title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: The building has a variety of architectural elements from various buildings around the globe that President Baker, CU's president at the turn of the 20th century, admired. The design of the auditorium is primarily Neo-Gothic, with the primary materials being sandstone and red tile, like the rest of campus. The result is a unique building, with two large towers and sprawling ivy, that sets itself apart from the rest of the CU campus. Macky was refurbished in 1986, with improved seating, custom carpeting, modern plumbing, and an elevator. Currently, there is an electronic bell system in the towers of Macky which rings the hours during the day.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: Macky is the home of two departments both in the College of Music, the Jazz Studies Department and the Choral Department, and it houses an art gallery that is open Wednesdays, and to patrons during performances. The hall houses almost all performances by the Boulder Philharmonic Orchestra, the Artist Series, and the CU Opera. Macky is also the home of many lectures including part of the Conference on World Affairs held at CU each spring.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: In 1947, Colorado Governor Lee Knous issued a proclamation to create a memorial to Colorado's servicemen at the University of Colorado Boulder. A proposal to house this memorial in a student union building resulted in a remarkable fundraising effort. The University Memorial Center (UMC) opened its doors in October 1953 with President Robert Stearns presiding over the ribbon-cutting ceremony. The UMC quickly became the central landmark of the Boulder campus. A 1964 addition created a new book store, conference facilities, additional dining facilities, and offices to house the rapidly growing student activities and organizations. The expansion was financed through bonds granted by student fees.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: The 1960s and '70s put the UMC at the center of student activism as students staged strikes, grape boycotts, love-ins, sit-ins, and walk-outs. The UMC Fountain Court (now the Dalton Trumbo Fountain Court) became a familiar sight to network television news watchers as the famous and notorious promoted their cause at CU Boulder. Entertainers as diverse as Ramsey Lewis and the Grateful Dead have performed in the Glenn Miller Ballroom. The UMC Connection, a student entertainment center in the basement, is a more informal gathering place, featuring pool tables and a small bowling alley. It also features Club 156, which hosts concerts from local and up-and-coming bands. In 1986, students passed another bond issue to remodel the food-services area. The Alferd Packer Grill gets its name from Alferd Packer, a famous historical cannibal in Colorado. Many exotic meals can be found here.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: The Center for Community, also known as the C4C by students, follows the distinct architecture guidelines of Charles Klauder and is a facility that is promised to be 20 percent to 25 percent more energy- and water-efficient compared to similar-sized buildings. The facility was completed in September 2010 at a cost of $84.4 million. The building is originally bond-financed through the CU treasurer and will be repaid through a combination of sources. A large portion of the debt, $47.4 million, will be repaid by Housing and Dining Services, through room and board fees. Fees from Permit and Parking Services will contribute as well. The center also relies on $18 million in donations, a goal which has not been achieved, but has become a top fundraising priority for the university.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: The building houses offices of Student Services including Campus Card Services, Disability Services, and Career Services among others. These services have been relocated to the C4C from various locations around campus. For example, Career Services was previously housed in the basement of the Willard Dormitory. There is a underground parking structure that contains approximately 365 to 375 parking spaces. Student study areas are located on the upper floors and conference centers are open to campus and non-campus affiliates throughout the building. The dining services offered within the C4C include a CU on the run "grab-n-go", The Bakery, a late-night dining hub called the Weather Tech Café, open until 2 A.M., and finally a central dining facility. This dining facility seats 900 and offers students up to nine specialty dining choices including Persian, Asian, Latin, sushi, Italian, Kosher, a grill, salad bars, and desserts. Overall the Dining Center is projected to serve around one million meals per year.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: In 1973 the student recreation center was built on the CU Boulder's main campus, by the architect James Wallace. The funding to build the recreation center came entirely from student fees, which also funded the expansions in 1990 and 2014. The recreation center features strength and cardio space, basketball/volleyball courts, the only ice rink in Boulder proper, lap pool, dive well, fitness studios (cycling, rowing, etc.), climbing gym, turf gym, and an iconic outdoor pool in the shape of the CU Boulder buffalo mascot. It is currently about and operates on a $5 million annual budget. The center is co-managed by the division of student affairs and CUSG, CU Boulder's student government. It is located on the northern edge of campus next to Folsom Field. It is open seven days a week and on average 16 hours a day with most of its facilities available for use during those hours.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: The Mary Rippon Theatre is an outdoor theater and the site of many cultural events, notably the Colorado Shakespeare Festival. The Theatre was named after Professor Mary Rippon, the first female instructor at the university and one of the first female university instructors in the United States. She taught German and French. Professor Rippon was so popular with students that when attempts were made to replace her with a male instructor, the student body revolted "en masse", and Rippon kept her job.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: Old Main is the oldest building on campus, and previously served as the Medical School for the University of Colorado system.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: Norlin Library features two art galleries, several dedicated art spaces, and artworks on display throughout the building. The CU Art Museum features works of modern and contemporary art, as well as historical artworks. The Museum's permanent collection includes over 5,000 works of art from numerous time periods and cultures. The UMC Art Gallery exhibits a variety of visual offerings ranging from student works created on campus to presentations of internationally recognized artists. Andrew J. Macky Gallery showcases the work of both local and national artists and is housed in the historic Macky Auditorium.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: University of Colorado Museum of Natural History has one of the most extensive natural history collections in the Rocky Mountain and Plains regions, representing the disciplines of anthropology, botany, entomology, paleontology, and zoology. It is located in the Henderson building, named after its first curator, Judge Junius Henderson, and hosts the Museum and Field Studies master's (MS) program. The CU Heritage Center tells the stories of CU Boulder's past and present and is housed in Old Main, the first building constructed on campus. Seven galleries exhibit art and memorabilia associated with CU faculty and alumni. The Fiske Planetarium and Science Center features a . planetarium dome and produces laser shows, live concerts, and an ongoing series of public programs. Fiske also offers a hands-on science museum with interactive exhibits and space-themed art.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: The University of Colorado Boulder College of Music presents over 400 performances and educational events bringing together faculty, students, and guest artists each year through the Pendulum New Music Series. They present musical genres including classical, jazz, world music, and new music. The University of Colorado Boulder Department of Theatre & Dance is home to the Charlotte York Irey Dance Theatre, the University Theatre, and the Loft Theatre as well as Grusin Music Hall and the Chamber Music Hall in the College of Music. More than twenty productions are presented each year featuring student and faculty actors, dancers, choreographers, directors, and designers, as well as the work of professional guest artists. Student work is also showcased in the annual CU Boulder Fringe Festival, produced by OnStage, a student performing arts group.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: A new visual arts complex that houses the Department of Art and Art History and the CU Art Museum officially opened on September 24, 2010. The new facility houses programming in Art History, Ceramics, Drawing, Foundations, Integrated Art, Painting, Printmaking (screen printing, intaglio, lithography), Sculpture, and Integrated Media Arts Practices (IMAP) including Digital, Photography, and Video Art. The building contains studio classrooms, seminar rooms, a wood-shop with a CNC Machine and metal shop, and a 200-seat auditorium. It also has resources for art and art history majors, including darkrooms, graduate student and faculty studios and offices, as well as twenty-eight student exhibition spaces throughout the facility. Additional resources include the Visual Resources Center, the Exhibitions Program of the CU Art Museum, the Colorado Collection (an art collection of approximately 5,000 pieces), and multiple computing labs.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: The Hill, a college neighborhood in Boulder, Colorado, lies directly west of the University of Colorado campus. The central street of the neighborhood is 13th street, which features a variety of attractions including the renowned concert venue, The Fox Theater and is nearby The Sink and several other attractions.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: The 2022 annual ranking of "U.S. News & World Report" categorizes CU Boulder as "selective". For the Class of 2025 (enrolled fall 2021), CU Boulder received 54,756 applications and accepted 43,576 (79.6%). Of those accepted, 6,785 enrolled, a yield rate (the percentage of accepted students who choose to attend the university) of 15.6%. CU Boulder's freshman retention rate is 87%, with 74% going on to graduate within six years.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: Of the 32% of the incoming freshman class who submitted SAT scores; the middle 50 percent Composite scores were 1180-1380. Of the 16% of enrolled freshmen in 2021 who submitted ACT scores; the middle 50 percent Composite score was between 25 and 31. In the 2020–2021 academic year, 8 freshman students were National Merit Scholars.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: The University of Colorado Boulder is divided into several colleges and schools. While the college of Arts and Sciences is by far the largest, the university also consists of the college of Engineering and Applied Sciences, the Program in Environmental Design, Education, Music, Law, and the Leeds School of Business, plus a new College of Media, Communication, and Information that debuted in 2014. Most, if not all, of these colleges and schools, also incorporate master- and doctorate-level degree programs. At the university, there are currently approximately 3,400 courses available in over 150 disciplines making up 85 majors ranging from Accounting to Women's Studies.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: University of Colorado School of Law is the smallest and most selective of the colleges. The Wolf Law Building, the new home of the Law School, was dedicated on September 8, 2006, by United States Supreme Court justice Stephen Breyer.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: The Leeds School of Business has an enrollment of 3,300 students including undergraduates, master's candidates, and Ph.D. candidates. The undergraduate program ranks 39th in the country and the undergraduate entrepreneurship program ranks 14th in the nation. The MBA program ranks 26th among all public universities. The faculty are ranked 38th in the nation according to the Academy of Management Journal.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: CU Boulder adopted an honor code in 2000 following growing concerns about academic dishonesty on campus in the late 1990s. A copy of the code stating "On my honor, as a University of Colorado Boulder student, I have neither given nor received unauthorized assistance on this work" is engraved on a metal plate and posted in every classroom on campus.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: Undergraduates who seek an academic challenge may participate in CU's Honors Program. Begun in 1931, the Honors Program currently consists of the top ten percent of incoming freshmen and participating undergraduates with a 3.3 GPA or greater (on a 4.0 scale). The program offers over 40 honors classes each semester taught by tenured or tenure-track professors and limited to class sizes of 15 students. Honors students also have the opportunity to graduate with honors, high honors, and highest honors, by writing and defending a thesis during their senior year. The program extends into the residence halls through the Kittredge Honors Program. The Presidents Leadership Class is a program for top scholars at the University of Colorado Boulder. Scholars participate in a four-year leadership development program. The program provides opportunities to the top fifty students at CU from every major and discipline.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: One option for students (mostly freshman and sophomores) living on campus is to join a residential academic program (RAP). Each RAP focuses on a curricular theme and offers courses in the residence hall itself. The programs also include educational activities.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: "U.S. News & World Report" ranked the University of Colorado Boulder tied for 99th best among all national universities, tied for 42nd among public universities in the U.S. for 2022, and 50th best among all universities globally for 2020. The Center for World University Rankings ranked CU Boulder 19th among U.S. public comprehensive institutions and 63rd overall in the world in its 2014 ranking of the top 100 degree-granting institutions of higher education.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: Fifteen CU Boulder graduate school specialty programs are ranked in the top 50 in the nation by "U.S. News & World Report" in 2020. CU Boulder's atomic/molecular/optical physics program is ranked second nationally. Other CU Boulder programs ranking in the top 10 are environmental law (8), ceramics (5), quantum physics (6), physical chemistry (10), and aerospace engineering (10). "U.S. News & World Report" also ranked the Education school 29th, the Engineering school tied for 23rd, the Law school tied for 45th, and the Business school tied for 79th for 2020.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: In 2015, Thomson-Reuters ranked the University of Colorado system as the 28th most innovative educational institution in the world.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: In 2015, "Sierra Magazine" ranked CU Boulder 52nd in its "Coolest Schools" in America list for campus sustainability and climate change efforts.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: , there were more than 3,800 tenured or tenure-eligible faculty members, as well as 4,400 non-tenured adjunct professors and instructors. Current faculty include Nobel laureates David J. Wineland (physics 2012), John Hall (physics, 2005), Eric Cornell (physics, 2001), and Thomas Robert Cech (chemistry, 1989). Carl Wieman was also awarded a Nobel prize for his work with Eric Cornell. He maintains a part-time appointment at the University of Colorado Boulder but his primary appointment is Professor and Director of the Carl Wieman Science Education Initiative at the University of British Columbia. Controversial writer Ward Churchill was a professor of ethnic studies until he was terminated in July 2007. Robert T. Craig an International Communication Association Fellow and author of "Communication Theory as a Field" is a professor in the Communication Department. Professer Emerita Susan Kingsley Kent is the Chair of the Department of Religious Studies.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: The Center for Advanced Engineering and Technology Education (CAETE) is a partnership between the College of Engineering and Applied Science and the Division of Continuing Education and Professional Studies at the University of Colorado Boulder. As the distance learning and professional studies arm of the College of Engineering and Applied Science, CAETE provides courses from the college to working professionals via the Internet and CD-ROM. Students can take courses for professional development or toward earning a master's degree or graduate certificate (in some disciplines) in aerospace engineering, computer science, electrical, computer and energy engineering, engineering management, and telecommunications. Founded in 1983, CAETE currently receives over 1,000 enrollments a year from over 250 job sites in Colorado, across the nation, and abroad.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: The "CU Independent" is the award-winning, student-run news publication for the University of Colorado Boulder. It has been digital-only since 2006, one of the first major college newspapers to drop its print edition. The publication has a staff of about 60 editors, reporters, and photographers who are responsible for producing new content to update the website at least once a day during the fall and spring semesters. Most contributors are journalism majors, but other CU programs are represented as well. A managing editor and an editor-in-chief oversee the website. The "CU Independent" serves as a testing pad for community news and multimedia.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: 1000-Word Philosophy is a philosophy blog that publishes introductory 1000-word (or less) essays on philosophical topics.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: Most of the authors are the students and graduates of the CU Boulder. The blog is created and edited by Andrew D. Chapman, a philosophy lecturer at this university. The essays generally include references or sources for more information.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: "What’s Wrong?" is the "not quite official" blog of the University of Colorado, Boulder's Center for Values and Social Policy. It is edited by David Boonin, professor of philosophy and Associate Dean for Arts and Humanities. The blog's purpose is to provide "a forum for discussing and reporting on topics in applied normative philosophy".


