title: MacOS Sierra

text: Safari provides an "extension point" which enables developers to bundle Safari extensions within their Cocoa applications and communicate with them directly from the applications. Safari conceals the presence of installed "legacy" plug-ins, such as Adobe Flash Player, Java applets, Microsoft Silverlight, and QuickTime – from websites and requires the user to enable a specific plug-in on a per-use or per-website basis.


title: MacOS Sierra

text: Apple Pay allows vendors to embed an Apple Pay button on their websites. In Safari, users can click the Apple Pay button to check out, then complete a purchase using an iPhone or Apple Watch. Apple Pay requires a Mac that supports Continuity (2012 or later models) and either an iPhone 6 or later with iOS 10, or an Apple Watch with watchOS 3.


title: MacOS Sierra

text: The Messages app adds aesthetic effects to messages, such as three times bigger emojis and click back with hearts or thumbs-up on a message bubble. The ability to play YouTube videos and preview links in a conversation was introduced. Users can view interactive content added to iMessage in iOS 10. The app also allows you to turn on or off read receipts on a conversation by conversation basis.


title: MacOS Sierra

text: Apple Music within iTunes has been redesigned, making it simpler to find favorite songs and discover new ones. A new "For You" tab has been added, which suggests new music the user might like (similar to the existing Genius). A refined MiniPlayer with the ability to view lyrics while listening has also been introduced.


title: MacOS Sierra

text: The Notes app allows the user to share and collaborate on notes. This is done by clicking on a share button at the top of the window.


title: MacOS Sierra

text: macOS Sierra slightly changes the Gatekeeper user interface and adds two new mechanisms. A new default in System Preferences hides the "Anywhere" option which allows the user to disable the mechanism and execute programs from any source without needing to approve each new one individually.


title: MacOS Sierra

text: The first new mechanism allows developers to code-sign disk images that can be verified as a unit by the system. This allows developers to guarantee the integrity of external files that are distributed alongside the application bundle on the same disk image. An attacker could infect these external files with malicious code and with them exploit a vulnerability in the application, without having to break the signature of the application bundle itself. By signing the disk image, the developer can prevent tampering and force an attacker to repackage the files onto a new disk image, requiring a valid developer certificate to pass Gatekeeper without a warning.


title: MacOS Sierra

text: The second new mechanism is "path randomization", which executes application bundles from a random, hidden path and prevents them from accessing external files relative to their location. To avoid this, the developer has to distribute the application bundle and its external files on a signed disk image or in a signed installer package. The user can avoid this mechanism by moving the application bundle without its external files to a new location.


title: MacOS Sierra

text: The Unix permissions for writing to the/Volumes directory are now restricted to root and no longer "world-writable". Apple expanded System Integrity Protection to , a directory that contains a list of applications that are allowed to "control the computer", and restricts write access to programs which were signed with an Apple "private entitlement". The file-hosting service Dropbox has been criticized for manipulating the directory to add their Dropbox application to the list, rather than asking the user to do it for them explicitly in System Preferences.


title: MacOS Sierra

text: The sudo command-line utility with which a user can execute a command as another user, typically as root, is configured with the "tty_tickets" flag by default, restricting the session timeout to the terminal session (such as a window or tab) in which the user authenticated the program.


title: MacOS Sierra

text: Sierra removes support for garbage collection from the Objective-C runtime, a memory-management system that was added in Mac OS X Leopard (version 10.5) and declared deprecated in favor of Automatic Reference Counting in OS X Mountain Lion (version 10.8). Applications that have been compiled with garbage collection will no longer run.


title: MacOS Sierra

text: Apple removed native support for the VPN protocol PPTP and made recommendations for alternatives that it considers more secure.


title: MacOS Sierra

text: The "time remaining" estimate has been removed in the 10.12.2 update after complaints of the battery life of 2016 MacBook Pros.


title: MacOS Sierra

text: Following the download of macOS Sierra (10.12) from the Mac App Store, the installer does not show under a users' "Purchased" tab in the Mac App Store app. Users can still re-download the Sierra installer by visiting the macOS Sierra page on the Mac App Store.


title: MacOS Sierra

text: macOS Sierra has received generally positive reviews. Users and critics have praised its functionality, including the addition of Siri and support for Apple Pay in Safari. Macworld gave it 4.5 stars out of 5. Engadget gave it a rating of 87 out of 100 praising the new features such as Siri integration, Universal Clipboard, and Apple Pay while criticizing the unreliability of Auto Unlock, that "Siri isn't always smart enough" and some of the Messages features are only available on iOS 10. Developers of apps that rely on the PDFKit library built into macOS have complained that radical changes to PDFKit introduced in Sierra are causing instability and potential data corruption.


title: Playtest (Black Mirror)

text: "Playtest" is the second episode in the third series of the British science fiction anthology television series "Black Mirror". Written by series creator and showrunner Charlie Brooker and directed by Dan Trachtenberg, it premiered on Netflix on 21 October 2016, with the rest of series three.


title: Playtest (Black Mirror)

text: The episode follows Cooper (Wyatt Russell), an American who playtests an upcoming augmented reality game in London while travelling. It is a horror game which accesses his brain and targets his fears. Hannah John-Kamen co-stars as a video game journalist Cooper meets. The episode was inspired by an idea Brooker had for an augmented reality Whac-A-Mole game which increased in speed until the subject went crazy. After considering Tokyo, the crew decided to shoot in London.


title: Playtest (Black Mirror)

text: A work of psychological horror, the episode features numerous video game references and many instances of foreshadowing. The episode received mixed critical reception, with criticisms of the storyline and ending but praise given to Trachtenberg's directing and Russell's acting. The episode was nominated for a British Academy Television Craft Award and a Visual Effects Society Award.


title: Playtest (Black Mirror)

text: After his father dies from Alzheimer's disease, Cooper (Wyatt Russell) travels the world, ignoring phone calls from his mother. In London, he spends a night with the technology journalist Sonja (Hannah John-Kamen). He is forced to stay with her after his bank account is drained when he becomes victim to identity theft, but finds a paid offer to playtest a game for SaitoGemu.


title: Playtest (Black Mirror)

text: At the company's building, he is met by Katie (Wunmi Mosaku) in an experiment room. Though she turns his phone off, he turns it back on to surreptitiously take pictures of the test kit for Sonja. Katie implants a small device called a "mushroom" in the back of his neck. He tests an augmented reality version of the game Whac-A-Mole. Cooper is impressed and agrees to a further test. He meets with Shou (Ken Yamamura), the company's owner, and is told that he will experience a horror game where an artificial neural network personalises the experience to his fears.


title: Playtest (Black Mirror)

text: At Harlech House, the mansion he recognises from a SaitoGemu game, Cooper has an earpiece to communicate with Katie; there are also cameras throughout. After a while, he sees a spider and then a figure appearing in a painting. He hears footsteps and sees a simulation of Josh Peters (Jamie Paul), his childhood bully. In the kitchen, an enormous spider with Peters' face appears. Cooper's earpiece then ceases to work. Sonja arrives and urges Cooper to leave, but Cooper finds inconsistencies in her story. She stabs him and they fight. As her face inverts to a red skull, Cooper impales her on the knife lodged through his shoulder, and she, the knife, and Cooper's injury disappear.


title: Playtest (Black Mirror)

text: As earpiece communication resumes, Katie leads Cooper to an upstairs room to terminate the test. Katie begins interrogating Cooper as he forgets details about his mother and then himself. After attempting to remove the mushroom with a shard of glass, Katie and Shou burst in and restrain him, saying that the technology has advanced too far to be removed.


title: Playtest (Black Mirror)

text: Cooper awakens in Shou's office, the experiment having lasted only a single second and nothing subsequent having been real. Cooper returns home to find his mother (Elizabeth Moynihan), who does not recognise him, dialling his number repeatedly. Back in the first experiment room, Cooper yells for his mother as the mushroom kills him. Cooper was in fact killed within 0.04 seconds by a phone call from his mother causing signal interference with the device, the subsequent experience existing only in his head.


title: Playtest (Black Mirror)

text: Whilst series one and two of "Black Mirror" were shown on Channel 4 in the UK, in September 2015 Netflix commissioned the series for twelve episodes (split into two series of six episodes). In March 2016, Netflix outbid Channel 4 for the rights to distributing the third series, with an offer of $40 million. Due to its move to Netflix, the show had a larger budget than in previous series. "Playtest" is the second episode of the third series; all six episodes in the series were released on Netflix simultaneously on 21 October 2016. As "Black Mirror" is an anthology series, each installment is standalone. "Playtest" was placed second partly because Halloween was soon after the release date, though series creator Charlie Brooker commented that maybe it should not have been second as it is a "romp" rather than a "message episode".


title: Playtest (Black Mirror)

text: The titles of the six episodes that make up the third series were announced in July 2016, along with the release date. A trailer for series three, featuring an amalgamation of clips and sound bites from the six episodes, was released by Netflix on 7 October 2016. "Playtest" was screened at the New York Comic Con in early October 2016.


title: Playtest (Black Mirror)

text: The first treatment of "Playtest" was written by Brooker, after which he worked on producing and refining a script with the director Dan Trachtenberg. Conceptually, Brooker was inspired with an idea where a person is given augmented reality implants to play a virtual Whac-A-Mole game which becomes repeatedly faster, causing the person to go crazy and be placed with numerous other subjects all traumatised by moles. However, this only proved to be enough material for a fifteen-minute episode. Brooker then conceived of adding a haunted house concept, where the augmented reality technology would dynamically change what the person saw in response to their fears.


title: Playtest (Black Mirror)

text: Trachtenberg was introduced to the project around the time of his directorial debut in the horror film "10 Cloverfield Lane" (2016). Brooker said that Trachtenberg was "adamant" that the story should be "one step ahead" of what viewers expect. Once they were working together, Trachtenberg and Brooker discovered that they had both previously been employed as video game journalists—Brooker for "PC Zone" and Trachtenberg for "The Totally Rad Show". The extra twist at the end of the episode—in which Cooper is killed by his phone ringing—was not in the original treatment, but added later. Brooker commented that it was partly inspired by Daniel Mallory Ortberg, who wrote in an article: "Next on "Black Mirror": what if phones, but too much?". Brooker compared the last twist to a "punch line" ending of a "Twilight Zone" episode, initially concerned that it would be too humorous, but finding it "harrowing and horrifying" in the edit. He later found that this episode's ending was the one most commonly misunderstood by viewers, though Trachtenberg's observation had been that most people understood the twist.


