title: Color theory

text: Color theory has not developed an explicit explanation of how specific media affect color appearance: colors have always been defined in the abstract, and whether the colors were inks or paints, oils or watercolors, transparencies or reflecting prints, computer displays or movie theaters, was not considered especially relevant. Josef Albers investigated the effects of relative contrast and color saturation on the illusion of transparency, but this is an exception to the rule.


title: Mayer Amschel Rothschild

text: Mayer Amschel Rothschild (23 February 1744 – 19 September 1812; also spelled "Anschel") was a German-Jewish banker and the founder of the Rothschild banking dynasty. Referred to as a "founding father of international finance", Rothschild was ranked seventh on the "Forbes" magazine list of "The Twenty Most Influential Businessmen of All Time" in 2005.


title: Mayer Amschel Rothschild

text: Mayer Amschel Rothschild was born in 1744 to an Ashkenazi Jewish family, in the "Judengasse", the Jewish ghetto of Frankfurt, Holy Roman Empire (now Germany), one of eight children of Amschel Moses Rothschild (d. 1755) and his wife, Schönche Rothschild (née Lechnich; d. 1756).


title: Mayer Amschel Rothschild

text: The ancestry of the Rothschilds can be traced back to 1577 to Izaak Elchanan Rothschild (Isaac (Isaak) Elchanan Bacharach, zum Hahn), whose name is derived from the German "zum rothen Schild" (with the old spelling "th"), meaning "with the red shield", in reference to the house where the family lived for many generations. (At the time, houses were designated by signs with different symbols or colors, not numbers.) The name "Rothschild" in Yiddish means Red Coat, in reference to a heraldic coat of arms. His grandchildren and descendants took this name as the family name and kept it when they relocated in 1664 to another house in the Judengasse—"" ("[house in] the back of the saucepan") — which became the family's home and place of business through to the early 19th century.


title: Mayer Amschel Rothschild

text: Amschel's father had a business in goods-trading and currency exchange. He was a personal supplier of coins to the Prince of Hesse. The family home above the shop had a front wall wide, where more than 30 people lived at that time.


title: Mayer Amschel Rothschild

text: With the help of relatives, Rothschild secured an apprenticeship under Jacob Wolf Oppenheimer at the banking firm of Simon Wolf Oppenheimer in Hanover in 1757. The grandson of Samuel Oppenheimer taught Rothschild useful knowledge in foreign trade and currency exchange, before he returned to his brothers' business in Frankfurt in 1763.


title: Mayer Amschel Rothschild

text: He became a dealer in rare coins and won the patronage of Crown Prince Wilhelm of Hesse (who had also earlier patronised his father), gaining the title of "Court Factor" in 1769. Rothschild's coin business grew to include a number of princely patrons, and then expanded through the provision of banking services to Crown Prince Wilhelm, who became Wilhelm IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel in 1785. Business expanded rapidly following the French Revolution when Rothschild handled payments from Britain for the hire of Hessian mercenaries.


title: Mayer Amschel Rothschild

text: By the early years of the 19th century, Rothschild had consolidated his position as principal international banker to Wilhelm IX and began to issue his own international loans, borrowing capital from the Landgrave.


title: Mayer Amschel Rothschild

text: In 1806, Napoleon invaded Hesse in response to Wilhelm's support for Prussia. The Landgrave went into exile in the Duchy of Holstein, but Rothschild was able to continue as his banker, investing funds in London. He also profited from importing goods in circumvention of Napoleon's continental blockade.


title: Mayer Amschel Rothschild

text: In 1798, third-born son Nathan Mayer Rothschild was sent to England to further the family interests in textile importing with £20,000 capital (equivalent of £ million in 2021)—the first foreign branch. Nathan became a naturalized citizen in 1804 and established a bank in the City of London. In 1810, Mayer entered into a formal partnership agreement with his three eldest sons.


title: Mayer Amschel Rothschild

text: In 1811, the Grand Duke of Frankfurt enacted a special law "decreeing that all Jews living in Frankfort, together with their descendants, should enjoy civil rights and privileges equally with other citizens." In exchange for these newfound liberties the Jews had to pay him 440,000 florins, financed by Mayer Amschel Rothschild (at a substantial profit). A number of Masonic Jews at the time also petitioned the Grand Duke for the "exclusive right to maintain lodges in the city", which was granted.


title: Mayer Amschel Rothschild

text: The youngest son of Mayer Amschel, Jacob, was sent to Paris the same year, in 1811, enhancing the family's ability to operate across Europe. This enabled them to profit from the opportunity of financing Wellington's armies in Portugal, requiring the sourcing of large quantities of gold on behalf of the British government.