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: CU Boulder's research mission is supported by 11 research institutes within the university. Each research institute supports faculty from multiple academic departments, allowing institutes to conduct truly multidisciplinary research.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: The Institute for Behavioral Genetics (IBG) is a research institute within the Graduate School dedicated to conducting and facilitating research on the genetic and environmental bases of individual differences in behavior. After its founding in 1967 IBG led the resurging interest in genetic influences on behavior. IBG was the first post-World War II research institute dedicated to research in behavioral genetics. IBG remains one of the top research facilities for research in behavioral genetics, including human behavioral genetics, psychiatric genetics, quantitative genetics, statistical genetics, and animal behavioral genetics.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: The Institute of Cognitive Science (ICS) at CU Boulder promotes interdisciplinary research and training in cognitive science. ICS is highly interdisciplinary; its research focuses on education, language processing, emotion, and higher-level cognition using experimental methods. It is home to a state-of-the-art fMRI system used to collect neuroimaging data.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: ATLAS Institute is a center for interdisciplinary research and academic study, where engineering, computer science and robotics are blended with design-oriented topics. Part of CU Boulder's College of Engineering and Applied Science, the institute offers academic programs at the undergraduate, master's and doctoral levels, and administers research labs, hacker and makerspaces, and a black box experimental performance studio. At the beginning of the 2018–2019 academic year, approximately 1,200 students were enrolled in ATLAS academic programs and the institute sponsored six research labs.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: In addition to IBG, ICS and ATLAS, the university's other institutes include Biofrontiers Institute, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research (INSTAAR), Institute of Behavioral Science (IBS) JILA, Laboratory for Atmospheric & Space Physics (LASP), Renewable & Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), and the University of Colorado Museum of Natural History.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: The University of Colorado Student Government (CUSG) is the student government for the University of Colorado Boulder. The government contains three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. Presiding officers for the student government are elected in a bi-annual vote administered to the 30,000 students at the university. The student government has an autonomy agreement with the University Administration and oversees an annual budget of $36.6 million. CUSG is responsible for the management of the University Student Union, the Recreation Center, the LGBTQ Resource Center, the Women's Resource Center, and the Wardenburg Health Center, along with various other facilities on campus. The government also oversees the fiscal appropriations of over 120 student groups on a yearly basis.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: Founded in December 2015, CU Gaming is the University of Colorado's largest student organization with over 3,500 current members. The organization offers biweekly and monthly events for its members as well as the general student population at CU. CU Gaming offers leadership, career, and internship opportunities for members who are interested in working in the gaming and esports industries.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: CU Esports, CU Gaming's sister organization, fields over a dozen teams in a variety of games. In November 2020, CU Esports' Valorant Black Team was crowned the Collegiate Valorant Conference Fall 2020 Series Champions after defeating UCF Esports 2–1 in the finals.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: Founded in May 1919, the Hiking Club is the longest running student organization at the University of Colorado Boulder. It is a non-profit, student-run organization for university students and affiliates interested in hiking and outdoors activities, with hundreds of active members on campus.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: The club motto, "half mile more," dates back to the 1940s of the club's tradition-rich history. A slide show of the club's activities is shown on campus during semi-annual new member meetings and the alumni association meets annually.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: KVCU AM-1190, popularly known as Radio 1190, is a college radio station affiliated with the University of Colorado Boulder. Staff of the station are compensated with funds provided by the University of Colorado Student Union while operating funds are raised during biannual on-air pledge drives. It is also run by volunteers from the journalism program.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: Boulder Freeride is the ski and snowboard club at the University of Colorado Boulder. It was started in 1933, and has thrived as the largest student-run, nonprofit organization on CU's campus. It was designed to promote skiing, and later, snowboarding at the University of Colorado Boulder campus.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: Boulder Freeride is active year-round. Fall activities include a camping trip, BBQs, popular ski and snowboard movie premieres, and one of the year's biggest events, Welcome Freeriders.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: Boulder Freeride organizes a number of ski trips each year. Past trips have included a Thanksgiving trip to Steamboat Springs, Colorado, an annual trip to Aspen, Colorado to see the X Games, spring break trips to Innsbruck, Austria, Whistler, BC and Chamonix, France, and summer surf trips to South America.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: Founded in 1983 by Jim Castagneri, the cycling team was taken to the national championships in 1987 by 1992 Olympian John Stenner. The CU cycling team frequently ranks in the top five USA Cycling Collegiate teams in both road cycling and mountain biking disciplines. They have won the national championship on several occasions, including 2005, when they won in both disciplines. Many members of the club have gone on into professional cycling, including Sepp Kuss and Tyler Hamilton.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: The team is open to any student who pays annual dues and meets a minimum amount of credits during the semester. The members include nearly every different type of cyclist, from BMX riders, trials, and bicycle commuters to elite amateur or part-time professional road and mountain riders. Specifically, to qualify for road or mountain nationals, a rider must have enough high race results to upgrade to "A" category in the USA Cycling rankings. A number of "A" riders will be chosen by the coaches to represent CU at the National Championships. The number of riders the team is allowed to send is based on how well the team did overall during the season.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: Established in 1953, Program Council is a student-run group that coordinates concerts and movies played on campus throughout the year. Program Council mainly focuses on organizing concerts around campus. Over the years, this group has brought such acts as The Rolling Stones, The Who, Dave Matthews Band, Pearl Jam, R.E.M., The Ramones, Henry Rollins, and many more to the University of Colorado. Concerts vary in size ranging from large-scale concerts to smaller local acts, some of which are free to attend. Besides concerts, Program Council also hosts a film series throughout the year which allows students to see soon-to-be-released movies as well as cult classics for free in one of the large lecture halls on campus.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: The Herd is one of the largest student alumni groups in the nation, with over 6,000 members. The Herd's main goal is increasing school spirit. It encourages students to attend school activities such as sports games and club meetings. The Herd also sponsors discounted bus rides to the ski slopes, discounts around Boulder, and football pre-game parties. Sixteen student leaders run the group; the group is open to currently enrolled students.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: The Volunteer Resource Center is a student-funded organization aimed towards promoting volunteerism in the Boulder community. They provide a database with volunteer opportunities of 250 organizations around campus and in the Boulder area. The CU Boulder campus was recently one of 3 U.S. Universities to receive the Presidential Award for Exemplary Student Community Service in 2008. The Volunteer Resource Center hosts or participates in special volunteer events and activities including Alternative Breaks, Better Boulder Better World, and The Buffalo Can Challenge. The Volunteer Resource Center is also a yearly Volunteer Internship Program which engages six selected students through an interview process to create events aimed at involving more freshmen in volunteering, effectively managing all logistics of the event, and implementing the events on campus.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: The Panhellenic sorority community consists of ten Panhellenic sororities (Alpha Phi, Alpha Chi Omega, Delta Gamma, Kappa Kappa Gamma, Pi Beta Phi, Delta Delta Delta, Chi Omega, Kappa Alpha Theta, Gamma Phi Beta, and the newest Phi Mu) and three associate, local-interest, chapters (Alpha Delta Chi, Phi Sigma Rho, and Sigma Alpha Epsilon Pi). The men's fraternities at the University of Colorado are not officially affiliated with the school; however, they are still a presence on campus. Students who participate in Greek Life account for about 13% of the undergraduate student body. The recruitment process consists of four datebooks, dressing from more casual to formal as the datebooks progress. The first day is the introduction, the second day is philanthropy, the third day is skit night, and the fourth day is preference night. Most of CU-Boulder active Greek organizations in the Panhellenic and Interfraternity Councils have large traditional Greek houses primarily for members to utilize.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: There is also a Multicultural Greek Council that is composed of Asian Greek letter organizations, Latino/a Greek letter organizations, and multicultural Greek-letter organizations. The MGC acts as a liaison between the member organizations and university administration and promotes unity between the organizations and the college community.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: Started in 2008 by CU-Boulder students, Left Right TIM is the Boulder area's premier and longest-running improv comedy team, performing a weekly improvised comedy show every Friday during the university's academic year in the Hale Anthropology Building Room 270 of the school's campus. The team accepts new members every year and has performed in cities around the country as well as opening for established stand-up comedians and improv theaters. On February 23, 2018, the group celebrated its 10-year anniversary.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: A few years after Left Right TIM was founded, Camden Johnson, a member of LRT, saw the need for an organization to cater to beginners and comedy novices who were interested in improv. He founded the Umbrella Improv Initiative, or the "Umbrella Academy", which selected student coaches to teach a new team of 10 to 12 improvisers based on the Upright Citizens Brigade's style of improv. Over the course of a 12-week semester, the group was given a crash course in short form and long form improve comedy, culminating with a debut show at the end of the term in Hale 270. Since its founding in 2011, Umbrella has graduated over a dozen "Generations" of improvisers, and the organization continues to grow, with Gen 17 set to begin in the fall of 2019.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: Sports teams at the school are called Buffaloes. The varsity athletic teams participate in the NCAA's Division I (FBS for football, see Bowl Championship Series) as a member of the Pac-12 Conference. The school officially joined the Pac-12 on July 1, 2011, ending its affiliation with the Big 12 Conference. (CU had previously been a member of the former Big Eight Conference, whose members had merged with four schools of the former Southwest Conference to create the new Big 12 Conference in 1996.) The official school colors are silver and gold, as opposed to the common belief of black and gold. Silver and gold were chosen to represent the state's mineral wealth, but the colors did not look good together on the uniforms, so black was substituted. There are three official fight songs: "Glory Colorado", "Go Colorado", and "Fight CU." In the early 1980s, the Board of Regents changed the school colors to sky blue and gold; but the changed proved highly unpopular with students and alumni, and the colors were changed back after 1985.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: In 1934, the university teams were officially nicknamed the "Buffaloes." Previous nicknames used by the press included the "Silver Helmets" and "Frontiersmen." The final game of 1934, against the University of Denver, saw the first running of a buffalo in a Colorado football game. A buffalo calf was rented from a local ranch and ran along the sidelines.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: CU's varsity teams have won national championships in skiing, men's cross country, women's cross country, and football. Conference championships have also been won in several sports. Several club sports, such as cycling, swimming & diving, and triathlon, have won national championships in addition to the varsity teams.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: In football, CU enjoys an in-state rivalry with the Colorado State Rams in the "Rocky Mountain Showdown", a game that is played at the neutral site Empower Field at Mile High. Additionally, Colorado and former Big Eight and Big 12 rival Nebraska Cornhuskers have played some notable games, often finishing their respective seasons in nationally televised confrontations on the Friday following Thanksgiving since the 1990s. This ended after the 2010 season as a result of CU joining the Pac-12 and Nebraska joining the Big Ten Conference.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: Colorado once had rivalries with the Utah Utes and the Air Force Falcons, but these have not been played in recent years. However, the Utah rivalry was renewed in 2011, as the Utes also joined the Pac-10 (which became the Pac-12).


