title: Fukuoka

text: Notable musical names in J-pop include Ayumi Hamasaki (allegedly Japan's richest woman), hugely popular singer-songwriter duo Chage & Aska, singer-songwriter Eri Nobuchika, Misia, and Yui. During the 1970s, local musicians prided themselves on their origins and dubbed their sound, Mentai Rock.


title: Fukuoka

text: Morning Musume 6th generation member Reina Tanaka was also born here in 1989 along with 9th generation member Erina Ikuta in 1997.


title: Fukuoka

text: Dominican songwriter and singer Juan Luis Guerra pays homage to the city in his bachata song "Bachata en Fukuoka" (2010).


title: Fukuoka

text: Fukuoka is served by Fukuoka Airport, the San'yō Shinkansen and the Kyushu Shinkansen high-speed rail line and other JR Kyushu trains at Hakata Station and by ferry. JR Kyushu and a Korean company operate hydrofoil ferries (named "Beetle" and "Kobee") between Hakata and Busan, South Korea. The city has three subway lines: the Kūkō Line, the Hakozaki Line, and the newest one, Subway Nanakuma Line, opened on February 2, 2005. A private railway line, run by Nishitetsu is also heavily used and connects the downtown area of Tenjin to the city of Ōmuta.


title: Fukuoka

text: Fukuoka is the home of the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks, one of Japan's top professional baseball teams. Threatened with bankruptcy and forced by its creditors to restructure, former owner Daiei sold the Hawks to Softbank Capital in 2004. After the sale to Softbank, the Hawks have become the one of the most successful teams in NPB, winning 6 Japan Series title in 8 years. Their home stadium is the Fukuoka PayPay Dome.


title: Fukuoka

text: Fukuoka City operates all public elementary and junior high schools, while the prefecture operates the high schools.


title: Fukuoka

text: The city established the Asian Pacific City Summit in 1994. It consists of 26 Asia-Pacific cities. The Asian Pacific Children's Convention was established in Fukuoka in 1988.


title: Hughie Campbell

text: Hugh "Wee Hughie" Campbell is a fictional character, and the main protagonist of the comic book series "The Boys", created by Garth Ennis and Darick Robertson and visually designed after Simon Pegg. He is a member of The Boys, a group of vigilantes led by Billy Butcher, and the self-declared archenemy of A-Train. After the death of his girlfriend Robin at A-Train's hands, he joins The Boys to get vengeance on "Supes" (i.e. "superpowered" or "superhuman" individuals, often acting as "superheroes") artificially created by the mega-conglomerate Vought. He later becomes the love interest of Annie January / Starlight, while also becoming increasingly ruthless and savage under Butcher's influence as the series progresses.


title: Hughie Campbell

text: Hughie is portrayed by Jack Quaid in the Amazon Prime Video streaming television adaptation and resulting franchise, developed by Eric Kripke, with Simon Pegg portraying his father in the first and third seasons; while Pegg was originally attached to star in the series as Hughie, before development hell rendered him too old for the role, he would eventually voice the character in the animated anthology series "".


title: Hughie Campbell

text: Hughie grew up in rural Scotland, an adopted child. He had a rather bizarre childhood, including a period of trauma from exposure to a giant tapeworm, the shock of being present when an airline pilot suddenly has a mental breakdown mid-flight, and a childhood friend nicknamed Det (Horace Bronson), with an unnaturally powerful stench. With his childhood friends, he played at being a boy detective; they had actually discovered a cigarette smuggling operation handled by a local pub owner. During a later outing, they threw stones at a dog, only for Hughie to get upset when one of his throws hit its mark, and out of guilt would spend the evening taking the injured dog back to its home. As an adult, he'd leave for Glasgow. His relationship with his parents and childhood friends has him being irritated by how they sometimes treat him, while outside viewers (Annie and Mallory) have pointed out he's lucky to have them.


title: Hughie Campbell

text: Despite his embarrassment at his childhood adventures, they reveal his natural talent as a detective, as he quickly picks up the task of surveillance with the Boys. He is able to reason out the murder of a young gay man by Swingwing, as well as the motive behind it; he is able to sort out the motivations of a Russian gangster enough to track her flight, even if he is too late to catch her; and he is able to piece together Butcher's ultimate plan where the rest of The Boys were unaware such a plan existed.


title: Hughie Campbell

text: Hughie first experiences the world of superhumans firsthand when his girlfriend, Robin, is accidentally killed by A-Train during a fight in which the latter is subduing another "Supe" while traveling faster than the speed of sound. The other Supe is thrown at high speed into Robin, and both of them hit a nearby brick wall, instantly killing Robin and leaving Hughie holding her now severed hands and forearms. Due to this experience, Butcher recruits him to take Mallory's vacated spot on the Boys, and would later inject him with Compound V, without Hughie's permission.


title: Hughie Campbell

text: Early on, Hughie's inexperience has resulted in him becoming hesitant in his actions. Shortly after his first combat experience, which results in his accidental killing of Blarney Cock, he becomes extremely worried about repeating the action, which nearly results in the escape of Swingwing in a subsequent operation. He also would become gradually disgusted with Butcher's easy willingness to torture their enemies and the others' lack of caring about it. As the series progressed, and the bloodshed gradually increased, Hughie would also grow angry with Butcher's dismissal of the constant violence ("big boys' rules") used in their operations.


title: Hughie Campbell

text: Despite his distaste with the antics he observes while a member of the Boys, he has developed a pair of close relationships within the community. He has made friends with the Russian hero Vas and, unknowingly, the super-heroine Annie "Starlight" January, the latter with whom he develops a romantic relationship, causing Butcher to wonder, upon his discovery of the relationship, if Hughie was working for Vought-American. After becoming assured that he wasn't, Butcher decides to sabotage their relationship up by setting Hughie up to see footage of Annie's "induction" into the Seven. Unable to cope with the knowledge, he angrily breaks off the relationship, only to suffer guilt over his verbal abuse with her; the two reconciled and got back together. He finally comes clean to her in #55 about his work, and begs her to leave and hide for her safety when the conflict between the Boys and Vought escalates.


title: Hughie Campbell

text: Hughie is viewed as a genuinely decent guy by most people who know him, and he has several times risked himself to try to help people who were vulnerable or victimized: his rage over Swingwing callously killing a young man in #10, his attempts to save G-Wiz, and trying to fight the horrifically powerful Malchemical to defend Superduper in #43. Butcher was confused and irritated by the latter incidents, as he had advised him several times that the superhuman population largely does not care about normal people and are not worth his concern. The "Highland Laddie" miniseries had Hughie feeling discontent that, unlike Butcher, he isn't a hard man, but he seems incapable of being one. Annie would later tell him that he is just too nice because of his upbringing, but that this doesn't make him any less of a man.


title: Hughie Campbell

text: In "Herogasm" #3, he is sexually assaulted by Black Noir. While left shocked and sickened over it, he does not say what happened to the other Boys until much later in time. Due to the fact the confession is timed right after their Flatiron Building office was attacked, it was largely met with indifference.


title: Hughie Campbell

text: During the events of the attempted coup of the US Government by Homelander, Butcher captures A-Train with the hopes of getting Hughie to finally understand what it means to be one of The Boys. He makes Hughie listen to recorded conversations of them discussing Robin, hoping to convince him to murder A-Train. Hughie can't bring himself to kill the captured man, so Butcher starts playing further conversations of the Seven – a tactic Hughie sees through and refuses to be provoked by, demanding Butcher to stop. However, when the tape reaches the Seven's plan to hire Annie so they can degrade her, Hughie finally snaps and kicks A-Train's head off.


title: Hughie Campbell

text: In the aftermath of the fight with the Seven, the Boys are disbanded, Annie leaves Hughie because she is unable to accept his true allegiance, and Vas is killed. It becomes clear that Butcher has been trying to get the team out of the way so he can carry out a mass murder of superhumans, even though the act will also likely kill those who only have trace amounts of V in their system – which, based on the accidental exposures of Compound V, would mean the deaths of billions of people. After Billy then kills Mother's Milk, Frenchie, and the Female to prevent them from interfering, Hughie realizes that Billy needs to be stopped and prepares by going to Mother's Milk's home and drinking his mother's Supe-enhancing breast milk, allowing him to match the far stronger and older Billy. The two then engage each other, ultimately ending in Hughie paralyzing Billy. Not wanting to spend the remainder of his life in prison, Billy tricks Hughie into believing he had murdered his parents, leading to Hughie beating him to death. Hughie and Annie subsequently reunite and decide to give their relationship another shot.


title: Hughie Campbell

text: Six months later, Hughie arrives at the Brooklyn Bridge to leave his memorial to his fallen friends and to leave a final ultimatum for James Stillwell for Vought-American (now American Consolidated) going forward, inadvertently driving Stillwell insane.


title: Hughie Campbell

text: Twelve years later, as Hughie and Annie prepare to finally marry, Hughie is sent Billy's diary by an unknown individual, leading him to confront his past actions. In the end, Hughie and Annie officially marry in his hometown, and finally moves on from Billy and the Boys for good.


title: Hughie Campbell

text: In the streaming television series adaptation, Jack Quaid portrays the character. In the series, he is American instead of Scottish and initially works at a computer hardware store, and his father is portrayed by Simon Pegg. Hughie's mother left the family when he was six. He is also characterized as a fan of Billy Joel.


title: Hughie Campbell

text: In season one, Hughie's girlfriend, Robin Ward, is killed by A-Train in the first episode, as in the comics. With the help of Billy Butcher, he reluctantly decides to take vengeance on the Supes and joins his team, nicknamed "The Boys", which includes Frenchie, Mother's Milk "MM", and later Kimiko / The Female. Butcher relates to Hughie as his wife, Becca, was raped by Homelander and vanished afterwards. As Translucent confronts and attacks Hughie for planting a bugging device at the Vought International headquarters, Butcher helps Hughie knock him out, and a series of misadventures results in Translucent being held hostage by the Boys and later killed by Hughie himself. Hughie moves out of his father's apartment and continues on with the Boys' escapades, acting as their computer specialist, though he often experiences friction with Butcher and is constantly shell-shocked by the amount of carnage their missions cause. He also befriends Annie January, later finding out her identity as Starlight, and they enter a relationship despite Butcher's disapproval. The Boys discover Compound V and its role in the creation of Supes, finding a way to blackmail A-Train, who is addicted to the substance and was under its influence when he ran through Robin. Annie is shocked when she discovers Hughie's association with the Boys and the truth about Compound V, but she helps him free MM, Frenchie, and Kimiko when they are abducted.


