title: Koreans in Japan

text: Another issue is an examination called the High School Equivalency Test, or "daiken", which qualifies those who have not graduated from a regular high school to apply for a place in a state university and take an entrance exam. Until recently, only those who have completed compulsory education (i.e. up to junior high school) were entitled to take "daiken"; this meant pupils of ethnic schools had to do extra courses before being allowed to take the exam. In 1999 the requirement was amended so that anyone over a certain age is qualified. Campaigners were not satisfied because this still meant graduates of non-Japanese high schools had to take "daiken". In 2003, the Education Ministry removed the requirement to take the Equivalency Test from graduates of Chinese schools, Mindan-run Korean schools and international schools affiliated with Western nations and accredited by U.S. and British organizations. However, this did not apply to graduates of pro-Pyongyang Korean schools, saying it could not approve their curricula. The decision was left up to individual universities, 70% of which allowed Korean school graduates to apply directly.


title: Koreans in Japan

text: Due to issues described above, the number of students at Korean schools run by Chongryon has declined by 67%, and many of the children of Zainichi Koreans choose to go to orthodox Japanese schools.


title: Koreans in Japan

text: In contrast, there are few "Kankoku Gakkō" (Korean: , Japanese: ) located in Tokyo, Osaka, Ibaraki, Kyoto and Ishioka, they get sponsorship from South Korea and are operated by Mindan. Koreans who live in Japan supporting South Korea are likely to attend a Kankoku gakkō. Alternatively, they can go to a normal school in Japan with Japanese when there is no Kankoku gakkō in their area. Most Koreans who have lived in Japan since they were born, however, go to normal schools even if there is a Kankoku gakkō near them.


title: Koreans in Japan

text: Registered aliens in Japan are allowed to adopt a , often abbreviated to , as their legal name. Traditionally, Zainichi Koreans have used Japanese-style names in public, but some Zainichi Koreans, including celebrities and professional athletes, use their original Korean names. Well-known ethnic Koreans who use Japanese names include Hanshin Tigers star Tomoaki Kanemoto, pro wrestlers Riki Choshu and Akira Maeda, and controversial judoka and mixed martial artist Yoshihiro Akiyama.


title: Koreans in Japan

text: During the Korea-Japan 2002 World Cup, a Mindan newspaper conducted a survey regarding the use of aliases. Fifty percent of those polled said that they always only use an alias, while thirteen percent stated they use their original name. Thirty-three percent stated that they use either depending on the situation. In another survey, over 90% of ethnic Koreans in Japan have a Japanese-sounding name in addition to a Korean one. Eighty percent stated that they used their Japanese names when in Japanese company, and 30.3% stated that they used their Japanese names "almost exclusively".


title: Koreans in Japan

text: Zainichi Koreans are said to mainly engage in pachinko parlors, restaurants/bars, and construction. Discrimination against Zainichi Koreans in hiring pushed them into so-called 3D (dirty, dangerous, and demeaning) industries. Annual sales of pachinko had been about 30 trillion yen since 1993, and Zainichi Koreans and Chongryon accounted for 90% of such sales. However, the pachinko industry is shrinking, because the Japanese government has imposed stricter regulations. The number of pachinko parlors decreased by 9.5% between 2012 and 2016, while the number of people playing pachinko dropped to less than 9.4 million.


title: Koreans in Japan

text: Some Zainichi Koreans have developed yakiniku restaurants. The honorary president of the All Japan "Yakiniku" Association is Tae Do Park (alias: Taido Arai).


title: Koreans in Japan

text: In the 1970s, newcomers started to enter the precious metal industry. Currently, 70% of precious metal products are made by certified Zainichi Koreans.


title: Koreans in Japan

text: Some Zainichi Koreans participate in organized crime, as do some people in other segments of the population. A former member of Sumiyoshi-kai estimates there are a few hundred Korean yakuza, and that some of them are bosses of branches. However, Korean gang members tend to go to China and Southeast Asia, as these countries are more lucrative for them than Japan.


title: Koreans in Japan

text: There has been improvement in the field of the working rights of Zainichi Koreans since the 1970s. For example, foreigners including Zainichi Koreans were not allowed to become lawyers in Japan, but Kim Kyung Deok became the first Zainichi Korean lawyer in 1979. As of 2018, there are more than 100 Zainichi Korean lawyers in Japan, and some of them have worked as a member of LAZAK (Lawyers Association of Zainichi Koreans).


title: Koreans in Japan

text: The earliest Japanese films featuring Koreans in Japan often depicted Koreans as members of the peripheral society, rather than as main characters. It wasn't until after the Second World War that films visualized the struggles and oppression experienced by Zainichi Koreans, with films such as "Three Resurrected Drunkards" (1968) by Nagisa Ōshima, which addressed the bigotry and xenophobia experienced by Zainichi in Japan. The first film to present the Zainichi experience from a Zainichi director was the 1975 film "River of the Stranger" by Lee Hak-in.


title: Koreans in Japan

text: Zainichi director Sai Yoichi's "All Under the Moon" was the first to receive critical acclaim, earning several best film awards in 1993. In 2000, Zainichi author Kazuki Kaneshiro's Naoki Prize winning book "Go" would be made into a popular film of the same name, and Zainichi director Lee Sang-il would release his first film, "Chong". Yang Yong-hi would be the first to address the Chongryon experience, with her documentary "Dear Pyongyang" in 2005.


title: Koreans in Japan

text: Korean American creatives have used the Zainichi experience to parse their own experience as part of the greater Korean diaspora, with films such as Benson Lee's 2016 film "Seoul Searching", and author Min Jin Lee's 2017 novel "Pachinko", which has been made into a limited series of the same name by Apple TV+.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: Elliot Stabler Sr. (); is a fictional character, played by Christopher Meloni and one of the lead characters on the NBC police procedural series "" and "".


title: Elliot Stabler

text: Stabler was a lead for the first 12 seasons of "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit". As a result of Meloni's sudden departure from the cast at the end of the "SVU" twelfth season, Stabler abruptly retires from the police force off-screen during the "SVU" Season 13 premiere. In April 2020, it was announced that Meloni would reprise the role for a new "SVU"-spinoff series, where Stabler comes out of retirement to lead an NYPD organized crime task force. The series was later revealed to be titled "Law & Order: Organized Crime".


title: Elliot Stabler

text: Stabler was an NYPD detective 1st Grade with Manhattan's 16th Precinct, which investigates sex crimes. He joined the NYPD in 1986 or 1989, according to conflicting statements given in different episodes. In show continuity, Stabler became a detective with the SVU in late 1992. By 1998, Stabler held the prestigious rank of Detective First Grade and was assigned to mentor new partner Detective Olivia Benson (Mariska Hargitay), a police officer with six years of experience who was transferred to the SVU as a newly promoted detective. takes place one year into Stabler and Benson's partnership. Stabler is dedicated to his job but often takes cases personally, thus affecting his judgment. Nonetheless, Stabler has a 97% case-closure rate as of 2007. His badge number is 6313. In 2002 Stabler stated that he makes $68,000 a year, though this number is impossibly low for an NYPD detective with first grade rank and over 10 years of tenure, and is an invention of the show for dramatic purposes.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: Stabler is Irish American and lived at 72-12 Castleside Street, Glen Oaks, Queens with his wife Kathy (Isabel Gillies) and five children (Maureen, Kathleen, Richard "Dickie", Elizabeth "Lizzie", and Elliot "Eli" Jr.). Stabler was born on October 20, 1966. He is devoted to his family and frequently mentions or thinks about them while working cases. He is also a practicing Catholic whose faith sometimes complicates the cases on which he works.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: Series creator Dick Wolf named "SVU"s two lead detectives after his son, Elliot, and his daughter, Olivia. Executive producer and head writer Neal Baer has explained that, in contrast to Benson – "the empathetic, passionate voice for these victims" – Stabler embodies "the rage we feel, the 'How can this happen?' feeling." Of their partnership, Baer assessed that: "They both represent the feelings that we feel simultaneously when we hear about these cases. That's why they work so well together."