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: The CU ski team has won 20 National Championships at the Division I level. The sport is not sponsored by the Pac-12 Conference, however (nor was it sponsored by the Big 12).


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: CU also maintains one of the largest club sports departments in the U.S. It supports over 30 club teams with leading clubs such as both men's and women's water polo, crew, cycling, ultimate, swimming & diving, fencing, men's lacrosse, baseball, softball, ice hockey, rugby union, and the CU Triathlon Team.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: CU also includes a spirit program. The spirit program consists of three teams: two cheerleading squads, and the CU Express Dance Team. The cheerleading program consists of a competitive co-ed squad as well as a competitive all-girl squad. Both the cheerleading squad and the Express Dance Team compete at NCA/NDA College Nationals. In 2007, the cheerleading squad finished sixth at NCA Nationals in Daytona Beach, Florida. All squads support the home games of football, Women's Basketball, Men's Basketball, and Women's Volleyball teams, along with other athletic and social events.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: The school's live mascot is a female American Bison named Ralphie. The costumed mascot CHIP is also a part of the CU Spirit Program. CHIP is a costumed buffalo that represents the University of Colorado at numerous athletic and social events. Along with the Cheer and Dance Program, CHIP competes on a national level once a year against mascots from around the country, including Bucky Badger, Sparty, Aubie, Goldy Gopher and many other Hall of Fame mascots. Most recently CHIP competed in the 2009 UCA national competition and was crowned #1, and the national champion after performing a skit titled "CHIP's Favorite Video Games".


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: CU Boulder offers a variety of political student organizations which cover the full spectrum of politics. Among them are Amnesty International, which focuses on human rights worldwide, as well as the College Democrats and the College Republicans. The University of Colorado also offers many clubs promoting diversity and human rights, such as the Gay Straight Alliance. Students can also choose from a plethora of clubs and organizations centered on ethnicities and countries, as well as different religious groups. CU Boulder also maintains one of the nation's most competitive student-run parliamentary debate programs. In 2010, CU Boulder became the first fully student-run program to win the National Parliamentary Tournament of Excellence (NPTE).


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: As of Fall 2021, there were 35,897 students enrolled. 66.2 percent of the student population identifies as white and 56.9% are Colorado residents and 10.1% are California residents. Most students at CU Boulder are aligned with the American political left. A 2014 survey stated that 16.3% of the students are registered as members of the Republican Party, along with 10.5% of CU Boulder non-faculty staff and 6% of CU Boulder faculty.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: In May 2021, CU Boulder announced the investment of $25 million over the next five years to diversity programs including the recruitment, retention, and support for students, faculty, and staff coming from underrepresented communities.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: The University of Colorado Boulder ranks fourth among U.S. universities in the number of astronauts produced, not including military academies. In addition, the University of Colorado Boulder has graduated two Heads of State: Mongolian President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj and Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf; and two associate justices of the Supreme Court of the United States: Wiley Rutledge and Byron White. Indian-American astronaut Kalpana Chawla was also an alumna, as was the filmmaker and director Monty Miranda. Yolanda Shea, a research scientist at NASA Langley Research Center, is also an alumnus.


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: The Charles and Mildred Nilon Teacher Education Scholarship Fund honors Charles and Mildred Nilon, CU's first African American professor and librarian, respectively. The scholarship is designated for students who are “committed to advancing educational opportunities in under-resourced schools, especially those that serve African American communities.”


title: University of Colorado Boulder

text: The Lucile Berkeley Buchanan Scholarship was created to honor Lucile Berkeley Buchanan, CU's first African American female graduate who graduated in 1918.


title: Hammersmith

text: Hammersmith is a district of West London, England, southwest of Charing Cross. It is the administrative centre of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, and identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.


title: Hammersmith

text: It is bordered by Shepherd's Bush to the north, Kensington to the east, Chiswick to the west, and Fulham to the south, with which it forms part of the north bank of the River Thames. The area is one of west London's main commercial and employment centres, and has for some decades been a major centre of London's Polish community. It is a major transport hub for west London, with two London Underground stations and a bus station at Hammersmith Broadway.


title: Hammersmith

text: Hammersmith may mean "(Place with) a hammer smithy or forge", although, in 1839, Thomas Faulkner proposed that the name derived from two 'Saxon' words: the initial "Ham" from ham and the remainder from hythe, alluding to Hammersmith's riverside location. In 1922, Gover proposed that the prefix was a personal name, Heahmaer or Hæmar, and stating that the suffix must be Anglo-Saxon from -myðe, meaning the junction of two rivers, as Hammersmith Creek merged with the Thames here. The earliest spelling is Hamersmyth in 1294, with alternative spellings of Hameresmithe in 1312, Hamyrsmyth in 1535, and Hammersmith 1675.


title: Hammersmith

text: The district was a chapelry of the ancient parish of Fulham, but became a fully independent parish in 1631. In the early 1660s, Hammersmith's first parish church, which later became St Paul's, was built by Sir Nicholas Crispe who ran the brickworks in Hammersmith. It contained a monument to Crispe as well as a bronze bust of King Charles I by Hubert Le Sueur. In 1696 Sir Samuel Morland was buried there. The church was completely rebuilt in 1883, but the monument and bust were transferred to the new church.


title: Hammersmith

text: In 1745, two Scots, James Lee and Lewis Kennedy, established the Vineyard Nursery, over six acres devoted to landscaping plants. During the next hundred and fifty years the nursery introduced many new plants to England, including fuchsia and the standard rose tree.


