title: Lupinus

text: A current schema retains this distinction, but uses the nomenclature for the subgenera of "Platycarpos" and "Lupinus". In this schema, subgenus Platycarpos (S.Wats.) Kurl. contains perennial and annual species from the Western Hemisphere, with a minimum two or more ovules or seedbuds. Subgenus "Lupinus" consists of 12 species from Africa and the Mediterranean, with a minimum of four ovules or seedbuds.


title: Lupinus

text: The taxonomy of "Lupinus" has always been confusing. How many distinct species exist or how they might be organized within the genus is not clear. The plants are variable and the taxa are not always distinct from one another. Some American taxa have been described as complexes rather than separate species. Estimates of the number of lupine species generally fall between 200 and 500. One authority places the estimate at approximately 267 species worldwide. Currently, two subgenera are recognized.


title: Lupinus

text: The ovary contains two and more ovules or seedbuds. The seed are predominantly small-sized, with an underdeveloped embryo and small amount of endosperm. Cotyledons are small-sized, with long caulicles. The first pair of true leaves is alternate. The stem is predominantly naked with waxen coating. Dominating is the monopodial type of branching. Leaflets are smooth, with waxen coating or slight pubescence, predominantly narrow. Pods are flat or orbicular, with two or more seeds. Represented by frutcuilose, fruticose and herbaceous perennial forms, or less often annual ones. Plants are cross-pollinated. Chromosome number 2"n" is either 36, 48, or 96. This subgenus is distributed throughout North, Central and South America, predominantly in the mining systems of the Andes and Cordillera. Some species are cultivated ("L. mutabilis", "L. polyphyllus"). This subgenus includes several hundred species, requiring further analysis of their authenticity.


title: Lupinus

text: In its current circumscription, subgenus "Lupinus" includes 12 species from the Mediterranean region and Africa with at least four ovules or seedbuds in the ovary:


title: Lupinus

text: While some sources believe the origin of the name to be in doubt, the Collins Dictionary definition asserts that the word is 14th century in origin, from the Latin "lupīnus" "wolfish" from "lupus" "wolf" as it was believed that the plant ravenously exhausted the soil.


title: Lupinus

text: Certain species, such as the yellow bush lupin ("L. arboreus"), are considered invasive weeds when they appear outside their native ranges. In New Zealand, lupines are viewed as invasive and a severe threat in some cases. "L. polyphyllus" has escaped into the wild and grows in large numbers along main roads and streams on the South Island. A similar spread of the species has occurred in Finland and Norway after the non-native species was first deliberately planted in the landscaping along the main roads. Lupins have been planted in some parts of Australia with a considerably cooler climate, particularly in rural Victoria and New South Wales.


title: Lupinus

text: Lupins are important larval food plants for many lepidopterans (butterflies and moths). These include:


title: Lupinus

text: "Lupinus polyphyllus", the garden lupin, and "Lupinus arboreus", the tree lupin, are popular ornamental plants in gardens, and are the source of numerous hybrids and cultivars in a wide range of colours, including bicolors. As legumes, lupins are good companion plants in gardens, increasing the soil nitrogen for vegetables and other plants. As well as growing in the ground, lupins can do well in pots on balconies or patios.


title: Lupinus

text: In the early 20th century, German scientists attempted to cultivate a sweet variety of lupin lacking the bitter taste, making it more suitable for both human and animal consumption.


title: Lupinus

text: While originally cultivated as a green manure or forage, lupins are increasingly grown for their seeds, which can be used as an alternative to soybeans. Sweet (low alkaloid) lupins are highly regarded as a stock feed, particularly for ruminants, but also for pigs and poultry and more recently as an ingredient in aqua-feeds. The market for lupin seeds for human food is currently small, but researchers believe it has great potential. Lupin seeds are considered "superior" to soybeans in certain applications and evidence is increasing for their potential health benefits. They contain similar protein to soybean, but less fat. As a food source, they are gluten-free and high in dietary fiber, amino acids, and antioxidants, and they are considered to be prebiotic. About 85% of the world's lupin seeds are grown in Western Australia.


title: Lupinus

text: Three Mediterranean species of lupin, blue (narrow-leafed) lupin, white lupin, and yellow lupin, are widely cultivated for livestock and poultry feed.


title: Lupinus

text: Like other legumes, they can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere into ammonia via a rhizobium–root nodule symbiosis, fertilizing the soil for other plants. This adaptation allows lupins to be tolerant of infertile soils and capable of pioneering change in barren and poor-quality soils. The genus "Lupinus" is nodulated by "Bradyrhizobium" soil bacteria.


title: Lupinus

text: Some lupins contain certain secondary compounds, including isoflavones and toxic alkaloids, such as lupinine and sparteine. With early detection, these can be removed through processing, although lupins containing these elements are not usually selected for food-grade products.


title: Lupinus

text: A risk of lupin allergy exists in patients allergic to peanuts. Most lupin reactions reported have been in people with peanut allergy. Because of the cross-allergenicity of peanut and lupin, the European Commission, as of 2006, has required that food labels indicate the presence of "lupin and products thereof" in food.


title: Lupinus

text: Lupin plants can be colonized by the fungus "Diaporthe toxica" which can cause a mycotoxicosis known as lupinosis when ingested by grazing animals.


title: Lupinus

text: The legume seeds of lupins, commonly called lupin beans, were popular with the Romans, who cultivated the plants throughout the Roman Empire where the lupin is still known in extant Romance languages by names such as .


title: Lupinus

text: Seeds of various species of lupins have been used as a food for over 3,000 years around the Mediterranean and for as long as 6,000 years in the Andes. Lupins were also used by many Native American peoples of North America such as the Yavapai. The Andean lupin or ("Lupinus mutabilis") was a widespread food in the Incan Empire; but they have never been accorded the same status as soybeans, dry peas and other pulse crops. The pearl lupin of the Andean highlands of South America, "L. mutabilis", known locally as or , was extensively cultivated, but no conscious genetic improvement other than to select for larger and water-permeable seeds seems to have been made. Users soaked the seed in running water to remove most of the bitter alkaloids and then cooked or toasted the seeds to make them edible, or else boiled and dried them to make , reported as a pre-Columbian practice in . Spanish domination led to a change in the eating habits of the indigenous peoples, and only recently (late 20th century onward) has interest in using lupins as a food been renewed.


title: Lupinus

text: Lupins can be used to make a variety of foods both sweet and savoury, including everyday meals, traditional fermented foods, baked foods, and sauces. The European white lupin ("L. albus") beans are commonly sold in a salty solution in jars (like olives and pickles) and can be eaten with or without the skin. "Lupini" dishes are most commonly found in Europe, especially in Portugal, Spain, Greece, and Italy. They are also common in Brazil and Egypt. In Egypt, the lupin is known in Arabic as , and is a popular street snack after being treated with several soakings of water, and then brined. In Portugal, Spain, and the Spanish Harlem district of New York, they are consumed with beer and wine. In Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Syria, and Palestine the salty and chilled lupini beans are called Turmus and are served as part of an apéritif or a snack. Other species, such as "L. albus" (white lupin), "L. angustifolius" (narrow-leafed lupin), and "L. hirsutus" (blue lupin) also have edible seeds.


title: Lupinus

text: Consumed throughout the Mediterranean region and the Andean mountains, lupins were eaten by the early Egyptian and pre-Incan people and were known to Roman agriculturalists for their ability to improve the fertility of soils.


title: Lupinus

text: In the late 18th century, lupins were introduced into northern Europe as a means of improving soil quality, and by the 1860s, the garden yellow lupin was seen across the sandy soils of the Baltic coastal plain.


title: Lupinus

text: The successful development of lupin varieties with the necessary "sweet gene" paved the way for the greater adoption of lupins across Europe and later Australia.


title: Lupinus

text: Further work carried out by the Western Australian Department of Agriculture and Food during the 1950s and '60s led to more sweet lupin crops produced in Western Australia now than anywhere else in the world.


title: Kevin Dunn

text: Kevin Dunn (born August 24, 1956) is an American actor who has appeared in supporting roles in a number of films and television series since the 1980s.


title: Kevin Dunn

text: Dunn's roles include White House Communications Director Alan Reed in the political comedy "Dave", U.S. Army Colonel Hicks in the 1998 version of "Godzilla", a role he reprised for the , Alan Abernathy's father Stuart in "Small Soldiers", Sam Witwicky's father Ron in the "Transformers" film series, Oscar Galvin in the 2010 action thriller "Unstoppable", and misanthropic White House Chief of Staff Ben Cafferty in "Veep". He has also had recurring roles on "True Detective" in 2014 and on the TV series adaptation of "The Mosquito Coast" in 2021.


title: Kevin Dunn

text: Dunn was born in Chicago, the son of John Dunn, a musician and poet, and his wife Margaret (née East), a nurse. His sister is actress/comedian Nora Dunn. He also has a brother, Michael Dunn, a High school history teacher and football coach. He was raised in a Catholic family, and has Irish, English, Scottish, and German ancestry. Dunn graduated from Illinois Wesleyan University in 1977, and received an honorary doctorate in 2008 from the same school.


title: Kevin Dunn

text: Dunn appeared in many live performances in Chicago and suburbs, including the theater companies Northlight, Remains, Wisdom Bridge and Goodman before his TV and motion picture career. Dunn's work includes "Samantha Who?", a series appearing on ABC from 2007 to 2009, as well as playing Ron Witwicky in Michael Bay's "Transformers" film series. His film appearances include "Small Soldiers", "Stir of Echoes", "Godzilla", "Snake Eyes", "Nixon", "Mad Love", "Ghostbusters II", "Dave", "Beethoven's 2nd", "Hot Shots!", and "". Dunn also played Murry Wilson in a 2000 miniseries, "". He played President Richard Nixon's White House Counsel, Charles Colson, in "Nixon" and played President Bill Clinton's National Security Advisor, Sandy Berger, in the ABC miniseries "The Path to 9/11". In 2000, he co-starred in "Bette", a sitcom starring Bette Midler, in which he played her husband in the show's first 11 episodes.


title: Kevin Dunn

text: From 2004 to 2006 Dunn had a small recurring role as a baseball coach and mentor to Tyler Hoechlin character Martin Brewer, Terry Hardwick on the long-running family drama 7th Heaven.


title: Kevin Dunn

text: Dunn played Joel Horneck, Jerry's overzealous childhood friend, in the "Seinfeld" episode "Male Unbonding". He has also featured in "Live Free or Die" as well as the 2006 film "Gridiron Gang".