title: Elliot Stabler

text: Stabler was born on October 20, 1966, and raised in Bayside, Queens. His father, Joseph Stabler, was a policeman who lost his pension and eventually died of cancer. Stabler had a difficult relationship with his father, who was physically and emotionally abusive. His mother, Bernadette (née McGinley) (Ellen Burstyn), has bipolar disorder and once nearly killed her son during a manic episode. As a result, Stabler has "erased his childhood"; he rarely talks about his father and maintains little contact with his mother. He attended Bayside High School, where he played on the football team.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: Stabler was a Marine and served in Operation Desert Storm. During his time in the military, he was a hand-to-hand combat specialist. He also has three tattoos, notably the Eagle, Globe, and Anchor tattoo on his forearm (the official emblem of the Marine Corps), and the crucifixion of Christ on his left bicep. One of his best friends died in the September 11 attacks. He has a B.A. from Queens College, which he obtained by going to night classes.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: Stabler harbors a great deal of anger that is sometimes fueled by his job. He is often openly aggressive and intimidating toward suspects, which can either complicate the case further or lead to speedy confessions. When his wife Kathy (Isabel Gillies) leaves him in Season 6, Stabler's anger rises closer to the surface and, in a few episodes, threatens to boil over. One such instance occurs in a case involving serial killer Gordon Rickett (Matthew Modine), whom Stabler had investigated for raping and murdering a young girl 14 years earlier and thrown through a plate glass window. During interrogation, Rickett tells Stabler that they harbor the same kind of rage, and that if it were not for his family and his job, Stabler would be just like him. When Benson and Stabler catch Rickett about to murder another young girl, Stabler appears ready to kill him in cold blood; it is only Benson's intervention that prevents him from doing so.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: In SVU Season 7, he goes to see a police psychiatrist, Dr. Rebecca Hendrix (Mary Stuart Masterson), after using excessive force on an abusive parent. Stabler eventually opens up to Hendrix about his personal demons, and they become close until Hendrix is transferred. By Season 9, he and Kathy reconcile, and Stabler learns to better deal with his problems.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: In the , Stabler is forced to shoot Jenna Fox (Hayley McFarland), a young woman who opened fire in the Special Victims squad room on the men who raped and murdered her mother, killing them and recurring character (Charlayne Woodard). Jenna dies in his arms. After the shootout, Stabler is placed on administrative leave by the NYPD's Internal Affairs Bureau. Although he is eventually cleared, this shooting is the sixth such incident in his NYPD career. His superior, Captain Donald Cragen (Dann Florek), comments that if Stabler wants to keep his job, he will have to undergo a psychological evaluation, take an anger management class, and submit to an internal review of his entire personnel file. Benson is confident that Stabler will "tell them to go to hell", and he proves her right by retiring from the force off-screen during the "SVU" Season 13 premiere.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: Stabler appears in the Season 22 episode "", having been absent from the series for 10 years. It is revealed that, after quitting the SVU, Stabler got a job as the NYPD's liaison in Rome, going after terrorists and organized crime. He comes back to New York to attend a ceremony honoring Benson, whom he has not seen or spoken to since leaving SVU. Stabler is targeted by mobsters who plant a bomb in his rental car, but it ends up killing Kathy instead. Stabler is devastated, but determined to bring her killers to justice, and joins the new NYPD's Organized Crime Control Bureau.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: In the Organized Crime Task Force, Stabler is partnered with Sergeant Ayanna Bell (Danielle Moné Truitt). He comes to suspect that gangster Richard Wheatley (Dylan McDermott) ordered the bombing because Stabler was investigating him and his father, mob boss Manfredi Sinatra (Chazz Palminteri). Stabler, Bell, Detective Diego Morales (Michael Rivera), Detective Freddie Washburn (Ben Chase), and technician Jet Slootmaekers (Ainsley Seiger) zero in on Wheatley's criminal empire, which is smuggling COVID-19 vaccine.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: It is implied in "Organized Crime" that Stabler suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder as a result of the bombing and Kathy's death. Benson tells him to get help, but he angrily rejects her advice, telling her to "back off". Benson later joins Stabler's children in staging an intervention for him, but he rebuffs them and storms out. Later on, however, he reaches out to Wheatley's ex-wife Angela (Tamara Taylor) because she understands his pain, as her oldest son, Rafiq, had been murdered years earlier. Stabler and Angela are instantly attracted to one another, and nearly sleep together until Stabler pulls back, realizing that he is crossing professional lines and that he is not ready for a new relationship. They agree to keep the relationship professional, and are on good terms – until Stabler learns that Angela ordered the bombing, which was meant for Kathy, not him.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: Angela later tells him that Kathy's murder was revenge for her son's death, which her ex-husband told her occurred during a police raid Stabler had ordered. Stabler replies that he had nothing to do with Rafiq's death, and that it was in fact Wheatley, then Rafiq's stepfather, who had him killed after catching him stealing from his drug ring. Angela then promises to help Stabler put Wheatley in prison. He ultimately arrests Wheatley, who makes a deal with federal officials to provide information on his Mafia connections in return for a reduced sentence.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: Stabler is assigned to infiltrate the Kosta Organization, an Albanian crime family; posing as ex-con Eddie Wagner, he becomes bodyguard to Reggie Bogdani (Dash Mihok), a soldier for Don Jon Kosta (Michael Raymond-James). His first assignment is to help Bogdani and his uncle, Kosta's underboss Albi Briscu (Vinnie Jones), burn down a bar in which they have murdered the owner, who owed them money, in order to make his death look like an accident. That night, while celebrating with his new "employers", Stabler is drugged. He goes to Benson's apartment in a panic, and she sends him to Bell's house to sleep it off.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: Stabler finds out that Briscu is closeted, and murdered his male lover to keep from being outed. Briscu threatens to kill Stabler to keep him quiet, but Stabler assures Briscu that his secret is safe with him. In gratitude, Briscu vouches for Stabler when he gets into a confrontation with Kosta's nephew. Briscu's wife Flutura (Lolita Davidovich) is attracted to Stabler, who plays along in order to get closer into the Kosta Organization. After Stabler covertly helps Bell and Benson rescue a young girl that the Kosta Organization is trafficking, however, Flutura becomes suspicious that someone in the family is a traitor. After Bogdani botches a hit on gubernatorial candidate Teddy Garcia (Elliot Villar) and kills Garcia's wife Diana (Allison Thomas Lee), Stabler and Bell arrest him and get him to inform on the Kosta Organization, bringing the entire operation down.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: Meanwhile, in a crossover between "SVU" and "Organized Crime", Wheatley's trial begins. Wheatley's lawyer, Rafael Barba (Raúl Esparza), who was once the Assistant District Attorney for SVU, accuses Stabler of framing Wheatley for Kathy's murder. Stabler feigns out-of-control anger on the witness stand in order to be cited for contempt of court and thrown out of the courtroom so he can be alone with Wheatley. He baits Wheatley by insinuating that he slept with Angela; as intended, this tactic provokes Wheatley to testify in his own defense, during which he loses his temper and threatens prosecuting ADA Dominick "Sonny" Carisi, Jr. (Peter Scanavino) in open court. Much to Stabler's surprise, however, the jury comes back deadlocked, resulting in a mistrial. The District Attorney's office ultimately decides not to pursue a retrial, meaning that he will not be punished legally for ordering Kathy's murder.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: After Wheatley and cyberterrorist Sebastian McClane (Robin Lord Taylor) hack into the New York Stock Exchange and steal millions, Stabler and his team go after them, but Stabler jeopardizes the investigation by beating Wheatley up upon discovering that he used the date of Kathy's death as his password. Stabler retaliates by pretending to go on a romantic date with Angela, sending Wheatley into a jealous rage. Meanwhile, Bell threatens to take Stabler off the task force, but he manages to persuade her and their superiors to give him two more days to prove Wheatley's guilt, offering to resign from the NYPD if he fails.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: Soon afterward, Wheatley strong-arms McClane into crippling the city's power grid, causing rolling blackouts. After double-crossing McClane and leaving him to die, Wheatley demands Richie's release from prison, a private jet to take him and Angela out of the city, and Stabler admitting to "framing" him for Kathy's murder on livestream. The NYPD release Richie to Wheatley's custody, but Wheatley stuns them by killing his own son. He then reveals that he has kidnapped Bernadette, and will kill her unless Stabler makes his "confession". Stabler refuses to absolve Wheatley of Kathy's murder, however, and manages to rescue his mother.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: After Slootmaekers restores the city's power grid with McClane's help, Stabler calls Angela, who is on the run with Wheatley. He tells her that Wheatley murdered Richie, which provokes her to deliberately crash her car into the ocean, with her and Wheatley inside. Angela's body is found in the crash, but Wheatley has disappeared. The next day, Bell tells Stabler that he is being brought before a disciplinary committee, and is in danger of losing his job and pension. That night, fellow undercover NYPD detective and family friend Frank Donnelly (Denis Leary) comes to his aid, having been alerted to Stabler's problems by Benson. Soon afterward, however, Stabler learns from an undercover informant that Donnelly is taking bribes from the Marcy Street Killers, an organized crime syndicate.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: Stabler ingratiates himself with Donnelly by helping him take money off a dead drug dealer, even pretending to take a bribe. With help from Bell and Slootmaekers, he soon learns that Donnelly leads a ring of corrupt cops who work for Preston Webb (Mykelti Williamson), leader of the Marcy Street Killers, and that the drug dealer they robbed worked for Webb. After Stabler saves Donnelly from Webb's hitmen, he becomes an official member of his gang.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: Stabler married his wife, Kathy (Isabel Gillies) when they were both 17 years old, and at the beginning of the series, they have four school-aged children: Maureen (Erin Broderick), Kathleen (Holiday Segal in "SVU" Season 1 and Allison Siko in "SVU" Seasons 3-12 and "Organized Crime"), and twins Richard "Dickie" (Jeffrey Scaperrotta), and Elizabeth "Lizzie" (Patricia Cook). Richard (he stopped using his nickname upon entering adolescence) is named after Col. Richard Finley (James Brolin), Stabler's former commanding officer in the Marines, whom Stabler later arrests after discovering that he murdered a woman.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: After years of the stress involved with being married to a police officer, Kathy leaves Stabler, taking their children, and temporarily moves in with her mother. Following a case involving a divorce that turned violent, Stabler signs the divorce papers, saying, "when love warps to hate, there's nothing you won't do." However, after being cleared in the death of a suspect, Stabler realizes that he cannot bear to lose either his job or his family, so he seeks reconciliation with his wife. A short time later, Kathy announces that she is pregnant and asks Stabler to come home. After a serious car accident, Kathy delivers a healthy baby boy, Elliot Stabler Jr. (Eli) (born November 17, 2007). Kathy nearly dies as a result of the crash, but paramedics are able to save her with Benson's help.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: Of his five children, Kathleen and Dickie have most directly affected his job. Kathleen is twice charged with DUI; he uses his influence as a police officer to make the first charge disappear, but he eventually realizes that he has to let her face the consequences of her actions, and she is sentenced to community service. Kathleen then steals her father's credit card and gives it to her boyfriend, who rings up thousands of dollars in charges. She is later arrested for breaking and entering and robbery, at which time doctors and her family realize that she suffers from bipolar disorder, which is a condition she shares with her paternal grandmother, Bernadette. When she faces prison time, Stabler reaches out to his mother for the first time in three years and asks her to tell Kathleen about her illness so she will get help. After speaking with her grandmother, Kathleen agrees to treatment. She later becomes an advocate for sexual assault victims, and in one episode, helps her father on a case.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: Dickie also occasionally gives his father problems. In a Season 11 episode, he runs away from school and tries to join the Army, something Stabler disapproves of. It later turns out that Dickie is acting out because his friend, Shane, has been murdered. Stabler refuses to sign a parental consent form for Dickie to join the Army, but resolves to be a more attentive parent.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: Stabler is fiercely protective of his children and becomes defensive if a suspect asks about his family; it is suggested that he sees aspects of his children in every victim. As a result, he harbors an intense hatred of pedophiles, admitting to a police psychiatrist that he sometimes fantasizes about killing them. He almost loses his job as a result. In a later episode, he beats up a pedophile (Tom Noonan) who posts a picture of his daughter Elizabeth on his website.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: Stabler has occasionally seen aspects of himself in a child abuser; during one case, the actions of an abusive parent prompt him to recall an incident in which he lost his temper and raised a hand to his daughter Maureen, who was a toddler at the time.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: Child victims tend to respond to him. For example, Stabler successfully reaches out to a 15-year-old girl (Rachael Bella) who regresses to a childlike state after being sexually assaulted by her father. SVU's resident psychiatrist, Dr. George Huang (B.D. Wong), theorizes that only Stabler would be able to reach her, as he is a father, and she is looking for a father figure.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: In the Season 22 episode "", Kathy is severely injured in a car bombing, and later dies in hospital when her spleen ruptures. Her death leads Stabler to join the Organized Crime Control Bureau.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: In the aftermath of Kathy's murder, Stabler takes Eli (Nicky Torchia) to live with him, although he is rarely home. Meanwhile, Stabler's mother Bernadette is arrested after having a manic episode in which she slaps a child she believes to be Elliot. Stabler sees that her illness is worsening, and takes her in to live with him and Eli, with Kathleen occasionally checking in. When Bernadette accuses Eli of stealing her medication, Stabler dismisses it as paranoia – until Benson discovers that Eli is indeed stealing and selling Bernadette's Valium.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: When Eli is charged in the death of a girl he had been partying with, Stabler asks Slootmaekers to find out everything she can about the victim. Slootmaekers discovers that the girl was in fact murdered by a hitman with ties to Wheatley. The crime boss further interferes in Stabler's family by hiring elderly con artist Miles Darman (James Cromwell) to romance Bernadette as a cover for spying on him. Darman develops real feelings for Bernadette, but unwittingly helps Wheatley kidnap her and hold her hostage as part of his master plan to force Stabler to make a false confession to framing him for Kathy's murder. Stabler manages to save Bernadette, however, and has Darman arrested.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: Stabler is partnered with Olivia Benson for the series' first 12 seasons. They are best friends and trust each other completely. Stabler is Benson's longest relationship with a man, and they have even each promised to give the other a kidney should either of them need a transplant. When Kathy goes into labor with Eli following a car accident, Benson helps save Kathy's life and deliver the baby.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: Their relationship is not without friction, however. The two sometimes argue over the cases they work on; Benson tends to be quicker to side with the victims, while Stabler is more skeptical. For example, during a case in which three women are charged with raping a male stripper, Benson and ADA Alexandra Cabot (Stephanie March) believe the man's story, while Stabler takes a cynical view of his claim from the start.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: Benson and Stabler are separated at times during the show. She asks for a new partner after Stabler expects her to jeopardize his life to shoot a convicted sex offender (Lou Diamond Phillips) who had kidnapped two children and killed one of them. Instead, she is briefly reassigned to computer crimes and replaced by a Queens SVU detective, Lucius Blaine (Anthony Anderson). Benson and Stabler become partners again in the eighth season. They remain partners for the rest of Stabler's time in the precinct.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: In the Season 12 episode "Merchandise," Benson and Stabler are temporarily appointed as Special Deputy U.S. Marshals so they can arrest the leaders of a human trafficking operation located outside their jurisdiction. Once the criminals are in custody, they turn in the badges and take up their positions in SVU again.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: After Stabler abruptly quits his job, he does not see or speak to Benson again for 10 years; when they finally see each other again, he tells her that he could not bear to tell her he was leaving, and did not know how to reach out to her in the intervening years. When Stabler's car is bombed and his wife Kathy severely injured, Benson, now SVU's Captain, has to restrain him from getting involved in the investigation. This causes friction between them, and they have a quietly intense conversation about how their partnership ended. When Kathy dies, however, Benson does everything she can to comfort and support her grieving friend, and to help him make sure that Kathy's murderers face justice.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: Benson also recognizes that Stabler is showing signs of PTSD, and tries unsuccessfully to persuade him to get help, even staging an intervention with his children. Stabler rejects her help, but tells her he loves her.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: Stabler is assigned a temporary partner named (Connie Nielsen) while Benson is working undercover in Oregon (Mariska Hargitay was pregnant and on maternity leave). Beck takes well to the job, and she and Stabler become close. There is also some sexual tension between the two, as Stabler was at the time separated from his wife and during one case, Beck and Stabler share a kiss. The relationship goes no further, however, as Stabler still loves his wife despite being separated wanting to reconcile with her and Beck leaves when she realizes that she will not be able to save every victim.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: Jo Marlowe (Sharon Stone) was Stabler's training officer. She is appointed by District Attorney Jack McCoy (Sam Waterston) to be the new ADA for the SVU squad during a four-episode run in Season 11. Stabler reveals that he has not seen her for 15 years when she first arrives as the new ADA. Marlowe was a lieutenant in 1995 when she left the NYPD after her command decision resulted in the deaths of two of her officers. She was diagnosed with an "aggressive" type of breast cancer and had a bilateral radical mastectomy a year before joining the SVU squad.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: Ayanna Bell (Danielle Moné Truitt) is Stabler's new partner in the Organized Crime Task Force and is in charge of the task force on which he serves, holding the rank of Sergeant.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: In "Do or Die" ("Law & Order: Organized Crime", Season 2, Episode 22), Stabler is awarded the New York City Police Department Combat Cross for his actions in taking down the Marcy Killers and the Brotherhood.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: For the role of Stabler, the finalists were Meloni, Tim Matheson, and John Slattery. Meloni and Hargitay had auditioned in the final round together, and after the actors left, there was a moment of dead silence, after which Wolf blurted out, "Oh well. There's no doubt who we should choose – Hargitay and Meloni." The duo, who Wolf believed had the perfect chemistry from the first time he saw them together, were his first choice. Garth Ancier, head of NBC, agreed, and the rest of the panel assembled voiced their assent.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: In May 2009, after the show's , Hargitay and Meloni's contracts expired when they were reportedly making $375,000–$385,000 per episode. During negotiations in April for a new contract, the actors attempted to receive a percentage of the show's profits. It was rumored that NBC threatened to replace Hargitay and Meloni if they persisted in their demands. Two months later, however, it was officially reported that both their contracts had been renewed for two more years.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: In May 2011, Meloni announced that he would not be returning to "SVU" in fall 2011 for its 13th season after the failure of negotiations over a new contract. The Stabler character was subsequently written out of the show.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: Stabler returned in the "Special Victims Unit" episode "", when his wife, Kathy, is killed in a car bombing. Her death leads Stabler to reach out to Benson to help find her killers. This episode served as a lead-in for the new series, "Organized Crime".


