title: Scythe

text: A peening jig is being used here, but blades can be free-peened using various designs of peening anvils. The peening jig shown has two interchangeable caps that set different angles: a coarse angle is set first about 3 mm back from the edge, and the fine angle is then set on the edge, leaving an edge that lends itself to being easily honed. The blade is then honed using progressively finer honing stones and then taken to the field. In the field, the blade is honed using a fine, ovoid whetstone (or "rubber"), fine-grained for grass, coarser for cereal crops. Honing is performed the moment the mower senses that the edge has gone off; this may be every half hour or more depending on the conditions. The laminated honing stone shown here has two grades of stone and is carried into the field soaking in a water-filled holster on the belt. A burr is set up on the outside of the blade by stroking the blade on the inside; the burr is then taken off by gently stroking it on the outside. There are many opinions, regional traditions and variations on exactly how to do this; some eastern European countries even set up the burr on the inside.


title: Scythe

text: Unlike continental European blades, typical American, English, and Nordic style blades are made of harder steel and are not usually peened for risk of cracking them. The harder blade holds an edge longer and requires less frequent honing in the field but after heavy use or damage the edge must be reshaped by grinding. Because of the greater wear resistance of the hard steel, and the reduced need for honing as a result, this usually needs to be done only 1–3 times a season. Many examples have a laminated construction with a hard, wear-resistant core providing the edge, and softer sides providing strength. In American and English blades, the edge steel is typically clad on either side with the tough iron, while some Nordic laminated blades have a layer of iron on the top only, with the edge steel comprising the bottom layer.


title: Scythe

text: Scythes may date back as far as ; they seem to have been used since Cucuteni–Trypillia settlements, becoming widespread with agricultural developments. Initially used mostly for mowing hay, it had replaced the sickle for reaping crops by the 16th century, as the scythe was better ergonomically and consequently more efficient. In about 1800 the "grain cradle" was sometimes added to the standard scythe when mowing grain; the cradle was an addition of light wooden fingers above the scythe blade which kept the grain stems aligned and the heads together to make the collection and threshing easier. In the developed world, the scythe has been largely replaced by the motorised lawn mower and combine harvester. However, the scythe remained in common use for many years after the introduction of machines because a side-mounted finger-bar mowerwhether horse- or tractor-drawncould not mow in front of itself, and scythes were still needed to "open up" a meadow by clearing the first swathe to give the mechanical mower room to start.


title: Scythe

text: The "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities" of Sir William Smith argues that the scythe, known in Latin as the "falx foenaria" as opposed to the sickle, the "falx messoria", was used by the ancient Romans. According to ancient Greek mythology, Gaiathe Greek goddess and mother of the Titansgave a sickle made of the strongest metal to her youngest son Kronos, who is also the youngest of the Titans and god of the harvest, to seek vengeance against her husband Ouranos for torturing their eldest sons. The Grim Reaper is often depicted carrying or wielding a scythe. According to Jack Herer and "Flesh of The Gods" (Emboden, W. A. Jr., Praeger Press, New York, 1974), the ancient Scythians grew hemp and harvested it with a hand reaper that would be considered a scythe.


title: Scythe

text: The Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet in Sheffield, England, is a museum of a scythe-making works that was in operation from the end of the 18th century until the 1930s. This was part of the former scythe-making district of north Derbyshire, which extended into Eckington. Other English scythe-making districts include that around Belbroughton.


title: Scythe

text: The German Renaissance scythe sword, the Greek and Roman harpe and the Egyptian khopesh were scythes or sickles modified as weapons or symbols of authority. An improvised conversion of the agricultural scythe to a war scythe by re-attaching the blade parallel to the snaith, similar to a bill, has also been used throughout history as a weapon. See below for an example.


title: Scythe

text: The scythe is still an indispensable tool for farmers in developing countries and in mountainous terrain.


title: Scythe

text: In Romania, for example, in the highland landscape of the Transylvanian Apuseni mountains, scything is a very important annual activity, taking about 2–3 weeks to complete for a regular house. As scything is a tiring physical activity and is relatively difficult to learn, farmers help each other by forming teams. After each day's harvest, the farmers often celebrate by having a small feast where they dance, drink and eat, while being careful to keep in shape for the next day's hard work. In other parts of the Balkans, such as in Serbian towns, scything competitions are held where the winner takes away a small silver scythe. In small Serbian towns, scything is treasured as part of the local folklore, and the winners of friendly competitions are rewarded richly with food and drink, which they share with their competitors.


title: Scythe

text: Among Basques scythe-mowing competitions are still a popular traditional sport, called "segalaritza" (from Spanish verb "segar": to mow). Each contender competes to cut a defined section of grown grass before his rival does the same.


title: Scythe

text: There is an international scything competition held at Goričko where people from Austria, Hungary, Serbia and Romania, or as far away as Asia enter to showcase their culturally unique method of reaping crops. In 2009, a Japanese man showcased a wooden reaping tool with a metal edge, which he used to show how rice was cut. He was impressed with the speed of the local reapers, but said such a large scythe would never work in Japan.


title: Scythe

text: In 2012, The Wall Street Journal reported some American homeowners were eschewing motorized lawn mowers in favor of scythes, citing the lack of noise as well as the health benefits of scythe reaping as exercise.


title: Tamsin Greig

text: Tamsin Margaret Mary Greig (; born 12 July 1966) is an English actress, narrator and comedian. She played Fran Katzenjammer in the Channel 4 sitcom "Black Books", Dr Caroline Todd in the Channel 4 sitcom "Green Wing", Beverly Lincoln in British-American sitcom "Episodes" and Jackie Goodman in the Channel 4 sitcom "Friday Night Dinner". Other roles include Alice Chenery in BBC One's comedy-drama series "Love Soup", Debbie Aldridge in BBC Radio 4's soap opera "The Archers", Miss Bates in the 2009 BBC version of Jane Austen's "Emma", and Beth Hardiment in the 2010 film version of "Tamara Drewe". In 2020, Greig starred as Anne Trenchard in Julian Fellowes' ITV series "Belgravia".


title: Tamsin Greig

text: Greig is also an acclaimed stage actress; she won a Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in 2007 for "Much Ado About Nothing", and was nominated again in 2011 and 2015 for her roles in "The Little Dog Laughed" and "Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown".


title: Tamsin Greig

text: Greig was born in Maidstone, Kent, the second of three sisters. Her father, Eric, worked as a colour chemist creating dyes, and her mother, Ann, was enthusiastic about amateur dramatics. Her maternal grandfather was a Polish Jew. The family moved to Kilburn when she was three.


title: Tamsin Greig

text: She went to Malorees Junior School, followed by Camden School for Girls later graduating with a first-class BA in Drama and Theatre Arts from the University of Birmingham in 1988. After graduating, she worked at the Family Planning Association and continued doing temporary work until 1996. She also spent some time at a secretarial college.


title: Tamsin Greig

text: Her professional acting career began in early 1990. Greig is known for both dramatic and comedic roles. Comedy roles can pose problems for Greig, who has problems with corpsing.


title: Tamsin Greig

text: Greig has had a long-running part as Debbie Aldridge in the BBC Radio 4 soap opera "The Archers" since 1991. As her other work increased, her appearances in the show decreased and her character Debbie spends most of her time living in Hungary.


title: Tamsin Greig

text: Her other radio work includes narrating the Radio 4 comedy "Warhorses of Letters", and guest-starring in five episodes of the second series of the radio version of "Absolute Power", playing Charles Prentiss's former lover Gayle Shand, who now runs a rival firm.


title: Tamsin Greig

text: Greig appeared in a number of supporting parts, notably as Lamia in "Neverwhere" (1996) and The Mother in an episode of "People Like Us" (2000). Her first major role was Fran Katzenjammer in the sitcom "Black Books", which ran for three series from 2000. Fran was a friend of the main character, Bernard, and originally owned a gift shop called "Nifty Gifty" next door to his bookshop.


title: Tamsin Greig

text: In 2004, she played constantly embarrassed surgical registrar Dr Caroline Todd, the lead character in the Channel 4 comedy drama series "Green Wing". Her performance won her "Best Comedy Performance" in the 2005 Royal Television Society Awards. She also appeared as Caroline in an appearance at "The Secret Policeman's Ball".


title: Tamsin Greig

text: She starred in the BBC comedy drama series "Love Soup" (2005), as Alice Chenery, a lovelorn woman working on a department store perfume counter, in a role specifically written for her by David Renwick, whom she met in 2003 when she appeared in an episode of "Jonathan Creek". In May 2005 she also appeared as a nurse in an episode of the BBC series "Doctor Who", entitled "The Long Game".


title: Tamsin Greig

text: Greig appeared in the role of Edith Frank in the BBC's January 2009 production of "The Diary of Anne Frank". Also in 2009, she appeared as Miss Bates in the BBC serial "Jane Austen's Emma". In 2010, she played Sacharissa Cripslock in the two part mini-series "Terry Pratchett's Going Postal".


title: Tamsin Greig

text: In 2011, she starred in the BBC/Showtime sitcom "Episodes", alongside Matt LeBlanc and "Green Wing" co-star Stephen Mangan. Greig and Mangan play a husband-and-wife writing duo who travel to America to work on an adaptation of their successful series. Greig also stars in the Channel 4 sitcom, "Friday Night Dinner", as Jackie Goodman, the mother of a North London Jewish family.


title: Tamsin Greig

text: She is also the lead in "The Guilty" in the three-part series on ITV in 2013, playing DCI Maggie Brand who investigates the death of a young child who went missing five years previously.


title: Tamsin Greig

text: In 2015 the fourth season of "Episodes" was aired, and in 2016 a seven-episode fifth season, still starring Greig alongside Stephen Mangan and Matt LeBlanc, was filmed in London.


title: Tamsin Greig

text: In October 2018 it was confirmed that Greig would narrate "The Secret Life of the Zoo", taking over from Olivia Colman.


title: Tamsin Greig

text: Greig has received three BAFTA nominations for her TV work. She was nominated for Best Comedy Performance for "Green Wing" in 2005, and for Best Female Comedy Performance for "Friday Night Dinner" in 2012 and "Episodes" in 2015.


title: Tamsin Greig

text: During 2006 and early 2007, Greig played Beatrice in a much acclaimed production of "Much Ado About Nothing" for which she won a Laurence Olivier Award, and Constance in "King John", as part of the Royal Shakespeare Company's "The Complete Works" season. Whilst the win itself was a surprise, her acceptance speech was received very well as being highly entertaining, claiming that she was so excited that she had wet her dress. The speech was apparently completely improvised. Backstage, when told not to tell her mother about her wetting her dress, she told the host that her mum was dead before dedicating her award to her "dead mum". She also won the Critics' Circle Theatre Award for "Best Shakespearean Performance" in "Much Ado About Nothing", becoming the first woman to win the award, and was nominated for "The FRANCO'S Best Actress in a Play" in the Whatsonstage Theatregoers' Choice Awards.