title: Hughie Campbell

text: In season two, Hughie and the Boys, sans Butcher, go underground when they are marked as fugitives as a result of Butcher's alleged murder of Madelyn Stillwell. The Boys must deal with a "head-popper" assassin who kills their victims by telepathically popping their heads, in addition to Stormfront, the newest addition to the Seven, who is secretly a Nazi and the first Supe ever created by Vought. After several failed attempts to instigate Vought and to recruit assistance from the CIA, the latter ending with the assassination of Assistant Director Rayner by the head-popper, Frenchie contacts Butcher due to their need for a "captain". Butcher and Hughie's rift grows. Butcher punches Hughie and threatens him with death after interfering with the capture of the "supervillain" Kenji, Kimkio's younger brother, as it potentially jeopardised his chance of reuniting with Becca (although, Butcher later apologises, to which Hughie attempts to punch him in retaliation); Butcher downplays the Boys' achievement of leaking the existence of Compound V to the media, much to Hughie's chagrin; and Butcher abandons a traumatised Hughie inside a whale that the former drove a boat into. However, their relationship begins to be repaired after MM asserts that Hughie is Butcher's "canary" (whose death would signal when Butcher went too far), and after Hughie learns about the suicide of Butcher's brother Lenny, and his physical resemblance to him. Annie, disillusioned by Vought, decides to secretly help the Boys and meets with Hughie at remote locations to exchange information, occasionally joining them in-person for certain missions. Hughie reaches a breaking point, but later learns to be more assertive and stands up to Butcher more. He rescues Annie with Lamplighter when she is caught and imprisoned by Vought, then later helps Butcher and Becca save her son, Ryan, from Homelander and Stormfront. In the end, Hughie, Annie, and the Boys are exonerated, and Hughie decides to work for congresswoman Victoria Neuman, unaware that she is the head-popper.


title: Hughie Campbell

text: In season three, Hughie investigates Neuman's past after discovering she is the head-popper. After discovering that she is in fact the secret adoptive daughter of Vought CEO Stan Edgar, and her anti-Vought policies to be controlled opposition, he reaches out to Butcher to reform the Boys and take down Vought "his way", a decision leading to his own steady disillusionment. After learning Butcher had been taking a temporary version of Compound V dubbed "V-24", Hughie secretly takes some himself while on a mission to Russia to find a superweapon supposedly able to kill Homelander, acquiring the ability to teleport (although losing his clothes with each teleportation) along with a superhuman strength and durability. Hughie then joins Butcher in recruiting the Supe Soldier Boy to their cause after accidentally freeing him from Russian captivity. Hughie alienates himself from Annie, defending his use of V24 by saying that "for once" he wished to be able to save her despite her saying that she does not need saving. Whilst on a mission to kill Soldier Boy's former Payback team-mate Mindstorm, Hughie betrays Soldier Boy after he leaves a mesmerised Butcher for dead, and learning that Soldier Boy's reputation as a war hero was just propaganda; Mindstorm revives Butcher, who Hughie referred to as "family", though is killed before Hughie can deliver on his promise to teleport him to safety. After Butcher punches him unconscious and abandons him in a gas station bathroom to prevent him from taking another potentially fatal dose of V24 (albeit without telling him after learning about the fact from Annie), Hughie comes to realisation that he did not need V24 for strength, relaying to Annie how his father provided for him after his mother left.


title: Hughie Campbell

text: In the 2020 Amazon Prime Video-sponsored "The Boys" promotional episodes of "Death Battle!", the "gremlin" Hughie Campbell is depicted via archive footage of Jack Quaid from the series' first season as "Death Battle!" hosts Wiz & Boomstick discuss the Boys and the Seven with Black Noir, prior to the Seven's simulated battle royale.


title: Hughie Campbell

text: In the "Vought News Network: Seven on 7 with Cameron Coleman" first season finale "January 2022", set between the events of the second and third seasons of "The Boys", "Hugh Campbell" is interviewed by Cameron Coleman about Victoria Neuman's policies, with Jack Quaid reprising his role from the television series.


title: Hughie Campbell

text: In "" episode "", set in the same continuity as the "Boys" comic book series, Wee Hughie (voiced by Simon Pegg) and Butcher confront OD, a drug dealer who deals directly to Vought Supes, and blackmails him into tainting the Great Wide Wounder's drugs, causing him to crash into Ironcast during a promotional campaign, killing them both. After Butcher tells OD about the pair's crimes, Wee Hughie walks away with him, uneasy.


title: Hughie Campbell

text: Hughie Campbell was a typical, average and regular male, possessing no superpowers or extraordinary abilities, until he was injected with a shot of the enhancement drug Compound V. The dosage applied to Wee Hughie was worth 19 billion dollars. This gives Hughie superhuman levels of strength and durability, the likes of which means he can casually injure and kill regular humans as well as some superhumans. In the show, Hughie gains the power of teleportation, accelerated healing, and superhuman strength after taking a temporary variant of Compound V, however he is only able to teleport himself and not his clothes, leaving him naked when he rematerialises.


title: Hughie Campbell

text: Hughie is intentionally drawn to resemble the British actor and writer Simon Pegg. According to Robertson, he drew the character based on Pegg after seeing him in the sitcom "Spaced", and thought that Pegg captured the balance of "innocence but tough determination" that Ennis wanted in the character. When asked about playing Hughie in a possible movie adaptation of The Boys, Pegg thought that he might be too old to play the role. In the television series, Pegg plays the recurring part of Hughie's father.


title: Hughie Campbell

text: Ennis has said that Hughie has a "total inability to learn from his mistakes and change his ways [which] will eventually stand him in good stead... No doubt Hughie's tendency to mope and turn inwards is a source of frustration to many readers, all used to comic heroes who learn from experience and develop into fully-rounded characters ready to handle anything. In my experience this is like no one who's ever existed in real life; even the most capable people either maintain or eventually return to their essential flaws. I doubt any twenty-something lad unused to trauma and violence could simply absorb it straightaway, and if he did become hardened or inured it would be as a different, less sensitive person. In other words, Hughie's bizarre triumph is that he remains Hughie."


title: Hughie Campbell

text: Jack Quaid was nominated for the Best Hero Award at the MTV Movie & TV Awards for portraying Hughie Campbell.


title: Gareth Jones (journalist)

text: Gareth Richard Vaughan Jones (13 August 1905 – 12 August 1935) was a Welsh journalist who in March 1933 first reported in the Western world, without equivocation and under his own name, the existence of the Soviet famine of 1932–1933, including the Holodomor.


title: Gareth Jones (journalist)

text: Jones had reported anonymously in "The Times" in 1931 on starvation in Soviet Ukraine and Southern Russia, and, after his third visit to the Soviet Union, issued a press release under his own name in Berlin on 29 March 1933 describing the widespread famine in detail. Reports by Malcolm Muggeridge, writing in 1933 as an anonymous correspondent, appeared contemporaneously in the "Manchester Guardian"; his first anonymous article specifying famine in the Soviet Union was published on 25 March 1933.


title: Gareth Jones (journalist)

text: After being banned from re-entering the Soviet Union, Jones was kidnapped and murdered in 1935 while investigating in Japanese-occupied Mongolia; his murder was likely committed by the Soviet secret police, the NKVD. Upon his death, former British prime minister David Lloyd George said, "He had a passion for finding out what was happening in foreign lands wherever there was trouble, and in pursuit of his investigations he shrank from no risk. … Nothing escaped his observation, and he allowed no obstacle to turn from his course when he thought that there was some fact, which he could obtain. He had the almost unfailing knack of getting at things that mattered."


title: Gareth Jones (journalist)

text: Born in Barry, Glamorgan, Jones attended Barry County School, where his father, Major Edgar Jones, was headmaster until around 1933. His mother, Annie Gwen Jones, had worked in Ukraine as a tutor to the children of Arthur Hughes, son of Welsh steel industrialist John Hughes, who founded the town of Hughesovka, modern-day Donetsk, in Ukraine.


title: Gareth Jones (journalist)

text: Jones graduated from the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth in 1926 with a first-class honours degree in French. He also studied at the University of Strasbourg and at Trinity College, Cambridge, from which he graduated in 1929 with another first in French, German, and Russian. After his death, one of his tutors, Hugh Fraser Stewart, wrote in "The Times" that Jones had been an "extraordinary linguist". At Cambridge he was active in the Cambridge University League of Nations Union, serving as its assistant secretary.


title: Gareth Jones (journalist)

text: After graduating, Jones taught languages briefly at Cambridge, and then in January 1930 was hired as Foreign Affairs Adviser to the British MP and former prime minister David Lloyd George, thanks to an introduction by Thomas Jones. The post involved preparing notes and briefings Lloyd George could use in debates, articles, and speeches, and also included some travel abroad.


title: Gareth Jones (journalist)

text: In 1929, Jones became a professional freelance reporter, and by 1930 was submitting articles to a variety of newspapers and journals.


title: Gareth Jones (journalist)

text: In late January and early February 1933, Jones was in Germany covering the accession to power of the Nazi Party, and was in Leipzig on the day Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor. A few days later on 23 February in the , "the fastest and most powerful three-motored aeroplane in Germany", Jones became one of the first foreign journalists to fly with Hitler as he accompanied Hitler and Joseph Goebbels to Frankfurt where he reported for the "Western Mail" on the new Chancellor's tumultuous acclamation in that city. He wrote in the Welsh "Western Mail" that if the had crashed the history of Europe would have changed.