title: Elliot Stabler

text: On March 31, 2020, NBC announced that it had ordered a 13-episode series with Meloni reprising his role as Stabler in a then-untitled "SVU" spinoff, to be produced by Dick Wolf. Later announced as "", the new series centers on an organized crime task force. Meloni's spin-off was initially slated for a fall release; plans for the series, however, were delayed to 2021. As a result of this, plans for him to appear in the were subsequently scrapped, the show-runner, Warren Leight, deciding to wait until the night of Meloni's spin-off new premiere date.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: Stabler appears in three episodes of "Law & Order" and one episode of "". Since his return to "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit", he has made eight guest appearances to date.


title: Elliot Stabler

text: Meloni was nominated for an Emmy Award in 2006, in the category of Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series, for his role as Elliot Stabler.


title: Mary L. Trump

text: Mary Lea Trump (born May 3, 1965) is an American psychologist and author. A niece of former president Donald Trump, she has been critical of him as well as the rest of the Trump family. Her 2020 book about him and the family, "Too Much and Never Enough", sold nearly one million copies on the day of its release. A second book, "The Reckoning", followed in 2021.


title: Mary L. Trump

text: In late 2020, Trump sued her uncle Donald, aunt Maryanne, and the estate of her late uncle Robert, claiming that they defrauded her of tens of millions of dollars from her interests in her grandfather Fred Trump's real-estate portfolio. A year later, Donald Trump sued Mary for at least $100 million for providing "The New York Times" with financial documents which it used as a source for a 2018 exposé about his wealth and the family's finances.


title: Mary L. Trump

text: Trump was born in May 1965 to flight attendant Linda Lee Clapp and Fred Trump Jr., a commercial airline pilot of Trans World Airlines and son of real-estate developer Fred Trump (Donald Trump's father). Her older brother is Frederick Trump III.


title: Mary L. Trump

text: Mary Trump's father, Fred Trump Jr., died on September 29, 1981, at the age of 42 from a heart attack caused by alcoholism, when she was aged 16. She was at school, watching a film in the auditorium with other children when a teacher pulled her aside and made her call home. She found out after a series of phone calls that her father had died. Mary was not able to see her father's body despite her request to do so and had to be content with saying her goodbye to a closed coffin at the funeral.


title: Mary L. Trump

text: Mary Lea Trump graduated from the Ethel Walker School in 1983. She studied English literature at Tufts University, earned a master's degree in English literature at Columbia University, for which she studied the works of William Faulkner and his dysfunctional fictional Compson family, and holds a PhD in clinical psychology from the Derner Institute of Advanced Psychological Studies at Adelphi University.


title: Mary L. Trump

text: Fred Trump Sr.'s will left the bulk of his estate, in equal shares, to his surviving children, while each of his grandchildren was left $200,000. In 1981, when Mary's father predeceased him, Fred Sr.'s lawyers had recommended amending his will, to leave Fred Trump Jr.'s children larger shares than the grandchildren with living parents, writing that "Given the size of your estate, this is tantamount to disinheriting them. You may wish to increase their participation in your estate to avoid ill will in the future." However, Fred Trump Sr. refused to do so.


title: Mary L. Trump

text: Fred Sr. was diagnosed with "mild senile dementia" in 1991 and about two years later began to suffer from Alzheimer's disease. Donald Trump, at the time facing financial ruin, sought control of his elderly father's estate, leading to an epic family fight. When Fred Trump Sr. died in 1999, Mary Trump and her brother, Fred Trump III, contested their grandfather's will.


title: Mary L. Trump

text: Shortly after Fred Sr.'s death, Fred III's wife gave birth to a son named William, who has infantile spasms, a rare and debilitating medical condition requiring a lifetime of care. Fred Sr. had established a foundation that paid the medical expenses of his family. Mary Trump and her brother filed suit against Donald Trump and two of his three living siblings, Maryanne Trump Barry and Robert Trump, for exerting undue influence on the elderly Fred Sr.'s will. In response, Donald, Maryanne and Robert cut off Mary and Fred III's medical insurance, including coverage for William. The lawsuit was settled in 2001, with Mary and Fred III selling their interests in the family business (which included ground leases for two of Fred Sr.'s major properties).


