning" in July 2010, a role to which he returned in 2011. He hosted the second series of "71 Degrees North" with Charlotte Jackson in 2011. On 29 December 2012, he hosted a one-off special "Paddy's Show and Telly". The show returned for a second special, which aired on 22 December 2013.


title: Paddy McGuinness

text: McGuinness hosted the comedy panel show "Mad Mad World" for seven episodes in summer 2012. Two episodes were recorded but never aired. McGuinness was one of the presenters of Christmas telethon "Text Santa". In 2012 and 2013, McGuinness co-hosted one hour of the telethon with Christine Bleakley, although Alesha Dixon was his co-presenter for the 2014 appeal.


title: Paddy McGuinness

text: In 2013, McGuinness co-presented talent show series "Your Face Sounds Familiar" with Alesha Dixon. In 2014, McGuinness co-hosted the Saturday night game show "Amazing Greys" alongside Angela Rippon. In 2015, he regularly starred in the ITV2 comedy show "The Keith Lemon Sketch Show".


title: Paddy McGuinness

text: McGuinness played the role of policeman Ian in the ITV comedy "The Delivery Man", beginning in April 2015. In 2015, McGuinness guest starred in six episodes of "Coronation Street", playing the role of Dougie Ryan. The episodes were shown in August. On Christmas Eve in 2015 he presented one-off ITV special, "The ABBA Christmas Party"


title: Paddy McGuinness

text: He starred in the ITV comedy series "The Keith & Paddy Picture Show" with Keith Lemon in 2017. It returned for a second series in April 2018. In January 2018, McGuinness presented "The Greatest TV Moments of All Time", a one-off special for ITV.


title: Paddy McGuinness

text: McGuinness has appeared as a panellist on numerous episodes of Keith Lemon's shows "Celebrity Juice" and "Through the Keyhole". In 2019, he replaced Fearne Cotton as team captain on the former show. He left after one series due to other work commitments.


title: Paddy McGuinness

text: Paddy co-presented two episodes of "Even Better Than the Real Thing" on BBC One. McGuinness presented "Paddy McGuinness' Sport Relief Warm-Up" and was one of the presenters for the 2018 Sport Relief show. He provided the voiceover for the BBC series "Ready or Not" in 2018.


title: Paddy McGuinness

text: In May 2020, it was announced that "Top Gear" presenters Freddie Flintoff and Paddy McGuinness would host a six-episode best-of series, featuring the presenters narrating classic episodes of the show, called "Total Wipeout: Freddie and Paddy Takeover". The first episode aired on 8 August 2020 and received negative reviews.


title: Paddy McGuinness

text: In July 2021, it was announced that McGuinness will be replacing Sue Barker as host of BBC game show "Question of Sport" for its 51st series. On 1 December 2021 a frank and emotive documentary, Paddy and Christine McGuinness: Our Family And Autism was screened on BBC 1.


title: Paddy McGuinness

text: McGuinness had his own radio show on Bauer City 1 stations across the North of England on Sunday mornings from 9am until 12 noon. His show ran from 2014 until 2017.


title: Paddy McGuinness

text: In 2005 and 2006, McGuinness toured the UK, performing 108 shows. "Paddy McGuinness: The Dark Side Tour" was his first solo stand-up tour. While on tour, he reprised his role of Lord Love Rocket from the award-winning comedy "Phoenix Nights". From 21 August to 11 December 2008, McGuinness was involved in a second tour – known as the "Paddy McGuinness Plus You! Live" – which included 76 scheduled dates around the UK and Ireland. The "Plus You! Tour" featured McGuinness, along with other variety acts that were chosen by him, through a competition that ran on his official website, hence the title of "Plus You!"


title: Paddy McGuinness

text: In January 2015, he announced that he would be touring across 2015 and 2016 with the "Daddy McGuinness" tour throughout the UK. The tour opened in Scunthorpe on 28 September 2015 and the final date was at the Hammersmith Apollo in London on 27 February 2016.


title: Paddy McGuinness

text: In September 2010, McGuinness released his first book, "My Guide to the North: (and Scotland & Wales, oh, and less important places i.e. the South)".


title: Paddy McGuinness

text: From 12 to 27 November 2010, McGuinness starred in the adult pantomime "Panto's on Strike" at the Opera House, Manchester with Robbie Williams and Jonathan Wilkes. On 17 November 2010, he starred in a UK TV advertising campaign for Victor Chandler, a British bookmaker. In 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 and 2018, McGuinness took part in the charity football match Soccer Aid, which raises money for Unicef. The match is aired live on ITV.


title: Paddy McGuinness

text: In 2012, McGuinness played Gary in "". In 2013, McGuinness joined Pizza Hut as their brand ambassador.


title: Paddy McGuinness

text: In 2017, McGuinness joined Jackpot Joy as their brand ambassador, taking over from Dame Barbara Windsor.


title: Paddy McGuinness

text: He married Christine Martin on 4 June 2011. The couple have three children; twins Penelope and Leo (b. 2013) and Felicity (b. 2016). During an appearance on "The Jonathan Ross Show", McGuinness described fatherhood as "the most fantastic thing ever". In 2020 the family moved from their former £2.1 million home to a modern mansion in Cheshire.


title: Paddy McGuinness

text: All three of McGuinness's children are autistic, as is their mother. In 2021 they made a BBC documentary "Paddy and Christine McGuinness: Our Family and Autism". In June 2018, McGuinness revealed that he had been diagnosed with arthritis several years prior, at the age of 44.


title: Paddy McGuinness

text: On 22 July 2022, it was announced that McGuiness and Chris had separated, after 11 years of marriage, but will remain living together in their family home.


title: Paddy McGuinness

text: His brother is Tony Leonard who appeared "Max and Paddy's Road to Nowhere" as Raymond the Bastard's henchman, a teammate of Paddy's on The F Word, and a featured audience member on "Celebrity Juice".


title: Businessperson

text: A businessperson, businessman, or businesswoman is an individual who has founded, owns, or holds shares in (including as an angel investor) a private-sector company. A businessperson undertakes activities (commercial or industrial) for the purpose of generating cash flow, sales, and revenue by using a combination of human, financial, intellectual, and physical capital with a view to fueling economic development and growth.


title: Businessperson

text: Since a "businessman" can mean anyone in industry or commerce, businesspeople have existed as long as industry and commerce have existed. "Commerce" can simply mean "trade", and trade has existed through all of recorded history. The first businesspeople in human history were traders or merchants.


title: Businessperson

text: Merchants emerged as a "class" in medieval Italy (compare, for example, the Vaishya, the traditional merchant caste in Indian society). Between 1300 and 1500, modern accounting, the bill of exchange, and limited liability were invented, and thus the world saw "the first true bankers", who are certainly businesspeople.


title: Businessperson

text: Around the same time, Europe saw the "emergence of rich merchants." This "rise of the merchant class" came as Europe "needed a middleman" for the first time, and these "burghers" or "bourgeois" were the people who played this role.


title: Businessperson

text: Europe became the dominant global commercial power in the 16th century, and as Europeans developed new tools for business, new types of "business people" began to use those tools. In this period, Europe developed and used paper money, cheques, and joint-stock companies (and their shares of stock). Developments in actuarial science and underwriting led to insurance. Together, these new tools were used by a new kind of businessperson, the capitalist. These people owned or financed businesses as investors, but they were not merchants of goods. These capitalists were a major force in the Industrial Revolution.


title: Businessperson

text: The Oxford English Dictionary notes the earliest known use of the word "business-men" in 1798, and of "business-man" in 1803. By 1860 the spelling "businessmen" had emerged.


title: Businessperson

text: The newest kind of corporate executive working under a business magnate is the manager. One of the first true founders of management profession was Robert Owen (1771–1858). He was also a business magnate in Scotland. He studied the "problems of productivity and motivation", and was followed by Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856–1915), who was the first person who studied work with the motive to train his staff in the field of management to make them efficient managers capable of managing his business. After World War I, management became popular due to the example of Herbert Hoover and the Harvard Business School, which offered degrees in business administration (management) with the motive to develop efficient managers so that business magnates can hire them with the goal to increase productivity of the private establishments business magnates own.


title: Businessperson

text: Salaries for businesspeople vary. The salaries of businesspeople can be as high as billions of dollars per year. For example, the owner of Microsoft, Bill Gates makes $4 billion per year. The high salaries which businesspeople earn have often been a source of criticism from many who believe they are paid excessively.


title: Businessperson

text: Entrepreneurship is the creation or extraction of value. With this definition, entrepreneurship is viewed as change, generally entailing risk beyond what is normally encountered in starting a business, which may include other values than simply economic ones. An entrepreneur is a person who sets up a business or businesses.


title: Bret McKenzie

text: Bret Peter Tarrant McKenzie (born 29 June 1976) is a New Zealand musician, comedian, music supervisor, and actor. He is best known as one half of musical comedy duo Flight of the Conchords along with Jemaine Clement. In the 2000s, the duo's comedy and music became the basis of a BBC radio series and then an oft-lauded American television series, which aired for two seasons on HBO. Active since 1998, the duo released their most recent comedy special, "Live in London", in 2018.


title: Bret McKenzie

text: Primarily a musician, McKenzie has worked as a songwriter and music supervisor for film and television since the 2010s. He served as music supervisor for two Muppet films, "The Muppets "(2011) and "Muppets Most Wanted "(2014), the former of which won him an Academy Award for Best Original Song for the song "Man or Muppet". In the 2000s, McKenzie was part of reggae fusion band The Black Seeds and Wellington International Ukulele Orchestra, and, in the 2010s, he began performing solo material. His debut album "Songs Without Jokes" was released in August 2022.


title: Bret McKenzie

text: As an actor, he portrayed elves in Peter Jackson's "The Lord of the Rings" and "The Hobbit" film trilogies: in the first he remained unnamed with fans naming him Figwit, a character originally cast as an extra who gained attention thanks to the trilogy's fan community. He later appears in "The Hobbit" as Lindir, a minor character who originally appears in the book of "The Fellowship of the Ring".