title: Mayer Amschel Rothschild

text: Rothschild died on 19 September 1812 in Frankfurt am Main. He was buried at the old Jewish cemetery in Frankfurt, located next to the Judengasse. His grave still exists. A park was named after him, and also a street (Rothschildallee). In 1817, he was posthumously ennobled by the emperor Francis I of Austria.


title: Mayer Amschel Rothschild

text: His descendants furthered the family fortune across Europe—the "five arrows" of banking. Eldest son Amschel Mayer took over the Frankfurt bank and Salomon moved to Vienna. Nathan turned the London branch into one of Europe's most powerful banking institutions (N. M. Rothschild & Sons), Calmann (gentrified to "Carl") set up a branch in Naples and Jacob ("James") opened de Rothschild Frères, becoming a giant of finance in Paris.


title: Phalloplasty

text: Phalloplasty is the construction or reconstruction of a penis or the artificial modification of the penis by surgery. The term is also occasionally used to refer to penis enlargement.


title: Phalloplasty

text: Russian surgeon Nikolaj Bogoraz performed the first reconstruction of a total penis using rib cartilage in a reconstructed phallus made from a tubed abdominal flap in 1936.


title: Phalloplasty

text: The first female to male sex reassignment surgery was performed in 1946 by Sir Harold Gillies on fellow physician Michael Dillon, a trans man, documented in Pagan Kennedy's book "The First Man-Made Man". Gillies' technique remained the standard one for decades. Later improvements in microsurgery made more techniques available.


title: Phalloplasty

text: There are different techniques for phalloplasty. Construction of a new penis (sometimes called a neophallus) typically involves taking a tissue flap from a donor site (such as the forearm). Extending the urethra through the length of the neophallus is another goal of phalloplasty.


title: Phalloplasty

text: Temporary lengthening can also be gained by a procedure that releases the suspensory ligament where it is attached to the pubic bone, thereby allowing the penis to be advanced toward the outside of the body. The procedure is performed through a discreet horizontal incision located in the pubic region where the pubic hair will help conceal the incision site. However, scar formation can cause the penis to retract. Therefore, the American Urological Association "considers the division of the suspensory ligament of the penis for increasing penile length in adults to be a procedure which has not been shown to be safe or efficacious."


title: Phalloplasty

text: Phalloplasty requires an implanted penile prosthesis to achieve an erection. Penile prostheses are implanted devices intended to restore the erectile rigidity in cisgender men and to build a neophallus (new penis) in transgender men. Penile implants have been used in phalloplasty surgeries both in cisgender and transgender patients since 1970s.


title: Phalloplasty

text: There are two main types of penile implants – malleable and inflatable implants. Both types have a pair of cylinders implanted into the penis, replacing the non-erectile tissue in cisgender men and serving as the core for the neophallus in the phalloplasty procedure. The cylinder of the inflatable implant is filled with sterile saline solution. Pumping saline into the chambers of this cylinder produces an erection. The glans of the penis, however, remains unaffected. In sex reassignment surgeries, a new penis is formed with the use of penile implant surrounded with a tissue flap. The pump unit of inflatable penile implants resembles a human testicle and can serve as an artificial testicle for concomitant scrotoplasty. Initially, standard penile implants were used in phalloplasty procedures. However, since there is no corpus cavernosum in the penis undergoing phalloplasty, and the fact that standard penile implants were designed to be implanted in corpus cavernosum, there were many adverse outcomes. Since 2015, Zephyr Surgical Implants proposes malleable and inflatable penile implants particularly designed for phalloplasty surgeries. Implantation procedures are usually done in a separate surgery to allow time for proper healing.


title: Phalloplasty

text: Sensation is retained through the clitoral tissue at the base of the neophallus. Nerves from the flap and the tissue it has been attached to may eventually connect.


title: Phalloplasty

text: This phalloplasty procedure involves the insertion of a subcutaneous soft silicone implant under the penile skin.


title: Phalloplasty

text: The no-touch surgical technique for penile prosthesis implantation is a surgical procedure developed by J. Francois Eid for the implantation of a penile implant. Implantation through the use of the "No-Touch" technique minimizes the risk of infection.


title: Phalloplasty

text: As advancements in the design and manufacturing process of the IPP improved its mechanical survival infection has emerged as the leading cause of implant failure. Although relatively infrequent (varying from .06% to 8.9%) infection of a penile prosthesis results in serious medical consequences for the bearer, requiring complete removal of the device and permanent loss of penile size and anatomy. Bacterial contamination of the device occurs during the surgery, and is caused by allowing direct or indirect contact of the prosthesis with the patient's skin. Over 70% of infections form from skin organisms including "Staphylococcus epidermis", "Staphylococcus aureus", "Streptococcus" and "Candida albicans".