title: Tamsin Greig

text: At the Gielgud Theatre in March 2008, she co-starred with Ralph Fiennes, Janet McTeer and Ken Stott in the UK premiere of Yasmina Reza's "The God of Carnage" ("Le Dieu du carnage") translated by Christopher Hampton and directed by Matthew Warchus. The play won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Comedy in 2009. In 2008, she co-starred in the surreal sci-fi film "Captain Eager and the Mark of Voth".


title: Tamsin Greig

text: In November 2008, she made her National Theatre debut in "Gethsemane", a new play by David Hare which toured the UK.


title: Tamsin Greig

text: Greig was starring in "The Little Dog Laughed" by Douglas Carter Beane at the Garrick Theatre in London, which did run a limited season until 10 April 2010. She starred alongside Rupert Friend, Gemma Arterton and Harry Lloyd, and the play was directed by Jamie Lloyd. She won the 2011 WhatsOnStage Theatregoers Choice Award for Best Supporting Actress in a play for her portrayal. Her performance as Diane in "The Little Dog Laughed" garnered her a second Olivier Award nomination for Best Actress. In October 2011 she was Hilary, the central character, in "Jumpy" at the Royal Court, London., which later transferred to the Duke of York's Theatre in the West End. In March 2013 she played Varia in "Longing", a new play by William Boyd based on two short stories by Chekov, at the Hampstead Theatre. Greig previously performed in "Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown" at the Playhouse Theatre, London, until May 2015. In March 2015, she received a nomination for the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical.


title: Tamsin Greig

text: In October 2016, she returned to the Hampstead Theatre to play Empty in "The Intelligent Homosexual's Guide to Capitalism and Socialism with a Key to the Scriptures" by Tony Kushner. In February 2017 she returned to the Royal National Theatre to play Malvolia in a new production of "Twelfth Night" at the Olivier Theatre. As a Labour constituency agent spanning a period of 27 years, she gave a "polished...magnificent" performance in James Graham "Labour of Love" at the Noël Coward Theatre, London, in October 2017.


title: Tamsin Greig

text: Greig made a cameo appearance in the 2004 comedy "Shaun of the Dead". She starred with Richard E. Grant in the 2009 film "Cuckoo", and with Roger Allam and Gemma Arterton in "Tamara Drewe" (2010). The latter role earned Greig a British Independent Film Awards nomination for Best Supporting Actress. She co-starred in 2015's comedy-drama "The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel" and in the 2016 release of "Breaking the Bank", opposite Kelsey Grammer.


title: Tamsin Greig

text: Greig lives in a flat in Kensal Green, having moved back to the area in 1996 to be with her dying father. She became a Christian at this time, despite being brought up as an atheist. Greig is also a vegetarian.


title: Tamsin Greig

text: Since 1997 she has been married to actor Richard Leaf, whom she met at a wrap party of Neil Gaiman's 1996 miniseries "Neverwhere", and has three children.


title: Tamsin Greig

text: She is a supporter of the National Health Service, giving her backing to a rally organised by pro-NHS protest group NHS Together. She also supports more practical teaching of Shakespeare in British schools, supporting the RSC's "Stand Up For Shakespeare" manifesto. Greig was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to "The Guardian" opposing Scottish independence in the run-up to the 2014 referendum on that issue.


title: Paul Sun-Hyung Lee

text: Paul Sun-Hyung Lee (born August 16, 1972) is a Korean-Canadian actor and television host. He is best known for his roles as Randy Ko in the soap opera "Train 48" (2003–2005) and as family patriarch Appa in the play "Kim's Convenience" (2011) and its television adaptation (2016–2021).


title: Paul Sun-Hyung Lee

text: Lee has won the Canadian Screen Award for Best Actor in a Comedy Series four times for his role as Mr. Kim in "Kim's Convenience", and has been nominated twice for the Dora Mavor Moore Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male in a Principal Role, Large Theatre, for "The Monster Under the Bed" in 2010 and the stage version of "Kim's Convenience" in 2012.


title: Paul Sun-Hyung Lee

text: When Lee was three months old, his parents immigrated from Daejeon, South Korea to Canada, living in London, Toronto and Calgary. In 1990, he moved back to Toronto to attend the University of Toronto, where he attended the drama program at University College.


title: Paul Sun-Hyung Lee

text: He had a supporting role in the film "Ice Princess" (2005) playing Tiffany's father. Lee appeared in the horror film "P2" and the thriller "The Echo". In 2006, he took the role of Jung Park in the video game "" and its 2008 sequel "".


title: Paul Sun-Hyung Lee

text: Lee was part of the main cast of the Global nightly improvised soap opera "Train 48" in the role of Randy Ko for the entire run of the series from 2003 to 2005.


title: Paul Sun-Hyung Lee

text: In 2012, Lee won the Best Actor citation from the Toronto Theatre Critics' Awards for his portrayal of Kim Sang-il in "Kim's Convenience". He played the role of Appa on stage in several Toronto productions of "Kim's Convenience" and on a national tour with the Soulpepper theatre company, as well as at an Off Broadway staging of the play. He brought the role of Appa to television in 2016 when the show was adapted as a television series. In 2016, Lee played Zhang Lin in the Royal Manitoba Theatre Centre/Canadian Stage production of "Chimerica". On January 11, 2017, he guest starred on an episode of "This Hour Has 22 Minutes".


title: Paul Sun-Hyung Lee

text: Lee has been nominated twice for the Dora Mavor Moore Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male in a Principal Role, Large Theatre, for "The Monster Under the Bed" in 2010 and "Kim's Convenience" in 2012. In the 5th, 6th, and 9th Canadian Screen Awards, he won the Best Actor in a Comedy Series for his portrayal of Appa in the "Kim's Convenience" television series. Lee was selected to host the fourth season of the reality competition show "Canada's Smartest Person", entitled "Canada's Smartest Person Junior" and featuring children as contestants.


title: Paul Sun-Hyung Lee

text: Lee is also a playwright, with his own play "Dangling" premiering at Toronto's fu-GEN theatre festival in 2010.


title: Paul Sun-Hyung Lee

text: In 2021 he appeared as a panelist on "Canada Reads", championing Natalie Zina Walschots's novel "Hench". In the same year, Lee's five seasons on "Kim's Convenience" came to an abrupt end when the two show runners left the project.


title: Paul Sun-Hyung Lee

text: In 2022 he was announced as the host of "Fandemonium", a factual series which will profile the internal cultures of various pop culture fandoms. He also appeared on the 2022 revival of "The Kids in the Hall". He is set to play Uncle Iroh in the Netflix live action version of "".


title: Through the Darkness (TV series)

text: Through the Darkness () is a 2022 South Korean television series starring Kim Nam-gil, Jin Seon-kyu and Kim So-jin. It is based on the 2018 non-fiction book of the same title co-written by Korea's first criminal profiler Kwon Il-yong and journalist-turned-author Ko Na-mu, which highlights Kwon's field experiences. It aired from January 14 to March 12, 2022, on SBS TV's Fridays and Saturdays at 22:00 (KST) timeslot.


title: Through the Darkness (TV series)

text: It is about a criminal profiler who struggles to determine the behavioural patterns of serial killers.


title: Through the Darkness (TV series)

text: It was initially reported that the series was likely to be aired in October 2021. However, it was later confirmed in November that it would premiere on January 14, 2022.


title: Lubricant

text: A lubricant (sometimes shortened to lube) is a substance that helps to reduce friction between surfaces in mutual contact, which ultimately reduces the heat generated when the surfaces move. It may also have the function of transmitting forces, transporting foreign particles, or heating or cooling the surfaces. The property of reducing friction is known as lubricity.


title: Lubricant

text: In addition to industrial applications, lubricants are used for many other purposes. Other uses include cooking (oils and fats in use in frying pans, in baking to prevent food sticking), bioapplications on humans (e.g. lubricants for artificial joints), ultrasound examination, medical examination, and sexual intercourse. It is mainly used to reduce friction and to contribute to a better and efficient functioning of a mechanism.


title: Lubricant

text: Lubricants have been in some use for thousands of years. Calcium soaps have been identified on the axles of chariots dated to 1400 BC. Building stones were slid on oil-impregrated lumber in the time of the pyramids. In the Roman era, lubricants were based on olive oil and rapeseed oil, as well as animal fats. The growth of lubrication accelerated in the Industrial Revolution with the accompanying use of metal-based machinery. Relying initially on natural oils, needs for such machinery shifted toward petroleum-based materials early in the 1900s. A breakthrough came with the development of vacuum distillation of petroleum, as described by the Vacuum Oil Company. This technology allowed the purification of very nonvolatile substances, which are common in many lubricants.


title: Lubricant

text: Typically lubricants contain 90% base oil (most often petroleum fractions, called mineral oils) and less than 10% additives. Vegetable oils or synthetic liquids such as hydrogenated polyolefins, esters, silicones, fluorocarbons and many others are sometimes used as base oils. Additives deliver reduced friction and wear, increased viscosity, improved viscosity index, resistance to corrosion and oxidation, aging or contamination, etc.


title: Lubricant

text: Non-liquid lubricants include powders (dry graphite, PTFE, molybdenum disulphide, tungsten disulphide, etc.), PTFE tape used in plumbing, air cushion and others. Dry lubricants such as graphite, molybdenum disulphide and tungsten disulphide also offer lubrication at temperatures (up to 350 °C) higher than liquid and oil-based lubricants are able to operate. Limited interest has been shown in low friction properties of compacted oxide glaze layers formed at several hundred degrees Celsius in metallic sliding systems, however, practical use is still many years away due to their physically unstable nature.


title: Lubricant

text: A large number of additives are used to impart performance characteristics to the lubricants. Modern automotive lubricants contain as many as ten additives, comprising up to 20% of the lubricant, the main families of additives are:


title: Lubricant

text: In 1999, an estimated 37,300,000 tons of lubricants were consumed worldwide. Automotive applications dominate, including electric vehicles but other industrial, marine, and metal working applications are also big consumers of lubricants. Although air and other gas-based lubricants are known (e.g., in fluid bearings), liquid lubricants dominate the market, followed by solid lubricants.


title: Lubricant

text: Lubricants are generally composed of a majority of base oil plus a variety of additives to impart desirable characteristics. Although generally lubricants are based on one type of base oil, mixtures of the base oils also are used to meet performance requirements.


