title: The Commitments (film)

text: Fox gave "The Commitments" a platform release which involved opening the film in select cities before expanding distribution in the following weeks. The film had a limited release in New York City, Los Angeles, and Ireland on 14 August 1991, and expanded to Toronto, San Francisco and Chicago on 16 August 1991. The film was released nationwide in North America on 13 September 1991, and Ireland on 4 October 1991. The English-based studio Sovereign Pictures handled distribution outside North America.


title: The Commitments (film)

text: "The Commitments" grossed $271,333 on its first week of limited release in North America—an average of $33,916 per theater. The film grossed an additional $268,653 in its second weekend, with an overall domestic gross of $775,824. More theaters were added in its third week; the film grossed an additional $1,366,223 from 104 theatres, which was a +409% increase from its second weekend. The following week, the film was released to a total of 555 theaters in the United States and Canada. It grossed $2,511,091, securing the number three position at the domestic box office. The film saw a significant drop in attendance during the following week, the film grossed $1,752,234, a 30.2% overall decrease from the previous weekend. After eight weeks of release, "The Commitments" ended its theatrical run with an overall gross of $14,919,570. In North America, it was the 80th highest-grossing film of 1991 and the 42nd highest-grossing R-rated film of that year.


title: The Commitments (film)

text: The film was the highest-grossing film in Ireland of all time with a gross of IR£2.23 million ($3.5 million). It grossed £8,285,701 in the UK.


title: The Commitments (film)

text: In North America, "The Commitments" was released on VHS on 9 April 1992 by FoxVideo, Inc. To promote the release, FoxVideo distributed 90,000 videocassette copies of a "making-of" featurette to home video retailers. The featurette was made available to consumers as a free rental. FoxVideo spent an estimated $300,000 on the marketing, and an additional $200,000 promoting the featurette using print and broadcast advertising.


title: The Commitments (film)

text: A Region 1 DVD was released on 19 August 2003, by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. The DVD presents the film in standard definition. Special features include a making-of featurette, a music video for the song "Treat Her Right", a theatrical trailer, and CD sampler that plays four songs from the motion picture soundtrack. A two-disc special edition DVD was later released on 16 March 2004. The first disc presents the film in widescreen, and features an audio commentary by Parker. Other special features include the theatrical trailer, the "Treat Her Right" music video with optional introductions by Parker and Robert Arkins, three featurettes, six TV spots for the film, four radio spots, and a still gallery.


title: The Commitments (film)

text: "The Commitments" was released on Blu-ray on 30 August 2016 by RLJ Entertainment, coinciding with the film's 25th anniversary. The Blu-ray presents the film in 1080p high definition, and contains all the additional materials found on the Special Edition DVD, as well as new interviews with Parker and the cast, and a collective booklet featuring production notes written by Parker.


title: The Commitments (film)

text: "The Commitments" received mostly positive reviews. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes sampled 48 reviews, and gave the film an approval rating of 90%, with an average score of 7.4/10. The critical consensus reads, ""The Commitments" is a vibrantly funny and blissfully heartfelt ode to the power of music". It is also ranked sixth on the website's best reviewed films of 1991. On Metacritic, the film has a score of 73 out of 100 based on reviews from 23 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Roddy Doyle, author of the 1987 novel, praised the film, stating that Parker and the filmmakers did a "terrific job".


title: The Commitments (film)

text: "Variety" magazine called the film "well-executed and original", and praised the performances as well as the editing by Gerry Hambling. Jonathan Rosenbaum of the "Chicago Reader" wrote, "If [Parker] can't resist the occasional fancy or cutesy flourishes ... that tend to compromise his work, he still allows his material to exist on its own level and makes it fun to watch." Hal Hinson of "The Washington Post" described the film as "a deadly funny movie; nearly every scene is broken off with a punch line. But Parker's sense of comedy is organic; he never lets the jokes elbow the characters, or the music, out of the spotlight." Kenneth Turan of the "Los Angeles Times" also praised Parker's direction, writing, " ... Parker has loosened up quite a bit here, not forcing the action as much as he did in the similar "Fame" and bringing a surprisingly loony touch to characters like Jimmy's Elvis-obsessed father." "Time" magazine reviewer Richard Corliss wrote, "The film offers no message, no solutions, only a great time at the movies."


title: The Commitments (film)

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" wrote that the film was "filled with life and energy, and the music is honest." On the syndicated television program "Siskel & Ebert At the Movies", Ebert gave the film a "Thumbs Up" rating, while his colleague Gene Siskel gave the film a "Thumbs Down". Siskel, writing for the "Chicago Tribune", felt that the film was "a joyful but empty mixture of Irish kids and black American soul music". In his review for "Entertainment Weekly", Owen Gleiberman criticized the overall premise as being "downright insulting", explaining, "In Parker's hands, soul music becomes little more than a self-serving metaphor – an easy symbol for 'commitment' and integrity." Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" criticized the storytelling, writing in his review, " ... the predictable way in which the band's nine men and three women argue about music, sex and fame robs the story of urgency." Janet Maslin of "The New York Times" stated, ""The Commitments" becomes repetitive after a while, since so much of it is about the group's stage show, and since the effort to create an off-stage story never really works." David Denby of "New York Magazine" felt that the film has "a raspy surface authenticity and a great deal of affection for its characters and milieu but not much dramatic interest."


title: The Commitments (film)

text: "The Commitments" received various awards and nominations in categories ranging from recognition of the film itself to its writing, direction, editing and sound to the supporting performance of Andrew Strong. In September 1990, the film debuted at the 4th Tokyo International Film Festival, where it competed for the "Tokyo Grand Prix Award" and was nominated for the Best Director Award, with Parker winning in the latter category. In January 1992, the film received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy though it failed to win the award at the 49th Golden Globe Awards, losing to the animated feature "Beauty and the Beast". On 19 February 1992, "The Commitments" received one Academy Award nomination for Best Film Editing, but lost to "JFK" at the 64th Academy Awards ceremony on 30 March 1992. At the 45th British Academy Film Awards, the film received six nominations, and won four for Best Film, Best Direction, Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Editing.


title: The Commitments (film)

text: "The Commitments" has gained cult status, and is regarded as one of the best Irish films ever made. An image of four of the actors, in character, was featured on an Irish postage stamp as part of the "Ireland 1996: Irish Cinema Centenary" series issued by An Post; the image includes lead singer Deco Cuffe (Andrew Strong), along with the three "Commitmentettes" – Imelda Quirke (Angeline Ball), Natalie Murphy (Maria Doyle Kennedy) and Bernie McGloughlin (Bronagh Gallagher). In 1999, the British Film Institute ranked the film at number 38 on its list of the "100 best British films of the century", based on votes from 1,000 leading figures of the film industry. In 2005, a poll conducted by Jameson and The Dubliner ranked "The Commitments" the "Best Irish Film of All time", based on 10,000 votes. Following the film's release, the novel also gained popularity, becoming Doyle's most well-known work, which the author resented. "I dismissed "The Commitments" for a long, long time to the extent I forgot I had anything to do with it", he said. La Frenais declared "The Commitments" one of his favourite films: "I’ve had many experiences, we did Never Say Never Again, the James Bond movie, and that was a great experience as we got to travel to different places. But out of cinema experiences, The Commitments has to be the best”.


title: The Commitments (film)

text: Many of the actors went on to pursue various acting and musical careers. Robert Arkins signed a record deal with MCA Records in 1993, although he did not finish recording the consequent album. He has produced work for a number of commercial clients, television projects, and composed music for two short films. Andrew Strong went on to produce several albums, which he described as having elements of R&B and rock. He has performed alongside The Rolling Stones, Elton John and Ray Charles, and formed his own band, The Bone Yard Boys, in 2003. In 1993, two of the film's cast members, Kenneth McCluskey and Dick Massey, formed their own tribute act band, The Stars from the Commitments. The 9-piece band has since played more than 1,000 shows worldwide, and has played with B.B. King, James Brown and Wilson Pickett.


title: The Commitments (film)

text: Siblings Andrea, Jim, Sharon and Caroline Corr, who had minor supporting roles, had only recently formed their family quartet, performing in their aunt's pub as The Corrs; the film's music coordinator, John Hughes, noticed them when they auditioned for the film and agreed to become their manager. The band has since achieved international stardom, releasing six studio albums and selling more than 60 million records worldwide. Andrea would again collaborate with Parker on his 1996 film adaptation of the musical "Evita". Glen Hansard continued performing with his band, The Frames, and achieved greater success and critical acclaim with the 2005 film "Once". Bronagh Gallagher has since enjoyed a lengthy acting career in film and television and Maria Doyle Kennedy has, to date, released eleven studio albums and has gone on to become an award-winning actress. Michael Aherne is the only cast member to have not pursued an acting career after the film's release.


title: The Commitments (film)

text: On 6 October 2010, it was announced that Strong, Arkins, Ball, Gallagher, Aherne, Hansard, Félim Gormley and Dave Finnegan would join The Stars from The Commitments for a reunion tour to celebrate the film's 20th anniversary. Donations from every ticket sold were given to the Irish Cancer Society, with a goal of raising €30,000. The cast performed at The Royal Theatre, in Castlebar, County Mayo on 14 March 2011, Ireland's National Events Centre (INEC) in Killarney, County Kerry on 15 March 2011, The Odyssey, in Belfast on 17 March 2011, and The O2 in Dublin on 19 March 2011.


title: The Commitments (film)

text: "The Commitments" is the first book in Doyle's series known as "The Barrytown Trilogy", followed by "The Snapper" (1990) and "The Van" (1991). While all three novels focus on the Rabbitte family, Doyle expressed that he was not interested in writing or producing sequels to the 1991 film adaptation, stating, "I hope it's never made. I just think that, whereas "The Commitments" was very much a labour of love, "Commitments 2" is definitely an act of cynicism."


title: The Commitments (film)

text: Doyle was given creative freedom by the BBC over the adaptation of "The Snapper", for which he wrote the screenplay. Lynda Myles returned to produce the film and hired Stephen Frears as its director. Colm Meaney returned in a supporting role. The adaptation was originally planned as a television film before Frears suggested that it be transferred to film. Doyle disagreed with the change, stating, "I didn't like it on the big screen—I thought it was grainy." "The Snapper" (1993) premiered at the 1993 Cannes Film Festival, where it received a standing ovation. It was a critical success, receiving largely positive reviews.


title: The Commitments (film)

text: For the film adaptation of "The Van", Doyle and Myles formed their own production company, Deadly Films, and the author was given creative control over the selection of its cast and director. Frears returned as director, and Meaney was cast in the lead role. Although "The Van" (1996) premiered at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival to some favorable reviews, critical reaction was negative upon release; reviewers criticized the film for its thin material and lack of strong characterization.