title: Mary L. Trump

text: In September 2020, Trump sued her uncle Donald, aunt Maryanne, and the estate of her late uncle Robert, claiming that they defrauded her of tens of millions of dollars from her interests in Fred Sr.'s real-estate portfolio by undervaluing her interests and coercing her to sign a settlement. The defendants' lawyers asked for dismissal of the lawsuit, claiming that she had waited too long to file suit. Trump's lawyers responded that "[r]easonable diligence would not have uncovered the fraud" more than a decade earlier. In a January 2022 hearing, lawyers for Donald Trump, Maryanne Trump Barry, and the estate of Robert Trump asked for Mary Trump's lawsuit to be dismissed, arguing that she had waited too long to file her lawsuit because she had had access to the relevant documents since 2001 and that a statute of limitations imposed by the 2001 settlement had expired. In November 2022, the lawsuit was dismissed on the basis that Trump's 2001 settlement agreement had "unambiguously released defendants from unknown claims, including fraud claims".


title: Mary L. Trump

text: In September 2021, Donald Trump filed a lawsuit against his niece and "The New York Times" for upwards of $100 million over the 2018 article alleging that he had "participated in dubious tax schemes ... including instances of outright fraud", which Mary Trump had provided source documents for, including some Trump family tax returns. The suit accuses Mary Trump and the three "New York Times" journalists of being "engaged in an insidious plot" to gain confidential documents in a "personal vendetta" against him. Mary Trump called the lawsuit an act of "desperation", stating about her uncle, "I think he is a fucking loser, and he is going to throw anything against the wall he can." A remote hearing about the matter was scheduled for June 21, 2022.


title: Mary L. Trump

text: Trump worked for one year at the Manhattan Psychiatric Center while working on her PhD research. She is a contributor to the book "Diagnosis: Schizophrenia", published by Columbia University Press in 2001. She has taught graduate courses in developmental psychology, trauma, and psychopathology. She is the founder and chief executive officer of The Trump Coaching Group, a life-coaching company, and has also owned and operated a number of small businesses in the Northeast.


title: Mary L. Trump

text: Trump's first book, "Too Much and Never Enough: How My Family Created the World's Most Dangerous Man", is an unauthorized biography of Donald Trump published on July 14, 2020, by Simon & Schuster. According to Trump's note at the beginning of the book, all accounts in the book come either from her own memory or from recorded conversations with family, friends, and others. Other sources are legal, financial and family documents, email correspondence, and the "New York Times" investigative article by David Barstow, Susanne Craig, and Russ Buettner. The book details how Mary Trump was the anonymous source who provided "The New York Times" with Trump family tax returns. The "New York Times" report won the 2019 Pulitzer Prize.


title: Mary L. Trump

text: Upon the announcement of Trump's book "Too Much and Never Enough" in June 2020, her uncle Robert Trump attempted to block its release, stating that she signed a non-disclosure agreement as part of the 2001 lawsuit settlement. The filing of a temporary restraining order against Mary Trump was dismissed by a New York court for a lack of jurisdiction, and the book was published on July 14, 2020.


title: Mary L. Trump

text: Trump's second book, "The Reckoning: Our Nation's Trauma and Finding a Way to Heal", was published by St. Martin's Press on August 17, 2021. Drawing from American history, Trump posits that the country has suffered trauma from its inception because of its inclusion of systemic racism and its failure to address the existence of white supremacy, especially by Republicans in recent decades.


title: Mary L. Trump

text: Trump has a podcast, titled "The Mary Trump Show", on which she discusses politics and other matters. On February 1, 2022, she announced that she would be removing her show from Spotify to protest alleged COVID-19 misinformation being spread on "The Joe Rogan Experience", which is exclusively distributed on Spotify.


title: Mary L. Trump

text: In 2018, David Barstow, Susanne Craig and Russ Buettner of "The New York Times" published "an exhaustive 18-month investigation of Donald Trump's finances that debunked his statements of self-made wealth and revealed a business empire riddled with tax dodges", for which they were awarded the 2019 Pulitzer Prize in Explanatory Reporting. Mary Trump has stated that she was a key source of information for that study, having come into possession of Donald Trump's tax documents during the discovery process in the dispute over her grandfather's estate.


title: Mary L. Trump

text: On July 15, 2020, Trump said in an ABC News interview conducted by George Stephanopoulos that Donald Trump should resign as president, as he was "utterly incapable of leading this country, and it's dangerous to allow him to do so". In an interview later that month on "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert", Trump stated that Donald Trump exhibited sociopathic tendencies but not at a high-functioning level like his father. She said the president was institutionally insulated from responsibilities throughout his childhood and was never held accountable for his actions.


title: Mary L. Trump

text: After the 2021 U.S. Capitol attack, Trump said her uncle should be "barred from ever running for public office again".


title: Mary L. Trump

text: Trump is openly gay. In "Too Much and Never Enough", she makes a brief reference to the fact and states that "Nobody in the family knew; they'd always been spectacularly uninterested in my personal life... and never asked about my boyfriends or relationships." She wrote that her grandmother, Mary Anne MacLeod Trump, once referred to Elton John as a "faggot", and consequently, Trump decided not to come out and tell her grandmother or other immediate family that she was going to marry a woman, with whom she would later raise a daughter. She has since divorced, and lives on Long Island, New York, with her 21-year-old daughter, who was conceived by in-vitro fertilization with a sperm donor.


title: Mr. Big (American band)

text: Mr. Big is an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1988. The band was originally composed of Eric Martin (lead vocals), Paul Gilbert (guitar), Billy Sheehan (bass), and Pat Torpey (drums). Though primarily a hard rock band, they are also known for softer songs. Their songs are often marked by strong vocals and vocal harmonies. Their hits include "To Be with You" (a number-one single in 15 countries in 1992) and "Just Take My Heart". The band takes its name from a song by Free which it covered on the 1993 album "Bump Ahead".


title: Mr. Big (American band)

text: Mr. Big remained active and popular for over a decade despite internal conflicts and changing musical trends, releasing four studio albums: "Mr. Big" (1989), "Lean into It" (1991), "Bump Ahead" (1993) and "Hey Man" (1996). Guitarist Paul Gilbert departed the band in 1999, and Richie Kotzen was brought as a guitarist and vocalist. The band released two more albums with this line-up: "Get Over It" (1999) and "Actual Size" (2001). Mr. Big disbanded in 2002.


title: Mr. Big (American band)

text: Following requests from fans, Mr. Big reunited with its original line-up in 2009. The band's first post-reunion tour was in Japan. In 2010, Mr. Big released its first album in 15 years with the same line-up: "What If...". During the recording of the follow-up album "...The Stories We Could Tell" (2014), Pat Torpey was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease and participated only marginally as a touring support. The band's ninth album, "Defying Gravity" (2017), was its last record involving Torpey as drum producer; he died the following year. Not wanting to continue without Torpey, the band went on hiatus, then announced in November 2022 that they were planning to tour in 2023 with a new drummer.


title: Mr. Big (American band)

text: Mr. Big is frequently cited as an example of the "Big in Japan" phenomenon, where a musical act is disproportionately more popular in Japan compared to similar groups. Mr. Big are sometimes labeled as a one-hit wonder for "To Be with You", but they have maintained consistent popularity in the Japanese market throughout their career.


title: Mr. Big (American band)

text: After bass player Billy Sheehan left David Lee Roth's backing band in 1988, he began piecing together a new band with the help of Mike Varney from Shrapnel Records, a label specialized in the shredding genre. He recruited Eric Martin, of the rock-oriented Eric Martin Band and also soul-leaning solo artist, and soon thereafter added guitarist Gilbert and drummer Torpey. Gilbert was already a well-respected guitarist who had released two albums with his Los Angeles-based band Racer X. Torpey came to California from Arizona, and had previously recorded and toured with a number of high-profile artists, including Impellitteri, Stan Bush, Marilyn Martin, Belinda Carlisle, Ted Nugent, The Knack, and Jeff Paris (who would later collaborate with Mr. Big in a songwriting capacity).


title: Mr. Big (American band)

text: The newly formed band hired Herbie Herbert, the former manager of Journey, Europe, and Santana, to be their manager. By 1989, they signed with Atlantic Records and released their self-titled debut the same year. The record did not gain the band a mainstream rock audience stateside, but was a success in Japan.


title: Mr. Big (American band)

text: In June 1990, the group toured America as an opening act on Rush's Presto Tour. In August 1990, two songs, "Strike Like Lightning" and "Shadows", performed by Mr. Big, were exclusively released on the soundtrack album of the action film "Navy SEALs".


title: Mr. Big (American band)

text: Mr. Big's second album, 1991's "Lean Into It", was a major commercial breakthrough, especially two ballads, "To Be with You" (which went to number one in fifteen countries) and "Just Take My Heart", as well as the song "Green-Tinted Sixties Mind". The cover features a picture of the train in the Montparnasse derailment. They toured the UK in April and May 1991, and again in 1992, releasing a live album, "Mr. Big Live", in 1992. For three nights, they opened for Aerosmith at London's Wembley Arena.


title: Mr. Big (American band)

text: In 1993, another ballad, a cover of Cat Stevens' "Wild World" (from their third album, "Bump Ahead"), peaked at No. 27 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Although it is said that the band also contributed music to the soundtrack for the Sega Mega-CD release of "The Amazing Spider-Man vs. The Kingpin", the songs actually featured Eric Martin with musicians hired by Sega.


title: Mr. Big (American band)

text: The band released "Hey Man" in 1996. The song "Take Cover" was included on the soundtrack to the cartoon series "Mega Man". Although the band never replicated its earlier success in the US market, their popularity continued to soar in Japan and in much of Asia. They continued to sell out tours in the Asian market, resulting in a number of live releases for the Japanese market. They are one of the more notable examples of the "Big in Japan" phenomenon. "Live At Budokan" was one of those live releases intended for the Japanese market only. By the time that album appeared, the group had been put on ice, as the individual band members became more engrossed in other projects; the band temporarily broke up in 1997.