title: Bret McKenzie

text: McKenzie was born in Wellington to Peter McKenzie, a part-time actor, and Deirdre Tarrant, a contemporary dance teacher. He was raised in Kelburn with his brothers Justin and Jonny. McKenzie attended Clifton Terrace Model School between 1982 and 1987 ("model" refers to a standard school for training teachers as opposed to modelling). His classmates at the school included Antonia Prebble and Age Pryor.


title: Bret McKenzie

text: McKenzie then went on to Wellington College where he was a prefect and won the Wellington regional heats of the Smokefree Rockquest with his jazz and funk band, The Blue Samanthas.


title: Bret McKenzie

text: While studying at Victoria University of Wellington, McKenzie met Jemaine Clement, a fellow student who was also studying film and theatre. They didn't complete their degrees but ended up living together and first were members of So You're a Man, and then later forming Flight of the Conchords.


title: Bret McKenzie

text: As Flight of the Conchords they have toured internationally and released four CDs: "Folk the World Tour" in 2002,"The Distant Future" (which won the Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album) in 2007, the Grammy nominated "Flight of the Conchords" in 2008, and "I Told You I Was Freaky" in 2009. The Conchords produced a six-part improvisational comedy radio program for the BBC and have appeared on "Late Night with Conan O'Brien", the "Late Show with David Letterman" and "The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson".


title: Bret McKenzie

text: After a successful appearance in 2005 on HBOs "One Night Stand", the Conchords were offered their own 12-part HBO series "Flight of the Conchords". Its first season ran from June to September 2007, and its second season premiered on HBO 18 January 2009. Along with Clement, McKenzie was featured as 2007 Salon "Sexiest Man Living" and 2008's "100 Sexiest People" in a special edition of the Australian magazine "Who". More recently, the duo toured in 2012, 2016, and 2018.


title: Bret McKenzie

text: McKenzie has acted periodically since making his professional acting debut in 2000, a small role in the UK series "Dark Knight" which was filmed in Wellington. Outside the Flight of the Conchords television adaption, he is most notable for his appearances in the first and third films in Peter Jackson's "The Lord of the Rings" trilogy. His silent role in the first film as Figwit achieved some minor internet fame, which led to Jackson giving him a line in the third film. His father Peter McKenzie played the role of Elendil in "Lord of the Rings". In April 2011, McKenzie was cast as the elf Lindir for "The Hobbit".


title: Bret McKenzie

text: McKenzie, together with Australian comedian Hamish Blake, starred in a New Zealand feature film, "Two Little Boys", finished in late 2011 and released in New Zealand in March 2012. He had a supporting role in the 2013 film "Austenland".


title: Bret McKenzie

text: Guest starring roles include him and fellow Conchord Clement as a pair of camp counselors in "Elementary School Musical", the season premiere of the 22nd season of "The Simpsons", which aired on 26 September 2010, and other comedies.


title: Bret McKenzie

text: McKenzie has contributed to a number of projects outside of Flight of the Conchords. In the late 1990s, McKenzie joined the reggae fusion group The Black Seeds; he put out four albums with band before leaving around 2007. The Black Seeds had some minor radio hits during his tenure, and continue to be regionally successful. In the mid-2000s, he released music under the name The Video Kid, including his album "Prototype". In 2005, he helped form the Wellington International Ukulele Orchestra which was active into the 2010s.


title: Bret McKenzie

text: In the late 2010s, he began writing and recording solo material again, and later toured New Zealand in 2018 with a collective that included musicians Age Pryor and Nigel Collins.


title: Bret McKenzie

text: During the summer of 2010, McKenzie flew to Los Angeles to serve as the music supervisor for "The Muppets". He went on to write four of the five original songs from the film's soundtrack including "Man or Muppet" and "Life's a Happy Song" both of which were nominated for Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards and Satellite Awards for Best Original Song. At the 84th Academy Awards in 2012 his song, "Man or Muppet", won the Academy Award for Best Original Song.


title: Bret McKenzie

text: McKenzie then wrote the original songs for the 2014 movie "Muppets Most Wanted," as well as songs for other children's films like "The Pirates! Band of Misfits" and "Dora and the Lost City of Gold". Other credits include the 2016 Sainsbury's Christmas advert featuring James Corden on vocals. He has written songs for The Simpsons on numerous occasions.


title: Bret McKenzie

text: McKenzie released his debut solo album, "Songs Without Jokes", on Sub Pop in August 2022. The release will be followed with an extensive tour in New Zealand, Great Britain, Ireland, and North America. The album is inspired by the songwriting of Steely Dan, Randy Newman, and Harry Nilsson.


title: Bret McKenzie

text: He is married to New Zealand publicist Hannah Clarke and currently maintains residences in Los Angeles, New York City, and Wellington. They have three children and mainly live in Wellington.


title: Bret McKenzie

text: In the 2012 Queen's Birthday and Diamond Jubilee Honours, McKenzie was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to music and film.


title: History of the firearm

text: Black powder (or gunpowder) was invented in China during the 9th century; This invention was later transmitted to the Middle East and Europe. The direct ancestor of the firearm is the fire lance. The prototype of the fire lance was invented in China during the 10th century and is the predecessor of all firearms.


title: History of the firearm

text: In China, the earliest firearm was the fire lance, a black-powder–filled tube attached to the end of a spear and used as a flamethrower (different from older Greek fire-powered Byzantine flamethrower); shrapnel was sometimes placed in the barrel so that it would fly out together with the flames. The earliest known depiction of a gunpowder weapon is the illustration of a fire-lance on a mid-10th century silk banner from Dunhuang. The "De'an Shoucheng Lu", an account of the siege of De'an in 1132 during the Jin–Song Wars, records that Song forces used fire-lances against the Jurchen.


title: History of the firearm

text: The proportion of saltpeter in the propellant was increased to maximize its explosive power. To better withstand that explosive power, the paper and bamboo of which fire-lance barrels were originally made came to be replaced with metal. To take full advantage of that power, the shrapnel came to be replaced by projectiles whose size and shape filled the barrel more closely. With this, the three basic features of the gun emerged: a barrel made of metal, high-nitrate gunpowder, and a projectile that totally occludes the muzzle so that the powder charge exerts its full potential in propellant effect.


title: History of the firearm

text: The earliest depiction of a gun is a sculpture from a cave in Sichuan dating to the 12th century of a Chinese figure carrying a vase-shaped bombard with flames and a cannonball coming out of it. The oldest surviving firearm is the Heilongjiang hand cannon dated to 1288, which was discovered at a site in modern-day Acheng District where the "History of Yuan" records that battles were fought at that time; Li Ting, a military commander of Jurchen descent, led foot soldiers armed with guns in battle to suppress the rebellion of the Christian Mongol Prince Nayan.


title: History of the firearm

text: Firearms appeared in the Middle East between the late 13th century and early 14th century. Ahmad Y. al-Hassan claims that the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260 saw the Mamluks used against the Mongols "the first cannon in history" with gunpowder formula which are almost identical with the ideal composition for explosive gunpowder. However, Iqtidar Alam Khan argues that it was invading Mongols who introduced gunpowder to the Islamic world and cites Mamluk antagonism towards early riflemen in their infantry as an example of how gunpowder weapons were not always met with open acceptance in the Middle East.


title: History of the firearm

text: The first references to the use of what may have been arquebuses () by the Janissary corps of the Ottoman army date them from 1394 to 1465. However, it's unclear whether these were arquebuses or small cannons as late as 1444, but the fact that they were listed separately from cannons in mid-15th century inventories suggest they were handheld firearms.


title: History of the firearm

text: The musket first appeared in the Ottoman Empire by 1465. In the Shen Qi Pu (神器譜), a firearms manual written in 1598, Chinese firearm designer and writer Zhao Shi Zhen described Turkish muskets as being superior to European muskets. At some point before 1598, the Turkish developed a pivoting matchlock mechanism which was later modified by Zhao into the first mechanism using a rack-and-pinion.


title: History of the firearm

text: One of the major hurdles that prevented matchlock guns from being adopted on a large scale was complaints that strong wind and rain could either blow away or ruin priming powder placed in the flash pan. Also mentioned in the Shen Qi Pu, Zhao later developed the Xuanyuan arquebus (軒轅銃) which used a novel rack-and-pinion mechanism. This firing mechanism was connected to both the serpentine and flash pan cover and designed so that whenever the trigger is pulled, the serpentine was lowered at the same time as flash pan cover opened, minimizing the priming powder's exposure to open air and thus reducing the risk of priming powder being blown away by strong wind or spoiled by rain. The combination of trigger-operated flash pan cover and small copper rain cover mounted on a pendulum was considered a more sophisticated approach to the Japanese solution of covering the entire firing mechanism with a lacquered box, which could hamper aiming, shooting and reloading. The Chinese military book "Wu Pei Chih" (1621) describes Turkish muskets that also began using similar rack and pinion mechanisms, which were not known to have been used in European firearms at the time.


title: History of the firearm

text: Even though the knowledge of making gunpowder-based weapons in Nusantara archipelago has been known after the failed Mongol invasion of Java (1293), and the predecessor of firearms, the pole gun (bedil tombak), was recorded as being used by Java in 1413, the knowledge of making "true" firearms came much later, after the middle of 15th century. It was brought by the Islamic nations of West Asia, most probably the Arabs. The precise year of introduction is unknown, but it may be safely concluded to be no earlier than 1460. Before the arrival of the Portuguese in Southeast Asia, the natives already possessed primitive firearms in the form of the Java arquebus.


title: History of the firearm

text: The technology of firearms in Southeast Asia further improved after the Portuguese capture of Malacca (1511). Starting in the 1513, the traditions of German-Bohemian gun-making were merged with Turkish gun-making traditions. This resulted in the Indo-Portuguese tradition of making matchlocks. Indian craftsmen modified the design by introducing a very short, almost pistol-like buttstock held against the cheek, not the shoulder, when aiming. They also reduced the caliber and made the gun lighter and more balanced. The Portuguese, who conducted much fighting aboard ships and river craft, valued a more compact gun, and thus this type of matchlock gun were very popular. The Malay gun founders, regarded as being in the same level with those of Germany, quickly adapted these new firearms, and thus a new type of arquebus, the istinggar, appeared.