title: Lubricant

text: The term "mineral oil" is used to refer to lubricating base oils derived from crude oil. The American Petroleum Institute (API) designates several types of lubricant base oil:


title: Lubricant

text: Petroleum-derived lubricant can also be produced using synthetic hydrocarbons (derived ultimately from petroleum), "synthetic oils".


title: Lubricant

text: PTFE: polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is typically used as a coating layer on, for example, cooking utensils to provide a non-stick surface. Its usable temperature range up to 350 °C and chemical inertness make it a useful additive in special greases, where it can function both as a thickener and a lubricant. Under extreme pressures, PTFE powder or solids is of little value as it is soft and flows away from the area of contact. Ceramic or metal or alloy lubricants must be used then.


title: Lubricant

text: Inorganic solids: Graphite, hexagonal boron nitride, molybdenum disulfide and tungsten disulfide are examples of solid lubricants. Some retain their lubricity to very high temperatures. The use of some such materials is sometimes restricted by their poor resistance to oxidation (e.g., molybdenum disulfide degrades above 350 °C in air, but 1100 °C in reducing environments.


title: Lubricant

text: Metal/alloy: Metal alloys, composites and pure metals can be used as grease additives or the sole constituents of sliding surfaces and bearings. Cadmium and gold are used for plating surfaces which gives them good corrosion resistance and sliding properties, Lead, tin, zinc alloys and various bronze alloys are used as sliding bearings, or their powder can be used to lubricate sliding surfaces alone.


title: Lubricant

text: Aqueous lubrication is of interest in a number of technological applications. Strongly hydrated brush polymers such as PEG can serve as lubricants at liquid solid interfaces. By continuous rapid exchange of bound water with other free water molecules, these polymer films keep the surfaces separated while maintaining a high fluidity at the brush–brush interface at high compressions, thus leading to a very low coefficient of friction.


title: Lubricant

text: Biolubricants are derived from vegetable oils and other renewable sources. They usually are triglyceride esters (fats obtained from plants and animals). For lubricant base oil use, the vegetable derived materials are preferred. Common ones include high oleic canola oil, castor oil, palm oil, sunflower seed oil and rapeseed oil from vegetable, and tall oil from tree sources. Many vegetable oils are often hydrolyzed to yield the acids which are subsequently combined selectively to form specialist synthetic esters. Other naturally derived lubricants include lanolin (wool grease, a natural water repellent).


title: Lubricant

text: Whale oil was a historically important lubricant, with some uses up to the latter part of the 20th century as a friction modifier additive for automatic transmission fluid.


title: Lubricant

text: In 2008, the biolubricant market was around 1% of UK lubricant sales in a total lubricant market of 840,000 tonnes/year.


title: Lubricant

text: , researchers at Australia]s CSIRO have been studying safflower oil as an engine lubricant, finding superior performance and lower emissions than petroleum-based lubricants in applications such as engine-driven lawn mowers, chainsaws and other agricultural equipment. Grain-growers trialling the product have welcomed the innovation, with one describing it as needing very little refining, biodegradable, a bioenergy and biofuel. The scientists have reengineered the plant using gene silencing, creating a variety that produces up to 93% of oil, the highest currently available from any plant. Researchers at Montana State University’s Advanced Fuel Centre in the US studying the oil’s performance in a large diesel engine, comparing it with conventional oil, have described the results as a "game-changer".


title: Lubricant

text: One of the largest applications for lubricants, in the form of motor oil, is protecting the internal combustion engines in motor vehicles and powered equipment.


title: Lubricant

text: Anti-tack or anti-stick coatings are designed to reduce the adhesive condition (stickiness) of a given material. The rubber, hose, and wire and cable industries are the largest consumers of anti-tack products but virtually every industry uses some form of anti-sticking agent. Anti-sticking agents differ from "lubricants" in that they are designed to reduce the inherently adhesive qualities of a given compound while lubricants are designed to reduce friction between any two surfaces.


title: Lubricant

text: Lubricants are typically used to separate moving parts in a system. This separation has the benefit of reducing friction, wear and surface fatigue, together with reduced heat generation, operating noise and vibrations. Lubricants achieve this in several ways. The most common is by forming a physical barrier i.e., a thin layer of lubricant separates the moving parts. This is analogous to hydroplaning, the loss of friction observed when a car tire is separated from the road surface by moving through standing water. This is termed hydrodynamic lubrication. In cases of high surface pressures or temperatures, the fluid film is much thinner and some of the forces are transmitted between the surfaces through the lubricant.


title: Lubricant

text: Typically the lubricant-to-surface friction is much less than surface-to-surface friction in a system without any lubrication. Thus use of a lubricant reduces the overall system friction. Reduced friction has the benefit of reducing heat generation and reduced formation of wear particles as well as improved efficiency. Lubricants may contain polar additives known as friction modifiers that chemically bind to metal surfaces to reduce surface friction even when there is insufficient bulk lubricant present for hydrodynamic lubrication, e.g. protecting the valve train in a car engine at startup. The base oil itself might also be polar in nature and as a result inherently able to bind to metal surfaces, as with polyolester oils.


title: Lubricant

text: Both gas and liquid lubricants can transfer heat. However, liquid lubricants are much more effective on account of their high specific heat capacity. Typically the liquid lubricant is constantly circulated to and from a cooler part of the system, although lubricants may be used to warm as well as to cool when a regulated temperature is required. This circulating flow also determines the amount of heat that is carried away in any given unit of time. High flow systems can carry away a lot of heat and have the additional benefit of reducing the thermal stress on the lubricant. Thus lower cost liquid lubricants may be used. The primary drawback is that high flows typically require larger sumps and bigger cooling units. A secondary drawback is that a high flow system that relies on the flow rate to protect the lubricant from thermal stress is susceptible to catastrophic failure during sudden system shut downs. An automotive oil-cooled turbocharger is a typical example. Turbochargers get red hot during operation and the oil that is cooling them only survives as its residence time in the system is very short (i.e. high flow rate). If the system is shut down suddenly (pulling into a service area after a high-speed drive and stopping the engine) the oil that is in the turbo charger immediately oxidizes and will clog the oil ways with deposits. Over time these deposits can completely block the oil ways, reducing the cooling with the result that the turbo charger experiences total failure, typically with seized bearings. Non-flowing lubricants such as greases and pastes are not effective at heat transfer although they do contribute by reducing the generation of heat in the first place.


title: Lubricant

text: Lubricant circulation systems have the benefit of carrying away internally generated debris and external contaminants that get introduced into the system to a filter where they can be removed. Lubricants for machines that regularly generate debris or contaminants such as automotive engines typically contain detergent and dispersant additives to assist in debris and contaminant transport to the filter and removal. Over time the filter will get clogged and require cleaning or replacement, hence the recommendation to change a car's oil filter at the same time as changing the oil. In closed systems such as gear boxes the filter may be supplemented by a magnet to attract any iron fines that get created.


title: Lubricant

text: It is apparent that in a circulatory system the oil will only be as clean as the filter can make it, thus it is unfortunate that there are no industry standards by which consumers can readily assess the filtering ability of various automotive filters. Poor automotive filters


title: Lubricant

text: Lubricants known as hydraulic fluid are used as the working fluid in hydrostatic power transmission. Hydraulic fluids comprise a large portion of all lubricants produced in the world. The automatic transmission's torque converter is another important application for power transmission with lubricants.


title: Lubricant

text: Lubricants prevent wear by keeping the moving parts apart. Lubricants may also contain anti-wear or extreme pressure additives to boost their performance against wear and fatigue.


title: Lubricant

text: Many lubricants are formulated with additives that form chemical bonds with surfaces or that exclude moisture, to prevent corrosion and rust. It reduces corrosion between two metallic surface and avoids contact between these surfaces to avoid immersed corrosion.


title: Lubricant

text: Lubricants will occupy the clearance between moving parts through the capillary force, thus sealing the clearance. This effect can be used to seal pistons and shafts.


title: Lubricant

text: A further phenomenon that has undergone investigation in relation to high-temperature wear prevention and lubrication is that of a compacted oxide layer glaze formation. Such glazes are generated by sintering a compacted oxide layer. Such glazes are crystalline, in contrast to the amorphous glazes seen in pottery. The required high temperatures arise from metallic surfaces sliding against each other (or a metallic surface against a ceramic surface). Due to the elimination of metallic contact and adhesion by the generation of oxide, friction and wear is reduced. Effectively, such a surface is self-lubricating.


title: Lubricant

text: As the "glaze" is already an oxide, it can survive to very high temperatures in air or oxidising environments. However, it is disadvantaged by it being necessary for the base metal (or ceramic) having to undergo some wear first to generate sufficient oxide debris.


title: Lubricant

text: It is estimated that about 50% of all lubricants are released into the environment. Common disposal methods include recycling, burning, landfill and discharge into water, though typically disposal in landfill and discharge into water are strictly regulated in most countries, as even small amount of lubricant can contaminate a large amount of water. Most regulations permit a threshold level of lubricant that may be present in waste streams and companies spend hundreds of millions of dollars annually in treating their waste waters to get to acceptable levels.


title: Lubricant

text: Burning the lubricant as fuel, typically to generate electricity, is also governed by regulations mainly on account of the relatively high level of additives present. Burning generates both airborne pollutants and ash rich in toxic materials, mainly heavy metal compounds. Thus lubricant burning takes place in specialized facilities that have incorporated special scrubbers to remove airborne pollutants and have access to landfill sites with permits to handle the toxic ash.


title: Lubricant

text: Unfortunately, most lubricant that ends up directly in the environment is due to the general public discharging it onto the ground, into drains, and directly into landfills as trash. Other direct contamination sources include runoff from roadways, accidental spillages, natural or man-made disasters, and pipeline leakages.


title: Lubricant

text: Improvement in filtration technologies and processes has now made recycling a viable option (with the rising price of base stock and crude oil). Typically various filtration systems remove particulates, additives, and oxidation products and recover the base oil. The oil may get refined during the process. This base oil is then treated much the same as virgin base oil however there is considerable reluctance to use recycled oils as they are generally considered inferior. Basestock fractionally vacuum distilled from used lubricants has superior properties to all-natural oils, but cost-effectiveness depends on many factors. Used lubricant may also be used as refinery feedstock to become part of crude oil. Again, there is considerable reluctance to this use as the additives, soot, and wear metals will seriously poison/deactivate the critical catalysts in the process. Cost prohibits carrying out both filtration (soot, additives removal) and re-refining (distilling, isomerization, hydrocrack, etc.) however the primary hindrance to recycling still remains the collection of fluids as refineries need continuous supply in amounts measured in cisterns, rail tanks.


title: Lubricant

text: Occasionally, unused lubricant requires disposal. The best course of action in such situations is to return it to the manufacturer where it can be processed as a part of fresh batches.