title: Playtest (Black Mirror)

text: Some ideas for the episode were changed or unused. Cooper's relationship with his mother was changed, from her being neurotic and doting to Cooper taking her for granted. In one draft, Cooper was told he was a character in "Black Mirror" as a way of breaking the fourth wall. In this storyline, he would discover other characters and locations from previous episodes. Brooker also wished to have a Nightmare Mode, where different scenes would be shown to the viewer when they watched the episode a second time. Alternate scenes were a key concept of the later interactive film "", which incorporated viewer decisions into the story.


title: Playtest (Black Mirror)

text: Wyatt Russell stars in the episode as Cooper. Trachtenberg said that this casting led to the character's arrogance being toned down so that the audience is "rooting for him to learn a lesson". Hannah John-Kamen appears in this episode as Sonja, after appearing briefly in the unrelated role of a singer in the series one episode "Fifteen Million Merits". Brooker noted that they were initially going to have the song John-Kamen sang in "Fifteen Million Merits" playing on the radio in one scene but were unable due to a licensing issue. Other roles include Wunmi Mosaku as Katie, who runs the experiment, and Ken Yamamura as Shou, the video game company owner.


title: Playtest (Black Mirror)

text: "Playtest" was the last episode of the third series to be filmed. Initially, production would have taken place in Tokyo, a key hub for video game development, with mansion scenes filmed in the United Kingdom, but the writers found it difficult to explain in-story why such a house would exist in or near Japan. Instead, they decided to make the episode take place in London, a location they had ready access to but had not prominently featured in the series before. Exterior shots of SaitoGemu's headquarters used Englefield House. The sets for SaitoGemu were created from an abandoned school building, while scenes in Harlech House were filmed in the home of an elderly woman. The animation company Framestore worked on the effects, tasked with making the small realistic spider that Cooper first sees and the deformed version that later appears. Additional shots of the house for special effects were made by rendering the home within the Unity game engine.


title: Playtest (Black Mirror)

text: Trachtenberg wanted to film scenes in order, but this was not always possible. He commented that some scenes are shot in a similar way to "10 Cloverfield Lane", including some scenes which were cut because of their similarities. In the early Harlech House scenes, Russell was encouraged to experiment with Cooper's reactions; for instance, a 14-minute take of Cooper insulting his childhood bully Josh Peters was filmed. Trachtenberg experimented with Russell and John-Kamen improvising, making them add lines to the middle or the end of their dialogue. Trachtenberg wanted the penultimate scene, with Cooper returning home, as a one-shot take, given the drastic change in tone it gave the episode.


title: Playtest (Black Mirror)

text: The episode is a work of psychological horror; Adam Chitwood of "Collider" found it "genuinely terrifying", while Chancellor Agard of "Entertainment Weekly" believed it to contain "one of the show's most viscerally disturbing scenes". Charles Bramesco of "Vulture" compared it to the 1999 sci-fi thriller "Existenz" because of both works' focus on distorting reality. Reviewers found that the episode explored the themes of humans' flawed perception of reality. Rebecca Hawkes of "The Telegraph" said that the episode made a connection between "futuristic technology" and fears around the question "if we can't trust our own flawed senses, what on earth can we trust?" In relation to the mushroom drawing inspiration from Cooper's fears, Roxanne Sancto of "Paste" wrote that people have aimed to explore "this confrontation with the darkest corners of our subconscious" before modern technology, such as with dream analysis, hallucinogens or hypnosis. The character Katie says that the experimental technology adds "layers on top of reality", with Bramesco commenting that the episode's construction is this in reverse. Bryan Bishop of "The Verge" found that other themes covered include the ethics of experiments on human beings and the importance of resolving family issues.


title: Playtest (Black Mirror)

text: The primary technology of the episode drew comparisons to augmented reality and contemporary virtual reality technologies including Oculus Rift and Microsoft HoloLens. Bishop also compared it to an increase in demand for interactive entertainment such as escape rooms and immersive theatre. Agard said that the episode "takes the desire of escapism" in these forms of entertainment to a "deadly conclusion". Hawkes drew a "thematic link" between the technology and Cooper's fears of dementia, saying that "none of us are really in control of our own minds, memories and 'self'". "Vox"s Alex Abad-Santos interpreted the episode to make a broader point about the way smartphones have changed human interaction, observing that Cooper needs very little other than a smartphone to travel the world and meet people. Abad-Santos further said that though viewers may expect characters to be revealed as evil, none are, and concluded that "the greatest threat to yourself isn't the strangers you meet through your phone, but rather your own dishonesty".


title: Playtest (Black Mirror)

text: The episode shows futuristic technology at the headquarters of SaitoGemu, Bishop describing the setting as "full of all-white rooms and silent worker bees tapping away dutifully behind minimalist visor displays". The later parts of the episode take place in a 19th-century gothic mansion, and the setting is contrasted with the holograms and futuristic technology of the episode. The episode uses foreshadowing: for instance, a flight attendant tells Cooper to turn off his phone during turbulence, similar to how his phone signal interference later causes the mushroom to glitch.


title: Playtest (Black Mirror)

text: To hint that most of the episode takes place inside Cooper's mind, features from early scenes were incorporated as background elements later on. Cooper met Sonja at The Raven Pub, so finds Edgar Allan Poe's "The Raven" in Harlech House. A poster for the film "Red Sonja" in Sonja's apartment foreshadows her face being torn off. Cooper's method of killing Sonja by slamming her head onto the knife through his shoulder evokes the position in which the pair woke up that morning. Another act of foreshadowing is the movie Cooper watches on the plane about a monstrous spider, as he faces an enormous spider in Harlech House. Bishop saw the spider as a reference to the 1982 film "The Thing". Cooper also sits next to a girl whose face is used for a creepy portrait and sees a SaitoGemu employee designing a costume which later appears on Josh Peters.


title: Playtest (Black Mirror)

text: The episode contains a number of video game-related references. Trachtenberg included several of his favourite video games as props on a shelf in Sonja's room, while many video game consoles are seen at SaitoGemu. Matt Miller of "Game Informer" found a similarity between Shou and the "enigmatic nature" of the video game designer Hideo Kojima. Other references include a mural to Pac-Man that Cooper visits in London and non-video game references such as a copy of the 1997 action film "Face/Off".


title: Playtest (Black Mirror)

text: Harlech House resembles the house in the 1996 game "Resident Evil", and Cooper's surname "Redfield" is another reference to the game. As Cooper approaches a door while speaking to the operator, she asks "would you kindly open the door?", an allusion to the phrase's usage in the 2007 game "BioShock". This phrase related to whether players follow instructions unquestioningly, which Miller saw as related to its occurrence in "Playtest".


title: Playtest (Black Mirror)

text: On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 86% of 22 reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.8/10. The site's summary describes that its "psychologically horrifying world... is nicely counterbalanced by the sheer likability of the episode's protagonist". Hawkes rated the episode three stars out of five, while Sancto rated it 9.4 out of 10. "Playtest" garnered B ratings from Agard and "The A.V. Club"s Zach Handlen. Alex Mullane of "Digital Spy" called the episode the "most visceral and intense" of the show to date. Hawkes found it "enjoyably sinister".


title: Playtest (Black Mirror)

text: The episode's plot and meaning received mixed reception and the ending was criticised. Bishop found that it "never digs particularly deep", and Handlen criticised "a disappointingly unfocused" plot about a "fairly cliched concept". David Sims of "The Atlantic" reviewed that the resolution to questions raised in the first half of the episode is "disappointingly facile". Hawkes saw the episode as choosing to "swap deeper probing for a succession of clever shocks". Handlen felt that there were too many twists, the final one being "a shrug of a conclusion that's little more than a dark joke". Sims said that the final reveal "feels a little forced, blunting the tragedy of Cooper's death". Bishop summarised the twists as "an endurance test of what-is-real fake-out endings". Nevertheless, Hawkes found it "bitterly funny" as a punchline and as keeping with the theme of the show. Sancto believed that the ending was "particularly powerful" and improved by Russell's "genuine expressions of hopelessness and confusion".


title: Playtest (Black Mirror)

text: The directing, setting and effects garnered praise. Bishop reviewed that creepy moments and jump scares are built up well and timed appropriately. Bramesco found the approach to horror "sparing", and believed that it "works so fearsomely well". Sims praised that Trachtenberg is simultaneously able to draw attention to and joke about horror movie tropes "while still having the scares land". Mullane found Harlech House to be an "incredible set", also reviewing the special effects as "fantastic throughout". Agard commented that the pacing in the first half of the episode is slow, while Handlen reviewed that its hourlong runtime—lengthier than episodes in previous series—was "both a strength and its greatest weakness".


title: Playtest (Black Mirror)

text: Russell's performance as Cooper received acclaim. Sims and Chitwood summarised his character as a "cheerful American fish-out-of-water" and "an ambitious and somewhat dim-witted American", respectively. Bramesco wrote that he "pulls off a difficult performance", whilst Mullane said that Russell was "so convincingly terrified and frazzled throughout that you'll forget you're watching a piece of fiction". Sancto said that Russell brought "vigorous emotion" to the role, while Sims said that he "makes the tonal shift feel subtle". Mullane additionally praised Hannah John-Kamen as "extremely likeable", and said that the pair had "strong" chemistry.


title: Playtest (Black Mirror)

text: "Playtest" received mixed positions on many critics' rankings of the 23 instalments in the "Black Mirror" series, from best to worst.


title: Playtest (Black Mirror)

text: "IndieWire" authors ranked the 22 "Black Mirror" instalments excluding "Bandersnatch" by quality, giving "Playtest" a position of 10th. Eric Anthony Glover of "Entertainment Tonight" found the episode to be the worst of the 19 episodes from series one to four. Meanwhile, Brian Tallerico of "Vulture" rated Russell's performance the sixth best of "Black Mirror", praising him as "a truly charismatic and engaging actor". Additionally, Proma Khosla of "Mashable" ranked the same instalments by tone, concluding that "Playtest" was the fourth most bleak.


title: Playtest (Black Mirror)

text: For their work on visual effects in "Playtest", multiple individuals and groups were nominated for a British Academy Television Craft Award and a Visual Effects Society Award in 2017. The episode was also submitted for consideration alongside "Nosedive" and "San Junipero" for an Art Directors Guild award for Excellence in Production Design for a Television Movie or Limited Series, for which it was nominated.


