title: Krack (film)

text: The first single, "Bhoom Bhaddhal", was released on 13 November 2020, coinciding with the eve of Diwali. On 10 December 2020, the makers tweeted about the second single, which will be sung by noted Tamil film composer Anirudh Ravichander, which was later titled as "Balega Tagilavey Bangaram" and was released on 14 December 2020. The third single track "Korameesam Polisoda" was released on the occasion of Christmas, 25 December 2020. The fourth song of the film titled "Mass Biriyani" was unveiled on 4 January 2021.


title: Krack (film)

text: Lahari Music released the complete soundtrack album featuring five tracks on 8 January 2021, which included the four songs that were released as singles earlier.


title: Krack (film)

text: "123Telugu", on reviewing the music, stated, "On the whole. the album of Krack is made for the target audience. Thaman, though, does not give something special, but plays it to the galleries and brings out his massy side with some foot-tapping numbers. Mass Biryani and Balega Tagilyave Bangaram are our picks and will be big hits. As it has been quite some time since we have seen a mass film on the screen, this album will surely pick once the film releases on the big screen."


title: Krack (film)

text: Another reviewer from "IndiaGlitz" rated the album 3 out of 5 stars, and wrote, "The Thaman-Anirudh combination sounds refreshing, with the scales tilting towards the latter. It's as if the singer exerted a heavy influence in determining the flavour of the song rather than allow the musician to do it. The liberal usage of English-language words like 'Family pack' has a Bhaskarabhatla-esque ring to them. Besides the self-referential word 'Balupu' (which was a film of the Gopichand Malineni-Ravi Teja duo), there are too many cliches out there. Sahithi Chaganti's voice trods the beaten path. Rahul Nambiar's voice is energetic. Thaman deploys the drums and percussions in a typical manner."


title: Krack (film)

text: Despite no copyright issues, the song "Balega Tagilyave Bangaram" composed by Thaman, was criticised for allegedly copying the tunes from a Latin song "Selva". Another allegation was raised stating that "Mass Biryani" song has similar tunes from the song "Kajal Chellivaa" of 2013 Telugu film "Balupu", which was composed by himself starring same trio, Ravi Teja, Shruti Haasan, and Gopichand Malineni.


title: Krack (film)

text: "Krack" was scheduled to release theatrically on 8 May 2020, but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The director Gopichand Malineni, clarified that the film will be scheduled for a theatrical release, after rumours regarding the film's release on OTT platforms surfaced. On 26 October 2020, the makers announced that the film will release theatrically during the occasion of Sankranthi.


title: Krack (film)

text: On 19 December 2020, the makers announced that the film would release on 14 January 2021, coinciding with Sankranthi. However, at the launch event held at AMB Cinemas in Hyderabad on 1 January 2021, where the film's trailer was released, director Gopichand Malineni announced a new release date of 9 January 2021. The pre-release business of the film in the Telugu states considered to be crore from the Telugu states alone.


title: Krack (film)

text: The film's US premiere shows on 8 January, and the morning and afternoon shows in India were cancelled, due to the financial tussles between the exhibitors and its producer B. Madhu. The financiers reportedly took the legal route to stall the release of the film, demanding that producer Madhu, had to clear the dues owed by them, after the failure of his Vishal-starrer "Ayogya" (2019). After clearing the negotiations, the makers premiered evening shows of the film.


title: Krack (film)

text: The film was released on OTT platform Aha on 6 February 2021. The satellite rights of the film were acquired by Star Maa, premiered on 14 March 2021 and registered an average TRP rating of 11.7. The Hindi version premiered first on Miniplex TV channel on 4 June 2021 and then on Zee Cinema on 27 June 2021. However the dubbing of the Hindi dub premiered on Miniplex was panned by the viewers, especially that of Ravi Teja's. The second Hindi dub with Amar Babaria's voice for Ravi Teja was premiered on Zee Cinema. The Tamil version of the film was telecast through Zee Tamil on 1 August 2021.


title: Krack (film)

text: "Krack" received positive reviews from the critics, with most praising "the effective performances and the engaging screenplay." "The Times of India" critic Thadhagath Pathi gave 3.5 out of 5 stars, stating, "A wholesome commercial cop drama and mass entertainer from Mass Maharaj himself after a very long time." "123Telugu" gave 3.25 out of 5 stating "Krack is a full-on masala entertainer with Ravi Teja in top form." Hemanth Kumar of "Firstpost" gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5 stating "The biggest crack in Krack is evident in its attempt to build a gripping narrative. Each sequence is packed with so many details, some of which just look cool without adding anything to the narrative, that you begin to lose patience." "Indiaglitz" gave the film 3 out of 5 stating "Krack is targeted at the mass audience and youngsters who pine for hero-can-do-it-all stories. While being formulaic, it also offers several exciting stretches."


title: Krack (film)

text: Karthik Keramalu of "Film Companion" stated, "It’s fun to watch the Mass Maharaja in Gopichand Malineni’s crowd-pleaser that’s tailor-made for his energetic presence." He also noted that a magnanimous chunk of the narrative device from the 2018 Kannada movie "Tagaru" to be the main source of inspiration for the template of the tweaked screenplay of this film. Janani K of "India Today" gave 3 out of 5 stars ""Krack" is a decent masala entertainer with a neat blend of commercial elements, brilliant stunt sequences, and interesting storyline. The film could have been so much more if they had done away with too much detailing. Yet, Krack holds the audience’s attention for the most part and entertains us."


title: Krack (film)

text: The morning and noon shows for "Krack" were cancelled, and the film opened with evening shows. The film grossed 10 crore in its first two days, with a distributor share of over 6 crore. At the third day, the film grossed more than 2.81 crore, taking its total opening weekend collections to 23 crore. The film collected a gross of 31 crore after five days, and in the first week. In 15 days, "Krack" grossed , becoming the highest-grossing film of Teja's career. The film earned distributors a share of 36.23 crore. , the film had grossed approximately .


title: Buffer solution

text: A buffer solution (more precisely, pH buffer or hydrogen ion buffer) is an aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or vice versa. Its pH changes very little when a small amount of strong acid or base is added to it. Buffer solutions are used as a means of keeping pH at a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical applications. In nature, there are many living systems that use buffering for pH regulation. For example, the bicarbonate buffering system is used to regulate the pH of blood, and bicarbonate also acts as a buffer in the ocean.


title: Buffer solution

text: Buffer solutions resist pH change because of a chemical equilibrium between the weak acid HA and its conjugate base A:


title: Buffer solution

text: When some strong acid is added to an equilibrium mixture of the weak acid and its conjugate base, hydrogen ions (H) are added, and the equilibrium is shifted to the left, in accordance with Le Chatelier's principle. Because of this, the hydrogen ion concentration increases by less than the amount expected for the quantity of strong acid added.


title: Buffer solution

text: Similarly, if strong alkali is added to the mixture, the hydrogen ion concentration decreases by less than the amount expected for the quantity of alkali added. In figure 1, the effect is illustrated by the simulated titration of a weak acid with p"K" = 4.7. The relative concentration of undissociated acid is shown in blue, and of its conjugate base in red. The pH changes relatively slowly in the buffer region, pH = p"K" ± 1, centered at pH = 4.7, where [HA] = [A]. The hydrogen ion concentration decreases by less than the amount expected because most of the added hydroxide ion is consumed in the reaction


title: Buffer solution

text: and only a little is consumed in the neutralization reaction (which is the reaction that results in an increase in pH)


title: Buffer solution

text: Once the acid is more than 95% deprotonated, the pH rises rapidly because most of the added alkali is consumed in the neutralization reaction.


title: Buffer solution

text: Buffer capacity is a quantitative measure of the resistance to change of pH of a solution containing a buffering agent with respect to a change of acid or alkali concentration. It can be defined as follows:


title: Buffer solution

text: where formula_4 is an infinitesimal amount of added acid. pH is defined as −log[H], and "d"(pH) is an infinitesimal change in pH.


title: Buffer solution

text: With either definition the buffer capacity for a weak acid HA with dissociation constant "K" can be expressed as


title: Buffer solution

text: where [H] is the concentration of hydrogen ions, and formula_6 is the total concentration of added acid. "K" is the equilibrium constant for self-ionization of water, equal to 1.0. Note that in solution H exists as the hydronium ion HO, and further aquation of the hydronium ion has negligible effect on the dissociation equilibrium, except at very high acid concentration.


title: Buffer solution

text: The pH of a solution containing a buffering agent can only vary within a narrow range, regardless of what else may be present in the solution. In biological systems this is an essential condition for enzymes to function correctly. For example, in human blood a mixture of carbonic acid (HCO) and bicarbonate (HCO) is present in the plasma fraction; this constitutes the major mechanism for maintaining the pH of blood between 7.35 and 7.45. Outside this narrow range (7.40 ± 0.05 pH unit), acidosis and alkalosis metabolic conditions rapidly develop, ultimately leading to death if the correct buffering capacity is not rapidly restored.


title: Buffer solution

text: If the pH value of a solution rises or falls too much, the effectiveness of an enzyme decreases in a process, known as denaturation, which is usually irreversible. The majority of biological samples that are used in research are kept in a buffer solution, often phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7.4.


title: Buffer solution

text: In industry, buffering agents are used in fermentation processes and in setting the correct conditions for dyes used in colouring fabrics. They are also used in chemical analysis and calibration of pH meters.


title: Buffer solution

text: For buffers in acid regions, the pH may be adjusted to a desired value by adding a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid to the particular buffering agent. For alkaline buffers, a strong base such as sodium hydroxide may be added. Alternatively, a buffer mixture can be made from a mixture of an acid and its conjugate base. For example, an acetate buffer can be made from a mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate. Similarly, an alkaline buffer can be made from a mixture of the base and its conjugate acid.


title: Buffer solution

text: By combining substances with p"K" values differing by only two or less and adjusting the pH, a wide range of buffers can be obtained. Citric acid is a useful component of a buffer mixture because it has three p"K" values, separated by less than two. The buffer range can be extended by adding other buffering agents. The following mixtures (McIlvaine's buffer solutions) have a buffer range of pH 3 to 8.


title: Buffer solution

text: A mixture containing citric acid, monopotassium phosphate, boric acid, and diethyl barbituric acid can be made to cover the pH range 2.6 to 12.


title: Buffer solution

text: For effective range see Buffer capacity, above. Also see Good's buffers for the historic design principles and favourable properties of these buffer substances in biochemical applications.