title: The Commitments (film)

text: In January 2000, it was announced that Harvey Weinstein had acquired the film rights to the novel for Miramax and commissioned playwright Warren Leight to write a direct sequel to "The Commitments", with Cathy Konrad attached as a producer. The premise involved several members of The Commitments pairing with new band members before going on tour in the United States. The sequel was never produced.


title: The Commitments (film)

text: Doyle's novel inspired a 2013 musical stage production, directed by British theatre director Jamie Lloyd. Following the film's success, Doyle had previously turned down offers to adapt his novel into a stage production. "The Commitments" began previews on 21 September 2013 in London's West End at the Palace Theatre. Its official opening night was on 8 October 2013. The show had more than 1,000 performances before officially closing in London on 1 November 2015. It has been announced that a United Kingdom and Ireland tour will commence in 2017.


title: NCT Dream

text: NCT Dream () is the third sub-unit of the South Korean boy band NCT, formed by SM Entertainment in 2016. They were initially intended to be the teenaged unit of NCT with an admission-and-graduation system, in which members would leave after reaching age of majority (20 in Korean age reckoning, 19 internationally), prior to re-branding in 2020. The sub-unit debuted on August 25, 2016, with the single "Chewing Gum" and a lineup of seven members—Mark, Renjun, Jeno, Haechan, Jaemin, Chenle, and Jisung—whose average age was 15.6 years old. In late 2018, the group's leader Mark graduated from NCT Dream but returned in 2020 when began promoting as a fixed seven-member group.


title: NCT Dream

text: Commercial success of their 2019 extended play (EP) "We Boom" made NCT Dream into one of the year's top 10 physical sellers domestically and earned them Bonsang awards at the 34th Golden Disc Awards and 2020 Seoul Music Awards. Their second and last record released as a sextet was their fourth Korean-language EP, "Reload" (2020), which accumulated over half a million pre-orders. NCT Dream achieved major commercial success with the release of their first studio album, "Hot Sauce" (2021), whose pre-orders surpassed 1.71 million copies. It became the best-selling album on the Gaon Chart in the first half of 2021 and was named Best Album at the 31st Seoul Music Awards.


title: NCT Dream

text: Since their debut, NCT Dream have released four EPs, six singles and two studio albums and headlined one tour in Asia. Known for music reflecting youth and adolescence, growth, and the transition from innocence to rebellion, the sub-unit has been recognized internationally as one of the most notable teenaged artists of their time. They are the first and only Asian artist to appear three consecutive times on "Billboard"s "21 Under 21" list for their industry impact on sales, streaming and social media, placing at numbers 20, 13 and 19 from 2018 to 2020. NCT Dream were also included on "Time"s list of the "25 Most Influential Teens" of 2018.


title: NCT Dream

text: Prior to the group's debut, some of the members were already involved in the entertainment industry. Jeno had filmed various commercials as a child. Jisung was also previously a child actor with roles in films such as "Boys, Be Curious" (2012), "No Cave" (2013), and "Go, Stop, Murder" (2013) and a member of Poppin' Hyun Joon Kids Crew. Chenle was active on the Chinese music scene as a child singer; he released three albums, headlined a solo concert in China, and participated in Chinese programs, including "China's Got Talent".


title: NCT Dream

text: Mark was the first member to join SM Entertainment in 2012, after passing SM Global Auditions in Canada. Haechan was cast through SM Saturday Open Casting Audition in 2013, Jisung and Jeno were cast through the company's casting system, and Jaemin was street-cast by staff while doing volunteer work and successfully passed auditions. In July 2015, Renjun was cast through SM Global Auditions in China. Chenle was the last member to be cast, in 2016, just three months before NCT Dream's debut.


title: NCT Dream

text: Mark, Jeno, Haechan, Jaemin, and Jisung were previously part of SM Rookies, a pre-debut team of trainees under SM Entertainment. As part of SMRookies, in October 2014, they appeared on the Mnet-produced "", a show starring labelmates Exo, where they perform dances to K-pop songs from the 1990s. From July through December 2015, the five boys were Mouseketeers on Disney Channel Korea's "The Mickey Mouse Club", where they performed music and dances, played games, and participated in skits.


title: NCT Dream

text: SM Rookies Boys eventually held their own concert, the SMRookies Show, which took place in Seoul in September 2015 and later expanded to Bangkok, Thailand in February 2016.


title: NCT Dream

text: NCT was first announced in January 2016 by Lee Soo-man at a presentation outlining plans for a group that would debut different sub-units around the world. Mark had previously debuted with the group's first unit, the rotational NCT U, on April 4, 2016. On July 7 of the same year, both Mark and Haechan debuted in NCT's second sub-unit, the Seoul-based NCT 127. They debuted again with five new members—Renjun, Jeno, Jaemin, Chenle and Jisung—as NCT Dream, the third sub-unit of NCT, announced on August 18, 2016.


title: NCT Dream

text: NCT Dream released their debut single "Chewing Gum" on August 24, 2016 and held their debut stage was on August 25 on "M Countdown". The song peaked at number two on the "Billboard" World Digital Songs Sales chart and at number 23 on the Spotify Viral 50 chart upon release. The Korean and Mandarin versions of the song were later included in NCT Dream's first single album.


title: NCT Dream

text: On February 1, 2017, SM Entertainment announced NCT Dream's first single album, although member Jaemin would not participate in order to recover from his herniated disc injury. The group's single album "The First" was released on February 9 with lead single "My First and Last". The album debuted at number one on the Gaon Album Chart. The sub-unit had their comeback stage on "M Countdown", performing "My First and Last" and the B-side track "Dunk Shot". On February 14, NCT Dream won first place on the hundredth episode of "The Show", marking the first music show win for any NCT unit.


title: NCT Dream

text: In the same month, NCT Dream was appointed the official ambassadors for the 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup, hosted in South Korea in the summer of 2017. On March 15, NCT Dream released the official song for the tournament, "Trigger the Fever", and performed it at different promotional events and at the opening ceremony of the U-20 World Cup.


title: NCT Dream

text: NCT Dream released their first EP, "We Young", on August 17, 2017. The group's first promotional performance for the EP was held on "M Countdown". "We Young" peaked at number three on the "Billboard" World Albums chart in September.


title: NCT Dream

text: NCT Dream released a Christmas single, "Joy", as part of the SM Station project on December 15, 2017.


title: NCT Dream

text: NCT Dream promoted alongside NCT U and NCT 127 as NCT 2018 during the first quarter of 2018. On March 4, 2018, NCT Dream released the single "Go", which was included in NCT's first album "NCT 2018 Empathy". The song marked a transition in the narrative of NCT Dream's music from the portrayal of innocence to the "more defiant attitude" of teenagers. It also marked the group's first comeback with Jaemin since their debut.


title: NCT Dream

text: SM Entertainment announced in late August that NCT Dream would release an EP titled "We Go Up" in September. On August 27, it was confirmed that the album would be Mark's last comeback with the group before graduating in 2019 upon turning 19 years old, the age of majority in South Korea. The EP was released on September 3, 2018, alongside the lead single of the same name. "We Go Up" entered "Billboard"'s World Albums chart at number five and its Heatseekers Albums chart at number seven, NCT Dream's then best sales week in the U.S. The album also topped iTunes Albums charts in 15 countries.


title: NCT Dream

text: NCT Dream was featured on the "21 Under 21 2018: Music's Next Generation" list by "Billboard" as the only Asian artist that year.<ref name="21list/2018"></ref> All members were also listed on "Time"'s 25 Most Influential Teens of 2018 list.


title: NCT Dream

text: On December 19, it was announced Haechan would be taking a hiatus from the group due to injury, but he returned soon afterwards. On December 27, NCT Dream released their third single of the year, "Candle Light", for SM Station. The song was a message of gratitude and love, with lyrics written by Mark, the last song featuring the original seven members of the group before Mark officially graduated from the unit on December 31.


title: NCT Dream

text: In March 2019, NCT Dream's Korean members Jeno, Jaemin and Jisung went to Malaysia to represent K-pop stars at the event "K-Wave & Halal Show", celebrating and meeting with South Korean President Moon Jae-in and the First Lady of South Korea.


title: NCT Dream

text: On June 6, NCT Dream released "Don't Need Your Love", a collaborative single with English singer HRVY. The song showed a more mature side for the group, and they were credited for highlighting their maturing vocals. Haechan did not partake in the single due to ongoing activities with NCT 127. The song was released as part of SM Station Season 3.


title: NCT Dream

text: In July, NCT Dream were named the first global ambassadors of the World Scout Foundation and released the English-language single "Fireflies", the proceeds of which were used to fund foundation activities in low-income countries. The group also performed at the 24th World Scout Jamboree in West Virginia, United States on July 23.


title: NCT Dream

text: On July 26, NCT Dream released their third EP "We Boom" and its title track "Boom". The album sold more than 300,000 units after a month of release. It also debuted at number seven on the "Billboard" World Albums chart, and NCT Dream ranked at number three on the "Billboard" Social 50 Chart. NCT Dream received two wins for "Boom" on "The Show" on August 6 and August 20, respectively. The EP earned them Bonsang Awards at the 34th Golden Disc Awards and 2020 Seoul Music Awards.


title: NCT Dream

text: In September, NCT Dream was included in "Billboard"'s 21 Under 21 list for the second year in a row, being the first Asian artists to make the list for two consecutive years, this time rising to position thirteen.<ref name="21list/2019"></ref>


title: NCT Dream

text: In November, the group featured on American-Canadian boy band PrettyMuch's "INTL:EP" with the song "Up To You", its lyrics praised for promoting consent.


title: NCT Dream

text: The group went on their first international concert tour, The Dream Show, starting with three dates in Seoul and two dates in Bangkok from November to December.


title: NCT Dream

text: On January 22, NCT Dream released a Japan-exclusive compilation album titled "The Dream", consisting of all previously released singles in their original Korean language. The album debuted atop the Oricon Albums Chart.


title: NCT Dream

text: In early 2020, NCT Dream continued with their international tour "The Dream Show", with shows in multiple cities in Japan as well as in Southeast Asian countries. Shows from February 2020 onwards were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: NCT Dream

text: As the topic of member graduation became more pressing since the year prior, SM Entertainment announced on April 14 that NCT Dream would release their fourth Korean EP, "Reload", with the current six members Renjun, Jeno, Haechan, Jaemin, Chenle, and Jisung to mark a new change in concept. At the end of the album's promotion period, the graduation system would be abolished, and NCT Dream would continue with all seven members upon the return of Mark. NCT Dream would function as a fixed group and explore more diverse concepts with each release. The seven members would continue retain the name NCT Dream and possibly take part in other activities and NCT units in the future.