title: Hammersmith

text: 1804 saw the trial of Francis Smith for the murder of Thomas Millwood in Beaver Lane, Hammersmith. Called the Hammersmith Ghost murder case, it set a unique standard in English legal history.


title: Hammersmith

text: In 1868, Hammersmith was the name of a parish, and of a suburban district, within the hundred of Ossulstone, in the county of Middlesex. Major industrial sites included the Osram lamp factory at Brook Green, the J. Lyons factory (which at one time employed 30,000 people). During both World Wars, Waring & Gillow's furniture factory, in Cambridge Grove, became the site of aircraft manufacture.


title: Hammersmith

text: Hammersmith Borough Council had provided the borough with electricity since the early twentieth century from Hammersmith power station. Upon nationalisation of the electricity industry in 1948 ownership passed to the British Electricity Authority and later to the Central Electricity Generating Board. Electricity connections to the national grid rendered the 20 megawatt (MW) coal-fired power station redundant. It closed in 1965; in its final year of operation it delivered 5,462 MWh of electricity to the borough.


title: Hammersmith

text: Hammersmith is located at the confluence of one of the arterial routes out of central London (the A4) with several local feeder roads and a bridge over the Thames. The focal point of the district is the commercial centre (the Broadway Centre) located at this confluence, which houses a shopping centre, bus station, an Underground station and an office complex.


title: Hammersmith

text: Stretching about westwards from this centre is King Street, Hammersmith's main shopping street. Named after John King, Bishop of London, it contains a second shopping centre (Livat Hammersmith), many small shops, the town hall, the Lyric Theatre, a cinema, the Polish community centre and two hotels. King Street is supplemented by other shops along Shepherds Bush Road to the north, Fulham Palace Road to the south and Hammersmith Road to the east. Hammersmith's office activity takes place mainly to the eastern side of its centre, along Hammersmith Road and in the Ark, an office complex to the south of the flyover which traverses the area.


title: Hammersmith

text: Charing Cross Hospital on Fulham Palace Road is a large multi-disciplinary NHS hospital with accident & emergency and teaching departments run by the Imperial College School of Medicine.


title: Hammersmith

text: "The Ark" office building, designed by British architect Ralph Erskine and completed in 1992, has some resemblance to the hull of a sailing ship. Hammersmith Bridge Road Surgery was designed by Guy Greenfield.


title: Hammersmith

text: 22 St Peter's Square, the former Royal Chiswick Laundry and Island Records HQ, has been converted to architects' studios and offices by Lifschutz Davidson Sandilands. It has a Hammersmith Society Conservation award plaque (2009) and has been included in tours in Architecture Week.


title: Hammersmith

text: Several of Hammersmith's pubs are listed buildings, including the "Black Lion", "The Dove", "The George", "The Hop Poles", the "Hope and Anchor", the "Salutation Inn" and "The Swan", as are Hammersmith's two parish churches, St Paul's (the town's original church, rebuilt in the 1890s) and St Peter's, built in the 1820s.


title: Hammersmith

text: Riverside Studios is a cinema, performance space, bar and cafe. Originally film studios, Riverside Studios were used by the BBC from 1954 to 1975 for television productions. The Lyric Hammersmith Theatre is just off King Street.


title: Hammersmith

text: Hammersmith Apollo concert hall and theatre (formerly the Carling Hammersmith Apollo, the Hammersmith Odeon, and before that the Gaumont Cinema) is just south of the gyratory.


title: Hammersmith

text: The former Hammersmith Palais nightclub has been demolished and the site reused as student accommodation.


title: Hammersmith

text: The Polish Social and Cultural Association is on King Street. It contains a theatre, an art gallery and several restaurants. Its library has one of the largest collections of Polish-language books outside Poland.


title: Hammersmith

text: "The Dove" is a riverside pub with what the "Guinness Book of Records" listed as the smallest bar room in the world, in 2016 surviving as a small space on the right of the bar. the pub was frequented by Ernest Hemingway and Graham Greene; James Thomson lodged and likely wrote "Rule Britannia" here. The narrow alley in which it stands is the only remnant of the riverside village of Hammersmith, the bulk of which was demolished in the 1930s. Furnivall Gardens, which lies to the east, covers the site of Hammersmith Creek and the High Bridge.


title: Hammersmith

text: Leisure activity also takes place along Hammersmith's pedestrianised riverside, home to the pubs of Lower Mall, rowing clubs and the riverside park of Furnival Gardens. Hammersmith has a municipal park, Ravenscourt Park, to the west of the centre. Its facilities include tennis courts, a basketball court, a bowling lawn, a paddling pool, and playgrounds.


title: Hammersmith

text: Hammersmith is the historical home of the West London Penguin Swimming and Water Polo Club, formerly known as the "Hammersmith Penguin Swimming Club".


title: Hammersmith

text: Hammersmith Chess Club has been active in the borough since it was formed in 1962. It was initially based in Westcott Lodge, later moving to St Paul's Church, then to Blythe House and now Lytton Hall, near West Kensington tube station.


title: Hammersmith

text: The area is on the main A4 trunk road heading west from central London towards the M4 motorway and Heathrow Airport. The A4, a busy commuter route, passes over the area's main road junction, Hammersmith Gyratory System, on a long viaduct, the Hammersmith Flyover. Hammersmith Bridge closed in August 2020 to pedestrians, cyclists and road traffic, severing the link with Barnes in the southwest. Its cast iron pedestals that hold the suspension system in place had become unsafe.


title: Hammersmith

text: The centre of Hammersmith is served by two London Underground stations named Hammersmith: one is served by the Hammersmith & City and Circle lines and the other is served by the Piccadilly and District lines. The latter station is part of a larger office, retail and transport development, locally known as "The Broadway Centre". Hammersmith Broadway stretches from the junction of Queen Caroline Street and King Street in the west to the junction of Hammersmith Road and Butterwick in the east. It forms the north side of the gyratory system also known as Hammersmith Roundabout. The Broadway Shopping Centre includes a major bus station. The length of King Street places the westernmost shops and offices closest to Ravenscourt Park Underground station on the District line, one stop west of Hammersmith itself.


title: Hammersmith

text: The first Hammersmith Bridge was designed by William Tierney Clark and opened in 1827 and was the first suspension bridge crossing the River Thames. It was redesigned by Joseph Bazalgette, and reopened in 1887. In August 2020, it closed to pedestrians, cyclists and road traffic as the cast iron pedestals that hold the suspension system in place became unsafe. Work began to improve the structural integrity of the bridge in 2022.


title: Hammersmith

text: Hammersmith features in Charles Dickens' "Great Expectations" as the home of the Pocket family. Pip resides with the Pockets in their house by the river and goes boating on the river.


title: Hammersmith

text: William Morris's utopian novel "News from Nowhere" (1890) describes a journey up the river from Hammersmith towards Oxford.


title: Hammersmith

text: In 1930, Gustav Holst composed "Hammersmith", a work for military band (later rewritten for orchestra), reflecting his impressions of the area, having lived across the river in Barnes for nearly forty years. It begins with a haunting musical depiction of the River Thames flowing underneath Hammersmith Bridge. Holst taught music at St Paul's Girls' School and composed many of his most famous works there, including his "The Planets" suite. A music room in the school is named after him. Holst dedicates "Hammersmith": "To the Author of "The Water Gypsies.""


title: Narmada River

text: The Narmada River, also called the Reva and previously also known as "Narbada" or anglicised as "Nerbudda", is the 5th longest river and overall longest west-flowing river in India. It is also the largest flowing river in the state of Madhya Pradesh. This river flows through the states of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat in India. It is also known as the "Life Line of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat" due to its huge contribution to the two states in many ways. The Narmada River rises from the Amarkantak Plateau in Anuppur district Madhya Pradesh. It forms the traditional boundary between North India and South India and flows westwards over a length of before draining through the Gulf of Khambhat into the Arabian Sea, west of Bharuch city of Gujarat.


title: Narmada River

text: It is one of only two major rivers in peninsular India that runs from east to west (longest west flowing river), along with the Tapti River. It is one of the rivers in India that flows in a rift valley, bordered by the Satpura and Vindhya ranges. As a rift valley river, the Narmada does not form a delta; Rift valley rivers form estuaries. Other rivers which flow through the rift valley include the Damodar River in Chota Nagpur Plateau and Tapti. The Tapti River and Mahi River also flow through rift valleys, but between different ranges. It flows through the states of Madhya Pradesh (), and Maharashtra, (), () (actually along the border between Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra () and then the border between Maharashtra and Gujarat () and in Gujarat ().


title: Narmada River

text: The Periplus Maris Erythraei (c. 80 AD) called the river the Namnadius (Ναμνάδιος), Ptolemy called it Namadus (Νάμαδος) and Namades (Ναμάδης) and the British Raj called it the Nerbudda or Narbada. Narmada is a Sanskrit word meaning "The Giver of Pleasure""."


title: Narmada River

text: The source of the Narmada is a small reservoir, known as the Narmada Kund, located at Amarkantak on the Amarkantak Plateau in the Anuppur District, Shahdol zone of eastern Madhya Pradesh. The river descends from Sonmuda, then falls over a cliff as Kapildhara waterfall and meanders in the hills, flowing through a tortuous course crossing the rocks and islands up to the ruined palace of Ramnagar. Between Ramnagar and Mandla, (), further southeast, the course is comparatively straight with deep water devoid of rocky obstacles. The Banger joins from the left. The river then runs north–west in a narrow loop towards Jabalpur. Close to this city, after a fall of some (), called the Dhuandhara, the fall of mist, it flows for (), in a deep narrow channel through the magnesium limestone and basalt rocks called the Marble Rocks; from a width of about , above, it is compressed in this channel of (), only. Beyond this point up to its meeting the Arabian Sea, the Narmada enters three narrow valleys between the Vindhya scarps in the north and the Satpura range in the South. The southern extension of the valley is wider at most places. These three valley sections are separated by the closely approaching line of the scarps and the Satpura hills.