title: Buffer solution

text: This shows that when the acid dissociates, equal amounts of hydrogen ion and anion are produced. The equilibrium concentrations of these three components can be calculated in an ICE table (ICE standing for "initial, change, equilibrium").


title: Buffer solution

text: The first row, labelled I, lists the initial conditions: the concentration of acid is "C", initially undissociated, so the concentrations of A and H would be zero; "y" is the initial concentration of "added" strong acid, such as hydrochloric acid. If strong alkali, such as sodium hydroxide, is added, then "y" will have a negative sign because alkali removes hydrogen ions from the solution. The second row, labelled C for "change", specifies the changes that occur when the acid dissociates. The acid concentration decreases by an amount −"x", and the concentrations of A and H both increase by an amount +"x". This follows from the equilibrium expression. The third row, labelled E for "equilibrium", adds together the first two rows and shows the concentrations at equilibrium.


title: Buffer solution

text: With specific values for "C", "K" and "y", this equation can be solved for "x". Assuming that pH = −log[H], the pH can be calculated as pH = −log("x" + "y").


title: Buffer solution

text: Polyprotic acids are acids that can lose more than one proton. The constant for dissociation of the first proton may be denoted as "K", and the constants for dissociation of successive protons as "K", etc. Citric acid is an example of a polyprotic acid HA, as it can lose three protons.


title: Buffer solution

text: When the difference between successive p"K" values is less than about 3, there is overlap between the pH range of existence of the species in equilibrium. The smaller the difference, the more the overlap. In the case of citric acid, the overlap is extensive and solutions of citric acid are buffered over the whole range of pH 2.5 to 7.5.


title: Buffer solution

text: Calculation of the pH with a polyprotic acid requires a speciation calculation to be performed. In the case of citric acid, this entails the solution of the two equations of mass balance:


title: Buffer solution

text: "C" is the analytical concentration of the acid, "C" is the analytical concentration of added hydrogen ions, "β" are the cumulative association constants. "K" is the constant for self-ionization of water. There are two non-linear simultaneous equations in two unknown quantities [A] and [H]. Many computer programs are available to do this calculation. The speciation diagram for citric acid was produced with the program HySS.


title: Buffer solution

text: N.B. The numbering of cumulative, overall constants is the reverse of the numbering of the stepwise, dissociation constants.


title: Buffer solution

text: Cumulative association constants are used in general-purpose computer programs such as the one used to obtain the speciation diagram above.


title: Shoplifters (film)

text: Shoplifters () is a 2018 Japanese drama film directed, written and edited by Hirokazu Kore-eda. Starring Lily Franky and Sakura Ando, it is about a family that relies on shoplifting to cope with a life of poverty.


title: Shoplifters (film)

text: Kore-eda wrote the screenplay contemplating what makes a family, and inspired by reports on poverty and shoplifting in Japan. Principal photography began in mid-December 2017.


title: Shoplifters (film)

text: "Shoplifters" premiered on 13 May 2018 at the Cannes Film Festival, where it won the Palme d'Or. The film was released in Japan on 8 June 2018 and was a critical and commercial success. "Shoplifters" won three Mainichi Film Awards, including Best Film, and the Asia Pacific Screen Award for Best Feature Film, and was nominated for Best Foreign Language Film at the Oscars and the Golden Globes.


title: Shoplifters (film)

text: In Tokyo, a family live together in poverty: Hatsue, an elderly woman who owns the home and supports them with her deceased husband's pension, Nobuyo, who works for an industrial laundry service, her husband Osamu, a day laborer forced to leave his job after twisting his ankle, Aki, who works at a fetish club, and Shota, a young boy.


title: Shoplifters (film)

text: Osamu and Shota routinely shoplift from stores, using a system of hand signals to communicate. Osamu tells Shota it is fine to steal things that have not been sold, as they do not belong to anyone. One cold night, they see Yuri, a neighborhood girl they regularly observe locked out on an apartment balcony, and bring her home with them. They only intend to have her stay for dinner, but after finding evidence of abuse, they choose not to return her.


title: Shoplifters (film)

text: Yuri bonds with her new family and learns to shoplift from Osamu and Shota. Osamu urges Shota to see him as his father and Yuri as his sister, but Shota is reluctant. The family learns on television that after almost two months, police are investigating Yuri's disappearance; her parents never reported her missing. The family cuts her hair, burns her old clothes, and renames her Lin.


title: Shoplifters (film)

text: Hatsue visits her husband's son from an affair, from whom she regularly receives money. The son and his wife are Aki's parents; they lie that their daughter is living in Australia. The family visits the beach and Hatsue expresses contentment that she will not die a lonely death. At home that night, she dies in her sleep. Osamu and Nobuyo bury her under the house in order to avoid reporting her death and continue to collect her pension.


title: Shoplifters (film)

text: Osamu steals a purse from a car, making Shota feel uneasy, since he considers this theft against their moral code. Shota recalls joining the family after Nobuyo and Osamu found him in a locked car. Increasingly guilt-ridden about teaching Yuri to steal, Shota interrupts her theft by stealing fruit from a grocery store in view of the staff. Cornered, he jumps from a bridge and breaks his leg.


title: Shoplifters (film)

text: Shota is hospitalized and detained by police. Nobuyo and Osamu are caught after attempting to flee with Yuri and Aki. The authorities discover Yuri and the death of Hatsue and tell Shota that the family was going to abandon him. They reveal to Aki that Nobuyo and Osamu previously killed Nobuyo's abusive husband in a crime of passion, and that Hatsue was receiving money from Aki's parents.


title: Shoplifters (film)

text: Nobuyo takes the blame for the crimes to protect Osamu, who has a previous criminal record, and is sentenced to prison. Shota is placed in an orphanage. Osamu and Shota visit Nobuyo in prison, and she gives Shota details of the car they found him in so he can search for his parents. Shota stays overnight with Osamu, against the orphanage's rules. When Shota asks, Osamu tells him the truth, confirming that they intended to abandon him, and says he can no longer be his father.


title: Shoplifters (film)

text: The next morning, as he is about to depart, Shota says that he allowed himself to be caught. Osamu runs after Shota's bus; Shota looks back and finally acknowledges Osamu as his father. Yuri is returned to her parents, who continue to neglect her, and looks wistfully back at the house she shared with the family.


title: Shoplifters (film)

text: Director Hirokazu Kore-eda said that he developed the story for "Shoplifters" when considering his earlier film "Like Father, Like Son", with the question "What makes a family?" He had been considering a film exploring this question for 10 years before making "Shoplifters". Kore-eda described it as his "socially conscious" film. With this story, Kore-eda said he did not want the perspective to be from only a few individual characters, but to capture "the family within the society", a "wide point of view" in the vein of his 2004 film "Nobody Knows". He set his story in Tokyo and was also influenced by the Japanese Recession, including media reports of how people lived in poverty and of shoplifting. To research the project, Kore-eda toured an orphanage and wrote a scene inspired by a girl there who read from "Swimmy" by Leo Lionni. Kore-eda said,


title: Shoplifters (film)

text: Lily Franky and Sakura Ando joined the cast before principal photography began in mid-December 2017. Child actors Sasaki Miyu and Jyo Kairi were cast for their first film. Sosuke Ikematsu, Chizuru Ikewaki and Yūki Yamada joined the cast in February. It was also one of the last films Kirin Kiki appeared in before her death in 2018.


title: Shoplifters (film)

text: Production began in December 2017, with Fuji Television Network, Gaga, and AOI Pro producing. Cinematographer Kondo Ryuto used 35 mm film with an Arricam ST, aware 35 mm was a preference of Kore-eda's and also seeking the right texture and grain for the story.


title: Shoplifters (film)

text: With Gaga Corporation as its distributor, the film was selected to screen at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival, where it went on to win the Palme d'Or. In Japan, it was scheduled for release on 8 June 2018. Magnolia Pictures also obtained the rights to distribute the film in North America. On 23 May 2018, Thunderbird Releasing acquired the UK distribution rights, while Road Pictures secured the rights to distribute it in China.


title: Shoplifters (film)

text: The film grossed () in Japan by the end of 2018, making it the fourth highest-grossing domestic film of the year and the second highest-grossing Japanese live-action film of the year (after "Code Blue"). In China, the film grossed , in what "The Hollywood Reporter" called "an unprecedentedly strong performance for an imported pure arthouse drama". "Shoplifters" also grossed $3,313,513 in the United States and Canada, and $17,398,743 in other territories, for a worldwide total of . This makes it the most successful commercially of the five nominees for the 2019 Academy Award for Best International Film.


title: Shoplifters (film)

text: In its tenth weekend of release in the United States and Canada, following its Oscar nomination, the film made $190,000 from 114 theaters, for a running total of $2.5 million up until then.


title: Shoplifters (film)

text: In the United Kingdom, it was 2019's fourth best-selling foreign language film on home video, below the Hayao Miyazaki anime films "Spirited Away", "My Neighbor Totoro" and "Princess Mononoke".


title: Shoplifters (film)

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating based on reviews, with an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads, "Understated yet ultimately deeply affecting, "Shoplifters" adds another powerful chapter to director Hirokazu Kore-eda's richly humanistic filmography." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 93 out of 100, based on 40 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". "Shoplifters" was also listed on numerous critics' top ten lists for 2018.


title: Shoplifters (film)

text: Peter Bradshaw of "The Guardian" gave "Shoplifters" 4/5 stars, declaring it a "rich, satisfying film", but subsequently upgraded this to a 5/5 star review upon second viewing. "The Guardian" later ranked the film 15th in its Best Films of the 21st Century list. "The Hollywood Reporter" critic Deborah Young called it "bittersweet" as it "contrasts the frigid emotions of socially correct behavior with the warmth and happiness of a dishonest lower-class family". Robbie Collin of "The Daily Telegraph" awarded it five stars, hailing it as an "outstanding domestic drama, crafted by Kore-eda with crystalline insight and an unsparing emotional acuity".


title: Shoplifters (film)

text: For "IndieWire", David Ehrlich gave it a grade of "A−" and wrote the film "stings" with "the loneliness of not belonging to anyone, and the messiness of sticking together". "TheWrap"s Ben Croll declared it Kore-eda's "richest film to date". In "Time Out", Geoff Andrew gave it four stars and saluted Kore-eda as "a modern-day Ozu". "Variety"s Maggie Lee also compared it to "Oliver Twist" by Charles Dickens; Lily Franky's character Osamu was likewise compared to Dickens' character Fagin.


title: Shoplifters (film)

text: In Japan, "The Japan Times" gave "Shoplifters" five stars, writing "The cheers are entirely deserved" and credited it for an "outwardly naturalistic" style.