title: Lubricant

text: "Environment:" Lubricants both fresh and used can cause considerable damage to the environment mainly due to their high potential of serious water pollution. Further, the additives typically contained in lubricant can be toxic to flora and fauna. In used fluids, the oxidation products can be toxic as well. Lubricant persistence in the environment largely depends upon the base fluid, however if very toxic additives are used they may negatively affect the persistence. Lanolin lubricants are non-toxic making them the environmental alternative which is safe for both users and the environment.


title: Sleipnir

text: In Norse mythology, Sleipnir (Old Norse: ; "slippy" or "the slipper") is an eight-legged horse ridden by Odin. Sleipnir is attested in the "Poetic Edda", compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the "Prose Edda", written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson. In both sources, Sleipnir is Odin's steed, is the child of Loki and Svaðilfari, is described as the best of all horses, and is sometimes ridden to the location of Hel. The "Prose Edda" contains extended information regarding the circumstances of Sleipnir's birth, and details that he is grey in color.


title: Sleipnir

text: Sleipnir is also mentioned in a riddle found in the 13th century legendary saga "Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks", in the 13th-century legendary saga "Völsunga saga" as the ancestor of the horse Grani, and book I of "Gesta Danorum", written in the 12th century by Saxo Grammaticus, contains an episode considered by many scholars to involve Sleipnir. Sleipnir is generally accepted as depicted on two 8th century Gotlandic image stones: the Tjängvide image stone and the Ardre VIII image stone.


title: Sleipnir

text: Scholarly theories have been proposed regarding Sleipnir's potential connection to shamanic practices among the Norse pagans. In modern times, Sleipnir appears in Icelandic folklore as the creator of Ásbyrgi, in works of art, literature, software, and in the names of ships.


title: Sleipnir

text: In the "Poetic Edda", Sleipnir appears or is mentioned in the poems "Grímnismál", "Sigrdrífumál", "Baldrs draumar", and "Hyndluljóð". In "Grímnismál", Grimnir (Odin in disguise and not yet having revealed his identity) tells the boy Agnar in verse that Sleipnir is the best of horses ("Odin is the best of the Æsir, Sleipnir of horses"). In "Sigrdrífumál", the valkyrie Sigrdrífa tells the hero Sigurðr that runes should be cut "on Sleipnir's teeth and on the sledge's strap-bands." In "Baldrs draumar", after the Æsir convene about the god Baldr's bad dreams, Odin places a saddle on Sleipnir and the two proceed to the location of Hel. The "Völuspá hin skamma" section of "Hyndluljóð" says that Loki produced "the wolf" with Angrboða, produced Sleipnir with Svaðilfari, and thirdly "one monster that was thought the most baleful, who was descended from Býleistr's brother."


title: Sleipnir

text: In the "Prose Edda" book "Gylfaginning", Sleipnir is first mentioned in chapter 15 where the enthroned figure of High says that every day the Æsir ride across the bridge Bifröst, and provides a list of the Æsir's horses. The list begins with Sleipnir: "best is Sleipnir, he is Odin's, he has eight legs." In chapter 41, High quotes the "Grímnismál" stanza that mentions Sleipnir.


title: Sleipnir

text: In chapter 42, Sleipnir's origins are described. Gangleri (described earlier in the book as King Gylfi in disguise) asks High who the horse Sleipnir belongs to and what there is to tell about it. High expresses surprise in Gangleri's lack of knowledge about Sleipnir and its origin. High tells a story set "right at the beginning of the gods' settlement, when the gods established Midgard and built Val-Hall" about an unnamed builder who has offered to build a fortification for the gods in three seasons that will keep out invaders in exchange for the goddess Freyja, the sun, and the moon. After some debate, the gods agree to this, but place a number of restrictions on the builder, including that he must complete the work within three seasons with the help of no man. The builder makes a single request; that he may have help from his stallion Svaðilfari, and due to Loki's influence, this is allowed. The stallion Svaðilfari performs twice the deeds of strength as the builder, and hauls enormous rocks to the surprise of the gods. The builder, with Svaðilfari, makes fast progress on the wall, and three days before the deadline of summer, the builder was nearly at the entrance to the fortification. The gods convene, and figured out who was responsible, resulting in a unanimous agreement that, along with most trouble, Loki was to blame.


title: Sleipnir

text: The gods declare that Loki would deserve a horrible death if he could not find a scheme that would cause the builder to forfeit his payment, and threatened to attack him. Loki, afraid, swore oaths that he would devise a scheme to cause the builder to forfeit the payment, whatever it would cost himself. That night, the builder drove out to fetch stone with his stallion Svaðilfari, and out from a wood ran a mare. The mare neighed at Svaðilfari, and "realizing what kind of horse it was," Svaðilfari became frantic, neighed, tore apart his tackle, and ran towards the mare. The mare ran to the wood, Svaðilfari followed, and the builder chased after. The two horses ran around all night, causing the building work to be held up for the night, and the previous momentum of building work that the builder had been able to maintain was not continued.


title: Sleipnir

text: When the Æsir realize that the builder is a hrimthurs, they disregard their previous oaths with the builder, and call for Thor. Thor arrives, and kills the builder by smashing the builder's skull into shards with the hammer Mjöllnir. However, Loki had "such dealings" with Svaðilfari that "somewhat later" Loki gave birth to a grey foal with eight legs; the horse Sleipnir, "the best horse among gods and men."


title: Sleipnir

text: In chapter 49, High describes the death of the god Baldr. Hermóðr agrees to ride to Hel to offer a ransom for Baldr's return, and so "then Odin's horse Sleipnir was fetched and led forward." Hermóðr mounts Sleipnir and rides away. Hermóðr rides for nine nights in deep, dark valleys where Hermóðr can see nothing. The two arrive at the river Gjöll and then continue to Gjöll bridge, encountering a maiden guarding the bridge named Móðguðr. Some dialogue occurs between Hermóðr and Móðguðr, including that Móðguðr notes that recently there had ridden five battalions of dead men across the bridge that made less sound than he. Sleipnir and Hermóðr continue "downwards and northwards" on the road to Hel, until the two arrive at Hel's gates. Hermóðr dismounts from Sleipnir, tightens Sleipnir's girth, mounts him, and spurs Sleipnir on. Sleipnir "jumped so hard and over the gate that it came nowhere near." Hermóðr rides up to the hall, and dismounts from Sleipnir. After Hermóðr's pleas to Hel to return Baldr are accepted under a condition, Hermóðr and Baldr retrace their path backward and return to Asgard.


title: Sleipnir

text: In chapter 16 of the book "Skáldskaparmál", a kenning given for Loki is "relative of Sleipnir." In chapter 17, a story is provided in which Odin rides Sleipnir into the land of Jötunheimr and arrives at the residence of the jötunn Hrungnir. Hrungnir asks "what sort of person this was" wearing a golden helmet, "riding sky and sea," and says that the stranger "has a marvellously good horse." Odin wagers his head that no horse as good could be found in all of Jötunheimr. Hrungnir admitted that it was a fine horse, yet states that he owns a much longer-paced horse; Gullfaxi. Incensed, Hrungnir leaps atop Gullfaxi, intending to attack Odin for Odin's boasting. Odin gallops hard ahead of Hrungnir, and, in his, fury, Hrungnir finds himself having rushed into the gates of Asgard. In chapter 58, Sleipnir is mentioned among a list of horses in "Þorgrímsþula": "Hrafn and Sleipnir, splendid horses [...]". In addition, Sleipnir occurs twice in kennings for "ship" (once appearing in chapter 25 in a work by the skald Refr, and "sea-Sleipnir" appearing in chapter 49 in "Húsdrápa", a work by the 10th century skald Úlfr Uggason).


title: Sleipnir

text: In "Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks", the poem "Heiðreks gátur" contains a riddle that mentions Sleipnir and Odin:


title: Sleipnir

text: In chapter 13 of "Völsunga saga", the hero Sigurðr is on his way to a wood and he meets a long-bearded old man he had never seen before. Sigurd tells the old man that he is going to choose a horse, and asks the old man to come with him to help him decide. The old man says that they should drive the horses down to the river Busiltjörn. The two drive the horses down into the deeps of Busiltjörn, and all of the horses swim back to land but a large, young, and handsome grey horse that no one had ever mounted. The grey-bearded old man says that the horse is from "Sleipnir's kin" and that "he must be raised carefully, because he will become better than any other horse." The old man vanishes. Sigurd names the horse Grani, and the narrative adds that the old man was none other than (the god) Odin.


title: Sleipnir

text: Sleipnir is generally considered as appearing in a sequence of events described in book I of "Gesta Danorum".


title: Sleipnir

text: In book I, the young Hadingus encounters "a certain man of great age who had lost an eye" who allies him with Liserus. Hadingus and Liserus set out to wage war on Lokerus, ruler of Kurland. Meeting defeat, the old man takes Hadingus with him onto his horse as they flee to the old man's house, and the two drink an invigorating draught. The old man sings a prophecy, and takes Hadingus back to where he found him on his horse. During the ride back, Hadingus trembles beneath the old man's mantle, and peers out of its holes. Hadingus realizes that Sleipnir is running over the sea: "and he saw that before the steps of the horse lay the sea; but was told not to steal a glimpse of the forbidden thing, and therefore turned his amazed eyes from the dread spectacle of the roads that he journeyed."


title: Sleipnir

text: In book II, Biarco mentions Odin and Sleipnir: "If I may look on the awful husband of Frigg, howsoever he be covered in his white shield, and guide his tall steed, he shall in no way go safe out of Leire; it is lawful to lay low in war the war-waging god."


title: Sleipnir

text: Two of the 8th century picture stones from the island of Gotland, Sweden depict eight-legged horses, which are thought by most scholars to depict Sleipnir: the Tjängvide image stone and the Ardre VIII image stone. Both stones feature a rider sitting atop an eight-legged horse, which some scholars view as Odin. Above the rider on the Tjängvide image stone is a horizontal figure holding a spear, which may be a valkyrie, and a female figure greets the rider with a cup. The scene has been interpreted as a rider arriving at the world of the dead. The mid-7th century Eggja stone bearing the Odinic name "haras" (Old Norse 'army god') may be interpreted as depicting Sleipnir.


title: Sleipnir

text: A higher resolution image of the Tjängvide image stone can be found at: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Tj%C3%A4ngvide.jpg


title: Sleipnir

text: John Lindow theorizes that Sleipnir's "connection to the world of the dead grants a special poignancy to one of the kennings in which Sleipnir turns up as a horse word," referring to the skald Úlfr Uggason's usage of "sea-Sleipnir" in his "Húsdrápa", which describes the funeral of Baldr. Lindow continues that "his use of Sleipnir in the kenning may show that Sleipnir's role in the failed recovery of Baldr was known at that time and place in Iceland; it certainly indicates that Sleipnir was an active participant in the mythology of the last decades of paganism." Lindow adds that the eight legs of Sleipnir "have been interpreted as an indication of great speed or as being connected in some unclear way with cult activity."