title: Narmada River

text: Emerging from the Marble Rocks the river enters its first fertile basin, which extends about , with an average width of , in the south. In the north, the valley is limited to the Barna–Bareli plain terminating at Barkhara Hills opposite Hoshangabad. However, the hills again recede in the Kannod plains. The banks are about () high. It is in the first valley of the Narmada that many of its important tributaries from the south join it and bring the waters of the northern slopes of the Satpura Hills. Among them are: the Sher, the Shakkar, the Dudhi, the Tawa (biggest tributary) and the Ganjal. The Hiran, the Barna, the Choral, the Karam and the Lohar are the important tributaries joining from the north.


title: Narmada River

text: Below Handia and Nemawar to Hiran fall (the deer's leap), the river is approached by hills from both sides. In this stretch the character of the river is varied. The Omkareshwar island, sacred to the Lord Shiva, is the most important river island in Madhya Pradesh. At first, the descent is rapid and the stream, quickening in pace, rushes over a barrier of rocks. The Sikta and the Kaveri join it below the Khandwa plain. At two points, at Mandhar, about below Nemawar, and Dadrai, further down near Punasa, the river falls over a height of about .


title: Narmada River

text: A few kilometres further down in Barwaha the Narmada enters the Mandleshwar plain, the second basin about long and wide in the south. The northern strip of the basin is only . The second valley section is broken only by Saheshwar Dhara fall. The early course of about up to Markari falls is met with a succession of cataracts and rapids from the elevated table land of Malwa to the low level of Gujarat plain. Towards the west of this basin, the hills draw very close but soon dwindle down.


title: Narmada River

text: Below Makrai, the river flows between Vadodara district and Narmada district and then meanders through the rich plain of Bharuch district of Gujarat state. The banks are high between the layers of old alluvial deposits, hardened mud, gravels of nodular limestone and sand. The width of the river spans from about at Makrai to near Bharuch and to an estuary of at the Gulf of Cambay. An old channel of the river, to south from the present one, is very clear below Bharuch. The Karanjan and the Orsing are the most important tributaries in the original course. The former joins at Rundh and the latter at Vyas in Vadodara district of Gujarat, opposite each other and form a Triveni (confluence of three rivers) on the Narmada. The Amaravati and the Bhukhi are other tributaries of significance. Opposite the mouth of the Bhukhi is a large drift called Alia Bet or Kadaria Bet.


title: Narmada River

text: The tidal rise is felt up to above Bharuch, where the neap tides rise to about a metre and spring tide . The river is navigable for vessels of the burthen of 95 tonnes (i.e., 380 Bombay candies) up to Bharuch and for vessels up to 35 tonnes (140 Bombay candies) up to Shamlapitha or Ghangdia. The small vessels (10 tonnes) voyage up to Tilakawada in Gujarat. There are sand bases and shoals at mouth and at Bharuch. The nearby island of Kabirvad, in the Narmada River, features a gigantic Banyan tree, which covers .


title: Narmada River

text: The Narmada basin, hemmed between Vindya and Satpura ranges, extends over an area of and lies between east longitudes 72 degrees 32' to 81 degrees 45' and north latitudes 21 degrees 20' to 23 degrees 45' lying on the northern extremity of the Deccan Plateau. The basin covers large areas in the states of Madhya Pradesh (82%), Gujarat (12%) and a comparatively smaller area (4%) in Maharashtra and in (2%) in Chhattisgarh. In the river course of explained above, there are 41 tributaries, out of which 22 are from the Satpura range and the rest on the right bank are from the Vindhya range. Dhupgarh (1,350 m), near Pachmarhi is the highest point of the Narmada basin.


title: Narmada River

text: The basin has five well defined physiographic regions. They are:(1) The upper hilly areas covering the districts of Shahdol, Mandla, Durg, Balaghat and Seoni, (2) The upper plains covering the districts of Jabalpur, Narsinghpur, Sagar, Damoh, Chhindwara, Hosangabad, Betul, Raisen and Sehore, (3) The middle plains covering the districts of Khandwa, part of Khargone, Dewas, Indore and Dhar, (4) The lower hilly areas covering part of the west Nimar, Jhabua, [[Dhulia] Maharashtra], [[Narmada district|Narmada]] and parts of [[Vadodara district|Vadodara]], and (5) the lower plains covering mainly the districts of Narmada, [[Bharuch district|Bharuch]], and parts of [[Vadodara district]]. The hill regions are well forested. The upper, middle and lower plains are broad and fertile areas, well suited for cultivation. The Narmada basin mainly consists of black soils. The coastal plains in Gujarat are composed of [[alluvial]] [[clay]]s with a layer of black soils on the surface.


title: Narmada River

text: The valley experiences extremes of [[hydrometeorological]] and [[climatic]] conditions with the upper catchment having an annual [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] in the range of to and with half or even less than half in its lower regions (–); the diversity of vegetation from lush green in the upper region to dry [[deciduous]] [[teak]] forest vegetation in the lower region is testimony to this feature.


title: Narmada River

text: About 270 million years ago, the continents existed in two large masses and [[India]] was a part of the southern continental mass commonly known as [[Gondwana]]. Between the two continents, a large sea, [[Tethys Ocean|Tethys]] existed. Presently the [[Himalayas]] and the [[Tibetan Plateau]] have taken the position of the ancient [[Tethys Ocean]]. The Gondwana was intruded by few large [[marine transgressions]]. A deep gulf or sea existed along the [[Sindh]]-[[Baluchistan]] and [[Kutchh|Kutch]]. At one time, a marine ravine penetrated the very centre of Peninsular India through a narrow inlet along the present valley of Narmada. During this time [[India]] was divided into two halves by narrow strips of marine transgressions and there was no land communication between the Peninsular and northern India. Along the Narmada Valley, several patches of sediments have been deposited which contains ancient remains of animals. These fossils are similar to those found along the tracts of [[Tapti River|Tapi river]]. Such similarity probably suggests that even about 3 million years ago, Narmada and Tapi were confluent and the separate fate of these two rivers was decided by recent earth movements. The [[Bhedaghat]] falls of Narmada, near [[Jabalpur]], was probably created during one such movement. The Narmada Valley is a [[graben]], a layered block of the [[Earth's crust]] that dropped down relative to the blocks on either side due to ancient spreading of the Earth's crust. Two normal [[fault (geology)|faults]], known as the Narmada North fault and Narmada South fault, parallel to the river's course, and mark the boundary between the Narmada block and the Vindhya and Satpura blocks or Horsts which rose relative to the Narmada Graben. The Narmada's watershed includes the northern slopes of the Satpuras, and the steep southern slope of the Vindhyas, but not the Vindhyan [[tableland]], the streams from which flow into the [[Ganges]] and [[Yamuna]].


title: Narmada River

text: Like the Ganges, the Narmada River is a goddess and a river in Hinduism. The [[Matsya Purana]] states that all of the banks along the Narmada are sacred. [[Ptolemy]] called the Narmada River 'Nammadus' and the author of the [[Periplus]] called it 'Nammadios.' The [[Ramayana]], the [[Mahabharat]], and the [[Puranas]] refer to it frequently.


title: Narmada River

text: There are many stories about the origin of the Narmada River. According to the Reva Khand, the Narmada was created from Shiva's perspiration while he was performing penance on Mount Riksha. Due to this, the Narmada River is known as Shiva's daughter. In another legend, two teardrops fell from the eyes of [[Brahma]], the creator of the universe, which yielded two rivers – the Narmada and the [[Son River|Son]].


title: Narmada River

text: Narmada is also considered sacred because of the pebbles known as [[banalinga]] that are found on the river bed. The pebbles are made up of white quartz and are linga shaped. They are believed to be the personified form of Shiva and there is a popular saying, "Narmada Ke Kanker utte Sankar" which means that 'Shiva is in the pebbles of Narmada'.


title: Narmada River

text: [[Adi Shankara]] met his guru [[Govinda Bhagavatpada]] in Omkareshwar, a town on the banks of the Narmada.


title: Narmada River

text: Narmada is also said to have been engaged with the [[Son River|Sonbhadra]], another river flowing on the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. According to the [[Puranas]], the Narmada is also called the Reva, from its leaping motion (from the root 'rev') through its rocky bed.


title: Narmada River

text: Important religious places and [[Ghat]]s along the course of the river, starting from its origin at Narmada Kund at [[Amarkantak]] hill;


title: Narmada River

text: The importance of the Narmada River as sacred is testified by the fact that the pilgrims perform a holy pilgrimage of a [[parikrama]] or [[circumambulation]] of the river. The Narmada Parikrama, as it is called, is considered to be a meritorious act that a pilgrim can undertake. Many [[sadhus]] and pilgrims walk on foot from the [[Arabian Sea]] at Bharuch in Gujarat, along the river, to the source in Maikal Mountains (Amarkantak hills) in Madhya Pradesh and back along the opposite bank of the river. It is a walk. The spiritual journey is usually taken for 3 years, 3 months and 13 days and the pilgrims are stipulated not to cross the river at any point of time. Important towns of interest in the valley are [[Jabalpur]], [[Barwani|Barwaha]], [[Hoshangabad]], Harda, Narmada Nagar, Omkareshwar, Dewas (Nemavar, Kity, Pipri), Mandla and Maheshwar in Madhya Pradesh, and [[Rajpipla]] and Bharuch in Gujarat. Some places of historical interest are Joga Ka Quilla, Chhatri of Baji Rao Peshwa and [[Bhimbetka]], and among the falls are the Dugdhdhara, Dhardi falls, Bheraghat, Dhuandhara, Kapiladhara and Sahastradhara.


title: Narmada River

text: Teak and India's best [[hardwood]] forests are found in the Narmada River basin and they are much older than the ones in the [[Himalayas]]. The lower Narmada River Valley and the surrounding uplands, covering an area of consists of dry [[deciduous]] forests. The [[ecoregion]] lies between moister forests to the northeast, southeast, and southwest, which receive greater rainfall from the southeast [[monsoon]], and the drier forests and [[scrubland]]s of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] to the south and [[Malwa]] and [[Gujarat]] to the west and northwest. The natural vegetation of the region is a three–tiered forest. "[[Teak|Tectona grandis]]" is the dominant canopy tree, in association with "[[Coromandel Ebony|Diospyros melanoxylon]]", Dhaora ("[[Anogeissus latifolia]]"), "Lagerstroemia parviflora", "[[Terminalia tomentosa]]", "Lannea coromandelica", "[[Hardwickia binata]]" and "[[Boswellia serrata]]". [[Riparian]] areas along the regions' rivers and streams, which receive year– round water, are home to moist evergreen forests, whose dominant tree species are "[[Terminalia arjuna]]", "[[Syzygium cumini]]" (Jambul), "[[Syzygium]]" "Heyneanum", "[[Salix tetrasperma]]", "[[Homonoia (plant)|Homonoia riparia]]", and "[[Vitex negundo]]".