title: Phalloplasty

text: Traditional strategies to combat infections aim at decreasing skin colony count such as scrubbing skin preparation with alcohol and chlorhexidine or kill bacteria once the implant is contaminated by skin flora such as intravenous antibiotics, antibiotic irrigation and antibiotic-coated implants. The "No-Touch" technique is unique in that it aims at preventing bacterial contamination of the prosthesis by completely eliminating contact of the device with the skin.


title: Phalloplasty

text: Paired with the antibiotic-coated implant, the "No Touch" technique decreases infection to a rate of 0.46%, opposing the traditional method which has an infection rate of 5%. The use of an antibiotic-coated implant and a no-touch surgical technique with skin preparation measures and peri-operative antibiotic use has been found to be of high importance in the prevention of infection among penile implants. Eid developed the technique in 2006 on the hypothesis that eliminating any contact between the prosthesis and the skin, either directly or indirectly via surgical instruments or gloves, should reduce the incidence of contamination of the device with skin flora responsible for infection.


title: Phalloplasty

text: Three days prior to the procedure, a patient is placed on oral fluoroquinolone, an antibacterial drug. During this time, the patient scrubs their lower abdomen and genitals daily with chlorhexidine soap. On the day of the surgery, vancomycin and gentamicin are administered intravenously one to two hours prior to the procedure. The lower abdomen and genitals are shaved, scrubbed for five minutes with a chlorhexidine sponge and prepped with chorhexidine/alcohol applicator. The area is then draped with a surgical drape and a Vi Drape over the genitalia. Before the incision is made, a Foley catheter is inserted in the bladder through the urethra.


title: Phalloplasty

text: A scrotal incision is made on the penoscrotal raphe and carried down through the subcutaneous tissue to the Buck's fascia. A Scott retractor, a flexible device that holds open the skin of the surgical site, is applied to the area.


title: Phalloplasty

text: Up until this stage of the surgery, the process has been consistent with the sanitary practices associated with standard surgical sterility. At this stage of the "No-Touch" technique, after the incision has been made, all instruments, including surgical gloves that have touched skin are discarded. A loose drape is then deployed over the entire surgical field and secured at the periphery with adhesive strips. A small opening in the drape is then made overlying the incision and yellow hooks utilized to secure the edges of the opening to the edges of the incision, completely covering and isolating the patient's skin. At this point, new instruments and equipment are replaced and the entire prosthesis is inserted through the small opening of the loose drape. The loose drape allows for manipulation of the penis and scrotum required for this procedure without touching the skin.


title: Phalloplasty

text: Implantation of the device continues with an incision and dilation of corpora, sizing and placing the penile cylinders, and placement of the pump in the scrotum and the reservoir in the retropubic space. Saline is used throughout the implantation for irrigation. Once the corporotomies are closed and all of the tubing and components of the prosthesis covered with a layer of Buck's fascia, subcutaneous tissues are closed and the "No-Touch" drape is removed and the skin closed.


title: Phalloplasty

text: In the future, bioengineering may be used to create fully functional penises. Penis transplantation could be a standardized method in the future.


title: Simulacrum

text: A simulacrum (plural: simulacra or simulacrums, from Latin "simulacrum", which means "likeness, semblance") is a representation or imitation of a person or thing. The word was first recorded in the English language in the late 16th century, used to describe a representation, such as a statue or a painting, especially of a god. By the late 19th century, it had gathered a secondary association of inferiority: an image without the substance or qualities of the original. Literary critic Fredric Jameson offers photorealism as an example of artistic simulacrum, in which a painting is created by copying a photograph that is itself a copy of the real thing. Other art forms that play with simulacra include trompe-l'œil, pop art, Italian neorealism, and French New Wave.


title: Simulacrum

text: Simulacra have long been of interest to philosophers. In his "Sophist", Plato speaks of two kinds of image-making. The first is a faithful reproduction, attempted to copy precisely the original. The second is intentionally distorted in order to make the copy appear correct to viewers. He gives the example of Greek statuary, which was crafted larger on the top than on the bottom so that viewers on the ground would see it correctly. If they could view it in scale, they would realize it was malformed. This example from the visual arts serves as a metaphor for the philosophical arts and the tendency of some philosophers to distort the truth so that it appears accurate unless viewed from the proper angle. Nietzsche addresses the concept of simulacrum (but does not use the term) in the "Twilight of the Idols", suggesting that most philosophers, by ignoring the reliable input of their senses and resorting to the constructs of language and reason, arrive at a distorted copy of reality.