title: NCT Dream

text: By April 28, one day before the EP's release and two weeks after its announcement, "Reload" garnered over 500,000 pre-orders, making it NCT Dream's most pre-ordered release to date. On April 29, NCT Dream released "Reload" with its lead single "Ridin'", an urban trap track with lyrics highlighting the aspirations of NCT Dream in their coming new path. The music video for "Ridin" was released on the same day. Upon release, the album topped the iTunes album chart in 49 countries, including the U.S., as well as topping the digital album sales chart of China's largest music site, QQ Music. In South Korea, "Ridin'" reached number one on its largest music site, Melon, making it the first track released by an NCT unit to top the chart. All five songs from the EP peaked within the top 10 on Melon digital chart. The following week, NCT Dream ranked number one on "Billboard"'s Emerging Artists chart.


title: NCT Dream

text: After the release of their fourth Korean EP, NCT Dream was the third group from SM Entertainment to hold a live online concert, titled "", as part of the world's first online-dedicated live concert series "Beyond LIVE". The live concert was held on May 10.


title: NCT Dream

text: NCT Dream joined the rest of NCT under the NCT 2020 moniker, promoting the group's second full-length album, the two-part "NCT 2020 Resonance", which was released in October and November. By end of 2020, both parts of "Resonance" sold over 2.6 million copies, a new sales record for NCT. Included in the album is "Déjà Vu", performed by NCT Dream and Mark's first release with NCT Dream since its reorganization. "Metro" praised "Déjà Vu" for blending the youthful sound of NCT Dream with more edge and ranked it among the top 20 K-pop comebacks of 2020.


title: NCT Dream

text: On May 10, 2021, the group released their first studio album "Hot Sauce", featuring the original seven members of the unit. The album consists of ten tracks, including the title track of the same name. Pre-orders for the album surpassed 1,716,571 copies, breaking their previous record for "Reload" with a 243% increase. The album topped the Gaon Album Chart, and "Hot Sauce" became the sub-unit's first single to peak at number one on the Gaon Digital Chart. On May 26, they earned the "double million sellers" title as the album sold more than two million copies. On June 28, 2021, the group released the repackage of their first studio album "Hello Future", which contained three new tracks, including the lead single of the same name. Combined sales of "Hot Sauce" and "Hello Future" surpassed three million copies, earning the group their first "triple million seller" title.


title: NCT Dream

text: On February 28, 2022, it was announced that the group would release their second studio album, "Glitch Mode", on March 28, which contained eleven new tracks, including the lead single of the same name. Pre-orders for the album surpassed more than two million copies on the day of release, breaking their previous personal record of 1.71 million pre-orders for "Hot Sauce." "Glitch Mode" recorded sales of 2,100,339 copies within one week, breaking the group's previous personal record of two million copies sold in 16 days for "Hot Sauce". The album debuted at number 50 on the US "Billboard" 200 dated April 9, 2022, becoming NCT Dream's first entry on the chart. On May 30, 2022, the group released the repackage of their second studio album "Beatbox", which contained four new tracks, including the lead single of the same name. In support of "Glitch Mode", the group embarked on tour. A concert film, "NCT Dream The Movie: In A Dream", will be available in theaters in South Korea on November 30 and in Japan on December 6.


title: NCT Dream

text: According to NCT's official Japanese website, NCT Dream will release their first Japanese-language original single on February 8, 2023. The group will also release a "winter special" extended play, "Candy", on December 19. The tracks on the EP, including the lead single of the same name originally released by H.O.T., will be available on streaming services on December 16.


title: Waterfall

text: A waterfall is a point in a river or stream where water flows over a vertical drop or a series of steep drops. Waterfalls also occur where meltwater drops over the edge of a tabular iceberg or ice shelf.


title: Waterfall

text: Waterfalls can be formed in several ways, but the most common method of formation is that a river courses over a top layer of resistant bedrock before falling on to softer rock, which erodes faster, leading to an increasingly high fall. Waterfalls have been studied for their impact on species living in and around them.


title: Waterfall

text: Humans have had a distinct relationship with waterfalls for years, travelling to see them, exploring and naming them. They can present formidable barriers to navigation along rivers. Waterfalls are religious sites in many cultures. Since the 18th century they have received increased attention as tourist destinations, sources of hydropower, andparticularly since the mid-20th centuryas subjects of research.


title: Waterfall

text: A waterfall is generally defined as a point in a river where water flows over a steep drop that is close to or directly vertical. In 2000 Mabin specified that "The horizontal distance between the positions of the lip and plunge pool should be no more than c 25% of the waterfall height." There are various types and methods to classify waterfalls. Some scholars have included rapids as a subsection. What actually constitutes a waterfall continues to be debated.


title: Waterfall

text: Waterfalls are sometimes interchangeably referred to as "cascades" and "cataracts", though some sources specify a cataract as being a larger and more powerful waterfall and a cascade as being smaller. A plunge pool is a type of stream pool formed at the bottom of a waterfall.


title: Waterfall

text: Waterfalls are commonly formed in the upper course of a river where lakes flow into valleys in steep mountains.


title: Waterfall

text: A river sometimes flows over a large step in the rocks that may have been formed by a fault line. Waterfalls can occur along the edge of a glacial trough, where a stream or river flowing into a glacier continues to flow into a valley after the glacier has receded or melted. The large waterfalls in Yosemite Valley are examples of this phenomenon, which is referred to as a hanging valley. Another reason hanging valleys may form is where two rivers join and one is flowing faster than the other.


title: Waterfall

text: When warm and cold water meet by a gorge in the ocean, large underwater waterfalls can form as the cold water rushes to the bottom.


title: Waterfall

text: The caprock model of waterfall formation states that the river courses over resistant bedrock, erosion happens slowly and is dominated by impacts of water-borne sediment on the rock, while downstream the erosion occurs more rapidly. As the watercourse increases its velocity at the edge of the waterfall, it may pluck material from the riverbed, if the bed is fractured or otherwise more erodible. Hydraulic jets and hydraulic jumps at the toe of a falls can generate large forces to erode the bed, especially when forces are amplified by water-borne sediment. Horseshoe-shaped falls focus the erosion to a central point, also enhancing riverbed change below a waterfalls.


title: Waterfall

text: A process known as "potholing" involves local erosion of a potentially deep hole in bedrock due to turbulent whirlpools spinning stones around on the bed, drilling it out. Sand and stones carried by the watercourse therefore increase erosion capacity. This causes the waterfall to carve deeper into the bed and to recede upstream. Often over time, the waterfall will recede back to form a canyon or gorge downstream as it recedes upstream, and it will carve deeper into the ridge above it. The rate of retreat for a waterfall can be as high as one-and-a-half metres per year.


title: Waterfall

text: Often, the rock stratum just below the more resistant shelf will be of a softer type, meaning that undercutting due to splashback will occur here to form a shallow cave-like formation known as a rock shelter under and behind the waterfall. Eventually, the outcropping, more resistant cap rock will collapse under pressure to add blocks of rock to the base of the waterfall. These blocks of rock are then broken down into smaller boulders by attrition as they collide with each other, and they also erode the base of the waterfall by abrasion, creating a deep plunge pool in the gorge downstream.


title: Waterfall

text: Streams can become wider and shallower just above waterfalls due to flowing over the rock shelf, and there is usually a deep area just below the waterfall because of the kinetic energy of the water hitting the bottom. However, a study of waterfalls systematics reported that waterfalls can be wider or narrower above or below a falls, so almost anything is possible given the right geological and hydrological setting. Waterfalls normally form in a rocky area due to erosion. After a long period of being fully formed, the water falling off the ledge will retreat, causing a horizontal pit parallel to the waterfall wall. Eventually, as the pit grows deeper, the waterfall collapses to be replaced by a steeply sloping stretch of river bed. In addition to gradual processes such as erosion, earth movement caused by earthquakes or landslides or volcanoes can lead to the formation of waterfalls.


title: Waterfall

text: Waterfalls are an important factor in determining the distribution of lotic organisms such as fish and aquatic invertebrates, as they may restrict dispersal along streams. The presence or absence of certain species can have cascading ecological effects, and thus cause differences in trophic regimes above and below waterfalls. Certain aquatic insects also specialize in the environment of the waterfall itself. A 2012 study of the Agbokim Waterfalls, has suggested that they hold biodiversity to a much higher extent than previously thought.


title: Waterfall

text: Waterfalls also affect terrestrial species. They create a small microclimate in their immediate vicinity characterized by cooler temperatures and higher humidity than the surrounding region, which may support diverse communities of mosses and liverworts. Species of these plants may have disjunct populations at waterfall zones far from their core range.


title: Waterfall

text: Waterfalls provide nesting cover for several species of bird, such as the black swift and white-throated dipper. These species preferentially nest in the space behind the falling water, which is thought to be a strategy to avoid predation.


title: Waterfall

text: Some waterfalls are also distinct in that they do not flow continuously. Ephemeral waterfalls only flow after a rain or a significant snowmelt. Waterfalls can also be found underground and in oceans.


title: Waterfall

text: The geographer Andrew Goudie wrote in 2020 that waterfalls have received "surprisingly limited research." Alexander von Humboldt wrote about them in the 1820s. There is no name for the specific field of researching waterfalls, and in the published literature been described as "scattered", though it is popular to describe studying waterfalls as "waterfallology". An early paper written on waterfalls was published in 1884 by William Morris Davis, a geologist known as the "father of American geography". In the 1930s Edward Rashleigh published a pioneering work on waterfalls. In 1942 Oscar von Engeln wrote of the lack of research on waterfalls:


title: Waterfall

text: As late as 1985 a scholar felt that "waterfalls remain a very much neglected aspect of river studies". Studies of waterfalls increased dramatically in the second half of the 20th century. Numerous waterfall guidebooks exist, and the World Waterfall Database is a website cataloging thousands of waterfalls.


title: Waterfall

text: Many explorers have visited waterfalls. European explorers recorded waterfalls they came across. In 1493, Christopher Columbus noted Carbet Falls in Guadeloupe, which was likely the first waterfall Europeans recorded seeing in the Americas. In the late 1600s, Louis Hennepin visited North America, providing early descriptions of Niagara Falls and the Saint Anthony Falls. The geographer Brian J. Hudson argues that it was uncommon to specifically name waterfalls until the 1700s. The trend of Europeans specifically naming falls was in tandem with increased scientific focus on nature, the rise of Romanticism, and increased importance of hydropower with the Industrial Revolution. European explorers often ignored the names native peoples had given the falls in favor of a "European" name; for instance, David Livingstone named Victoria Falls after Queen Victoria, though it was already known as Mosi-oa-Tunya. Many waterfalls have descriptive names which can come from the river they are on, places they are near, their features, or events that happened near them.


title: Waterfall

text: Some countries that were colonized by European nations have taken steps to return names to waterfalls previously renamed by European explorers. Exploration of waterfalls continues; the Gocta Cataracts were first announced to the world in 2006.