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: Casino Royale is the first novel by the British author Ian Fleming. Published in 1953, it is the first "James Bond" book, and it paved the way for a further eleven novels and two short story collections by Fleming, followed by numerous continuation Bond novels by other authors.


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: The story concerns the British secret agent James Bond, gambling at the casino in Royale-les-Eaux to bankrupt Le Chiffre, the treasurer of a French union and a member of the Russian secret service. Bond is supported in his endeavours by Vesper Lynd, a member of his own service, as well as Felix Leiter of the CIA and René Mathis of the French Deuxième Bureau. Fleming used his wartime experiences as a member of the Naval Intelligence Division, and the people he met during his work, to provide plot elements; the character of Bond also reflected many of Fleming's personal tastes. Fleming wrote the draft in early 1952 at his Goldeneye estate in Jamaica while awaiting his marriage. He was initially unsure whether the work was suitable for publication, but was assured by his friend, the novelist William Plomer, that the novel had promise.


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: Within the spy storyline, "Casino Royale" deals with themes of Britain's position in the world, particularly the relationship with the US in light of the defections to the Soviet Union of the British agents Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean. The book was given broadly positive reviews by critics at the time and sold out in less than a month after its UK release on 13 April 1953, although US sales upon release a year later were much slower.


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: Since publication "Casino Royale" has appeared as a comic strip in "The Daily Express", and been adapted for the screen three times: a 1954 episode of the CBS television series "Climax!" with Barry Nelson as an American Bond, a 1967 film version with David Niven playing "Sir James Bond", and a 2006 film in the Eon Productions film series starring Daniel Craig as James Bond.


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: Le Chiffre, the paymaster for a French Communist Party trade union in Alsace, loses 50 million francs in Soviet subsidies by investing in a chain of brothels three months before the French Fourth Republic ratifies the Loi Marthe Richard. He desperately absconds to the Royale-les-Eaux casino in Somme with the remaining 25 million francs in union funds in a last-ditch attempt to recoup his losses by winning a high-stakes baccarat game before his handlers realize anything is amiss. Unbeknownst to him SMERSH has already discovered his perfidy and sent an agent from the Polish People's Republic to assassinate him, while his mistress passes word of his financial troubles to the Head of Station S (Soviet Union) at the British Secret Service. As NATO has determined the union could serve as a fifth column in a war with the Eastern Bloc, the agency's director M approves S's proposal to send a 00 Agent to play against Le Chiffre and bankrupt both him and the union. M chooses the agent James Bond, 007, for the mission because of Bond's expertise in gambling.


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: As part of Bond's cover as a wealthy Jamaican planter, M also assigns as his companion Vesper Lynd, personal assistant to the Head of Section S (Soviet Union). Although Bond and Vesper attempt to maintain a dispassionate working relationship, they nevertheless grow closer. The CIA and the French Deuxième Bureau also send agents Rene Mathis and Felix Leiter as observers. Mathis quickly warns Bond that his cover has somehow been blown and that he is under surveillance from the couple staying in the hotel room above him. That night he narrowly survives a bombing by two of Le Chiffre's Bulgarian henchmen, who are themselves killed after being falsely assured that one of the explosives was merely a smokescreen to help them escape.


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: The game soon turns into an intense confrontation between Le Chiffre and Bond; Le Chiffre buys the bank, and Bond takes the strategy of constantly calling his bets until one of them have been bankrupted. Although initially Bond costs him millions of francs Le Chiffre wins the first round with a series of sudden coups, cleaning Bond out of his funds. As Bond contemplates the prospect of reporting his failure to M, Leiter gives him an envelope of money and a note: "Marshall Aid. Thirty-two million francs. With the compliments of the USA." Le Chiffre attempts to retrieve his remaining debts by raising the stakes to that amount, the highest bet raised in the history of the game. When Bond unexpectedly calls the bet Le Chiffre's Corsican associate threatens to kill him with a silenced handgun, which Bond disarms while pretending to faint. Bond wins the hand, and goes on to clean out Le Chiffre and win eighty million francs of his funds. Desperate to recover the money, Le Chiffre kidnaps Lynd and captures Bond after a high-speed car chase. Le Chiffre tortures Bond at his villa by beating his genitals with a carpet-beater, threatening to kill both him and Lynd if he does not return the money. Before Le Chiffre can "finish" them, the SMERSH assassin enters and shoots him through the head as punishment for losing the money. The agent does not kill Bond, saying that he has no orders to do so, but cuts a Cyrillic 'Ш' for "шпион" ("shpión", Russian for spy) into Bond's hand with a penknife so that future SMERSH agents will be able to identify him as such.


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: Bond awakens in hospital two days later. The media reports a cover story that Le Chiffre committed suicide and Bond vanished to southern France and Monaco to continue gambling. Fearful for his life and disillusioned with the morality of the Cold War after his beating, Bond informs a shocked Mathis of his intention to resign from the Secret Service after his recovery. Lynd visits Bond every day as he recuperates, and he gradually realises that he loves her. When he is released from hospital they spend time together at a quiet guest house and eventually become lovers. Bond eventually decides to propose marriage to her, but sees a mysterious man named Adolph Gettler tracking their movements, which greatly distresses Lynd.


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: Although Vesper's mood seems to improve after a few days, Bond awakens one morning to discover that she has committed suicide. She leaves behind a note explaining that she had been working as an unwilling double agent for the Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs. SMERSH had kidnapped her lover, a Polish Royal Air Force pilot, who had revealed information about her under torture; SMERSH then used that information to blackmail her into helping them undermine Bond's mission, including her own faked kidnapping. She had tried to start a new life with Bond, but upon seeing Gettler—a SMERSH agent—she realised that she would never be free of her tormentors, and that staying with Bond would only put him in danger. As Bond vows revenge against SMERSH, he coldly telephones his London liaison, "Pass this on at once: 3030 was a double, working for Redland. ... Yes, dammit, I said 'was.' The bitch is dead now."


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: Ian Fleming, born in 1908, was a son of Valentine Fleming, a wealthy banker and MP who died in action on the Western Front in May 1917. Educated at Eton, Sandhurst and, briefly, the universities of Munich and Geneva, Fleming moved through several jobs before he was recruited by Rear Admiral John Godfrey, the Director of Naval Intelligence, to become his personal assistant. Fleming joined the organisation full-time in August 1939, with the codename "17F", and worked for them throughout the war. Early in 1939 he began an affair with Ann O'Neill ( Charteris), who was married to the 3rd Baron O'Neill.


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: In 1942 Fleming attended an Anglo-American intelligence summit in Jamaica and, despite the constant heavy rain during his visit, he decided to live on the island once the war was over. His friend Ivar Bryce helped find a plot of land in Saint Mary Parish where, in 1945, Fleming had a house built, which he named Goldeneye. The name of the house and estate has many possible sources. Fleming mentioned both his wartime Operation Goldeneye and Carson McCullers' 1941 novel "Reflections in a Golden Eye", which described the use of British naval bases in the Caribbean by the US Navy.


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: Upon Fleming's demobilisation in May 1945, he became the Foreign Manager in the Kemsley newspaper group, which at the time owned "The Sunday Times". In this role he oversaw the paper's worldwide network of correspondents. His contract allowed him to take two months holiday every winter in Jamaica. In 1948 Charteris gave birth to Fleming's daughter, Mary, who was stillborn; Charteris and Fleming became engaged shortly in 1951.


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: Fleming had previously mentioned to friends that he wanted to write a spy novel, but it was not until early 1952, to distract himself from his forthcoming nuptials, that he began to write "Casino Royale" at his Goldeneye estate in Jamaica on 17 February; he typed out 2,000 words in the morning, directly from his own experiences and imagination, and finished work on the manuscript in March 1952. It was a pattern he retained for future Bond books. In May 1963 he wrote a piece for "Books and Bookmen" magazine in which he said: "I write for about three hours in the morning ... and I do another hour's work between six and seven in the evening. I never correct anything and I never go back to see what I have written ... By following my formula, you write 2,000 words a day."


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: Back in London, Fleming had his manuscript—which he described as his "dreadful oafish opus"—retyped by Joan Howe, his red-haired secretary at "The Times" on whom the character Miss Moneypenny was partly based. Clare Blanchard, a former girlfriend, advised him not to publish the book, or at least to do so under a pseudonym. During the book's final draft stages, Fleming allowed his friend, and later editor, William Plomer to see a copy, and remarked "I really am thoroughly ashamed of it ... after rifling through this muck you will probably never speak to me again, but I have got to take that chance." Despite this, Plomer thought the book had sufficient promise and sent a copy to the publishing house Jonathan Cape. At first they were unenthusiastic, but were persuaded to publish on the recommendation of Fleming's older brother, Peter, an established travel writer whose books they managed.


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: Although Fleming provided no dates within his novels, two writers have identified different timelines based on events and situations within the novel series as a whole. John Griswold and Henry Chancellor—both of whom have written books on behalf of Ian Fleming Publications—put the events of "Casino Royale" in 1951; Griswold allows a possible second timeframe and considers the story could have taken place in either May to July 1951, or May to July 1952. In "Goldfinger" Fleming reveals that "Casino Royale" took place in 1951, when the character Junius Du Pont says to Bond, "France, '51, Royale les Eaux. [...] That Casino. Ethel, that's Mrs Du Pont, and me were next to you at the table the night you had the big game with the Frenchman."


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: "Casino Royale" was inspired by certain incidents that took place during Fleming's wartime career at the Naval Intelligence Division (NID), or by events of which he was aware. On a trip to Portugal, en route to the United States, Fleming and the NID Director, Admiral Godfrey, went to the Estoril Casino. Because of Portugal's neutral status, Estoril's population had been swelled by spies and agents from the warring regimes. Fleming claimed that while there he was cleaned out by a "chief German agent" at a table playing chemin de fer. Godfrey told a different story: that Fleming only played Portuguese businessmen, and afterwards fantasised about playing against German agents.


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: The failed attempt to kill Bond at Royale-Les-Eaux was inspired by Fleming's knowledge of the attempted assassination of Franz von Papen, Vice-Chancellor of Germany and an ambassador under Hitler. Both Papen and Bond survived their assassination attempts, carried out by Bulgarians, because trees protected them from the blasts. Fleming also included four references in the novel to "Red Indians", including twice on the last page, which came from a unit of commandos, known as No. 30 Commando or 30 Assault Unit (30AU), composed of specialist intelligence troops. The unit was Fleming's idea, and he nicknamed the troops his "Red Indians", although they disliked the name.