title: Narmada River

text: The ecoregion is home to 76 species of [[mammals]] and to 276 bird species, none of which are [[endemism|endemic]]. About 30% of the ecoregion is covered in relatively intact vegetation. The ecoregion includes some large blocks of habitat in the [[Vindhya]] and [[Satpura]] ranges. About 5% of the ecoregion lies within [[protected areas]], including [[Bandhavgarh]], [[Panna, India|Panna]], and [[Sanjay National Park]]s.


title: Narmada River

text: Some of the important national parks and wild life sanctuaries in the valley are the following-: [[Kanha National Park]] located in the upper reaches of Narmada, about from Mandla, boasts of several wild animals including the [[Tiger]]. Two tributaries of Narmada, namely, Hallon and Banjar, flow through this park. It is one of the best National Parks of [[Asia]], which has been described vividly by [[Rudyard Kipling]] in his famous creation "[[The Jungle Book]]".


title: Narmada River

text: [[Satpura National Park]], set up in 1981, is located in [[Hoshangabad district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Its name is derived from Satpura hill ranges (Mahadeo hills) and covers an area of and along with the adjoining Bori and Panchmarhi Sanctuaries, provides of unique central Indian Highland ecosystem. Satpura National Park, being part of a unique ecosystem, is very rich in biodiversity. The fauna comprises tiger, [[leopard]], [[Sambar (deer)|sambar]], [[chital]], bhedki, [[nilgai]], four-horned [[antelope]], [[chinkara]], [[gaur]], [[wild boar]], [[Dhole|wild dog]], [[sloth bear]], [[black buck]], fox, [[porcupine]], [[flying squirrel]], [[mouse deer]], [[Indian giant squirrel]]. There are a variety of birds. [[Hornbill]] and [[peafowl]] are the common birds. The flora of the national park consists of mainly [[Sal tree|sal]], teak, [[Diospyros melanoxylon|tendu]], [[Phyllanthus emblica|aonla]], [[Madhuca longifolia|mahua]], [[Aegle marmelos|bael]], [[bamboo]], and a variety of [[grasses]] and [[medicinal plants]].


title: Narmada River

text: [[Mandla Plant Fossils National Park]], Dindori National [[fossil]]s park Ghughuya is situated in [[Dindori district]] of Madhya Pradesh in India. This national park has plants in fossil form that existed in India anywhere between 40 million and 150 million years ago spread over seven villages of [[Mandla District]] (Ghuguwa, Umaria, Deorakhurd, Barbaspur, Chanti-hills, Chargaon and Deori Kohani). The Mandla Plant Fossils National Park is an area that spreads over . Such fossils are found in three other villages of the district also, but they lie outside the national park.


title: Narmada River

text: One theory is that the area in which the fossils are located, i.e., the Narmada Valley near Mandla, was actually a deep inundation of the sea into [[peninsular India]] till the Post- [[Cambrian]] Tertiary age, about 40 million years ago. This means that Narmada was a very short river which terminated in the inland sea above Mandla, and that the recession of the sea caused geological disturbances, which created the present rift valley through which the Narmada River and Tapti River flow in their present journey to the Arabian Sea. All this, however, is speculation and conjecture because it is only recently that an interest has developed in the fossils of Mandla and detailed scientific studies are still wanting.


title: Narmada River

text: The Pachmarhi [[Biosphere Reserve]] covers part of three civil districts viz., Hoshangabad, [[Betul District|Betul]] and [[Chhindwara]] of Madhya Pradesh. The total area is . It envelops three wildlife conservation units viz., Bori Sanctuary (518.00 km²), Satpura National Park (), and Pachmarhi Sanctuary (). Satpura National Park comprises the core zone and the remaining area of ), surrounding the core zone serves as buffer zone. The area comprises 511 villages. The area exhibits variety of geological rock and soil formations. There is a wide spectrum of [[floral]] and faunal features that occupy the Satpura conservation area. It is one of the oldest forest reserves, which has an established tradition of scientific management of forests. It constitutes a large contiguous forest block that harbours a community of plant and animal species typical of the central highland region.


title: Narmada River

text: Apart from the above national parks, there are also a number of natural preserves such as the Amarkantak, the [[Bagh Caves]] and the [[Bhedaghat]]. In compliance of the Environmental Action Plan for the Narmadasagar and Omkareswar HEPs, as per the recommendations of the [[Wildlife Institute of India]] three new protected areas may be created, which are, a) the Narmada National Park (496.70 km), b) the Surmanya Sanctuary (126.67 km) and c) Omkareshwar Sanctuary (119.96 km) comprising a total area of .


title: Narmada River

text: Shoolpaneshwar Sanctuary in Gujarat, near the Sardar Sarovar dam site, previously called the Dumkal Sloth Bear Sanctuary (old sanctuary has been expanded four times) now covers an area of about , comprises a major watershed feeding the Sardar Sarovar and Karjan reservoir (on the Karjan River, a tributary of Narmada in Gujarat). It is the habitat of mammals and a variety of birds, including [[eagle]]s and [[hawks]].


title: Narmada River

text: The development of the Narmada river has led to the inundation of some archaeological and architectural sites. The Department of Archaeology, Museums and Archives, Government of Madhya Pradesh, undertook rescue excavations in response, and transplanted a number of temples. An attempt to comprehensively list and publish lost sites has been undertaken by Jürgen Neuss. Many Dinosaur fossils have been found in the Narmada valley. The first fossil was discovered in 1828 by William Sleeman. In 1982 fossil remains of "[[Rajasaurus narmadensis]]", which lived in the [[Cretaceous|Cretaceous Period]], was discovered.


title: Narmada River

text: The Narmada river has a huge water resources potential, as much as of average annual flow (more than 90% of this flow occurring during the monsoon months of June – September), which according to estimates is greater than the combined annual flows of the [[Ravi River|Ravi]], [[Beas River|Beas]] and the [[Sutlej]] rivers, which feed the [[Indus]] basin. The 75% dependable flow is .


title: Narmada River

text: Investigations for harnessing the Narmada waters started around the time of independence, when Central Waterways, Irrigation and Navigation Commission (CWINC) identified several storage schemes and in 1948 the Khosla Committee prioritised the proposals and named Tawa, Bargi, Punasa and Bharuch projects (the last three on the main stem of the river) for preparation of reports. The reports were ready by 1963. A parallel study of hydropower potential identified 16 sites with a potential of 1300 MW. While the project in Gujarat, the Baruch Weir project (for which [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] laid the foundation stone in 1961) went through a series of modifications and improvements with a reformed scheme at Navagam village to extend benefits up to the [[Rann of Kutch]], following the bifurcation of the erstwhile [[Bombay state]] into Maharashtra and Gujarat states and Gujarat's intent to raise the height of the dam at Navagam to maximise storage benefits at the cost of submergence of potential hydropower sites in Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh, there was a dispute between the states. It resulted in an impasse in the implementation of the agreed projects at Navagam in Gujarat, Punasa in Madhya Pradesh and Bargi Dam in Madhya Pradesh and power benefit sharing among the states; with Madhya Pradesh refusing to ratify the agreements. To break the logjam, a high level Committee was appointed by the [[Government of India]] (GOI) in September 1964. In 1965, the Committee prepared a Master Plan for the basin, which involved construction of 12 major projects in MP and the Navagam Dam in Gujarat. It provided priority to [[irrigation]] over power; irrigation of in MP, in Maharashtra, in Gujarat and in [[Rajasthan]]. The storages it recommended in MP involved Bargi, Tawa and Narmadasagar (Punasa) while its proposed Navagam high dam would submerge the hydelpower project sites of Jalasindhi (in Maharashtra) and Harinphal (MP) but without any more submergence than would be caused by the three dams if separately constructed. Gujarat endorsed the proposal, but Maharashtra was not willing to go by it. After intense parleys failed to resolve the problem, the GOI decided to set up the Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal (NWDT) in 1969 under the [[Interstate River Water Disputes Act]] 1956 to adjudicate on the dispute relating to sharing of water of the interstate Narmada and its valley.


title: Narmada River

text: After ten years of deliberations, the Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal (NWDT) gave its award in December 1979. The NWDT, considering the development of the water resources of the basin as a whole, gave its award, allocating share of water and Hydro Power of the Sardar Sarovar Project.


title: Narmada River

text: The Tribunal's final order determined the utilisable quantum of Narmada waters to be at 75% dependability and allocated it to the four states, as in Table below, including share of power benefits. It also stipulated the share of water when utilisable flow was in excess of . The Navagam dam height was fixed at full reservoir level (FRL) with a maximum water level of EL feet. The Full Supply Level of the Navagam canal was fixed at . The costsharing formula among the states and the consequent requirement of release of regulated releases from the Narmada Sagar dam by MP was also spelt out. The resettlement and rehabilitation package was also clearly specified with all costs to be borne by Gujarat for all resettlement and rehabilitation work of people affected in the three states and also for relocating any ancient or historic monuments, places of worship or idols likely to suffer submergence.