title: Sleipnir

text: Hilda Ellis Davidson says that "the eight-legged horse of Odin is the typical steed of the shaman" and that in the shaman's journeys to the heavens or the underworld, a shaman "is usually represented as riding on some bird or animal." Davidson says that while the creature may vary, the horse is fairly common "in the lands where horses are in general use, and Sleipnir's ability to bear the god through the air is typical of the shaman's steed" and cites an example from a study of shamanism by Mircea Eliade of an eight-legged foal from a story of a Buryat shaman. Davidson says that while attempts have been made to connect Sleipnir with hobby horses and steeds with more than four feet that appear in carnivals and processions, but that "a more fruitful resemblance seems to be on the bier on which a dead man is carried in the funeral procession by four bearers; borne along thus, he may be described as riding on a steed with eight legs." As an example, Davidson cites a funeral dirge from the Gondi people in India as recorded by Verrier Elwin, stating that "it contains references to Bagri Maro, the horse with eight legs, and it is clear from the song that it is the dead man's bier." Davidson says that the song is sung when a distinguished Muria dies, and provides a verse:


title: Sleipnir

text: Davidson adds that the representation of Odin's steed as eight-legged could arise naturally out of such an image, and that "this is in accordance with the picture of Sleipnir as a horse that could bear its rider to the land of the dead."


title: Sleipnir

text: Ulla Loumand cites Sleipnir and the flying horse Hófvarpnir as "prime examples" of horses in Norse mythology as being able to "mediate between earth and sky, between Ásgarðr, Miðgarðr and Útgarðr and between the world of mortal men and the underworld."


title: Sleipnir

text: The "Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture" theorizes that Sleipnir's eight legs may be the remnants of horse-associated divine twins found in Indo-European cultures and ultimately stemming from Proto-Indo-European religion. The encyclopedia states that "[...] Sleipnir is born with an extra set of legs, thus representing an original pair of horses. Like Freyr and Njörðr, Sleipnir is responsible for carrying the dead to the otherworld." The encyclopedia cites parallels between the birth of Sleipnir and myths originally pointing to a Celtic goddess who gave birth to the Divine horse twins. These elements include a demand for a goddess by an unwanted suitor (the hrimthurs demanding the goddess Freyja) and the seduction of builders.


title: Sleipnir

text: According to Icelandic folklore, the horseshoe-shaped canyon Ásbyrgi located in Jökulsárgljúfur National Park, northern Iceland was formed by Sleipnir's hoof. Sleipnir is depicted with Odin on Dagfin Werenskiold's wooden relief "Odin på Sleipnir" (1945–1950) on the exterior of the Oslo City Hall in Oslo, Norway. Sleipnir has been and remains a popular name for ships in northern Europe, and Rudyard Kipling's short story entitled "Sleipnir, late Thurinda" (1888) features a horse named Sleipnir. A statue of Sleipnir (1998) stands in Wednesbury, England, a town which takes its name from the Anglo-Saxon version of Odin, Wōden.


title: Madara Uchiha

text: Kishimoto created the character to provide a strong villain in the series' final arc who would face the series' protagonist, Naruto Uzumaki. This confrontation would be different from that with previous enemies and result in more of a focus on fight scenes. Merchandise has been released in Madara's likeness, including keychains, plush dolls, and figurines. In the Japanese anime, Naoya Uchida voices Madara, while Go Inoue voices him as a child. In the English version, Neil Kaplan provides Madara's voice with Xander Mobus voicing him as a child. Critics have commented on his role as an antagonist in the series; some have placed him on top all-time anime villains lists, while others have criticized his effectiveness. Nevertheless, Madara's background was well-received for how integral his story is to the series' scenario.


title: Madara Uchiha

text: Madara originated from Masashi Kishimoto's desire to elaborate on the ending to the manga series "Naruto". Once the series began its second part, simply referred to as "Part II" in the manga and "Shippuden" in the anime, Kishimoto felt the need to create a story arc that would emphasize the tragedy of wars, leading to the final arc which would include a war. According to Kishimoto, Naruto and his group were weak as children in the first part and he wanted to make them stronger in the second part. This is the reason he introduced the Akatsuki (and later on Madara) as their enemies. In an interview, Kishimoto asserted that making the villains "flamboyant" was one of the "guiding principles" he followed. It was his desire to create villains with "powerful auras". Madara appears late in the manga, as one of the masterminds leading to the fourth shinobi world war, in the final arc. Nevertheless, he wanted to make him an engaging antagonist who would clash with Sasuke Uchiha and the Tailed Beast known as the Ten Tails to give the storyline a proper conclusion.


title: Madara Uchiha

text: According to Kishimoto, Madara is not just like any other character introduced in the series. He created Madara as a character with no weaknesses. As one of the antagonists in the story, Kishimoto designed Madara as the antithesis to the protagonists' values, a perfect anti-hero. Kishimoto also said Naruto always defeated his enemies without intending to kill them by settling disputes with words since his battle with Nagato. Naruto truly forgave his enemy instead of having kill them, a concept Kishimoto liked but which no other shonen manga truly followed. Kishimoto found the idea of the two characters interacting and settling their differences more interesting and challenging, rather than killing them. So from the Nagato battle onwards, he decided to introduce the resurrected Madara to have someone to beat. According to Kishimoto, this was one of the reasons why he introduced Edo-Madara into the storyline. But he confessed this was complicated at first. It ended up with confusion about the difference between the two characters.


title: Madara Uchiha

text: Japanese voice actor Naoya Uchida enjoyed voicing Madara's character, most notably in his final recording where he sent regards to fellow actor Kazuhiko Inoue (Kakashi Hatake) and Wataru Takagi (Obito Uchiha). Neil Kaplan first voiced Madara in the video game "". Because CyberConnect2's fighting game's storyline preceded the television series' plot, he was asked by their staff to read the series' manga to get an idea of the character. Kaplan said this made it difficult for him to voice Madara for the first time.


title: Madara Uchiha

text: Madara is mentioned in the second part of the manga "Naruto" but does not appear in most of the series except the war arc. During his childhood, he met a child named Hashirama, but amidst the conflicts of their respective clans resulting in war, their friendship ends. After failing at several attempts to kill or defeat his rival, Madara became friends with him and accepted his treaty offering peace between the two clans. The Uchiha, Senju and all of their affiliated clans came together to form a village, which Madara named Konohagakure. Madara took a merciless approach and did not like Hashirama's compassionate methods. After the death of his brother, Izuna, Madara became cynical and vengeful and held a grudge against the Senju Clan for slaughtering his brothers in the War. After his defection from Konoha, he believed there is no real peace. Losing all of his family and conflicted over his own clanmates, he decided to free the world from its pains, by casting upon the whole world so that there would be no war and no death. Madara is believed to have been killed by Hashirama's hand, but he survives and goes into hiding. He awakens the legendary Eye Technique Rinnegan using Hashirama's DNA. Before dying, Madara takes Obito as his agent and transplants his Rinnegan into Nagato to be preserved for his eventual revival years later. After Madara's death, his greatest lasting influence was on Obito, one of his descendants, who used Madara's knowledge to strongly influence and control the Akatsuki behind the scenes, and pretended to be Madara for much of the manga's story. When Obito moves into the final stages of Madara's goal by initiating the Fourth Shinobi World War, Kabuto Yakushi forms an alliance with him, eventually reviving Madara's reanimated corpse.


title: Madara Uchiha

text: By nightfall, Madara releases himself from Kabuto's contract and rebounds his soul to the modified immortal body enabling him to act on his own will. Madara decides to reclaim the Nine-Tails creature sealed within Naruto and defeats the Kages, only to reunite with Obito while he is engaged in combat with the shinobis. Madara fully resurrects himself by sacrificing the defeated Obito, ordering Black Zetsu to take control over Obito's body and perform the Samsara of Heavenly Life Technique. Restored to life, Madara unlocks his full potential and manages to break free of his restraints. Defeating his enemies, Madara goes after the Tailed beasts to revive Ten-Tails. Madara is then confronted by Might Guy, Minato Namikaze, Gaara and Rock Lee who each use all of their forces to kill him but fail. Before killing most of his enemies, Madara is confronted by the healed Naruto Uzumaki and Sasuke Uchiha who overwhelm him. Madara is forced to escape and regain Obito's Rinnegan. Upon returning to the field, Madara succeeds in casting the Infinite Tsukuyomi. The entire world becomes trapped in the dream. Sasuke manages to save Naruto, Kakashi, and Sakura from this Illusionary Technique, and Black Zetsu stabs Madara, gaining control over his body. Black Zetsu reveals that it was never Madara's will but Kaguya's Madara swells in size, Kaguya taking his place. Naruto, Sasuke, Sakura and Kakashi manage to seal Kaguya, who reverts into ten tails before being sealed spitting out Madara. Eventually, Madara dies because of the toll of both the tailed beasts and Demonic Statue removed from his body. In his final moments, Madara finds real peace within the dreams of Hashirama, stating that his dream for peace has died while Hashirama's dream for peace lives on and will always keep living on as it is the better of the two. Before dying, he acknowledges the friendship of Hashirama and agrees with him when he said, that they are still friends despite everything.


title: Madara Uchiha

text: Madara appears in the original video animation "Hashirama Senju vs. Madara Uchiha" (2012); Obito narrates the origin of Konoha. In the beginning, ninja fought for their own clans. The most powerful among them are two clans: the Senju led by Hashirama, and the Uchiha led by Madara. This was distributed as part of the "" video game for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. Although Obito impersonates Madara, the character made his debut in a video game in "". His Ten-Tailed Beast Host incarnation also appears in " ". In "" (2014), Madara appears for a brief moment to be seen fighting with Hashirama They are depicted as the reincarnation of Indra and Ashura, which gradually leads to the final battle between Sasuke and Naruto. Madara also appears in the iOS and Android mobile game "Naruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Blazing". Apart from the "Naruto" games, the character also appears in the crossover fighting games "J-Stars Victory VS" and "Jump Force" as downloadable content.


title: Madara Uchiha

text: Several merchandise items based on Madara have been released, including key chains, action figures, and many more items.