title: Shoplifters (film)

text: The film competed at the Cannes Film Festival, where it won the Palme d'Or on 19 May. It was the first Japanese Palme d'Or-winner since "The Eel" in 1997. Jury president Cate Blanchett explained the decision: "We were completely bowled over by "Shoplifters". How intermeshed the performances were with the directorial vision". In July 2018, "Shoplifters" also won Best International Film at the Munich Film Festival, with the jury citing it by stating it "opens up new possibilities and ultimately offers [...] hope".


title: Shoplifters (film)

text: In August, "Shoplifters" was selected as the Japanese entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 91st Academy Awards. It made the December shortlist in 2018, before being nominated for the Academy Award in January 2019.


title: How Do You Know

text: How Do You Know is a 2010 American romantic comedy film directed, written and produced by James L. Brooks, and starring Reese Witherspoon, Owen Wilson, Paul Rudd and Jack Nicholson in his final film role. It was the third film to feature Witherspoon and Rudd following "Overnight Delivery" and "Monsters vs. Aliens". The plot follows softball player Lisa (Witherspoon), who is caught in a love triangle between two men—the charming baseball player Matty (Wilson) and George (Rudd), a businessman who is charged for stock fraud.


title: How Do You Know

text: The film was shot in Philadelphia and Washington, D.C. and was released on December 17, 2010. It was a box office bomb, grossing $49 million against a $120 million budget, and received mixed reviews from critics. It was the final film directed by Brooks.


title: How Do You Know

text: Softball player Lisa Jorgenson begins dating Matty Reynolds, a pitcher for the Washington Nationals. She also receives an intriguing phone call from a young executive, George Madison, who was advised by a friend of Lisa's to give her a call. George calls out of politeness because he wants to explain that his relationship with his girlfriend has just become more serious.


title: How Do You Know

text: Life takes an abrupt turn for the worse for George when he suddenly finds himself the target of a federal criminal investigation for corporate malfeasance at a company run by his father, Charles Madison. He is fired from his job and abandoned by the company, with the exception of his father and his pregnant secretary, Annie.


title: How Do You Know

text: Still reeling from this blow, George goes to his girlfriend for sympathy and is stunned when she immediately breaks up with him. At the same time, Lisa is devastated when she is left off the Team USA roster.


title: How Do You Know

text: On a whim, George calls again to invite Lisa to lunch and she accepts. It turns out to be a disaster; he is so overwhelmed with his troubles that she eventually asks that they just eat in silence, and they part ways not expecting to see one another again. Unsure what to do next, Lisa moves in with Matty, who has a penthouse in the same upscale building where George's father lives. Matty is rich, well-meaning and fun, but is also immature and insensitive, and continues to have casual affairs with other women.


title: How Do You Know

text: George is indicted and could face prison time. Annie is so loyal that she tries to give him inside information in advance, but he urges her not to lose her own job. George and Lisa bump into each other in Matty's building and he offers to help her carry her groceries home. Matty returns home and is upset to find Lisa at “his place” with an uninvited guest.


title: How Do You Know

text: Matty inadvertently offends her, so Lisa moves out and spends a pleasant, tipsy evening at George's modest new apartment. His father then drops one last bombshell on his son: It was he who committed the illegal act for which George is being charged. Due to a previous conviction, Charles would spend at least 25 years — basically, the rest of his life due to his advanced age — in prison, whereas George would only do three years at most.


title: How Do You Know

text: On the night Annie's baby is born and her boyfriend proposes, Lisa begins to reconsider her previous reluctance to settle down. George is clearly smitten with her, but Matty pleads for another chance and she accepts. George makes a proposition to his father: he will take one more shot at persuading Lisa to be with him. If she does, Charles must go to jail, and if she doesn't, George will take the rap for his dad.


title: How Do You Know

text: At a birthday party that Matty throws for Lisa, George confesses his feelings for her and asks her to meet him downstairs if she decides she reciprocates them. He then leaves the party and goes downstairs to give her time to think it over. Finally, Lisa says goodbye to Matty and joins George outside. Charles, looking on from above smiles at the sight, but his smile soon fades as he realises he has to go to jail.


title: How Do You Know

text: Lisa is confused about her feelings and tells George, "I thought you were this silly guy. Now it's like... everything but you seems silly." George suggests she had never felt the kind of overwhelming love where the guy is the whole deal, which helps her realise that she's in love with him. Lisa then reaches out and holds his hand and we see them board a bus together.


title: How Do You Know

text: Brooks began work on the film in 2005, wishing to create a film about a young female athlete. While interviewing numerous women for hundreds of hours in his research for the film, he also became interested in "the dilemmas of contemporary business executives, who are sometimes held accountable by the law for corporate behavior of which they may not even be aware." He created Paul Rudd's and Jack Nicholson's characters for this concept. Filming finished in November 2009, although Brooks later reshot the film's opening and ending. The total production cost of the film was $120 million, with the net budget at about $100 million after tax rebates from Pennsylvania and the District of Columbia. The combined salaries for the director Brooks (about $10 million) and the four major stars Witherspoon ($15 million), Nicholson ($12 million), Wilson ($10 million) and Rudd ($3 million) totaled about $50 million. Brooks' "slow and meticulous" production and post-production process have been given as reasons for the size of the budget.


title: How Do You Know

text: "How Do You Know" opened at $7.6 million in the United States and Canada, making it eighth in the box office at its first weekend. The film fell off the chart by its third weekend. On its opening day, December 17, 2010, it debuted at No. 5 behind "", "Yogi Bear", "The Fighter" and "". By December 22, it was No. 11 in the box office. "How Do You Know" grossed a total of $48.7 million worldwide. In 2014, the "Los Angeles Times" listed the film as one of the biggest box office flops of all time.


title: How Do You Know

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 31% based on reviews from 150 critics, with an average rating of 4.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, ""How Do You Know" boasts a quartet of likeable leads – and they deserve better than this glib, overlong misfire from writer/director James L. Brooks." On Metacritic it has a score of 46 out of 100 based on reviews from 38 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: How Do You Know

text: Todd McCarthy of "The Hollywood Reporter" gave it a mixed review, and called it "A low-impact romantic comedy-drama from James L. Brooks in which the central characters are strangely disconnected from one another as well as from the audience." Peter Debruge of Variety gave it a negative review, and wrote: "How do you know when the spark is gone? When your latest romantic comedy looks like TV, feels like greeting-card poetry and sounds like a self-help manual." Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" wrote: "Nothing heats up. The movie doesn't lead us, it simply stays in step."


title: How Do You Know

text: Richard Corliss of Time magazine, noted that the film had already received particularly negative reviews, but responded "Yeah, well, I still like the film."


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 video game)

text: Development began in 2004, led by "Sonic" co-creator Yuji Naka. Sonic Team sought to create an appealing game in the vein of superhero films such as "Batman Begins", hoping it would advance the series with a realistic tone and multiple gameplay styles. Problems developed after Naka resigned to form his own company, Prope, and the team split to work on the Wii game "Sonic and the Secret Rings" (2007). As a result, "Sonic the Hedgehog" was rushed for release in time for the December holiday season. It was released for Xbox 360 in November 2006 and for PlayStation 3 the following month. Versions for Wii and Windows were canceled. Downloadable content featuring new single-player modes was released in 2007.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 video game)

text: "Sonic the Hedgehog" received praise in prerelease showings, as journalists believed it could return the series to its roots after years of mixed reviews. However, it was a critical failure. Reviewers criticized its loading times, camera system, story, voice acting, glitches, and controls. It is widely considered the worst "Sonic" game and led to the series' direction being rethought; subsequent games ignored its tone and most characters. In 2010, Sega delisted "Sonic the Hedgehog" from retailers, following its decision to remove all "Sonic" games with below-average Metacritic scores to increase the value of the franchise.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 video game)

text: "Sonic the Hedgehog" is a 3D platformer with action-adventure and role-playing elements. Like "Sonic Adventure", the single player navigates through open-ended hub worlds where they can converse with townspeople and perform missions to advance the story. The main gameplay takes place in linear levels that become accessible as the game progresses. The main playable characters are three hedgehogs: Sonic, Shadow, and Silver, who feature in separate campaigns titled "episodes". A bonus "Last Episode", which involves all three hedgehogs and concludes the storyline, is unlocked upon completing the first three.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 video game)

text: Sonic's story focuses on the speed-based platforming seen in previous "Sonic" games, with some sections having him run at full speed while dodging obstacles or riding a snowboard. Another character, Princess Elise, must be escorted in some stages, and she can use a special barrier to guard Sonic. Shadow's sections are similarly speedy, albeit more combat-oriented, with some segments having him ride vehicles. In contrast, Silver's levels are slower and revolve around his use of telekinesis to defeat enemies and solve puzzles. In certain areas, control is switched to one of several friend characters, with their own abilities.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 video game)

text: Although each character traverses the same levels, their unique abilities allow the player to access different areas of each stage and prevent them from accessing certain items. Scattered through each level are golden rings, which serve as a form of health. The rings can protect a character from a single hit by an enemy or obstacle, at which point they will be scattered and blink before disappearing. The game begins with Sonic, Shadow, and Silver each assigned a limited number of lives. These lives are successively lost whenever, with no rings in their possession, the characters are hit by an enemy or obstacle or encounter other fatal hazards. The game ends when the player exhausts the characters' lives. Every few levels, players will encounter a boss stage; to proceed, they must defeat the boss by depleting its health meter.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 video game)

text: Upon completion of a level or mission, players are given a grade depending on their performance, with an "S" rank being the best and a "D" rank being the worst. Players are given money for completing missions; more money is given to higher ranks. This money can be used to buy upgrades for the player character. Certain upgrades are required to complete the game. The game also features two multiplayer modes: "Tag", a cooperative mode where two players must work together to clear levels and collect Chaos Emeralds, and "Battle", a player versus player mode where two players race against each other.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 video game)

text: Doctor Eggman kidnaps Princess Elise of Soleanna in the hopes of harnessing the Flames of Disaster, a destructive power sealed within her. Aided by his friends Tails and Knuckles, Sonic works to protect Elise from Eggman. Meanwhile, Shadow, his fellow agent Rouge, and Eggman accidentally release an evil spirit, Mephiles. The spirit transports the agent duo to a post-apocalyptic future ravaged by a demonic monster, Iblis. When Mephiles meets survivors Silver and Blaze, he fools them into thinking Sonic is the cause of this destruction and sends them to the present to kill him.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 video game)