title: Mr. Big (American band)

text: Gilbert left the band in 1999, and eventually reformed Racer X. Richie Kotzen, another Shrapnel artist and former guitarist for Poison, was brought in as a guitar player. Two studio albums were released by this lineup: "Get Over It" in 1999, and "Actual Size" in 2001. "Get Over It" was released in September 1999 in Japan, and yielded the single "Superfantastic," to a lukewarm audience response. Mr. Big performed a 20-date tour of Japan, followed by a New Year's Eve 1999 show with Aerosmith at the Osaka Dome, in Osaka, Japan. "Get Over It" was released in the US in March 2000, followed by a short club stint at "Roxy", California. Several music videos for songs on "Get Over It" were recorded (for "Electrified" and "Superfantastic"), however the director claimed rights to the music videos and they were never released. In 2001, Mr. Big released "Actual Size" in Asia. The CD sat on the charts in the number three spot and "Shine", the first single, went to number one. The song was also used as the ending theme for the anime series "Hellsing".


title: Mr. Big (American band)

text: However, tension had developed between Sheehan and the other members when Sheehan began touring with Steve Vai. Martin, Kotzen, and Torpey decided to write songs without Sheehan, who was only given credit for two songs on "Actual Size". Martin and the others were also upset with Sheehan's attitude during the recording of the "Shine" music video. This was when Martin and Torpey decided the only way to keep moving forward was to fire Sheehan. When Kotzen learned of the decision, he made the rest of the band have a meeting with Sheehan to join the dots, seeing as the reason he originally joined the band was to play and jam with Billy. Although Sheehan was upset that the other members had attempted to "fire" him from the band he created, he agreed to rejoin them, provided that that would be their farewell tour. The band then toured and ultimately disbanded, in February 2002, later issuing a statement in May.


title: Mr. Big (American band)

text: A near Mr. Big "one-off" reunion took place on May 13, 2008, in Los Angeles, at the House of Blues, when Paul Gilbert was joined on stage by Pat Torpey, Richie Kotzen, and Billy Sheehan, for renditions of Humble Pie's "30 Days in the Hole" and original Mr. Big composition "Daddy, Brother, Lover, Little Boy". Reportedly, the three had such an amazing time that they decided to contact Eric Martin a few days later, and a reunion of the four original members (Paul, Eric, Pat, and Billy) was put into motion. On February 1, 2009, a radio announcement for "Koh Sakai's Burrn Presents: Heavy Metal Syndicate" contained a short message from Mr. Big, announcing the reunion of the original Mr. Big line-up to celebrate the twentieth anniversary of their debut album. A press conference in Japan in February generated much excitement, and a tour of the country starting in June was announced, with shows in ten locations (including the Budokan). They held their first reunion concert outside Japan at Rock Cafe in Tallinn, Estonia, in September 2009, continuing their tour. Mr. Big toured India in October 2009 as part of the Reunion Tour, playing to huge crowds in Bangalore, Dimapur, and Shillong. In September 2010, Mr. Big recorded a seventh album with producer Kevin Shirley at a Los Angeles-area studio. The album was released in Japan on December 15, 2010, in Europe on January 21, 2011, and in the US in February 2011. "What If..." is their first album of new material in nearly 10 years. The band also toured in support of the album. The tour to support the album kicked off at The House of Blues, in Hollywood, California, on April 2, 2011, and ended at the Rockout Festival in Istanbul, Turkey, in October 2011. The band also appeared at the Download Festival in June 2011. As part of the album release, the group created a music video for the song "Undertow". Directed by Vicente Cordero and Fernando Cordero, it featured the band in an industrial park.


title: Mr. Big (American band)

text: Mr. Big released their eighth studio album "...The Stories We Could Tell" on September 30, 2014, via Frontiers Records. It was produced by Pat Regan, who returned as producer for the first time since 1999's "Get Over It". The band confirmed that Pat's fill-in for the upcoming world tour would be Burning Rain drummer Matt Starr, who had also previously performed with Ace Frehley and Joe Lynn Turner. The group's latest album, "Defying Gravity", was recorded in Los Angeles in six days, and released on July 21, 2017. Due to Pat Torpey being diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, he could not play drums fully on the record and played on only several tracks. Matt Starr recorded the drum tracks, while Pat Torpey acted as "drum producer."


title: Mr. Big (American band)

text: On February 7, 2018, drummer Pat Torpey died from complications of Parkinson's disease at the age of 64. His last show took place at the Wulfrun Hall in Wolverhampton on November 23, 2017. A memorial show took place on May 23, 2018, at The Canyon in Agoura Hills, California, with former member Richie Kotzen as a special guest. The all-star finale of "To Be With You" included, among others, Matt Sorum, Dave Amato, Ricky Phillips, Keith St John, Prescott Niles, Kelly Keagy, Jeff Scott Soto, Ace Von Johnson and Gregg Bissonette.


title: Mr. Big (American band)

text: In October 2018, Eric Martin said in interview with Friday NI Rocks that the band was in the process of planning their at-that-time possible next and final album. According to Martin, once the band was done with its commitments, they would subsequently disband: "Yeah, that's the last hurrah – that's it. It feels a little uncomfortable to keep going without Pat Torpey." However this never materialized and the band entered a state of hibernation with band members devoting time to other projects. In January 2021, Billy Sheehan said that the band was still together, "[...]but, as you know, sadly we lost our drummer, and we don't have any plan at this point for anything. We'll just let nature take its course. At some point, maybe we'll do something again. We don't know. Maybe me and Paul, maybe me and Eric, maybe Eric and Paul, maybe us with a different drummer — it could be anything — but we have not discussed it at all, and we're just kind of letting it go." He also expressed dissatisfaction with "Defying Gravity", claiming there was "mastering problem [...that] made the LP unlistenable." He went on to say that "the label ruined the record" by insisting on having the album and "putting it out when it's not ready. If we had another day to get it to proper mastering and get it done right, it would have been fine. 'Cause I was there for the final mixes — I went in there every day and listened to mixes. Pat was there with us too. We went through the mixes, and they were sounding great. And, unfortunately, we got screwed."


title: Mr. Big (American band)

text: In August 2022, Sheehan revealed that the band was "strongly considering" playing shows in 2023, with Matt Starr returning as the band's drummer. However, in a later interview he announced that the band have decided not to continue with Starr as their drummer due to his "vocal range" being different to Torpey's. Sheehan then stated the band has a new drummer whose identity will be revealed soon. When asked in November 2022 if Sheehan's claims that Mr. Big were reuniting to tour and possibly record new material in 2023 were true, Martin said, "I'm not a hundred percent on the recording part, but, yeah, we're gonna do it. We're definitely gonna tour."


title: Lion's mane jellyfish

text: The lion's mane jellyfish ("Cyanea capillata"), also known as the giant jellyfish, arctic red jellyfish, or the hair jelly, is one of the largest known species of jellyfish. Its range is confined to cold, boreal waters of the Arctic, northern Atlantic, and northern Pacific Oceans. It is common in the English Channel, Irish Sea, North Sea, and in western Scandinavian waters south to Kattegat and Øresund. It may also drift into the southwestern part of the Baltic Sea (where it cannot breed due to the low salinity). Similar jellyfish – which may be the same species – are known to inhabit seas near Australia and New Zealand. The largest recorded specimen was measured off the coast of Massachusetts in 1865 and had a bell with a diameter of and tentacles around long. Lion's mane jellyfish have been observed below 42°N latitude for some time in the larger bays of the East Coast of the United States.


title: Lion's mane jellyfish

text: The lion's mane jellyfish uses its stinging tentacles to capture, pull in, and eat prey such as fish, zooplankton, sea creatures, and smaller jellyfish.


title: Lion's mane jellyfish

text: The taxonomy of the "Cyanea" species is not fully agreed upon; some zoologists have suggested that all species within the genus should be treated as one. Two distinct taxa, however, occur together in at least the eastern North Atlantic, with the blue jellyfish ("Cyanea lamarckii" Péron & Lesueur, 1810) differing in color (blue, not red) and smaller size ( diameter, rarely ). Populations in the western Pacific around Japan are sometimes distinguished as "Cyanea nozakii", or as a subspecies, "C. c. nozakii". In 2015, Russian researchers announced a possible sister species, "Cyanea tzetlinii" found in the White Sea, but this has not yet been recognized by other authoritative databases such as WoRMS or ITIS.


title: Lion's mane jellyfish

text: Lion's mane jellyfish ("Cyanea capillata") are named for their showy, trailing tentacles reminiscent of a lion's mane. They can vary greatly in size: although capable of attaining a bell diameter of over , those found in lower latitudes are much smaller than their far northern counterparts, with a bell about in diameter. Larger specimens are typically further offshore than smaller ones. Juveniles are lighter orange or tan, very young lion's manes are occasionally colorless and adults are red and start to darken as they age.


title: Lion's mane jellyfish

text: While most jellyfish such as the moon jelly have a circular bell, the bell of the Lion's Mane is divided into eight lobes that resembles an eight-pointed star, each lobe contains about 70 to 150 tentacles, arranged in four fairly distinct rows. Along the bell margin is a balance organ at each of the eight indentations between the lobes – the rhopalium – which helps the jellyfish orient itself. From the central mouth extend broad frilly oral arms with many stinging cells. Closer to its mouth, its total number of tentacles is around 1,200.


title: Lion's mane jellyfish

text: The long, thin tentacles which emanate from the bell's subumbrella have been characterised as “extremely sticky”; they also have stinging cells. The tentacles of larger specimens may trail as long as or more, with the tentacles of the longest known specimen measured at in length, although it has been suggested that this specimen may actually have belonged to a different "Cyanea" species. This unusual length – longer than a blue whale – has earned it the status of one of the longest known animals in the world.


title: Lion's mane jellyfish

text: Lion's mane jellyfish remain mostly very near the surface, at no more than depth. Their slow pulsations weakly drive them forward, so they depend on ocean currents to travel great distances. The jellyfish are most often spotted during the late summer and autumn, when they have grown to a large size and the currents begin to sweep them to shore. Unlike most pelagic jellyfish, they are completely solitary and rarely travel in groups.