title: History of the firearm

text: One theory of how gunpowder came to Europe is that it made its way along the Silk Road through the Middle East; another is that it was brought to Europe during the Mongol invasion in the first half of the 13th century. English Privy Wardrobe accounts list "ribaldis," a type of cannon, in the 1340s, and siege guns were used by the English at the Siege of Calais (1346–47).


title: History of the firearm

text: The first mention of firearms in Russia is found in the chronicle, where it is stated that during the 1382 defense of Moscow from Tokhtamysh's Golden Horde, Muscovites used firearms called (), which were of Eastern origin; this word derives from Turkic "gun".


title: History of the firearm

text: Around the late 14th century in Italy, smaller and portable hand-cannons or were developed, creating in effect the first smoothbore personal firearm.


title: History of the firearm

text: The earliest surviving firearm in Europe was found in Otepää, Estonia and it dates to at least as early as 1396.


title: History of the firearm

text: Firearms underwent a fast development during the 1419-1434 Hussite Wars. The Hussite army consisted mostly of civilian militia, both men and women, who lacked the skill, experience and often weapons and armor comparable to that of the professional Crusader invaders that they faced. Gradually, Hussites pioneered battlefield use of firearms together with war wagons. Firearms were employed in auxiliary roles in 1419–1421. The first use of firearms as primary offensive weapons took place in the 1421 Battle of Kutná Hora. From this moment on, firearms were at the core of Hussite war strategy and tactics as well as a staple of Czech civilian possession. The Hussite militia used a number of handheld firearms, including ', which later found its way through German and French into English as the term "pistol", ', an infantry weapon heavier than , and yet heavier (fauconneau). As regards artillery, Hussites used the , which gave rise to the English term, ""howitzer"" ( meaning "crowd" for its intended use of shooting stone and iron shot against massed enemy forces), "bombarda" (mortar) and "dělo" (cannon).


title: History of the firearm

text: In the late 15th century, the Ottoman Empire used firearms as part of its regular infantry. The earliest type of Turkish hand cannons are called as "Şakaloz", which word came from the Hungarian hand cannon "Szakállas puska" in the 15th century.


title: History of the firearm

text: During the early modern age, these hand-held cannons evolved into the match lock, wheel lock, dog lock, and flintlock rifle, respectively, then the breech loader and finally the automatic weapon. As ignition devices, matchlocks, wheellocks, snaplock, flintlocks and percussion caps were used in turn. The paper cartridge was introduced sometime before 1586, and the bayonet came to use in 16th century France. Hand grenades, thrown by grenadiers, appeared around the same time.


title: History of the firearm

text: Early cartridge firearms had to be cocked and caught by the "sear", which holds the hammer back, before each shot. Pulling the trigger allows the hammer or striker to fly forward, striking the "firing pin," which then strikes the "primer," igniting an impact-sensitive chemical compound (historically, first fulminate of mercury, then potassium chlorate, now lead styphnate) which shoots a flame through the "flash hole" into the cartridge's propellant chamber, igniting the propellant.


title: History of the firearm

text: The Springfield Armory in Springfield, Massachusetts became important to the history of firearms during the 1850s, when it debuted the Springfield rifle. Springfield rifles were among the first breech-loading rifles, starting production in 1865. By that time, metallurgy had developed sufficiently so that brass could be made into ammunition cases. Previously, each round was custom-made as needed: the shooter poured loose powder down the barrel, used leather or cloth for wadding if time allowed, selected a suitable projectile (lead ball, rocks, arrow, or nails), then seated the projectile on top of the powder charge by means of a ramrod. Performance was erratic. Fixed ammunition combined a primer, the pre-measured charge, and the projectile in a water-resistant brass cartridge case. Most importantly, the soft brass expanded under pressure of the gas to seal the rear end of the barrel, which prevented the shooter from being maimed by escaping high-pressure gas when they pulled the trigger.


title: History of the firearm

text: A repeating firearm or "repeater" is a firearm that holds more than one cartridge and can be fired more than once between chargings. One example of a repeater is the American Springfield Model 1892–99—also made at the Springfield Armory in Springfield, Massachusetts—which were used during the Spanish–American War. Some repeating firearms require manipulation of a bolt (as in bolt action), lever, or slide to eject the fired cartridge case, draw a fresh cartridge from the magazine, and insert it into the firing chamber, and "cock" (draw to the rear and place under spring tension) the hammer or striker, so that pulling the trigger will fire the weapon. Others use either the firearm's recoil or a small portion of the propellant gas drawn from the barrel, to operate the firearm's mechanism and ready it for the next shot. Such firearms are sometimes called "self-loading," but are more commonly known as semi-automatic, if they fire one shot for every pull of the trigger, or automatic or "full-auto" if they continue to fire until the trigger is released or the magazine is empty.


title: History of the firearm

text: A revolver is a unique type of firearm in which a rotating cylinder holds a number of cartridges; the cylinder "revolves" to align each "chamber" or "charge hole" with the rear of the barrel, holding the cartridge and contain the pressure (up to 65,000 pounds PSI or 450 MPa) produced when the cartridge is fired. Thus the cylinder serves as both magazine and firing chambers. There are also single-barrel and multiple-barrel firearms, which hold only one cartridge per barrel and must be reloaded manually between shots.


title: History of the firearm

text: The earliest repeating firearms were revolvers (revolving rifles were sometimes called "turret guns") and were "single action" in that they could only be fired one way: by manually cocking the mechanism (drawing the hammer to the rear with the thumb) before each shot. This design dates from 1836, with the introduction of the Colt Paterson, or even earlier. Though they are slower to reload and fire than some other types of firearms, single-action revolvers are of a simple, strong design, and are still made, though they are nowadays used more often for hunting than for self-defense. The double-action revolver is a design almost as old as the single-action. Some double-action revolvers, called double-action only or D.A.O. revolvers can only be fired using the trigger (e.g., revolvers with bobbed or hidden hammers). Most double-action revolvers can be fired in either of the two ways: one can cock the hammer (the action of which moves levers to rotate the cylinder and align a fresh cartridge with the rear of the barrel), then pull the trigger for each shot ("single-action mode") or one may simply pull the trigger, through a longer, heavier stroke. This causes levers and springs to both rotate the cylinder and draw the hammer to the rear, then release it, firing the cartridge. Firing a double-action revolver in single-action mode tends to be more accurate because the trigger pull is much shorter and lighter; usually, three or four pounds-force (18−22 newtons) of pull is sufficient, instead of the twelve to twenty pounds (50−90 N) required for double-action mode, so the firearm's aim and mobility is less likely to be disturbed by the force of pulling the trigger.


title: History of the firearm

text: The first successful rapid-fire firearm is the Gatling gun, invented by Richard Jordan Gatling and fielded by the Union forces during the American Civil War in the 1860s. It is operated by a hand crank and rotates multiple barrels. The Gatling gun needs a four-man crew to function, has had many upgrades since its introduction, and has seen use in many conflicts.


title: History of the firearm

text: Self-loaders are firearms that use some of the discharge energy to reload the firearm. These are also called semi- or full-automatics. These are typically fed from an under-barrel tube or detachable box "magazine", sometimes inaccurately referred to as a "clip" (which denotes a magazine reloading device used in certain rifles, or a retainer for flangeless bullets used in certain revolvers). The world's first self-loading firearm is the Maxim gun, developed by British inventor Sir Hiram Maxim in 1884, capable of firing 600 rounds per minute but requires a team of men to maintain and is not portable by one man. The Maxim gun has been used in a vast number of conflicts.


title: History of the firearm

text: The world's first successful[cite] self-loading rifle is the Mondragón rifle, designed by Mexican general Manuel Mondragón and was the first self-loading firearm able to be operated by a single rifleman[cite]. Since its debut in 1908 it received a few modifications (bipod, 30-round drum magazine) and has been used during the Mexican Revolution (Mexican Army) and World War I (Imperial German Flying Corps).


title: History of the firearm

text: The world's first submachine gun (a fully automatic firearm which fires pistol cartridges) able to be used by a single soldier is the MP18.1, invented by Theodor Bergmann. It was introduced into service in 1918 by the German Army during World War I as the primary weapon of the Stosstruppen (assault groups specialized in trench combat). Submachine guns came to prominence during World War II, with millions manufactured. During the war, manufacturers moved away from finely crafted but expensive submachine guns such as the Thompson, in favor of cheaper models that were quicker to manufacture, such as the M3.


title: History of the firearm

text: The first successful assault rifle was introduced during World War II by the Germans, known as the StG 44, it was the first-ever firearm that bridges the gap between long range rifles, machine guns, and short range submachine guns. The assault rifle was more powerful and had longer ranges than the submachine gun, yet it can be used comfortably in close, urban environments and in fully automatic mode, fired from the shoulder, unlike heavier machine guns and long semi-auto rifles, thanks to its intermediate round and select-fire option (switch from fully automatic to semi-automatic). After World War II ended, the assault rifle concept was adopted by every world power and is still being used to this day.


title: History of the firearm

text: The battle rifle was a post-World War II development pushed primarily by the United States that desired a select-fire rifle that retained the long range of the M1 Garand (the US service rifle during World War II and the Korean War). Influenced by the US, NATO members adopted battle rifles of their own. In practice, the powerful cartridge of the battle rifle proved to be difficult to control during fully automatic fire and the concept was not further developed.


title: History of the firearm

text: During World War II, the term assault rifle was coined. However, during the Vietnam era, the M16 was developed. The AK-47 or "Kalashnikov" became the most widely developed rifle for countries on a global scale.


title: Brook Lopez

text: Brook Robert Lopez (born April 1, 1988) is an American professional basketball player for the Milwaukee Bucks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played two years of college basketball for the Stanford Cardinal.


title: Brook Lopez

text: Lopez was selected as the 10th overall pick in the 2008 NBA draft by the New Jersey Nets. He played for the Nets for nine seasons and is the franchise's all-time leading scorer. He was selected to play in his first NBA All-Star Game in 2013. Lopez was traded to the Los Angeles Lakers in 2017 and signed with Milwaukee in 2018, winning an NBA championship in 2021. His twin brother Robin Lopez is also an NBA player.