text: Throughout the story, Sonic and friends travel between the past, present, and future in their efforts to stop Mephiles and Iblis and protect Elise from Doctor Eggman. Though at first Silver stalks Sonic and impedes his attempts to save Elise, Shadow reveals to him that Sonic is not the cause of his world's suffering but rather Mephiles, who is trying to change the past for his own evil purposes. They travel 10 years in the past and learn that Mephiles seeks to bond with Iblis, who was sealed within Elise as a child, as they are the two halves of Soleanna's omnipotent god, Solaris. Mephiles eventually succeeds after killing Sonic to make Elise cry over his death, releasing her seal on Iblis and merging with him to become Solaris, who then attempts to consume time itself. The heroes use the power of the Chaos Emeralds to revive Sonic, and he, Shadow, and Silver transform into their super forms to defeat Solaris. Sonic and Elise are brought to the past and extinguish Solaris's flame, removing the god from existence and preventing the entire game’s events from ever occurring. Despite this, Sonic and Elise show faint signs of recalling their encounter afterwards.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 video game)

text: After finishing "Billy Hatcher and the Giant Egg" (2003), Sonic Team began to plan its next project. Among the ideas the team was considering was a game with a realistic tone and an advanced physics engine. When Sega reassigned the team to start working on a new game in the bestselling "Sonic" series, they decided to retain the realistic approach. "Sonic the Hedgehog" was conceived for sixth-generation consoles, but Sonic Team realized its release would coincide with the series' 15th anniversary and decided to develop it for seventh-generation consoles such as the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. Series co-creator and team lead Yuji Naka wanted the first "Sonic" game for seventh-generation systems to reach a wide audience. Naka noted the success of superhero films such as "Spider-Man 2" (2004) and "Batman Begins" (2005): "When Marvel or DC Comics turn their characters into films, they are thinking of them as blockbusters, huge hits, and that's what we were trying to emulate with "Sonic"." Thus, development of "Sonic the Hedgehog" began in late 2004. Sonic Team used the same title as the original 1991 "Sonic the Hedgehog" to indicate that it would be a major advance from the previous games and a reboot that returned to the series' roots.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 video game)

text: The Havok physics engine, previously used in their PlayStation 2 game "Astro Boy" (2004), allowed Sonic Team to create expansive levels previously impossible on earlier sixth-generation consoles and experiment with multiple play-styles. In addition, the engine also enabled Sonic Team to experiment with aspects such as global illumination, a night-and-day system, and giving Sonic new abilities like using ropes to leap into the air. Director Shun Nakamura demonstrated the engine during their stage shows at the Tokyo Game Show (TGS) in 2005. As the hardware of the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 was more powerful compared to the prior generation's consoles, the design team was able to create a more realistic setting than those of previous "Sonic" games. Sonic and Doctor Eggman were redesigned to better suit this updated environment: Sonic was made taller, with longer quills, and Eggman was made slimmer and given a more realistic appearance. Nakamura and producer Masahiro Kumono reasoned this was because the characters would be interacting with more humans, and felt it would make the game more appealing to older players. At one point, Sonic Team considered giving Sonic realistic fur and rubber textures.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 video game)

text: While Sonic Team had a major focus on the visuals, they considered their primary challenge creating a game that was as appealing as the original Sega Genesis "Sonic" games. They felt "Sonic Heroes" (2003) and "Shadow the Hedgehog" (2005) had veered into different directions and wanted to return the series to its speed-based roots in new ways. For example, they wanted to include multiple paths in levels, like the Genesis games had, a goal the realistic environments helped achieve. Sonic Team sought to "aggressively" address problems with the virtual camera system from earlier "Sonic" games, about which they had received many complaints.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 video game)

text: Silver the Hedgehog's gameplay style was born out of Sonic Team's desire to take advantage of Havok's realistic physics capabilities. The first design concept for Silver's character was an orange mink; he attained his final hedgehog look after over 50 design iterations. In designing Shadow's gameplay, the developers abandoned the concept of firearms previously used in "Shadow the Hedgehog" (2005) in favor of combat elements to differentiate him from the other characters. Shadow's gameplay was further fleshed out with the addition of vehicles; each vehicle uses its own physical engine. The game also features several CGI cutscenes produced by Blur Studio. Animation supervisor Leo Santos said Blur faced challenges animating the opening scene due to the placement of Sonic's mouth.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 video game)

text: As development progressed, Sonic Team faced serious problems. In March 2006, Naka resigned as head of Sonic Team to form his own company, Prope. Naka has said he resigned because he did not want to continue making "Sonic" games and instead wished to focus on original properties. With his departure, "the heart and soul of Sonic" was gone, according to former Sega of America CEO Tom Kalinske. "Sonic the Hedgehog" was originally intended for release on all major seventh-generation consoles as well as Windows, but Sega was presented with development kits for Nintendo's less powerful Wii console. Sega believed porting the game to Wii would take too long, and so conceived a "Sonic" game that would use the motion detection function of its controller.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 video game)

text: Therefore, the team was split in two: Nakamura led one team to finish "Sonic the Hedgehog" for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 while producer Yojiro Ogawa led the other to begin work on "Sonic and the Secret Rings" for the Wii. The split left an unusually small team to work on "Sonic the Hedgehog". Sega pressured the team to finish the game in time for the 2006 holiday shopping season, so with the deadline quickly approaching, Sonic Team rushed the final stages of development, ignoring bug reports from Sega's quality assurance department and control problems. In retrospect, Ogawa noted that the final period proved to be a large challenge for the team. Not only was the Xbox 360 release imminent, but the PlayStation 3 launch was scheduled not long afterwards. This put tremendous pressure on the team to develop for both systems. Producer Takashi Iizuka similarly recalled, "we didn't have any time to polish and we were just churning out content as quick as we could."


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 video game)

text: The cast of the "Sonic X" anime series reprised their voice roles for "Sonic the Hedgehog", and actress Lacey Chabert supplied the voice of series newcomer and damsel in distress Princess Elise. The score for the game was primarily composed by Tomoya Ohtani along with Hideaki Kobayashi, Mariko Nanba, Taihei Sato, and Takahito Eguchi. It was the first "Sonic" game that Ohtani, who had previously contributed to "Sonic Heroes" and "Shadow the Hedgehog", worked on as sound director. The main theme for the game, the fantasy-rap song "His World", was performed by Ali Tabatabaee and Matty Lewis of the band Zebrahead. Crush 40 performed Shadow's theme, "All Hail Shadow", while vocalist Bentley Jones (previously known as Lee Brotherton) sang Silver's theme, "Dreams of an Absolution". R&B artist Akon performed a remix of the Dreams Come True song "Sweet Sweet Sweet", a song previously used as the ending theme to "Sonic the Hedgehog 2" (1992). Donna De Lory sang Elise's theme, "My Destiny".


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 video game)

text: Because "Sonic the Hedgehog" was the first "Sonic" game for seventh-generation consoles, Ohtani "aimed to emphasise that it was an epic next-generation title". Two soundtrack albums were released on January 10, 2007, under Sega's Wave Master label: "Sonic the Hedgehog Vocal Traxx: Several Wills" and "Sonic the Hedgehog Original Soundtrack". "Vocal Traxx: Several Wills" contains seven songs; four are from the game, while the remaining three are remixes, including a version of "His World" performed by Crush 40. "Original Soundtrack" includes all 93 tracks featured in "Sonic the Hedgehog", spanning three discs.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 video game)

text: "Sonic the Hedgehog" was announced in a closed-doors presentation at the Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) in May 2005. Later that year, at TGS in September, Naka revealed the game's title and said its release would correspond with the series' 15th anniversary. A demo version of the game was playable at E3 2006. A second demo, featuring a short section of Sonic's gameplay, was released via Xbox Live in September 2006. Sega released several packages of desktop wallpaper featuring characters from the game, and American publisher Prima Games published an official strategy guide, written by Fletcher Black. Sega also made a deal with Microsoft to run advertisements for the game in Windows Live Messenger.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 video game)

text: The Xbox 360 version of "Sonic the Hedgehog" was released in North America on November 14, 2006, followed by a European release on November 24. Both versions were released in Japan on December 21. The PlayStation 3 version was released in North America on January 30, 2007, and in Europe on March 23. The game is often referred to by critics and fans with colloquial terms that reference its year of release, such as "Sonic 2006" or "Sonic 06".


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 video game)

text: In 2007, Sega released several packages of downloadable content that added features to single-player gameplay. These include a more difficult single-player mode and a continuous battle mode with all of the game's bosses back-to-back. One downloadable addition, "Team Attack Amigo" mode, sends players through a multitude of levels, changing to a different character every two or three levels and culminating in a boss fight. The PlayStation3 version was delayed to allow more time to incorporate the downloadable content, and thus launched alongside it.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 video game)

text: The game was digitally rereleased via the Xbox Live Marketplace on April 15, 2010. The following October, various "Sonic" games with average or below average scores on the review aggregator website Metacritic, including "Sonic the Hedgehog", were delisted from retailers. Sega reasoned this was to avoid confusing customers and increase the value of the brand, following positive prerelease responses to "" and "Sonic Colors" (both 2010). "Sonic the Hedgehog" was relisted on the Xbox 360 Marketplace in May 2022.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 video game)

text: "Sonic the Hedgehog" was well-received during prerelease showings. Reception to prior games "Sonic Heroes" and "Shadow the Hedgehog" had been mixed; after a number of well-received showings and demos, some felt "Sonic the Hedgehog" could be a return to the series' roots. "GameSpot" said the game "showed a considerable amount of promise" after playing a demo at E3 2006, and "GameSpy" praised its graphics and environments. In 2008 "GamesRadar" said that it had looked "amazing" before its release.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 video game)

text: At the time of release, the game received widespread negative reviews. Metacritic classified both versions' reception as "generally unfavorable". Sega reported that the game sold strongly, with 870,000 units sold in the United States and Europe within six months. The Xbox 360 version was branded under the Platinum Hits budget line.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 video game)

text: Critics were divided on the game's presentation. "IGN" called its graphics and audio "decent" and felt its interface and menu system worked well but lacked polish, but "GameSpot" said the graphics, while colorful, were bland and only a small improvement over sixth-generation games, a sentiment echoed by "1UP.com". "Game Informer" and "Eurogamer" noted several graphical glitches. "Eurogamer" also criticized the decision to continue the "Sonic Adventure" style of gameplay, believing that Sonic Team had learned nothing from the criticisms of past games.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 video game)

text: Reviewers singled out the game's camera system, loading times, controls, level designs, and glitches. "GameSpot" said the level design was worsened by the frustrating camera system, and "Game Informer" criticized the game's high difficulty, citing the camera as causing most deaths. Some reviewers were unhappy that the majority of the game was not spent playing as Sonic; playing as Tails, "GameSpot" wrote, made a level boring. Similar criticism was offered by "Eurogamer", finding that the supporting cast annoyed rather than fleshing the game out; they considered the camera system to be the worst they had ever seen in a video game. On the positive side, "1UP" felt that despite the control and level design problems, the game still played like a "Sonic" game.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 video game)

text: The plot was criticized as confusing and inappropriately dark. "GamesRadar" considered it overwrought and "conceptually challenged", and "Eurogamer" found its voice acting painful and its cutscenes cringeworthy. Some reviewers unfavorably compared the story to that of an anime or "Final Fantasy". The romance between Sonic and the human Princess Elise was especially criticized; for "GamesTM," it marked the point "the ["Sonic"] series had veered off into absolute nonsense."