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: The lead character of "Casino Royale" is James Bond, an agent of the Secret Service. Fleming initially named the character James Secretan before he appropriated the name of James Bond, author of the ornithology guide, "Birds of the West Indies". Fleming explained to the ornithologist's wife "that this brief, unromantic, Anglo-Saxon and yet very masculine name was just what I needed, and so a second James Bond was born". He further explained that "When I wrote the first one in 1953, I wanted Bond to be an extremely dull, uninteresting man to whom things happened; I wanted him to be a blunt instrument ... when I was casting around for a name for my protagonist I thought by God, [James Bond] is the dullest name I ever heard."


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: Fleming decided that Bond should resemble both the American singer Hoagy Carmichael and himself, and in the novel Lynd remarks that "Bond reminds me rather of Hoagy Carmichael, but there is something cold and ruthless." According to Andrew Lycett, Fleming's biographer, "within the first few pages ... [Fleming] had introduced most of Bond's idiosyncrasies and trademarks", which included his looks, his Bentley and his smoking and drinking habits. The full details of Bond's martini were kept until chapter seven of the book and Bond eventually named it "The Vesper", after Lynd. Bond's order, to be served in a deep champagne goblet, was for "three measures of Gordon's, one of vodka, half a measure of Kina Lillet. Shake it very well until it's ice-cold, then add a large thin slice of lemon peel."


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: Speaking of Bond's origins, Fleming said that "he was a compound of all the secret agents and commando types I met during the war", although the author gave many of his own traits to the character. Bond's tastes are often taken from Fleming's own, as is some of his behaviour: Fleming used the casino to introduce Bond in his first novel because "skill at gambling and knowledge of how to behave in a casino were seen ... as attributes of a gentleman". Lycett sees much of Bond's character as being "wish fulfilment" by Fleming.


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: Bond's superior, M, was largely based on Godfrey, Fleming's NID superior officer; Godfrey was known for his bellicose and irascible temperament. One of the likely models for Le Chiffre was the influential English occultist, astrologer, mystic and ceremonial magician Aleister Crowley, on whose physical features Fleming based Le Chiffre's. Crowley's tastes, especially in sado-masochism, were also ascribed to Le Chiffre; as Fleming's biographer Henry Chancellor notes, "when Le Chiffre goes to work on Bond's testicles with a carpet-beater and a carving knife, the sinister figure of Aleister Crowley is there lurking in the background."


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: Fleming later said of his work, "while thrillers may not be Literature with a capital L, it is possible to write what I can best describe as 'thrillers designed to be read as literature. He used well-known brand names and everyday details to produce a sense of realism, which the author Kingsley Amis called "the Fleming effect". Amis describes it as "the imaginative use of information, whereby the pervading fantastic nature of Bond's world ... [is] bolted down to some sort of reality, or at least counter-balanced." Within the text the novelist Raymond Benson—who later wrote a series of Bond novels—identifies what he described as the "Fleming Sweep", the use of "hooks" at the end of chapters to heighten tension and pull the reader into the next. The hooks combine with what the novelist Anthony Burgess calls "a heightened journalistic style" to produce "a speed of narrative, which hustles the reader past each danger point of mockery".


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: The semiotician and essayist, Umberto Eco, in his 1979 examination of the Bond books, "The Narrative Structure of Ian Fleming", considered that Fleming "has a rhythm, a polish, a certain sensuous feeling for words. That is not to say that Fleming is an artist; yet he writes with art." When examining the passage relating to the death of Le Chiffre, Eco wrote that "there is a ... baroque feeling for the image, a total adaptation off the image without emotional comment, and a use of words that designate things with accuracy", and he went on to conclude that "Fleming is more literate than he gives one to understand."


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: "Casino Royale" was written after, and was heavily influenced by, the Second World War; Britain was still an imperial power, and the Western and Eastern blocs were engaged in the Cold War. The journalist William Cook observes that with the decline in power of the British Empire, "Bond pandered to Britain's inflated and increasingly insecure self-image, flattering us with the fantasy that Britannia could still punch above her weight." The cultural historians Janet Woollacott and Tony Bennett agree, and consider that "Bond embodied the imaginary possibility that England might once again be placed at the centre of world affairs during a period when its world power status was visibly and rapidly declining."


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: In 1953 parts of central London, including Oxford Street and High Holborn still had uncleared bomb sites and sweets had ceased being rationed, but coal and other food items were still regulated. According to "The Times" journalist and historian Ben Macintyre, Bond was "the ideal antidote to Britain's postwar austerity, rationing and the looming premonition of lost power".


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: "Casino Royale" deals with the question of Anglo-American relations, reflecting the real-world central role of the US in the defence of the West. The academic Jeremy Black points to the 1951 defections of two members of MI6—Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean—to the Soviet Union as having a major impact on how Britain was poorly viewed in US intelligence circles; Fleming was aware of this tension between the two countries, but he did not focus on it too strongly, and Bond and Leiter's warm relationship did not reflect the reality of the US-UK relationship.


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: Amis, in his exploration of Bond in "The James Bond Dossier", pointed out that Leiter is "such a nonentity as a piece of characterization ... he, the American, takes orders from Bond, the Britisher, and that Bond is constantly doing better than he". The journalist and author Christopher Hitchens observed that "the central paradox of the classic Bond stories is that, although superficially devoted to the Anglo-American war against communism, they are full of contempt and resentment for America and Americans". David Seed, in his examination of spy fiction, disagrees, and writes that while Bond beats Le Chiffre, his "activities are constantly supported by American agencies, financing and know-how".


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: The treachery of Le Chiffre, with the overtones of a fifth column, struck a chord with the largely British readership as Communist influence in the trade unions had been an issue in the press and parliament at the time. Britain had also suffered from defections to the Soviet Union from two MI6 operatives who were part of the Cambridge Five spy ring that betrayed Western secrets to the Soviets. Thus Lycett observes that "Casino Royale" can be seen as Fleming's "attempt to reflect the disturbing moral ambiguity of a post-war world that could produce traitors like Burgess and Maclean". The journalist and writer Matthew Parker observes that with the defections of the two spies so recent to the publication, it was "perhaps the closest Fleming came to a [John] le Carré-style spy story". Chancellor sees the moral ambiguity of the Cold War reflected in the novel.


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: Benson considers the most obvious theme of the novel to be good versus evil. Parker agrees, and highlights a conversation between Bond and Matthis in the chapter titled "The Nature of Evil", in which Bond says: "By ... [Le Chiffre's] evil existence ... he was creating a norm of badness by which, and by which alone, an opposite norm of goodness could exist." The subject was also dealt with by the academic Beth Butterfield, in an examination of Bond from an existentialist viewpoint. In light of Bond's conversation, Butterfield identifies a crisis of confidence in Bond's character, where he has "moved beyond good and evil" to the point where he does his job not because of principles, but to pursue personal battles. Eco comes to the same conclusion, stating that Bond "abandon[s] the treacherous life of moral mediation and of psychological anger, with all the dangers they entail."


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: Black also identifies a mechanism Fleming uses in "Casino Royale"—and in subsequent "Bond" novels—which is to use the evil of his opponents both as a justification of his actions, and as a device to foil their own plans. Black refers to the episode of the attempted assassination of Bond by Bulgarian assassins which results in their own deaths.


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: "Casino Royale" was first released on 13 April 1953 in the UK as a hardback edition by publishers Jonathan Cape, with a cover devised by Fleming. Cape printed 4,728 copies of "Casino Royale", which sold out in less than a month; a second print run the same month also sold out, as did a third run of more than 8,000 books published in May 1954. The sales figures were strong enough for Cape to offer Fleming a three-book deal. In April 1955 Pan Books issued a paperback version and sold 41,000 copies in the first year.


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: In the US three publishers turned the book down before Macmillan Publishing Co offered Fleming a deal. "Casino Royale" was published on 23 March 1954 in the US, but sales were poor, totalling only 4,000 copies across the entire US during the course of the year. When the novel was released as a US paperback in 1955, it was re-titled by publisher American Popular Library; Fleming's suggestions for a new title, "The Double-O Agent" and "The Deadly Gamble", were disregarded in favour of "You Asked for It", but this marketing ploy failed to raise the interest. The Popular Library version also changed Bond's name, calling him "Jimmy Bond".


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: Hugh I'Anson Fausset, writing in "The Manchester Guardian", thought that "Casino Royale" was "a first-rate thriller ... with a breathtaking plot". Although he considered the book to be "schoolboy stuff", he felt the novel was "galvanised into life by the hard brilliance of the telling". Alan Ross, writing in "The Times Literary Supplement" wrote that "Casino Royale" was "an extremely engaging affair", and that "the especial charm ... is the high poetry with which he invests the green baize lagoons of the casino tables". He concluded that the book was "both exciting and extremely civilized". Reviewing for "The Listener", Simon Raven believed that Fleming was a "kind of supersonic John Buchan", but he was somewhat dismissive of the plot, observing that it is "a brilliant but improbable notion" that includes "a deal of champagne-drinking, bomb-throwing, relentless pitting of wits etc ... with a cretinous love-affair". Raven also dismissed Bond as an "infantile" creation, but did allow that "Fleming tells a good story with strength and distinction ... his creation of a scene, both visually and emotionally, is of a very high order indeed."


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: John Betjeman, writing in "The Daily Telegraph", considered that "Ian Fleming has discovered the secret of the narrative art ... which is to work up to a climax unrevealed at the end of each chapter. Thus the reader has to go on reading". Publishers Jonathan Cape included many of the reviews on their advertisements for the book, which appeared in a number of national newspapers; the reviews included those from "The Sunday Times", which concluded that Fleming was "the best new English thriller-writer since [Eric] Ambler" and "The Observer", which advised their readers: "don't miss this".


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: The critic for "Time" magazine examined Raymond Chandler's "The Long Goodbye" alongside "Casino Royale"; he praised "Casino Royale", saying that "Fleming keeps his incidents and characters spinning through their paces like juggling balls." The "Time" reviewer went on to say that "As for Bond, he might be [Philip] Marlowe's younger brother except that he never takes coffee for a bracer, just one large Martini laced with vodka."