title: Simulacrum

text: French semiotician and social theorist Jean Baudrillard argues in "Simulacra and Simulation" that a simulacrum is not a copy of the real, but becomes truth in its own right: the hyperreal. According to Baudrillard, what the simulacrum copies either had no original or no longer has an original, since a simulacrum signifies something it is not, and therefore leaves the original unable to be located. Where Plato saw two types of representation—faithful and intentionally distorted (simulacrum)—Baudrillard sees four: (1) basic reflection of reality; (2) perversion of reality; (3) pretence of reality (where there is no model); and (4) simulacrum, which "bears no relation to any reality whatsoever". In Baudrillard's concept, like Nietzsche's, simulacra are perceived as negative, but another modern philosopher who addressed the topic, Gilles Deleuze, takes a different view, seeing simulacra as the avenue by which an accepted ideal or "privileged position" could be "challenged and overturned". Deleuze defines simulacra as "those systems in which different relates to different "by means of" difference itself. What is essential is that we find in these systems no "prior identity", no "internal resemblance"".


title: Simulacrum

text: Alain Badiou, in speaking with reference to Nazism about Evil, writes, "fidelity to a simulacrum, unlike fidelity to an event, regulates its break with the situation not by the universality of the void, but by the closed particularity of an abstract set ... (the 'Germans' or the 'Aryans')".


title: Simulacrum

text: Recreational simulacra include reenactments of historical events or replicas of landmarks, such as Colonial Williamsburg and the Eiffel Tower, and constructions of fictional or cultural ideas, such as Fantasyland at The Walt Disney Company's Magic Kingdom. The various Disney parks have been regarded as the ultimate recreational simulacra by some philosophers, with Baudrillard noting that Walt Disney World Resort is a copy of a copy, or "a simulacrum to the second power". In 1975, Italian author Umberto Eco argued that at Disney's parks, "we not only enjoy a perfect imitation, we also enjoy the conviction that imitation has reached its apex and afterwards reality will always be inferior to it". Examining the impact of Disney's simulacrum of national parks, Disney's Wilderness Lodge, environmentalist Jennifer Cypher and anthropologist Eric Higgs expressed worry that "the boundary between artificiality and reality will become so thin that the artificial will become the centre of moral value". Eco also refers to commentary on watching sports as sports to the power of three, or sports cubed. First, there are the players who participate in the sport (the real), then the onlookers merely witnessing it, and finally the commentary on the act of witnessing the sport. Visual artist Paul McCarthy has created entire installations based on "Pirates of the Caribbean" and theme park simulacra, with videos playing inside the installation.


title: Simulacrum

text: An interesting example of simulacrum is caricature. When an artist produces a line drawing that closely approximates the facial features of a real person, the subject of the sketch cannot be easily identified by a random observer; it can be taken for a likeness of any individual. However, a caricaturist exaggerates prominent facial features, and a viewer will pick up on these features and be able to identify the subject, even though the caricature bears far less actual resemblance to the subject.


title: Simulacrum

text: Beer (1999: p. 11) employs the term "simulacrum" to denote the formation of a sign or iconographic image, whether iconic or aniconic, in the landscape or greater field of Thangka art and Tantric Buddhist iconography. For example, an iconographic representation of a cloud formation sheltering a deity in a thanka or covering the auspice of a sacred mountain in the natural environment may be discerned as a simulacrum of an "auspicious canopy" (Sanskrit: Chhatra) of the Ashtamangala. Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena approach a cultural universal and may be proffered as evidence of the natural creative spiritual engagement of the experienced environment endemic to the human psychology.


title: Simulacrum

text: Simulacra often appear in speculative fiction. Examples of simulacra in the sense of artificial or supernaturally or scientifically created artificial life forms include:


title: Simulacrum

text: Also, the illusions of absent loved ones created by an alien life form in Stanislaw Lem's "Solaris" can be considered simulacra.


title: Simulacrum

text: In his book Simulacra and Simulation, Jean Baudrillard describes the Beaubourg effect in which the Pompidou Centre functions as a monument of a mass simulation that absorbs and devours all the cultural energy from its surrounding areas. According to Baudrillard, the Centre Pompidou is "a machine for making emptiness".


title: Simulacrum

text: An everyday use of the simulacrum are the false facades, used during renovations to hide and imitate the real architecture underneath it.


title: Simulacrum

text: A Potemkin village is a simulation: a facade meant to fool the viewer into thinking that he or she is seeing the real thing. The concept is used in the Russian-speaking world as well as in English and in other languages. Potemkin village belongs to a genus of phenomena that proliferated in post-Soviet space. Those phenomena describe gaps between external appearances and underlying realities.