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 video game)

text: "This ... is a mess from top to bottom", wrote "GameSpot", that "only the most blindly reverent "Sonic the Hedgehog" fan could possibly squeeze any enjoyment out of". "IGN" said that the game had some redeeming qualities, with brief segments of gameplay that demonstrated how a next-generation "Sonic" game could work, but found it "rips them away as soon as it shows them" and concluded that the game failed to reinvent the series. "Eurogamer" believed that "Sonic the Hedgehog"s mistakes would have been noticed even if the game had been released in 1996.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 video game)

text: Despite the mostly negative reception, "Game Informer" and Dave Halverson of "Play Magazine" defended the game. "Game Informer" described it as ambitious and praised the graphics, story, amount of content, and replay value, but believed only "Sonic" fans would enjoy the game. Halverson initially gave the Xbox360 version a 9.5/10, praising each character's controls and abilities and calling it the best 3D "Sonic" game yet. In the following issue, Halverson reassessed it as 8.5/10, writing that he had been told that the load times and glitches in his review copy would not be in the final version of the game. In a later review of the PlayStation3 version, Halverson was frustrated that the problems had still not been corrected and that the performance was worse despite the extra development time; Halverson gave this version a 5.5/10. "The A.V. Club" said in 2016 that despite the game's poor quality, the soundtrack has some "genuine rippers".


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 video game)

text: "GameTrailers" and "GamesRadar" considered "Sonic the Hedgehog" one of the most disappointing games of 2006. "GamesTM" singled out the game when it ranked the "Sonic" franchise at the top of their list of "Video Game Franchises That Lost Their Way". "The A.V. Club", "Kotaku", "Game Informer", and "USgamer" called the game the worst in the "Sonic" series, and the staff of "GamesRadar" named it among the worst video games of all time. The game remains popular for "Let's Play" walkthroughs, with players showing off its glitches. The official "Sonic" Twitter account also mocks the game. The failure of "Sonic the Hedgehog" led to the direction of the series being rethought. The next main "Sonic" game, 2008's "Unleashed", ignored the gritty and realistic tone of its predecessor. With "Unleashed"'s sequel "Sonic Colors", "The A.V. Club" wrote that "the series rediscovered its strength for whimsical tales with light tones."


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 video game)

text: "Sonic the Hedgehog" introduced Silver the Hedgehog, Princess Elise, Mephiles, and Iblis to the franchise; most have made few appearances since. Silver is a playable character in "Sonic Rivals" (2006) and its sequel, in "" (2007), and in "Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games" and its sequels, and is a minor character in the Nintendo DS version of "Sonic Colors" (2010) and "Sonic Forces" (2017). He also appeared in the "Sonic the Hedgehog" comic book series published by Archie Comics. The main theme of "Sonic the Hedgehog" and the theme of Sonic, "His World", was sampled in Drake's 2017 song "KMT".


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 video game)

text: To celebrate the "Sonic" franchise's 20th anniversary in 2011, Sega released "Sonic Generations", which remade aspects of past "Sonic" games. The PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Windows versions feature a remake of "Sonic the Hedgehog"s "Crisis City" level, and every version, including the Nintendo 3DS version, includes a reimagined version of the boss battle with Silver. The decision to include "Sonic the Hedgehog" stages and bosses in "Sonic Generations" was criticized by critics and fans of the series; Jim Sterling of "Destructoid" referred to the Silver boss fight as the "catch" of the otherwise high-quality game.


title: Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 video game)

text: In 2015, a fan group, Gistix, began developing a remake for Windows using the Unity engine. A demo was released in January 2017, and was positively received by journalists. A second demo was released in late 2017, which "Eurogamer" called ambitious. A second team of fans, led by ChaosX, began developing a separate PC remake in Unity, "Sonic P-06", releasing multiple demos from 2019 onward.


title: Harshvardhan Rane

text: Harshvardhan Rane was born on 16 December 1983 in Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh, India to a Telugu mother and a Maharashtrian father. He was brought up in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh and can speak English, Hindi, Telugu and Marathi.


title: Harshvardhan Rane

text: He worked as a freelancer in a film-branding enterprise. He wanted to be in the movies. He then moved on to Mumbai, where he got his first opportunity in the TV series Left Right Left on SAB TV in 2008.


title: Harshvardhan Rane

text: Rane made his feature film acting debut with the Telugu language "Thakita Thakita" in 2010. Then he appeared in Naa Istam and Avunu. Over the following years, he acted in several Telugu films, including the psychological thriller "Maaya" and comedy movie "Brother of Bommali". He also made cameo appearances in films like Fidaa and Bengal tiger. Previously, he was slated to make his Bollywood debut with Sanjay Leela Bhansali's "Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela" (2013), but opted out as it required an eleven-month contract. The romance film, "Sanam Teri Kasam" became his Bollywood debut. It was written and directed by "Vinay Sapru" and "Radhika Rao" and was released by Eros International on 5 February 2016. His next release was Paltan and his upcoming project is the Telugu film "Brundavanamidi Andaridi". He is set to appear in three films directed by J P Dutta.


title: Harshvardhan Rane

text: Rane was ranked in The Times Most Desirable Men at No. 32 in 2016, at No. 35 in 2017, at No. 33 in 2018, at No. 31 in 2019, at No. 29 in 2020.


title: Harshvardhan Rane

text: Rane owns a charity foundation holding garage sales for the ShirtOff Foundation to raise money to support the education of a girl-child (Swati) who had lost her parents to HIV. The campaign has him selling T-shirts he wore in his films at charity garage sales. And the actor had recently sold his shirts in Hyderabad from his latest hit Sanam Teri Kasam and managed to single-handedly raise close to Rs Two lakhs and still counting through online sales. Talking about this unique initiative, " My fans buy my shirts on sale and pose with me holding placards that read Took my #ShirtOff۪ while some choose to simply contribute." Harshvardhan also says that he is humbled by the support his fans have shown him over the years. Every contribution no matter how big or small, go a long way in helping Swati, he says.


title: Guiding Light

text: Guiding Light (known as The Guiding Light before 1975) is an American radio and television soap opera. It is listed in "Guinness World Records" as the third longest-running drama in television in American history. "Guiding Light" aired on CBS for 57 years between June 30, 1952, and September 18, 2009, overlapping a 19-year broadcast on radio between January 25, 1937, and June 29, 1956. With 72 years of radio and television runs, "Guiding Light" is the longest running soap opera, ahead of "General Hospital", and is the fifth-longest running program in all of broadcast history; only the American country music radio program "Grand Ole Opry" (first broadcast in 1925), the BBC religious program "The Daily Service" (1928), the CBS religious program "Music and the Spoken Word" (1929), and the Norwegian children's radio program "Lørdagsbarnetimen" (1924–2010) have been on the air longer.


title: Guiding Light

text: When the show debuted on radio in 1937, it centered on Reverend John Ruthledge and those people's lives that revolved around him. The "Guiding Light" in the show's title originally referred to the lamp in Ruthledge's study that people used as a sign for them to find his help when needed. When the show transitioned to television in the 1950s, the Bauers, a German immigrant family first introduced in 1948, became the focus of the program. Other core families were introduced over the show's run, including the Norrises in the 1960s; the Marlers and the Spauldings in the 1970s; and the Coopers, the Lewises, and the Reardons in the 1980s.


title: Guiding Light

text: "Guiding Light" was created by Irna Phillips and Emmons Carlson and began as an NBC Radio serial on January 25, 1937. On June 2, 1947, the series was transferred to CBS Radio, before starting on June 30, 1952, on CBS Television. It continued to be broadcast on radio until June 29, 1956. The series was expanded from 15 minutes to a half-hour during 1968 (and also switched from broadcasting live to pre-taping around this same time), and then to a full hour on November 7, 1977. The series broadcast its 15,000th CBS television episode on September 6, 2006.


title: Guiding Light

text: On April 1, 2009, CBS announced that it would be canceling "Guiding Light" after a run of 72 years (15 on radio and 57 on television) due to low ratings. The show taped its final scenes for CBS on August 11, 2009, and its final episode on the network aired on September 18, 2009. Reruns of "The Price Is Right" took over the "Guiding Light" time slot between September 21 and October 2, 2009, for two weeks. On October 5, 2009, CBS replaced "Guiding Light" with an hour-long revival of "Let's Make a Deal", hosted by Wayne Brady.


title: Guiding Light

text: "Guiding Light" has had a number of plot sequences during the series' long history, on both radio and television. These plot sequences include complex storylines, and different writers and casting.


title: Guiding Light

text: The series was created by Emmons Carlson and Irna Phillips, who based it on personal experiences. After giving birth to a still-born baby at age 19, she found spiritual comfort listening to the radio sermons of Preston Bradley, a famous Chicago preacher and founder of the People's Church, a church which promoted the brotherhood of man. These sermons originated the idea of the creation of "The Guiding Light", which began as a radio series. The original radio series was first broadcast as 15-minute episodes on NBC Radio, starting on January 25, 1937. The series was transferred to CBS Radio during 1947.


title: Guiding Light

text: "The Guiding Light" was broadcast first by CBS Television on June 30, 1952, replacing the canceled soap opera "The First Hundred Years". These episodes were also 15 minutes long. During the period from 1952 to 1956, "The Guiding Light" existed as both a radio and television serial, with actors recording their performances twice for each day that the shows were broadcast. The radio broadcast of "The Guiding Light" ceased production during 1956, ending this overlap.