title: Madara Uchiha

text: Madara has been a popular character from the "Naruto "series. He is featured in most of the powerful anime character lists from different anime reviewers. Comic Book Resources listed him third on their list of "25 Most Powerful Anime Villains", praising his strength. Comic Book Resources also featured him on their list of "10 Anime Characters Who Got Stronger After Coming Back From The Dead" and gave him the ninth spot. Comic Vine rated him 34th on their "Top 100 Anime Villains" list. TheGamer, a news website focused on video game journalism, however, ranks him at fifth on their list titled "Final Form: The 25 Strongest Anime Villains Ever, Officially Ranked". Madara is also sixth on Screen Rant's list titled "20 Most Powerful Naruto Characters, Ranked"; author Bobby Anhalt writes that, "Madara Uchiha is a force to be taken seriously." UK Anime Network felt Madara's introduction was one of the franchise's strongest developments not only for the direction he took fight scenes but because of his effect on the main storyline. His next battle against the five Kages, the leaders of each ninja village, also earned acclaim for its execution, making the final story arc more appealing. UK Anime's reviewer also liked Naruto's fight against Obito which began in the same narrative. The Fandom Post praised this fight, noted how each Kage tries to defeat Madara on their own, but he is overwhelming does not care about his rivals. Siliconera enjoyed Madara's moves from the video game "Storm 4" based on the his Susanoo technique which was appealing to see in combat. Anime News Network author Amy McNulty, in her review of episode 392 from the anime, writes that Madara has been built up as the ultimate villain for Naruto, and he is living up to that promise. Jason Thompson, also writing for Anime News Network criticized the character calling Madara a "jerk"; but he liked his perfect Sussano'o, which to him looks cooler than the others and is much more powerful.


title: Madara Uchiha

text: Madara's origins received a good response. Screen Rant, in their article "15 Things You Didn't Know About Madara", pointed out that the power that Madara sought eventually took over his innocence that was once a part of him. They also praised some of his good qualities including his ideas about gender, money, and power. While describing his love for his brother Izuna, they compared it with Itachi's for Sasuke. According to Screen Rant, Madara is "one of the best evil characters in the series". When first seeing Madara's past, The Fandom Post enjoyed the chaos between the Uchiha and Senju clans. Despite fighting through wars, Madara still showed humanity to the point the reviewer hoped for a spin-off based on the war. In its next review, The Fandom Post enjoyed how his relationship with Hashirama was handled. When Hashirama tried offering him peace it gave the series more of a back story as it focused on the characters' past and the founding of the Hidden Leaf village. Another reviewer from the same site noted that these backstories also helped fans understand the chaos that occurred within the Uchiha clan, which was previously explored in the stories of Sasuke and Itachi. Sasuke needed to resolve whether or not to team up with Madara and destroy the ninja world, leading to his decision to stick with Itachi's ideals instead.


title: Madara Uchiha

text: Some critics disliked the handling of the character. In an article from Screen Rant, titled "15 Things Wrong With Naruto We All Choose To Ignore", author Daniel Forster criticized Black Zetsu's betrayal to Madara saying he found Kaguya a poor substitute for Madara who was noted for coming across as a well-developed antagonist. Anime News Network's Amy McNulty, however, thought that this was not that annoying, but she was unsure if it was a smart decision by Kishimoto to have Zetsu stab Madara, who was a genius and who believed Zetsu was "his will incarnate". Comic Book Resources author Renaldo Matadeen criticized the handling of Madara as a villain despite appearing late in the story, and found his characterization weak. While agreeing that Kaguya should not have replaced Madara as the final villain for the Shinobi War, Anime UK News felt that Kaguya was more fleshed out in the anime adaptation making her unique in terms of origins compared with Madara's past. Her descendants had a closer relationship with the protagonists, Naruto and Sasuke.


title: Bringing Out the Dead

text: Bringing Out the Dead is a 1999 American psychological drama film directed by Martin Scorsese and written by Paul Schrader, based on the novel of the same name by Joe Connelly. It stars Nicolas Cage, Patricia Arquette, John Goodman, Ving Rhames, and Tom Sizemore. The plot depicts the life of a depressed New York City paramedic (Cage).


title: Bringing Out the Dead

text: The film was released in the United States on October 22, 1999 by Paramount Pictures in North America, while it was released internationally by Touchstone Pictures through Buena Vista International. It was the final film to be released on LaserDisc in the United States.


title: Bringing Out the Dead

text: In Manhattan, paramedic Frank Pierce suffers from depression, insomnia, and occupational burnout having not saved any patients in months after botching the rescuscitation of Rose, a homeless teen. He has begun to hallucinate Rose's ghost. One night, Frank and his partner Larry respond to a call by the family of Mr. Burke who has entered cardiac arrest. There, Frank befriends Burke's distraught daughter Mary, a former junkie, and discovers Mary was friends with Noel, a drug addict and delinquent who is frequently sent to the hospital.


title: Bringing Out the Dead

text: After a few minor calls, Frank and Larry respond to the aftermath of a shooting, where Frank notices two vials of "Red Death" heroin roll out from a surviving victim's sleeve. While in the back of the ambulance with Frank and Noel, the victim attempts to repent for his drug dealing ways but dies before they can reach the hospital.


title: Bringing Out the Dead

text: The next day, Frank is paired with Marcus, an eccentric and religious man, and the two respond to a man reported to be in cardiac arrest in a club. When they arrive, Frank diagnoses that he is, in fact, suffering from an overdose caused by Red Death. As Frank injects the man with Narcan, Marcus starts a prayer circle with the baffled club-goers, and just as his preaching climaxes, the overdosed man regains consciousness.


title: Bringing Out the Dead

text: On the way back to the hospital, Frank visits Mary's apartment to tell her that her father's condition is improving. Frank and Marcus then respond to a call by a young man whose girlfriend is giving birth to twins. Frank and Marcus rush the two infants and mother to the hospital, where Marcus brings the mother and healthy twin to the maternity ward, while Frank attempts to revive the other twin with the hospital staff. The hospital is unable to revive the smaller twin, and a dismayed Frank starts drinking before Marcus joins him and crashes the ambulance into a parked car.


title: Bringing Out the Dead

text: The following morning, Frank sees Mary leaving the hospital and follows her to an apartment block; Mary tells Frank that she is visiting a friend and he escorts her to the room. After waiting a while, Frank barges in and discovers that it is a drug den run by a dealer named Cy Coates. Mary admits that she has turned back to drugs to cope with her father's condition, and as Frank tries to get her to leave, Cy offers him some pills.


title: Bringing Out the Dead

text: In a moment of desperation, Frank takes the drugs and begins to hallucinate, seeing more ghosts of his patients. Once sober, he grabs Mary and carries her out of the building. While visiting a comatose Burke in the hospital, Frank starts hearing Burke's voice in his head, telling Frank to let him die, but he resuscitates Burke instead.


title: Bringing Out the Dead

text: In his third shift, Frank is paired with Tom Wolls, an enthusiastic man with violent tendencies. The pair are then called to Cy's drug den where a shooting has occurred, and find Cy impaled on a railing. Frank holds onto Cy as emergency services cut the railing but both are nearly flung off the edge before being pulled back up. Cy then thanks Frank for saving his life and becomes the first patient Frank has saved in months.


title: Bringing Out the Dead

text: Afterward, Frank agrees to help Tom beat up Noel, and chase him down. Frank starts to hallucinate again, snapping out of it just as he comes upon Tom beating Noel with a baseball bat. Frank saves Noel. As Frank visits Burke again, the voice pleads for death once more, and Frank removes Burke's breathing apparatus, causing him to fatally enter cardiac arrest. Frank then heads to Mary's apartment to inform her that he died. He hallucinates Rose's ghost for a final time, obtaining her forgiveness. Mary accepts her father's death. Frank is invited in and falls asleep at Mary's side.


title: Bringing Out the Dead

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, "Bringing Out the Dead" has an approval rating of 73% based on 111 reviews, with an average rating of 6.70/10. The site's consensus reads, "Stunning and compelling, Scorsese and Cage succeed at satisfying the audience." On Metacritic, the film has an average score of 70 out of 100, based on reviews from 34 critics. Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "C−" on scale of A to F.


title: Bringing Out the Dead

text: Roger Ebert gave it a perfect four-star rating, writing, "To look at "Bringing Out the Dead"—to look, indeed, at almost any Scorsese film—is to be reminded that film can touch us urgently and deeply."


title: Bringing Out the Dead

text: "Bringing Out the Dead" debuted at #4 in 1,936 theatres with a weekend gross of $6,193,052. The film grossed $16.7 million against a production budget of $32 million, making it a box office bomb.


title: Bringing Out the Dead

text: Years later, Scorsese reflected to Ebert that "Bringing Out the Dead" "failed at the box office, and was rejected by a lot of the critics." Yet he added: "I had 10 years of ambulances. My parents, in and out of hospitals. Calls in the middle of the night. I was exorcising all of that. Those city paramedics are heroes -- and saints, they're saints. I grew up next to the Bowery, watching the people who worked there, the Salvation Army, Dorothy Day's Catholic Worker Movement, all helping the lost souls. They're the same sort of people."


title: Bringing Out the Dead

text: Thelma Schoomaker, the editor, praised the movie and said: "It's the only one of his [Scorsese's] films, I think, that hasn't gotten its due. It's a beautiful film, but it was hard for people to take, I think. Unexpected. But I think it's great." She claims that the film initially was mis-marketed as a car-chase film: "What happened was, that film was about compassion, and it was sold, I think, as a car chase movie. When I saw the trailer I said, "Wait a minute! That's not what the movie's about!" I think people were made nervous by the theme of it, which I think is beautiful. I think it'll get its due." In 2021, Nicolas Cage singled out "Bringing Out the Dead" as one of the best movies he ever made.


title: Manhunt (2017 TV series)

text: Manhunt is an American drama anthology television series created by Andrew Sodroski, Jim Clemente, and Tony Gittelson, initially commissioned as a television miniseries. The first season, "Manhunt: Unabomber", stars Sam Worthington and Paul Bettany, and depicts a fictionalized account of the FBI's hunt for the Unabomber. It premiered on Discovery Channel on August 1, 2017. On July 17, 2018, Charter Communications was in advanced negotiations with the series' producers to pick up the series for two additional seasons to be aired on their Spectrum cable service. The show's second season follows the hunt for Eric Rudolph, who was the perpetrator of the Centennial Olympic Park bombing, after suspicion initially fell on security guard Richard Jewell. The second season, "Manhunt: Deadly Games", premiered on February 3, 2020.


title: Manhunt (2017 TV series)

text: The working title for the series was "Manifesto", and the series order was announced in March 2016 at a presentation by Discovery Communications president Rich Ross. On May 15, 2016, "Entertainment Weekly" released several promotional photos, showing a first look at Paul Bettany's portrayal of Ted Kaczynski.