title: Simulacrum

text: Disneyland – Disneyland is a perfect model of all the entangled orders of simulacra. [...] Play of illusions and phantasms.


title: Simulacrum

text: Las Vegas – the absolute advertising city (of the 1950s, of the crazy years of advertising, which has retained the charm of that era.)


title: Mona Singh

text: Mona Singh (born 8 October 1981) is an Indian actress, dancer, model, comedian and television presenter. Having first gained prominence in 2000s for playing the eponymous heroine in the soap opera series "Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin" (2003–06), she has since appeared in several other television and film roles. Singh is the recipient of two Indian Television Academy Awards.


title: Mona Singh

text: Singh is also known for participating and winning the first season of the reality series "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa", and for playing Mona in "Kya Huaa Tera Vaada", Preet Singh in "Pyaar Ko Ho Jaane Do", and Paridhi in "Kavach... Kaali Shaktiyon Se". She made her film debut with a supporting role in Rajkumar Hirani's comedy-drama "3 Idiots" (2009), which is one of the highest-grossing Indian films of all time.


title: Mona Singh

text: She was also praised for her roles of Ananya Sharma and Poorva Gupta in "Kehne Ko Humsafar Hain" and "Yeh Meri Family" (both "2018") respectively. Outside of acting, she has also hosted such television shows as "Comedy Nights Live" and "Entertainment Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega".


title: Mona Singh

text: Mona Singh was born on 8 October 1981 in a Sikh family in Chandigarh. Her father was an Army officer, so she shifted to many place and she is now a prominent alumni of Kendriya Vidyalaya Vayusena Nagar, Nagpur. On December 27, 2019, She married Filmmaker Shyam Rajagopalan in a traditional Sikh ceremony.


title: Mona Singh

text: Singh debuted into Hindi television with Sony Entertainment Television's iconic and super-hit soap opera "Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin" (2003–06) in which she gained popularity through her work as the sincere, intelligent and naive Jasmeet "Jassi" Walia for consecutively three years. The show made her a household name, and won her many accolades at award functions such as Apsara Awards, Indian Telly Awards and Indian Television Academy Awards.


title: Mona Singh

text: In 2006, she participated in the reality show "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 1" and emerged as the winner. She hosted "Femina Miss India" and "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 2" in 2007, followed by her participation and win in "Ek Khiladi Ek Haseena" in 2008.


title: Mona Singh

text: Singh then teamed up with Ekta Kapoor's banner Balaji Telefilms for the first of four consecutive fiction show collaborations in NDTV Imagine's "Radhaa Ki Betiyaan Kuch Kar Dikhayengi" where she was cast as Raunaq Makhija from 2008 to 2009. Shifting her focus to mostly hosting and non fiction shows, she hosted "Entertainment Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega" (2009), "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 4" (2010), "Shaadi 3 Crore Ki" (2010), "Star Ya Rockstar" (2011) and "CID Veerta Awards" (2012) and was a participant on "Meethi Choori No 1" (2010).


title: Mona Singh

text: By returning to fiction shows, she entered Sony Entertainment Television's "Kya Huaa Tera Vaada" (produced by Kapoor) in 2012 as Mona, a wife whom her husband leaves and divorces due to an extramarital affair with his former girlfriend. The show ended in 2013, and she took a break from television afterwards also.


title: Mona Singh

text: Two years later Singh made a comeback to television in October 2015 with "Pyaar Ko Ho Jaane Do", her third consecutive show to be produced by Kapoor where she played Preet Singh, a woman who lost her parents. Due to low TRPs, "Pyaar Ko Ho Jaane Do" went off air within three months in January 2016. Later in 2016 she featured in Kapoor's supernatural production "Kavach...Kaali Shaktiyon Se" as Paridhi, a married woman attempting to protect her husband from his former lover who has turned into a spirit post death and arrived to haunt the couple, and hosted "Comedy Nights Bachao".


title: Mona Singh

text: In 2018, Singh ventured into web world with her portrayal of Ananya in "Kehne Ko Humsafar Hain". That year she also starred in The Viral Fever and Netflix series "Yeh Meri Family". In 2019, she was seen in ZEE5 and ALT Balaji series "Mission Over Mars". She next appeared in "Black Widows" on ZEE5.


title: Mona Singh

text: Singh made her film debut in 2009 with the supporting and important character of Mona Sahastrabuddhe in Rajkumar Hirani's Hindi satirical comedy "3 Idiots", which became one of the highest grossing Indian films with a global accumulation of about . She next appeared in "Utt Pataang", "Zed Plus" and "Amavas".