title: Right Said Fred

text: Right Said Fred are an English pop band formed by brothers Fred and Richard Fairbrass in 1989. They are best known for the hit 1991 song "I'm Too Sexy". Their achievements include number 1 hits in 70 countries including one US number 1, one UK number 1, and a number 1 in Japan. They were the first UK band since the Beatles to reach the number one slot in the US with a debut single. They have performed for Queen Elizabeth of the United Kingdom and Nelson Mandela, and at the Filmfare Awards and subsequently released a track for Comic Relief.


title: Right Said Fred

text: As multi-platinum-award-winning artists and songwriters, they total 30 million global sales and over 100 million plays on Spotify. They have writing credits on Taylor Swift's "Look What You Made Me Do" and Sofi Tukker's "Batshit", and their music has been featured in over 50 films and TV shows (e.g. "Angry Birds 2", "The Odd Couple", "The Simpsons", "The West Wing", "Family Guy") and in excess of 100 commercials.


title: Right Said Fred

text: They won two consecutive BMI Awards, in 2018 and 2019. In 1993, they were nominated for Best British Group at the Brit Awards.


title: Right Said Fred

text: Prior to forming Right Said Fred, the Fairbrass brothers had been playing music since the mid-1970s: as part of a band called The Actors, the brothers had toured with Suicide and supported Joy Division at the Factory club in Manchester.


title: Right Said Fred

text: The Fairbrass brothers formed the group in 1989, with Richard on lead vocals and bass and Fred on guitar. Prior to forming the group, Richard was employed as a session bassist for artists including Boy George, Mick Jagger and David Bowie, and appears as the bass guitarist in Bowie's short film "Jazzin' for Blue Jean". In 1987, Fred appeared as a guitarist in the Bob Dylan vehicle "Hearts of Fire".


title: Right Said Fred

text: The group was named after the novelty song "Right Said Fred", which was a hit single for singer and actor Bernard Cribbins in 1962. The Fairbrass brothers were originally accompanied by drummer Ray Weston and guitarist Dan Kruse. Weston left in 1990 to join the progressive rock group Wishbone Ash and Kruse left the next year. Guitarist Rob Manzoli joined in 1990 and remained with the group until 1997.


title: Right Said Fred

text: In July 1991, the group released its debut single and best-known song, "I'm Too Sexy", on the independent London-based record label Tug Records (which saw its only real success with Right Said Fred's releases). The Fairbrass brothers have stated that the song's lyrics are centred on certain users of the gym they owned in London, who they claimed had no shame. "A lot of models used our gym, so we thought it was time to start poking [fun] at them," Fred stated.


title: Right Said Fred

text: It was a huge hit in the United Kingdom, spending six weeks at number two in the charts behind Bryan Adams' "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You", and three months in the Top 10. The song also went to number one in 32 countries including the United States where it topped the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. The song earned the band a nomination for an Ivor Novello award. The single also went to number four on the "Billboard" Hot Dance Club Play chart. "I'm Too Sexy" has been used in over 40 television shows and movies, including "My Wife and Kids", "The Simpsons", "The West Wing", and "EastEnders".


title: Right Said Fred

text: Their second single, "Don't Talk Just Kiss", with background vocals by soul singer Jocelyn Brown, was released in October 1991. It made number 3 in the United Kingdom Christmas charts, entered the top five in many countries, and reached number eight in the United States dance chart.


title: Right Said Fred

text: In February 1992, the band released its third single, "Deeply Dippy". This was number one in the United Kingdom for three weeks, and peaked at number nine in the United States dance chart.


title: Right Said Fred

text: The success of the singles resulted in the band's multi-platinum debut album, "Up", reaching number one in the United Kingdom album charts as well as charting worldwide. The album remained in the Top 40 for almost a year. In Germany a fifth single "Love For All Seasons" charted at # 65 in 1993.


title: Right Said Fred

text: In 1992, Heavenly Records released an EP that featured the label's acts covering Right Said Fred songs for charity. "The Fred EP" contains Saint Etienne (performing "I'm Too Sexy"), The Rockingbirds ("Deeply Dippy") and Flowered Up ("Don't Talk Just Kiss").


title: Right Said Fred

text: Early in 1993 Fred, Richard and Rob wrote and recorded the Comic Relief single "Stick It Out", which was a top-five hit in the United Kingdom and in many European countries. In September 1993, Right Said Fred released its second album, "Sex and Travel", to critical acclaim. "Sex and Travel" included the hit singles "Bumped" and "Hands Up (for Lovers)".


title: Right Said Fred

text: Right Said Fred parted company with Tug Records and then released its third album, "Smashing!", in 1996 on the band's own label Happy Valley Records. "Living on a Dream", "Big Time" and "Everybody Loves Me" were all European hits. The band went on the road and performed to sell-out shows all over Europe. In 1996, Richard presented the ground-breaking TV show "Gaytime TV" for the BBC.


title: Right Said Fred

text: Rob Manzoli left the band on friendly terms in 1997. At this point the Fairbrass brothers took some time out to gather their thoughts. Richard continued to present "Gaytime TV" for the BBC.


title: Right Said Fred

text: In 1998 Fred and Richard set up their own recording studio in London and started writing and recording what became the album "Fredhead".


title: Right Said Fred

text: In 2000, Right Said Fred signed to Kingsize/BMG Berlin in Germany, collaborating with Alex Christensen and award-winning songwriter and producer Clyde Ward for most of the material on "Fredhead". The first single, "You're My Mate" (co-written with hard rock guitarist Myke Gray) was a United Kingdom hit, reached number four in Germany, and the Fredhead album entered the German charts at number two and achieved Gold status, remaining in the top 10 for most of 2000.


title: Right Said Fred

text: "You're My Mate" became a football stadium anthem and was also used as the official song of the South Africa national rugby union team in 2002. Other hit singles from "Fredhead" were "Mojive" (Ward) and "Love Song" (Agostino Carollo). "You’re My Mate" continues as a sports anthem all over the world and a line-dancing favourite in the US.


title: Right Said Fred

text: The second Kingsize/BMG album "Stand Up" went straight into the German top 10. The single "Stand Up (For the Champions)", composed by Clyde Ward and the Fairbrass brothers, was also a top 10 hit in Germany and reached number one in Japan. The track became a popular anthem for sport channels, such as SuperSport in South Africa and sports teams including The Cincinnati Bengals (NFL), Borussia Dortmund FC, Manchester United FC and Saracens RC, a top English rugby team. It also featured at the Super Bowl in the United States.


title: Right Said Fred

text: Jay-Z refers to Right Said Fred in his hit "The Ruler’s Back" in the line "I'm too sexy for jail like Right Said Fred".


title: Right Said Fred

text: Due to family ill-health, Fred and Richard took some time out from travelling to write and record the hit single "We Are the Freds" and the album "For Sale" for the Ministry of Sound.


title: Right Said Fred

text: In late 2004, Right Said Fred toured extensively in Europe, playing festivals and arenas, and performed as special guests on German superstar Nena's tour. They performed at the 2006 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony in front of 200,000 people at the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, and were special guests at The Bollywood Awards in Mumbai in front of a live TV audience of 200 million. Tom Hanks impersonated Right Said Fred on "Saturday Night Live" singing "don’t cut off my testicles".


title: Right Said Fred

text: During 2007 and 2008, Fred and Richard collaborated with Clyde Ward to write and record their sixth album "I'm a Celebrity". The album was produced by Ward, and for the United States release, Right Said Fred teamed up with David Levine at Promark Music.


title: Right Said Fred

text: Released in 2008, "I’m A Celebrity" was the first single from the album, and parodied celebrity culture. With remixes by DJ Reza and Raul Rincon, it became another United States Top 10 Club/Dance Chart hit. On the back of this success, Fred and Richard appeared in the United States on "Good Morning America", as well as on shows on Fox TV, VH1, MTV and TMZ.


title: Right Said Fred

text: In late July 2009, Right Said Fred released "Sexy Bum" in Germany, the first single from the band's "HITS!" album.


title: Right Said Fred

text: In 2010, remixes by Klubjumpers and DJ Reza of "This Love" and "I am a Bachelor", both from the "I’m a Celebrity" album, were US Club/Dance hits.


title: Right Said Fred

text: Fred and Richard took the band back on the road performing at summer European festivals. The band also staged acoustic shows in the United Kingdom, including one at London’s Leicester Square Theatre, where the "Night of the Living Fred" DVD was filmed.


title: Right Said Fred

text: Right Said Fred teamed up with Norwegian writers/producers Dsign Music to record "Sexaholic". Remixes of the track by Klubjumpers and MajikBoys reached the top five on the US Dance/Club Charts and stayed there for six months.


title: Right Said Fred

text: Fred and Richard, along with Johnny Depp, Liam Neeson and Sting, made special guest appearances on Ricky Gervais' TV series "Life’s Too Short". The brothers also appeared in cameo roles in the Universal Pictures UK movie "Gridiron UK".


title: Right Said Fred

text: "Raise Your Hands" was Right Said Fred's first 2013 single and had remixes from DJ Kash, DJ Sphank and The Majikboys. It was the group's sixth consecutive U.S. Club and Dance Chart Top 10 hit.


title: Right Said Fred

text: Richard spoke at an Oxford Union debate. TV appearances included an acoustic performance on the UK’s "Celebrity Big Brother" TV show.


title: Right Said Fred

text: RSF began writing and recording new tracks with Paul Statham (Dido, Jim Kerr, Kylie Minogue, The Saturdays).


title: Right Said Fred

text: The duo made a return to prominence in June 2014, when they appeared on the satirical news show "Last Week Tonight with John Oliver" where they performed a rendition of their song "I'm Too Sexy" with changed lyrics aimed at insulting Bashar al-Assad, who reportedly purchased music by the group from the iTunes Store two years earlier. United Kingdom TV appearances included "Ant and Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway" and "Pointless Celebrities".


title: Right Said Fred

text: Fred and Richard teamed up with jazz legend Tim Garland to write and record music for the British independent movie "Meet Pursuit Delange", scheduled for release Summer 2015, written and directed by Howard Webster, starring Colin Salmon, Peter Bowles, Hannah Waddingham and Jason Flemyng plus a cameo from Right Said Fred.


title: Right Said Fred

text: They feature on "2776", a charity record conceived by Rob Kutner, Stephen and Joel Levinson starring Reggie Watts, Aimee Mann, Ed Helms and Mayim Bialik. The double CD was selected for the Grammy Ballot Box. Shows planned for 2014–15 included acoustic performances at The Cannes Film Festival, The American Film Market, various European festivals and a World Cup Festival in front of 500,000 people at the Brandenberg Gate in Berlin.