title: Manhunt (2017 TV series)

text: Netflix secured the rights to the series in November 2017. It premiered on the site on December 12, 2017, in various territories.


title: Manhunt (2017 TV series)

text: CBS acquired the broadcast rights to "Deadly Games" in August 2020, where it premiered on September 21, 2020. In December 2020, "Deadly Games" was added to Netflix.


title: Manhunt (2017 TV series)

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 93% approval rating and an average rating of 7.67/10, based on 29 reviews. The site's critics consensus reads: "Engrossing and affecting, "Manhunt: Unabomber" uses a taut, meticulously constructed narrative to uncover the facts behind the oft-exaggerated true story." On Metacritic, the series has a weighted average score of 71 out of 100, based on 19 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."


title: Manhunt (2017 TV series)

text: Former FBI agent Greg Stejskal was involved in the UNABOM investigation, and he criticized the writers of the show in "TheWrap", accusing them of making "a minor member" of the FBI investigative team "into the star player who won the game," referring to the show's portrayal of Jim Fitzgerald. He said that Fitzgerald never met Kaczynski, was not in Lincoln, Montana, during the time of Kaczynski's arrest (although the show does not place Fitzgerald in Lincoln at the time of Kaczynski's arrest), had no part in the search of Kaczynski's cabin, and never interviewed him.


title: Manhunt (2017 TV series)

text: Fitzgerald told "Bustle" Magazine in August 2017 that the show is in the "high 80 percentile" of accuracy, though "the Fitz character is a composite." He also stated that he had not interviewed Kaczynski, although he said that he was on his way to do so in 2007 when Kaczynski changed his mind.


title: Shoot 'em up

text: Shoot 'em ups (also known as shmups or STGs) are a sub-genre of action games. There is no consensus as to which design elements compose a shoot 'em up; some restrict the definition to games featuring spacecraft and certain types of character movement, while others allow a broader definition including characters on foot and a variety of perspectives.


title: Shoot 'em up

text: The genre's roots can be traced back to earlier shooting games, including target shooting electro-mechanical games of the mid-20th-century and the early mainframe game "Spacewar!" (1962). The shoot 'em up genre was established by the hit arcade game "Space Invaders", which popularised and set the general template for the genre in 1978, and spawned many clones. The genre was then further developed by arcade hits such as "Asteroids" and "Galaxian" in 1979. Shoot 'em ups were popular throughout the 1980s to early 1990s, diversifying into a variety of subgenres such as scrolling shooters, run and gun games and rail shooters. In the mid-1990s, shoot 'em ups became a niche genre based on design conventions established in the 1980s, and increasingly catered to specialist enthusiasts, particularly in Japan. "Bullet hell" games are a subgenre of shooters that features overwhelming numbers of enemy projectiles, often in visually impressive formations.


title: Shoot 'em up

text: A "shoot 'em up", also known as a "shmup" or "STG" (the common Japanese abbreviation for "shooting games"), is a game in which the protagonist combats a large number of enemies by shooting at them while dodging their fire. The controlling player must rely primarily on reaction times to succeed. Beyond this, critics differ on exactly which design elements constitute a shoot 'em up. Some restrict the genre to games featuring some kind of craft, using fixed or scrolling movement. Others widen the scope to include games featuring such protagonists as robots or humans on foot, as well as including games featuring "on-rails" (or "into the screen") and "run and gun" movement. Mark Wolf restricts the definition to games featuring multiple antagonists ("'em" being short for "them"), calling games featuring one-on-one shooting "combat games". Formerly, critics described any game where the primary design element was shooting as a "shoot 'em up", but later shoot 'em ups became a specific, inward-looking genre based on design conventions established in those shooting games of the 1980s.


title: Shoot 'em up

text: Shoot 'em ups are a subgenre of action game. These games are usually viewed from a top-down or side-view perspective, and players must use ranged weapons to take action at a distance. The player's avatar is typically a vehicle or spacecraft under constant attack. Thus, the player's goal is to shoot as quickly as possible at anything that moves or threatens them to reach the end of the level with a boss battle. In some games, the player's character can withstand some damage or a single hit will result in their destruction. The main skills required in shoot 'em ups are fast reactions and memorising enemy attack patterns. Some games feature overwhelming numbers of enemy projectiles and the player has to memorise their patterns to survive. These games belong to one of the fastest-paced video game genres.


title: Shoot 'em up

text: Large numbers of enemy characters programmed to behave in an easily predictable manner are typically featured. These enemies may behave in a certain way dependent on their type, or attack in formations that the player can learn to predict. The basic gameplay tends to be straightforward with many varieties of weapons. Shoot 'em ups rarely have realistic physics. Characters can instantly change direction with no inertia, and projectiles move in a straight line at constant speeds. The player's character can collect "power-ups" which may afford the character's greater protection, an "extra life", health, shield, or upgraded weaponry. Different weapons are often suited to different enemies, but these games seldom keep track of ammunition. As such, players tend to fire indiscriminately, and their weapons only damage legitimate targets.


title: Shoot 'em up

text: Fixed shooters restrict the player and enemies to a single screen, and the player primarily movies along a single axis, such as back and forth along the bottom of the screen. Examples include "Space Invaders" (1978), "Galaxian" (1979), "Centipede" (1980), and "Galaga" (1981). In "Pooyan" (1982), the fixed axis of movement is vertical, along the right side of the screen.


title: Shoot 'em up

text: Multidirectional shooters feature 360-degree movement where the protagonist may rotate and move in any direction such as "Asteroids" (1979) and "Mad Planets" (1983). Multidirectional shooters with one joystick for movement and one joystick for firing in any direction independent of movement are called twin-stick shooters. One of the first games to popularize twin-stick controls was "" (1982).


title: Shoot 'em up

text: Space shooters are a thematic variant of involving spacecraft in outer space. Following the success of "Space Invaders", space shooters were the dominant subgenre during the late 1970s to early 1980s. These games can overlap with other subgenres as well as space combat games.


title: Shoot 'em up

text: Tube shooters feature craft flying through an abstract tube, such as "Tempest" (1981) and "Gyruss" (1983). There is still a single axis of motion, making these a subset of fixed shooters.


title: Shoot 'em up

text: Rail shooters limit the player to moving around the screen while following a specific route; these games often feature an "into the screen" viewpoint, with which the action is seen from behind the player character, and moves "into the screen", while the player retains control over dodging. Examples include "Space Harrier" (1985), "Captain Skyhawk" (1990), "Starblade" (1991), "Star Fox" (1993), "" (1993), "Panzer Dragoon" (1995), and "Sin and Punishment" (2000). Rail shooters that use light guns are called light gun shooters, such as "Virtua Cop" (1994), "Time Crisis" (1995) and "The House of the Dead" (1996). Light-gun games that are "on rails" are usually not considered to be in the shoot-em-up category, but rather their own first-person light-gun shooter category.


title: Shoot 'em up

text: Cute 'em ups feature brightly colored graphics depicting surreal settings and enemies. Cute 'em ups tend to have unusual, oftentimes completely bizarre opponents for the player to fight, with "Twinbee" and "Fantasy Zone" first pioneering the subgenre, along with "Parodius", "Cotton", and "Harmful Park" being additional key games. Some cute 'em ups may employ overtly sexual characters and innuendo.


title: Shoot 'em up

text: Vertically scrolling shooters present the action from above and scroll up (or occasionally down) the screen.


title: Shoot 'em up

text: Horizontally scrolling shooters usually present a side-on view and scroll left to right (or less often, right to left).


title: Shoot 'em up

text: Isometrically scrolling shooters or isometric shooters, such as Sega's "Zaxxon" (1982), use an isometric point of view.


title: Shoot 'em up

text: A popular implementation style of scrolling shooters has the player's flying vehicle moving forward, at a fixed rate, through an environment. Examples are "Scramble" (1981), "Xevious" (1982), and "Gradius" (1986). In contrast, "Defender" (1981) allows the player to move left or right at will.


title: Shoot 'em up

text: Run and gun games have protagonists that move through the world on foot and shoot attackers. Examples include the vertically scrolling, overhead view games "Front Line" (1982), "Commando" (1985), and "Ikari Warriors"(1986). Side-scrolling run and gun games often combine elements from platform games, such as the ability to jump: "Contra" (1987), "Metal Slug" (1996) and "Cuphead" (2017). Run and gun games may also use isometric viewpoints and may have multidirectional movement.


title: Shoot 'em up

text: is a subgenre of shooters in which the entire screen is completely filled with enemy bullets. This type is also known as "curtain fire", "manic shooters" or "maniac shooters". This style of game originated in the mid-1990s as an offshoot of scrolling shooters.


title: Shoot 'em up

text: A small subgenre of shooter games that emphasizes chaotic, reflex-based gameplay designed to put the player in a trance-like state. In trance shooters, enemy patterns usually have randomized elements, forcing the player to rely on reflexes rather than pattern memorization. Games of this type usually feature colorful, abstract visuals, and electronic music (often techno music). Jeff Minter is commonly credited with originating the style with "Tempest 2000" (1994) and subsequent games including "Space Giraffe", "Gridrunner++", and "Polybius" (2017). Other examples include the "Geometry Wars" series, "Space Invaders Extreme", "Super Stardust HD", and "Resogun".


title: Shoot 'em up

text: The concept of shooting games existed before video games, dating back to shooting gallery carnival games in the late 19th century. Mechanical target shooting games first appeared in England's amusement arcades around the turn of the 20th century, before appearing in America by the 1920s. Shooting gallery games eventually evolved into more sophisticated target shooting electro-mechanical games (EM games) such as Sega's influential "Periscope" (1965). Shooting video games have roots in EM shooting games.


title: Shoot 'em up

text: Video game journalist Brian Ashcraft argues the early mainframe game "Spacewar!" (1962) was the first shoot 'em up video game. It was developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1961, for the developers' amusement, and presents a space battle between two craft. It was remade four times as an arcade video game in the 1970s.


title: Shoot 'em up

text: "Space Invaders" (1978) is most frequently cited as the "first" or "original" in the genre. A seminal game created by Tomohiro Nishikado of Japan's Taito, it led to shooter games becoming prolific. It pitted the player against multiple enemies descending from the top of the screen at a constantly increasing speed. Nishikado conceived the game by combining elements of "Breakout" (1976) with those of earlier target shooting games, and simple alien creatures inspired by H. G. Wells' "The War of the Worlds". The hardware was unable to render the movement of aircraft, so the game was set in space, with a black background. It had a more interactive style of play than earlier target shooting games, with multiple enemies who responded to the player-controlled cannon's movement and fired back at the player. The game ended when the player was killed by the enemies. While earlier shooting games allowed the player to shoot at targets, "Space Invaders" was the first where multiple enemies fired back at the player. It also introduced the idea of giving the player multiple lives and popularized the concept of achieving a high score


title: Shoot 'em up

text: With these elements, "Space Invaders" set the general template for the shoot 'em up genre. It became one of the most widely cloned shooting games, spawning more than 100 imitators with only the most minor differences (if any) from the original. Most shooting games released since then have followed its "multiple life, progressively difficult level" paradigm, according to Eugene Jarvis.