title: Mona Singh

text: Her recent film was "Laal Singh Chaddha", which was released in 2022, where she enacted another supporting character.


title: Matt Cameron

text: Matthew David Cameron (born November 28, 1962) is an American musician who is the drummer for the rock band Pearl Jam. He first gained fame as the drummer for Seattle-based rock band Soundgarden, which he joined in 1986. He appeared on each of the band's studio albums until its break-up in 1997. In 1998, Cameron was invited to join Pearl Jam's U.S. Yield Tour and then became a permanent member of the band. In 2010, Cameron became simultaneously a member of Pearl Jam and the reunited Soundgarden. He remained with Soundgarden until its disbandment after the death of lead singer Chris Cornell in 2017. Cameron, along with guitarist Kim Thayil and Cornell, is one of three members to feature on every Soundgarden studio album.


title: Matt Cameron

text: Additionally, Cameron was a member of Temple of the Dog (with fellow Soundgarden and Pearl Jam bandmates) and has served as the drummer for the side project bands Nighttime Boogie Association, Hater and Wellwater Conspiracy, also acting as the lead singer for the latter. Prior to joining Soundgarden, Cameron was a member of the Seattle rock bands Bam Bam and Skin Yard.


title: Matt Cameron

text: In 2016, "Rolling Stone" ranked Cameron 52nd on its list of the "100 Greatest Drummers of All Time". He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Pearl Jam on April 7, 2017. Cameron has won two Grammy Awards as a member of Soundgarden.


title: Matt Cameron

text: Matt Cameron was born and raised in San Diego, California. Cameron began playing drums at an early age. At the age of thirteen, he and some friends played in a cover band called "Kiss" (with the word "imitation" written underneath the name, in small print). During this stint, he met Paul Stanley. However, after a letter from the management of the band Kiss threatened the boys with legal action if they did not cease their infringement, the band melted away.


title: Matt Cameron

text: Cameron attended Bonita Vista High School. In 1978, under the pseudonym "Foo Cameron", Cameron sang the song "Puberty Love", which was featured in the movie "Attack of the Killer Tomatoes". The nickname "Foo" came from Cameron's older brother Pete, who pronounced Matthew as "Ma Foo".


title: Matt Cameron

text: In 1983, Cameron moved to Seattle, Washington, where he got a job working at a Kinko's. His first professional work as drummer was for Bam Bam, fronted by lead singer Tina Bell and guitarist Tommy Martin, the parents of documentary film director TJ Martin. He next played in the local instrumental band feeDBack with musician Daniel House. Following feeDBack, Cameron joined House in 1985 in the newly formed Skin Yard. The band had been formed in January 1985 by House and Jack Endino. Cameron stayed with the group for almost a year. In 1986, Skin Yard contributed two songs to the now-legendary "Deep Six" compilation. This album was the first to showcase the early grunge sound. The band released its first album in 1986, the eponymous "Skin Yard". Cameron wrote the song "Reptile" for the band, which appears on its first record. (More of Cameron's work with Skin Yard can be found on the 2001 rarities compilation, "Start at the Top".) Shortly after the release of "Skin Yard", Cameron left the band, later joining Soundgarden.


title: Matt Cameron

text: By September 1986, Cameron had gained so much notoriety in the local music scene that he was chosen to play for Soundgarden, replacing drummer Scott Sundquist. Soundgarden was made up of vocalist/guitarist Chris Cornell, guitarist Kim Thayil, and bassist Hiro Yamamoto. Cornell said, "When I first met Matt, he was already the best drummer in town ... He just seemed very confident and well-adjusted." The band signed with the independent label Sub Pop and released the "Screaming Life" EP in 1987 and the "Fopp" EP in 1988. In 1988, the band signed with legendary punk record label SST Records and released its debut full-length album "Ultramega OK". The album earned the band its first major award nomination, a Grammy Award, in 1990. The band subsequently signed with A&M Records, becoming the first grunge band to sign to a major label. In 1989, the band released its first album for a major label, "Louder Than Love". Following the release of "Louder Than Love", Yamamoto left the band to finish his master's degree in Physical Chemistry at Western Washington University. He was replaced by former Nirvana guitarist Jason Everman. Everman was fired following Soundgarden's tour supporting "Louder Than Love".