title: Guiding Light

text: With the transition to television, the main characters became the Bauers, a lower-middle class German immigrant family who were first introduced in the radio serial in 1948. Many storylines revolved around Bill Bauer (son of patriarch Friedrich "Papa" Bauer) and his new wife Bertha (nicknamed "Bert"). Papa Bauer, who came to the United States during World War I with just a few dollars in his pocket, was a salt of the earth character who succeeded in offering opportunities to his children by working hard, and he instilled that work ethic into his children. Bert had dreams of climbing the social ladder and keeping up appearances, and it was up to Bill (and sometimes Papa Bauer) to bring her down to earth.


title: Guiding Light

text: "The Guiding Light" ranked as the number one-rated soap opera during both 1956 and 1957, before being replaced during 1958 by "As the World Turns". After Irna Phillips was transferred to "As the World Turns" during 1958, her protégé Agnes Nixon became head writer of "The Guiding Light".


title: Guiding Light

text: The first television producer of "The Guiding Light" was Lucy Ferri Rittenberg, who produced the show for over 20 years.


title: Guiding Light

text: Agnes Nixon relinquished her role as chief writer during 1965 to work on "Another World". On March 13, 1967, "The Guiding Light" was first broadcast in color. On September 9, 1968, the program was expanded from 15 to 30 minutes.


title: Guiding Light

text: The 1960s featured the introduction of black characters, and the main emphasis of the series shifted to Bill and Bert's children, Mike and Ed; the character of Bill Bauer was written out in July 1969, presumed dead after a plane crash. The show also became a bit more topical during the 1960s, with such storylines as Bert Bauer's diagnosis of uterine cancer in 1962.


title: Guiding Light

text: A number of new characters were introduced during the mid- to late 1960s, including Dr. Sara McIntyre, who remained a major character through the early 1980s.


title: Guiding Light

text: Much of the story during the first half of the 1970s was dominated by Stanley Norris' November 1971 murder and the ensuing trial, as well as the exploits of villainesses Charlotte Waring and Kit Vested. Charlotte (at the time played by Melinda Fee) was murdered by Kit (Nancy Addison) on August 26, 1973, and then Kit herself was shot by Joe Werner (Anthony Call) in self-defense on April 24, 1974, after she had attempted to poison Sara McIntyre.


title: Guiding Light

text: A pivotal character, off-and-on, until the spring of 1998, Roger Thorpe, was introduced on April 1, 1971. The role of Roger was originally proposed to be a blond, fair-skinned, preppy type, a man who was dating his boss's daughter Holly. Ultimately, Michael Zaslow, a dark haired actor, was hired for the role instead by long-time casting director, Betty Rea. Zaslow portrayed Roger as a complicated and multifaceted villain.


title: Guiding Light

text: Theo Goetz, the actor who played Papa Bauer since the first episode of "The Guiding Light", died in 1972. The decision was made to have Papa Bauer die in the storyline as well. The cast paid tribute to Goetz and Papa Bauer in a special memorial episode which aired on February 27, 1973.


title: Guiding Light

text: Pressured by newer, more youth-oriented soap operas such as "All My Children", Procter & Gamble hired head writers Bridget and Jerome Dobson during 1975, who started writing in November 1975. The Dobsons introduced a more nuanced, psychologically layered writing style, and included timely story lines, including a complex love/hate relationship between estranged spouses/step-siblings Roger and Holly. They also created a number of well-remembered characters, including Rita Stapleton, whose complex relationships with Roger and Ed propelled much of the story for the remainder of the decade, Alan Spaulding, and Ross Marler, both of whom remained major characters into the 2000s.


title: Guiding Light

text: The decision was made during the fall of 1977 to reintroduce the thought-dead character of Bill Bauer, in a major retcon. The other characters thought that he had died in an airplane crash in July 1969, but he was said to actually be alive. (Many viewers who had also paid attention to the show and story line back in September 1968, remembered that Bill was told he would only have nine more years to live.) One of the problems with this return is that the Dobsons seemed not quite sure what to do with his return. Although it was shocking, at first, to many of the characters, Bill himself ended up being charged for a murder of a man in Vancouver (Mike got his father off for the crime, proving that it was an accident, rather quickly and by April 1978 Bill had left town, again. Although Bill returned briefly in November 1978, April 1980, and then again in July 1983 and in flashbacks in November 1983.) Bill's return introduced the audience and the Bauers to another character that stayed on the show until September 1984, Hillary Kincaid, R. N. (Bauer), Bill's daughter (and thus Ed and Mike's half-sister; Bill had accidentally killed the man that Hillary originally thought was her father, but was actually her step-father) and she becomes a nurse at Cedars and a major character.


title: Guiding Light

text: Surprising many viewers, Jerome and Bridget Dobson killed the show's young heroine, Leslie Jackson Bauer Norris Bauer, in June 1976. Lynne Adams was reported at the time to want to leave the role, and the Dobsons decided against recasting the part. Leslie was killed by a drunk driver. Her father, Steve Jackson, remained on the show for the remainder of the 1970s, serving as a senior physician at Cedars, and as a friend and companion to Bert Bauer.


title: Guiding Light

text: In November 1975, the name was changed in the show's opening and closing visuals from "The Guiding Light" to "Guiding Light". On November 7, 1977, the show expanded to a full hour and was broadcast from 2:30 to 3:30 pm daily.


title: Guiding Light

text: The 1970s emphasized the Bauers and the Spauldings, but several other notable characters were introduced.


title: Guiding Light

text: Bridget and Jerome Dobson assumed the head writing duties of "As the World Turns" in late 1979. Former actor Douglas Marland, assumed the head writing reins of "Guiding Light" in 1979. He introduced many new characters, including the Reardon family. During May 1980, "Guiding Light" won its first Outstanding Drama Series Daytime Emmy. One of Marland's stories featured the character of Carrie Todd Marler, played by Jane Elliot. Carrie was diagnosed with multiple personalities. Marland had barely delved into her psychosis when Elliot's contract was abruptly terminated by Executive Producer Allen M. Potter in 1982. As a result, Marland resigned in protest.


title: Guiding Light

text: During the early 1980s, the show began to emphasize younger characters more, as an attempt to compete with the younger-skewing ABC serials. A number of longtime characters were eliminated during this time, including Ben and Eve McFarren, Diane Ballard, Dr. Sara McIntyre, Adam Thorpe, Barbara Norris Thorpe, Justin Marler and Steve Jackson. Actress Lenore Kasdorf quit the show in 1981, and producers decided not to recast the role of Rita Stapleton Bauer, given how popular Kasdorf had been. The Bauer family matriarch, Bertha 'Bert' Bauer, died in March 1986, following the real-life death of Charita Bauer in 1985. During "Guiding Light's" 50th anniversary year in 1987, a commitment was pledged to showcase the Bauer family in primary roles as much as possible, after audience reaction to the Oklahoma-bred Lewis and Shayne families turned out to be mixed. As a result, the tradition of the Bauer July 4 family barbecue began that year, and continued until 2009, the serial's final year on CBS Television.


title: Guiding Light

text: Pam Long, actress and writer for NBC's "Texas" from 1981 to 1982, became head writer during 1983, joined by Gail Kobe as executive producer. During Long's first stint as writer, the show shifted focus to the young love quadrangle of Rick Bauer, Phillip Spaulding, Mindy Lewis, and Beth Raines. Bauer, Spaulding, Reardon, and Raines families. Long also introduced several other characters, including Alexandra Spaulding, played by notable daytime actress Beverlee McKinsey, of "Another World" and "Texas" fame; and Reva Shayne, played by Kim Zimmer. After a break, Pamela K. Long returned for a second head writer stint from 1987 to 1990.


title: Guiding Light

text: The characters of Roger Thorpe and Holly Norris returned to the series during the late 1980s. Maureen Garrett reprised her role of Holly in 1988, followed by Michael Zaslow as Roger in 1989.


title: Guiding Light

text: With the new decade, the series' storytelling transitioned from Long's homespun style to a more realistic style with a new group of chief writers. The Bauer, Spaulding, Lewis, and Cooper families had been established as core families, and most major plot developments concerned them. The show generally held on in the middle of the pack as far as ratings went throughout the decade.


title: Guiding Light

text: The show experienced a series of challenges in 1993, including the exit of three of the show's leading actresses – Beverlee McKinsey, Kimberley Simms, and Sherry Stringfield – within the space of a few months. In particular, McKinsey's Alexandra had been a catalyst for several stories. The decision to kill off the character of Maureen Bauer proved deeply unpopular with the audience, and is often cited as one of the show's biggest mistakes.


title: Guiding Light

text: Executive producer Jill Farren Phelps cast a number of actors she'd worked with at other shows, particularly at "Santa Barbara", in new roles at GL. Among them: Justin Deas, in the role of long lost Cooper patriarch Buzz; and Marj Dusay as the new actress to play Alexandra Spaulding.


title: Guiding Light

text: In 1994, the show brought former "Santa Barbara" actress Marcy Walker to the canvas to play antiheroine Tangie Hill, but the pairing of Tangie with Josh Lewis proved unpopular, and Walker decided not to renew her contract


title: Guiding Light

text: In 1995, "Guiding Light" brought back fan favorite Nola Chamberlain, played by Lisa Brown. However, Nola returning to the canvas on her own without husband Quinton Chamberlain was unpopular with viewers. Soap opera veteran Mary Stuart joined the cast in 1996 as Meta Bauer (though referred to many times over the years, the long-running character originally played by Ellen Demming had not been seen onscreen since 1974); the character remained on the show until Stuart's death during 2002.


title: Guiding Light

text: As the decade progressed, "Guiding Light" began to feature stories with more outlandish plot twists, seemingly to compete with shows like "Passions" and "Days of Our Lives".


title: Guiding Light

text: A number of these stories involved the character of Reva Shayne, played by Kim Zimmer. Reva had been presumed dead for the previous five years, after having driven her car off of a bridge and into the water off the Florida Keys.


title: Guiding Light

text: The outlandish plots for Reva included her time as an amnesiac Amish woman, the former queen of San Cristobel, and a story where Reva experienced time travel. The most notable of these plot twists was when Josh, believing again that Reva had died, had her cloned.


title: Guiding Light

text: The 2000s began with the division of the show into two locales: Springfield and the fictional island nation of San Cristobel. In Springfield, the Santos mob dynasty created much of the drama. Meanwhile, the royal Winslow family had their own series of intrigues with which to deal. During 2002, however, San Cristobel was eliminated from the series and the mob's influence in the story was subsequently diminished and, with the departure of character Danny Santos during 2005, eliminated altogether. Also, "Guiding Light" celebrated its 50th Anniversary as a television show on June 30, 2002.