title: Brook Lopez

text: Lopez was born in North Hollywood, a neighborhood in Los Angeles, to Deborah Ledford and his now-estranged father, Heriberto Lopez, a native of Cuba. Lopez moved from North Hollywood to Oak Harbor, Washington, while in second grade to be closer to his older brother, Alex, who was playing basketball at the University of Washington. One year later, he moved to Fresno, California, where he would spend the rest of his childhood and then attended San Joaquin Memorial High School. While at San Joaquin High School he played basketball with his twin brother, Robin Lopez, and Quincy Pondexter, both fellow future NBA players. As a 7 ft tall, 235 pound senior in high school, he averaged 13.6 points, 7.2 rebounds and 2.5 blocks. Both teammates played with Lopez on their successful AAU team, the Elite Basketball Organization (EBO), along with Derrick Jasper and Tre'Von Willis, both of UNLV. Brook, along with his brother, Robin, committed to Stanford University early in 2005. Lopez's maternal grandfather played in the National Industrial Basketball League for the Milwaukee Allen-Bradleys.


title: Brook Lopez

text: The 2006–07 season was Lopez's first season at Stanford University. He was an All-Pac-10 Honorable Mention and was named to the All-Pac-10 Freshman Team. He averaged 12.6 points and 6.0 rebounds over the course of his freshman season. The following season, he averaged 19.3 points, 8.2 rebounds, 1.5 assists and 2.1 blocks per game. In the second round of the 2008 NCAA tournament, Lopez hit the game-winning shot at the buzzer against the Marquette Golden Eagles for an 82–81 overtime victory. He was named to the All-Pac-10 First Team and an All-American Third Team his sophomore season. On March 31, 2008, both Lopez brothers declared for the 2008 NBA draft.


title: Brook Lopez

text: Lopez was drafted by the New Jersey Nets 10th overall. His twin brother, Robin, was drafted 15th overall by the Phoenix Suns. Lopez played in his first NBA game on October 29, 2008 in a 95-85 Nets win. In his first game, Lopez came off the bench and had 8 points, 8 rebounds, and 2 blocks in 25 minutes. Lopez began starting for the Nets after an injury took Josh Boone out of the line-up, and afterwards he started putting up solid numbers for the team. Lopez was selected to compete in the 2009 NBA All-Star Weekend Rookie Challenge. For his rookie season Lopez averaged 13.0 points, 8.1 rebounds and 1.9 blocks per game, playing in all 82 games of the regular season. He ranked 4th in the NBA in total blocks with 154 and 9th in blocks per game with 1.9, which was first among rookies. He finished third in the NBA Rookie of the Year voting and was named to the All-Rookie first team. He was selected as NBA Rookie of the Month twice in the months of January and February. The Nets finished at 34-48, failing to qualify for the playoffs.


title: Brook Lopez

text: The Nets started the 2009–10 season going 0-18, the worst start to a season in NBA history. Because of their start the Nets fired head coach Lawrence Frank. The Nets won their first game on December 4, 2009 against the Charlotte Bobcats 97-91. Lopez contributed in the win with 31 points and 14 rebounds. In his second season, Lopez established career bests in minutes played per game (36.9) and rebounds per game (8.6) while averaging 18.8 points per game. Lopez started in all the Nets' games in the 2009–10 season. Despite his improving play, however, the Nets struggled all season, finishing with one of the worst records in NBA history at 12-70; only 3 more wins than the 1972–73 Philadelphia 76ers.


title: Brook Lopez

text: For his third NBA season, Lopez for the third consecutive year played in all 82 regular season games. Lopez struggled to rebound the ball during the season and was criticized by head coach Avery Johnson because of his rebounding. During the season the Nets traded for all-star point guard Deron Williams. The move helped Lopez out significantly, as he saw his scoring average increase. During the season Lopez averaged 20.4 points, 6.0 rebounds, 1.6 assists, and 1.5 blocks. The Nets finished at 24-58, once again missing the playoffs.


title: Brook Lopez

text: In the preseason of the lockout-shortened 2011–2012 campaign, Lopez broke his right foot and missed the first 32 games of the regular season. In his season debut against the Milwaukee Bucks, Lopez finished with 9 points and 2 boards. In only his third game back, he scored a season high 38 points in a road win over the Dallas Mavericks. Five games after his season debut, he injured his right ankle in a win over the Charlotte Bobcats. Due to the Nets' poor record, they decided to shut down Lopez for the remainder of the 2011–2012 season. In the little time that Lopez played he averaged 19.2 points and a career low in rebounds with 3.6.


title: Brook Lopez

text: On July 11, 2012, the Nets re-signed Lopez to a four-year, $61 million contract extension. Lopez got off to a hot start in 2012, scoring 27 points in the season opener against the Toronto Raptors. He followed that performance by scoring 20 or more points in seven of the next twelve games, before injuring his ankle in a win over the Boston Celtics on November 28. The Nets struggled to a 2-5 record without Lopez before he returned on December 14. He began to play well again in late December, posting three straight 20 point, 10 rebound games, including a 35-point, 11 rebound performance in a win over the Cleveland Cavaliers on December 29.


title: Brook Lopez

text: On January 30, 2013, NBA Commissioner David Stern selected Lopez to play in the 2013 NBA All-Star Game, his first All-Star appearance, replacing Rajon Rondo who had suffered a season-ending ACL injury. In the game, Lopez finished the game with 5 rebounds, 3 assists and 3 points in 11 minutes; all of his points came from the free throw line. On March 20, 2013, the Nets were on the road playing the Dallas Mavericks when Lopez had 38 points and 11 rebounds in a 113-97 Nets win. His 38-point total was only 1 point away from his career high of 39. At the end of the 2012–13 season, Lopez averaged 19.4 points and 6.9 rebounds, as he also set a new career high in blocks with 2.1. At the end of the season, the Nets won 49 games and were the fourth seed in the east. Lopez played all seven of the Nets playoff games, averaging 22.3 points and 7.4 rebounds. The Nets were eliminated in a seven-game, first-round series by the Chicago Bulls.


title: Brook Lopez

text: In a season-opening loss at the Cleveland Cavaliers, Lopez scored 21 points and grabbed 5 rebounds. On November 15, 2013, Lopez logged 27 points and 7 rebounds in an overtime win over the Phoenix Suns. On December 7, 2013, Lopez had 32 points and 7 rebounds against the Milwaukee Bucks. On December 20, 2013, the Nets announced Lopez was out for the remainder of the season with a foot injury he had suffered the night before against the Philadelphia 76ers. In the 17 games that Lopez played, he averaged 20.7 points 6 rebounds 56.3% from the field and 81.7% from the free throw line. This was the first season he didn't manage to record at least one double-double.


title: Brook Lopez

text: On November 3, 2014, Lopez made his 2014–15 season debut after missing the first two games with a foot injury. In just under 24 minutes of action, he recorded 18 points, 6 rebounds, 2 blocks and 1 steal in the 116-85 win over the Oklahoma City Thunder. He went on to miss eight games between December 8 and 21 with a lower back strain, and following his return on December 23 against Denver, Lopez was benched in favor of Mason Plumlee who was the starting center in Lopez' absence. He remained coming off the bench for three more games before starting alongside Plumlee on December 30 against Chicago with Kevin Garnett out resting. He subsequently recorded 29 points, 5 rebounds and 2 blocks in the 96-82 win.


title: Brook Lopez

text: On March 20, 2015, Lopez recorded 32 points and a season-high 18 rebounds in a 129-127 triple overtime win over the Milwaukee Bucks. On April 6, he was named the Eastern Conference Player of the Week for games played Monday, March 30 through Sunday, April 5. He led the Nets to a 3-1 week behind team-leading averages of 20.8 points (sixth in the conference), 10.3 rebounds (fourth in the conference) and 2.0 blocks (tied-fifth in the conference).


title: Brook Lopez

text: On July 9, 2015, Lopez re-signed with the Nets to a three-year deal. On December 8, in a win over the Houston Rockets, Lopez became the sixth player to make 400 starts for the Nets franchise, following Buck Williams (633), Jason Kidd (504), Kerry Kittles (455), Richard Jefferson (417) and Jason Collins (405). On December 26, in a loss to the Washington Wizards, Lopez made nine field goals and passed Vince Carter (3,126) for second in franchise history. Lopez finished the game with 3,127 career field goals made, a mark trailing only Buck Williams (3,981).


title: Brook Lopez

text: On January 2, 2016, Lopez recorded a then season-high 30 points and 13 rebounds in a 100–97 win over the Boston Celtics. Two days later, he was named Eastern Conference Player of the Week for games played Monday, December 28 through Sunday, January 3. On January 24, he scored a season-high 31 points in a 116–106 win over the Oklahoma City Thunder. He topped that mark six days later, recording 33 points and 10 rebounds in a 105–103 loss to the New Orleans Pelicans. On February 19, he tied his season-high of 33 points in a 109–98 win over the New York Knicks. He moved past Richard Jefferson (8,507 points) into third place on the Nets' career scoring list. On March 24, with 22 points against the Cleveland Cavaliers, Lopez moved past Vince Carter into second place on the Nets' career scoring list with 8,835 points.