title: Gareth Jones (journalist)

text: By 1932 Jones had been to the Soviet Union twice, for three weeks in the summer of 1930 and for a month in the summer of 1931. He had reported the findings of each trip in his published journalism, including three articles titled "The Two Russias" he published anonymously in "The Times" in 1930, and three increasingly explicit articles, also anonymous, titled "The Real Russia" in "The Times" in October 1931 which reported the starvation of peasants in Soviet Ukraine and Southern Russia.


title: Gareth Jones (journalist)

text: In March 1933, he travelled to the Soviet Union for a third and final time and on 7 March eluded authorities to slip into the Ukrainian SSR, where he kept diaries of the man-made starvation he witnessed. On his return to Berlin on 29 March, he issued his press release, which was published by many newspapers, including "The Manchester Guardian" and the "New York Evening Post": I walked along through villages and twelve collective farms. Everywhere was the cry, 'There is no bread. We are dying'. This cry came from every part of Russia, from the Volga, Siberia, White Russia, the North Caucasus, and Central Asia. I tramped through the black earth region because that was once the richest farmland in Russia and because the correspondents have been forbidden to go there to see for themselves what is happening.In the train a Communist denied to me that there was a famine. I flung a crust of bread which I had been eating from my own supply into a spittoon. A peasant fellow-passenger fished it out and ravenously ate it. I threw an orange peel into the spittoon and the peasant again grabbed it and devoured it. The Communist subsided. I stayed overnight in a village where there used to be two hundred oxen and where there now are six. The peasants were eating the cattle fodder and had only a month's supply left. They told me that many had already died of hunger. Two soldiers came to arrest a thief. They warned me against travel by night, as there were too many 'starving' desperate men. <br> 'We are waiting for death' was my welcome, but see, we still, have our cattle fodder. Go farther south. There they have nothing. Many houses are empty of people already dead,' they cried.


title: Gareth Jones (journalist)

text: This report was denounced by several Moscow-resident American journalists such as Walter Duranty and Eugene Lyons, who had been obscuring the truth in order to please the dictatorial Soviet regime. On 31 March, "The New York Times" published a denial of Jones's statement by Duranty under the headline "Russians Hungry, But Not Starving". Duranty called Jones' report "a big scare story". Historian Timothy Snyder has written that "Duranty's claim that there was 'no actual starvation' but only 'widespread mortality from diseases due to malnutrition' echoed Soviet usages and pushed euphemism into mendacity. This was an Orwellian distinction; and indeed George Orwell himself regarded the Ukrainian famine of 1933 as a central example of a black truth that artists of language had covered with bright colors."


title: Gareth Jones (journalist)

text: In the article, Kremlin sources denied the existence of a famine; part of "The New York Times" headline was: "Russian and Foreign Observers in Country See No Ground for Predications of Disaster."


title: Gareth Jones (journalist)

text: On 11 April 1933, Jones published a detailed analysis of the famine in the "Financial News", pointing out its main causes: forced collectivization of private farms, removal of 6–7 millions of "best workers" (the Kulaks) from their land, forced requisitions of grain and farm animals and increased "export of foodstuffs" from USSR.


title: Gareth Jones (journalist)

text: On 13 May "The New York Times" published a strong rebuttal of Duranty from Jones, who stood by his report:


title: Gareth Jones (journalist)

text: In a personal letter from Soviet Foreign Commissar Maxim Litvinov (whom Jones had interviewed while in Moscow) to Lloyd George, Jones was informed that he was banned from ever visiting the Soviet Union again.


title: Gareth Jones (journalist)

text: After his Ukraine articles, the only work Jones could get was in Cardiff on the "Western Mail" covering "arts, crafts and coracles", according to his great-nephew Nigel Linsan Colley. But he managed to get an interview with the owner of nearby St Donat's Castle, the American press magnate William Randolph Hearst. Hearst published Jones's account of what had happened in Ukraine – as he did for the almost identical eye-witness testimony of the disillusioned American Communist Fred Beal. – and arranged a lecture and broadcast tour of the USA.


title: Gareth Jones (journalist)

text: Banned from the Soviet Union, Jones turned his attention to the Far East and in late 1934 he left Britain on a "Round-the-World Fact-Finding Tour". He spent about six weeks in Japan, interviewing important generals and politicians, and he eventually reached Beijing. From here he traveled to Inner Mongolia in newly Japanese-occupied Manchukuo in the company of a German journalist, Herbert Müller. Detained by Japanese forces, the pair were told that there were three routes back to the Chinese town of Kalgan, only one of which was safe.


title: Gareth Jones (journalist)

text: Jones and Müller were subsequently captured by bandits who demanded a ransom of 200 Mauser firearms and 100,000 Chinese dollars (according to "The Times", equivalent to about £8,000). Müller was released after two days to arrange for the ransom to be paid. On 1 August, Jones's father received a telegram: "Well treated. Expect release soon." On 5 August, "The Times" reported that the kidnappers had moved Jones to an area southeast of Kuyuan and were now asking for 10,000 Chinese dollars (about £800), and two days later that he had again been moved, this time to Jehol. On 8 August the news came that the first group of kidnappers had handed him over to a second group, and the ransom had increased to 100,000 Chinese dollars again. The Chinese and Japanese governments both made an effort to contact the kidnappers.


title: Gareth Jones (journalist)

text: On 17 August 1935, "The Times" reported that the Chinese authorities had found Jones's body the previous day with three bullet wounds. The authorities believed that he had been killed on 12 August, the day before his 30th birthday. There was a suspicion that his murder had been engineered by the Soviet NKVD, as revenge for the embarrassment he had caused the Soviet regime. Lloyd George is reported to have said:


title: Gareth Jones (journalist)

text: On 2 May 2006, a trilingual (English/Welsh/Ukrainian) plaque was unveiled in Jones' memory in the Old College at Aberystwyth University, in the presence of his niece Margaret Siriol Colley, and the Ukrainian Ambassador to the UK, Ihor Kharchenko, who described him as an "unsung hero of Ukraine". The idea for a plaque and funding were provided by the Ukrainian Canadian Civil Liberties Association, working in conjunction with the Association of Ukrainians in Great Britain. Dr Lubomyr Luciuk, UCCLA's director of research, spoke at the unveiling ceremony.


title: Gareth Jones (journalist)

text: In November 2008, Jones and fellow Holodomor journalist Malcolm Muggeridge were posthumously awarded the Ukrainian Order of Merit at a ceremony in Westminster Central Hall, by Dr Kharchenko, on behalf of Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko for their exceptional service to the country and its people.


title: Gareth Jones (journalist)

text: In November 2009, Jones' diaries recording the man-made genocide of the Great Soviet Famine of 1932–33 went on display for the first time in the Wren Library of Trinity College, Cambridge.


title: Gareth Jones (journalist)

text: Serhii Bukovskyi's 2008 Ukrainian film "" is a documentary about the Great Famine of 1932–33 and Jones's attempts to uncover it. "The Living" premiered 21 November 2008 at the Kyiv Cinema House. It was screened in February 2009 at the European Film Market, in spring 2009 at the Ukrainian Film Festival in Cologne, and in November 2009 at the Second Annual Cambridge Festival of Ukrainian Film. It received the 2009 Special Jury Prize Silver Apricot in the International Documentary Competition at the Sixth Golden Apricot International Film Festival in July 2009 and the 2009 Grand Prize of Geneva in September 2009.


title: Gareth Jones (journalist)

text: In 2012, the documentary film "Hitler, Stalin, and Mr Jones", directed by George Carey, was broadcast on the BBC series "Storyville". It has subsequently been screened in select cinemas.


title: Gareth Jones (journalist)

text: The 2019 feature film "Mr Jones", starring James Norton and directed by Agnieszka Holland, focuses on Jones and his investigation of and reporting on the Ukrainian famine in the face of political and journalistic opposition. In January 2019, it was selected to compete for the Golden Bear at the 69th Berlin International Film Festival. The film won Grand Prix Golden Lions at the 44th Gdynia Film Festival in September 2019.


title: Erin Gray

text: Erin Gray (born January 7, 1950) is an American model, casting agent, and actress whose roles include Colonel Wilma Deering in the science fiction television series "Buck Rogers in the 25th Century" and Kate Summers-Stratton in the situation comedy "Silver Spoons".


title: Erin Gray

text: Gray was born on January 7, 1950, in Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii (now state of Hawaii), the daughter of Diane and Daniel Gray. When Gray was eight, her parents separated. Gray lived with her grandparents in Palm Springs, California for a few years. Eventually she and her mother moved to Larkspur, California.


title: Erin Gray

text: Gray attended Redwood High School and finished her last semester at Pacific Palisades High School. She briefly attended college at UCLA, majoring in mathematics, but she left school to pursue a career in modeling and moved to New York.


title: Erin Gray

text: Gray started her career in modelling. She entered her first contest and won a modelling assignment in St. Louis when she was 14 years old. Commercials followed in Los Angeles. She also appeared on television in 1967 as a dancer in "Malibu U". However, she decided to move to New York City to further her modeling career. "By 1975, Gray was one of the nation's top TV models, earning $100,000 a year." Having developed an interest in acting, she auditioned for parts during her frequent trips to Los Angeles.


title: Erin Gray

text: In 1978, she landed her first starring role, on the miniseries "Evening in Byzantium". Following good notices, Gray was put on a seven-year contract at Universal Studios, which led directly to her taking the role of Colonel Wilma Deering in "Buck Rogers in the 25th Century", at first for a theatrically released movie, then for a weekly TV series. Gray's trim, shapely figure, augmented by a tight, one-piece Spandex jumpsuit uniform, was popular with the show's predominantly young male audience.


title: Erin Gray

text: Gray was aware of the sexiness of her uniform, which was so tight that she had to be sewn into it. Her character, the female lead, also had a high profile in the show, second only to Gil Gerard in the starring role and representing an early example of a strong female character in a science fiction setting. Gray was thus seen as an important role model for female viewers, as she explained to an interviewer:


title: Erin Gray

text: Shortly after "Buck Rogers", Gray appeared in the first season "Magnum, P.I." episode, "J. 'Digger' Doyle", in which she played security expert Joy 'Digger' Doyle. The role was intended to become recurring, and even possibly spun off into a separate series, but neither happened, and it remained the character's only appearance in the series. In 1982, Gray played the role of Lilah in the summer feature film "Six Pack" as Kenny Rogers' love interest. Gray's role as Kate Summers in the TV sitcom "Silver Spoons" lasted for several years in the 1980s. When that show ended, she took regular film and TV work; she appeared in an episode of "Superboy" and "Murder, She Wrote". In 1993, Gray had a featured role in "", the ninth entry in the "Friday the 13th" series. She also appeared in the 2005 film "Siren".