title: Guiding Light

text: During 2004, former director and actress Ellen Wheeler (Emmy Award winner as an actress for the series "All My Children" and "Another World") took over as executive producer of "Guiding Light." She and writer David Kreizman made numerous changes to the sets, stories, and the cast. Several veteran actors were eliminated, mainly because of budget decreases. Because of the lack of veteran influence, Wheeler reemphasized the youth of Springfield, especially the controversial pairing of cousins Jonathan and Tammy.


title: Guiding Light

text: During 2006, an episode featured character Harley Cooper gaining heroic abilities. The episode was semi-continued in an 8-page story in select Marvel Comics productions.


title: Guiding Light

text: The series had its 70th broadcast anniversary during 2007. The anniversary was commemorated with the initiation of website FindYourLight.net and a program of outreach, representing Irna Phillips' original message. There was also a special episode during January 2007, with current cast members playing Phillips and some of the earlier cast members. The series also introduced special beginning credits commemorating the anniversary. The show had a rotating slate of writers, including veteran GL writers Lucky Gold, Chris Dunn, and Jill Lorie Hurst, who was eventually named head writer.


title: Guiding Light

text: Despite low ratings, the show won 2007 Daytime Emmy Awards for Best Writing and Best Show (sharing Best Show with" The Young and the Restless").


title: Guiding Light

text: On April 1, 2009, CBS announced that it would not renew "Guiding Light", and the last broadcast date would be September 18, 2009. Procter & Gamble initially announced that they would attempt to find another outlet to distribute the series, but later admitted that they had been unsuccessful in doing so, and that on September 18, 2009, after 57 years on television (preceded by 15 years on radio for a total broadcast history of 72 years), "Guiding Light" would end its broadcast history on CBS.


title: Guiding Light

text: Storylines were resolved in the final weeks of the series, numerous characters from the series' past passed through Springfield one last time. Among the returnees were the characters of Nola, Holly and Mindy; Josh told Reva that he was leaving Springfield for a job for the next year, but proposes that he return one year from that date and, if by that time, she wants to reunite with him, she should meet him at the lighthouse and, if she is not there, he will assume she is not interested.


title: Guiding Light

text: The final episode is pleasant, featuring many of the characters gathering in the park for a large picnic. Toward the end of the episode, it jumps forward one year, by which time, Phillip and Beth have reunited, as have Rick and Mindy. Olivia and Natalia, happy with their new baby, pick up Rafe as he returns from the army. The episode concludes with Josh arriving at the lighthouse, as promised, and finding Reva there. They declare their undying love. James, Ashlee, and Daisy leave Springfield and relocate to Santa Barbara, California. Josh asks if Reva is packed, to go on an adventure. The two grab the luggage, and with Reva's young son, they climb into Josh's pick-up truck. Josh says to Reva, "You ready?" She replies "always," a callback to her promise of "Always, Bud" that Reva uttered to Josh many times on the show. As the truck drives away with the lighthouse in the background, ""The End"" appears on the screen before a final fadeout. The song heard playing in the background during the final scene is "Together" by Michelle Branch.


title: Guiding Light

text: The final episode also included the original tag line, with some revision, printed on the screen with the words "There is a destiny that makes us FAMILY" (replacing the word 'brothers'), as well as quick film clips of each of the show's title cards and announcers during the six decades it was on television, leading to the show's former long-time beginning announcement: "And now, "The Guiding Light"".


title: Guiding Light

text: "Guiding Light" was broadcast from three locations: Chicago (where creator Irna Phillips resided), from 1937 until 1946; Hollywood, from 1947 until 1949; and New York City starting during 1949. It was relocated from Chicago to Hollywood (despite objections of both Phillips and Arthur Peterson) to take advantage of the talent pool. Production was subsequently relocated to New York City, where the majority of soap operas were produced during the 1950s, 1960s and much of the 1970s; it remained based in New York City until the show's conclusion. Its final taping location was the CBS studios in midtown Manhattan. From the 1970s to the 1990s it was filmed at the Chelsea Studios. From soon before February 29, 2008, outdoor scenes were filmed on location in Peapack, New Jersey. The location filming coincided with another significant production change, as the series became the first American weekday soap opera to be recorded digitally. The production team chose to film with Canon XH-G1 HDV camcorders in standard definition mode.


title: Guiding Light

text: Unlike the old production model with pedestal-style cameras and traditional three-sided sets, handheld cameras allowed producers to choose as many locations as they wished.


title: Guiding Light

text: During the daytime drama's 57th season on television and 72nd overall season, the series had changed its look to a more realistic experience in an attempt to compete with the growing popularity of reality television. The new look of "Guiding Light" included free-hand camera work and less action shown on traditional studio sets. Producer Ellen Wheeler introduced a "shaky-cam" style, present in a number of movies, featuring extreme-closeups and frequent cuts, including those that "broke the axis" (which proved disorienting to viewers accustomed to shows with the traditional "soap opera look"). Also new was the filming of outdoor scenes in actual outdoor settings. Even many indoor scenes had more of an "on location" feel, repurposing real locations, such as "Guiding Light" production offices, to be motel rooms, nail salons, quick-mart and other businesses or locations. Thereby, the series had numerous sets without the cost of numerous separate locations. CBS and the show's producers had hoped that the new look would increase ratings, but the plan was ultimately unsuccessful.


title: Guiding Light

text: On April 1, 2009, CBS canceled "Guiding Light" after 72 years, with the series finale on the network airing on September 18, 2009, making it the second-to-last Procter & Gamble soap opera to end.


title: Guiding Light

text: The action has also been set in three different locales – it was based in the fictional towns of Five Points and Selby Flats before its final locale of Springfield.


title: Guiding Light

text: Unlike most popular radio serials transitioning to television, "The Guiding Light" had no difficulty holding onto its old listening audience and simultaneously earning a new television fanbase. For at the time "The Guiding Light" made its television debut, neither ABC nor NBC had broadcast programs on their respective networks at 2:30 p.m. Eastern/1:30 Central, where CBS first placed "The Guiding Light". However, six months into the run, the network moved the serial to a timeslot that gave it great popularity with its housewife audience: 12:45 p.m./11:45 a.m. It kept the new timeslot for the next 19 years and eight months, sharing the half-hour with its sister Procter & Gamble-packaged soap opera, "Search for Tomorrow".


title: Guiding Light

text: "The Guiding Light" handled the competition breezily, even against otherwise-legendary shows such as "Queen for a Day" on ABC (briefly in 1960) and NBC's "Truth or Consequences". Usually, "The Guiding Light" ranked second in the Nielsen ratings behind another serial, "As the World Turns". 1968, however, saw changing viewership trends that prompted CBS to expand its last two 15-minute daytime dramas, disrupting long-standing viewing habits. "Search for Tomorrow" took over the entire 12:30–1/11:30–Noon period, with "The Guiding Light" returning to its first timeslot, 2:30/1:30, albeit in the now-standard half-hour format, on September 9. This twin bill of expansions also caused the dislocation of "The Secret Storm" and the beloved "Art Linkletter's House Party", as well as the cancellation of the daytime "To Tell the Truth". It also put the serial in direct competition with NBC's "The Doctors", which was beginning to peak in its popularity. Thus, the early 1970s saw the popularity of "The Guiding Light" dip somewhat.


title: Guiding Light

text: After four years of airing at 2:30/1:30, CBS acceded to a demand made by "The Guiding Light" producer Procter & Gamble and moved its sibling series, "The Edge of Night", to the earlier hour from its previous home at 3:30/2:30. Moving back one half hour, "The Guiding Light" stayed steadily on course against NBC's "Days of Our Lives" and ABC's "The Newlywed Game". In late 1974, ABC replaced "The Newlywed Game" with "The $10,000 Pyramid", which went on to garner strong ratings, but not greatly at "The Guiding Light" expense. In 1975, the show officially dropped the word "The" from its title, although it was still referred to as "The Guiding Light" on air for several years after.


title: Guiding Light

text: As the year progressed, CBS was looking to expand one of its daytime soap operas. All of its serials were now thirty minutes in length and had been since "Guiding Light" and "Search For Tomorrow" made the move in 1968. NBC had found ratings success with expanding " Another World " also a Procter & Gamble series , and sister NBC soap "Days of Our Lives" to one hour earlier in 1975. CBS thought it too could find success, so the decision was made to expand "As the World Turns", which was airing before "Guiding Light" at 1:30/12:30. Thus, in December, "Guiding Light" moved back to 2:30/1:30 in place of "The Edge of Night", which switched networks and began airing on ABC. ABC had a short-lived hit the next year with an updated version of the game show "Break the Bank". To complicate the picture further, ABC opted to make its first show expansions, that of "One Life to Live" and "General Hospital", in July 1976; each of those shows occupied one-half of a 90-minute block until November 4, 1977.


title: Guiding Light

text: With this in mind, ABC and CBS acted to give a contending chance to both "General Hospital" and "Guiding Light" by expanding them to an hour in length. CBS started first by expanding "Guiding Light" to an hour on November 7, 1977. This gained particular importance when ABC finally expanded both "One Life to Live" and "General Hospital" to an hour on January 16, 1978, so that "Guiding Light" straddled those two programs, as well as the first half of sister P&G show "Another World" on NBC. Despite that "General Hospital" surprising all observers by skyrocketing from near-cancellation to the top place in the ratings with the various storylines, "Guiding Light" held its own while in direct competition with "General Hospital", still hit an upswing as the decade ended.


title: Guiding Light

text: On February 4, 1980, CBS bumped "Guiding Light" down again, to 3 p.m./2c, and its sister P&G soap "As The World Turns" to 2 p.m./1c, in the midst of a major scheduling shuffle intended to give "The Young and the Restless" (itself now expanding to an hour length) a shot at beating ABC's "All My Children". NBC did the same with its soap operas as well with all three networks now going head-head in every time slot. It remained in this time slot for the rest of its run in some markets, facing "General Hospital" and NBC entries such as "Texas" (a spin-off of "Another World"), "The Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour" and "Santa Barbara". None of these shows – not even "General Hospital" – had any significant impact on the ratings of "Guiding Light" at 3:00 p.m. during this period.