title: Right Said Fred

text: In August 2017, Right Said Fred's members Richard Fairbrass and Fred Fairbrass, were credited as songwriters alongside Taylor Swift and Jack Antonoff on the Swift single "Look What You Made Me Do". The song's chorus is an interpolation of the famous chorus from "I'm Too Sexy".


title: Right Said Fred

text: In September 2021, another song which used the chorus from "I'm Too Sexy" debuted at number one on the Billboard chart. The song is "Way 2 Sexy", the most popular US track from Drake's album "Certified Lover Boy", which also became a credited number one for featured artists Future & Young Thug. The song also debuted on the UK Official Singles Chart Top 100 (of the week 17 September 2021 – 23 September 2021) at number 11, a week after Drake's top rated track in the United Kingdom, "Girls Wants Girls" was a new entry at number two.


title: Right Said Fred

text: In May 2022, Phoenix Music International released their new single "Godsend", dubbing the duo the 'UK’s most controversial band' after a number of anti-COVID-19 vaccine themed Twitter posts and appearances in the press during the UK pandemic lockdowns.


title: Right Said Fred

text: The original trio are sampled and credited on the track "Alien Superstar" on Beyonce's 2022 LP release "Renaissance".


title: Wendy Richard

text: Wendy Richard (born Wendy Emerton; 20 July 1943 – 26 February 2009) was an English actress, known for her television roles as Miss Shirley Brahms on the BBC sitcom "Are You Being Served?" from 1972 to 1985, and Pauline Fowler on the soap opera "EastEnders" from 1985 to 2006.


title: Wendy Richard

text: Despite being known for her Cockney accent, Richard was born in Middlesbrough. After a childhood in which her father died by suicide, Richard worked in department stores to pay her drama school fees before appearing regularly on-screen from the early 1960s. She played Joyce Harker in "The Newcomers" from 1967 to 1969. Richard then starred in two "Carry On" films. In the television series "Dad's Army", she was Private Walker's girlfriend, before being cast as Miss Brahms in "Are You Being Served?" appearing in all 69 episodes from 1972 to 1985. She also reprised the role in the sequel series "Grace and Favour" in 1992 and 1993.


title: Wendy Richard

text: After "Are You Being Served?" ended, Richard starred as Pauline Fowler in the first episode of "EastEnders", a main role that she played in over two thousand episodes until she departed in 2006. Richard was awarded an MBE in 2000 and in 2007, she was awarded the 'Lifetime Achievement Award' at the British Soap Awards for her role in "EastEnders".


title: Wendy Richard

text: After leaving "EastEnders", Richard continued to appear on-screen until her death in 2009. Richard was married four times. She was diagnosed with breast cancer in 1996; the disease returned in 2002 and again in 2008; this time it had spread throughout her body. Richard made a documentary detailing the last few months of her life before her death in February 2009.


title: Wendy Richard

text: Wendy Emerton, an only child, was born on 20 July 1943 in Middlesbrough. Her parents, Henry and Beatrice Reay (née Cutter) Emerton, were publicans and ran the Corporation Hotel in the town. Emerton and Cutter married in Paddington, London in 1939. While Wendy was a baby, her family moved to Bournemouth. While living in Bournemouth, Wendy and her friend got stuck after trying to climb the cliffs and had to be rescued by the fire brigade. The family later moved to the Isle of Wight and then to London and ran the Shepherds Tavern, Shepherd Market, Mayfair where Elizabeth Taylor and Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon are said to have been customers. Richard enjoyed several family holidays to Jersey and Blackpool before attending the local school, St. George's Hanover Square Primary, but her education was interrupted when her family moved again, this time to the Valentine Hotel at Gants Hill, Essex. Another move, to the Streatham Park Hotel, Streatham south London, followed a few months later. It was there, in December 1954, that Richard's father committed suicide. Richard, then 11, found his body. Her mother Beatrice never remarried, and died of liver cancer in May 1972.


title: Wendy Richard

text: She was enrolled at the Royal Masonic School for Girls at Rickmansworth after her father's death, as Henry had been a Freemason, and help with fees was provided by the organisation. She found the school excessively strict and her art mistress called her paintings and drawings "affected, rather like herself." Richard dreamed of becoming a TV continuity girl or film star from a young age and, after leaving school at 15, helped to pay her way through the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts in London by working in the fashion department at the Fortnum and Mason department store. She briefly worked at Fenwicks but was sacked after two days for telling a customer a coat did not suit her after the customer asked her for her opinion. It was at that time that she decided to change her surname to Richard, because "it was short and neat." While at the Italia Conti, Richard became a model and picked up several modelling jobs for magazines such as "Woman's Own". Still at drama school, she was run over by a car when crossing the road outside the Italia Conti school. Her injuries were so severe that her friend phoned Richard's mother from the hospital thinking she was dead; she had to have thirty-three stitches in her head. She made her television debut in November 1961 when she appeared alongside Mandy Rice-Davies with Sammy Davis, Jr. in the ATV variety show "Saturday Spectacular"."


title: Wendy Richard

text: Upon leaving drama school, Richard wrote to theatrical agents hoping to be taken on for work, including Robert Stigwood. In 1962, her distinctive cockney vocals helped get her to No. 1 on the UK singles chart with the single "Come Outside" by Mike Sarne who was managed by Stigwood. This was followed by many promotional appearances which exposed her to television audiences.


title: Wendy Richard

text: Drawing on from the success of "Come Outside", Richard was taken on by the Lom Artists agency and her first role with her new agent was in the sitcom "Bulldog Breed" with Amanda Barrie for Granada Television before starring as Susan Sullivan, a receptionist, in five episodes of "Harpers West One", an ATV television drama series about a fictional department store. Richard then appeared in series such as "Danger Man", "No Hiding Place", "Hugh and I" and "The Contact" with John Hurt. In 1965, she appeared in an episode of the original "Likely Lads" series as a household cleaner saleswoman called Lynn. Richard also appears in a scene cut from the released version of The Beatles movie "Help!" (1965). She also had a small role as a nurse in "Doctor in Clover" (1966).


title: Wendy Richard

text: Richard first became familiar to television audiences in 1967 playing teenage supermarket till girl Joyce Harker, a regular character, in "The Newcomers" until the show's end in 1969. After "The Newcomers" ended, Richard had a recurring role as Edith Parish, Private Walker's usherette girlfriend in "Dad's Army" from 1970 to 1973, and had roles in several television series including "Up Pompeii!", "Please Sir!" and "On the Buses" before appearing in "Both Ends Meet", a sitcom about a sausage factory with Dora Bryan.


title: Wendy Richard

text: From 1972 to 1985, Richard was a regular cast member of the sitcom "Are You Being Served?" as Shirley Brahms, an attractive, young shop assistant with a heavy Cockney accent. Set in the ladies and gentleman's clothing department in the fictional department store Grace Brothers with Miss Brahms being under the eye of Mrs Slocombe and being the subject of menswear junior Mr. Lucas' advances. Richard later reprised her role in the "Are You Being Served?" sequel "Grace & Favour", which aired from 1992 to 1993.


title: Wendy Richard

text: Richard appeared in two "Carry On" films, playing small roles in "Carry On Matron" (1972) and "Carry On Girls" (1973) (both films also featured her future "EastEnders" colleague Barbara Windsor). Richard's other film roles around this time included "No Blade of Grass" (1970), "Gumshoe" (1971) starring Albert Finney, and the film versions of "On The Buses" (1971), "Bless This House" (1972), and "Are You Being Served?" (1977). While appearing in "Are You Being Served?", she had parts in "The Fenn Street Gang", "Z Cars" and "Bowler" as well as having regular roles in "Hogg's Back" and "Not On Your Nellie".


title: Wendy Richard

text: The same year that "Are You Being Served?" ended, Richard began appearing as the matriarch Pauline Fowler in the BBC soap opera "EastEnders," a role she played from the first episode in 1985. The character has been described as a "legend" and a television icon, but was also voted the 35th "most annoying person of 2006" (being the only fictional character to appear on the list). Pauline has been the subject of television documentaries, behind-the-scenes books, tie-in novels, and comedy sketch shows.


title: Wendy Richard

text: On 10 July 2006, the BBC announced that Richard had decided to leave the series after more than 20 years. Until the onscreen death of her character at Christmas 2006, she was one of only two original cast members of that programme to appear continuously from the first episode in 1985, along with Adam Woodyatt, who played her on-screen nephew Ian Beale.


title: Wendy Richard

text: In 2007, Richard was awarded a British Soap Award for 'Special Achievement' for her role in "EastEnders."


title: Wendy Richard

text: Richard appeared regularly on the BBC Radio programme "Just a Minute" from 1989 until 1994. She returned for the programme's television iteration in 1999 and for further appearances on radio in 2002 and 2003.


title: Wendy Richard

text: Richard was interviewed on Channel 4 Racing in August 1993, when she was a spectator at Sandown races. She mentioned she had backed a horse called "Time of Grace" because of its name-association with Grace Brothers.


title: Wendy Richard

text: In 2000, Richard was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the Queen's Birthday Honours.


title: Wendy Richard

text: In late 2006, Richard was seen as a guest presenter on the BBC's "City Hospital" series and on 31 March 2007, she presented the documentary "A Tribute to John Inman," for BBC2. She also gave interviews for the first time in many years, making appearances on "The Paul O'Grady Show," "Big Brother's Little Brother," "Loose Women," "Parkinson," and the Biography Channel special "Gloria's Greats" with Gloria Hunniford, amongst others.


title: Wendy Richard

text: In April 2007, Richard announced that she would be appearing in a new role for the first time since leaving "EastEnders," in a new sitcom penned by David Croft called "Here Comes The Queen". The project came about after she personally asked Croft to write something for her. Richard had commented: "The part is like an older version of Miss Brahms". A pilot episode was made, which was considered to be poor, and it was never transmitted.


title: Wendy Richard

text: In September 2007, it was announced that Richard was to join the second series of ITV1's sitcom "Benidorm" playing a "loud-mouthed, rude" character who used a wheelchair; her episode aired in April 2008.


title: Wendy Richard

text: In January 2008, adverts for The Post Office featuring Richard (as a human cannonball) began to be shown.


title: Wendy Richard

text: In February 2008, she landed the role of Mrs. Crump in the episode "A Pocket Full of Rye" of the "Agatha Christie's Marple" TV series starring Julia McKenzie. This was her final role, airing after her death in 2009.


title: Wendy Richard

text: Richard was married four times. Her first marriage was to a music publisher, Len Blach, in 1972, which lasted just five months. For six years, she lived with an advertising director, Will Thorpe; she married Thorpe in 1980, leaving him after 18 months of marriage. Her third marriage, to Paul Glorney, a carpet fitter, took place in Westminster, London, in 1990. That marriage ended in divorce four years later. Richard later lived with John Burns, a painter and decorator 20 years her junior, in the Marylebone area of London. They lived together from 1996 and married on 10 October 2008 at a hotel in Mayfair. They remained together until her death four months later. She had no children.