title: Brook Lopez

text: During the offseason, Nets coach Kenny Atkinson told Lopez to be ready to become a three-point shooting specialist during training camp. On November 2, 2016, Lopez recorded 34 points and 11 rebounds in a 109–101 win over the Detroit Pistons. He hit four three-pointers during the game, matching his career total for three-pointers made; he also made multiple three-pointers in a game for the first time in his career. On November 15, he recorded 30 points, 10 rebounds and three blocks in a 125–118 loss to the Los Angeles Lakers. He became the Nets' franchise leader in blocked shots, passing George Johnson's 863 blocks. On December 28, he scored 33 points and hit a career-high five three-pointers in a 101–99 loss to the Chicago Bulls. On January 25, 2017, he had another 33-point effort while setting a career high with seven three-pointers in a 109–106 loss to the Miami Heat. On February 15, 2017, he scored a season-high 36 points and tied his career high with eight blocks in a 129–125 loss to the Milwaukee Bucks. On March 1, he scored 24 points in a 109–100 win over the Sacramento Kings. It was only Brooklyn's 10th win of the season, as Lopez surpassed 10,000 points with the Nets. He became the second player in Nets history to score 10,000 points—his 10,014 points seeing him sit behind only Buck Williams (10,440) on the franchise list. On March 26 against Atlanta, Lopez became the Nets' career leader in field goals, passing Buck Williams. Lopez got the seven field goals he needed to pass Williams' team record of 3,981. With 25 points against the Boston Celtics on April 10, Lopez passed Williams to become the franchise's career leading scorer.


title: Brook Lopez

text: On June 22, 2017, Lopez was traded, along with the rights to Kyle Kuzma (the 27th pick in the 2017 NBA draft), to the Los Angeles Lakers in exchange for D'Angelo Russell and Timofey Mozgov. In his debut for the Lakers in their season opener on October 19, 2017, Lopez scored 20 points in a 108–92 loss to the Los Angeles Clippers. On November 3, 2017, he hit six 3-pointers and scored a season-high 34 points in a 124–112 win over his former team, the Brooklyn Nets. He missed eight games between December 20 and January 1 with a right ankle injury.


title: Brook Lopez

text: On July 17, 2018, Lopez signed with the Milwaukee Bucks. In his debut for the Bucks in their season opener on October 17, 2018, Lopez scored 14 points in a 113–112 win over the Charlotte Hornets. On November 11, he had a career-high eight 3-pointers and 28 points in a 121–114 win over the Denver Nuggets. After not making a single 3-point shot in his first six NBA seasons, Lopez became a reliable threat from deep, including making at least six 3-pointers in three out of four games for the Bucks between November 6–11. He gained the nickname "Splash Mountain", a nod to the Splash Brothers, the prolific 3-point-shooting guards Stephen Curry and Klay Thompson of the Golden State Warriors and the Disney Parks ride of the same name. Lopez also improved his free-throw shooting after joining the Bucks, quickly becoming one of the Bucks' most reliable free-throw shooters. Lopez shot 84% on free-throws since joining the Bucks, compared to averaging 79% prior in his career. On January 1, Lopez had 25 points and made 7 of 12 from 3-point range in a 121–98 win over the Detroit Pistons. On March 19, he tied a season high with 28 points in a 115–101 win over the Los Angeles Lakers. In Game 1 of the Eastern Conference Finals, Lopez scored a playoff career-high 29 points to lead the Bucks to a 108–100 win over the Toronto Raptors.


title: Brook Lopez

text: Lopez signed a 4-year, $52 million contract extension with the Bucks following the 2019 season. He made his season debut for the team on October 24, 2019, logging 11 points, 3 assists, and 5 blocks in a 117–111 win over the Houston Rockets. On December 19, he recorded a season-high 4 steals in a 111–104 win over the Los Angeles Lakers. On December 21, Lopez recorded a season-high 7 blocks in a 123–102 win over the New York Knicks. He matched this total on January 4, 2020, in a 127–118 win over the San Antonio Spurs. On February 2, Lopez tied a career-high 8 blocks, alongside scoring 17 points, in a 129-108 win against the Phoenix Suns. On August 8, Lopez scored a season-high 34 points along with 7 rebounds and 2 blocks in a 136–132 overtime loss to the Dallas Mavericks.


title: Brook Lopez

text: On December 23, 2020, Lopez made his season debut for the Bucks, recording seven points, three rebounds, and two blocks in a 122–121 loss to the Boston Celtics. On April 4, 2021, he logged a season-high 26 points along with four rebounds and two blocks in a 129–128 win over the Sacramento Kings. In Game 5 of the Eastern Conference Finals against the Atlanta Hawks, Lopez put up a new post-season career high 33 points to lead the Bucks to a 123–112 victory. The Bucks went on to beat the Hawks in Game 6 to advance to the 2021 NBA Finals, where despite facing a 2-0 series deficit, they would defeat the Phoenix Suns in six games to give him his first championship.


title: Brook Lopez

text: Lopez made his season debut for the Bucks on October 19, 2021, where he logged eight points, five rebounds, and three blocks in a 127–104 win over the Brooklyn Nets. After that game, he was sidelined indefinitely with a back injury. There was no timetable set for his return. On December 2, he underwent surgery for the injury, and was officially ruled out indefinitely. Lopez made his return on March 14, 2022, where he recorded 6 points, 1 rebound, 1 assist, and 1 steal in a win against the Utah Jazz. On April 5, Lopez had a team-high 28 points and 3 blocks in a 127–106 win as the Bucks swept the Chicago Bulls in the regular season. On April 20, Lopez scored 25 points and grabbed 6 rebounds in a 114–110 loss in Game 2 of the first round of the playoffs against Chicago.


title: Brook Lopez

text: On November 16, 2022, Lopez scored a game-leading 29 points, while adding five rebounds and three blocks, during a 113–98 win against the Cleveland Cavaliers. On December 9, Lopez made a game-winning field goal in a 106–105 win over the Dallas Mavericks.