title: Lion's mane jellyfish

text: Like other jellyfish, lion's manes are capable of both sexual reproduction in the medusa stage and asexual reproduction in the polyp stage. Lion's mane jellyfish have four different stages in their year-long lifespan: a larval stage, a polyp stage, an ephyrae stage, and the medusa stage. The female jellyfish carries its fertilized eggs in its tentacle, where the eggs grow into larvae. When the larvae are old enough, the female deposits them on a hard surface, where the larvae soon grow into polyps. The polyps begin to reproduce asexually, creating stacks of small creatures called ephyrae. The individual ephyrae break off the stacks, where they eventually grow into the medusa stage and become full-grown jellyfish.


title: Lion's mane jellyfish

text: Human encounters with the jellyfish can cause temporary pain and localized redness. In normal circumstances, however, and in healthy individuals, the stings of the jellyfish are not known to be fatal; vinegar can be used to deactivate the nematocysts. If there is contact with a large number of tentacles, however, medical attention is recommended after exposure.


title: Lion's mane jellyfish

text: There may be a significant difference between touching a few tentacles with fingertips at a beach and accidentally swimming into the jellyfish. The initial sensation is more strange than painful and feels like swimming into warmer and somewhat effervescent water. Some minor pain will soon follow. Normally, there is no real danger to humans (with the exception of people suffering from special allergies). But in cases when someone has been stung over large parts of their body by not just the longest tentacles but the entire jellyfish (including the inner tentacles, of which there are around 1,200),


title: Lion's mane jellyfish

text: medical attention is recommended as systemic effects can be present. Although rarely, severe stings in deep water can also cause panic followed by drowning.


title: Lion's mane jellyfish

text: On a July day in 2010, around 150 beachgoers were stung by broken-up Lion's mane jellyfish remains in Wallis Sands State Beach, Rye, New Hampshire, USA. Considering the size of the species, it is possible that this incident was caused by a single specimen.


title: Lion's mane jellyfish

text: The lion's mane jellyfish appears in the Sherlock Holmes short story "The Adventure of the Lion's Mane" published in "The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes". Holmes discovers at the end of the story that the true killer of a professor who died shortly after going swimming (shouting "the lion's mane" before he succumbed) was actually this jellyfish. Suspicion was originally laid upon the professor's rival in love, until the latter was similarly attacked (he survived, although badly stung). In the context of the story, it is only because the school professor has a weak heart that he succumbs, as is confirmed by the survival of the second victim.


title: Lion's mane jellyfish

text: A photograph widely distributed on the internet appears to show an anomalously large lion's mane dwarfing a nearby diver by several times. The photo was subsequently shown to be a hoax.


title: Lion's mane jellyfish

text: On the popular television program "QI", the show claimed that the longest animal in the world was the lion's mane jellyfish. This was later corrected – in 1864, a bootlace worm ("Lineus longissimus") was found washed up on the coast of Fife, Great Britain, that was long. (This claim is disputed because bootlace worms can easily stretch to several times their natural length, so it is possible the worm did not actually grow to be that length.)


title: Lion's mane jellyfish

text: Seabirds, larger fish such as ocean sunfish, other jellyfish species, and most sea turtles will only attack juveniles or smaller specimens while a fully grown adult is incapable of being eaten, due to their massive size and the abundance of stinging tentacles they possess, although both adults and juveniles have been documented eaten by anemones. The leatherback sea turtle feeds almost exclusively on them in large quantities during the summer season around Eastern Canada.


title: Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic

text: An anime television adaptation by A-1 Pictures was broadcast in Japan from October 2012 to March 2013, followed by a second season, titled "", broadcast from October 2013 to March 2014. The anime series is licensed in North America by Aniplex of America. It was also licensed by Kazé in United Kingdom and by Madman Entertainment in Australia.


title: Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic

text: A spin-off series, titled "", written by Ohtaka and illustrated by Yoshifumi Ohtera, was serialized in "Weekly Shōnen Sunday" from May to June 2013, and later on Shogakukan's website "Ura Sunday" from September 2013 to April 2018.


title: Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic

text: In 2014, "Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic" received the 59th Shogakukan Manga Award for the "shōnen" category. As of April 2018, the manga had over 25 million copies in circulation.


title: Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic

text: The series is largely based on numerous stories from "One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights)", most notably the tales of Aladdin, Ali Baba, and Sinbad the Sailor. The story is set in an alternate recreation of the ancient Old World with several regions and nations having some resemblances with real-life counterparts from that time. In this world, all living beings possess an essence known as and when they die, this essence returns to the huge flow (also known as "guidance") of Rukh that gives life to all subsequent beings in an eternal cycle of rebirth called "Fate". Once a person is overcome with sadness, anger, and hopelessness, their Rukh becomes corrupted, unstable, and black, and deviates from the main guidance in a process known as .


title: Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic

text: There are also several magic castles full of treasures and traps known as "Dungeons", which are each the lair of a powerful magic being, a . Individuals that manage to overcome the trials of a Dungeon and earn the allegiance of its Djinn are known as , gaining the ability to use its powers infused in a personal item of theirs known as a "Metal Vessel" and create less potent "Household Vessels" for their companions as well.


title: Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic

text: People can use the Rukh in their bodies to create an energy known as to power their magical weapons and abilities. This energy must be used with care, as despite the fact that an individual's magoi can be restored with feeding and rest, once fully exhausted it causes their death. Among those that can perform magic with their own Magoi there is a rare class of magicians known as , that can also use Magoi from the Rukh around them, greatly increasing their capabilities. A Magi usually chooses Dungeon Capturers to offer guidance and protection making them into their . There are several nations in history that were founded or improved by the rule of such individuals.


title: Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic

text: Fourteen years ago, a structure appeared from the sea, turning into a gigantic tower. Thousands of people entered, and did not come out. Until one day, it gets conquered by two special people, a "Magi" and a "King".


title: Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic

text: "Magi" centers around Alibaba Saluja (a young man aiming to capture the nearby dungeon, Amon) and Aladdin (a traveler with a Djinn named Ugo in his flute). Witnessing the power of Aladdin's Djinn, Alibaba finds an opportunity to go dungeon diving with him. Aladdin and Alibaba eventually become friends, and conquer Amon together, despite facing Jamil and his slaves, Morgiana and Goltas. After a desperate fight, Aladdin and Alibaba assist Morgiana in breaking the mental chains that bind her to Jamil. Alibaba claims the dungeon while the Djinn Amon appears to briefly explain that Aladdin is a Magi and Alibaba is his king's candidate. However, they are interrupted by an outside force trying to close the dungeon off. Alibaba, Aladdin, and Morgiana escape the dungeon while Goltas resolves to die to atone for his sins along with Jamil, but not before cutting Morgiana's shackles. Aladdin ends up sent to a distant land, far from the others, where he learns he is a Magi. Having no news of his friend, Alibaba uses the treasure he obtained in Amon to free all slaves in the city, including Morgiana and returns to Balbadd, his homeland.


title: Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic

text: Aladdin and Morgiana encounter Sinbad, the first Dungeon Capturer and the king of Sindria. They eventually reunite with Alibaba in Balbadd, where they learn that he has joined the Fog Troupe, a cadre of thieves opposing the tyrannical rule of Abhmad, Alibaba's half-brother. Alibaba makes the monarchy a republic nation in Balbadd, however, Balbadd ends up annexed to the Kou Empire, a powerful Eastern nation that plans to conquer the entire world with the pretense of ending all conflict.


title: Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic

text: Aladdin, Alibaba, and Morgiana are brought to Sindria. They train under the members of Sinbad's household to get stronger and help stop the mysterious organization, Al-Thamen, that works secretly to spread chaos throughout the world as part of an unknown agenda. The trio befriends Hakuryuu Ren, a prince of the Kou Empire visiting Sindria, whom they help to conquer the dungeon of Zagan; where after confronting members of Al-Thamen there, the group separate upon return. Aladdin studies at Magnostadt Academy to study magic and investigate the country's ties to Al-Thamen. Alibaba goes to train with the Yambala Gladiators in the Reim Empire to fix his magoi, so he can achieve his complete Djinn Equip. Hakuryuu returns to the Kou Empire, and Morgiana departs to the Dark Continent.


title: Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic

text: A year later, Aladdin and Alibaba are reunited during Reim's and Kou's campaign to conquer Magnostadt. As a last resort, Matal Mogamett summons an army of Dark Djinns with a huge mass of Black Rukh stored in its deepest level to defeat the invaders for good, but Aladdin reveals that by doing this, Mogamett unwillingly helped Al-Thamen to get closer to their main objective; to summon Ill Ilah, whose advent will cause the world's destruction. The medium appears, and Alibaba and his friends join forces with the Kou Empire, Reim, and the Alliance of Seven Seas to stop it.


title: Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic

text: A few months later after Alibaba revisits Balbadd, representatives from Kou, Reim and Sindria gather for a summit organized by Sinbad. At the summit, Aladdin reveals that mankind was originally several distinct species transformed by magic into humans from the world of Alma-Torran, located in another dimension. Ill Ilah, had its magoi stolen by Aladdin's father, King Solomon, in order to create a destiny favorable to the people of Alma-Torran. Resisting this change, the members of Al-Thamen summoned Ill llah to the world sapping its magoi by destruction. Solomon is forced to give his life to seal away Ill Ilah and Al-Thamen. Solomon gave his magoi to Ugo, and Ugo used it to create the current world and transport everyone from Alma-Torran to this world.


title: Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic

text: Suddenly, Hakuryuu Ren and Judar start a civil war in the Kou Empire. Alibaba and Aladdin rush to the Kou Empire to talk sense into Hakuryuu, however, they realize that he has fallen into depravity. The two duos fight and Alibaba and Judar end up as casualties. After the war ends, Sinbad starts his plan of bringing a new era of peace to the world, while Aladdin, Morgiana and Hakuryuu take separate ways. Alibaba meets the people of Alma Torran who proceed to help him get revived. Later, Judar and Alibaba meet on the other side of the Dark Continent, where they encounter the Mother Dragon who decides to assist them in traveling back to the mainland, however this would be a long journey. While traveling back, Mother Dragon reveals that Ill Ilah's persona has been corrupt by David, the father of King Solomon. He is also revealed to be connected to Sinbad and wants to become God of all.