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: Writing for "The New York Times", Anthony Boucher wrote that the book belongs "pretty much to the private-eye school" of fiction. He praised the first part, saying that Fleming "manages to make baccarat clear even to one who's never played it and produced as exciting a gambling sequence as I've ever read. But then he decides to pad out the book to novel length and leads the weary reader through a set of tough clichés to an ending which surprises nobody save Operative 007. You should certainly begin this book; but you might as well stop when the baccarat game is over."


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: In 1954 CBS paid Ian Fleming $1,000 to adapt "Casino Royale" into a one-hour television adventure as part of its "Climax!" series. The episode aired live on 21 October 1954 and starred Barry Nelson as secret agent "Card Sense" James 'Jimmy' Bond and Peter Lorre as Le Chiffre. A brief tutorial on baccarat is given at the beginning of the show by the presenter of the programme, William Lundigan, to enable viewers to understand a game which was not popular in America at the time. For this Americanised version of the story, Bond is an American agent, described as working for "Combined Intelligence", while the character Leiter from the original novel is British, renamed "Clarence Leiter". The agent for Station S., Mathis, does not appear as such; his surname is given to the leading lady, named Valérie Mathis instead of Vesper Lynd.


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: In March 1955 Ian Fleming sold the film rights of "Casino Royale" to the producer Gregory Ratoff for $6,000. After Ratoff's death, producer Charles K. Feldman represented Ratoff's widow and obtained the rights to make a film version. Feldman decided the best way to profit from the film rights was to make a satirical version, which was produced and released in 1967 by Columbia Pictures. The film, which cast David Niven as Bond, was made with five credited directors (plus one uncredited) and a cast that included Peter Sellers, Ursula Andress, Orson Welles and Woody Allen. The 1967 version is described by the British Film Institute as "an incoherent all-star comedy".


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: "Casino Royale" was the first James Bond novel to be adapted as a daily comic strip; it was published in "The Daily Express" and syndicated worldwide. The strip ran from 7 July 1958 to 13 December 1958, and was written by Anthony Hern and illustrated by John McLusky. To aid "The Daily Express" in illustrating Bond, Fleming commissioned an artist to create a sketch of what he believed James Bond to look like. McLusky felt that Fleming's 007 looked too "outdated" and "pre-war" and changed Bond to give him a more masculine look. A graphic novel adaptation of the book was released by Dynamite Entertainment in April 2018, written by Van Jensen and illustrated by Dennis Calero.


title: Casino Royale (novel)

text: Following the 1967 adaptation, the rights to the film remained with Columbia Films until 1989 when the studio, and the rights to their intellectual property portfolio was acquired by the Japanese company Sony. In 1999, following legal action between Sony Pictures Entertainment and MGM/UA, Sony traded the rights to "Casino Royale" for MGM's partial-rights to "Spider-Man". This led to Eon Productions making the 2006 film "Casino Royale". The film stars Daniel Craig as Bond, supported by Eva Green as Vesper Lynd and Mads Mikkelsen as Le Chiffre; Judi Dench returned for her fifth Bond film as Bond's superior, M. "Casino Royale" is a reboot, showing Bond at the beginning of his career as a 00-agent, and overall stays true to the original novel.


title: Chaplin (film)

text: Chaplin is a 1992 American biographical comedy-drama film about the life of English comedian Charlie Chaplin. It was produced and directed by Richard Attenborough and stars Robert Downey Jr., Marisa Tomei, Dan Aykroyd, Penelope Ann Miller and Kevin Kline. It also features Charlie Chaplin's own daughter, Geraldine Chaplin, in the role of his mother, Hannah Chaplin.


title: Chaplin (film)

text: The film was adapted by William Boyd, Bryan Forbes and William Goldman from Chaplin's 1964 book "My Autobiography" and the 1985 book "" by film critic David Robinson. Associate producer Diana Hawkins got a story credit. The original music score was composed by John Barry. The film received mixed reviews; Downey's titular performance, however, garnered critical acclaim and won him the BAFTA Award for Best Actor along with nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actor and Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama.


title: Chaplin (film)

text: An elderly Charlie Chaplin reminisces during a conversation with George Hayden, the fictionalized editor of his autobiography.


title: Chaplin (film)

text: Chaplin escapes his poverty-stricken childhood by immersing himself in the world of London's variety circuit. After his mother Hannah loses her voice onstage, five-year-old Charlie takes her place. Hannah is eventually committed to an asylum after developing psychosis. Over the years, Chaplin and his brother Sydney gain work with variety producer Fred Karno, who later sends him to the United States. He begins a relationship with dancer Hetty Kelly and soon proposes to her, but she declines, reasoning she is too young. He vows to return when he is a success.


title: Chaplin (film)

text: In America, Chaplin is employed by famous comedy producer Mack Sennett. He creates the Tramp persona, and due to the terrible directorial abilities of Sennett's girlfriend Mabel Normand, he becomes his own director. After Sydney becomes his manager, Chaplin breaks from Sennett to gain complete creative control over his films, with the goal of one day owning his own studio. In 1917, he completes work on his politically sensitive "The Immigrant" and starts a brief relationship with actress Edna Purviance.


title: Chaplin (film)

text: Years later, at a party thrown by Douglas Fairbanks, Chaplin dates child actress Mildred Harris. He sets up his own studio and becomes "the most famous man in the world" before his 30th birthday. Chaplin tells Fairbanks that he must marry Harris because she is pregnant, but later learns it is a hoax. Chaplin has a confrontation with J. Edgar Hoover about actor/directors and propaganda. This sparks a 40-year-long vendetta by Hoover.


title: Chaplin (film)

text: Harris's divorce lawyers claim Chaplin's film "The Kid" as an asset. Chaplin and Sydney flee with the footage, finish editing it in a Salt Lake City hotel, then smuggle it back to Los Angeles.


title: Chaplin (film)

text: The brothers arrange for their mother to join them, but Chaplin cannot cope with her worsened condition. In 1921, Chaplin attends the UK premiere of "The Kid". He hopes to locate Hetty, but Karno informs him that she died in the influenza epidemic. Chaplin also discovers although most are happy to see him, the British working class resent him for not fighting in World War I as they did.


title: Chaplin (film)

text: Back in America, Hoover digs into Chaplin's private life, suspecting him of communist sympathies. Chaplin is forced to consider the effect of "talkies" on his career. Despite the popularity of sound films, he vows never to make a talkie featuring the Tramp.


title: Chaplin (film)

text: In 1925, Chaplin makes "The Gold Rush" and marries bit-part actress Lita Grey. However, he later confides to George that he always thought of her as a "total bitch" and barely mentions her in his autobiography. Chaplin marries Paulette Goddard and feels a sense of guilt and sympathy for the millions unemployed due to the Wall Street Crash (Chaplin sold most of his shares the year before the crash). Chaplin decides to address the issue in his next movie, "Modern Times", but his dedication to the film results in the breakup of his marriage.


title: Chaplin (film)

text: At an industry party, Chaplin refuses to shake hands with a visiting Nazi. Fairbanks comments that Chaplin resembles Adolf Hitler, providing him with the inspiration for his next film. "The Great Dictator" satirizes the Nazis and is a huge hit worldwide, but Hoover tries to portray it as anti-American propaganda.


title: Chaplin (film)

text: Chaplin finally settles down and marries Oona O'Neill, an actress who strikingly resembles Hetty. However, it is alleged that he is the father of the child of former lover Joan Barry. Despite a blood test proving that the child is not his, Chaplin is ordered to provide financial support. With his reputation severely damaged, he stays out of the public eye for over seven years until producing "Limelight". During the height of McCarthyism, Chaplin leaves America with Oona on a visit to Britain, but the United States Attorney General revokes his permit to re-enter the United States.


title: Chaplin (film)

text: In 1972, Chaplin is invited back to America to receive a special Academy Honorary Award. Though he is initially resentful at his exile and fearful that no one will remember him, he is moved to tears when the audience is seen laughing at his films and give him the Academy Awards' longest standing ovation.


title: Chaplin (film)

text: Attenborough acquired the rights to Chaplin's biography in 1988, and intended to make it with Universal. According to Marc Wanamaker, who served as an advisor on the film, Attenborough had thought of making a miniseries at one point, to fully explore Chaplin's life. Although Richard Attenborough wanted Robert Downey Jr. for the part of Chaplin, studio executives wanted Robin Williams or Billy Crystal for the role. Jim Carrey was also considered. On David Letterman’s Netflix series "My Next Guest Needs No Introduction", Downey Jr. revealed that Attenborough had also been interested in Tom Cruise for the role. The film had a four hour cut that was later edited down to two and a half hours for release.


title: Chaplin (film)

text: The film received mixed reviews, lauded for its high production values, but many critics dismissed it as an overly glossy biopic. Although the film was criticized for taking dramatic license with some aspects of Chaplin's life, Downey's performance as Chaplin won universal acclaim. Attenborough was sufficiently confident in Downey's performance to include historical footage of Chaplin himself at the end of the film.


title: Chaplin (film)

text: According to the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 60% of critics have given "Chaplin" a positive review based on 52 reviews, with an average rating of 5.7/10. The website's critics consensus reads, ""Chaplin" boasts a terrific performance from Robert Downey, Jr. in the title role, but it isn't enough to overcome a formulaic biopic that pales in comparison to its subject's classic films." At Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 47 out of 100 based on 22 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" lauded Downey's performance, and deemed the film "extremely appreciative". Todd McCarthy of "Variety" remarked that Chaplin's life was too grand to properly capture in a film, criticizing the screenplay, but praised the casting and the film's first hour.


title: Chaplin (film)

text: Roger Ebert of "The Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film two stars, dubbing the film, "a disappointing, misguided movie that has all of the parts in place to be a much better one", but praised Downey and the production values. Kenneth Turan of the "Los Angeles Times" felt Attenborough's filmmaking and Chaplin's life were ill-suited to each other, but said of Downey, "Lithe and lively and looking remarkably like the younger Chaplin, Downey does more than master the man’s celebrated duck walk and easy grace. In one of those acts of will and creativity that actors come up with when you least expect it, Downey becomes Chaplin, re-creating his character and his chilly soul so precisely that even the comedian’s daughter Geraldine, a featured player here, was both impressed and unnerved."


title: Chaplin (film)

text: The film grossed £1.8 million ($2.7 million) in the United Kingdom and $9.5 million in the United States.