title: Matt Cameron

text: In 1990, the band was joined by a new bassist, Ben Shepherd. The new line-up released "Badmotorfinger" in 1991. The album brought the band to a new level of commercial success, and the band found itself amidst the sudden popularity and attention given to the Seattle music scene and the genre known as grunge. "Badmotorfinger" was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 1992. The band's next album was to be its breakthrough. "Superunknown", released in 1994, debuted at number one on the "Billboard" 200 and launched several successful singles, including "Spoonman" and "Black Hole Sun". Cameron's drumming is showcased throughout the album, as he provides the complex backbeat (and plenty of improvisation) to the unusual time signatures present on many of the tracks. The album was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Rock Album in 1995. Two singles from "Superunknown", "Black Hole Sun" and "Spoonman", won Grammy Awards, and the music video for "Black Hole Sun" won a MTV Video Music Award and a Clio Award. "Superunknown" was ranked number 336 on "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, and "Black Hole Sun" was ranked number 25 on VH1's list of the 100 greatest songs of the '90s. In 1996, the band released its fifth studio album, "Down on the Upside"; while successful, the album could not emulate the precedent set by "Superunknown". Tensions within the group arose during the "Down on the Upside" sessions, with Thayil and Cornell reportedly clashing over Cornell's desire to shift away from the heavy guitar riffing that had become the band's trademark. In 1997, Soundgarden received another Grammy nomination, for the lead single "Pretty Noose". In 1997, the band broke up due to internal strife over its creative direction. In a 1998 interview, Thayil said, "It was pretty obvious from everybody's general attitude over the course of the previous half-year that there was some dissatisfaction." Cameron later said that Soundgarden was "eaten up by the business."


title: Matt Cameron

text: On January 1, 2010, Cornell announced on his Twitter that Soundgarden would be reuniting. The official website relaunched soon thereafter. The band had begun recording a new album in February 2011, which was later released in November 2012, known as King Animal.


title: Matt Cameron

text: The task of figuring out the time signatures for Soundgarden's songs was usually left to Cameron. Regarding his drumming with Soundgarden, "Modern Drummer" stated that Cameron "always injected a maturity into Soundgarden's music. His ghost-note grooves and the uncanny ability to make odd time feel like straight time have already earned him status among rock's drumming's elite pacemakers."


title: Matt Cameron

text: On November 15, 2013, Cameron announced that he would not be touring with Soundgarden in 2014, due to prior commitments promoting Pearl Jam's album "Lightning Bolt".


title: Matt Cameron

text: Almost a year after Soundgarden's break-up, in summer 1998, Cameron was invited by rock-colleagues Pearl Jam to drum on its U.S. Yield Tour after the band's drummer Jack Irons left due to the touring scheduling conflicting with his health issues and a desire to spend more time with his family. Cameron had worked with members of the band before on the Temple of the Dog project and had helped them record some early instrumental demos in 1990. Cameron said, "I got a phone call out of the blue, from Mr. Ed Ved, Stoney and Kelly (Curtis, Pearl Jam's manager). I was ambushed. It was really short notice. He called and said 'hey what are you doing this summer?'" Guitarist Mike McCready said, "We knew him from being around the same scene and seeing him on tour. It had a lot to do with it. We knew he was a normal cat too, a normal guy." Cameron learned over 80 songs in two weeks. He was hired on an initially temporary basis, but soon, during the tour, he was invited to become a full-time member. Cameron stated, "The guys made me feel real welcome and it wasn't a struggle to get it musically, but my style was a little bit different, I think, than what they were used to. And they've been through so many different drummers, I don't even know if they knew what they wanted. So, I just kind of played the way I played and then eventually we kind of figured out what worked best for the band."


title: Matt Cameron

text: Cameron has since become the longest serving drummer of the band. McCready stated that Cameron has made Pearl Jam "into a way better band." In 1998, Pearl Jam, with Cameron on drums, recorded "Last Kiss", a cover of a 1960s ballad made famous by J. Frank Wilson and the Cavaliers. It was released on the band's 1998 fan club Christmas single; however, by popular demand, the cover was released to the public as a single in 1999. "Last Kiss" peaked at number two on the "Billboard" charts and became the band's highest-charting single. In 2000, the band released its sixth studio album, "Binaural", and initiated a successful and ongoing series of official bootlegs. The band released seventy-two such live albums in 2000 and 2001, and set a record for most albums to debut in the "Billboard" 200 at the same time. "Grievance" (from "Binaural") received a Grammy nomination for Best Hard Rock Performance. The band released its seventh studio album, "Riot Act", in 2002. Pearl Jam's contribution to the 2003 film, "Big Fish", "Man of the Hour", was nominated for a Golden Globe Award in 2004. The band's eighth studio album, the eponymous "Pearl Jam", was released in 2006. The band released its ninth studio album, "Backspacer", in 2009. Their tenth studio album "Lightning Bolt" was released in 2013. Their eleventh studio album "Gigaton" was released March 27, 2020. In May 2022, Cameron was forced to miss his first shows in 24 years since joining Pearl Jam due to testing positive for the COVID-19 virus. Josh Klinghoffer and Richard Stuverud filled in on drums for Cameron.