title: Erin Gray

text: In 2010, Gray and Gil Gerard returned to "Buck Rogers" by playing the characters' parents in the pilot episode of the "Buck Rogers" web series. Among her work in commercials was a 2010 spot for Pup-Peroni dog treats.


title: Erin Gray

text: Gray is now a casting agent whose agency, Heroes for Hire, specializes in booking sci-fi and fantasy stars for personal appearances, speaking engagements, and charity events. Gray also teaches T'ai chi.


title: Erin Gray

text: In 1998, Gray wrote a book, "Act Right", with Mara Purl which contains advice for novice television and movie actors. A revised edition was published in 2002.


title: Erin Gray

text: Gray starred in the 2011 film "Dreams Awake" (with "Alien Nation" co-star Gary Graham). She also played the role of Madeline Twain on the web series "The Guild".


title: Erin Gray

text: Gray guest-starred in the 2014 webisode "Lolani" from the web series "Star Trek Continues" as Commodore Gray, an episode that also starred Lou Ferrigno. Commodore Gray reappears in 2016, with the seventh episode "Embracing the Winds."


title: Erin Gray

text: Gray has been married twice. She met Ken Schwartz in high school and their marriage lasted from 1968 to 1990, during which they had one son, Kevan Ray Schwartz, born in 1976. Ken Schwartz, a successful real estate executive, remained in New York with their young son when Gray first started working on "Buck Rogers", and eventually moved to Los Angeles to work as her manager when her acting career flourished.


title: Erin Gray

text: Gray married Richard Hissong in 1991, and their daughter Samantha was born the same year. Samantha plays Buck Rogers' girlfriend, Maddy, in the pilot episode of James Cawley's "Buck Rogers" Internet video series.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: Air Florida Flight 90 was a scheduled U.S. domestic passenger flight operated by Air Florida from Washington National Airport (now Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport) to Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport, with an intermediate stopover at Tampa International Airport. On January 13, 1982, the Boeing 737-222 registered as N62AF crashed into the 14th Street Bridge over the Potomac River.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: Striking the bridge, which carries Interstate 395 between Washington, DC, and Arlington County, Virginia, it hit seven occupied vehicles and destroyed of guard rail before plunging through the ice into the Potomac River. The aircraft was carrying 74 passengers and five crew members. Only four passengers and one crew member (a flight attendant) were rescued from the crash and survived. Another passenger, Arland D. Williams, Jr., assisted in the rescue of the survivors, but drowned before he could be rescued. Four motorists on the bridge were killed. The survivors were rescued from the icy river by civilians and professionals. President Ronald Reagan commended these acts during his State of the Union speech a few days later.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) determined that the cause of the accident was pilot error. The pilots failed to switch on the engines' internal ice protection systems, used reverse thrust in a snowstorm prior to takeoff, tried to use the jet exhaust of a plane in front of them to melt their ice, and failed to abandon the takeoff even after detecting a power problem while taxiing and having ice and snow build up on the wings.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: The aircraft involved, a Boeing 737-222, registered as N62AF, was manufactured in 1969 and previously flown by United Airlines under the registration N9050U. It was sold to Air Florida in 1980. The aircraft was powered by two Pratt & Whitney JT8D-9A turbofan engines, and had flown over 27,000 hours before the crash.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: The pilot, Captain Larry M. Wheaton, aged 34, was hired by Air Florida in October 1978 as a first officer. He was promoted to captain in August 1980. At the time of the accident, he had about 8,300 total flight hours, with 2,322 hours of commercial jet experience, all logged at Air Florida. He had logged 1,752 hours on the Boeing 737, the accident aircraft type, 1,100 of those hours as captain.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: Wheaton was described by fellow pilots as a quiet person, with good operational skills and knowledge, who had operated well in high-workload flying situations. His leadership style was described as similar to those of other pilots. On May 8, 1980, though, he was suspended after failing a Boeing 737 company line check and was found to be unsatisfactory in these areas: adherence to regulations, checklist usage, flight procedures such as departures and cruise control, and approaches and landings. He resumed his duties after passing a retest on August 27, 1980. On April 24, 1981, he received an unsatisfactory grade on a company recurrent proficiency check when he showed deficiencies in memory items, knowledge of aircraft systems, and aircraft limitations. Three days later, he satisfactorily passed a proficiency recheck.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: The first officer, Roger A. Pettit, aged 31, was hired by Air Florida on October 3, 1980, as a first officer on the Boeing 737. At the time of the accident, he had around 3,353 flight hours, 992 with Air Florida, all on the 737. From October 1977 to October 1980, he had been a fighter pilot in the US Air Force, accumulating 669 hours as a flight examiner, instructor pilot, and ground instructor in an F-15 fighter unit.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: The first officer was described by personal friends and pilots as a witty, bright, outgoing individual with an excellent command of physical and mental skills in aircraft piloting. Those who had flown with him during stressful flight operations said that during those times, he remained the same witty, sharp individual, "who knew his limitations." Several persons said that he was the type of pilot who would not hesitate to speak up if he knew something specific was wrong with flight operations.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: Alternating the role of "primary pilot" between the pilot in command (PIC), the captain, and second in command (SIC), the first officer, is customary in commercial airline operations, with pilots swapping roles after each leg. One pilot is designated the pilot flying (PF) and the other as pilot not flying (PNF); however, the PIC retains the ultimate authority for all aircraft operations and safety. The first officer was on the controls as the PF during the Air Florida Flight 90 accident.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: On Wednesday, January 13, 1982, Washington National Airport (DCA) was closed by a heavy snowstorm that produced 6.5 in (16.5 cm) of snow. It reopened at noon under marginal conditions as the snowfall began to slacken.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: That afternoon, the plane was to return to Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport in Dania, Florida, with an intermediate stop at Tampa International Airport. The scheduled departure time was delayed about 1 hour and 45 minutes because of a backlog of arrivals and departures caused by the temporary closing of Washington National Airport. As the plane was readied for departure from DCA, a moderate snowfall continued and the air temperature was .


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: The Boeing 737 was deiced with a mixture of heated water and monopropylene glycol by American Airlines, under a ground-service agreement with Air Florida. That agreement specified that covers for the pitot tubes, static ports, and engine inlets had to be used, but the American Airlines employees failed to comply with those rules. One deicing vehicle was used by two different operators, who chose widely different mixture percentages to deice the left and right sides of the aircraft. Subsequent testing of the deicing truck showed, "the mixture dispensed differed substantially from the mixture selected" (18% actual vs. 30% selected). The inaccurate mixture was the result of the replacement of the standard nozzle, "...which is specially modified and calibrated, with a non-modified, commercially available nozzle." The operator had no means to determine if the proportioning valves were operating properly because no "mix monitor" was installed on the nozzle.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: The plane had trouble leaving the gate when the ground-services tow motor could not get traction on the ice. For roughly 30 to 90 seconds, the crew attempted to back away from the gate using the reverse thrust of the engines (a powerback), which proved futile. Boeing operations bulletins had warned against using reverse thrust in those kinds of conditions.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: Eventually, a tug ground unit properly equipped with snow chains was used to push the aircraft back from the gate. After leaving the gate, the aircraft waited in a taxi line with many other aircraft for 49 minutes before reaching the takeoff runway. The pilot apparently decided not to return to the gate for reapplication of deicing, fearing that the flight's departure would be even further delayed. More snow and ice accumulated on the wings during that period, and the crew was aware of that fact when they decided to take off. Heavy snow was falling during their takeoff roll at 3:59 pm EST.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: Though the outside temperature was well below freezing and snow was falling, the crew did not activate the engine anti-ice system. This system uses heat from the engines to prevent sensors from freezing, ensuring accurate readings.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: While running through the takeoff checklist, the following conversation snippet took place (CAM-1 is the captain, CAM-2 is the first officer):


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: Despite the icing conditions with weather temperature of about 24 °F (-4 °C), the crew failed to activate the engine anti-ice systems, which caused the engine pressure ratio (EPR) thrust indicators to provide false readings. The correct engine power setting for the temperature and airport altitude of Washington National at the time was 2.04 EPR, but analysis of the engine noise recorded on the cockpit voice recorder indicated that the actual power output corresponded with an engine pressure ratio of only 1.70.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: Neither pilot had much experience flying in snowy, cold weather. The captain had made only eight takeoffs or landings in snowy conditions on the 737, and the first officer had flown in snow only twice.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: Adding to the plane's troubles was the pilots' decision to maneuver closely behind a DC-9 that was taxiing just ahead of them prior to takeoff, due to their mistaken belief that the warmth from the DC-9's engines would melt the snow and ice that had accumulated on Flight 90's wings. This action, which went specifically against flight-manual recommendations for an icing situation, actually contributed to icing on the 737. The exhaust gases from the other aircraft melted the snow on the wings, but during takeoff, instead of falling off the plane, this slush mixture froze on the wings' leading edges and the engine inlet nose cone.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: As the takeoff roll began, the first officer noted several times to the captain that the instrument panel readings he was seeing did not seem to reflect reality (he was referring to the fact that the plane did not appear to have developed as much power as it needed for takeoff, despite the instruments indicating otherwise). The captain dismissed these concerns and let the takeoff proceed. Investigators determined that plenty of time and space on the runway remained for the captain to have abandoned the takeoff, and criticized his refusal to listen to his first officer, who was correct that the instrument panel readings were wrong. The pilot was told not to delay because another aircraft was 2.5 miles (4 km) out on final approach to the same runway. The following is a transcript of Flight 90's cockpit voice recorder during the plane's acceleration down the runway.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: As the plane became briefly airborne, the voice recorder picked up the following from the cockpit, with the sound of the stick-shaker (a device that warns that the plane is in danger of stalling) in the background:


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: The aircraft traveled almost half a mile (800 m) farther down the runway than is customary before liftoff was accomplished. Survivors of the crash indicated the trip over the runway was extremely rough, with survivor Joe Stiley – a businessman and private pilot – saying that he believed that they would not get airborne and would "fall off the end of the runway". When the plane became airborne, Stiley told his co-worker (and survivor) Nikki Felch to assume the crash position, with some nearby passengers following their example.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: Although the 737 did manage to become airborne, it attained a maximum altitude of just before it began losing altitude. Recorders later indicated that the aircraft was airborne for just 30 seconds. At 4:01 pm EST, it crashed into the 14th Street Bridge across the Potomac River, from the end of the runway. The plane hit six cars and a truck on the bridge, and tore away of the bridge's rail and of the bridge's wall. The aircraft then plunged into the freezing Potomac River. It fell between two of the three spans of the bridge, between the I-395 northbound span (the Rochambeau Bridge) and the HOV north- and southbound spans, about offshore. All but the tail section quickly became submerged.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: Clinging to the tail section of the broken airliner in the ice-choked Potomac River were flight attendant Kelly Duncan and four passengers: Patricia "Nikki" Felch, Joe Stiley, Arland D. Williams Jr. (strapped and tangled in his seat), and Priscilla Tirado. Duncan inflated the only flotation device they could find, and passed it to the severely injured Felch. Passenger Bert Hamilton, who was floating in the water nearby, was the first to be pulled from the water.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: Many federal offices in downtown Washington had closed early that day in response to quickly developing blizzard conditions. Thus, a massive backup of traffic existed on almost all of the city's roads, making reaching the crash site by ambulances very difficult. The Coast Guard's harbor tugboat "Capstan" (WYTL 65601) and its crew were based nearby; their duties include ice breaking and responding to water rescues. The "Capstan" was considerably farther downriver on another search-and-rescue mission. Emergency ground response was greatly hampered by ice-covered roads and gridlocked traffic; ambulances dispatched at 4:07 pm took 20 minutes to reach the crash scene. Ambulances attempting to reach the crash site were even driven down the sidewalk in front of the White House. Rescuers who reached the site were unable to assist survivors in the water because they did not have adequate equipment to reach them. Freezing water and heavy ice made swimming out to them impossible. Multiple attempts to throw a makeshift lifeline (made out of belts and any other things available that could be tied together) out to the survivors proved ineffective. The rescue attempts by emergency officials and witnesses were recorded and broadcast live by area news reporters, and as the accident occurred in the nation's capital, large numbers of media personnel were on hand to provide quick and extensive coverage.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: Roger Olian, a sheet-metal foreman at St. Elizabeths Hospital, a Washington psychiatric hospital, was on his way home across the 14th Street Bridge in his truck when he heard a man yelling that an aircraft was in the water. He was the first to jump into the water to attempt to reach the survivors. At the same time, several military personnel from the Pentagon—Steve Raynes, Aldo De La Cruz, and Steve Bell—ran down to the water's edge to help Olian.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: At this point, flight controllers were aware only that the plane had disappeared from radar and did not respond to radio calls, but had no idea of either what had happened or the plane's location.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: Around 4:20 pm EST, "Eagle 1", a United States Park Police Bell 206L-1 Long Ranger helicopter (registry number N22PP), based at the "Eagles Nest" at Anacostia Park in Washington and manned by pilot Donald W. Usher and paramedic Melvin E. Windsor, arrived and began attempting to airlift the survivors to shore. At great risk to themselves, the crew worked close to the water's surface, at one time coming so close to the ice-clogged river that the helicopter's skids dipped beneath the surface.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: The helicopter crew lowered a line to survivors to tow them to shore. First to receive the line was Bert Hamilton, who was treading water about 10 ft (3 m) from the plane's floating tail. The pilot pulled him across the ice to shore, while avoiding the sides of the bridge. By then, some fire/rescue personnel had arrived to join the military personnel and civilians who pulled Hamilton (and the next/last three survivors) from the water's edge up to waiting ambulances. The helicopter returned to the aircraft's tail, and this time Arland D. Williams Jr. (sometimes referred to as "the sixth passenger") caught the line. Williams, not able to unstrap himself from the wreckage, passed the line to flight attendant Kelly Duncan, who was towed to shore. On its third trip back to the wreckage, the helicopter lowered two lifelines, fearing that the remaining survivors had only a few minutes before succumbing to hypothermia. Williams, still strapped into the wreckage, passed one line to Joe Stiley, who was holding on to a panic-stricken and blinded (from jet fuel) Priscilla Tirado, who had lost her husband and baby. Stiley's co-worker, Nikki Felch, took the second line. As the helicopter pulled the three through the water and blocks of ice toward shore, both Tirado and Felch lost their grip and fell back into the water.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: Priscilla Tirado was too weak to grab the line when the helicopter returned to her. A watching bystander, Congressional Budget Office assistant Lenny Skutnik, stripped off his coat and boots, and in short sleeves, dove into the icy water and swam out to successfully pull her to shore. The helicopter then proceeded to where Felch had fallen, and paramedic Gene Windsor stepped out onto the helicopter skid and grabbed her by the clothing to lift her onto the skid with him, bringing her to shore. When the helicopter crew returned for Williams, the wreckage he was strapped into had rolled slightly, submerging him; according to the coroner, Williams was the only passenger to die by drowning. His body and those of the other occupants were recovered later.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: The inclement weather had caused an early start to Washington's rush-hour traffic, frustrating the response time of emergency crews. The early rush hour also meant that trains on the Washington Metro were full when just 30 minutes after Flight 90 crashed, the Metro suffered its first fatal crash, at Federal Triangle station. This meant that Washington's nearest airport, one of its main bridges in or out of the city, and one of its busiest subway lines were all closed simultaneously, paralyzing much of the metropolitan area.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: The first member of the news media to arrive was Chester Panzer of WRC-TV. A crew member and he, returning from another story, had been stuck in traffic in their news vehicle on the George Washington Parkway when the plane crashed a few hundred yards away from them. Minutes later, they were shooting video footage of the crash scene, showing wreckage and survivors in the water, along with the arrival of first responders. Chester captured Lenny Skutnik's memorable plunge to pull Priscilla Tirado from the icy water. His work earned him 1983 Pulitzer Prize finalist honors for spot news photography.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: Charles "Charlie" Pereira, a photographer with the United States Park Police, was in the Chief's office when the call came in that Air Florida Flight 90 had crashed. Charlie ran to the 14th street bridge and captured the only still images from the rescue. He was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize for his photography.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: John Goldsmith, an off-beat reporter for WDVM-TV (now WUSA), happened to be at National Airport prior to the incident doing a story on the snowstorm, and even caught footage of Flight 90 prior to takeoff. He was first on the air with the story.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: News media outlets followed the story with diligence. Notably, "The Washington Post" published a story about the then-unidentified survivor of the crash, Arland D. Williams Jr., who had handed the lifeline to others and drowned before he could be rescued:


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: The day after the crash, on Washington, DC, radio, WWDC shock jock Howard Stern pretended to call the Air Florida ticket counter to ask about buying tickets to the 14th Street Bridge.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: The 737 had broken into several large pieces upon impact — the nose and cockpit section, the cabin up to the wing attachment point, the cabin from behind the wings to the rear airstairs, and the empennage. Although actual impact speeds were low and well within survivability limits, the structural breakup of the fuselage and exposure to freezing water nonetheless proved fatal for all persons aboard the plane except those seated in the tail section. The NTSB concluded that the accident was not survivable. Determining the position of the rudder, slats, elevators, and ailerons was not possible due to impact damage and destruction of the majority of flight control systems.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: The NTSB determined that the probable cause of the crash included the flight crew's failure to enforce a sterile cockpit during the final preflight checklist procedure. The engines' anti-ice heaters were not engaged during ground operation and takeoff. The decision to take off with snow/ice on the airfoil surfaces of the aircraft, and the captain's failure to reject the takeoff during the early stage, when his attention was called to anomalous engine instrument readings, were also erroneous.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: The "sixth passenger", who had survived the crash and had repeatedly given up the rescue lines to other survivors before drowning, was later identified as 46-year-old bank examiner Arland D. Williams, Jr. The repaired span of the 14th Street Bridge complex over the Potomac River at the crash site, then named the Rochambeau Bridge, was renamed the Arland D. Williams Jr. Memorial Bridge in his honor. The Citadel in South Carolina, from which he graduated in 1957, has several memorials to him. In 2003, the new Arland D. Williams Jr. Elementary School was dedicated in his hometown of Mattoon in Coles County, Illinois.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: Civilians Roger Olian and Lenny Skutnik received the Coast Guard's Gold Lifesaving Medal. Arland D. Williams, Jr. also received the award posthumously. Skutnik was introduced to the joint session of the U.S. Congress during President Ronald Reagan's State of the Union speech later that month.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: The Coast Guard awarded a Silver Lifesaving Medal to two crewmen of the U.S. Park Police helicopter "Eagle 1". As the U.S. Park Police are part of the United States Department of the Interior, pilot Donald W. Usher and paramedic Melvin E. Windsor also received the Interior Department's Valor Award, presented in a special ceremony soon after the accident by Secretary of the Interior James G. Watt. Usher later became superintendent of the National Park Service Law Enforcement Training Center located at FLETC in Brunswick, Georgia, before retiring in December 2012.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: Roger Olian, Lenny Skutnik, Donald Usher, and Melvin Windsor each received the Carnegie Hero Fund Medal. Kelly Duncan, the only surviving flight attendant, was recognized in the NTSB accident report for her "unselfish act" of giving the only life vest she could find to a passenger.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: The investigation following the crash, especially regarding the failure of the captain to respond to crew concerns about the deicing procedure, led to a number of reforms in pilot-training regulations. Partial blame was placed on the young, inexperienced flight crew, who had a combined age of only 65 and had begun their careers as commercial pilots less than five years earlier. Typical of upstart, low-cost carriers, Air Florida frequently hired youthful pilots who worked for less money than veterans, and were for the most part seeking to gain flight experience prior to joining a major airline. It became a widely used case study for both air crews and rescue workers.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: Air Florida began lowering its service and reducing the number of its employees to cope with decreasing finances and fare wars. The airline ultimately filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection two and a half years after the crash.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: Disagreement arose over whether the Air Florida crash was a significant factor in the company's failure. Ken Kaye of the "South Florida Sun Sentinel" said, "The Air Florida accident led to the carrier's eventual demise. Though it was once a robust airline, flying to 30 cities through Florida, the Northeast, and the Caribbean, the company filed for bankruptcy and grounded its fleet in July 1984." "Good Morning America" also stated, "The Air Florida accident led to the carrier's eventual demise".