title: Narmada River

text: The uniqueness of this Award is that a non-riparian state – Rajasthan – has been allocated a share of Narmada waters, for meeting the water requirements of the drought prone districts of [[Barmer district|Barmer]] and [[Jalore district|Jalore]], which have no other source of dependable water. The work on the project did not start soon since extensive studies were undertaken for project designing and with [[World Bank]] getting involved with funding studies and project costs (Loan agreement with GOI of $450 million was signed in May 1985), the Resettlement and Rehabilitation (R&R) package was substantially revised, over and above what was set in the NWDT, and environmental studies had to be undertaken, but the environmental and forest clearances for the projects from the newly formed [[Ministry of Environment and Forests]] (MoE&F) involved extensive interministerial and inter departmental discussions (within the central govt and with state governments) for a substantial period and it was only in June 1987 (almost 8 years after the NWDT award was given in December 1979) that the MoE&F gave a conditional approval to the Sardar Sarovar and Narmada Sagar Projects. The forest clearance was given in September 1987 for Sardar Sarovar only. The clearance also required the work to be done "pari passu" with the construction of the dams and the filling of the reservoir. In the meantime, the Narmada Control Authority (NCA), an inter-State Administrative Authority and the Sardar Sarovar Construction Advisory Committee (SSCAC) were set up in 1980 by the Govt. of India in compliance of the NWDT award; the former organisation was set up in December 1980 as body corporate with representatives from the four party states and India, as a machinery to implement the decisions and directions of the NWDT and the later organisation was set up in Sept. 1980 as a statutory body to ensure efficient, economical and timely execution of the Unit I (dam and appurtenant works) and Unit III (hydropower works) of the [[Sardar Sarovar Project]] (SSP). A Review Committee consisting of the Union Minister for Irrigation (now substituted by Union Minister for Water Resources) as its Chairperson and the Chief Ministers of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan as its members is also in position to review the decisions of the NCA and the SSCAC, as required. For monitoring and implementation of various environmental activities effectively, independent machinery of the Environment Sub-Group is functioning since Nov.1987 under NCA. Similarly, for monitoring the progress of the resettlement and rehabilitation of project affected people, R&R subgroup is also functioning under the NCA. At the state level, Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Limited (SSNL) in Gujarat has the mandate to implement and manage the Sardar Sarovar multipurpose project. In Madhya Pradesh, the [[Narmada Valley Development Authority]] (NVDA) is vested the responsibility for implementation of the projects.


title: Narmada River

text: The overall plan for development ultimately conceived involves 30 major dams including Sardar Sarovar (21 irrigation, 5 hydropower, and 4 multipurpose), some 135 medium dams, and over three minor dams in M.P along the main stem of the river and its 41 tributaries to utilise its allocated share of before 2025 (within 45 years of the NWDT award). In addition to power generation and irrigation within the basin, water was allocated for domestic and industrial water uses and for multipurpose transbasin diversions to [[Son River]] and [[Tons River]] basins in eastern MP, drought prone areas of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]], [[Kutch]], northern mainland in Gujarat, and southern Rajasthan. Irrigation benefits to the extent of about to (of drought prone and scarcity areas) and power generation of 2,600 MW were also envisaged. Thus, the Narmada River development is envisaged as a multi state program for development of hydropower and irrigation dams and their associated irrigation networks. In 1961, the original project envisaged irrigation of almost in West India at a cost of $100 million. By 2011, it had escalated to $3 billion.


title: Narmada River

text: Even though the tribunal award resolved the initial issue of water sharing, but the height of dam, benefit sharing and the mode of settlement of affected people caused serious difficulties in implementation, particularly of the Sardar Sarovar dam (the terminal dam on the river). Affected people agitated under the banner of the dedicated NGO, The [[Narmada Bachao Andolan]] (NBA). The NBA followed up by [[Public Interest Litigation]] (PIL) in the [[Supreme Court of India]]. The NBA questioned the benefits claimed from the major projects, challenged the resettlement and rehabilitation packages for project affected people of the reservoir submergence and canal affected zones and its implementation. It also rejected the environmental impact assessments made and the remedial actions taken by the project authorities. The challenge created worldwide attention to the major development activity planned in the valley. It urged the World Bank to withdraw from the project and the intense worldwide pressure resulted in the Bank mounting an Independent Review Mission (IRM) called the Morse Mission to review the SSP. However, the IRM's report was neither accepted by the [[Government of India]] or the [[World Bank]]. Finally Government of India decided to terminate further drawing from a remaining $180 million World Bank credit from the Bank with the firm resolution that the project would be completed within the national resources.


title: Narmada River

text: The Supreme Court has also deliberated on this issue for several years but finally upheld the Tribunal Award and allowed the construction to proceed, subject to conditions. The Court introduced a mechanism to monitor the progress of resettlement "pari passu" with the raising of the height of the dam through Grievance Redressal Authorities (GRA) in each of the party states. The court's decision referred in this document, given in the year 2000, after 7 years of deliberations, has paved the way for completing the project to attain full envisaged benefits.


title: Narmada River

text: The Supreme Court judgement was by two of a three judge panel. The third judge, SP Bharucha, dissented with the two other judges' verdict.


title: Narmada River

text: The Indira Sagar Project (ISP) at Punasa is one of the 30 major projects proposed in the Narmada basin with the largest storage capacity in the country. The project is located near Punasa village, in Khandwa District, Madhya Pradesh. This Multipurpose River Valley Project envisages construction of a concrete gravity dam, long and high with gross storage capacity of the reservoir of and live storage of to provide an annual irrigation potential of and a generation of 1000 MW of hydropower. The project also ensures supply of of drinking water to rural areas in Khandwa district. In accordance with NWDT award, an annual regulated flow of shall be released to the Sardar Sarovar Project (SSP), ex-Maheshwar Project. The operation of Indira Sagar Project will be carried out in such a way as to facilitate the regulation of Sardar Sarovar.


title: Narmada River

text: The dam and the powerhouse have been completed, but storage has been restricted up to EL 260 m under orders of the High Court, Jabalpur from R&R consideration. All the units of the powerhouse have been commissioned and generation of power from the eight units of 125 MW capacity, each commenced from Jan 2004. The irrigation component of the project is under a fairly advance stage of implementation.


title: Narmada River

text: Dialogism, and Meta-narratives in postcolonial Fiction.‖ Universal Journal of educational and general studies. 1.2. (February 2012)


title: Bible Black

text: Milky Studio has since adapted the game into several adult anime adaptations. The first adaptation, simply titled "Bible Black", consisted of six episodes animating numerous scenes from the video game. The following year, a two-episode OVA titled "Bible Black: Origins" was released, which served as a prequel to the events of "Bible Black". In April 2004, Milky Studio produced a sequel series titled "Bible Black: New Testament", which follows the exploits of the original characters ten years after "Bible Black" takes place. The latest OVA adaption, "Bible Black Only", consists of gaiden stories explaining what happened to various characters during the plot of "Bible Black".


title: Bible Black

text: The game was republished in 2006 as "Bible Black Slim" featuring extended scenes, followed by a short sequel named "Bible Black Infection" in 2008. Neither of these games involved the original artist/writer Sei Shoujo as he had left ActiveSoft by this time.


title: Bible Black

text: The game takes place in an academy rumored to have been the base of operations for a coven twelve years prior to the premier installment. This witchcraft club practiced black magic in a storage room in the basement.


title: Bible Black

text: Taki Minase, a high school student, finds a book of black magic in the isolated storage room of his school. He begins practicing black magic, which has extreme sexual effects that benefit him and his friends, until evil comes forth from the dark craft. Eventually, the origins of the book are revealed, as is the incident on Walpurgis Night twelve years prior, when the evil force was at its strongest. After coming to his senses, Minase struggles to get himself out of the darkness into which he has put himself and his best friend and secret love, Kurumi Imari.


title: Bible Black

text: The game has twelve different endings and the story line often diverges based on choices made by the player, which influence "neutral" endings, "chaos" endings and "law" endings. However, there is only one outcome regarded by its developers as the "true" ending. "Bible Black" was published in English in 2006, under the name "Bible Black: The Game" after Activesoft ceased operations. A port was released only in Japan for the PlayStation Portable's UMD format, where it was not required to receive a CERO rating.


title: Bible Black

text: An academy student, Taki Minase, finds a strange book, the Bible Black, while exploring an abandoned room in the school's basement. With the help of his cousin, he translates the Latin-French writings and finds them to be instructions for dark magic, which is actually a form of Kabbalistic satanism (the translation was not mentioned in the OVA).


title: Bible Black

text: Using the book's magic, Minase is able to make Rika Shiraki fall in love with him, as well as help his friend, Ayumi Murai, get the boy she loves to love her back. Reika Kitami, the school nurse, hears of his magical acts and decides to sway him to her since she needs the book for herself. Twelve years prior on Walpurgis Night, Kitami was used as a sacrifice for the previous Witchcraft Club and only survived after making a deal with Satan, becoming a "futanari" in the process. Kitami now needs a virgin girl to act as a vessel for her reincarnation as the life that Satan has given her is running out. Kaori Saeki, the head of the new Witchcraft Club, also notes Minase's magic acts and persuades him to come to one of her meetings with the book. After being seduced by Kitami and possessed by a lesser demon, Minase brings her with him and she rapes Saeki into submission, taking over the Witchcraft Club.


title: Bible Black

text: Kitami holds private counseling sessions for girls, trying to find the virgin she needs. She reveals to Minase that the two girls she has had her eyes on were Shiraki and Minase's childhood friend, Kurumi Imari. However, since Shiraki is no longer a virgin (thanks to Minase), Kitami pursues Imari, who has been missing school recently after walking in on Minase and Shiraki during intercourse. Kitami also regularly kidnaps the art teacher, Hiroko Takashiro, and performs sexual tortures on her after finding out that Takashiro was the head of the Witchcraft Club that had sacrificed her, even though Takashiro had left the circle prior to the ritual.


title: Bible Black

text: After Imari is abducted by Kitami, the lesser demon leaves Minase and he realizes that he loves Imari and must save her. With the help of Takashiro and the Bible Black, he finds a spell Takashiro believes will stop Kitami's evil scheme. By this point, it is Walpurgis Night once again, and Kitami plans to reincarnate herself into Imari. Kitami slits her wrists and has sexual intercourse with Imari as the reincarnation ritual demands, but Minase interrupts it and casts his spell on Kitami. This apparently causes the ritual to fail, and Kitami dies from blood loss.


title: Bible Black

text: Afterwards, Minase and Imari confess their love for each other and have intercourse. Some time later, Saeki is seen in the Witchcraft Club sanctuary, planning to steal the Bible Black, which was going to be left there before the entrance was sealed. Imari enters the room and destroys the Bible Black with a fire spell, then reveals herself as a "futanari", showing that Kitami's ritual was successful. The series ends with Imari deciding to test her new body out by raping Saeki again.