title: Brook Lopez

text: Lopez is older than his twin brother, Robin, by one minute. They have two other brothers—Chris and Alex. Alex played college basketball for Washington and Santa Clara, and professionally in Japan, New Zealand, and Spain. Both Brook and Robin are well known among NBA fans for their Disney fandom.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: Apache Hadoop () is a collection of open-source software utilities that facilitates using a network of many computers to solve problems involving massive amounts of data and computation. It provides a software framework for distributed storage and processing of big data using the MapReduce programming model. Hadoop was originally designed for computer clusters built from commodity hardware, which is still the common use. It has since also found use on clusters of higher-end hardware. All the modules in Hadoop are designed with a fundamental assumption that hardware failures are common occurrences and should be automatically handled by the framework.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: The core of Apache Hadoop consists of a storage part, known as Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS), and a processing part which is a MapReduce programming model. Hadoop splits files into large blocks and distributes them across nodes in a cluster. It then transfers packaged code into nodes to process the data in parallel. This approach takes advantage of data locality, where nodes manipulate the data they have access to. This allows the dataset to be processed faster and more efficiently than it would be in a more conventional supercomputer architecture that relies on a parallel file system where computation and data are distributed via high-speed networking.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: The term "Hadoop" is often used for both base modules and sub-modules and also the "ecosystem", or collection of additional software packages that can be installed on top of or alongside Hadoop, such as Apache Pig, Apache Hive, Apache HBase, Apache Phoenix, Apache Spark, Apache ZooKeeper, Apache Impala, Apache Flume, Apache Sqoop, Apache Oozie, and Apache Storm.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: Apache Hadoop's MapReduce and HDFS components were inspired by Google papers on MapReduce and Google File System.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: The Hadoop framework itself is mostly written in the Java programming language, with some native code in C and command line utilities written as shell scripts. Though MapReduce Java code is common, any programming language can be used with Hadoop Streaming to implement the map and reduce parts of the user's program. Other projects in the Hadoop ecosystem expose richer user interfaces.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: According to its co-founders, Doug Cutting and Mike Cafarella, the genesis of Hadoop was the Google File System paper that was published in October 2003. This paper spawned another one from Google "MapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters". Development started on the Apache Nutch project, but was moved to the new Hadoop subproject in January 2006. Doug Cutting, who was working at Yahoo! at the time, named it after his son's toy elephant. The initial code that was factored out of Nutch consisted of about 5,000 lines of code for HDFS and about 6,000 lines of code for MapReduce.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: In March 2006, Owen O'Malley was the first committer to add to the Hadoop project; Hadoop 0.1.0 was released in April 2006. It continues to evolve through contributions that are being made to the project. The very first design document for the Hadoop Distributed File System was written by Dhruba Borthakur in 2007.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: Hadoop consists of the "Hadoop Common" package, which provides file system and operating system level abstractions, a MapReduce engine (either MapReduce/MR1 or YARN/MR2) and the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS). The Hadoop Common package contains the Java Archive (JAR) files and scripts needed to start Hadoop.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: For effective scheduling of work, every Hadoop-compatible file system should provide location awareness, which is the name of the rack, specifically the network switch where a worker node is. Hadoop applications can use this information to execute code on the node where the data is, and, failing that, on the same rack/switch to reduce backbone traffic. HDFS uses this method when replicating data for data redundancy across multiple racks. This approach reduces the impact of a rack power outage or switch failure; if any of these hardware failures occurs, the data will remain available.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: A small Hadoop cluster includes a single master and multiple worker nodes. The master node consists of a Job Tracker, Task Tracker, NameNode, and DataNode. A slave or "worker node" acts as both a DataNode and TaskTracker, though it is possible to have data-only and compute-only worker nodes. These are normally used only in nonstandard applications.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: Hadoop requires the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) 1.6 or higher. The standard startup and shutdown scripts require that Secure Shell (SSH) be set up between nodes in the cluster.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: In a larger cluster, HDFS nodes are managed through a dedicated NameNode server to host the file system index, and a secondary NameNode that can generate snapshots of the namenode's memory structures, thereby preventing file-system corruption and loss of data. Similarly, a standalone JobTracker server can manage job scheduling across nodes. When Hadoop MapReduce is used with an alternate file system, the NameNode, secondary NameNode, and DataNode architecture of HDFS are replaced by the file-system-specific equivalents.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: The "Hadoop distributed file system" (HDFS) is a distributed, scalable, and portable file system written in Java for the Hadoop framework. Some consider it to instead be a data store due to its lack of POSIX compliance, but it does provide shell commands and Java application programming interface (API) methods that are similar to other file systems. A Hadoop instance is divided into HDFS and MapReduce. HDFS is used for storing the data and MapReduce is used for processing data.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: Top three are Master Services/Daemons/Nodes and bottom two are Slave Services. Master Services can communicate with each other and in the same way Slave services can communicate with each other. Name Node is a master node and Data node is its corresponding Slave node and can talk with each other.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: Name Node: HDFS consists of only one Name Node that is called the Master Node. The master node can track files, manage the file system and has the metadata of all of the stored data within it. In particular, the name node contains the details of the number of blocks, locations of the data node that the data is stored in, where the replications are stored, and other details. The name node has direct contact with the client.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: Data Node: A Data Node stores data in it as blocks. This is also known as the slave node and it stores the actual data into HDFS which is responsible for the client to read and write. These are slave daemons. Every Data node sends a Heartbeat message to the Name node every 3 seconds and conveys that it is alive. In this way when Name Node does not receive a heartbeat from a data node for 2 minutes, it will take that data node as dead and starts the process of block replications on some other Data node.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: Secondary Name Node: This is only to take care of the checkpoints of the file system metadata which is in the Name Node. This is also known as the checkpoint Node. It is the helper Node for the Name Node. The secondary name node instructs the name node to create & send fsimage & editlog file, upon which the compacted fsimage file is created by the secondary name node.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: Job Tracker: Job Tracker receives the requests for Map Reduce execution from the client. Job tracker talks to the Name Node to know about the location of the data that will be used in processing. The Name Node responds with the metadata of the required processing data.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: Task Tracker: It is the Slave Node for the Job Tracker and it will take the task from the Job Tracker. It also receives code from the Job Tracker. Task Tracker will take the code and apply on the file. The process of applying that code on the file is known as Mapper.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: Hadoop cluster has nominally a single namenode plus a cluster of datanodes, although redundancy options are available for the namenode due to its criticality. Each datanode serves up blocks of data over the network using a block protocol specific to HDFS. The file system uses TCP/IP sockets for communication. Clients use remote procedure calls (RPC) to communicate with each other.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: HDFS stores large files (typically in the range of gigabytes to terabytes) across multiple machines. It achieves reliability by replicating the data across multiple hosts, and hence theoretically does not require redundant array of independent disks (RAID) storage on hosts (but to increase input-output (I/O) performance some RAID configurations are still useful). With the default replication value, 3, data is stored on three nodes: two on the same rack, and one on a different rack. Data nodes can talk to each other to rebalance data, to move copies around, and to keep the replication of data high. HDFS is not fully POSIX-compliant, because the requirements for a POSIX file-system differ from the target goals of a Hadoop application. The trade-off of not having a fully POSIX-compliant file-system is increased performance for data throughput and support for non-POSIX operations such as Append.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: In May 2012, high-availability capabilities were added to HDFS, letting the main metadata server called the NameNode manually fail-over onto a backup. The project has also started developing automatic fail-overs.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: The HDFS file system includes a so-called "secondary namenode", a misleading term that some might incorrectly interpret as a backup namenode when the primary namenode goes offline. In fact, the secondary namenode regularly connects with the primary namenode and builds snapshots of the primary namenode's directory information, which the system then saves to local or remote directories. These checkpointed images can be used to restart a failed primary namenode without having to replay the entire journal of file-system actions, then to edit the log to create an up-to-date directory structure. Because the namenode is the single point for storage and management of metadata, it can become a bottleneck for supporting a huge number of files, especially a large number of small files. HDFS Federation, a new addition, aims to tackle this problem to a certain extent by allowing multiple namespaces served by separate namenodes. Moreover, there are some issues in HDFS such as small file issues, scalability problems, Single Point of Failure (SPoF), and bottlenecks in huge metadata requests.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: One advantage of using HDFS is data awareness between the job tracker and task tracker. The job tracker schedules map or reduce jobs to task trackers with an awareness of the data location. For example: if node A contains data (a, b, c) and node X contains data (x, y, z), the job tracker schedules node A to perform map or reduce tasks on (a, b, c) and node X would be scheduled to perform map or reduce tasks on (x, y, z). This reduces the amount of traffic that goes over the network and prevents unnecessary data transfer. When Hadoop is used with other file systems, this advantage is not always available. This can have a significant impact on job-completion times as demonstrated with data-intensive jobs.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: HDFS was designed for mostly immutable files and may not be suitable for systems requiring concurrent write operations.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: HDFS can be mounted directly with a Filesystem in Userspace (FUSE) virtual file system on Linux and some other Unix systems.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: File access can be achieved through the native Java API, the Thrift API (generates a client in a number of languages e.g. C++, Java, Python, PHP, Ruby, Erlang, Perl, Haskell, C#, Cocoa, Smalltalk, and OCaml), the command-line interface, the HDFS-UI web application over HTTP, or via 3rd-party network client libraries.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: HDFS is designed for portability across various hardware platforms and for compatibility with a variety of underlying operating systems. The HDFS design introduces portability limitations that result in some performance bottlenecks, since the Java implementation cannot use features that are exclusive to the platform on which HDFS is running. Due to its widespread integration into enterprise-level infrastructure, monitoring HDFS performance at scale has become an increasingly important issue. Monitoring end-to-end performance requires tracking metrics from datanodes, namenodes, and the underlying operating system. There are currently several monitoring platforms to track HDFS performance, including Hortonworks, Cloudera, and Datadog.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: Hadoop works directly with any distributed file system that can be mounted by the underlying operating system by simply using a codice_1 URL; however, this comes at a price – the loss of locality. To reduce network traffic, Hadoop needs to know which servers are closest to the data, information that Hadoop-specific file system bridges can provide.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: A number of third-party file system bridges have also been written, none of which are currently in Hadoop distributions. However, some commercial distributions of Hadoop ship with an alternative file system as the defaultspecifically IBM and MapR.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: Atop the file systems comes the MapReduce Engine, which consists of one "JobTracker", to which client applications submit MapReduce jobs. The JobTracker pushes work to available "TaskTracker" nodes in the cluster, striving to keep the work as close to the data as possible. With a rack-aware file system, the JobTracker knows which node contains the data, and which other machines are nearby. If the work cannot be hosted on the actual node where the data resides, priority is given to nodes in the same rack. This reduces network traffic on the main backbone network. If a TaskTracker fails or times out, that part of the job is rescheduled. The TaskTracker on each node spawns a separate Java virtual machine (JVM) process to prevent the TaskTracker itself from failing if the running job crashes its JVM. A heartbeat is sent from the TaskTracker to the JobTracker every few minutes to check its status. The Job Tracker and TaskTracker status and information is exposed by Jetty and can be viewed from a web browser.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: By default Hadoop uses FIFO scheduling, and optionally 5 scheduling priorities to schedule jobs from a work queue. In version 0.19 the job scheduler was refactored out of the JobTracker, while adding the ability to use an alternate scheduler (such as the "Fair scheduler" or the "Capacity scheduler", described next).


title: Apache Hadoop

text: The fair scheduler was developed by Facebook. The goal of the fair scheduler is to provide fast response times for small jobs and Quality of service (QoS) for production jobs. The fair scheduler has three basic concepts.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: By default, jobs that are uncategorized go into a default pool. Pools have to specify the minimum number of map slots, reduce slots, as well as a limit on the number of running jobs.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: The capacity scheduler was developed by Yahoo. The capacity scheduler supports several features that are similar to those of the fair scheduler.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: The biggest difference between Hadoop 1 and Hadoop 2 is the addition of YARN (Yet Another Resource Negotiator), which replaced the MapReduce engine in the first version of Hadoop.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: YARN strives to allocate resources to various applications effectively. It runs two daemons, which take care of two different tasks: the "resource manager", which does job tracking and resource allocation to applications, the "application master", which monitors progress of the execution.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: There are important features provided by Hadoop 3. For example, while there is one single "namenode" in Hadoop 2, Hadoop 3 enables having multiple name nodes, which solves the single point of failure problem.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: In Hadoop 3, there are containers working in principle of Docker, which reduces time spent on application development.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: Also, Hadoop 3 permits usage of GPU hardware within the cluster, which is a very substantial benefit to execute deep learning algorithms on a Hadoop cluster.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: The HDFS is not restricted to MapReduce jobs. It can be used for other applications, many of which are under development at Apache. The list includes the HBase database, the Apache Mahout machine learning system, and the Apache Hive data warehouse. Theoretically, Hadoop could be used for any workload that is batch-oriented rather than real-time, is very data-intensive, and benefits from parallel processing. It can also be used to complement a real-time system, such as lambda architecture, Apache Storm, Flink, and Spark Streaming.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: On 19 February 2008, Yahoo! Inc. launched what they claimed was the world's largest Hadoop production application. The Yahoo! Search Webmap is a Hadoop application that runs on a Linux cluster with more than 10,000 cores and produced data that was used in every Yahoo! web search query. There are multiple Hadoop clusters at Yahoo! and no HDFS file systems or MapReduce jobs are split across multiple data centers. Every Hadoop cluster node bootstraps the Linux image, including the Hadoop distribution. Work that the clusters perform is known to include the index calculations for the Yahoo! search engine. In June 2009, Yahoo! made the source code of its Hadoop version available to the open-source community.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: In 2010, Facebook claimed that they had the largest Hadoop cluster in the world with 21 PB of storage. In June 2012, they announced the data had grown to 100 PB and later that year they announced that the data was growing by roughly half a PB per day.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: Hadoop can be deployed in a traditional onsite datacenter as well as in the cloud. The cloud allows organizations to deploy Hadoop without the need to acquire hardware or specific setup expertise.


title: Apache Hadoop

text: The Apache Software Foundation has stated that only software officially released by the Apache Hadoop Project can be called "Apache Hadoop" or "Distributions of Apache Hadoop". The naming of products and derivative works from other vendors and the term "compatible" are somewhat controversial within the Hadoop developer community.


title: Northamptonshire

text: Northamptonshire (; abbreviated Northants.) is a county in the East Midlands of England. In 2015, it had a population of 723,000. The county is administered by


title: Northamptonshire

text: two unitary authorities: North Northamptonshire and West Northamptonshire. It is known as "The Rose of the Shires".


title: Northamptonshire

text: Covering an area of 2,364 square kilometres (913 sq mi), Northamptonshire is landlocked between eight other counties: Warwickshire to the west, Leicestershire and Rutland to the north, Cambridgeshire to the east, Bedfordshire to the south-east, Buckinghamshire to the south, Oxfordshire to the south-west and Lincolnshire to the north-east – England's shortest administrative county boundary at 20 yards (19 metres). Northamptonshire is the southernmost county in the East Midlands.