title: Waterfall

text: Waterfalls can pose major barriers to travel. Canals are sometimes built as a method to go around them, other times things must be physically carried around or a railway built. In 1885, the geographer George Chisholm wrote that, "The most signal example of the effect of waterfalls and rapids in retarding the development of civilisation is undoubtedly presented by the continent of Africa, the 'darkness' of which is almost entirely due to this cause."


title: Waterfall

text: Waterfalls are often visited by people simply to see them. Hudson theorizes that they make good tourism sites because they are generally considered beautiful and are relatively uncommon. Activities at waterfalls can include bathing, swimming, photography, rafting, canyoning, abseiling, rock climbing, and ice climbing. Waterfalls can also be sites for generating hydroelectric power and can hold good fishing opportunities. Wealthy people were known to visit areas with features such as waterfalls at least as early as in Ancient Rome and China. However, many waterfalls were essentially inaccessible due to the treacherous terrain surrounding them until improvements began to be made such as paths to the falls, becoming common across the United Kingdom and America in the 1800s and continuing through the 1900s and into the 21st century. Remote waterfalls are now often visited by air travel.


title: Waterfall

text: Human development has also threatened many waterfalls. For instance, the Guaíra Falls, once one of the most powerful waterfalls in the world, were submerged in 1982 by a human-made dam, as were the Ripon Falls in 1952. Conversely, other waterfalls have seen significantly lower water levels as a result of diversion for hydroelectricity, such as the Tyssestrengene in Norway. Development of the areas around falls as tourist attractions has also destroyed the natural scene around many of them.


title: Waterfall

text: Waterfalls are included on thirty-eight World Heritage Sites and many others are protected by governments.


title: Waterfall

text: Many artists have painted waterfalls and they are referenced in many songs, such as those of the Kaluli people in Papua New Guinea. Michael Harner titled his study of the Jivaroan peoples of Ecuador "The Jivaro: People of the Sacred Waterfalls." Artists such as those of the Hudson River School and J. M. W. Turner and John Sell Cotman painted particularly notable pictures of waterfalls in the 19th century.


title: Waterfall

text: One of the versions of the Shinto purification ceremony of misogi involves standing underneath a waterfall in ritual clothing. In Japan the Nachi Falls are a site of pilgrimage, as are falls near Tirupati, India, and the Saut-d'Eau, Haiti. The Otavalos use Piguchi waterfall as part of the Churru ritual which serves as a coming of age ceremony. Many waterfalls in Africa were places of worship for the native peoples and got their names from gods in the local religion.


title: Waterfall

text: There are thousands of waterfalls in the world, though no exact number has been calculated. The World Waterfall Database lists 7,827 as of 2013, but this is likely incomplete; as noted by Hudson, over 90% of their listings are in North America. Many guidebooks to local waterfalls have been published. There is also no agreement how to measure the height of a waterfall, or even what constitutes one. Angel Falls in Venezuela is the tallest waterfall in the world, the Khone Phapheng Falls in Laos are the widest, and the Inga Falls on the Congo River are the biggest by flow rate, while the Dry Falls in Washington are the largest confirmed waterfalls ever. The highest known subterranean waterfall is in Vrtoglavica Cave in Slovenia. The largest known oceanic waterfall is the Denmark Strait cataract.


title: Waterfall

text: Artificial waterfalls are water features or fountains that imitate a natural waterfall. The Cascata delle Marmore is the tallest artificially built waterfall at .


title: Tug McGraw

text: Frank Edwin "Tug" McGraw Jr. (August 30, 1944 – January 5, 2004) was an American professional baseball relief pitcher and long-time Major League Baseball (MLB) player, often remembered for coining the phrase "Ya Gotta Believe", which became the rallying cry for the 1973 New York Mets.


title: Tug McGraw

text: McGraw recorded the final out of the 1980 World Series against the Kansas City Royals, striking out Willie Wilson to bring the Philadelphia Phillies their first World Series championship, ending the Phillies' 77-year drought. McGraw's strikeout of Wilson is one of the most famed plays in Philadelphia Phillies history. He was the last active big league player to have played under manager Casey Stengel.


title: Tug McGraw

text: Frank Edwin "Tug" McGraw Jr. was born August 30, 1944, in Martinez, California, northeast of San Francisco, to Frank Edwin "Big Mac" McGraw, Sr. and Mable McKenna. McGraw got the nickname "Tug" from his mother because of the particularly aggressive way he breast-fed. Frank Sr. was the great-grandson of Irish immigrants. After his divorce in the early 1950s, Frank Sr. moved his three sons to nearby Vallejo, and Tug graduated from St. Vincent Ferrer High School in Vallejo in 1962. He enrolled in Vallejo Junior College and signed with the New York Mets as an amateur free agent on June 12, 1964, upon graduation.


title: Tug McGraw

text: After one season in Major League Baseball with the New York Mets, McGraw reported to the Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island on September 23, 1965, along with fellow New York Met pitcher Jim Bethke. He was trained as a rifleman on the M14 rifle and M60 machine gun. McGraw later reported to Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, where he (in his own words) became a "trained killer".


title: Tug McGraw

text: For McGraw, one of the most challenging aspects of being in the military was the internal conflict which stirred within him. At the same time that he was finishing his Marine training, his younger brother Dennis was staging anti-war protests at Vallejo J.C., where he was then a student. In a March 5, 1967, "New York Times" article, McGraw admitted that he and his brother would have arguments over the way the Vietnam War was being conducted. But even he, with his six-year Reserve commitment to the United States Marine Corps looming large over him, would admit that he was a "dove when it came to the way [the United States was] conducting the war."


title: Tug McGraw

text: McGraw was used both as a starting pitcher and out of the bullpen in the minors; and, after less than one season in the Mets' farm system at Cocoa Beach, Florida, and Auburn, New York, where he went 6–4 with a 1.64 earned run average in Rookie and class A ball, McGraw made the Mets out of Spring training in 1965 at age 20, without ever having played double- or triple-A ball. Soon after, when asked if he preferred the new AstroTurf on the field at the Houston Astrodome to real grass, he said, "I don't know, I never smoked AstroTurf."


title: Tug McGraw

text: McGraw made the team as a reliever, and was 0–1 with a 3.12 ERA and one save when he made his first major league start on July 28 against the Chicago Cubs in the second game of a double header at Wrigley Field. He lasted just two-thirds of an inning and gave up three earned runs on his way to a 9–0 loss (the Cubs blew the Mets out in the first game as well, 7–2). On August 22, in his second start, also in the second game of a double header, only this time against the St. Louis Cardinals at Shea Stadium, McGraw pitched a complete game to earn his first major league win. He won his next start as well, 5–2 over Sandy Koufax and the Los Angeles Dodgers. It marked the first time the Mets had ever beaten the future Hall of Famer. McGraw remained in the Mets' starting rotation for the remainder of the season, however, failed to log another win, going 2–6 as a starter, and 0–1 in relief.


title: Tug McGraw

text: The Mets used McGraw as a starter again in 1966, and he was 2–9 with a 5.52 ERA in that role. Though he also made four starts with the Mets in 1967, McGraw spent most of the season, and all of 1968 in the minor leagues with the Jacksonville Suns. By the time he returned to the Mets in 1969, manager Gil Hodges had a very capable young pitching rotation that included Tom Seaver, Jerry Koosman, and Gary Gentry and had no need for McGraw as a starter until Koosman went down with an injury in May. McGraw went 1–1 with a 5.23 ERA filling in for Koosman.


title: Tug McGraw

text: Koosman returned to the rotation at the end of the month and on May 28, after a five-game losing streak that saw the Mets fall into fourth place in the newly aligned National League East, Koosman and the expansion San Diego Padres' Clay Kirby engaged in a pitchers' duel at Shea. After nine scoreless innings by Kirby and ten by Koosman, the game was turned over to the bullpens for extra innings. The game finally ended after 11 innings when Bud Harrelson hit a single to drive in Cleon Jones. McGraw pitched the 11th inning to earn the win.


title: Tug McGraw

text: This began an 11-game winning streak that brought them into second place, seven games behind the Chicago Cubs. McGraw earned two saves during that stretch, and 12 for the season. His record as a reliever was 8–2 with a 1.47 ERA.


title: Tug McGraw

text: The Cubs had been in first place in the NL East for 156 days of the season, and they seemed likely to win the division when they came to New York City to open a crucial two-game series with the Mets on September 8. The Mets won both games to close within a half game of the Cubs. The following day, the Mets swept a double header from the expansion Montreal Expos. Coupled with a Cubs loss (who had slumped to a 9–17 record in their final 26 games), the Mets moved into first place for the first time ever during the season.


title: Tug McGraw

text: On September 15, the St. Louis Cardinals' Steve Carlton struck out a record 19 Mets in a losing effort, as the Mets defeated the Cards 4–3 at Busch Memorial Stadium on a pair of two-run home runs by Ron Swoboda. McGraw pitched the final three innings without giving up a run to earn the win in this game. On September 24, facing Carlton and the Cardinals, again — only this time at Shea Stadium, the New York Mets clinched the NL East as Donn Clendenon hit two home runs in a 6–0 Mets victory. The Mets won 39 of their last 50 games, and finished the season with 100 wins against 62 losses, eight games over the second place Cubs.


title: Tug McGraw

text: McGraw's first postseason appearance came in game two of the new National League Championship Series (NLCS). After the Atlanta Braves lit up Koosman for six runs in innings, Ron Taylor and McGraw held the Braves scoreless the remainder of the way to secure the Mets' 11–6 victory. He did not appear in appear in any other games during the 1969 postseason.


title: Tug McGraw

text: Although McGraw pitched sparingly in the 1969 post season, he remembered the year quite fondly, saying, "Everything changed for me in 1969, the year we turned out to be goddamned amazing, all right."


title: Tug McGraw

text: McGraw emerged as one of the top closers in the National League in the early 1970s, enjoying a career year in 1972. He was 3–3 with a 2.01 ERA and 15 saves at the All-Star break to earn his first All-Star selection. McGraw pitched two innings, striking out four and giving up only one hit to earn the win in the NL's 4–3 come from behind victory. For the season, McGraw went 8–6 with a 1.70 ERA, giving up just 71 hits in 106 innings pitched, and setting a Mets record with 27 saves that lasted until 1984.


title: Tug McGraw

text: Whereas 1973 wasn't as good a year statistically for McGraw, he was valued for the leadership role he assumed for the league champions. The Mets had fallen into last place in the NL East, and had remained there through August 30. McGraw was the winning pitcher for the Mets on August 31 when the Mets emerged from last place with an extra innings victory over the St. Louis Cardinals. The win improved McGraw's record to 2–6 with a 5.05 ERA.