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: Weeks after the accident, Air Florida's CEO and founder, Eli Timoner, had a debilitating stroke at age 53, causing additional management strain on the carrier. Timoner retired the following year and was replaced by Donald Lloyd-Jones.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: Suzy Hagstrom of the "Orlando Sentinel" said, "Chronologically, the crash of Flight 90 may have marked the beginning of the end for Air Florida, but aviation experts say it did not cause or trigger the carrier's demise". Paul Turk, the publications director of the aviation consultancy firm Avmark Inc., said that many airlines faced difficulties in the 1980s due to fare wars, a recession, and decline in travel, and that Air Florida had already faced increasing debt and financial losses prior to the crash. Turk argued, "Air Florida would have folded without the crash". Thomas Canning, a senior airline analyst for Standard & Poor's, said, "I don't believe one crash can make or break an airline; there were a lot of other factors involved in Air Florida's bankruptcy."


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: The Discovery Channel Canada/National Geographic TV series "Mayday" (also called "Air Crash Investigation" or "Air Emergency") dramatized the accident in an episode titled "Disaster on the Potomac" (aired in some countries as "Tragedy on the Potomac").


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: The PBS series "Nova" featured the crash in season 2, episode 2, of the TV show "Why Planes Crash", in an episode called "Brush With Death".


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: The National Geographic Channel series "Seconds From Disaster" also dramatized the accident entitled "Plane Crash in the Potomac".


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: The flight has also been shown on the show "When Weather Changed History" on US-based The Weather Channel.


title: Air Florida Flight 90

text: The National Law Enforcement Museum, which opened in Washington, DC, in 2018, has footage of the crash on display along with interviews of survivors and other first-hand accounts. The display includes the U.S. Park Police helicopter involved in the rescue of Flight 90's survivors.


title: X Window System

text: The X Window System (X11, or simply X) is a windowing system for bitmap displays, common on Unix-like operating systems.


title: X Window System

text: X provides the basic framework for a GUI environment: drawing and moving windows on the display device and interacting with a mouse and keyboard. X does not mandate the user interfacethis is handled by individual programs. As such, the visual styling of X-based environments varies greatly; different programs may present radically different interfaces.


title: X Window System

text: X originated as part of Project Athena at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1984. The X protocol has been at version 11 (hence "X11") since September 1987. The X.Org Foundation leads the X project, with the current reference implementation, X.Org Server, available as free and open-source software under the MIT License and similar permissive licenses.


title: X Window System

text: X is an architecture-independent system for remote graphical user interfaces and input device capabilities. Each person using a networked terminal has the ability to interact with the display with any type of user input device.


title: X Window System

text: In its standard distribution it is a complete, albeit simple, display and interface solution which delivers a standard toolkit and protocol stack for building graphical user interfaces on most Unix-like operating systems and OpenVMS, and has been ported to many other contemporary general purpose operating systems.


title: X Window System

text: X provides the basic framework, or primitives, for building such GUI environments: drawing and moving windows on the display and interacting with a mouse, keyboard or touchscreen. X does not mandate the user interface; individual client programs handle this. Programs may use X's graphical abilities with no user interface. As such, the visual styling of X-based environments varies greatly; different programs may present radically different interfaces.


title: X Window System

text: Unlike most earlier display protocols, X was specifically designed to be used over network connections rather than on an integral or attached display device. X features network transparency, which means an X program running on a computer somewhere on a network (such as the Internet) can display its user interface on an X server running on some other computer on the network. The X server is typically the provider of graphics resources and keyboard/mouse events to X clients, meaning that the X server is usually running on the computer in front of a human user, while the X client applications run anywhere on the network and communicate with the user's computer to request the rendering of graphics content and receive events from input devices including keyboards and mice.


title: X Window System

text: The fact that the term "server" is applied to the software in front of the user is often surprising to users accustomed to their programs being clients to services on remote computers. Here, rather than a remote database being the resource for a local app, the user's graphic display and input devices become resources made available by the local X server to both local and remotely hosted X client programs who need to share the user's graphics and input devices to communicate with the user.


title: X Window System

text: X's network protocol is based on X command primitives. This approach allows both 2D and (through extensions like GLX) 3D operations by an X client application which might be running on a different computer to still be fully accelerated on the X server's display. For example, in classic OpenGL (before version 3.0), display lists containing large numbers of objects could be constructed and stored entirely in the X server by a remote X client program, and each then rendered by sending a single glCallList(which) across the network.


title: X Window System

text: X provides no native support for audio; several projects exist to fill this niche, some also providing transparent network support.


title: X Window System

text: X uses a client–server model: an X server communicates with various "client" programs. The server accepts requests for graphical output (windows) and sends back user input (from keyboard, mouse, or touchscreen). The server may function as:


title: X Window System

text: This client–server terminologythe user's terminal being the server and the applications being the clientsoften confuses new X users, because the terms appear reversed. But X takes the perspective of the application, rather than that of the end-user: X provides display and I/O services to applications, so it is a server; applications use these services, thus they are clients.


title: X Window System

text: The communication protocol between server and client operates network-transparently: the client and server may run on the same machine or on different ones, possibly with different architectures and operating systems. A client and server can even communicate securely over the Internet by tunneling the connection over an encrypted network session.


title: X Window System

text: An X client itself may emulate an X server by providing display services to other clients. This is known as "X nesting". Open-source clients such as Xnest and Xephyr support such X nesting.


title: X Window System

text: The remote X client application will then make a connection to the user's local X server, providing display and input to the user.


title: X Window System

text: Alternatively, the local machine may run a small program that connects to the remote machine and starts the client application.


title: X Window System

text: X primarily defines protocol and graphics primitivesit deliberately contains no specification for application user-interface design, such as button, menu, or window title-bar styles. Instead, application softwaresuch as window managers, GUI widget toolkits and desktop environments, or application-specific graphical user interfacesdefine and provide such details. As a result, there is no "typical" X interface and several different desktop environments have become popular among users.


title: X Window System

text: A window manager controls the placement and appearance of application windows. This may result in desktop interfaces reminiscent of those of Microsoft Windows or of the Apple Macintosh (examples include GNOME 2, KDE, Xfce) or have radically different controls (such as a tiling window manager, like wmii or Ratpoison). Some interfaces such as Sugar or ChromeOS eschew the desktop metaphor altogether, simplifying their interfaces for specialized applications. Window managers range in sophistication and complexity from the bare-bones ("e.g.", twm, the basic window manager supplied with X, or evilwm, an extremely light window-manager) to the more comprehensive desktop environments such as Enlightenment and even to application-specific window-managers for vertical markets such as point-of-sale.


title: X Window System

text: Many users use X with a desktop environment, which, aside from the window manager, includes various applications using a consistent user-interface. Popular desktop environments include GNOME, KDE Plasma and Xfce. The UNIX 98 standard environment is the Common Desktop Environment (CDE). The freedesktop.org initiative addresses interoperability between desktops and the components needed for a competitive X desktop.


title: X Window System

text: The X.Org implementation is the canonical implementation of X. Owing to liberal licensing, a number of variations, both free and open source and proprietary, have appeared. Commercial Unix vendors have tended to take the reference implementation and adapt it for their hardware, usually customizing it and adding proprietary extensions.


title: X Window System

text: Up until 2004, XFree86 provided the most common X variant on free Unix-like systems. XFree86 started as a port of X to 386-compatible PCs and, by the end of the 1990s, had become the greatest source of technical innovation in X and the "de facto" standard of X development. Since 2004, however, the X.Org Server, a fork of XFree86, has become predominant.


title: X Window System

text: While it is common to associate X with Unix, X servers also exist natively within other graphical environments. VMS Software Inc.'s OpenVMS operating system includes a version of X with Common Desktop Environment (CDE), known as DECwindows, as its standard desktop environment. Apple originally ported X to macOS in the form of X11.app, but that has been deprecated in favor of the XQuartz implementation. Third-party servers under Apple's older operating systems in the 1990s, System 7, and Mac OS 8 and 9, included Apple's MacX and White Pine Software's eXodus.


title: X Window System

text: Microsoft Windows is not shipped with support for X, but many third-party implementations exist, as free and open source software such as Cygwin/X, and proprietary products such as Exceed, MKS X/Server, Reflection X, X-Win32 and Xming.


title: X Window System

text: There are also Java implementations of X servers. WeirdX runs on any platform supporting Swing 1.1, and will run as an applet within most browsers. The Android X Server is an open source Java implementation that runs on Android devices.


title: X Window System

text: When an operating system with a native windowing system hosts X in addition, the X system can either use its own normal desktop in a separate host window or it can run "rootless", meaning the X desktop is hidden and the host windowing environment manages the geometry and appearance of the hosted X windows within the host screen.


title: X Window System

text: An "X terminal" is a thin client that only runs an X server. This architecture became popular for building inexpensive terminal parks for many users to simultaneously use the same large computer server to execute application programs as clients of each user's X terminal. This use is very much aligned with the original intention of the MIT project.


title: X Window System

text: X terminals explore the network (the local broadcast domain) using the X Display Manager Control Protocol to generate a list of available hosts that are allowed as clients. One of the client hosts should run an X display manager.


title: X Window System

text: A limitation of X terminals and most thin clients is that they are not capable of any input or output other than the keyboard, mouse, and display. All relevant data is assumed to exist solely on the remote server, and the X terminal user has no methods available to save or load data from a local peripheral device.