title: Northamptonshire

text: Apart from the county town of Northampton, other major population centres include Kettering, Corby, Wellingborough, Rushden and Daventry. Northamptonshire's county flower is the cowslip. The Soke of Peterborough falls within the historic boundaries of the county, but its area has been part of the ceremonial county of Cambridgeshire since 1974.


title: Northamptonshire

text: Much of Northamptonshire's countryside appears to have remained somewhat intractable with regards to early human occupation, resulting in an apparently sparse population and relatively few finds from the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic periods. In about 500 BC the Iron Age was introduced into the area by a continental people in the form of the Hallstatt culture, and over the next century a series of hill-forts were constructed at Arbury Camp, Rainsborough camp, Borough Hill, Castle Dykes, Guilsborough, Irthlingborough, and most notably of all, Hunsbury Hill. There are two more possible hill-forts at Arbury Hill (Badby) and Thenford.


title: Northamptonshire

text: In the 1st century BC, most of what later became Northamptonshire became part of the territory of the Catuvellauni, a Belgic tribe, the Northamptonshire area forming their most northerly possession. The Catuvellauni were in turn conquered by the Romans in 43 AD.


title: Northamptonshire

text: The Roman road of Watling Street passed through the county, and an important Roman settlement, Lactodurum, stood on the site of modern-day Towcester. There were other Roman settlements at Northampton, Kettering and along the Nene Valley near Raunds. A large fort was built at Longthorpe.


title: Northamptonshire

text: After the Romans left, the area eventually became part of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Mercia, and Northampton functioned as an administrative centre. The Mercians converted to Christianity in 654 AD with the death of the pagan king Penda. From about 889 the area was conquered by the Danes (as at one point almost all of England was, except for Athelney marsh in Somerset) and became part of the Danelaw – with Watling Street serving as the boundary – until being recaptured by the English under the Wessex king Edward the Elder, son of Alfred the Great, in 917. Northamptonshire was conquered again in 940, this time by the Vikings of York, who devastated the area, only for the county to be retaken by the English in 942. Consequently, it is one of the few counties in England to have both Saxon and Danish town-names and settlements.


title: Northamptonshire

text: The county was first recorded in the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" (1011), as "Hamtunscire": the "scire" (shire) of "Hamtun" (the homestead). The "North" was added to distinguish Northampton from the other important "Hamtun" further south: Southampton – though the origins of the two names are in fact different.


title: Northamptonshire

text: Rockingham Castle was built for William the Conqueror and was used as a Royal fortress until Elizabethan times. In 1460, during the Wars of the Roses, the Battle of Northampton took place and King Henry VI was captured. The now-ruined Fotheringhay Castle was used to imprison Mary, Queen of Scots, before her execution.


title: Northamptonshire

text: During the English Civil War, Northamptonshire strongly supported the Parliamentarian cause, and the Royalist forces suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Naseby in 1645 in the north of the county. King Charles I was imprisoned at Holdenby House in 1647.


title: Northamptonshire

text: George Washington, the first President of the United States of America, was born into the Washington family who had migrated to America from Northamptonshire in 1656. George Washington's ancestor, Lawrence Washington, was Mayor of Northampton on several occasions and it was he who bought Sulgrave Manor from Henry VIII in 1539. It was George Washington's great-grandfather, John Washington, who emigrated in 1656 from Northamptonshire to Virginia. Before Washington's ancestors moved to Sulgrave, they lived in Warton, Lancashire.


title: Northamptonshire

text: In the 18th and 19th centuries, parts of Northamptonshire and the surrounding area became industrialised. The local specialisation was shoemaking and the leather industry and became one of Britain's major centres for these crafts by the 19th century. In the north of the county a large ironstone quarrying industry developed from 1850.


title: Northamptonshire

text: In 1823 Northamptonshire was said to "[enjoy] a very pure and wholesome air" because of its dryness and distance from the sea. Its livestock were celebrated: "Horned cattle, and other animals, are fed to extraordinary sizes: and many horses of the large black breed are reared."


title: Northamptonshire

text: Nine years later, the county was described as "a county enjoying the reputation of being one of the healthiest and pleasantest parts of England" although the towns were "of small importance" with the exceptions of Peterborough and Northampton. In summer, the county hosted "a great number of wealthy families... country seats and villas are to be seen at every step." Northamptonshire is still referred to as the county of "spires and squires" because of the numbers of stately homes and ancient churches.


title: Northamptonshire

text: Prior to 1901 the ancient hundreds were disused. Northamptonshire was administered as four major divisions: Northern, Eastern, Mid, and Southern. During the 1930s, the town of Corby was established as a major centre of the steel industry. Much of Northamptonshire nevertheless remains rural.


title: Northamptonshire

text: Corby was designated a new town in 1950 and Northampton followed in 1968. the government is encouraging development in the South Midlands area, including Northamptonshire.


title: Northamptonshire

text: The Soke of Peterborough was historically associated with and considered part of Northamptonshire and the Church of England Diocese that covers Northamptonshire is centred in Peterborough Cathedral. However, Peterborough had its own courts of quarter sessions and, later, county council. In 1965 the administration was merged with that of neighbouring Huntingdonshire. Under the Local Government Act 1972 the city of Peterborough became a district of Cambridgeshire.


title: Northamptonshire

text: Northamptonshire is a landlocked county located in the southern part of the East Midlands region, which is sometimes known as the South Midlands. The county contains the


title: Northamptonshire

text: watershed between the River Severn and The Wash while several important rivers have their sources in the north-west of the county, including the River Nene, which flows north-eastwards to The Wash, and the "Warwickshire Avon", which flows south-west to the Severn. In 1830, it was boasted that "not a single brook, however insignificant, flows into it from any other district". The highest point in the county is Arbury Hill at .


title: Northamptonshire

text: There are several towns in the county with Northampton being the largest and most populous. At the time of the 2011 census, a population of 691,952 lived in the county with 212,069 living in Northampton. The table below shows all towns with over 10,000 inhabitants.


title: Northamptonshire

text: Like the rest of the British Isles, Northamptonshire has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification). The table below shows the average weather for Northamptonshire from the Moulton weather station.


title: Northamptonshire

text: Between 1974 and 2021, Northamptonshire, like most English counties, was divided into a number of local authorities. The seven borough/district councils covered 15 towns and hundreds of villages. The county had a two-tier structure of local government and an elected county council based in Northampton, and was also divided into seven districts each with their own district or borough councils:


title: Northamptonshire

text: Northampton itself is the most populous civil parish in England, and (prior to 2021) was the most populous urban district in England not to be administered as a unitary authority (even though several smaller districts are unitary). During the 1990s local government reform, Northampton Borough Council petitioned strongly for unitary status, which led to fractured relations with the County Council.


title: Northamptonshire

text: The Soke of Peterborough is within the historic county of Northamptonshire, although it had had a separate county council since 1889 and separate courts of quarter sessions before then. The city of Peterborough has been a unitary authority since 1998, but it forms part of Cambridgeshire for ceremonial purposes.


title: Northamptonshire

text: In early 2018, Northamptonshire County Council was declared technically insolvent and would be able to provide only the bare essential services. According to The Guardian the problems were caused by "a reckless half-decade in which it refused to raise council tax to pay for the soaring costs of social care" and "partly due to past failings, the council is now having to make some drastic decisions to reduce services to a core offer." Some observers, such as Simon Edwards of the County Councils Network, added another perspective on the cause of the financial crisis, the United Kingdom government austerity programme: "It is clear that, partly due to past failings, the council is now having to make some drastic decisions to reduce services to a core offer. However, we can’t ignore that some of the underlying causes of the challenges facing Northamptonshire, such as dramatic reductions to council budgets and severe demand for services, mean county authorities across the country face funding pressures of £3.2bn over the next two years."


title: Northamptonshire

text: In early 2018, following the events above, Government-appointed commissioners took over control of the council's affairs. Consequently, the Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government commissioned an independent report which, in March 2018, proposed structural changes to local government in Northamptonshire. These changes saw the existing county council and district councils abolished and two new unitary authorities created in their place. One authority, West Northamptonshire, consists of the former districts of Daventry, Northampton and South Northamptonshire and the other authority, North Northamptonshire, consists of Corby, East Northamptonshire, Kettering and Wellingborough districts.


title: Northamptonshire

text: Northamptonshire returns seven Members of Parliament (MPs). , all of whom are currently from the Conservative Party. Several of the constituencies have been marginal in the past, including the Northampton seats, Wellingborough, Kettering, and Corby, which were all Labour seats before 2005. In the 2016 EU referendum, all of the Northamptonshire districts voted to Leave, most by a significant margin. Two prominent Brexiteer MPs, Philip Hollobone and Peter Bone represent parts of the county.


title: Northamptonshire

text: From 1993 until 2005, Northamptonshire County Council, for which each of the 73 electoral divisions in the county elect a single councillor, had been held by the Labour Party; it had been under no overall control since 1981. The councils of the rural districts – Daventry, East Northamptonshire, and South Northamptonshire – are strongly Conservative, whereas the political composition of the urban districts is more mixed. At the 2003 local elections, Labour lost control of Kettering, Northampton, and Wellingborough, retaining only Corby. Elections for the entire County Council are held every four years – the last were held on 5 May 2005 when control of the County Council changed from the Labour Party to the Conservatives. The County Council uses a leader and cabinet executive system and abolished its area committees in April 2006.


title: Northamptonshire

text: Historically, Northamptonshire's main industry was manufacturing of boots and shoes. Many of the manufacturers closed down in the Thatcher era which in turn left many county people unemployed. Although R Griggs and Co Ltd, the manufacturer of Dr. Martens, still has its UK base in Wollaston near Wellingborough, the shoe industry has deeply declined as manufacturing has moved away from England. There were over 2,000 shoemakers in the region in the mid 19th century, today the number is over 30 left. Large employers include the breakfast cereal manufacturers Weetabix, in Burton Latimer, the Carlsberg brewery in Northampton, Avon Products, Siemens, Barclaycard, Saxby Bros Ltd and Golden Wonder. In the west of the county is the Daventry International Railfreight Terminal; which is a major rail freight terminal located on the West Coast Main Line near Rugby. Wellingborough also has a smaller railfreight depot on Finedon Road, called Nelisons sidings.