title: Wendy Richard

text: Richard was a supporter of the Conservative Party. She was particularly supportive of Margaret Thatcher and her policies. During her early years on "EastEnders", scriptwriters gave Richard a script in which Pauline Fowler launched into a tirade against Thatcher, but Richard refused to perform it.


title: Wendy Richard

text: In 1996, Richard was diagnosed with breast cancer. She had surgery and was given the all-clear, but experienced a recurrence of the disease in 2002. Her cancer went into remission after years of treatment and she was given a clean bill of health in 2005. Articles about her departure from "EastEnders" suggested that her health problems did not play any role in her decision, but was because her character in the soap remarried, to Richard's displeasure. Richard later said she left because of stress and that she had been stress-free since leaving the show. She kept in touch with co-stars Bill Treacher, Natalie Cassidy, Todd Carty, and James Alexandrou.


title: Wendy Richard

text: In January 2008, cancer cells were found in her left armpit, and it was reported in the "Sunday Express" on 5 October 2008 that she had been diagnosed with an aggressive form of breast cancer. Further investigation showed that it had metastasised to her left kidney and bones, including her spine and left ribs. She made a half-hour programme, "Wendy Richard: To Tell You the Truth", documenting the last three months of her life, which was broadcast on BBC One on 19 March 2009.


title: Wendy Richard

text: Richard's agent, Kevin Francis, reported she had died on 26 February 2009 of breast cancer, aged 65, at a clinic in Harley Street, London. Her husband, John Burns, was at her bedside. Francis said: "She was incredibly brave and retained her sense of humour right to the end." On the day of her death, that evening's episode of "EastEnders" and a memorial programme, both dedicated to Richard, were broadcast on BBC One. Actor Bill Treacher, Richard's on-screen husband Arthur Fowler in "EastEnders", said the actress was a "true professional."


title: Wendy Richard

text: Richard's funeral, on 9 March 2009 at St Marylebone Parish Church, was attended by many in the media industry and many fans. Her body was later cremated at a private service at Golders Green Crematorium. It was reported the actress had already planned her funeral and written her will. In July 2009, David Croft, the creator of "Are You Being Served?", unveiled a Heritage Foundation commemorative plaque at The Shepherds Tavern in London's West End, which Richard's parents had run. A number of entertainers were there to pay their respects on the occasion.


title: Daddy's Home 2

text: Daddy's Home 2 (titled on screen as Daddy's Home Two) is a 2017 American Christmas buddy comedy film directed by Sean Anders and written by Anders and John Morris. A sequel to "Daddy's Home" (2015), it stars Will Ferrell, Mark Wahlberg, Linda Cardellini, John Cena, with John Lithgow and Mel Gibson. The plot follows now-reformed fathers Brad and Dusty (Ferrell and Wahlberg), now co-parenting Dusty's kids, who have to deal with their own fathers (Lithgow and Gibson) visiting for the holidays.


title: Daddy's Home 2

text: Unlike its predecessor, Red Granite Pictures was not involved in the film's production. Principal photography on the film began in Massachusetts in March 2017 and it was released in the United States by Paramount Pictures on November 10, 2017. Although the film received generally negative reviews from critics, it grossed over $180 million worldwide against a production budget of $69–70 million.


title: Daddy's Home 2

text: Finally friends, Brad Whitaker and Dusty Mayron co-parent Dusty's two children, Megan and Dylan, who take turns at each father's house. Dusty has remarried to Karen, a doctor/novelist, and is stepfather to her daughter Adrianna. The men decide to have a joint Christmas rather than separate ones, after Megan embarrassingly admits during a school recital, that she does not like Christmas anymore due to the stress and embarrassment caused by the dual arrangement. She'd prefer one "together Christmas".


title: Daddy's Home 2

text: Dusty's tough fighter pilot/Space Shuttle astronaut father Kurt and Brad's overbearing and cheerful father, Don, unexpectedly arrive for Christmas. Megan and Dylan warmly embrace Don, as he is very present in their lives, while Kurt hasn't seen them since they were toddlers. From his envy of the affection the children show Don, Kurt rents a large cabin through Airbnb, to house them all through the holiday week.


title: Daddy's Home 2

text: Brad and Dusty's co-parenting is put to the test by Kurt's meddling. Dusty’s beef with Kurt mainly stems from the fact that he was rarely there for him as a child. Especially painful was when, during a youth Glee Club recital he embarrassed himself by missing his solo part when Kurt left to make out with a woman during his part. Sara, meanwhile, tries to bond with Karen, but is appalled by her shoplifting clothes from a store and not caring if Adriana and Megan drink alcoholic eggnog. She later becomes concerned Don isn’t with his wife, whom he claims couldn’t come as she was staying home to take care of her ill brother.


title: Daddy's Home 2

text: Dylan develops a crush on a little girl staying in the cabin next door, causing Megan and Adrianna to constantly tease him in front of her. Brad gives him some “advice", and Dusty interjects when he thinks Brad is having what looks like “the talk” with Dylan, although they had agreed to do it together. As the trees on the Christmas tree farm are small, Kurt suggests they illegally go on to private property to cut one down. Brad mistakes a cell tower for a tree and is electrocuted.


title: Daddy's Home 2

text: After bowling, the family takes the kids to see Santa. There, Kurt tries to convince Dylan to ask Santa for a shotgun, but Don talks him out of it. Megan, however, wants one instead and is granted permission after Kurt makes a sexist comment. Out hunting the next day, Megan accidentally shoots Kurt in the shoulder, sending him to the hospital. While Kurt is down, she shoots two turkeys, surprising him. Sara confronts Brad over Don’s odd behavior, but he refuses to believe her.


title: Daddy's Home 2

text: Brad, Dusty, Don and Kurt go to an improv comedy club, where they have a good time until Kurt picking up a woman at the bar annoys Dusty. Brad enters Don into the improv show, and Dusty chooses the topic of a husband confronting his cheating wife as the subject of the skit. As it progresses, it is revealed that Don has separated from his wife in real life. Sara comforts Don about his divorce in front of an eggnog bowl, but when Dusty reveals his part in the skit, Don and Brad become furious and Dusty and Brad's relationship becomes strained. When they leave, Megan and Adrianna sneak cups of alcoholic eggnog. Brad, attempting to get back at Dusty, invites Adrianna's father, Roger. Roger intimidates Dusty as he had done to Brad in the first film.


title: Daddy's Home 2

text: The entire family takes part in a live nativity. Brad fights with Dusty because he wants to play Joseph. A drunken Megan begins to swear, and an equally drunk Adrianna falls from her platform, then the crowd breaks up. Instead of Dusty fighting Brad, he almost fights Roger, and Don is repeatedly hit in the face with ice-balls.


title: Daddy's Home 2

text: On Christmas Day the families, depressed from all the arguing, pack up to leave. On their way out of town, they are forced back due to a blizzard, taking shelter at a movie theater. They see "Missile Tow", a holiday action comedy film starring Liam Neeson. When the power cuts off during the movie, everyone goes to the lobby where each man confronts his father about his secrets, lies, and attitudes, and reconcile.


title: Daddy's Home 2

text: Remembering advice given to him by Kurt, Dylan walks toward the girl he has a crush on to kiss her, but instead kisses Adrianna. Kurt pushes Dusty to stand up to Adrianna and punish her for her recent behavior, but he instead tells her he loves her. He then tells Roger that loving Adrianna means loving her real father as well as he is also part of the family. Roger almost leaves without Adrianna. However, he has a change of heart after everyone breaks out into a song of "Do They Know It's Christmas?" (during which the power comes back on) and he decides to stay.


title: Daddy's Home 2

text: Sometime later, at the airport, Don and Kurt are preparing to head back to their respective homes. Adrianna, who has grown close with Don, reveals she signed him up for a dating app for seniors so he can move on from Brad’s mother. Kurt goes with Don up the terminal escalators, where he reveals to Don that he switched out the tickets and they are going to spend New Year's together in Las Vegas to find dates more effectively.


title: Daddy's Home 2

text: As Brad's mother arrives, Dusty and Brad discover Brad's new stepfather is Sully Sullenberger, pilot of the 2009 "Miracle on the Hudson" flight. They remember watching the film "Sully" together recently, and Dusty appears to be happy to see him. Brad seems willing to accept him, but instead runs down the terminal, screaming that Sully will never replace his father and "You only have one good story, my father has a million".


title: Daddy's Home 2

text: In April 2016, the sequel was announced, with Will Ferrell and Mark Wahlberg reprising their roles, Sean Anders and John Morris writing the script, and Anders directing. In January 2017, it was reported that Mel Gibson and John Lithgow were being sought to play the main characters' fathers in the film. The two were later confirmed to star, along with Linda Cardellini, John Cena, Owen Vaccaro and Scarlett Estevez, reprising their roles.


title: Daddy's Home 2

text: Principal photography began on March 20, 2017. Scenes were filmed in Concord, Massachusetts, Clinton, Massachusetts, Framingham, Massachusetts, Lawrence, Massachusetts and Great Barrington, Massachusetts.


title: Daddy's Home 2

text: "Daddy's Home 2" was released on Digital HD on February 6, 2018, and was released on Blu-ray and DVD on February 20, 2018.


title: Daddy's Home 2

text: "Daddy's Home 2" grossed $104 million in the United States and Canada, and $76.6 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $180.6 million, against a production budget of $69–70 million.


title: Daddy's Home 2

text: In the United States and Canada, "Daddy's Home 2" opened alongside "Murder on the Orient Express", and was projected to gross around $20 million from 3,575 theaters in its opening weekend. The film made $10.7 million on its first day, including $1.5 million from Thursday night previews at 2,500 theaters, up from the $1.2 million made by the first film. It went on to debut to $29.7 million, finishing second at the box office, behind holdover "" ($57 million). In its second weekend, the film made $14.4 million (a drop of 51.3%), finishing 4th behind "Justice League", "Wonder" and "Thor: Ragnarok".


title: Daddy's Home 2

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, "Daddy's Home 2" holds an approval rating of based on reviews, and an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads, "A formulaic comedy that's unlikely to spread much yuletide merriment, "Daddy's Home 2" can only muster a few stray yuks from its talented cast." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 30 out of 100 based on 26 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Daddy's Home 2

text: Alonso Duralde of "TheWrap" was critical of what he described as the film's sloppiness and laziness, saying, "Director Sean Anders and his co-writer John Morris execute what are supposed to be the laughs with blunt force. The jokes announce themselves with heavy footsteps, and almost none of them land, stranding a talented cast with terrible material that they’re straining to sell." Richard Roeper of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film 1 out of 4 stars, saying: "After enduring last week’s lousy and lazy "A Bad Moms Christmas", I would have bet it would be many a year before we’d see another holiday comedy more sour and cynical and profoundly unfunny. I sit corrected."