title: Guiding Light

text: Overall, the first half of the 1980s saw a revival in "Guiding Light" popularity, with a top-five placing achieved in most years and even a brief dethroning of then-powerhouse "General Hospital" from the #1 ratings spot for three consecutive weeks. However, as the decade progressed, the ratings slipped a bit, although it was still performing solidly. In 1995, beginning with CBS flagship station WCBS-TV in New York, "Guiding Light" began airing at 10 a.m. Eastern time in several markets. Its once-solid performance began to crumble by the mid-1990s, when its ratings sunk as low as ninth place out of ten. However, during the controversial clone storyline in 1998, the ratings experienced a brief resurgence, moving up to fifth for many weeks that summer. Nielsen reported "Guiding Light" had 5 million viewers in 1999.


title: Guiding Light

text: Up until its CBS finale in 2009, stations in a number of markets aired "Guiding Light" in the morning either at 9 or 10 a.m. local time: Miami, Chicago, Baltimore, Boston, Detroit, New York City, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Dallas-Fort Worth, Orlando, Atlanta, Columbia, SC, Fort Wayne, IN, South Bend, IN, Portland, OR, Quad Cities, Buffalo, Reno, Portland, ME, Milwaukee, Albany, NY, and Scranton-Wilkes Barre, PA. "Guiding Light" aired at 12 noon local time in Honolulu, Hawaii. In Savannah, GA, it aired at 4:00 pm local time.


title: Guiding Light

text: Before 2004, stations that aired "Guiding Light" in the morning were always one episode behind those that aired the program at its official timeslot of 3:00 pm (ET). This changed in March 2004, during the first day of the NCAA March Madness basketball tournament, in which stations airing the show at 10:00 am were able catch up with stations that televised it at 3:00 pm. Starting in 2006, stations that televised "Guiding Light" at 9:00 am were also offered a same-day feed to catch up with the rest of the network. As a result of this, daily episodes for the remaining years of "GL" were the same on all stations regardless of timeslot.


title: Guiding Light

text: "Guiding Light" maintained strong ratings in Pittsburgh, despite being moved to 10:00 am in 2006. According to a 2006 article in the "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette", "Dr. Phil" had not been able to pull in the same numbers that "Guiding Light" did in that time slot a year prior, while "Guiding Light" was maintaining its audience share.


title: Guiding Light

text: One CBS affiliate that did not air the show was KOVR-TV in Sacramento, California, which had become a CBS affiliate in 1995. Before CBS affiliated with KOVR, it had been affiliated in Sacramento with KXTV, which had dropped "Guiding Light" from its schedule in 1992 and did not air it again. As such, the show was preempted in the Sacramento area from 1992 to the show's cancellation. WNEM-TV in Flint/Saginaw/Bay City, Michigan, which also became a CBS affiliate that year, initially ran the soap before dropping it in 1996 because of disappointing ratings. In the fall of 2006, WNEM began running "Guiding Light" on its digital channel WNEM-DT2 (affiliated with MyNetwork TV and then-branded as "My 5") at 10 am, airing there for the remainder of its run.


title: Guiding Light

text: On September 18, 2009, "Guiding Light" aired its all new and final episode at 3:00 pm ET/2:00 pm CT on CBS in the same time as ABC's last soap opera "General Hospital" aired its all new episode. A revival of the game show "Let's Make a Deal" (hosted by Wayne Brady) debuted on CBS and took over the "Guiding Light" timeslot on October 5, 2009.


title: Guiding Light

text: In Canada, "Guiding Light" was available to viewers directly through CBS-TV network affiliates from border cities or cable TV feeds until the show's ending in 2009. In addition, "Guiding Light" was also aired on several Canadian television networks through the 1980s up until its last air date.


title: Guiding Light

text: Atlantic Satellite Network (ASN) – a supplementary service to its ATV system of CTV affiliates exclusively for Atlantic Canada – aired the soap simultaneously with the CBS feed from 1983 to 1984; then, the broadcast was moved to 12 noon until 1985.


title: Guiding Light

text: The show also aired in French in Quebec. TVA, a Quebec privately owned French-language television network, rebroadcast episodes in French translation, twelve months behind, for a short period in 1984.


title: Guiding Light

text: In the late 1980s into the early 1990s, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) briefly aired the P&G serial nationally at 3:00 p.m. in each specific local Canadian time zone. The CBC Television broadcast of "Guiding Light" was also on its scheduled during the latter part of the 1960s during the serial 15-minute format. On both occasions, the daytime drama was only aired for a few seasons.


title: Guiding Light

text: After a hiatus from Canadian television stations for many years, the series came back on CHCH-TV, exclusively for the Ontario market. In September 2007, Global picked up the show nationwide after CHCH-TV dropped it, claiming the "Passions" former time slot. "Guiding Light" returned to CHCH for the rest of its run when Global decided to air the 2008 TV series "The Doctors".


title: Guiding Light

text: On January 19, 2012, SoapClassics released a four-disc DVD collection of 20 selected episodes. The oldest episode on the collection dates from April 1, 1980, while the latest episode is from September 14, 2009, during the show's final broadcast week.


title: Guiding Light

text: Also beginning in June 2012, the series was released on DVD in Germany beginning with the episodes from 1979.


title: Utahraptor

text: Utahraptor (meaning "Utah's thief") is a genus of large dromaeosaurid dinosaur that lived in North America during the Early Cretaceous period. It was a heavy-built, ground-dwelling, bipedal carnivore. It contains a single species, Utahraptor ostrommaysi, which is one of the largest-known members of the family Dromaeosauridae, measuring long and weighing .


title: Utahraptor

text: The first specimens of "Utahraptor" were found in 1975 by Jim Jensen in the Dalton Wells Quarry in east-central Utah, near the town of Moab, but did not receive much attention. After a find of a large foot-claw by Carl Limone in October 1991, James Kirkland, Robert Gaston, and Donald Burge uncovered further remains of "Utahraptor" in 1991 in the Gaston Quarry in Grand County, Utah, within the Yellow Cat and Poison Strip members of the Cedar Mountain Formation. The holotype of "Utahraptor", CEUM 184v.86 consists of a second pedal ungual, with potentially assigned elements from other specimens: pedal ungual CEUM 184v.294, tibia CEUM 184v.260 and premaxilla CEUM 184v.400. The holotype is housed in the paleontology collections of the Prehistoric Museum at Utah State University Eastern. Brigham Young University, the depository of Jensen's finds, currently houses the largest collection of "Utahraptor" fossils.


title: Utahraptor

text: The type species, "Utahraptor ostrommaysi", was named by Kirkland, Gaston, and Burge in June 1993. The genus name "Utahraptor" is in reference to Utah, where the remains were found. The specific name, "ostrommaysi", is in honor to John Ostrom for his investigations on "Deinonychus" and its bird relationships, and Chris Mays, who helped in the research of "Utahraptor" by founding Dinamation. From his description, Kirkland stated the meaning of genus name to be "Utah's predator," but the Latin word "raptor" translates to 'robber' or 'plunderer' not 'predator'. Earlier, it had been intended to name the species ""U. spielbergi"" after film director Steven Spielberg, in exchange for funding paleontological research, but no agreement could be reached on the amount of financial assistance.


title: Utahraptor

text: In 2000, the specific name was emended by George Olshevsky to the plural genitive "ostrommaysorum". However, Thiago Vernaschi V. Costa and Normand David in 2019 criticized the use of the species name "U. ostrommaysorum" since it has no clear justification or explanation. Although this spelling has been largely used by other authors, the genus "Utahraptor" was originally coined with the type species "U. ostrommaysi" and given that the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature offers no provision for forming a genitive form from two persons with different names, Costa and David conclude that the original spelling "ostrommaysi" has to be regarded as an arbitrary combination of letters and not a correctly formed genitive form. Under this reasoning, "ostrommaysorum" has no valid use and the original spelling "ostrommaysi" does not need an emendation. Other alternative and also invalid spellings were used in scientific literature, such as "ostromaysi", "ostromaysorum", "ostromayssorum", "ostromayorum" and "ostrommaysori".


title: Utahraptor

text: For instance, some elements were wrongly referred to the genus; the lacrimal bone of the specimen CEUM 184v.83 turned out to be a postorbital from the ankylosaur "Gastonia". Britt "et al." also suggested that the previously identified manual unguals of the specimens M184v.294, BYU 9438 and BYU 13068 are indeed pedal unguals. This suggestion was confirmed by Senter in 2007.


title: Utahraptor

text: The largest described "U. ostrommaysi" specimen (BYUVP 15465, referred by Erickson "et al." 2009) is estimated to have reached up to long and somewhat less than in weight, comparable to a polar bear in weight. In 2012, the paleontologist Thomas R. Holtz Jr. proposed that its weight might be comparable to a grizzly bear.


title: Utahraptor

text: However, the 2001 Kirkland discovery indicates the species may be far heavier than previously estimated. In 2016 Rubén Molina-Pérez and Asier Larramendi estimated the largest specimen (BYU 15465) at long, tall at the hips and in weight; they claim the larger estimates are due to nine specimens of various ages being mixed. The 2016 measurement by Gregory S. Paul was close to this new estimate, measuring up to in length and weighing up to .


title: Utahraptor

text: Although feathers have never been found in association with "Utahraptor" specimens, there is strong phylogenetic evidence suggesting that all dromaeosaurids possessed them. The genus "Microraptor" is one of the oldest-known dromaeosaurids, and is phylogenetically more primitive than "Utahraptor". Since "Microraptor" and other dromaeosaurids possessed feathers, it is reasonable to assume that this trait was present in all of Dromaeosauridae. Feathers were very unlikely to have evolved more than once, so assuming that any given dromaeosaurid, such as "Utahraptor", lacked feathers would require positive evidence that they did not have them. So far, there is nothing to suggest that feathers were lost in larger, more derived species of dromaeosaurs. The presence of quill knobs in "Dakotaraptor" evidenced that even larger dromaeosaurids had feathers.


title: Utahraptor

text: According to Kirkland "et al." in 1993, "Utahraptor" can be recognized by the following autapomorphies: claws on the hand that are more specialized as cutting blades than in other dromaeosaurids; a lacrimal bone with distinctly parallel mesial and outer sides, giving it an elongate subrectangular appearance in top view, and a base of nasal opening on the premaxilla parallel to the premaxillary tooth row. In the revised diagnosis conducted by Turner "et al." in 2012, "Utahraptor" differs from other dromaeosaurids in: an elongate nasal process of the premaxilla; a distal end of metatarsal III that is smooth, not ginglymoid; an L-shaped quadratojugal without a posterior process; the presence of a well-developed notch between the lesser trochanter and greater trochanter; and dorsal vertebrae that lack pleurocoels. Like other dromaeosaurids, "Utahraptor" had large curved claws on their second toes. The second pedal ungual is preserved at in length and is estimated to reach restored.