title: Tug McGraw

text: For the remainder of the season, McGraw went 3–0 with a 0.57 ERA and ten saves. The Mets, meanwhile, went 20–8 from that point forward to pull off the stunning division title. At a July 9 team meeting where Mets Board Chairman M. Donald Grant was trying to encourage the team, McGraw shouted the words, "Ya Gotta Believe" which became a popular rallying cry for the Mets. He said the famous phrase when maybe only he believed the Mets could actually get to the World Series. But soon enough, hearing McGraw say it again and again, seeing him do his magic in the ninth, the Mets themselves came to believe. They pulled into first place on September 21 with a 10–2 victory over the Pittsburgh Pirates, and clinched the division crown on the final day of the season with a win over the Cubs. This was the only season between and that the National League East wasn't won by either Philadelphia or Pittsburgh.


title: Tug McGraw

text: McGraw continued his dominant pitching into the postseason, when he pitched five innings over two games in the NLCS against the defending NL champion Cincinnati Reds without giving up a run, and appeared in five of the seven games of the World Series against the defending champion Oakland Athletics. Though he blew the save in game two, he pitched three shutout innings in extra innings to earn the win.


title: Tug McGraw

text: McGraw was traded along with Don Hahn and Dave Schneck from the Mets to the Philadelphia Phillies for Del Unser, John Stearns, and Mac Scarce at the Winter Meetings on December 3, 1974. McGraw had developed shoulder trouble during a season in which he went 6–11 with a 4.15 ERA, and at the time of the trade, it appeared as if the Mets may have been unloading damaged goods. After the trade, he was diagnosed with a simple cyst and after successful surgery to remove it, recovered completely. McGraw left the Mets as the all-time leader in saves, games pitched, and games finished.


title: Tug McGraw

text: With the Phillies, he continued his role as a reliable relief pitcher, earning his second career All-Star nod in his first season in Philadelphia, though he did not appear in the game. After finishing second to the Pirates in 1975, McGraw's Phillies won their division crown the next three seasons. They were, however, unable to reach the World Series as they were swept by Cincinnati's "Big Red Machine" in the 1976 NLCS, and fell to the Los Angeles Dodgers the following two seasons.


title: Tug McGraw

text: McGraw was nearly traded along with Bake McBride and Larry Christenson to the Texas Rangers for Sparky Lyle and Johnny Grubb at the 1979 Winter Meetings in Toronto, but the proposed transaction was never executed because a deferred money issue in Lyle's contract went unresolved.


title: Tug McGraw

text: The Phillies were battling back-and-forth for first place with the Montreal Expos in 1980 when the Expos came to Veterans Stadium for a crucial three game set on September 25. The Phillies won two of the three, with McGraw winning the second game, to pull a half game up on Montreal. By the time the Phillies went to Montreal for the final series of the season, the two teams were tied for first place.


title: Tug McGraw

text: The Phillies won the opener, 2–1. McGraw earned the save by striking out five of the six batters he faced. The following day, McGraw entered the game in the ninth inning, with the score tied at four. McGraw pitched three innings, striking out three and only giving up one hit (a tenth-inning lead-off single by Jerry White. It was also one of just two balls to leave the infield once McGraw entered the game). After Mike Schmidt's 11th-inning home run put the Phillies up 6–4, McGraw pitched a 1–2–3 11th inning, striking out Larry Parrish to end the game, and clinch the National League East for the Phillies for the fourth time since joining the club.


title: Tug McGraw

text: For the season, McGraw went 5–4 with a 1.46 ERA, 75 strikeouts and 20 saves. Phillies starter Steve Carlton won the National League Cy Young Award, and slugging third baseman Mike Schmidt was the unanimous NL MVP. McGraw received consideration in balloting for both awards as well, finishing fifth in Cy Young balloting, and 16th for league MVP.


title: Tug McGraw

text: McGraw pitched in all five games of the 1980 NLCS against the Houston Astros. The Phillies won the first game 3–1, with McGraw earning the save. The Astros, however, came back in game two with an extra innings victory to send the series to Houston tied at a game apiece.


title: Tug McGraw

text: McGraw entered game three in the eighth inning with a runner on second, and one out. He managed to get out of the inning, and keep the Astros scoreless until the 11th inning, when Joe Morgan led the inning off with a triple. Rafael Landestoy entered the game as a pinch runner for Morgan, and McGraw intentionally walked the next two batters to create a force at any base. The strategy didn't work, as the following batter, Denny Walling, hit a sacrifice fly to Greg Luzinski in left field scoring Landestoy.


title: Tug McGraw

text: The final two games of the series also went into extra innings. He earned a save in game four to even the series, however, blew the save in the fifth and deciding game, allowing it to go into extra innings. Dick Ruthven entered the game in the ninth and pitched two perfect innings. Meanwhile, the Phillies came back with a run in the tenth to proceed to the World Series against the Kansas City Royals.


title: Tug McGraw

text: McGraw appeared in four of the six games of the World Series, striking out ten batters in 7.2 innings. The Phillies swept the first two games in Philadelphia, with McGraw earning the save in game one. The Royals, however, came back to even the series after two games in Kansas City, with McGraw picking up the loss in game three.


title: Tug McGraw

text: McGraw entered game five in the seventh inning with the Phillies behind 3–2. He pitched three scoreless innings, while his team scored two ninth inning runs off Royals closer Dan Quisenberry to head back to Philadelphia with a 3–2 series lead. McGraw entered game six of the World Series in the eighth inning with no outs, and runners on first and second, and the Phillies up, 4–0. He allowed one inherited base runner to score, but managed to get through the inning relatively unscathed. After giving up a walk and two singles to load the bases in the ninth inning, he struck out Willie Wilson, clinching the Phillies' first World Series championship.


title: Tug McGraw

text: The next day, at a victory rally at John F. Kennedy Stadium, McGraw summed it all up for the fans after 97 years of futility for the Phillies franchise:


title: Tug McGraw

text: In later years, McGraw expressed remorse toward his comments toward New York. He returned to Shea Stadium on numerous occasions following his retirement, citing his love for the Mets fans.


title: Tug McGraw

text: McGraw went 2–4 with a 2.66 ERA and ten saves in the strike-shortened 1981 season. The Phillies won the first half season crown, however, lost the 1981 National League Division Series to the Montreal Expos. On March 17, 1981, McGraw wore a dyed green uniform on St. Patrick's Day to a spring training game, though an umpire refused to let him play. McGraw called St. Patrick's Day his favorite holiday. Since 1989, the Phillies have had a tradition of playing in green on St. Patrick's Day.


title: Tug McGraw

text: In 1982, McGraw shifted into more of a set-up man role, with both Ron Reed and Ed Farmer earning more saves than he on the season. Prior to the start of the 1983 season, the Phillies acquired Al Holland from the San Francisco Giants to assume the closer role. Following the 1984 season, McGraw retired at age 40. As a favor to longtime friend Roman Gabriel, he returned to professional baseball for single starts during the 1989 and 1990 minor league seasons with the Class A Gastonia Rangers of the South Atlantic League.


title: Tug McGraw

text: Whereas relief pitchers are not given the opportunity to bat frequently, McGraw was allowed to bat leading off the sixth inning of a 6–0 blowout at the hands of the Montreal Expos on September 8, . He rewarded his manager's faith in him by putting the Mets on the board with his only career home run.


title: Tug McGraw

text: McGraw could also throw right-handed and would often loosen up before games by playing right-handed catch with his teammates, leaving fans wondering who that right-hander wearing number 45 was. At the time of his death, McGraw was ranked:


title: Tug McGraw

text: In the 1980s and 1990s, he was a sports anchor and reporter for Action News on WPVI, the ABC affiliate in Philadelphia. He appeared as himself in a 1999 episode of "Everybody Loves Raymond" along with several other members of the 1969 New York Mets.


title: Tug McGraw

text: In the mid-1970s, McGraw collaborated with artist Michael Witte on a nationally syndicated comic strip "Scroogie". Scroogie was a relief pitcher for the "Pets", whose teammates included "Tyrone" (a Reggie Jackson-like bopper with a tremendous ego), ace pitcher "Royce Rawls" (loosely based upon former Mets teammate, Tom Seaver), "Chico" at shortstop and "Homer", an intellectually challenged slugger who could send a ball into orbit. Their announcer, "Herb", wore loud sports coats reminiscent of former Mets announcer Lindsey Nelson, and the team was owned by Millicent Cashman. Actual major league teams and players were used in the comic strip during its two-year run.


title: Tug McGraw

text: McGraw, Witte, David Fisher and Neil Offer produced two books, "Scroogie" (1976) and "Hello there, ball!" (1977).


title: Tug McGraw

text: McGraw also recorded a version of the baseball poem "Casey at the Bat", accompanied by Peter Nero and the Philly Pops.


title: Tug McGraw

text: McGraw had a brief relationship in 1966 with Betty D'Agostino that resulted in a son, country music singer Tim McGraw. In his book "Ya Gotta Believe", McGraw wrote that he and D'Agostino only had sex once, and that she immediately broke off contact with him and left town afterward. At the time, McGraw was playing baseball for Jacksonville, while D'Agostino was a high school student. When she became pregnant, her parents sent D'Agostino to Louisiana to live with relatives.


title: Tug McGraw

text: McGraw did not acknowledge Tim as his son until Tim was 17 years old. Tim McGraw, in an April 19, 2022, interview on NPR's "Fresh Air", stated that he met McGraw only twice as a child, both times at baseball games in Houston. The first time, they had a lunch with the elder McGraw telling the younger they could be friends but he could not be a father to him. In a second meeting, Tim said Tug worked out in the bullpen and ignored him. The two later developed a close relationship after McGraw agreed to finance Tim's college education. In addition to Tim, McGraw had a son Mark and daughter Cari with his first wife Phyllis Kline, and a son, Matthew, with his wife Diane Hovenkamp-Robertson; he also had two stepsons, Christopher and Ian Hovenkamp.


title: Tug McGraw

text: On March 12, 2003, McGraw was working as an instructor for the Phillies during spring training when he was hospitalized with a glioblastoma brain tumor. After surgery was performed to remove it, initial reports suggested that the procedure had been successful, his chances for recovery were "excellent" and he would live "a long time". However, the tumor was not totally excised by the surgery, and the malignancy returned in inoperable form. McGraw lived for over nine months after the initial surgery. In what would be his last public appearance, McGraw attended the closing ceremonies of Veterans Stadium in Philadelphia on September 28, 2003, where he recreated the final out of the Phillies' World Series triumph. McGraw died on January 5, 2004. The Mets played the 2004 season with the words "Ya Gotta Believe" embroidered on their left shoulders in McGraw's honor, and the Phillies wore a patch on their right shoulder featuring a shamrock in honor of McGraw and a banner reading "Pope" in honor of longtime Phillies executive Paul Owens, who had also died that winter. His son Tim's 2004 hit "Live Like You Were Dying" (written by Tim Nichols and Craig Wiseman) was recorded in his father's honor, and featured the memorable clip of McGraw recording the final out of the 1980 World Series in the music video. The song reached #1 on the U.S. "Billboard" country music charts, and held that position for a total of seven weeks. It was named as the Number One country song of 2004 by "Billboard".