title: Daddy's Home 2

text: Glenn Kenny of RogerEbert.com gave the film 2.5 out of 4 stars, writing, "I found the sequel better than the original—the writing sharper, the jokes fresher and smarter, the comic interaction between the lead characters consistently engaging. I mentioned this to my incredulous wife, who said, 'So you’re saying it's the "Godfather, Part 2" of the "Daddy’s Home" series'."


title: Daddy's Home 2

text: In an interview, Mark Wahlberg mentioned that they would like to get Liam Neeson for the third installment of the film.


title: Robert Foxworth

text: Foxworth was born in Houston, Texas, the son of Erna Beth (née Seamman), a writer, and John Howard Foxworth, a roofing contractor. He attended Lamar High School and earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in acting at Carnegie Mellon University.


title: Robert Foxworth

text: Foxworth first gained attention as a stage actor, particularly at Washington, DC's Arena Stage. He was offered the role of J. R. Ewing in "Dallas", but turned it down and Larry Hagman was cast.


title: Robert Foxworth

text: Among his numerous film and television roles, such as in the television series "The Storefront Lawyers" (1970–1971), Foxworth is best known for his stints on "Falcon Crest" (he played Jane Wyman's long-suffering nephew, Chase Gioberti, from 1981–1987) and "Six Feet Under" (he played Bernard Chenowith from 2001–2003), as well as a starring role in Gene Roddenberry's 1974 movie "The Questor Tapes". He also appeared in the episode "All My Tomorrows" of the NBC romantic anthology series "Love Story" in 1973 and in the episode "The Mask of Adonis" from the 1977 NBC science fiction-horror anthology series "Quinn Martin's Tales of the Unexpected" (known in the United Kingdom as "Twist in the Tale"). He had a guest-starring role on the seventh season of "The West Wing" and a guest spot on "Law & Order".


title: Robert Foxworth

text: Foxworth played the murderer, an Army colonel, in "Grand Deceptions," a 1989 episode of the TV series "Columbo". He has also guest-starred in "Hawaii Five-O", "Password Plus", "Murder, She Wrote", "seaQuest DSV", "", "The Outer Limits", "", "Stargate SG-1", and "Babylon 5". He has done voice acting as the corrupt Professor Hamilton on "Justice League Unlimited". He also voiced the Autobot Ratchet, in the film version of "Transformers" and its sequels.


title: Robert Foxworth

text: Foxworth was married from 1964 until 1974 to Marilyn McCormick, with whom he had two children, including actor Bo Foxworth. Foxworth was married to actress Elizabeth Montgomery from 1993 until her death in 1995. They had been together for 20 years before marrying. Foxworth later married Stacey Thomas on August 2, 1998.


title: RS-485

text: RS-485, also known as TIA-485(-A) or EIA-485, is a standard defining the electrical characteristics of drivers and receivers for use in serial communications systems. Electrical signaling is balanced, and multipoint systems are supported. The standard is jointly published by the Telecommunications Industry Association and Electronic Industries Alliance (TIA/EIA). Digital communications networks implementing the standard can be used effectively over long distances and in electrically noisy environments. Multiple receivers may be connected to such a network in a linear, multidrop bus. These characteristics make RS-485 useful in industrial control systems and similar applications.


title: RS-485

text: RS-485 supports inexpensive local networks and multidrop communications links, using the same differential signaling over twisted pair as RS-422. It is generally accepted that RS-485 can be used with data rates up to 10 Mbit/s or, at lower speeds, distances up to . As a rule of thumb, the speed in bit/s multiplied by the length in metres should not exceed 10. Thus a cable should not signal faster than .


title: RS-485

text: In contrast to RS-422, which has a driver circuit which cannot be switched off, RS-485 drivers use three-state logic allowing individual transmitters to be deactivated. This allows RS-485 to implement linear bus topologies using only two wires. The equipment located along a set of RS-485 wires are interchangeably called nodes, stations or devices. The recommended arrangement of the wires is as a connected series of point-to-point (multidropped) nodes, i.e. a line or bus, not a star, ring, or multiply connected network. Star and ring topologies are not recommended because of signal reflections or excessively low or high termination impedance. If a star configuration is unavoidable, special RS-485 repeaters are available which bidirectionally listen for data on each span and then retransmit the data onto all other spans.


title: RS-485

text: Ideally, the two ends of the cable will have a termination resistor connected across the two wires. Without termination resistors, signal reflections off the unterminated end of the cable can cause data corruption. Termination resistors also reduce electrical noise sensitivity due to the lower impedance. The value of each termination resistor should be equal to the cable characteristic impedance (typically, 120 ohms for twisted pairs). The termination also includes pull up and pull down resistors to establish fail-safe bias for each data wire for the case when the lines are not being driven by any device. This way, the lines will be biased to known voltages and nodes will not interpret the noise from undriven lines as actual data; without biasing resistors, the data lines float in such a way that electrical noise sensitivity is greatest when all device stations are silent or unpowered.


title: RS-485

text: The EIA once labeled all its standards with the prefix "RS" (Recommended Standard), but the EIA-TIA officially replaced "RS" with "EIA/TIA" to help identify the origin of its standards. The EIA has officially disbanded and the standard is now maintained by the TIA as TIA-485, but engineers and applications guides continue to use the RS-485 designation. The initial edition of EIA RS-485 was dated April 1983.


title: RS-485

text: RS-485 only specifies the electrical characteristics of the generator and the receiver: the physical layer. It does not specify or recommend any communications protocol; Other standards define the protocols for communication over an RS-485 link. The foreword to the standard references "The Telecommunications Systems Bulletin TSB-89" which contains application guidelines, including data signaling rate vs. cable length, stub length, and configurations.


title: RS-485

text: Section 4 defines the electrical characteristics of the generator (transmitter or driver), receiver, transceiver, and system. These characteristics include: definition of a unit load, voltage ranges, open-circuit voltages, thresholds, and transient tolerance. It also defines three generator interface points (signal lines); A, B and C. The data is transmitted on A and B. C is a ground reference. This section also defines the logic states 1 (off) and 0 (on), by the polarity between A and B terminals. If A is negative with respect to B, the state is binary 1. The reversed polarity (A +, B −) is binary 0. The standard does not assign any logic function to the two states.


title: RS-485

text: RS-485, like RS-422, can be made full-duplex by using four wires. Since RS-485 is a multi-point specification, however, this is not necessary or desirable in many cases. RS-485 and RS-422 can interoperate with certain restrictions.


title: RS-485

text: Converters between RS-485 and RS-232 are available to allow a personal computer to communicate with remote devices. By using repeaters very large RS-485 networks can be formed. TSB-89A, Application Guidelines for TIA/EIA-485-A does not recommend using star topology.


title: RS-485

text: RS-485 signals are used in a wide range of computer and automation systems. In a computer system, SCSI-2 and SCSI-3 may use this specification to implement the physical layer for data transmission between a controller and a disk drive. RS-485 is used for low-speed data communications in commercial aircraft cabins' vehicle bus. It requires minimal wiring and can share the wiring among several seats, reducing weight.


title: RS-485

text: These are used in programmable logic controllers and on factory floors. RS-485 is used as the physical layer underlying many standard and proprietary automation protocols used to implement industrial control systems, including the most common versions of Modbus and Profibus. is a proprietary communications protocol used by Allen-Bradley in their line of industrial control units. Utilizing a series of dedicated interface devices, it allows PCs and industrial controllers to communicate. Since it is differential, it resists electromagnetic interference from motors and welding equipment.


title: RS-485

text: In theatre and performance venues, RS-485 networks are used to control lighting and other systems using the DMX512 protocol. RS-485 serves as a physical layer for the AES3 digital audio interconnect.


title: RS-485

text: RS-485 is also used in building automation as the simple bus wiring and long cable length is ideal for joining remote devices. It may be used to control video surveillance systems or to interconnect security control panels and devices such as access control card readers.


title: RS-485

text: It is also used in Digital Command Control (DCC) for model railways. The external interface to the DCC command station is often RS-485 used by hand-held controllers or for controlling the layout in a networked PC environment. 8P8C modular connectors are used in this case.


title: RS-485

text: RS-485 does not define a communication protocol; merely an electrical interface. Although many applications use RS-485 signal levels, the speed, format, and protocol of the data transmission are not specified by RS-485. Interoperability of even similar devices from different manufacturers is not assured by compliance with the signal levels alone.


title: RS-485

text: Because a mark (logic 1) condition is traditionally represented (e.g. in RS-232) with a negative voltage and space (logic 0) represented with a positive one, A may be considered the "non-inverting" signal and B as inverting. The RS-485 standard states (paraphrased):


title: RS-485

text: The truth tables of most popular devices, starting with the SN75176, show the output signals inverted. This is in accordance with the A/B naming used by most differential transceiver manufacturers, including:


title: RS-485

text: These manufacturers all agree on the meaning of the standard, and their practice is in widespread use. The issue also exists in programmable logic controller applications. Care must be taken when using A/B naming. Alternate nomenclature is often used to avoid confusion surrounding the A/B naming:


title: RS-485

text: RS-485 standard conformant drivers provide a differential output of a minimum 1.5 V across a 54-Ω load,


title: RS-485

text: whereas standard conformant receivers detect a differential input down to 200 mV. The two values provide


title: RS-485

text: a sufficient margin for a reliable data transmission even under severe signal degradation across the cable


title: RS-485

text: In addition to the A and B connections, an optional, third connection may be present (the TIA standard requires the presence of a common return path between all circuit grounds along the balanced line for proper operation) called SC, G or reference, the common signal reference ground used by the receiver to measure the A and B voltages. This connection may be used to limit the common-mode signal that can be impressed on the receiver inputs. The allowable common-mode voltage is in the range −7 V to +12 V, i.e. ±7 V on top of the 0–5 V signal range. Failure to stay within this range will result in, at best, signal corruption, and, at worst, damage to connected devices.


title: RS-485

text: Care must be taken that an SC connection, especially over long cable runs, does not result in an attempt to connect disparate grounds together – it is wise to add some current limiting to the SC connection. Grounds between buildings may vary by a small voltage, but with very low impedance and hence the possibility of catastrophic currents – enough to melt signal cables, PCB traces, and transceiver devices.