title: Chaplin (film)

text: The film was released on VHS and LaserDisc in 1993 and later on DVD in 1997, and on LaserDisc by Live Home Video on July 5, 1998. A 15th-anniversary edition was released by Lions Gate Entertainment (who obtained the distribution rights to the film in the interim under license from the copyright holder, StudioCanal) in 2008. The anniversary edition contained extensive interviews with the producers, and included several minutes of home-movie footage shot on Chaplin's yacht. The box for this DVD mistakenly lists the film's running time as 135 minutes, although it retains the 143-minute length of the original theatrical release.


title: Maria Doyle Kennedy

text: Maria Josephine Doyle Kennedy (born 25 September 1964) is an Irish singer and actress. With a singing and acting career that has spanned more than 30 years, she has established herself as one of Ireland's most prolific artists and entertainers. As an actress, she is best known for her extensive television roles as Patsy in "Father Ted" (1998), Catherine of Aragon in "The Tudors" (2007–2010), Vera Bates in "Downton Abbey" (2011), Siobhán Sadler in "Orphan Black" (2013–2017), and Jocasta Cameron in "Outlander" (2018–present). More recently in 2022, she starred as the Scottish journalist Tannie Maria in the series "Recipes for Love and Murder", set in the Karoo in South Africa and adapted for the screen from the book of the same name by Sally Andrew.


title: Maria Doyle Kennedy

text: Doyle Kennedy has also appeared in numerous films, including "The Commitments" (1991), "The Matchmaker" (1997), "The General" (1998), "Miss Julie" (1999), "Tara Road" (2005), "Albert Nobbs" (2011), "Byzantium" (2012), "Jupiter Ascending" (2015), "Sing Street" (2016), and "The Conjuring 2" (2016). In 2020, she was listed as number 46 on "The Irish Times" list of Ireland's greatest film actors.


title: Maria Doyle Kennedy

text: Doyle was born in Clontarf, Dublin, before moving with her parents, sister, and brother, Feargal, to Enniscorthy, County Wexford, for her father's career as a broker. They eventually settled in Bray, County Wicklow, and she still claims a close, personal connection with the town. She began singing early in life and comes from a family that appreciates "party pieces" and the tradition of gathering friends together with singing. Her first experience singing in public was at one of her parents' parties at the age of 13. She never considered a formal career in singing until after she graduated from Trinity College Dublin, with a joint honours degree in political science and business, and she never considered becoming an actress until after she established herself as a singer.


title: Maria Doyle Kennedy

text: Maria started The Black Velvet Band with her future husband, Kieran Kennedy and music quickly became a motivating force in her life. The band released their first album, "When Justice Came", in 1989. Recorded in Los Angeles in 1989, it reached number four on the Irish charts and is ranked among the best Irish albums of the late 1980s. She then united with producers Clive Langer and Allen Winstanley to record her second Black Velvet Band album, "King of Myself", in 1992.


title: Maria Doyle Kennedy

text: "The Lady Sings The Blues", a compilation album featuring Doyle Kennedy alongside Aretha Franklin, Billie Holiday, and Annie Lennox followed, and proved to be a best-selling album in 1994. It also established Doyle Kennedy in new markets throughout Europe, the U.S., and Japan. Touring Europe for the first time, she got rave reviews from "The Guardian" and "The Times". She produced a documentary, "Golden Boy", based on the life and work of Irish artist Patrick Scott, for which she specifically created the production company Mermaid Films. She has appeared as a broadcaster on Irish television, filling in for John Kelly on his "Mystery Train" show and for Tom Dunne on "Pet Sounds". Doyle Kennedy also hosted an RTÉ musical series "Borderline" in the late 1980s.


title: Maria Doyle Kennedy

text: After releasing music with The Black Velvet Band, Doyle Kennedy left the group to pursue a solo career in music. In 2001, Doyle Kennedy released music on Mermaid Records, a label she founded herself in 2000. Her debut solo album "Charm" was released in 2001, following the release of the two lead singles, "Stars Above" and "Babes". She coordinated "Sirens", which is a compilation album of female artists and was released in 2003. In the same year, she performed on the first series of "Other Voices". She released the album "Skullcover" for a limited time between 2004 and 2005. The album contained her covers of songs such as "Lovesong", "Video Killed the Radio Star", and "Still in Love with You".


title: Maria Doyle Kennedy

text: Doyle Kennedy then released the alternative folk album "Mütter" in 2007 along with accompanying singles "Fuckability" and "Forty Days". After the release of "Fuckability", "Hot Press" praised the single and stated that Doyle Kennedy "is one of the finest voices this country has ever produced". She was subsequently nominated in the Best Irish Female category at the 2008 Meteor Awards. An accompanying DVD album for this record was also released in the same year. Entitled "The Band of Maria's", it included exclusive live material from some of Doyle Kennedy's promotional tour venues. In 2011, Doyle Kennedy and her husband Kieran released a collaboration album entitled "The Storms Are on the Ocean". The album features a collection of Appalachian folk and country songs. In the same year, Doyle Kennedy released "La Sirena 1992-1997", a collection of rock-oriented tracks that had been recorded prior to her solo career. Her sixth album project, the folk-infused "Sing", was released in September 2012 with Warner Music Group holding distribution rights to the album within the UK. In 2014 and 2015, Doyle Kennedy released two more albums: "Maria Live", an album of songs performed live at Vicar Street and Pepper Canister Church, with her husband Kieran providing the instrumentation and production; and "Mütter's Daughter", an album containing unreleased and re-released tracks from the album "Mütter".


title: Maria Doyle Kennedy

text: Doyle Kennedy worked with her husband to create a follow-up album to "Sing". In 2015, she wrote a song entitled "Pride" as a response to the Irish Marriage Referendum of 2015. She also composed a song about the deaths of Michael Brown and Eric Garner in response to international media coverage of the Ferguson unrest and other police-related violence in the United States. Both songs are confirmed to be appearing on the record. "Pride", the first single from her self-titled ninth studio album, was released on 10 June 2017, with the album itself being released on 25 September.


title: Maria Doyle Kennedy

text: Irish music magazine "Hot Press" called her "truly one of Ireland's greatest vocalists" and one of their "best-kept secrets", while BBC Music reviewer Andy Fyfe opined that Doyle Kennedy's "transcendence sets her apart from the avalanche of female singer-songwriters". Upon its release, Nicole Byrne of Shout4Music called "Sing" "one of the best Irish albums of the year – if not the best" and referred to Doyle Kennedy as a "Celtic angel". Her voice has been credited as one of Ireland's national treasures.


title: Maria Doyle Kennedy

text: Doyle Kennedy's first experience with acting came in 1991 when she played Natalie Murphy in the musical comedy-drama "The Commitments". Director Alan Parker recruited her, and other established singers, for the film. An image of Doyle Kennedy in character as Natalie Murphy in the film "The Commitments" was featured on an Irish postage stamp as part of the "Ireland 1996: Irish Cinema Centenary" series issued by An Post. The image also includes her "The Commitments" co-stars Angeline Ball as Imelda Quirke, Bronagh Gallagher as Bernie McGloughlin, and Andrew Strong as Deco Cuffe.


title: Maria Doyle Kennedy

text: She continued to expand her acting platform with roles in 1997 The Matchmaker, directed by Mark Joffe; John Boorman's 1998 crime drama film, "The General", Alan Bleasdale's 1999 miniseries "Oliver Twist", and the 1999 British television series "Queer as Folk". In 2006, she received small-screen success in the television series "Hide & Seek".


title: Maria Doyle Kennedy

text: In 2007 and 2008, she received widespread recognition for her role as Katherine of Aragon on the British historical fiction television series "The Tudors". In 2010, Doyle Kennedy portrayed Sonya, a nanny to Dexter Morgan's son Harrison in the fifth season of the Showtime crime drama series "Dexter". She also appeared on Irish screens early in 2011 on TG4's "Corp & Anam" in her first Irish-language acting role. Also in 2011, she joined the cast of ITV's period drama series "Downton Abbey", appearing as Vera Bates, estranged wife of the valet of the Earl of Grantham. In the same year, she also played a small role as a maid, Mary, in the period drama film "Albert Nobbs", alongside American actress Glenn Close.


title: Maria Doyle Kennedy

text: In 2012, Doyle Kennedy played a leading role in the ITV miniseries "Titanic" and also appeared beside fellow Irish actress Saoirse Ronan in Neil Jordan's horror fantasy film "Byzantium", which premiered at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival.


title: Maria Doyle Kennedy

text: In 2013, Doyle Kennedy began co-starring in the Canadian science fiction thriller series "Orphan Black", as Siobhán Sadler. She officially decided on joining the series when showrunner Graeme Manson mentioned that Patti Smith was the inspiration for her character. The series received critical acclaim, earning multiple accolades. She received a Canadian Screen Award for her role, from two nominations, and remained part of the main cast from the first season until the series' fifth and final season.


title: Maria Doyle Kennedy

text: She reprised her leading role as Mairéad Mhic Iarnáin for the second series of "Corp & Anam" in 2014. She also appeared as Jupiter's mother Aleksa in The Wachowskis' 2015 science fiction action film "Jupiter Ascending". In 2016, Doyle Kennedy starred as Penny in the musical comedy-drama film "Sing Street", which made its debut at South by Southwest. She appeared in the 2016 sequel to the supernatural horror film "The Conjuring", entitled "The Conjuring 2".


title: Maria Doyle Kennedy

text: On 12 April 2016, Doyle Kennedy was announced as having been cast as Roisin Kelly in the 2017 six-part miniseries "Redwater".


title: Maria Doyle Kennedy

text: In 2017, Doyle Kennedy was cast as Jocasta MacKenzie Cameron in the fourth season of the Starz historical romantic drama series "Outlander", which is an adaptation of novel series of the same name by Diana Gabaldon. The season premiered in 2018 and she continued in the role for multiple seasons. Also in 2018, she starred as George Cusack in the second season of the RTÉ One drama series "Striking Out", in which she appears as a series regular.


title: Maria Doyle Kennedy

text: In 2020, Doyle Kennedy was cast as Ila in the epic fantasy drama series "The Wheel of Time", which is an adaptation of Robert Jordan's novel series of the same name.


title: Maria Doyle Kennedy

text: Doyle Kennedy first met musician Kieran Kennedy at a gig she was performing, and he subsequently invited her to sing on one of his demos. This event turned into a first date for the couple, and they married soon after in 1988. The couple have four sons, including one of Doyle Kennedy's sons from a previous relationship.