title: Bible Black

text: All six episodes of "Bible Black" have since been re-cut as a 110-minute film titled . The series was also involved in a bit of minor controversy when it was aired as a "midnight movie" at a time when other anime films were being played on Canadian youth station Teletoon, supposedly as an accident of nobody checking what was screened. Only the first 30 minutes were played.


title: Bible Black

text: is the game's second OVA adaptation, released on May 25, 2002. Set about twelve years before the events of the original OVA, Hiroko Takashiro and Reika Kitami are now students at the school, and several new characters are also introduced. The first episode opens with two female students, Nami Kozono and her lover Junko Mochida, having sex in a classroom after school. In another classroom, Hiroko Takashiro and her two best friends Rie Morita and Saki Shindou are reading Tarot cards. They receive a fortune reading: "Great change is upon you. Something will change your life, completely." Nami soon interrupts them and says that they should leave if they are not part of a club. After she berates the group for their interest in Witchcraft, Hiroko warns her to not take Witchcraft lightly. She explains that they are trying to learn the truth about history through Witchcraft, and even asks Nami to join them. Nami is initially intrigued, but quickly brushes it off and mocks them again.


title: Bible Black

text: The next day, the school receives a new transfer student, Reika Kitami, a beautiful but naive girl; meanwhile, Rie finds the titular Bible Black in an antique store and shares it with Hiroko and Saki. Here it is also revealed that the girls' request to start a Witchcraft club has been denied by Nami, who is the head of Student Council.


title: Bible Black

text: Nami takes a strong interest in Reika, and flirts with her in the bathroom later that day, though this only seems to make her uncomfortable. When Reika does not return Nami's affection, her flirting turns into unwanted sexual advances. After school, Nami offers to tutor Reika in a class she is having trouble with, and uses it as an opportunity to sexually assault her. When a humiliated Reika rejects her, Nami becomes furious—having never been rejected in her life—and storms out.


title: Bible Black

text: Hiroko and her friends begin to translate the Franco-Latin-Hebraic text of the Bible Black, and plan to get revenge on Nami for forbidding them to start a Witchcraft club. As a test run, they cast a simple spell on Nami's lover, Junko, which is said to make a young woman "dance naked". Their spell proves successful when the next day Junko becomes aroused while giving a speech for an assembly, causing her to strip down and masturbate in front of the whole school. Nami is horrified by the incident, and becomes suspicious of the group when Saki later threatens that she might "be the next to dance naked".


title: Bible Black

text: After school, Hiratani, an outcast male student who is obsessed with Nami, asks the group to put a spell on Nami to make her fall in love with him. They do this, and when Nami arrives at school the next day, she finds herself hopelessly infatuated with Hiratani. She asks him to meet her in the Student Council room during lunch, where they have sex many times. Hiroko, Rie and Saki look on through a window, amazed that their magic has worked. The group is approached by other students (and a few teachers) to do similar favors, and they make a fair amount of money.


title: Bible Black

text: Desperate for even more of Hiratani's attention, Nami goes to Hiroko and her friends one day after school and begs them to use their magic to make Hiratani love her forever. Hiroko says she will do this, in exchange for a place where the group can practice their magic. Nami arranges for them to use the school basement, and Hiroko agrees to cast the spell. But instead of carrying out Nami's request, she casts a "release spell" on her, causing her to come to her senses and become furious, disgusted that she "fucked that filthy man", and Nami flees the room in anger.


title: Bible Black

text: Returning to school the next day, Nami is disgusted to find that Hiratani is still very much in love with her. She orders a group of thugs to beat him into unconsciousness in a warehouse. With Hiratani gone, Nami begins to pursue Reika again, begging her to have sex with her in order to "purify" her body of Hiratani's stench. Reika finally lashes out and slaps Nami in self-defense, calling her crazy.


title: Bible Black

text: Eager for revenge on both Reika and Hiroko's group, Nami gains the trust of Hiroko and asks to join their club (now called "Rose Cross"). Hiroko allows her in, amused at how eager Nami is to join them after initially mocking them.


title: Bible Black

text: The group plans to eventually summon Satan himself, but realize that they need a test before they move onto a full human sacrifice. For their first ritual, they decide to summon a demon, in order to get Satan on their side. For the sacrifice, they slaughter a stray puppy that Reika had befriended upon first coming to school. However, the ritual goes horribly wrong and the demon proceeds to violently rape Hiroko, thus sending her to the hospital.


title: Bible Black

text: With Walpurgis Night fast approaching, Nami takes advantage of Hiroko's absence and makes herself the leader of Rose Cross. On the day of Walpurgis, she decides to use Reika as a virgin sacrifice that will open the Gates of Hell. She has her thugs kidnap Reika and take her to the warehouse, where they reveal to her the carcass of the sacrificed puppy. Nami gives the thugs permission to gang-rape Reika while she and the group prepare for the ritual, so long as they only engage in anal intercourse with her, thus keeping her virginity intact. One of the thugs ignores her order and takes Reika's virginity anyway, unbeknownst to Nami. Meanwhile, Hiroko wakes up in the hospital and, realizing it is Walpurgis night, checks herself out. Upon returning, she urges the group to stop using magic, saying its power is far too strong for them to handle. She fails to convince them, however, and is forcibly ousted by Nami and the rest of the group, and is placed by Rie and Saki in a closet until the ritual ends.


title: Bible Black

text: Reika is sacrificed, but since she is no longer a virgin, the Gates of Hell react but do not open. Nami, now delirious and hellbent on getting revenge on the group, goes on a murderous rampage and slaughters the other members, including Hiroko's friends, until the Gates finally begin to open. Nami drops her sword on the ground and stands in front of the gates to chant to Satan. Reika—severely injured, but still alive—uses the last of her strength to stab Nami to death. Satan then proposes a contract to the dying Reika: he will allow her several more years to live, if she gives him her soul in return. Reluctant, but quickly dying, Reika accepts the deal.


title: Bible Black

text: Moments later, Hiroko, having managed to free herself, hurries down to the basement, only to find that the ritual had ended, and that the members of Rose Cross (Nami, Rie, and Saki included) have all been savagely slaughtered. The series ends with a visibly disturbed Reika, naked and bloodied from head to toe, roaming the town at dawn, looking blissfully towards the sky. The scene fades out with a shot of her still walking through the town, on her way to becoming the woman that Kurumi Imari and Taki Minase would meet twelve years later.


title: Bible Black

text: , is the third installment of the OVA series. Years have passed since Walpurgis Night, and the girls of the Witchcraft Club have all graduated and made their way in the world. Both Shiraki and Saeki become teachers at their school, while Takashiro becomes a Buddhist nun. Imari has become a police woman, who serves as a psychic investigator in the Tokken division. Her team is looking into a series of horribly gruesome murder cases that all happened during sexual intercourse.


title: Bible Black

text: Strangely, witnesses see a ghostly figure at the crime scenes. Saeki restarts the Witchcraft Club with a new crop of girls, but it's unclear at first, if she is fighting Kitami or helping her. Meanwhile, Imari and her Tokken subordinate, Aki, are caught up in a bank robbery conducted by occult robbers. An impromptu ceremony performed at the scene causes Kitami to take over the possessed Imari. In the aftermath, Imari steals the Lance of Longinus that the robbers were after from the bank vault.


title: Bible Black

text: Imari/Kitami has found the virginal "Scarlet Woman" in Aki. She indulges in the sexual ceremony with her using the Lance of Longinus. Meanwhile, the ghostly figure, identified as Jody Crowley, and Takashiro both interfere with the ceremony but with different intentions. The Lance becomes permanently lodged within Aki's vagina and she is now targeted by the various forces of black magic.


title: Bible Black

text: The final ceremony climaxes with the black magic forces of Imari/Kitami and Jody Crowley competing over the Scarlet Woman. Attacks fly all around while Takashiro and Captain Yuge struggle to defeat both of them and end the dark ceremony. When Jody seems to emerge triumphant, the Lance of Longinus reappears out of Aki and reanimates the original grimoire, Bible Black. The devil emerges to take the souls of contract: Reika Kitami and Jody Crowley. A final effort by Takashiro manages to seal the grimoire while Jody's soul is taken and Kitami manages to possess Jody's body instead. The final scene seems peaceful with everybody content with the world, but in one of the final shots, Aki's laptop screensaver happens to be several images of a menacing Kitami, hinting a possible future installment to the series.


title: Bible Black

text: Most of the characters from Bible Black return in "New Testament"; however, Minase does not appear and is only mentioned once, leaving his fate unclear.


title: Bible Black

text: All six episodes of "New Testament" have since been recut as a 120-minute film titled , and in addition contain extended animation.


title: Bible Black

text: consists of seven short films, which depict sexual side stories that take place around the time of the original series.


title: Rwandan Civil War

text: The Rwandan Civil War was a large-scale civil war in Rwanda which was fought between the Rwandan Armed Forces, representing the country's government, and the rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) from 1October 1990 to 18 July 1994. The war arose from the long-running dispute between the Hutu and Tutsi groups within the Rwandan population. A 1959–1962 revolution had replaced the Tutsi monarchy with a Hutu-led republic, forcing more than 336,000 Tutsi to seek refuge in neighbouring countries. A group of these refugees in Uganda founded the RPF which, under the leadership of Fred Rwigyema and Paul Kagame, became a battle-ready army by the late 1980s.


title: Rwandan Civil War

text: The war began on 1 October 1990 when the RPF invaded north-eastern Rwanda, advancing into the country. They suffered a major setback when Rwigyema was killed in action on the second day. The Rwandan Army, assisted by troops from France, gained the upper hand and the RPF were largely defeated by the end of October. Kagame, who had been in the United States during the invasion, returned to take command. He withdrew troops to the Virunga Mountains for several months before attacking again. The RPF began a guerrilla war, which continued until mid-1992 with neither side able to gain the upper hand. A series of protests forced Rwandan President Juvénal Habyarimana to begin peace negotiations with the RPF and domestic opposition parties. Despite disruption and killings by Hutu Power, a group of extremists opposed to any deal, and a fresh RPF offensive in early 1993, the negotiations were successfully concluded with the signing of the Arusha Accords in August 1993.