title: Tug McGraw

text: McGraw was cremated after his death. Nearly five years later, his son Tim McGraw took a handful of his dad's ashes and spread them on the pitcher's mound at the Phillies current home park, Citizens Bank Park, in Game 3 of the 2008 World Series. The Phillies won the game, defeating the Tampa Bay Rays 5–4, en route to the team's second World Series Championship.


title: Tug McGraw

text: The Tug McGraw Foundation was established in 2003 to enhance the quality of life of children and adults with brain tumors and in 2009 expanded programs to include posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI). TMF collaborates and partners with other organizations to accelerate new treatments and cures to improve quality of life in areas of physical, social, emotional, cognitive, and spiritual impact of those debilitating conditions. The Foundation broke ground for its new headquarters in Yountville, California on November 13, 2010.


title: Tug McGraw

text: The Foundation's work includes sponsoring a photography class at Camp Pendleton to help 15 Marines as part of the recovery process from battlefield wounds.


title: Tug McGraw

text: In 1983—the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Phillies—McGraw was selected as one of only two left-handed pitchers on the Phillies Centennial Team.


title: Tug McGraw

text: In 2004, the Philadelphia chapter of the Baseball Writers' Association of America began its annual presentation of four awards to four members of the Philadelphia Phillies franchise for "season-ending achievements", including the "Tug McGraw Good Guy Award".


title: Isabel Lucas

text: Isabel Lucas (born 29 January 1985) is an Australian actress and model. She is mainly known for her roles in "Home and Away" (2003–06), "" (2009), "Daybreakers" (2009), "The Waiting City" (2009), "The Pacific" (2010), "Immortals" (2011), "A Heartbeat Away" (2011), "Red Dawn" (2012), "The Loft" (2014), "The Water Diviner" (2014), "Knight of Cups" (2015), and "That's Not Me" (2017). In 2015, she acted beside Nick Jonas in the thriller film "Careful What You Wish For". In 2017, Lucas joined the American television series "MacGyver". In 2018, she appeared in "In Like Flynn" which was a success in Australia, New Zealand, and Britain, and the same year played Brooke in "Chasing Comets". Later in 2009, Lucas won Best Breakout Performance Female at SPIKE TV's 2009 Scream Awards for her role in "". In 2011 Lucas won a Young Hollywood Award for Female Star of Tomorrow. In 2012, Lucas starred in Ed Sheeran's "Give Me Love" music video.


title: Isabel Lucas

text: Isabel Lucas was born in Sydney, Australia, on 29 January 1985, and is the daughter of Andrew, a biodynamic farmer and retired pilot, and Beatrice, a special needs teacher. Her father is Australian and her mother is Swiss. Her sister, Nini, is two years older and works as an environmental lawyer. Lucas can speak French and Swiss-German in addition to English. As a child, Lucas lived in Cairns, Queensland. She also lived in Switzerland and Kakadu, in Australia's Northern Territory. Lucas attended St. Monica's College in Cairns.


title: Isabel Lucas

text: Lucas was involved in drama during her school years and attended courses at the Victorian College of Arts and Queensland University of Technology. In 2002, her now agent Sharron Meissner claimed to have discovered Lucas walking on the beach at Port Douglas. In fact, the meeting was arranged well before. Lucas auditioned for the role of Kit Hunter in "Home and Away"; although the producer of the show, Julie McGauran, felt that role was not right for Isabel, she was sufficiently impressed to have a new character, Tasha Andrews, created just for her.


title: Isabel Lucas

text: In 2007, she focused on saving dolphins in Japan, and in October of that year appeared on the Australian "Today Show" to discuss this topic. In 2008, Lucas moved to Los Angeles to pursue her acting career further.


title: Isabel Lucas

text: While working with Steven Spielberg on the World War II miniseries, "The Pacific", he suggested Lucas for the role of Alice in the 2009 film "", sequel to "Transformers" (2007), where Spielberg was serving as the series's executive producer. This later became the debut role of Lucas's career, earning her the award for Best Breakout Performance-Female in sci-fi and action at the 2009 Scream Awards. In a much later interview with Rove, Lucas described the audition process for the role as "very interesting" and drastically different from when she auditioned for other roles prior to "Transformers". She also said that the filming process was a lot different from "Home Away", where she would spend hours shooting various episodes all in one go.


title: Isabel Lucas

text: In 2008, Lucas was cast in the vampire science-fiction thriller film "Daybreakers" and in 2009, she was cast as the character Erica Martin in the remake of the 1984 film "Red Dawn" alongside fellow Australian actor Chris Hemsworth, which was ultimately released in November 2012. In 2009, Lucas played Scarlett in the romantic film "The Waiting City".


title: Isabel Lucas

text: In 2011, Lucas played the goddess Athena in the fantasy film "Immortals," and signed on to appear in the film "Knight of Cups", which was released in 2015. In November 2012, Lucas was featured as the main character in the music video for "Give Me Love" by British singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran.


title: Isabel Lucas

text: In March 2013, it was announced that Lucas would star in the thriller "Careful What You Wish For", which was released in June 2016. In 2014, Lucas was featured in the documentary "That Sugar Film" directed by Damon Gameau, on the topic of the effect that sugar has on the human body, and the need to eat truly healthy foods.


title: Isabel Lucas

text: In 2017, Lucas appeared in the Australian comedy-drama film, "That's Not Me", beside Alice Foulcher, Richard Davies, and Rowan Davie, which was released worldwide on 7 September the same year.


title: Isabel Lucas

text: From 2017 to 2018, Lucas played Samantha Cage in CBS's remake of the series "MacGyver". Lucas left her role as Samantha Cage in June 2018.


title: Isabel Lucas

text: She began filming the Australian biographical-drama film "In Like Flynn" in February 2017, with British and Australian actors William Moseley, Clive Standen, Corey William Large, David Wenham and actress Nathalie Kelley. The film was released to Australia on 11 October 2018. It was later released worldwide in January 2019. In the same year, Lucas played Brooke in "Chasing Comets", a biographical-drama comedy on the life of Chase, a famous Australian rugby league player. The same year, she played Kali Stewart in "Shooting in Vain", a drama thriller starring Sebastian Gregory, Diana Hopper, and Colleen Kelly.


title: Isabel Lucas

text: Lucas appeared in the Australian drama-thriller "Shooting in Vain", directed by Jared Januscka, which was released on worldwide in 2018. It stars Alexandra Park, Diana Hopper, and Sebastian Gregory. Later in 2018, she appeared in "In Like Flynn" as the character Rose. The film became a success in Australia, New Zealand, and Britain, rating as a 66–70% after its opening weekend. It was later released worldwide the following year on 25 January.


title: Isabel Lucas

text: Lucas has been described as having a shy and quiet personality. She has spoken about being overwhelmed by how people would see her when she went on her first audition for "Home and Away". Acting has since helped her become confident and sociable.


title: Isabel Lucas

text: Lucas dated Chris Hemsworth after meeting him on the set of "Home and Away", between 2005 and 2008. She then dated American actor Adrian Grenier, who broke up with her in July 2008 following a car accident also involving American actor Shia LaBeouf; Grenier saw Lucas hanging out with LaBeouf. Lucas was in a relationship with Australian folk singer Angus Stone from 2010 to 2012.


title: Isabel Lucas

text: Lucas became a vegetarian after watching the documentary "Earthlings" in the house of Anthony Kiedis. In addition to her vegetarianism, Lucas is also an animal lover, and has stated that she has been since childhood.


title: Isabel Lucas

text: Lucas relocated to Australia from the United States in 2016 to work on Australian films that were in production at the time. In an article released following her departure from the U.S., she explained that she moved back to Australia to be around her family more, and for the advantages of working on films in her home country. Lucas also stated that she usually travels back and forth between LA and Australia for film, but prefers Australia as her permanent residence. She resides in Byron Bay.


title: Isabel Lucas

text: In 2020, Lucas "opted out" of COVID-19 testing during the filming of "Bosch & Rockit", despite it being mandatory for participating in the shoot. She lost her charity ambassador role with Plan International Australia in April that year for controversial comments on vaccines, including that she did not "trust the path" of vaccination. She also supported anti-5G theories regarding its rollout in Australia, and was a guest speaker at an anti-5G rally in October 2020 in Byron Bay, addressing that 5G could be "potentially ushering a regime of total surveillance". In February 2021, Lucas showed support for Australian chef Pete Evans, who was banned from Instagram for spreading misinformation about COVID-19 and vaccination, in an Instagram post about freedom of speech, comparing Evans to historical change-makers such as Jesus.


title: Isabel Lucas

text: In October 2007, Lucas was part of a group of 30 people from Surfers for Cetaceans, including American actress Hayden Panettiere, surfers David Rastovich and Vaya Phrachanh, who took part in a protest against dolphin culling in Taiji, Wakayama, Japan. The group paddled out on surfboards to the dolphins in an attempt to stop the hunt, but they were forced to turn around after being intercepted by one of the fishing boats. They drove straight to Kansai International Airport and left the country to avoid being arrested for trespassing by the Japanese police. There is still an outstanding arrest warrant for Lucas in Japan.


title: Isabel Lucas

text: In 2004, Lucas served as a spokesperson for the Australian National Breast Cancer Foundation and provided support to many organisations, including World Vision as of 2009, The Humour Foundation as of 2004, Oxfam Community Aid Abroad as of 2006, Global Green Plan as of 2009, Save the Whales Again as of 2010 and Sea Shepherd as of 2012. In 2010, Lucas and the Summit on the Summit team climbed to the top of Mount Kilimanjaro to raise awareness of the global clean water crisis.


title: Isabel Lucas

text: Lucas won a Logie Award for new popular talent for her performance in the "Home and Away series, "and won the "best Breakout Performance-Female "at the 2009 Scream Awards on 17 October 2009, for her performance of Alice in "Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen." Other awards and nominations appear in the table below"."


title: Isabel Lucas

text: Lucas, a vegetarian, was nominated as one of Australia's Sexiest Vegetarian Celebrities on PETAAsiaPacific.com for 2010.


title: Diana Penty

text: Diana Penty (; born 2 November 1985) is an Indian actress who works predominantly in Hindi films. She began her modelling career in 2005 when she was signed up by Elite Models India. Penty made her acting debut with the romantic comedy film "Cocktail" (2012), a box office success.