title: Maria Doyle Kennedy

text: Doyle Kennedy considers music to be the most integral aspect of her life, and she prefers her musical endeavors over her acting ones. She states "I do not miss acting when I am not doing it, but I would not spend a day without singing, even to myself." She still experiences nerves before she sings on stage, but she has learned ways to control them through pacing and breathing techniques. When acting, Doyle Kennedy is attracted to characters who are multifaceted and able to display not only a loving, motherly side, but also a fierce, determined side.


title: Maria Doyle Kennedy

text: She draws musical influence from jazz musician Billie Holiday, American country singer John Prine (with whom she went on to duet on her "Sing" album), and fellow Irish folk musician Dónal Lunny, a close personal friend of hers, and has been referred to as "an Irish Patti Smith". Additionally, she draws acting influences from her personal heroes Maggie Smith and Penelope Wilton, with whom she starred on "Downton Abbey". Irish artist Patrick Scott, one of Doyle Kennedy's dearest personal friends, also served as one of her biggest inspirations for her life, in general. She admired his ability to allow his life to inform his art and found inspiration in his sentiment that improvement, and not degradation, can still happen in old age.


title: Mumble rap

text: Mumble rap (often referred to as "SoundCloud rap") is a loosely defined microgenre of hip hop that largely spread on the online audio distribution platform SoundCloud in the 2010s. The term implies a mumbling or unclear vocal delivery by artists, and may generally refer to rappers who do not share the genre's traditional emphasis on lyricism.


title: Mumble rap

text: In 2018, the phrase "Soundcloud rappers" has also been used to refer to this new generation of young rappers, replacing the denigrating label "mumble rappers" (relating to the artists' music distribution on the respective media platform Soundcloud). While the term has been widely criticized as inaccurate or as a derogatory term, some artists have reclaimed the term. Some have defended the style as a new phase in the evolution of the genre.


title: Mumble rap

text: The term "mumble rap" was first used in 2014 by VladTV battle rap journalist Michael Hughes, in an interview with battle rapper Loaded Lux about the style's emergence in mainstream hip hop. There is disagreement over who first rapped in such a style, although its creation has been attributed to rappers such as Gucci Mane, Chief Keef, and most notably Future, whose 2011 single "Tony Montana" is often cited as the first mumble rap song; however, there have been sources dating as far back as October 2011 of even older releases by other artists. The term was first used to describe rappers whose lyrics were unclear, but the use of the term has expanded to include rappers that Reddit posters and YouTube commenters claim generally put little emphasis on lyricism or lyrical quality. Some have claimed that artists such as Das EFX and Fu-Schnickens rapped in a similar style years before the term was created. "Mumble rappers" tend to talk about drugs, sex, money, jewelry, designer clothing, and partying. Rappers labelled as "mumble rappers" also tend to use the "aye" flow, where they add words such as "yeah", "aye" and "uh" to the start or end of their lines.


title: Mumble rap

text: "Mumble rap" is nearly exclusively used as a derogatory term in reference to a perceived incoherence of the artist's lyrics. Oscar Harold of the "Cardinal Times" stated that "mumble rap" is misleading, arguing that the rappers such as Future rely more upon pop melodies and vocal effects, such as Auto-Tune, than mumbling. Justin Charity, a staff writer at "The Ringer", argues that the term is unnecessarily reductive and does not in fact refer to one specific type of rapping. He wrote that many of the artists often scapegoated in conversations about the subgenre do not actually mumble, which "is the red flag that the term isn't a useful subcategorization."


title: Mumble rap

text: There are disputes as to whether some rappers are mumble rappers or not. There is also conflation between mumble/SoundCloud rap and other new generation-led evolutions or niches such as trap and cloud rap. The Cleveland Plain Dealer's Troy L. Smith writes that 21 Savage unfairly gets classified as a mumble rapper.


title: Mumble rap

text: In 2017, music critic Jon Caramanica of "The New York Times" opined that SoundCloud rap "in the last year has become the most vital and disruptive new movement in hip-hop". Todd Moscowitz, the founder of Alamo Records, called the scene a "lo-fi movement" noting the heavily distorted bass and intentional lack of polish in the sound. When Ski Mask the Slump God discussed the genre's lo-fi sound and recording techniques, he noted, "It was like the worst recording set up, [but] you could set it up anywhere and that was the wave we were on... The raw energy of that – the distortion – is our speciality and we used that to our advantage." "Spin" noted that the SoundCloud company has not been able to leverage the popularity of SoundCloud rap to improve its financial problems. In January 2019, citing the deaths of American rappers Lil Peep in 2017 and XXXTentacion in 2018, Lil Xan's entry into rehab, and 6ix9ine's legal troubles, Stephen Witt of "Rolling Stone" magazine argued that the SoundCloud rap wave of the past few years was now in decline. The death of Juice Wrld in 2019 has been described as the death of Soundcloud rap.


title: Mumble rap

text: Rappers who have voiced discontent with mumble rap include J. Cole, Hopsin, Chris Webby, Logic, Russ, Joyner Lucas, and Eminem. On his album "Kamikaze", Eminem criticized multiple "mumble rappers" after declaring that "The boom bap is coming back with an axe to mumble rap" in the Royce da 5'9" song "Caterpillar". Eminem's diss track "Killshot", which was targeted at Machine Gun Kelly, included a line where he pejoratively called MGK a mumble rapper. Noted rap artist Pete Rock prominently criticized the style for abandoning hip-hop tradition. In music critic Robert Christgau's opinion, "SoundCloud rap is at least as afflicted as any other kind of hip hop with sexist rhetoric."


title: Mumble rap

text: In defense of the style, Justin Charity of "The Ringer" suggested that the debate is "really about discomfort with how a generation of young musicians has chosen to use their voices in strange, unprecedented ways, and against the wishes of their parents and forefathers." "The Guardian" compared the style to the first wave of punk, noting a shared "sonic simplicity, gleeful inanity and sense of transgression." "The Vibe" linked mumble rap to earlier forms of hip-hop, as well as jazz scatting. For "The Conversation", Adam de Paor-Evans disputed the idea that mumble rap is a reflection of laziness, suggesting instead that it is an accurate reflection of boredom resulting from the immediacy and speed of contemporary cultural life." "Red Bull Music Academy" stated that "however they're labeled – SoundCloud rap, emo-trap, mumble rap – one thing's for sure: these rappers are forging new paths, once again pushing the boundaries of what rap is, who it's for and how it's distributed."


title: Mumble rap

text: Rap pioneer Grandmaster Caz expressed acceptance of the style, stating "It's all good [...] they're a different generation, they do a different thing, they have a different agenda and their influences come from different places." Funk pioneer George Clinton of Parliament-Funkadelic declared himself a listener of mumble rap, stating "we try to pay attention to whatever the new music is that gets on your nerves." Podcaster and television host The Kid Mero dismisses criticisms of the style, stating: "sonically if your shit is wack, why am I gonna listen to what you gotta say? If I turn it on and the beat is kind of annoying, I'm not gonna sit through that just to hear you say ‘lyrical, metaphysical, giftical...’"


title: Fort Wayne, Indiana

text: Fort Wayne is a city in and the county seat of Allen County, Indiana, United States. Located in northeastern Indiana, the city is west of the Ohio border and south of the Michigan border. The city's population was 263,886 as of the 2020 Census, making it the second-most populous city in Indiana after Indianapolis, and the 76th-most populous city in the United States. It is the principal city of the Fort Wayne metropolitan area, consisting of Allen and Whitley counties which had an estimated population of 423,038 as of 2021. Fort Wayne is the cultural and economic center of northeastern Indiana. In addition to the two core counties, the combined statistical area (CSA) includes Adams, DeKalb, Huntington, Noble, Steuben, and Wells counties, with an estimated population of 649,105 in 2021.


title: Fort Wayne, Indiana

text: Fort Wayne was built in 1794 by the United States Army under the direction of American Revolutionary War general Anthony Wayne, the last in a series of forts built near the Miami village of Kekionga. Named in Wayne's honor, the European-American settlement developed at the confluence of the St. Joseph, St. Marys, and Maumee rivers, known originally as Fort Miami, a trading post constructed by Jean Baptiste Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes around 1706. The modern city was platted in 1823 following its revitalization after the War of 1812 and its siege. It underwent tremendous growth after completion of the Wabash and Erie Canal and advent of the railroad. Once a booming manufacturing town located in what became known as the Rust Belt, Fort Wayne's economy in the 21st century is based upon distribution, transportation and logistics; healthcare, professional and business services; leisure and hospitality, and financial services. The city is a center for the defense industry which employs 1-2% of the population.


title: Fort Wayne, Indiana

text: Fort Wayne was an All-America City Award recipient in 1983, 1998, 2009, and 2021. The city also received an Outstanding Achievement City Livability Award by the U.S. Conference of Mayors in 1999.


title: Fort Wayne, Indiana

text: This area here on the river confluence was long occupied by successive cultures of indigenous peoples. The Miami tribe established its settlement of Kekionga at the confluence of the Maumee, St. Joseph, and St. Marys rivers. It was the capital of the Miami nation and related Algonquian tribes.


title: Fort Wayne, Indiana

text: In 1696, Comte de Frontenac appointed Jean Baptiste Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes, who began visiting Kekionga in 1702, and would later build the original Fort Miami around 1706; Initially, a small trading outpost. It was part of a group of forts and trading posts built between Quebec and St. Louis. The first census in 1744 recorded a population of approximately 40 Frenchmen and 1,000 Miamians.


title: Fort Wayne, Indiana

text: Increasing tension between France and Great Britain developed over control of the territory. In 1760, France ceded the area to Britain after its forces in North America surrendered during the Seven Years' War, known on the North American front as the French and Indian War. Managing to hold down the fort for only a mere couple of years, the British lost control of it in 1763 when various Native American nations rebelled against British rule and retook the fort as part of Pontiac's Rebellion. From this point forward in 1763, no active fort would exist at Kekionga for the next three decades until American General Anthony Wayne would go on to establish Fort Wayne in 1794, following the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The fort throughout this period was described as a, "Defiant mixture of Indian warriors and lawless renegades of the frontier, such as the Girties. It was also the home of a heterogeneous population of English and French traders and their families, French 'engages", and Miami, Delaware and Shawnee tribes."