title: RS-485

text: RS-485 does not specify any connector or pinout. Circuits may be terminated on screw terminals, D-subminiature connectors, or other types of connectors.


title: RS-485

text: The standard does not discuss cable shielding but makes some recommendations on preferred methods of interconnecting the signal reference common and equipment case grounds.


title: RS-485

text: The diagram below shows potentials of the A (red) and B (blue) pins of an RS-485 line during transmission of one byte (0xD3, least significant bit first) of data using an asynchronous start-stop method.


title: Doctor Stranger

text: Doctor Stranger () is a 2014 South Korean television series starring Lee Jong-suk, Jin Se-yeon, Park Hae-jin and Kang So-Ra. It aired on SBS from May 5 to July 8, 2014 on Mondays and Tuesdays at 21:55 KST (UTC+9) for 20 episodes.


title: Doctor Stranger

text: As a child, Park Hoon (Lee Jong-suk) and his father Park Cheol (Kim Sang-joong) were tricked and sent to North Korea. After being sent to North Korea, Park Hoon and his father were denied access to go back to South Korea. In North Korea, Park Hoon was trained to become a doctor by his father who was already a famous doctor. He became a genius cardiothoracic surgeon after attending medical school in North Korea. There, he fell deeply in love with Song Jae-hee (Jin Se-yeon). After Park Hoon's father died, he tried to flee to South Korea with Jae-hee, but lost contact with her in the end. Park Hoon was able to flee to South Korea alone.


title: Doctor Stranger

text: In South Korea, Park Hoon begins to work as doctor in a top hospital Myungwoo University Hospital. Meanwhile, he found a girl that looks exactly like Jae-hee, Doctor Han Seung-hee, who claims not to know Park Hoon.


title: Doctor Stranger

text: Director Jin Hyuk previously directed "Brilliant Legacy" (2009), "City Hunter" (2011), "Master's Sun" (2013). Co-screenwriter Park Jin-woo previously wrote "Conspiracy in the Court" (2007) and "The Kingdom of the Winds" (2008).


title: Doctor Stranger

text: In China, the online streaming rights for drama were sold for $80,000 per episode and the drama was made available for online streaming on both Youku and Tudou where it received 330 million and 50 million views, respectively. As of July 7, 2014 it has been streamed close to 400 million times. Due to the drama's success in China there are currently plans to edit the drama into a film and release it theatrically exclusively in China with an alternate ending. According to the website DailyNK, which reports on North Korea-related issues, the drama was highly popular among North Korean youth who would obtain it illegally at the jangmadang (markets).


title: Ivan Moody

text: Ivan L. Moody (born Ivan Lewis Greening on January 7, 1980) is an American singer and songwriter who is the lead vocalist of heavy metal band Five Finger Death Punch (FFDP). He performed for several other bands including Motograter and Ghost Machine before joining FFDP. Moody was known by the pseudonym "Ghost" during his time with Motograter.


title: Ivan Moody

text: Moody was born Ivan Lewis Greening in Denver, Colorado. Growing up, he lived in several smaller cities in the area, including Arvada, Castle Rock, Lakewood, Wheat Ridge, and Northglenn. He said he spent a few summers with his grandmother in La Crosse, Wisconsin. "My grandmother put me in choir when I was about seven years old. I was only in it about two or three years. Music's always been real close to my heart. Like anybody else, there were ups and downs in my life and music just always seemed to be consistent, so it was easy to latch on to. I started singing in bands when I was 16 years old. They used to kick me out of bars after my set was done."


title: Ivan Moody

text: Moody moved to Los Angeles in 2001, adopting the surname of Billy Moody, who had married his mother and was "like a father to me." (The Jasta Show - Episode 28 39m00s). In L.A. he joined his first band called Toiz. The band played a few shows around the Los Angeles area in 2002 and made a demo which was not released. The following year, he joined the nu metal band Motograter. They released their self-titled studio album on June 24, 2003. They gained some mainstream success playing the second stage at Ozzfest 2003 and touring with bands like Korn, Disturbed, Marilyn Manson, Nothingface, Slipknot, Mushroomhead, and Killswitch Engage. Motograter went on a hiatus in 2005 but played a one-time reunion show in 2006 at the Delicious Rox Festival. Moody also made songs with old roommates and family members, Ryan Morrow (bass), Bill Stonebraker (guitar), and Jim "Dugan" Demongey (drums), calling themselves Black Blood Orchestra.


title: Ivan Moody

text: Moody joined the heavy metal band Five Finger Death Punch and his side project Ghost Machine released their debut self-titled album on July 26, 2005. Ghost Machine released their second album, "Hypersensitive", on November 21, 2006. In the same year, Five Finger Death Punch entered the studio to record their debut album at Next Level Studios and Complex Studios in Los Angeles with Steve Bruno and Mike Sarkisyan. The album was produced by guitarist Zoltan Bathory and drummer Jeremy Spencer and was mixed by former Machine Head and Soulfly guitarist Logan Mader.


title: Ivan Moody

text: Five Finger Death Punch achieved rapid commercial success: their debut album, "The Way of the Fist" (2007) has currently sold over 600,000 copies in the United States and spawned three top 10 singles. Their second album, "War is the Answer" (2009), sold more than 44,000 copies in its first week of release, spawned five top 10 singles, and has gone on to sell more than 700,000 copies. Their even more successful third record "American Capitalist" debuted number 3 on the Billboard 200 chart and sold over 90,000 copies in its first week. It was the band's third consecutive RIAA-certified Gold record. On July 30, 2013, "The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell, Volume 1" was released, selling over 210,000 copies. Roughly four months later, "The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell, Volume 2" was released, rising to number 2 on the Billboard 200, and notable for its single, "Battle Born".


title: Ivan Moody

text: Five Finger Death Punch played many major tours and festivals, including Korn's Family Values and Bitch We Have a Problem tours, the Jägermeister Stage at Mayhem Festival in 2008 and the main stage at Mayhem Festival in 2010 and 2013. They also performed at Download Festival in 2009, 2010, 2013, and 2015, and the Monster Stage at Rock on the Range in Columbus, Ohio in 2008, 2010, 2012, and 2014, as well as at Rockfest 2012 in Kansas City.


title: Ivan Moody

text: Moody was interviewed for the book "Full Metal: The 50 Most Influential Heavy Metal Songs of the 1980s and the True Stories Behind Their Lyrics". He discusses the impact of Metallica's "Fade to Black" on him as a lyricist, in a chapter about the song that also examines its social and cultural significance.


title: Ivan Moody

text: In 2009, Moody starred in the horror film "Bled", playing the role of Incubus. He co-starred alongside Shawn Crahan in Darren Lynn Bousman's short horror musical film "The Devil's Carnival", which screened in April 2012.


title: Ivan Moody

text: On June 12, 2017, Moody stated during a concert in Tilburg, Netherlands, that it will be his last show with Five Finger Death Punch. The band released a statement saying they would keep moving forward. Moody checked himself into rehab and was replaced for the remaining dates by vocalist Tommy Vext. As of December 2019, Moody had returned to touring with Five Finger Death Punch, stating he had been sober for the past 22 months (since early 2018).


title: Ivan Moody

text: Moody was arrested by the Australian Federal Police on February 22, 2014, in Sydney, charged with drunkenly assaulting a female flight attendant on his Qantas flight from Brisbane. The band performed without him in Sydney and Melbourne.


title: Ivan Moody

text: On April 21, 2015, Moody was arrested in Las Vegas and charged with domestic battery by strangulation. The police were called to Moody's hotel room on a report of domestic abuse towards Holly Smith, Moody's partner of 17 years. According to the police report, Moody strangled Smith with a jiu-jitsu hold and said, "I’m going to fucking kill you!" before repeatedly punching her. Smith was found with visible injuries and scratches at the back of her throat from a blanket being shoved into her mouth. Moody was released on $15,000 bail. The battery charges were dropped in July, but Smith filed a restraining order. Smith filed for divorce in August with evidence of a continuous pattern of domestic abuse, including photographs of her bloody eye and broken blood vessels.


title: Ivan Moody

text: In August 2015, it was revealed that Moody's sister, Sandra Dykes, along with his mother, had filed restraining orders against Moody. Dykes alleged that Moody has a "history of violence with women", and filed the restraining order after Moody accused her, his mother, and his daughter of stealing money from him.


title: Ivan Moody

text: Moody has two daughters, born in 1998 and around 2013. He owns a CBD dispensary called Moody's Medicinals.


title: Ivan Moody

text: In 2012, Moody revealed that his alcoholism nearly got him fired from Five Finger Death Punch. Moody said he would perform drunk and not remember any of it the next day. Moody says that he "felt like a junkie and from that extreme, it takes a lot of effort to go back." Moody references his alcoholism and its battles in the video "I Apologize", where Moody is walking through a graveyard filled with musicians that have died struggling with addiction. In November 2016, Moody cut a concert short in Worcester, claiming that his mother was dying that night. Concertgoers reported that he appeared drunk, and was assisted off the stage. His younger sister told a reporter that their mother was "alive and well". In June 2017, Moody left a Five Finger Death Punch tour for rehab. He claims that CBD products helped him overcome his alcoholism.


title: Ivan Moody

text: Motograter was voted the best band of 2003 by "Hit Parader". Five Finger Death Punch has won several awards including The Best New Band award at the 2009 Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards, the Most Promising Artist award from FMQB's 2009 year-end Metal poll. They were also nominated for the Best International Newcomer award at 2009 Kerrang! Awards and won the Best Breakthrough Band award at the 2010 Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards.


title: Ivan Moody

text: There are also four Motograter demos with Moody on lead vocals, including "Down (2002 Demo)", "No Name (2002 Demo)", "Red (2002 Demo)", and "Failure (Live 2004)".


title: Ivan Moody

text: After "Hypersensitive", Ghost Machine started working on a remix album that they had to put on the back burner because of the success of Five Finger Death Punch. Four remixes were released for stream on the band's MySpace music remix page: "God Forbid (Black Cape Remix)", "Vegas Moon (Pete Murray Remix)", "Siesta Loca (Steven's Organic Drum Remix)" and "Burning Bridges (Depression Remix)".


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (2008 team)

text: The Guardians of the Galaxy are a fictional superhero team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning formed the team from existing and previously unrelated characters created by a variety of writers and artists, with an initial roster of Star-Lord, Rocket Raccoon, Groot, Phyla-Vell, Gamora, Drax the Destroyer, and Adam Warlock.