title: Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic

text: Three years later, Alibaba reappears and solves the Kou Empire's economic problems. He reunites with his friends after they defeat Arba, apparently destroying Al-Thamen for good, but Arba's spirit turns to Sinbad, and together, they reach the Sacred Palace and Sinbad defeats Ugo taking over the palace. Sinbad rewrites the Rukh system; the only way for happiness is by turning into Rukh, or death. Alibaba and Aladdin joins forces with Judar and Hakuryuu to confront Sinbad, but just after they reach a compromise, David appears and takes control of the Sacred Palace; returning all souls to the Rukh was his original plan. David enters world and starts causing chaos and destroying everything to turn it back into Rukh. Alibaba struggles to defend the world; he faces more trouble when the entire world is working for David because are brainwashed due to the Rukh change, and are fighting Alibaba. Yunan and Aladdin confront the real David, in the form of a child. The spell of rewriting the Rukh gets stopped. Alibaba's allies who were fighting him have now teamed up with him. Sinbad helps kill David by sacrificing all his power into killing him; it is unknown whether Sinbad is dead or alive. The Magi system, dungeons, metal vessel, sacred palace, and the continental chasm, disappear, leading the nations unify their efforts to create a better future. After Alibaba visits Cassim's grave, he marries Morgiana.


title: Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic

text: "Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic", written and illustrated by Shinobu Ohtaka, was serialized by Shogakukan in the "shōnen" manga magazine "Weekly Shōnen Sunday" from June 3, 2009, to October 11, 2017. Shogakukan collected its 369 individual chapters in thirty-seven "tankōbon" volumes, released from December 18, 2009, to November 17, 2017.


title: Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic

text: In North America, Viz Media announced in February 2013 they licensed the manga for an English release. The thirty-seven "tankōbon" volumes of the series were published from August 13, 2013, to August 13, 2019.


title: Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic

text: A spin-off series, titled "", written by Ohtaka and illustrated by Yoshifumi Ohtera, was released as an additional material with the first volume of the anime series. It was later expanded into a regular series, which was serialized in "Weekly Shōnen Sunday" from May 18 to June 26, 2013. It was then transferred over to Shogakukan's webcomic site "Ura Sunday" (also available later on the "MangaONE" app), being published from September 18, 2013, to April 25, 2018.


title: Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic

text: During the Shogakukan's Jisedai World Hobby Fair '12 Summer event, an anime was announced on the event's official website. The anime series, produced by A-1 Pictures, aired on MBS/TBS's 5:00 p.m timeslot from October 7, 2012, to March 31, 2013. For the first 12 episodes, the opening theme song is "V.I.P." by SID and the ending theme song is "Yubi Bōenkyō" by Nogizaka46. From episode 13 onwards, the opening song is "Matataku Hoshi no Shita de" by Porno Graffitti and the ending is "The Bravery" by Supercell.


title: Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic

text: Just after the end of the anime series, a second season titled "" was announced. The series aired, at the same timeslot of the first season, from October 6, 2013, to March 30, 2014. For the first 13 episodes, the opening theme song is "Anniversary" by SID and the ending theme song is "Eden" by Aqua Timez, while from episode 14 onwards, the opening theme song is "Hikari" by ViViD and the ending theme song is "With You/With Me" by 9nine.


title: Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic

text: The series debuted in North America on October 10, 2012, on Crunchyroll and Hulu. Aniplex of America licensed the series and its English dub was streamed on Viz Media's Neon Alley service starting on October 18, 2013. In December 2019, Funimation added the series to its streaming service. It has also been licensed by Viz Media Europe in Europe, Kazé in the UK (distributed by Manga Entertainment), and by Madman Entertainment in Australia.


title: Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic

text: was released for the Nintendo 3DS. The game was produced by Bandai Namco Games and was released in Japan on February 21, 2013. The game got an update with more playable characters, a new dungeon and more story.


title: Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic

text: A Mobage social card battle game, , was developed by Nexon for feature phones and smartphones and available from November 21, 2012, to January 30, 2015.


title: Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic

text: A RPG mobile game, "Magi: Dungeons & Magic", was distributed by Nexon for smartphones and available from February 20, 2014, to September 17, 2015.


title: Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic

text: In March 2022, it was announced that the series will receive a stage musical adaptation, titled , which will run at the Tennozu Galaxy Theater in Tokyo from June 3–12, 2022, and at the Morinomiya Piloti Hall in Osaka from June 18–19 of the same year. The cast includes Yugo Miyajima as Aladdin, Hiroki Ino as Alibaba, Nana Okada as Morgiana, Mitshuhiro Nagatomo as Budel, Miho Sugimoto as Baba, Shо̄go Onozuka as Goltas, Shina Tanaka as Ren Hakuei, Akito Teshima as Judar, Daisuke Hirose as Kassim, Takuji Kawakubo as Jamil, and Toshiyuki Morikawa (voice appearance) as Ugo. Kо̄tarо̄ Yoshitani is directing the musical, with screenplay by Sayaka Asai, music composed by Shuhei Kamimura and choreography handled by Mamoru.


title: Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic

text: Four months after the series' anime adaptation announcement in June 2012, the print circulation of the manga went from 3 million copies of the first 12 volumes to over 6.5 million copies of the first 14 volumes in October of the same year. As of October 2013, the manga had over 13 million copies in circulation. The numbers increased to over 18 million copies in circulation as of May 2015, and over 23 million copies in circulation as of April 2016. As of April 2018, the manga had over 25 million copies in circulation. In Japan, "Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic" was the 9th top selling manga series in 2012; 4th in 2013; 8th in 2014; 20th in 2015 and 2016; and 10th in 2017, its final serialization year.


title: Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic

text: The series ranked #16 on Takarajimasha's "Kono Manga ga Sugoi!" list of best manga of 2013 for male readers. The series won the 59th Shogakukan Manga Award in the "shōnen" category in 2014. On TV Asahi's Manga Sōsenkyo 2021 poll, in which 150.000 people voted for their top 100 manga series, "Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic" ranked #75.


title: Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic

text: In his review of the first volume of the manga, L.B Bryant noted "not only is it a shonen title but it's a GOOD shonen title" and recommended it be picked up. Rebecca Silverman of Anime News Network ranked the first volume as a B. Silverman criticized how the fanservice was handled and pointed out that the story felt more like a role-playing game than a manga, and that it seemed as if Ohtaka was not sure about the story's direction. She compared Aladdin to "One Piece"s protagonist Monkey D. Luffy and commented that Ohtaka's art improved since her last series "Sumomomo, Momomo". Silverman concluded, "overall those looking for a good old shounen adventure story about a couple of plucky kids (with bonus burly djinn!) pursuing their dreams should give this a shot. It isn't perfect, but it is a good time". Leroy Douresseaux of Comic Book Bin also ranked the first volume as a B, and compared Ohtaka's art style to Yuuki Iinuma's "Itsuwaribito". She described "Magi" as a "straight-forward, fun to read adventure, part "Prince of Persia" and part "Raiders of the Lost Ark"". Kelly Quinn of "The B&N Sci-Fi and Fantasy Blog" included the series on her list of "7 Butt-Kicking Shonen Manga by Women Writers".


title: Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic

text: IGN listed "Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic" among the best anime series of the 2010s, and wrote that it is "a fun watch and has a surprising amount of action for those that are fans of shonen".


title: United Nations General Assembly observers

text: The United Nations General Assembly has granted observer status to international organizations, entities, and non-member states, to enable them to participate in the work of the United Nations General Assembly, though with limitations. The General Assembly determines the privileges it will grant to each observer, beyond those laid down in a 1986 Conference on treaties between states and international organizations. Exceptionally, the European Union (EU) was in 2011 granted the right to speak in debates, to submit proposals and amendments, the right of reply, to raise points of order and to circulate documents, etc. , the EU is the only international organization to hold these enhanced rights, which has been likened to the rights of full membership, short of the right to vote.


text: Observer status may be granted by a United Nations General Assembly resolution. The status of a permanent observer is based purely on practice of the General Assembly, and there are no provisions for it in the United Nations Charter. The practice is to distinguish between state and non-state observers. Non-member states are members of one or more specialized agencies, and can apply for permanent observer state status. Non-state observers are the international organizations and other entities.


text: The General Assembly may invite non-member entities to participate in the work of the United Nations without formal membership, and has done so on numerous occasions. Such participants are described as observers, some of which may be further classified as non-member state observers. Most former non-member observer states accepted observer status at a time when they had applied for membership but were unable to attain it, due to the (actual or threatened) veto by one or more of the permanent members of the Security Council. The grant of observer status is made by the General Assembly only; it not subject to a Security Council veto.


text: In some circumstances a state may elect to become an observer rather than full member. For example, to preserve its neutrality while participating in its work, Switzerland chose to remain a permanent non-member state observer from 1948 until it became a member in 2002.


text: , there are two permanent non-member observer states in the General Assembly of the United Nations: the Holy See and Palestine. Both were described as "Non-member States having received a standing invitation to participate as observers in the sessions and the work of the General Assembly and maintaining permanent observer missions at Headquarters". The Holy See uncontroversially obtained its non-member observer state status in 1964. The Holy See did not wish to join the United Nations as a member because "Membership in the organization would not seem to be consonant with the provisions of Article 24 of the Lateran Treaty, particularly as regards spiritual status and participation in possible use of force." Since April 6, 1964, the Holy See has accepted permanent observer state status, which was regarded as a diplomatic courtesy, to enable the Vatican to participate in the UN's humanitarian activities and in the promotion of peace.


text: In 2012, Palestine's observer status was changed from "non-member observer entity" to "non-member observer state", which many called "symbolic". The change followed an application by Palestine for full UN membership in 2011 as part of the Palestine 194 campaign, to provide additional leverage to the Palestinians in their dealings with Israel. The application had not been put to a UN Security Council vote.


text: With the change in status, the United Nations Secretariat held that Palestine was entitled to become a party to treaties for which the UN Secretary-General is the depositary. On 17 December 2012, UN Chief of Protocol, Yeocheol Yoon, declared that "the designation of 'State of Palestine' shall be used by the Secretariat in all official United Nations documents."


text: The seating in the General Assembly Hall is arranged with non-member observer states being seated immediately after UN member states, and before other observers. On 10 September 2015, the General Assembly resolved to approve the raising at the UN of the flags of non-member observer states alongside those of the 193 UN member states.


text: Sixteen former non-member states were also granted observer status. Fourteen of those states eventually became members of the United Nations. The other two constitute a single special case.