title: Shoot 'em up

text: Following the success of "Space Invaders", shoot 'em ups became the dominant genre for much of the golden age of arcade video games, from the late 1970s up until the early 1980s, particularly the "space shooter" subgenre. In 1979, Namco's "Galaxian"—"the granddaddy of all top-down shooters", according to IGN—was released. Its use of colour graphics and individualised antagonists were considered "strong evolutionary concepts" among space ship games. Atari's "Asteroids" (1979) was a hit multi-directional shooter, allowing the player to shoot in any direction by rotating the game's spacecraft.


title: Shoot 'em up

text: The "Space Invaders" format evolved into the vertical scrolling shooter sub-genre. SNK's debut shoot 'em up "Ozma Wars" (1979) featured vertical scrolling backgrounds and enemies, and it was the first action game to feature a supply of energy, similar to hit points. Namco's "Xevious", released in 1982, was one of the first and most influential vertical scrolling shooters. "Xevious" is also the first to convincingly portray dithered/shaded organic landscapes as opposed to blocks-in-space or wireframe obstacles.


title: Shoot 'em up

text: Side-scrolling shoot 'em ups emerged in the early 1980s. "Defender", introduced by Williams Electronics in late 1980 and entering production in early 1981, allowed side-scrolling in both directions in a wrap-around game world, unlike most later games in the genre. The scrolling helped remove design limitations associated with the screen, and it also featured a minimap radar. "Scramble", released by Konami in early 1981, had continuous scrolling in a single direction and was the first side-scrolling shooter with multiple distinct levels.


title: Shoot 'em up

text: In the early 1980s, Japanese arcade developers began moving away from space shooters towards character action games, whereas American arcade developers continued to focus on space shooters during the early 1980s, up until the end of the arcade golden age. According to Eugene Jarvis, American developers were greatly influenced by Japanese space shooters but took the genre in a different direction from the "more deterministic, scripted, pattern-type" gameplay of Japanese games, towards a more "programmer-centric design culture, emphasizing algorithmic generation of backgrounds and enemy dispatch" and "an emphasis on random-event generation, particle-effect explosions and physics" as seen in arcade games such as his own "Defender" and "" (1982) as well as Atari's "Asteroids" (1979). "Robotron: 2084" was an influential game in the multi-directional shooter subgenre.


title: Shoot 'em up

text: Some games experimented with pseudo-3D perspectives at the time. Nintendo's attempt at the genre, "Radar Scope" (1980), borrowed heavily from "Space Invaders" and "Galaxian", but added a three-dimensional third-person perspective; the game was a commercial failure, however. Atari's "Tempest" (1981) was one of the earliest tube shooters and a more successful attempt to incorporate a 3D perspective into shooter games; "Tempest" went on to influence several later rail shooters. Sega's "Zaxxon" (1981) introduced isometric video game graphics to the genre.


title: Shoot 'em up

text: The term "shmup" is believed to have been coined in 1985 by the British Commodore 64 magazine "Zzap!64". In the July 1985 issue, the term was used by the editor Chris Anderson and reviewer Julian Rignall.


title: Shoot 'em up

text: 1985 saw the release of Konami's "Gradius", which gave the player greater control over the choice of weaponry, thus introducing another element of strategy. The game also introduced the need for the player to memorise levels in order to achieve any measure of success. "Gradius", with its iconic protagonist, defined the side-scrolling shoot 'em up and spawned a series spanning several sequels. The following year saw the emergence of one of Sega's forefront series with its game "Fantasy Zone". The game received acclaim for its surreal graphics and setting and the protagonist, Opa-Opa, was for a time considered Sega's mascot. The game borrowed "Defender's" device of allowing the player to control the direction of flight and along with the earlier "TwinBee" (1985), is an early archetype of the "cute 'em up" subgenre. In 1986, Taito released "KiKi KaiKai", an overhead multi-directional shooter. The game is notable for using a traditional fantasy setting in contrast to most shoot 'em up games filled with science fiction motifs. "R-Type", an acclaimed side-scrolling shoot 'em up, was released in 1987 by Irem, employing slower paced scrolling than usual, with difficult, claustrophobic levels calling for methodical strategies. 1990's "Raiden" was the beginning of another acclaimed and enduring series to emerge from this period.


title: Shoot 'em up

text: Run and gun games became popular in the mid-1980s. These games feature characters on foot, rather than spacecraft, and often have military themes. The origins of this type of shooter go back to "Sheriff" by Nintendo, released in 1979. SNK's "Sasuke vs. Commander" (1980), which had relatively detailed background graphics for its time, pit a samurai against a horde of ninjas, along with boss fights. Taito's "Front Line" (1982) introduced the vertical scrolling format later popularized by Capcom's "Commando" (1985), which established the standard formula used by later run and gun games. Sega's "Ninja Princess" (1985), which released slightly before "Commando", was a run and gun game that was distinctive for its feudal Japan setting and female ninja protagonist who throws shuriken and knives. SNK's "TNK III", released later in 1985, combined the "Front Line" tank shooter format with unique rotary joystick controls, which they later combined with "Commando"-inspired run and gun gameplay to develop "Ikari Warriors" (1986), which further popularized run and gun shooters. "Ikari Warriors" also drew inspiration from the action film "" (1985), which it was originally intended to be an adaptation of. Contemporary critics considered military themes and protagonists similar to Rambo or Schwarzenegger prerequisites for a shoot 'em up, as opposed to an action-adventure game. The success of "Commando" and "Ikari Warriors" led to run and gun games becoming the dominant style of shoot 'em up during the late 1980s to early 1990s, with the term "shoot 'em up" itself becoming synonymous with "run and gun" during this period.


title: Shoot 'em up

text: Konami's "Green Beret" (1985), known as "Rush'n Attack" in North America, adapted the "Commando" formula to a side-scrolling format. Later notable side-scrolling run and gun shooters include Namco's "Rolling Thunder" (1986), which added cover mechanics to the formula, and Data East's "RoboCop" (1988). In 1987, Konami created "Contra", a side-scrolling coin-op arcade game, and later a NES game, that was particularly acclaimed for its multi-directional aiming and two-player cooperative gameplay. By the early 1990s and the popularity of 16-bit consoles, the scrolling shooter genre was overcrowded, with developers struggling to make their games stand out, with exceptions such as the inventive "Gunstar Heroes" (1993) by Treasure.


title: Shoot 'em up

text: Sega's pseudo-3D rail shooter "" demonstrated the potential of 3D shoot 'em up gameplay in 1982. Sega's "Space Harrier", a rail shooter released in 1985, broke new ground graphically and its wide variety of settings across multiple levels gave players more to aim for than high scores. In 1986, Arsys Software released "WiBArm", a shooter that switched between a 2D side-scrolling view in outdoor areas to a fully 3D polygonal third-person perspective inside buildings, while bosses were fought in an arena-style 2D battle, with the game featuring a variety of weapons and equipment. In 1987, Square's "3-D WorldRunner" was an early stereoscopic 3-D shooter played from a third-person perspective, followed later that year by its sequel "JJ", and the following year by "Space Harrier 3-D" which used the SegaScope 3-D shutter glasses. That same year, Sega's "Thunder Blade" switched between both a top-down view and a third-person view, and featured the use of force feedback, where the joystick vibrates.


title: Shoot 'em up

text: A new type of shooters up emerged in the early 1990s: variously termed "bullet hell", "manic shooters", "maniac shooters" and , these games required the player to dodge overwhelming numbers of enemy projectiles and called for still more consistent reactions from players. Bullet hell games arose from the need for 2D shoot 'em up developers to compete with the emerging popularity of 3D games: huge numbers of missiles on screen were intended to impress players. Toaplan's "Batsugun" (1993) provided the prototypical template for this new breed, with Cave (formed by former employees of Toaplan, including "Batsugun's" main creator Tsuneki Ikeda, after the latter company collapsed) inventing the type proper with 1995's "DonPachi". Bullet hell games marked another point where the shooter genre began to cater to more dedicated players. Games such as "Gradius" had been more difficult than "Space Invaders" or "Xevious", but bullet hell games were yet more inward-looking and aimed at dedicated fans of the genre looking for greater challenges. While shooter games featuring protagonists on foot largely moved to 3D-based genres, popular, long-running series such as "Contra" and "Metal Slug" continued to receive new sequels. Rail shooters have rarely been released in the new millennium, with only "Rez" and "Panzer Dragoon Orta" achieving cult recognition.


title: Shoot 'em up

text: Treasure's shoot 'em up, "Radiant Silvergun" (1998), introduced an element of narrative to the genre. It was critically acclaimed for its refined design, though it was not released outside Japan and remains a much sought-after collector's item. Its successor "Ikaruga" (2001) featured improved graphics and was again acclaimed as one of the best games in the genre. Both "Radiant Silvergun" and "Ikaruga" were later released on Xbox Live Arcade. The "Touhou Project" series spans 26 years and 30 games as of 2022 and was listed in the Guinness World Records in October 2010 for being the "most prolific fan-made shooter series". The genre has undergone something of a resurgence with the release of the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 and Wii online services, while in Japan arcade shoot 'em ups retain a deep-rooted niche popularity. "" was released on Xbox Live Arcade in 2005 and in particular stood out from the various re-releases and casual games available on the service. The PC has also seen its share of dōjin shoot 'em ups like "Crimzon Clover", "", "Xenoslaive Overdrive", and the "eXceed" series. However, despite the genre's continued appeal to an enthusiastic niche of players, shoot 'em up developers are increasingly embattled financially by the power of home consoles and their attendant genres.


title: Jon Landau (film producer)

text: Jon Landau () (born 23 July 1960) is an American film producer, known for producing "Titanic" (1997), a film which won him an Oscar and earned $2.19 billion in gross revenues, and "Avatar" (2009), which earned $2.8 billion. , these are the first and third highest-grossing films of all time, and formerly held the first and second spots.


title: Jon Landau (film producer)

text: Landau is the son of Edie, a producer, and Ely A. Landau, a studio executive and producer. He attended the USC School of Cinematic Arts. His family is of Jewish background.


title: Jon Landau (film producer)

text: Throughout the early '90s, Landau was Executive Vice President of Feature Film Production at Twentieth Century Fox.