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (2008 team)

text: These Guardians first appeared in "" #6 (April 2008). A feature film set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe based on this team was released in 2014. A sequel, titled "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2", was released in 2017, and the team has also been featured in the crossover films "" (2018), "" (2019), "", the Disney+ "The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special" (both 2022) and the upcoming film "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3" (2023). This Guardians team is the second to operate under the name, following the original team created by Arnold Drake, Roy Thomas and Stan Lee in 1969.


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (2008 team)

text: The second volume of the title was published in May 2008, written by Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning and featured a new team of characters from the "" storyline.


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (2008 team)

text: Abnett and Lanning's work on the "Annihilation: Conquest" story laid the foundation for the new "Guardians of the Galaxy" book that they had been wanting to launch for some time. Editor Bill Rosemann, who had also edited "Annihilation: Conquest", provided more background: "As the planning of 'Annihilation: Conquest' came together, it occurred to us that, if things went well, there would be a group of characters left standing who would make for a very interesting and fun team." It also provided the motivation the team would need, as "on the heels of two back-to-back wars, they're out to prevent any new Annihilation-size disasters from erupting."


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (2008 team)

text: The title ran parallel with "Nova" vol. 4, which was also written by Abnett and Lanning. The two crossed over in the storylines "War of Kings" and "Realm of Kings". Paul Pelletier pencilled the first seven issues. Brad Walker and Wes Craig alternated pencilling tasks from #8 to #25.


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (2008 team)

text: The book was cancelled in April 2010 with issue 25. Some plot threads were concluded in "The Thanos Imperative" 1–6 and its two one-shots (May 2010 – Jan 2011).


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (2008 team)

text: The Guardians of the Galaxy appeared in a series for the 2012 Marvel NOW! branding, starting with issue 0.1 written by Brian Michael Bendis and drawn by Steve McNiven, which saw Iron Man join the team. Later issues of the series saw Angela, Agent Venom, and Captain Marvel join.


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (2008 team)

text: In 2014, to tie into the feature film, Marvel debuted "Legendary Star-Lord", a solo series written by Sam Humphries, and a "Rocket Raccoon" solo series. The following year saw a solo "Groot" miniseries written by Jeff Loveness.


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (2008 team)

text: "Guardians of the Galaxy" was relaunched as part of the 2015 All-New, All-Different Marvel initiative with Brian Michael Bendis and Valerio Schiti returning as writer and artist respectively. The series sees Peter Quill and Gamora leaving the team, and Rocket becoming the new team's self-appointed leader, also two new characters were added to the team. Kitty Pryde (taking up the mantle of Star-Lord) and the Thing. As part of the same initiative, Star-Lord starred in a 2015 solo series again written by Humphries, while Drax and Gamora starred in their own individual solo series written by CM Punk and Nicole Perlman, respectively.


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (2008 team)

text: In the aftermath of the , Star-Lord decides to form a team of interstellar heroes that will be proactive in protecting the galaxy, rather than reacting to crises as they happen. To this end, he recruits Adam Warlock, Drax the Destroyer, Gamora, Phyla-Vell (the new Quasar), Rocket Raccoon, and Groot, with Mantis as support staff. On the recommendation of their ally, Nova, the group establishes a base of operations on the space station Knowhere, which possesses a teleportation system with near-universal range. An intelligent, telepathic dog named Cosmo the Spacedog is Knowhere's chief of security and works closely with the new team. After a confrontation with the Universal Church of Truth, the team meets a semi-amnesiac man who identifies himself as Vance Astro – Major Victory of the original Guardians of the Galaxy. Astro's declaration inspires the as-yet-unnamed team to adopt the "Guardians of the Galaxy" name for their own. When the team learns Star-Lord directed Mantis to telepathically coerce the heroes into joining the team, they disband.


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (2008 team)

text: Rocket Raccoon decides to continue Star-Lord's mission and starts a search for the missing members. His new team includes Bug, Mantis, Major Victory, and Groot, who is fully regrown. Meanwhile, Star-Lord was banished to the Negative Zone by Ronan the Accuser for his actions during the Phalanx's attempted conquest of the Kree Empire. There, he finds himself in the middle of King Blastaar's fight to break into 42 and use its portal to invade Earth. Star-Lord allies with Jack Flag to defend the prison and contact the other Guardians for rescue. Rocket's new team successfully brings both of them back, and Flag becomes a Guardian. Elsewhere, Drax and Phyla begin looking for Cammi, but on their search they talk to a seer who tells them about an oncoming war. Phyla is able to wake Moondragon from the dead, but loses her Quantum Bands in the process. The consequence for Phyla is that she is now the new avatar of death. They go back to Knowhere and do not follow up on the search for Cammi.


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (2008 team)

text: Warlock and Gamora return and inform the team of the War of Kings. They split into three teams, one each to the Kree and Shi'ar, and one staying on Knowhere to coordinate. The Kree team is heard by Black Bolt and the Inhumans, but their request for peace is denied. The Shi'ar team is attacked by Vulcan and the Imperial Guard, leading them to ally with the Starjammers.


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (2008 team)

text: Star-Lord, Mantis, Bug, Jack Flag, and Cosmo are taken to the 31st Century by that era's Guardians, who warn them of the creation of an all-destroying energy rift called The Fault at the war's conclusion. Trapped in the future, Star-Lord's team is able to get a message to Warlock in the 21st Century. Warlock is unable to stop The Fault's creation, but is able to contain it with a spell that requires a stable, unused timeline. Warlock chooses the one he previously erased, causing him to become the Magus. Star-Lord's team, with the help of Kang the Conqueror, are returned to this point in the timestream. To escape, Magus fakes the death of himself, Mantis, Cosmo, Major Victory, Martyr, and Gamora.


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (2008 team)

text: Martyr frees herself with the help of Maelstrom, and enables Mantis to call the other Guardians for help telepathically. When they come to the rescue, Phyla-Vell is misled by Maelstrom into freeing Thanos. Thanos kills Martyr, but is captured by the Guardians and taken back to Knowhere as a prisoner.


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (2008 team)

text: In the 2010 miniseries "The Thanos Imperative", the universe is invaded by the Cancerverse, a universe that lies on the opposite side of the Fault, a rift in space-time formed at the end of "War of Kings". The Guardians take Thanos to the Cancerverse in an attempt to end the war early. Along the way, Drax attacks Thanos and is killed. They are ultimately successful at ending the war, but Thanos is left enraged and promising to kill everyone. Along with Nova, Star-Lord remains in the collapsing Cancerverse as the other Guardians escape.


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (2008 team)

text: After the death of Star-Lord, the Guardians disband. Still believing in their cause, Cosmo recruits another team under the name "Annihilators". Rocket Raccoon and Groot later reunite and decide to continue the Guardians' legacy after the duo prevent an incident on Rocket's home world, Halfworld.


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (2008 team)

text: The Marvel NOW! iteration of the team includes Star-Lord, Drax the Destroyer, Gamora, Groot, Rocket Raccoon, and Iron Man. After Star-Lord's father visits him in a bar to tell him that it is forbidden for any alien species to visit Earth, Iron Man is attacked by an army of Badoon invading Earth. The Guardians and their newest member Iron Man defeat the ship; however, London is still invaded. The Guardians defend London and finish off the horde of Badoon but learn that, for violating the "Earth-is-off-limits" rule (the Spartax Earth Directive), they are to be placed under arrest by the King of Spartax. The Guardians manage to escape with the help of Groot, who had recently regrown after being destroyed by a Badoon ship's explosion. In April 2013, it was announced that Image Comics' Angela (Spawn) would join the Marvel Universe as the result of a legal battle between Neil Gaiman and Todd McFarlane. After appearing in the "Age of Ultron", she joins the Guardians. Captain Marvel and Agent Venom later have stints as team members as well.


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (2008 team)

text: During the "Secret Wars" storyline, the Guardians of the Galaxy take part in the incursion between Earth-616 and Earth-1610. During the incursion, Rocket Raccoon and Groot are killed by the Children of Tomorrow, Star-Lord is teleported away trying to come up with a back-up plan, and Gamora and Drax the Destroyer are surrounded and confused by the corpses of their comrades. During the subsequent conflict with the Beyonder-empowered Doom, Star-Lord is one of the survivors of the previous universe, piloting the 616 and Ultimate versions of Mister Fantastic in to mount a final assault on Doom's castle, and revealing that he kept a twig from Groot in his pocket until the right moment.


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (2008 team)

text: During the "Secret Empire" storyline, the Guardians of the Galaxy assist Captain Marvel, the Ultimates, the Alpha Flight Space Program, Hyperion, and Quasar in fighting the Chitauri wave. Captain America, who was brainwashed into being a Hydra sleeper agent, activates the Planetary Defense Shield, trapping them outside of Earth.


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (2008 team)

text: In 2020, Marvel announced a reboot of the series, written by Al Ewing and drawn by Juann Cabal. This new series depicts the titular team, led by Star-Lord and Rocket Raccoon and including Marvel Boy, Nova, Phyla-Vell, Moondragon and Hercules, fighting against the Gods of Olympus, with Gamora, Groot, and Drax also appear as prominent supporting characters. Wiccan and Hulkling later join as members.


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (2008 team)

text: The 2008 series holds a 7.5 out of 10 critic rating on the review aggregator website Comic Book Round Up.


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (2008 team)

text: The May 2008 sales estimate for the first issue was 39,854 copies, making it the 61st top-selling comic title that month. The first and second issues sold out, and were later published as part of a collected edition.


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (2008 team)

text: Al Ewing's run of "Guardians of the Galaxy" received a nomination for the GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Comic Book at the 32nd GLAAD Media Awards in 2021.