title: X Window System

text: Dedicated (hardware) X terminals have fallen out of use; a PC or modern thin client with an X server typically provides the same functionality at the same, or lower, cost.


title: X Window System

text: "The Unix-Haters Handbook" (1994) devoted a full chapter to the problems of X. "Why X Is Not Our Ideal Window System" (1990) by Gajewska, Manasse and McCormack detailed problems in the protocol with recommendations for improvement.


title: X Window System

text: The lack of design guidelines in X has resulted in several vastly different interfaces, and in applications that have not always worked well together. The Inter-Client Communication Conventions Manual (ICCCM), a specification for client interoperability, has a reputation for being difficult to implement correctly. Further standards efforts such as Motif and CDE did not alleviate problems. This has frustrated users and programmers. Graphics programmers now generally address consistency of application look and feel and communication by coding to a specific desktop environment or to a specific widget toolkit, which also avoids having to deal directly with the ICCCM.


title: X Window System

text: X also lacks native support for user-defined stored procedures on the X server, in the manner of NeWSthere is no Turing-complete scripting facility. Various desktop environments may thus offer their own (usually mutually incompatible) facilities.


title: X Window System

text: Systems built upon X may have accessibility issues that make utilization of a computer difficult for disabled users, including right click, double click, middle click, mouse-over, and focus stealing. Some X11 clients deal with accessibility issues better than others, so persons with accessibility problems are not locked out of using X11. However, there is no accessibility standard or accessibility guidelines for X11. Within the X11 standards process there is no working group on accessibility, however, accessibility needs are being addressed by software projects to provide these features on top of X.


title: X Window System

text: The Orca project adds accessibility support to the X Window System, including implementing an API (AT-SPI). This is coupled with GNOME's ATK to allow for accessibility features to be implemented in X programs using the GNOME/GTK APIs. KDE provides a different set of accessibility software, including a text-to-speech converter and a screen magnifier. The other major desktops (LXDE, Xfce and Enlightenment) attempt to be compatible with ATK.


title: X Window System

text: An X client cannot generally be detached from one server and reattached to another unless its code specifically provides for it (Emacs is one of the few common programs with this ability). As such, moving an entire session from one X server to another is generally not possible. However, approaches like Virtual Network Computing (VNC), NX and Xpra allow a virtual session to be reached from different X servers (in a manner similar to GNU Screen in relation to terminals), and other applications and toolkits provide related facilities. Workarounds like x11vnc ("VNC :0 viewers"), Xpra's shadow mode and NX's nxagent shadow mode also exist to make the current X-server screen available. This ability allows the user interface (mouse, keyboard, monitor) of a running application to be switched from one location to another without stopping and restarting the application.


title: X Window System

text: Network traffic between an X server and remote X clients is not encrypted by default. An attacker with a packet sniffer can intercept it, making it possible to view anything displayed to or sent from the user's screen. The most common way to encrypt X traffic is to establish a Secure Shell (SSH) tunnel for communication.


title: X Window System

text: Like all thin clients, when using X across a network, bandwidth limitations can impede the use of bitmap-intensive applications that require rapidly updating large portions of the screen with low latency, such as 3D animation or photo editing. Even a relatively small "uncompressed" 640x480x24 bit 30 fps video stream (~211 Mbit/s) can easily outstrip the bandwidth of a 100 Mbit/s network for a single client. In contrast, modern versions of X generally have extensions such as MESA allowing local display of a local program's graphics to be optimized to bypass the network model and directly control the video card, for use of full-screen video, rendered 3D applications, and other such applications.


title: X Window System

text: X's design requires the clients and server to operate separately, and device independence and the separation of client and server incur overhead. Most of the overhead comes from network round-trip delay time between client and server (latency) rather than from the protocol itself: the best solutions to performance issues depend on efficient application design. A common criticism of X is that its network features result in excessive complexity and decreased performance if only used locally.


title: X Window System

text: Modern X implementations use Unix domain sockets for efficient connections on the same host. Additionally shared memory (via the MIT-SHM extension) can be employed for faster client–server communication. However, the programmer must still explicitly activate and use the shared memory extension. It is also necessary to provide fallback paths in order to stay compatible with older implementations, and in order to communicate with non-local X servers.


title: X Window System

text: Some people have attempted writing alternatives to and replacements for X. Historical alternatives include Sun's NeWS and NeXT's Display PostScript, both PostScript-based systems supporting user-definable display-side procedures, which X lacked. Current alternatives include:


title: X Window System

text: Additional ways to achieve a functional form of the "network transparency" feature of X, via network transmissibility of graphical services, include:


title: X Window System

text: Several bitmap display systems preceded X. From Xerox came the Alto (1973) and the Star (1981). From Apollo Computer came Display Manager (1981). From Apple came the Lisa (1983) and the Macintosh (1984). The Unix world had the Andrew Project (1982) and Rob Pike's Blit terminal (1982).


title: X Window System

text: Carnegie Mellon University produced a remote-access application called Alto Terminal, that displayed overlapping windows on the Xerox Alto, and made remote hosts (typically DEC VAX systems running Unix) responsible for handling window-exposure events and refreshing window contents as necessary.


title: X Window System

text: X derives its name as a successor to a pre-1983 window system called W (the letter preceding X in the English alphabet). W ran under the V operating system. W used a network protocol supporting terminal and graphics windows, the server maintaining display lists.


title: X Window System

text: The original idea of X emerged at MIT in 1984 as a collaboration between Jim Gettys (of Project Athena) and Bob Scheifler (of the MIT Laboratory for Computer Science). Scheifler needed a usable display environment for debugging the Argus system. Project Athena (a joint project between DEC, MIT and IBM to provide easy access to computing resources for all students) needed a platform-independent graphics system to link together its heterogeneous multiple-vendor systems; the window system then under development in Carnegie Mellon University's Andrew Project did not make licenses available, and no alternatives existed.


title: X Window System

text: The project solved this by creating a protocol that could both run local applications and call on remote resources. In mid-1983 an initial port of W to Unix ran at one-fifth of its speed under V; in May 1984, Scheifler replaced the synchronous protocol of W with an asynchronous protocol and the display lists with immediate mode graphics to make X version 1. X became the first windowing system environment to offer true hardware independence and vendor independence.


title: X Window System

text: Scheifler, Gettys and Ron Newman set to work and X progressed rapidly. They released Version 6 in January 1985. DEC, then preparing to release its first Ultrix workstation, judged X the only windowing system likely to become available in time. DEC engineers ported X6 to DEC's QVSS display on MicroVAX.


title: X Window System

text: In the second quarter of 1985, X acquired color support to function in the DEC VAXstation-II/GPX, forming what became version 9.


title: X Window System

text: A group at Brown University ported version 9 to the IBM RT PC, but problems with reading unaligned data on the RT forced an incompatible protocol change, leading to version 10 in late 1985. By 1986, outside organizations had begun asking for X. X10R2 was released in January 1986, then X10R3 in February 1986. Although MIT had licensed X6 to some outside groups for a fee, it decided at this time to license X10R3 and future versions under what became known as the MIT License, intending to popularize X further and, in return, hoping that many more applications would become available. X10R3 became the first version to achieve wide deployment, with both DEC and Hewlett-Packard releasing products based on it. Other groups ported X10 to Apollo and to Sun workstations and even to the IBM PC/AT. Demonstrations of the first commercial application for X (a mechanical computer-aided engineering system from Cognition Inc. that ran on VAXes and remotely displayed on PCs running an X server ported by Jim Fulton and Jan Hardenbergh) took place at the Autofact trade show at that time. The last version of X10, X10R4, appeared in December 1986. Attempts were made to enable X servers as real-time collaboration devices, much as Virtual Network Computing (VNC) would later allow a desktop to be shared. One such early effort was Philip J. Gust's SharedX tool.


title: X Window System

text: Although X10 offered interesting and powerful functionality, it had become obvious that the X protocol could use a more hardware-neutral redesign before it became too widely deployed, but MIT alone would not have the resources available for such a complete redesign. As it happened, DEC's Western Software Laboratory found itself between projects with an experienced team. Smokey Wallace of DEC WSL and Jim Gettys proposed that DEC WSL build X11 and make it freely available under the same terms as X9 and X10. This process started in May 1986, with the protocol finalized in August. Alpha testing of the software started in February 1987, beta-testing in May; the release of X11 finally occurred on 15 September 1987.


title: X Window System

text: The X11 protocol design, led by Scheifler, was extensively discussed on open mailing lists on the nascent Internet that were bridged to USENET newsgroups. Gettys moved to California to help lead the X11 development work at WSL from DEC's Systems Research Center, where Phil Karlton and Susan Angebrandt led the X11 sample server design and implementation. X therefore represents one of the first very large-scale distributed free and open source software projects.


title: X Window System

text: By the late 1980s X was, Simson Garfinkel wrote in 1989, "Athena's most important single achievement to date". DEC reportedly believed that its development alone had made the company's donation to MIT worthwhile. Gettys joined the design team for the VAXstation 2000 to ensure that X—which DEC called DECwindows—would run on it, and the company assigned 1,200 employees to port X to both Ultrix and VMS. In 1987, with the success of X11 becoming apparent, MIT wished to relinquish the stewardship of X, but at a June 1987 meeting with nine vendors, the vendors told MIT that they believed in the need for a neutral party to keep X from fragmenting in the marketplace. In January 1988, the "MIT X Consortium" formed as a non-profit vendor group, with Scheifler as director, to direct the future development of X in a neutral atmosphere inclusive of commercial and educational interests.


title: X Window System

text: Jim Fulton joined in January 1988 and Keith Packard in March 1988 as senior developers, with Jim focusing on Xlib, fonts, window managers, and utilities; and Keith re-implementing the server. Donna Converse, Chris D. Peterson, and Stephen Gildea joined later that year, focusing on toolkits and widget sets, working closely with Ralph Swick of MIT Project Athena. The MIT X Consortium produced several significant revisions to X11, the first (Release 2 X11R2) in February 1988. Jay Hersh joined the staff in January 1991 to work on the PEX and X113D functionality. He was followed soon after by Ralph Mor (who also worked on PEX) and Dave Sternlicht. In 1993, as the MIT X Consortium prepared to depart from MIT, the staff were joined by R. Gary Cutbill, Kaleb Keithley, and David Wiggins.