title: Diana Penty

text: Post a four-year hiatus, Penty starred in the titular role of Happy in "Happy Bhag Jayegi" (2016), a sleeper hit. She went on to feature in "Lucknow Central" (2017), "" (2018) and "Shiddat" (2021), and the Malayalam film "Salute" (2022).


title: Diana Penty

text: Diana Penty was born on 2 November 1985 in Mumbai, India to a Parsi father and a Konkani Christian mother. She attended St. Agnes High School in Mumbai, and graduated with a bachelor's degree in Mass Media from St. Xavier's College.


title: Diana Penty

text: Penty began her modeling when she sent her photographs to Elite Models India, who liked her work and suggested she take up modelling assignments. At this stage, she was in college and was reluctant to choose a career in modeling, so Penty decided to work part-time as a fashion model.


title: Diana Penty

text: In 2005, Penty officially started working for Elite Models India, and made her runway debut at the Indo-Italian Festival for Italian designers Nicola Trussardi and Gianfranco Ferré. Thereafter, Penty modelled for several other Indian designers, including Wendell Rodricks, Rohit Bal and Rina Dhaka. By 2007, she had established a successful modelling career after appearing in print campaigns for some of India's most prominent brands, including Tribhovandas Bhimji Zaveri, Parachute and Westside; as well as featuring on the covers of a few Indian fashion magazines.


title: Diana Penty

text: The following year, Penty went on to model at an international circuit when she started to endorse global brands excluding Maybelline, Garnier and Forever 21. On Penty's international appeal, the CEO of Elite Models India Sushma Puri commented, "Diana has a face that is very versatile and appeals to both Indian and international markets and she is also young, beautiful and confident. This makes her the ideal choice for any international brand." Later in her modelling career Penty started to receive film offers, though she believed herself to be too inexperienced, and rejected them to focus on modelling. From 2008 to 2010, Penty established herself internationally after modelling for fashion weeks in Paris and New York.


title: Diana Penty

text: Penty was originally slated to make her Bollywood debut in 2011 with Imtiaz Ali's "Rockstar" opposite Ranbir Kapoor, although she rejected the film due to her modelling commitments at the time and was subsequently replaced by Nargis Fakhri. She later signed up for Homi Adajania's "Cocktail" instead; at Ali's suggestion. Cast alongside Saif Ali Khan and Deepika Padukone, the film received mixed to positive reviews. Penty's portrayal of Meera, a simple Indian girl with traditional values was well received by critics. Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama commented that "Diana, who makes her acting debut, gets to portray a rather difficult character for her debut film. There's a very disarming kind of innocence that she brings to the role and she impresses a great deal." Raja Sen agreed, mentioning that she is "refreshingly natural". Anupama Chopra added that "Diana is saddled with the most colourless character but [...] infuses her role with a quiet poise and holds her own." Her performance earned her nominations for best debut and best supporting actress at numerous Indian award ceremonies, including International Indian Film Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. "Cocktail" emerged as a box office hit.


title: Diana Penty

text: After a four-year absence from the screen, Penty played the titular runaway bride in Aanand L. Rai's production "Happy Bhag Jayegi" (2016), written and directed by Mudassar Aziz, which tells the story of her character's ensuing adventures when, in an attempt to elope with her lover, she instead ends up on the other side of the border, much to the chagrin of a young politician whose house she ends up in. About the break from acting, Penty said: "It wasn't a conscious break. I was taking my time looking to be a part of an interesting story. I didn't want to do anything that came my way." The film earned mixed reviews from critics but was a sleeper hit. Rohit Bhatnagar wrote that Penty "steals the spotlight in every frame", while Anna M. M. Vetticad of "Firstpost" said: "Penty is brimming with potential [...] but her Happy, despite being the titular protagonist, is the most under-written character."


title: Diana Penty

text: Her sole role in 2017 was that of Gayatri Kashyap, a diligent NGO worker who champions the cause of a band formed by a group of prison inmates, in debutante Ranjit Tiwari's prison film "Lucknow Central", which starred her alongside Farhan Akhtar. "Times of India" noted that she plays her part well.


title: Diana Penty

text: Penty had two releases in 2018. Her first appearance was as Captain Ambalika Bandyopadhyay, in Abhishek Sharma's period drama "" opposite John Abraham, which was a commercial success. "Bollywood Hungama" mentioned, "Diana Penty has a crucial part and essays the no nonsense character very well." In her second appearance of the year, she reprised her titular role in "Happy Phirr Bhag Jayegi", a sequel to "Happy Bhag Jayegi", alongside Sonakshi Sinha, who played an eponymous namesake; the film underperformed compared to the prequel.


title: Diana Penty

text: In 2019, she had special song appearance alongside singer Badshah and actors Suniel Shetty and Raveena Tandon as the proverbial "Shehar Ki Ladki" in a promotional music video of the song, a remake of an eponymous hit, for "Khandaani Shafakhana" (2019).


title: Diana Penty

text: Penty portrayed Ira Sharma Sehgal, a socially conscious public service volunteer who has a friction of ideology with her husband, in director Kunal Deshmukh's 2021 romantic drama "Shiddat". "India Today" noted, "Though Radhika Madan and Diana Penty get extremely limited screen time in comparison to their male counterparts, the ladies leave a mark as free-spirited, practical and open-minded women." Penty marked her Malayalam film debut with the 2022 film "Salute" alongside Dulquer Salmaan portraying Dia, Salmaan's love interest. "Hindustan Times" mentioned, "The women have very less to contribute to the film and Diana Penty gets wasted in a role that has no impact."


title: Diana Penty

text: She will next appear in Raj Mehta's "Selfiee" alongside Akshay Kumar and Emraan Hashmi. She will also portray the lead in Shabbir Khan's "Adbhut" alongside Nawazuddin Siddiqui.


title: Diana Penty

text: Penty ranked 10th in "Times of India's" 10 Most Promising Newcomers of 2012 (Female) List. She won Grazia Face of the Year in 2013. She ranked 25th in 2013 and 23rd in 2019 in Times of India's 50 Most Desirable Woman List.


title: Diana Penty

text: Apart from acting and modelling, Penty is an endorser for several brands and products. She is currently the Indian brand ambassador of TRESemmé, Estée Lauder India and Nokia, in particular the Lumia 510 phone. She has ramp walked at the Lakme Fashion Week.


title: Diana Penty

text: Penty has been cover model for several magazine covers, such as the July 2012 issue of "Vogue", October 2012 issue of "Elle", January 2013 issue of "Verve", January/February 2013 issue of "Women's Health India", February 2013 issue of "Grazia India" and May 2013 issue of "Femina" among others.


title: Da Nang

text: Da Nang or Danang ( ; , ) is a class-1 municipality and the fifth-largest city in Vietnam by municipal population. It lies on the coast of the East Sea of Vietnam at the mouth of the Hàn River, and is one of Vietnam's most important port cities. As one of the country's five direct-controlled municipalities, it falls under the administration of the central government.


title: Da Nang

text: Da Nang is the commercial and educational centre of Central Vietnam and is the largest city in the region. It has a well-sheltered, easily accessible port, and its location on National Route 1 and the North–South Railway makes it a transport hub. It is within of several UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including the Imperial City of Huế, the Old Town of Hội An, and the Mỹ Sơn ruins. The city was known as ' during early Đại Việt settlement, and as ' (or Turon) during French colonial rule. Before 1997, the city was part of Quang Nam - Da Nang Province.


title: Da Nang

text: On 1 January 1997, Da Nang was separated from Quảng Nam Province to become one of four centrally controlled municipalities in Vietnam. Da Nang is designated as a first class city, and has a higher urbanization ratio than any of Vietnam's other provinces or centrally governed cities.


title: Da Nang

text: Da Nang has a Human Development Index of 0.779 (high), ranking fifth among all municipalities and provinces of Vietnam.


title: Da Nang

text: Most of the names by which Da Nang has been known make reference to its position at the Hàn River estuary. The city's present name is generally agreed to be a Vietnamese adaptation of the Cham word "da nak", which is translated as "opening of a large river".


title: Da Nang

text: Other Chamic sources, with similar definitions, have been proposed. Inrasara (aka Phú Trạm), a researcher specializing in Champa, suggests "Da Nang" is a variation of the Cham word "daknan" (lit. "the large water"); Sakaya (aka Văn Món), another Champa researcher, claims a connection with the Raglai word "danang", meaning "river source".


title: Da Nang

text: Another name given to Da Nang was "Cửa Hàn" (lit. "mouth of the Han <nowiki>[river]</nowiki>"). The name used by the French, "Tourane", is said to derive from this name, by way of a rough transliteration. Notably, this name (spelled "Cua han") appears on maps of the area drafted by Alexandre de Rhodes in 1650. The name "Kean" (cf. "Kẻ Hàn", roughly "Han market") was another name purportedly used during the 17th century to refer to the land at the foot of the Hải Vân Pass.


title: Da Nang

text: The city's origins date back to the ancient kingdom of Champa, established in 192 AD. At its peak, the Chams' sphere of influence stretched from Huế to Vũng Tàu. The city of Indrapura, at the site of the modern village of Dong Duong in Quảng Nam Province (about from Da Nang), was the capital of Champa from about 875 to about 1000 AD. Also in the region of Da Nang were the ancient Cham city of Singhapura ("City of the Lion"), the location of which has been identified with an archeological site in the modern village of Trà Kiệu, and the valley of Mỹ Sơn, where a number of ruined temples and towers can still be viewed.


title: Da Nang

text: In the latter half of the 10th century, the kings of Indrapura came into conflict with the Đại Việt, who were then based at Hoa Lư near modern Hanoi. Champa had been independent, it found itself in need to defend its territory to contain the threat posed by the Khmer Empire in the west, and expand its territory to the north, hoping to conquer the Vietnamese nation. There, with the Vietnamese Kingdom in turmoil following the assassination of Đinh Tiên Hoàng, Champa made an unsuccessful attempt to invade Đại Việt in 979 with support of China, but failed due to the strong defence of Vietnamese territory under the command of Lê Hoàn. In 982, three ambassadors sent to Champa by Emperor Lê Hoàn of the Đại Việt (founder of the Early Lê Dynasty) were detained in Indrapura. Lê Hoàn decided to go on the offensive, sacking Indrapura and killing the Cham King Parameshvaravarman I. As a result of these setbacks, the Cham eventually abandoned Indrapura around 1000 AD.


title: Da Nang

text: The Đại Việt campaign against Champa continued into the late 11th century, when the Cham were forced to cede their three northern provinces to the rulers of the Lý Dynasty. Soon afterward, Vietnamese farmers began moving into the untilled former Cham lands, turning them into rice fields and moving relentlessly southward, delta by delta, along the narrow coastal plain. The southward expansion of Đại Việt (known as "Nam Tiến") continued for several centuries, culminating in the annexation of most of the Cham territories by the end of the 15th century.