title: Fort Wayne, Indiana

text: In 1772, the British would regain influence over the village after Sir William Johnson suggested to the government that the fort be reoccupied. The mixed population of the Kekionga area had moved past antipathy with the British by this point, and accepted their friendship. In 1776, Officer Jacques LaSalle moved into the village to conduct strict supervision on behalf of the British government, ensuring that the natives remained loyal to the British, and to check passports with travelers coming down from Fort Detroit.


title: Fort Wayne, Indiana

text: In the Treaty of Paris (1783), which ended the American war for independence, Britain transferred to the new United States its claim of sovereignty over the Northwest Territory—the area north and west of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippi River, and south of British Canada. The Indigenous people already living there, though, were not part of that treaty and did not cede their ownership of those lands. American land speculators and pioneers began flooding down the Ohio River into the area, leading to conflict with an alliance of native tribes known as the Western Confederacy. It was headquartered at Kekionga, where the Miami had permitted two refugee tribes dislodged by white homesteaders, the Delaware and the Shawnee, to resettle. The confederacy—which included other Great Lakes and Algonquin tribes as well—began sending war parties to raid settlers, hoping to drive them back across the Appalachian Mountains, and refused to meet for negotiations over a possible treaty to instead cede land for white settlement. The growing violence led to the Northwest Indian War.


title: Fort Wayne, Indiana

text: In 1790, President George Washington ordered the United States Army to conquer and pacify the tribes. The first expedition, led by General Josiah Harmar reached Kekionga and burned it, but was then driven off by confederacy warriors led by the Miami war chief Little Turtle. The confederacy attacked the second invading force, led in 1791 by General Arthur St. Clair, before it could get that far and wiped it out, in a massacre known as St. Clair's Defeat at modern-day Fort Recovery, Ohio. General Anthony Wayne led a third expedition, defeating the confederacy's warriors at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, near modern-day Toledo, Ohio on August 20, 1794. Wayne's men then marched up the Maumee River, systematically burning evacuated native towns, crops and winter food stores, until they reached its headwaters, where Kekionga remained in ruins. Wayne ordered Fort Wayne built there to permanently occupy the area.


title: Fort Wayne, Indiana

text: The following year, Wayne negotiated a peace accord, the Treaty of Greenville with tribal leaders, in which they agreed to stop fighting and ceded most of what is now Ohio along with certain tracts further west, including the area around Fort Wayne encompassing Kekionga and the land portage. Wayne promised the remainder would remain Indian lands, which is why the territory west of Ohio was named Indiana. In subsequent years, the government used Fort Wayne to hand out annual payments under the treaty. But in a recurring cycle, the tribes ran up debts to white traders who came there to sell them alcohol and manufactured goods, and the government pushed tribal leaders—including through bribes—to sell more reservation land to pay off those debts and, when the land was gone, then to agree to have the tribe removed to the Far West.


title: Fort Wayne, Indiana

text: The first settlement started in 1815. In 1819, the military garrison abandoned the fort and moved to Detroit. In 1822, a federal land office opened to sell land ceded by local Native Americans by the Treaty of St. Mary's in 1818. Platted in 1823 at the Ewing Tavern, the village became an important frontier outpost, and was incorporated as the Town of Fort Wayne in 1829, with a population of 300. The Wabash and Erie Canal's opening improved travel conditions to the Great Lakes and Mississippi River, exposing Fort Wayne to expanded economic opportunities. The population topped 2,000 when the town was incorporated as the City of Fort Wayne on February 22, 1840. Pioneer newspaperman George W. Wood was elected the city's first mayor. Fort Wayne's "Summit City" nickname dates from this period, referring to the city's position at the highest elevation along the canal's route. As influential as the canal was to the city's earliest development, it quickly became obsolete after briefly competing with the city's first railroad, the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railway, completed in 1854.


title: Fort Wayne, Indiana

text: At the turn of the 20th century, the population of Fort Wayne nearly reached 50,000, attributed to a large influx of German and Irish immigrants. Fort Wayne's "urban working class" thrived in industrial and railroad-related jobs. The city's economy was substantially based on manufacturing, ushering in an era of innovation with several notable inventions and developments coming out of the city over the years, such as gasoline pumps (1885), the refrigerator (1913), and in 1972, the first home video game console. A 1913 flood caused seven deaths, left 15,000 homeless, and damaged over 5,500 buildings in the worst natural disaster in the city's history.


title: Fort Wayne, Indiana

text: As the automobile's prevalence grew, Fort Wayne became a fixture on the Lincoln Highway. Aviation arrived in 1919 with the opening of the city's first airport, Smith Field. The airport served as Fort Wayne's primary commercial airfield until Baer Field (now Fort Wayne International Airport) was transferred to the city in 1947 after serving as a military base during World War II.


title: Fort Wayne, Indiana

text: Fort Wayne was hit by the Great Depression beginning in 1929, with most factories cutting their workforce. The stock market crash did not discourage plans to build the city's first skyscraper and Indiana's tallest building at the time, the Lincoln Bank Tower. By 1935, the New Deal's WPA put over 7,000 residents back to work through local infrastructure improvements, including the construction of new parks, bridges, viaducts, and a $5.2 million sewage treatment facility.


title: Fort Wayne, Indiana

text: The helped the city prosper once again. Between 1950 and 1955, more than 5,000 homes were built, many in large subdivisions in rural Allen County. In 1950, Fort Wayne's first bypass, Coliseum Boulevard, opened on the north side of the city, followed by the city's first arena, War Memorial Coliseum, bringing new opportunities for suburban expansion. The Coliseum was home to the NBA's from 1952 to 1957. The opening of enclosed shopping malls and the construction of Interstate 69 through rural areas north and west of the city proper further drove the exodus of retail from downtown through the 1960s. According to the Fort Wayne Home Builders Association estimates, more than 80 percent of new home construction occurred outside the city proper in the 1970s.


title: Fort Wayne, Indiana

text: Like many cities in the Rust Belt, deindustrialization in the 1980s brought urban blight, increased crime, and a decrease in blue-collar manufacturing jobs. Downtown and surrounding neighborhoods continued declining as residents and businesses sprawled further into rural Allen County. A 1982 flood forced an evacuation of 9,000 residents, damaging 2,000 buildings, and costing $56.1 million (1982 USD, $137 million 2015 USD), prompting a visit from then president of the United States, Ronald Reagan.


title: Fort Wayne, Indiana

text: The 1990s marked a turnaround for the city, as local leaders focused on crime reduction, economic diversification, and downtown redevelopment. By 1999, Fort Wayne's crime rate decreased to levels not seen since 1974, and the city's economy recovered, with the unemployment rate hovering at 2.4 percent in 1998. Clearing blighted buildings downtown resulted in new public greenspaces, including Headwaters Park, which has become the premier community gathering space and centerpiece in the city's $50 million flood control project. Fort Wayne celebrated its bicentennial in 1994.


title: Fort Wayne, Indiana

text: The city continued to concentrate on downtown redevelopment and investment in the 2000s. The decade saw the beginnings of its transformation, with renovations and expansions of the Allen County Public Library, Grand Wayne Convention Center, and Fort Wayne Museum of Art. In 2007, the $130 million Harrison Square development was launched, creating Parkview Field. Suburban growth continued, with the opening of Fort Wayne's first lifestyle center, Jefferson Pointe, and the half-billion dollar Parkview Regional Medical Center in 2012.


title: Fort Wayne, Indiana

text: Fort Wayne is in the East North Central region of the Midwestern United States, in northeastern Indiana, west of Ohio and south of Michigan. According to the 2010 census, Fort Wayne has a total area of , of which (or 99.81%) is land and (or 0.19%) is water.


title: Fort Wayne, Indiana

text: For a regional summit, the city is situated on flat land characterized by little topographical relief, a result of the Wisconsin glaciation episode. Receding glaciers eroded the land, depositing an evenly distributed layer of sediment during the last glacial period. The most distinguishable topographical feature is Cedar Creek Canyon, just north of the city proper near Huntertown. The Fort Wayne Moraine follows two of the city's three rivers: the St. Marys and St. Joseph. The two rivers converge to form the Maumee, which eventually empties into Lake Erie. Land east of the moraine includes the former Great Black Swamp, a lacustrine plain formed by Glacial Lake Maumee. The Little River flows southwest of Fort Wayne, a tributary of the Wabash River, and remnant of the Maumee Torrent. The city lies along the St. Lawrence Continental Divide which separates the Great Lakes Basin from the Gulf of Mexico watershed.


title: Fort Wayne, Indiana

text: The most important geographical feature of the area is the short distance overland between the Three Rivers system, which eventually flows to the Atlantic, and the Wabash system, which eventually flows to the Gulf of Mexico. This came to be the "portage" or carrying place, over which travelers could transport their cargoes from one system to the next. This natural crossroads attracted the Native Americans for thousands of years. It later attracted the European explorers and traders and the American pioneer settlers who continued to develop the area as a transportation and communications center. Chief Little Turtle of the Miami Nation expressed its importance eloquently at the treaty of Greenville in 1795 when he called it "that glorious gate...through which all the words of our chiefs had to pass through from north to south and from east to west".


title: Fort Wayne, Indiana

text: Fort Wayne's urban tree canopy is 29 percent, double the state average of 14.5 percent and above the national average of 27.1 percent. The canopy is decreasing, notably from development and the emerald ash borer infestation. Fort Wayne has been designated a Tree City USA since 1990.


title: Fort Wayne, Indiana

text: Historically, Fort Wayne has been divided into four unofficial quadrants: northeast, northwest, southeast, and southwest. Calhoun Street divides the southwest and southeast, while the St. Joseph River divides the northwest and northeast quadrants. The Maumee River separates the northeast and southeast, while portions of the St. Marys River and Chicago, Fort Wayne and Eastern Railroad separate the northwest and southwest quadrants.


title: Fort Wayne, Indiana

text: Fort Wayne's early-20th century development was influenced by the City Beautiful movement and centered on a "park and boulevard plan" conceived by urban planner Charles Mulford Robinson in 1909 and finalized by landscape architect George Kessler in 1912. The master plan proposed a network of parkways and boulevards connecting the city's three rivers and Spy Run Creek to dozens of neighborhoods and parks. Several parks were designed by noted landscape architect Arthur Asahel Shurcliff. Much of the original plan was implemented by 1955. In 2010, the Fort Wayne Park and Boulevard System was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, consisting of 11 public parks, four parkways, and ten boulevards, covering .