title: Northamptonshire

text: This is a chart of trend of the regional gross value added of Northamptonshire at current basic prices in millions of British Pounds Sterling (correct on 21 December 2005):


title: Northamptonshire

text: The region of Northamptonshire, Oxfordshire and the South Midlands has been described as "Motorsport Valley... a global hub" for the motor sport industry. The Mercedes-AMG and Aston Martin Formula One teams have their bases at Brackley and Silverstone respectively, while Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines and, formerly, Cosworth, are also in the county at Brixworth and Northampton respectively.


title: Northamptonshire

text: International motor racing takes place at Silverstone Circuit and, formerly, Rockingham Motor Speedway; Santa Pod Raceway is just over the border in Bedfordshire but has a Northamptonshire postcode. A study commissioned by Northamptonshire Enterprise Ltd (NEL) reported that Northamptonshire's motorsport sites attract more than 2.1 million visitors per year who spend a total of more than £131 million within the county.


title: Northamptonshire

text: Northamptonshire forms part of the Milton Keynes and South Midlands Growth area which also includes Milton Keynes, Aylesbury Vale and Bedfordshire. This area has been identified as an area which is due to have tens of thousands additional homes built between 2010 and 2020. In North Northamptonshire (Boroughs of Corby, Kettering, Wellingborough and East Northants), over 52,000 homes are planned or newly built and 47,000 new jobs are also planned. In West Northamptonshire (boroughs of Northampton, Daventry and South Northants), over 48,000 homes are planned or newly built and 37,000 new jobs are planned. To oversee the planned developments, two urban regeneration companies have been created: North Northants Development Company (NNDC) and the West Northamptonshire Development Corporation. The NNDC launched a controversial campaign called "North Londonshire" to attract people from London to the county. There is also a county-wide tourism campaign with the slogan "Northamptonshire, Let yourself grow".


title: Northamptonshire

text: Northamptonshire County Council previously operated a comprehensive system of state-funded secondary schools. From May 2021 compulsory education in the county is administered by North Northamptonshire Council and West Northamptonshire Council.


title: Northamptonshire

text: The county's music and performing arts trust provides peripatetic music teaching to schools. It also supports 15 local Saturday morning music and performing arts centres around the county and provides a range of county-level music groups.


title: Northamptonshire

text: There are seven colleges across the county, with the Tresham College of Further and Higher Education having four campuses in three towns: Corby, Kettering and Wellingborough. Tresham, which was taken over by Bedford College in 2017 due to failed Ofsted inspections, provides further education and offers vocational courses and re-sit GCSEs. It also offers Higher Education options in conjunction with several universities. Other colleges in the county are: Fletton House, Knuston Hall, Moulton College, Northampton College, Northampton New College and The East Northamptonshire College.


title: Northamptonshire

text: Northamptonshire has one university, the University of Northampton. It has two campuses apart and 10,000 students. It offers courses for needs and interests from foundation and undergraduate level to postgraduate, professional and doctoral qualifications. Subjects include traditional arts, humanities and sciences subjects, as well as entrepreneurship, product design and advertising.


title: Northamptonshire

text: The main acute National Health Service hospitals in Northamptonshire Northampton General Hospital, which also operates Danetre Hospital in Daventry, and Kettering General Hospital. In the south-west of the county, the towns of Brackley, Towcester and surrounding villages are serviced by the Horton General Hospital in Banbury in neighbouring Oxfordshire for acute medical needs. A similar arrangement is in place for the town of Oundle and nearby villages, served by Peterborough City Hospital.


title: Northamptonshire

text: In February 2011 a new satellite out-patient centre opened at Nene Park, Irthlingborough to provide over 40,000 appointments a year, as well as a minor injury unit to serve Eastern Northamptonshire. This was opened to relieve pressure off Kettering General Hospital, and has also replaced the dated Rushden Memorial Clinic which provided at the time about 8,000 appointments a year, when open.


title: Northamptonshire

text: In June 2008, Anglian Water found traces of Cryptosporidium in water supplies of Northamptonshire. The local reservoir at Pitsford was investigated and a European rabbit which had strayed into it was found, causing the problem. About 250,000 residents were affected; by 14 July 2008, 13 cases of cryptosporidiosis attributed to water in Northampton had been reported. Following the end of the investigation, Anglian Water lifted its boil notice for all affected areas on 4 July 2008. Anglian Water revealed that it would pay up to £30 per household as compensation for customers hit by the water crisis.


title: Northamptonshire

text: The gap in the hills at Watford Gap meant that many south-east to north-west routes passed through Northamptonshire. Watling Street, a Roman Road which is now part of the A5, passes through here, as did canals, railways and major roads in later years.


title: Northamptonshire

text: Major national roads, including the M1 motorway (London to Leeds) and the A14 (Rugby to Felixstowe), provide Northamptonshire with transport links both north–south and east–west. The A43 joins the M1 to the M40 motorway, passing through the south of the county to the junction west of Brackley, and the A45 links Northampton with Wellingborough and Peterborough.


title: Northamptonshire

text: The county road network (excluding trunk roads and motorways), managed by West Northamptonshire Council and North Northamptonshire Council, includes the A45 west of the M1 motorway, the A43 between Northampton and the county boundary near Stamford, the A361 between Kilsby and Banbury (Oxon) and all B, C and unclassified roads. Since 2009, these highways have been managed on behalf of the county council by MGWSP, a joint venture between May Gurney and WSP.


title: Northamptonshire

text: Two major canals – the Oxford and the Grand Union – join in the county at Braunston. Notable features include a flight of 17 locks on the Grand Union at Rothersthorpe, the canal museum at Stoke Bruerne and a tunnel at Blisworth which, at , is the third-longest navigable canal tunnel on the UK canal network.


title: Northamptonshire

text: A branch of the Grand Union Canal connects to the River Nene in Northampton and has been upgraded to a 'wide canal' in places and is known as the "Nene Navigation". It is famous for its guillotine locks.


title: Northamptonshire

text: Two trunk railway routes, the Midland Main Line and the West Coast Main Line, cross the county. At its peak, Northamptonshire had 75 railway stations. It now has only six, at: Northampton and Long Buckby on the West Coast Main Line; Kettering, Wellingborough and Corby on the Midland Main Line; along with King's Sutton, only a few yards from the boundary with Oxfordshire on the Chiltern Main Line.


title: Northamptonshire

text: Before nationalisation of the railways in 1948 and the creation of British Railways, three of the "Big Four" railway companies operated in Northamptonshire: the London, Midland and Scottish Railway, London and North Eastern Railway and Great Western Railway. Only the Southern Railway was not represented. As of 2019, it is served by Chiltern Railways, East Midlands Railway, Avanti West Coast and West Midlands Trains.


title: Northamptonshire

text: Corby was described as the largest town in Britain without a railway station. The railway running through the town from Kettering to Oakham in Rutland was previously used only by freight traffic and occasional diverted passenger trains that did not stop at the station. The line through Corby was once part of a main line to Nottingham through Melton Mowbray, but the stretch between Melton and Nottingham was closed in 1968. In the 1980s, an experimental passenger shuttle service ran between Corby and Kettering but was withdrawn a few years later. On 23 February 2009, a new railway station opened, providing direct hourly access to London St Pancras. Following the opening of Corby Station, Rushden then became the largest town in the United Kingdom without a direct railway station.


title: Northamptonshire

text: Railway services in Northamptonshire were reduced by the Beeching cuts in the 1960s. Closure of the line connecting Northampton to Peterborough by way of Wellingborough, Thrapston, and Oundle left eastern Northamptonshire devoid of railways. Part of this route was reopened in 1977 as the Nene Valley Railway. A section of one of the closed lines, the Northampton to Market Harborough line, is now the Northampton & Lamport heritage railway, while the route as a whole forms a part of the National Cycle Network, as the Brampton Valley Way.


title: Northamptonshire

text: As early as 1897, Northamptonshire would have had its own Channel Tunnel rail link with the creation of the Great Central Railway, which was intended to connect to a tunnel under the English Channel. Although the complete project never came to fruition, the rail link through Northamptonshire was constructed, and had stations at Charwelton, Woodford Halse, Helmdon and Brackley. It became part of the London and North Eastern Railway in 1923 (and of British Railways in 1948) before its closure in 1966.


title: Northamptonshire

text: In June 2009, the Association of Train Operating Companies (ATOC) recommended opening a new station on the former Irchester railway station site for Rushden, Higham Ferrers and Irchester, called Rushden Parkway. Network Rail is electrifying the Midland Main Line north of Bedford, to Kettering and Corby. An open access company has approached Network Rail for services to Oakham in Rutland to London via the county.


title: Northamptonshire

text: The Rushden Historical Transport Society, operators of the Rushden, Higham and Wellingborough Railway, would like to see the railway fully reopen between Wellingborough and Higham Ferrers.


title: Northamptonshire

text: The route of the planned High Speed 2 railway line (between London and Birmingham) will go through the southern part of the county but without any stations.


title: Northamptonshire

text: Most buses are operated by Stagecoach Midlands. Some town area routes have been named the Corby Star, Connect Kettering, Connect Wellingborough and Daventry Dart; the last three of these routes have route designations that include a letter (such as A, D1, W1, W2). Stagecoach's X4 route provides interurban links across the county, running between Northampton, Wellingborough, Kettering, Corby, Oundle and Peterborough.


title: Northamptonshire

text: Sywell Aerodrome, on the edge of Sywell village, has three grass runways and one concrete all-weather runway. It is, however, only 1000 metres long and therefore cannot be served by passenger jets.


title: Northamptonshire

text: The two main newspapers in the county are the Northamptonshire Evening Telegraph and the Northampton Chronicle & Echo.