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (2008 team)

text: During the "Secret Wars" storyline in the domain of King James' England (which is based on the Marvel 1602 reality), the Guardians of the Galaxy have a counterpart here named the Gardiner's Men. They are a troupe of performers consisting of Madam Gomorrah, Peadar O'Cuill, Arthur Dubhghlas, Goodman Root, and Aroughcun the Raccoon. Angela later befriended them when she helped to fight off attacking beasts. In another story, "Baby Thanos", other team members appeared with Cable instead of Star-lord from the resurrected and remade universe where they became "Punisher Universe". But there were other team members as well, where there were Peni Parker, Wolverine, Kamala Khan(Captain Marvel), Juggernaut (Juggerduck), Cloak and Dagger, Iron Groot, and others heroes. But everyone was killed by Frank Castle in order to protect the infant Thanos.


title: Burakumin

text: During Japan's feudal era, acquired a hereditary status of untouchability, and became an unofficial caste of the Tokugawa class system during the Edo period. were victims of severe discrimination and ostracism in Japanese society, and lived as outcasts, in their own separate villages or ghettos. status was abolished officially after the Meiji Restoration in 1868, but the descendants of have since continued to experience stigmatization and discrimination in Japan.


title: Burakumin

text: is derived from , a Japanese term which refers literally to a small, generally rural, commune or hamlet. People from regions of Japan where "discriminated communities" no longer exist (e.g. anywhere north of Tokyo) may refer to any hamlet as a , indicating use of the word is not necessarily pejorative. Historically, the term was used for an outcast community that was discriminated against officially and formally.


title: Burakumin

text: A term used much for settlements is , an official term for districts designated for government and local authority assimilation projects.


title: Burakumin

text: The social issue concerning "discriminated communities" is usually referred to as or, less commonly, .


title: Burakumin

text: During the feudal era, the outcaste were termed , a term now considered derogatory. towns were termed .


title: Burakumin

text: Other outcaste groups from whom may have been descended included the . The definition of , as well as their social status and typical occupations varied over time, but typically included ex-convicts and vagrants who worked as town guards, street cleaners or entertainers.


title: Burakumin

text: During the 19th century, the term was invented to name the and because both classes were forced to live in separate village neighborhoods.


title: Burakumin

text: The predecessors to , called or formed as a distinct group some time during the Heian period, AD 794-1185. Initially, they dealt with pollution but were not considered defiled personally. From the Heian period through medieval period, were regarded as having the ability to cleanse ritual pollution, and in some portrayals were even considered as having magical powers. were associated with the tanning industry and had the exclusive rights to tan hides.


title: Burakumin

text: , meaning "non-human", was another pre- status, applying to beggars and camp followers of samurai. Their position was more mobile and they were thought to be less polluted. The Tokugawa shogunate regarded beggars as and allowed them to beg in designated areas. They had to work as restroom attendants, prison officers, or executioners. One famous or is , who was the chief of , and street performers in the Kantō region, and was given the exclusive license of tanning, candle wicks and others and made a fortune.


title: Burakumin

text: The feudal caste system in Japan ended formally in 1869 with the Meiji restoration. In 1871, the newly formed Meiji government issued the decree giving outcasts equal legal status. It is currently known better as the . However, were deprived of the exclusive rights of disposal of dead bodies of horses and cattle and the elimination of their monopolies of certain occupations actually resulted in a decrease of their general living standards, while social discrimination simply continued.


title: Burakumin

text: During the early Meiji era, many anti- riots () happened around the country. For example, in a village in Okayama when "former " tried to buy alcohol, four men were killed, four men were injured and 25 houses were destroyed by commoners, and in another village, 263 houses of were destroyed and 18 people of former were killed, which was part of an anti-Government riot. The practice of eating meat existed even during the Edo period, but the official ban of consumption of meat from livestock was ended during 1871 in order to "Westernise" the country, and many former began to work in abattoirs and as butchers, as they were thought to be experienced with the handling of dead bodies. Slow-changing social attitudes, especially in the countryside, meant that abattoirs and their workers were often met with hostility from local residents. Continued ostracism as well as the decrease of living standards resulted in former communities becoming slum areas. Prejudice against the consumption of meat continued throughout the Meiji period; in 1872, a group of , who objected to the Emperor's consumption of meat, tried to enter the Tokyo Imperial Palace and four of them were killed. They claimed that gods would leave Japan because the Japanese had eaten meat.


title: Burakumin

text: There were many terms used to indicate former outcastes, their communities or settlements at the time. Official documents at the time referred to them as , while the newly-liberated outcasts called themselves , among other terms.


title: Burakumin

text: Nakae Chōmin worked for the liberation of . He transferred his resident registration to and denounced the discrimination against them when he campaigned during the election of 1890 from Osaka and won.


title: Burakumin

text: The term , now considered inappropriate, started being used by officials during the 1900s, and resulted in the meaning of the word ("hamlet") coming to imply former villages in certain parts of Japan.


title: Burakumin

text: Attempts to resolve the problem during the early 20th century were of two types: the philosophy which encouraged improvements in living standards of communities and integration with the mainstream Japanese society, and the philosophy which concentrated on confronting and criticising alleged perpetrators of discrimination.


title: Burakumin

text: Although liberated legally during 1871 with the abolition of the feudal caste system, this did not end social discrimination against nor improve their living standards; until recently, Japanese family registration was fixed to an ancestral home address, which allowed people to deduce their ancestry.


title: Burakumin

text: The number of asserted to be living in modern Japan varies from source to source. A 1993 report by the Japanese government counted 4,533 throughout the country. Most were located in western Japan, while none were located in Hokkaido and Tōhoku. About three quarters of the districts are in rural areas. The size of each community ranged from less than five households to more than 1,000 households. The Buraku Liberation League (BLL) has extrapolated Meiji-era figures to arrive at an estimate of nearly three million .


title: Burakumin

text: In some areas, are in a majority; per a 1997 report, they accounted for more than 70 percent of all residents of Yoshikawa (now Kōnan) in Kōchi Prefecture. In Ōtō, Fukuoka Prefecture, they accounted for more than 60 percent. Japanese government statistics show the number of residents of assimilation districts who claim ancestry, whereas BLL figures are estimates of the total number of descendants of all former and current residents, including current residents without any ancestry.


title: Burakumin

text: According to a survey performed by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government during 2003, 76% of Tokyo residents would not change their opinion of a close neighbor whom they discovered to be a ; 4.9% of respondents, on the other hand, would actively avoid a neighbor. There is still a social stigma for being a resident of certain areas associated traditionally with the , and some lingering discrimination in matters such as marriage and employment.


title: Burakumin

text: While in many parts of the country settlements, built on the site of former villages, ceased to exist by the 1960s because of either urban development or integration into mainstream society, in other regions many of their residents continued to suffer from slum-like housing and infrastructure, lower economic status, illiteracy, and lower general educational standards.


title: Burakumin

text: In 1969, the government passed the to provide funding to these communities. Communities deemed to be in need of funding were designated for various , such as construction of new housing and community facilities such as health centers, libraries and swimming pools. The projects were terminated in 2002 with a total funding of an estimated 12 trillion yen over 33 years.


title: Burakumin

text: Cases of social discrimination against residents of areas are still an issue in certain regions. Outside of the Kansai region, people in general are often not aware of the issues experienced by those of ancestry, and if they are, this awareness may only be awareness of the history of feudal Japan. Due to the sensitive nature of the topic and the campaigns by the Buraku Liberation League to remove any references in the media that may propagate discrimination against them, it is rarely presented by the media.


title: Burakumin

text: Prejudice against most often manifests itself in the form of marriage discrimination and sometimes in employment. Traditionalist families have been known to check on the backgrounds of potential in-laws to identify people of ancestry. These checks are now illegal, and marriage discrimination is diminishing; Nadamoto Masahisa of the Buraku History Institute estimates that between 60 and 80% of marry a non-, whereas for people born during the late 1930s and early 1940s, the rate was 10%. Many companies were known to have used lists of addresses that were developed first in 1975 to exclude the . The average income of a family was significantly less than the national average (60% in 1992).


title: Burakumin

text: Cases of continuing social discrimination are known to occur mainly in western Japan, particularly in the Osaka, Kyoto, Hyogo, and Hiroshima regions, where many people, especially the older generation, stereotype residents (whatever their ancestry) and associate them with squalor, unemployment and criminality.


title: Burakumin

text: No discriminated-against communities were identified in the following prefectures: Hokkaido, Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi, Akita, Yamagata, Fukushima, Tokyo, Toyama, Ishikawa, and Okinawa. Hokkaido and Okinawa have had their own separate history of discrimination of their native ethnic groups the Ainu and the Ryukyuans, respectively.


title: Burakumin

text: According to David E. Kaplan and Alec Dubro in "Yakuza: The Explosive Account of Japan's Criminal Underworld" (Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1986), account for about 70% of the members of Yamaguchi-gumi, the largest yakuza crime syndicate in Japan.


title: Burakumin

text: Mitsuhiro Suganuma, an ex-member of the Public Security Intelligence Agency, testified that account for about 60 percent of the members of the entire yakuza.


title: Burakumin

text: In November 1975, the Osaka part of the Buraku Liberation League was alerted about the existence of a book named . Investigations revealed that copies of the hand-written 330-page book were being sold secretly by an Osaka-based business to numerous businesses and individuals throughout Japan by a mail order service named Cablenet, at between ¥5,000 and ¥50,000 per copy. The book contained a nationwide list of all the names and locations of settlements (as well as the primary means of employment of their inhabitants), which could be compared against people's addresses to determine if they were residents. The preface contained the following message: "At this time, we have decided to go against public opinion and create this book [for] personnel managers grappling with employment issues, and families pained by problems with their children's marriages".


title: Burakumin

text: More than 200 large Japanese companies, including (according to the Buraku Liberation and Human Rights Research Institute of Osaka) Toyota, Nissan, Honda and Daihatsu, along with thousands of individuals purchased copies of the book. In 1985, partially in response to the popularity of this book, and an increase of the Osaka prefectural government introduced "An Ordinance to Regulate Personal Background Investigation Conducive to Buraku Discrimination".


title: Burakumin

text: Although the production and sale of the book has been banned, numerous copies of it are still in existence, and in 1997, an Osaka private investigation company was the first to be charged with violation of the 1985 statute for using the text.


title: Burakumin

text: In 2001, future Prime Minister of Japan Tarō Asō, along with Hiromu Nonaka, was among the LDP's chief candidates to succeed Yoshirō Mori as premier of Japan. Nonaka, the former Chief Cabinet Secretary, is of "burakumin" descent. During a meeting of LDP officials at which Nonaka was not present, Asō reportedly told the assembled group, "We are not going to let someone from the become the prime minister, are we?" Nonaka subsequently withdrew as a candidate. Asō's comment about Nonaka's heritage was revealed in 2005. Asō denied that he had made the statement, but Hisaoki Kamei, who was present at the 2001 meeting, stated in January 2009 that he had heard Asō say something "to that effect".


title: Burakumin

text: Tōru Hashimoto, a lawyer, former governor of Osaka Prefecture, former mayor of Ōsaka City and the founder of the political party Nippon Ishin no Kai, was the subject of an article in 2012 published in the magazine , entitled , which claimed his father to be and his relatives members of the yakuza. The article further elaborated that Hashimoto was eccentric and dangerous based on his "blood". Hashimoto, who was the mayor of Ōsaka at that time, excluded the newspaper "The Asahi Shimbun", the wholly-owned subsidiary company of the magazine's publisher, from a press conference and demanded an explanation from the publisher. Hashimoto later sued the publisher and the writer for defamation. The Buraku Liberation League, who did not endorse his policies, also remonstrated. The publisher had a third party examine the incident and apologized. The president of the publisher, , resigned to take responsibility.