title: Da Nang

text: One of the first Europeans to visit Da Nang was Portuguese explorer António de Faria, who anchored in Da Nang in 1535. Faria was one of the first Westerners to write about the area and, through his influence, Portuguese ships began to call regularly at Hội An, which was then a much more important port than Da Nang. Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, French and Spanish traders and missionaries regularly made landfall at Hội An, just south of Đà Nẵng. An American, John White, arrived at Da Nang (then called Turon) on 18 June 1819 in the brig "Franklin" of Salem, Massachusetts, and was advised that the country was recovering from devastating wars, and that what little goods had been produced in the area was already allocated. Other American ships arriving shortly after were the "Marmion" of Boston, and the "Aurora" and "Beverly" of Salem.


title: Da Nang

text: Conditions were such due to the wars that they were unable to conduct trade, and the subsequent missions of East India Company agent John Crawfurd in 1823 and the two missions of Andrew Jackson's agent, American diplomat Edmund Roberts, in 1833 and 1836 were unable to secure trade agreements due to the exceptionally poor quality of the port. Following the edict of Emperor Minh Mạng in 1835, prohibiting European vessels from making landfall or pursuing trade except at Đà Nẵng, its port quickly superseded Hội An as the largest commercial port in the central region.


title: Da Nang

text: In 1847, French vessels dispatched by Admiral Cécille bombarded Đà Nẵng, ostensibly on the grounds of alleged persecution of Roman Catholic missionaries. In August 1858, once again ostensibly on the grounds of religious persecution, French troops, led by Admiral Charles Rigault de Genouilly, and under the orders of Napoleon III, landed in Đà Nẵng as part of the punitive Cochinchina Campaign.


title: Da Nang

text: The French overpowered the Vietnamese stationed in Da Nang, swiftly occupying the city and Tiên Sa peninsula (present-day Sơn Trà peninsula). The occupying forces were quickly placed under siege by the Vietnamese army under the command of Nguyễn Tri Phương, and were eventually forced to retreat in March 1860. The French were able to invade the southern stronghold of Saigon and, in June 1862, several provinces of southern Vietnam were ceded to the French as Cochinchina with the signing of the Treaty of Saigon.


title: Da Nang

text: Through two more decades of conflict, the French gradually strengthened their hold on Vietnam, culminating in the establishment of French Indochina () in October 1887. Two years later, in 1889, the French colonists renamed the city Tourane, placing it under the control of the Governor General of French Indochina. It came to be considered one of Indochina's five major cities, among Hanoi, Saigon–Cholon, Haiphong, and Huế.


title: Da Nang

text: During the Vietnam War, what is now the Da Nang International Airport was a major air base used by the South Vietnamese and United States Air Forces.


title: Da Nang

text: The base became one of the world's busiest aircraft hubs during the war, reaching an average of 2,595 aircraft traffic operations daily, more than any other airport and airbase in the world at that time. The final U.S. ground combat operations in Vietnam ceased on 13 August 1972, when a residual force of the 196th Light Infantry Brigade stood down in Đà Nẵng. B Battery 3rd Battalion, 82nd Field Artillery Regiment fired the final U.S. artillery round and the 3rd Battalion, 21st Infantry Regiment finished their final patrols. This residual force was known as "Operation Gimlet".


title: Da Nang

text: After the US withdrawal from the conflict, in the final stage of the conquest of South Vietnam by North Vietnam, Da Nang fell to the communist forces March 29–30, 1975. Vietnam issued two special postage stamps to commemorate this event, within its "total liberation" stamp set issued 14 December 1976.


title: Da Nang

text: Since the era of the construction of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, Danang has become essentially the third city after Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi to be an important urban centre of the central region of Vietnam. Danang boasts numerous educational institutes as well as important sites of economy.


title: Da Nang

text: Da Nang is the largest city in central Vietnam and one of the country's most important ports. The city is surrounded by mountains to the west, and the South China Sea to the east. Da Nang borders Thừa Thiên-Huế Province across the Hải Vân Pass to the north, along with the Quảng Nam Province to the south and west. It is south of Hanoi, and north of Ho Chi Minh City. The city has a total land area of , of which are urban districts and are rural districts.


title: Da Nang

text: Geologically, Da Nang is at the edge of a Paleozoic fold belt known as the Truong Son Orogenic Zone, whose main deformation occurred during the early Carboniferous period. Da Nang's topography is dominated by the steep Annamite mountain range to the north and north-west, which features peaks ranging from in height, and low-lying coastal plains with some salting to the south and east, with several white sand beaches along the coast.


title: Da Nang

text: Da Nang has a tropical monsoon climate with two seasons: a typhoon and wet season from September to December and a dry season from January to August. Temperatures have an annual average of around . Cold waves can occasionally occur, although they are of short duration. Temperatures are highest between June and August with mean temperatures of ), and lowest between December and February (mean temperature of ). In Ba Na Hills, the temperatures are lower with an annual average of . The annual average for humidity is 81%, with highs between October and January (reaching 84–86%) and lows between June and August (reaching 75–77%).


title: Da Nang

text: On average, Da Nang receives of rainfall. Rainfall is typically highest between September and November (ranging from ) and lowest between February and April (ranging from ). Da Nang receives an average of 2156 hours of sunlight annually, with highs between 234 and 277 hours per month in May and June and lows between 69 and 165 hours per month in November and December.


title: Da Nang

text: Da Nang is susceptible to damage from typhoons that cross into the South China Sea. In 2006, the landfall of Typhoon Xangsane near the city of Hue caused 26 deaths in Da Nang, damaging and destroying homes, downing trees and power lines and flooding major streets.


title: Da Nang

text: Authorities in Da Nang estimated the damage caused by Xangsane at around US$200 million, with more than 5,000 houses washed away, 166,000 homes damaged and 19 boats sunk. Three years later, Typhoon Ketsana made its landfall about south of Da Nang, again causing widespread flooding. Ketsana left eight people dead and 96 injured in Da Nang, and caused an estimated VND 495 billion (US$25 million) in damage.


title: Da Nang

text: Shortly after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, which triggered a powerful tsunami, the People's Committee of Da Nang approved the installation of 10 early tsunami warning stations throughout the city, the first of their kind in Vietnam. Officials expected the stations would provide at least thirty minutes of warning in case of a tsunami. According to Le Huy Minh, Director of the Earthquake and Tsunami Warning Centre at the Vietnam Institute of Geophysics, a powerful earthquake (≥8 M) in the waters north of the Philippines could pose a significant danger to the Vietnamese coastline, particularly the area around Da Nang.


title: Da Nang

text: Da Nang is the fifth-most populated city in Vietnam, with an area of and a population of 1,064,100 as the latest update in 2017. Women make up 50.7% of Da Nang's population.


title: Da Nang

text: Da Nang's population has been growing at rates of between 2.5% and 3% during most of the years between 2005 and 2011, significantly exceeding the national average of 1% to 1.2%. The growth rate briefly rose to 3.6% in 2010 before returning to its long-term trend with 2.68% in 2011. This is the third fastest growth rate in the country after the two southern manufacturing centers Bình Dương Province (4.41%) and Đồng Nai Province (3.5%).


title: Da Nang

text: Migration has been the dominant factor in the city's population growth at least since 2009, contributing 1.6% to 2.7% (2010) between 2009 and 2011. Out-migration has been relatively high in 2011 at 0.79% compared to 0.34% and 0.55% in previous years, while the in-migration rate has been exceeding 2% since 2009 and was at 2.28% in 2011.


title: Da Nang

text: Đà Nẵng's natural population growth is only slightly higher than the national average. Its crude birth rate was recorded at 18 live births per 1000 persons. The crude death rate was measured at 6.7 per 1000 persons in 2011. Life expectancy at birth was estimated at 77.4 years for women and 72.4 years for men, or 74.8 years overall in the 2009 population census. The infant mortality rate was measured at 9.9 infant deaths per 1000 live births, less than two points above the nation's average for urban areas.


title: Da Nang

text: The city has the highest urbanization ratio among provinces and municipalities in Vietnam, containing only 11 rural communes, the fewest of any province-level unit in Vietnam. As of 2009, 86.9% of Đà Nẵng's population lived in urban areas; average annual urban population growth was 3.5%.


title: Da Nang

text: The leading organ of the Communist Party in Da Nang City is the Executive Committee of the Communist Party. The current Secretary is Nguyen Van Quang.


title: Da Nang

text: The legislative branch of the city is the People's Council of Da Nang City. The current Chairman is Luong Nguyen Minh Triet.


title: Da Nang

text: The executive branch of the city is the People's Committee of Da Nang City. The current Chairman is Le Trung Chinh.


title: Da Nang

text: The city of Da Nang is officially divided into eight district-level sub-divisions, including six urban districts (Hải Châu, Thanh Khê, Cẩm Lệ, Sơn Trà, Ngũ Hành Sơn and Liên Chiểu) and two rural districts (Hòa Vang and Hoàng Sa (Paracel Islands)). They are further subdivided into 45 wards and 11 communes. The city center of Da Nang is Hải Châu district.


title: Da Nang

text: Before 1997, the city was part of Quang Nam–Da Nang Province. On 1 January 1997, Da Nang was separated from Quang Nam Province to become one of five independent (centrally-controlled) municipalities in Vietnam.


title: Da Nang

text: Da Nang is the leading industrial center of central Vietnam. Its GDP per capita was 19 million VND in 2007, one of the highest in Vietnam (after Hồ Chí Minh City, Hanoi, Bình Dương Province, and Đồng Nai Province). By 2009, this had increased to 27.3 million VND.


title: Da Nang

text: Da Nang led the Provincial Competitiveness Index rankings in 2008, 2009, and 2010 (and was second after Bình Dương Province in the three years before that), benefiting mostly from good infrastructure, good performance in labour training, transparency, proactive provincial leadership and low entry costs.


title: Da Nang

text: Despite its status as a city, 37,800 people in Da Nang were employed in agriculture, forestry and fishing as of 2007, producing 45,000t of rice and 41,000t of fish. However, employment in these sectors had a clear negative trend in the first decade of the 21st century. Gross output has also been decreasing during the second half of the decade. Given Da Nang's lack of agricultural land (9200ha as of 2007) and its location at the coast, fishing has been contributing more to the economy than agriculture, with a gross output more than twice that of agriculture.


title: Da Nang

text: Da Nang is a diversified industrial center, including industries such as machinery, electrics, chemicals, shipbuilding, and textiles. Specific industrial products include aquatic products, fabric, clothes, bricks, fertilizer, cement, soap, paper, and medical tablets. The city's industry may diversify further. EADS is planning to set up an industrial park focused on the aviation industry in Da Nang.