text: Most of the former non-member observer states accepted this status at a time when they had applied for membership but were unable to attain it, due to the (actual or threatened) veto of one or more of the permanent members of the Security Council. The vetoes were later overcome either by changes in geopolitical circumstances, or by "package deals" under which the Security Council approved multiple new member states at the same time, as was done with a dozen countries in 1955 and with East and West Germany in 1973.


text: Many intergovernmental organizations and a few other entities (non-governmental organizations and others with various degrees of statehood or sovereignty), are invited to become observers at the General Assembly. Some of them maintain a permanent office in the United Nations headquarters in New York City, while others do not; however, this is the choice of the organization and does not imply differences in their status.


text: While the EU is an observer, it is party to some 50 international UN agreements as the only non-state participant. It is a full participant on the Commission on Sustainable Development, the Forum on Forests and the Food and Agriculture Organization. It has also been a "full participant" at certain UN summits, such as the Rio and Kyoto summits on climate change, including hosting a summit. Furthermore, the EU delegation maintains close relations with the UN's aid bodies. In 2011 the EU was granted enhanced powers in the General Assembly; the right to speak in debates, to submit proposals and amendments, the right of reply, to raise points of order and to circulate documents. These rights were also made open to other international organizations who requested them, if their members have given them the right to speak on their behalf.


text: In the resolution adopted in May 2011 granting additional rights to the European Union the UNGA decided that similar arrangements may be adopted for any other regional organization that is allowed to speak on behalf of its member states.


title: Immigration

text: Immigration is the international movement of people to a destination country of which they are not natives or where they do not possess citizenship in order to settle as permanent residents or naturalized citizens. Commuters, tourists, and other short-term stays in a destination country do not fall under the definition of immigration or migration; seasonal labour immigration is sometimes included, however.


title: Immigration

text: As for economic effects, research suggests that migration is beneficial both to the receiving and sending countries. Research, with few exceptions, finds that immigration on average has positive economic effects on the native population, but is mixed as to whether low-skilled immigration adversely affects low-skilled natives. Studies show that the elimination of barriers to migration would have profound effects on world GDP, with estimates of gains ranging between 67 and 147 percent for the scenarios in which 37 to 53 percent of the developing countries' workers migrate to the developed countries. Development economists argue that reducing barriers to labor mobility between developing countries and developed countries would be one of the most efficient tools of poverty reduction. Positive net immigration can soften the demographic dilemma in the aging global North.


title: Immigration

text: The academic literature provides mixed findings for the relationship between immigration and crime worldwide, but finds for the United States that immigration either has no impact on the crime rate or that it reduces the crime rate. Research shows that country of origin matters for speed and depth of immigrant assimilation, but that there is considerable assimilation overall for both first- and second-generation immigrants.


title: Immigration

text: Research has found extensive evidence of discrimination against foreign born and minority populations in criminal justice, business, the economy, housing, health care, media, and politics in the United States and Europe.


title: Immigration

text: The term "immigration" was coined in the 17th century, referring to non-warlike population movements between the emerging nation states.


title: Immigration

text: When people cross national borders during their migration, they are called "migrants" or "immigrants" (from Latin: "migrare", 'wanderer') from the perspective of the destination country. In contrast, from the perspective of the country from which they leave, they are called "emigrants" or "outmigrants".


title: Immigration

text: , the number of international migrants has reached 244 million worldwide, which reflects a 41% increase since 2000. One third of the world's international migrants are living in just 20 countries. The largest number of international migrants live in the United States, with 19% of the world's total. Germany and Russia host 12 million migrants each, taking the second and third place in countries with the most migrants worldwide. Saudi Arabia hosts 10 million migrants, followed by the United Kingdom (9 million) and the United Arab Emirates (8 million).


title: Immigration

text: In most parts of the world, migration occurs between countries that are located within the same major area. Between 2000 and 2015, Asia added more international migrants than any other major area in the world, gaining 26 million. Europe added the second largest with about 20 million.


title: Immigration

text: In 2015, the number of international migrants below the age of 20 reached 37 million, while 177 million are between the ages of 20 and 64. International migrants living in Africa were the youngest, with a median age of 29, followed by Asia (35 years), and Latin America/Caribbean (36 years), while migrants were older in Northern America (42 years), Europe (43 years), and Oceania (44 years).


title: Immigration

text: Nearly half (43%) of all international migrants originate in Asia, and Europe was the birthplace of the second largest number of migrants (25%), followed by Latin America (15%). India has the largest diaspora in the world (16 million people), followed by Mexico (12 million) and Russia (11 million).


title: Immigration

text: A 2012 survey by Gallup found that given the opportunity, 640 million adults would migrate to another country, with 23% of these would-be immigrant choosing the United States as their desired future residence, while 7% of respondents, representing 45 million people, would choose the United Kingdom. Canada, France, Saudi Arabia, Australia, Germany, Spain, Italy, and the United Arab Emirates made up the rest of the top ten desired destination countries.


title: Immigration

text: One theory of immigration distinguishes between "push and pull factors", referring to the economic, political, and social influences by which people migrate from or to specific countries. Immigrants are motivated to leave their former countries of citizenship, or habitual residence, for a variety of reasons, including: a lack of local access to resources, a desire for economic prosperity, to find or engage in paid work, to better their standard of living, family reunification, retirement, climate or environmentally induced migration, exile, escape from prejudice, conflict or natural disaster, or simply the wish to change one's quality of life. Commuters, tourists, and other short-term stays in a destination country do not fall under the definition of immigration or migration; seasonal labour immigration is sometimes included, however.


title: Immigration

text: Push factors (or determinant factors) refer primarily to the motive for leaving one's country of origin (either voluntarily or involuntarily), whereas pull factors (or attraction factors) refer to one's motivations behind or the encouragement towards immigrating to a particular country.


title: Immigration

text: In the case of economic migration (usually labor migration), differentials in wage rates are common. If the value of wages in the new country surpasses the value of wages in one's native country, he or she may choose to migrate, as long as the costs are not too high. Particularly in the 19th century, economic expansion of the US increased immigrant flow, and nearly 15% of the population was foreign born, thus making up a significant amount of the labor force.


title: Immigration

text: As transportation technology improved, travel time, and costs decreased dramatically between the 18th and early 20th century. Travel across the Atlantic used to take up to 5 weeks in the 18th century, but around the time of the 20th century it took a mere 8 days. When the opportunity cost is lower, the immigration rates tend to be higher. Escape from poverty (personal or for relatives staying behind) is a traditional push factor, and the availability of jobs is the related pull factor. Natural disasters can amplify poverty-driven migration flows. Research shows that for middle-income countries, higher temperatures increase emigration rates to urban areas and to other countries. For low-income countries, higher temperatures reduce emigration.


title: Immigration

text: Emigration and immigration are sometimes mandatory in a contract of employment: religious missionaries and employees of transnational corporations, international non-governmental organizations, and the diplomatic service expect, by definition, to work "overseas". They are often referred to as "expatriates", and their conditions of employment are typically equal to or better than those applying in the host country (for similar work).


title: Immigration

text: Non-economic push factors include persecution (religious and otherwise), frequent abuse, bullying, oppression, ethnic cleansing, genocide, risks to civilians during war, and social marginalization. Political motives traditionally motivate refugee flows; for instance, people may emigrate in order to escape a dictatorship.


title: Immigration

text: Some migration is for personal reasons, based on a relationship (e.g. to be with family or a partner), such as in family reunification or transnational marriage (especially in the instance of a gender imbalance). Recent research has found gender, age, and cross-cultural differences in the ownership of the idea to immigrate. In a few cases, an individual may wish to immigrate to a new country in a form of transferred patriotism. Evasion of criminal justice (e.g., avoiding arrest) is a personal motivation. This type of emigration and immigration is not normally legal, if a crime is internationally recognized, although criminals may disguise their identities or find other loopholes to evade detection. For example, there have been reports of war criminals disguising themselves as victims of war or conflict and then pursuing asylum in a different country.


title: Immigration

text: Barriers to immigration come not only in legal form or political form; natural and social barriers to immigration can also be very powerful. Immigrants when leaving their country also leave everything familiar: their family, friends, support network, and culture. They also need to liquidate their assets, and they incur the expense of moving. When they arrive in a new country, this is often with many uncertainties including finding work, where to live, new laws, new cultural norms, language or accent issues, possible racism, and other exclusionary behavior towards them and their family.


title: Immigration

text: The politics of immigration have become increasingly associated with other issues, such as national security and terrorism, especially in western Europe, with the presence of Islam as a new major religion. Those with security concerns cite the 2005 French riots and point to the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy as examples of the value conflicts arising from immigration of Muslims in Western Europe. Because of all these associations, immigration has become an emotional political issue in many European nations.


title: Immigration

text: Studies have suggested that some special interest groups lobby for less immigration for their own group and more immigration for other groups since they see effects of immigration, such as increased labor competition, as detrimental when affecting their own group but beneficial when impacting other groups. A 2010 European study suggested that "employers are more likely to be pro-immigration than employees, provided that immigrants are thought to compete with employees who are already in the country. Or else, when immigrants are thought to compete with employers rather than employees, employers are more likely to be anti-immigration than employees." A 2011 study examining the voting of US representatives on migration policy suggests that "representatives from more skilled labor abundant districts are more likely to support an open immigration policy towards the unskilled, whereas the opposite is true for representatives from more unskilled labor abundant districts."


title: Immigration

text: Another contributing factor may be lobbying by earlier immigrants. The chairman for the US Irish Lobby for Immigration Reform—which lobby for more permissive rules for immigrants, as well as special arrangements just for Irish people—has stated that "the Irish Lobby will push for any special arrangement it can get—'as will every other ethnic group in the country.


title: Immigration

text: The term economic migrant refers to someone who has travelled from one region to another region for the purposes of seeking employment and an improvement in quality of life and access to resources. An economic migrant is distinct from someone who is a refugee fleeing persecution.


title: Immigration

text: Many countries have immigration and visa restrictions that prohibit a person entering the country for the purposes of gaining work without a valid work visa. As a violation of a State's immigration laws a person who is declared to be an economic migrant can be refused entry into a country.


title: Immigration

text: The World Bank estimates that remittances totaled $420 billion in 2009, of which $317 billion went to developing countries.