title: X Window System

text: In 1993, the X Consortium, Inc. (a non-profit corporation) formed as the successor to the MIT X Consortium. It released X11R6 on 16 May 1994. In 1995 it took on the development of the Motif toolkit and of the Common Desktop Environment for Unix systems. The X Consortium dissolved at the end of 1996, producing a final revision, X11R6.3, and a legacy of increasing commercial influence in the development.


title: X Window System

text: In January 1997, the X Consortium passed stewardship of X to The Open Group, a vendor group formed in early 1996 by the merger of the Open Software Foundation and X/Open.


title: X Window System

text: The Open Group released X11R6.4 in early 1998. Controversially, X11R6.4 departed from the traditional liberal licensing terms, as the Open Group sought to assure funding for the development of X, and specifically cited XFree86 as not significantly contributing to X. The new terms would have made X no longer free software: zero-cost for noncommercial use, but a fee otherwise. After XFree86 seemed poised to fork, the Open Group relicensed X11R6.4 under the traditional license in September 1998. The Open Group's last release came as X11R6.4 patch 3.


title: X Window System

text: XFree86 originated in 1992 from the X386 server for IBM PC compatibles included with X11R5 in 1991, written by Thomas Roell and Mark W. Snitily and donated to the MIT X Consortium by Snitily Graphics Consulting Services (SGCS). XFree86 evolved over time from just one port of X to the leading and most popular implementation and the "de facto" standard of X's development.


title: X Window System

text: In May 1999, The Open Group formed X.Org. X.Org supervised the release of versions X11R6.5.1 onward. X development at this time had become moribund; most technical innovation since the X Consortium had dissolved had taken place in the XFree86 project. In 1999, the XFree86 team joined X.Org as an honorary (non-paying) member, encouraged by various hardware companies interested in using XFree86 with Linux and in its status as the most popular version of X.


title: X Window System

text: By 2003, while the popularity of Linux (and hence the installed base of X) surged, X.Org remained inactive, and active development took place largely within XFree86. However, considerable dissent developed within XFree86. The XFree86 project suffered from a perception of a far too cathedral-like development model; developers could not get CVS commit access and vendors had to maintain extensive patch sets. In March 2003, the XFree86 organization expelled Keith Packard, who had joined XFree86 after the end of the original MIT X Consortium, with considerable ill feeling.


title: X Window System

text: X.Org and XFree86 began discussing a reorganisation suited to properly nurturing the development of X. Jim Gettys had been pushing strongly for an open development model since at least 2000. Gettys, Packard and several others began discussing in detail the requirements for the effective governance of X with open development.


title: X Window System

text: Finally, in an echo of the X11R6.4 licensing dispute, XFree86 released version 4.4 in February 2004 under a more restrictive license which many projects relying on X found unacceptable. The added clause to the license was based on the original BSD license's advertising clause, which was viewed by the Free Software Foundation and Debian as incompatible with the GNU General Public License. Other groups saw it as against the spirit of the original X. Theo de Raadt of OpenBSD, for instance, threatened to fork XFree86 citing license concerns. The license issue, combined with the difficulties in getting changes in, left many feeling the time was ripe for a fork.


title: X Window System

text: In early 2004, various people from X.Org and freedesktop.org formed the X.Org Foundation, and the Open Group gave it control of the codice_1 domain name. This marked a radical change in the governance of X. Whereas the stewards of X since 1988 (including the prior X.Org) had been vendor organizations, the Foundation was led by software developers and used community development based on the bazaar model, which relies on outside involvement. Membership was opened to individuals, with corporate membership being in the form of sponsorship. Several major corporations such as Hewlett-Packard currently support the X.Org Foundation.


title: X Window System

text: The Foundation takes an oversight role over X development: technical decisions are made on their merits by achieving rough consensus among community members. Technical decisions are not made by the board of directors; in this sense, it is strongly modelled on the technically non-interventionist GNOME Foundation. The Foundation employs no developers.


title: X Window System

text: The Foundation released X11R6.7, the X.Org Server, in April 2004, based on XFree86 4.4RC2 with X11R6.6 changes merged. Gettys and Packard had taken the last version of XFree86 under the old license and, by making a point of an open development model and retaining GPL compatibility, brought many of the old XFree86 developers on board.


title: X Window System

text: While X11 had received extensions such as OpenGL support during the 1990s, its architecture had remained fundamentally unchanged during the decade. In the early part of the 2000s, however, it was overhauled to resolve a number of problems that had surfaced over the years, including a "flawed" font architecture, a 2-d graphics system "which had always been intended to be augmented and/or replaced", and latency issues.


title: X Window System

text: X11R6.8 came out in September 2004. It added significant new features, including preliminary support for translucent windows and other sophisticated visual effects, screen magnifiers and thumbnailers, and facilities to integrate with 3D immersive display systems such as Sun's Project Looking Glass and the Croquet project. External applications called "compositing window managers" provide policy for the visual appearance.


title: X Window System

text: On 21 December 2005, X.Org released X11R6.9, the monolithic source tree for legacy users, and X11R7.0, the same source code separated into independent modules, each maintainable in separate projects. The Foundation released X11R7.1 on 22 May 2006, about four months after 7.0, with considerable feature improvements.


title: X Window System

text: The proper names for the system are listed in the manual page as X; X Window System; X Version 11; X Window System, Version 11; or X11.


title: X Window System

text: The term "X-Windows" (in the manner of the subsequently released "Microsoft Windows") is not officially endorsed with X Consortium release manager Matt Landau stating in 1993, "There is no such thing as 'X Windows' or 'X Window', despite the repeated misuse of the forms by the trade rags" though it has been in common informal use since early in the history of X and has been used deliberately for provocative effect, for example in the "Unix-Haters Handbook".


title: X Window System

text: The X Window System has nuanced usage of a number of terms when compared to common usage, particularly "display" and "screen", a subset of which is given here for convenience:


title: X Window System

text: The term "display" should not be confused with the more specialized jargon "Zaphod display". The latter is a rare configuration allowing multiple users of a single computer to each have an independent set of display, mouse, and keyboard, as though they were using separate computers, but at a lower per-seat cost.


title: Rachel Uchitel

text: Rachel Uchitel (; born January 29, 1975) is an American nightclub manager, hostess, and TV correspondent. She first encountered publicity when,


title: Rachel Uchitel

text: following the September 11 attacks, a photo of her holding a picture of her fiancé, who worked in the World Trade Center, was published on the front page of the "New York Post" and circulated worldwide. She made headlines again in 2010 as one of golfer Tiger Woods' mistresses. In 2010, she appeared in the fourth season of the American reality television series "Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew".


title: Rachel Uchitel

text: Uchitel is the daughter of Robert N. Uchitel (1946–1990) and the granddaughter of Maurice Uchitel (1911-2000) a restaurant and nightclub owner born in the Russian Empire. He owned several establishments in the 1950s and 1960s, including the El Morocco nightclub. Her surname "Uchitel" (, ) means "teacher" in Russian and several other Slavic languages.


title: Rachel Uchitel

text: At the age of 13, she was sent to CEDU School in Running Springs, California where she claims she was made to dig a grave with a spoon and then lay in it. Several years later, CEDU would be shutdown after losing several lawsuits for battery, neglect, racketeering, invasion of privacy, and child abuse.


title: Rachel Uchitel

text: In 1990, her father died of a cocaine overdose. According to Uchitel, her father's death required her to mature quickly and was one of the incidents in her life that led to her own addictions later.


title: Rachel Uchitel

text: She graduated from Millbrook School in 1992 and graduated from the University of New Hampshire in 1996 with a degree in psychology. She spent five years after college as a news producer in New York for Bloomberg Television.


title: Rachel Uchitel

text: Uchitel began her career after college working in television and film, with a five-year stint as a producer in the Bloomberg News television division, a period in which she became "engaged to a man who died in the 9/11 attacks." Uchitel has served as a special correspondent on nightlife for "Extra".


title: Rachel Uchitel

text: In 2005, Uchitel moved to Las Vegas and was a VIP hostess at the Tao in Las Vegas, Nevada, the following year, and whose ownership included occasional boyfriend Jason Strauss. She said, "In a random career move and a life-changing experience, I found myself living in Las Vegas to launch Tao nightclub and restaurant... Two years later, I was back in New York to oversee VIP operations for all of their companies and venues, such as Stanton Social, Marquee, Tao Bistro, and Dune.


title: Rachel Uchitel

text: Uchitel ran the VIP section of "some of the most successful clubs in New York." As of 2009, Uchitel was living in Las Vegas but self-described as "too old for being a VIP host anymore".


title: Rachel Uchitel

text: In December 2013, Uchitel opened a children's boutique on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. The store was named Wyatt Lily after her 2-year-old daughter and was named "Best Kids Birthday Presents" in New York magazine's annual Best Of issue in 2015. It has since closed down.


title: Rachel Uchitel

text: Uchitel was a cast member in the fourth season of the VH1 reality television program "Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew" which documents notable persons being treated for substance abuse – in her case, alcohol, opiates, and benzodiazepines. Dr. Drew Pinsky, who normally is not involved with casting for the series reportedly visited Uchitel personally in order to convince her to be cast on the show, for which she was paid $500,000 to appear – double the amount initially offered to her by producers.


title: Rachel Uchitel

text: Uchitel had been engaged to James Andrew O'Grady, a managing director of Sandler O’Neill who was killed in the September 11 attacks of the World Trade Center. A few days later she appeared on the front page of the "New York Post" holding a picture of O'Grady, which was republished worldwide. Uchitel and her fiancé's family subsequently debated the disposition of his estate.


title: Rachel Uchitel

text: In 2004, Uchitel married Wall Street trader and childhood friend Steven Ehrenkranz. Their marriage lasted four months.