title: Matt Cameron

text: While not as frequent as the other members' written contributions, Cameron's are held in high regard by the band, as are his performances. In the liner notes of the 2003 "Lost Dogs" compilation, Pearl Jam vocalist Eddie Vedder says:


title: Matt Cameron

text: Matt Cameron writes songs and we run to find step stools in order to reach his level, ... what comes naturally to him leaves us with our heads cocked like the confused dogs that we are, ... eventually getting it. Did we mention he's the greatest drummer on the planet?


title: Matt Cameron

text: Along with Cornell, Stone Gossard, Jeff Ament, McCready, and Vedder, Cameron appeared on the 1991 "Temple of the Dog" album. The album paid tribute to Mother Love Bone vocalist Andrew Wood, who died of a heroin overdose at age 24.


title: Matt Cameron

text: He has played in two jazz-influenced side projects: Tone Dogs in the early 1990s, and Harrybu McCage, which formed in 2008. He recorded with the Tone Dogs for their debut album "Ankety Low Day", which was released in 1990. Cameron also has a fondness for psychedelic garage rock, and his side projects Hater and Wellwater Conspiracy reflect this. Cameron formed Hater in 1993 with Soundgarden bassist Ben Shepherd. The band released a self-titled album in 1993 and recorded a second album in 1995 following Soundgarden's "Superunknown" tour. The band's second album, "The 2nd", would not see release until 2005. Cameron founded Wellwater Conspiracy with Shepherd and guitarist John McBain. The band's debut album, "Declaration of Conformity", was released in 1997. Following Shepherd's departure from the band in 1998, Cameron took over lead vocal duties for the band. Cameron and McBain maintained the group after Cameron joined Pearl Jam, and a further three Wellwater Conspiracy albums were released following the band's debut album ("" (1999), "The Scroll and Its Combinations" (2001), and "Wellwater Conspiracy" (2003)).


title: Matt Cameron

text: He worked with electronic punk act The Prodigy on their album The Fat of the Land, playing on the track "Narayan".


title: Matt Cameron

text: Cameron appears on the Gamma Ray 7", which would become the first recorded material by Queens of the Stone Age. Cameron played drums at the band's first show on November 20, 1997 at the OK Hotel in Seattle, however he did not join the band as its drummer. He also appeared with them in 2008, at the memorial concert for Natasha Shneider, playing double drums along with their then-current drummer Joey Castillo, of which various Queens of the Stone Age and Desert Sessions songs, as well as covers by artist including The Doors and Cream were played.


title: Matt Cameron

text: Cameron contributed his drumming on seven tracks considered for The Smashing Pumpkins' 1998 album, "Adore", though only "For Martha" appeared on the album. Another studio track, "Because You Are", surfaced on the 2001 B-sides and rarities collection, "Judas O". Rumors circulated in the beginning of 1998 that he was considered as a permanent drummer replacement for Jimmy Chamberlin, but Cameron denied this.


title: Matt Cameron

text: Other drumming contributions by Cameron include four tracks on Eleven's 1995 album, "Thunk", the track "Disappearing One" on former bandmate Chris Cornell's 1999 solo album, "Euphoria Morning", and Geddy Lee's 2000 solo album, "My Favourite Headache".


title: Matt Cameron

text: Cameron has enjoyed a friendship with fellow drummer Jeremy Taggart of Canadian rock group Our Lady Peace. When Taggart was sidelined with an ankle injury during the recording of that group's 2000 album, "Spiritual Machines", Cameron played drums on songs such as "Right Behind You (Mafia)" and "Are You Sad?". Cameron contributed to the soundtrack for the 2002 film, "Spider-Man", playing on "Hero" with Chad Kroeger and Josey Scott. As Cameron was unable to attend the shoot, Jeremy Taggart returned the favor and is shown in Cameron's place in the video.


title: Matt Cameron

text: Cameron, along with Pearl Jam bandmate Mike McCready, contributed two songs to Peter Frampton's instrumental album, "Fingerprints" (2006). These include a cover of Soundgarden's "Black Hole Sun" and "Blowin' Smoke".


title: Matt Cameron

text: In 2013, Cameron performed with drummers Janet Weiss of Sleater Kinney, and Zach Hill of Death Grips on an all-drum album entitled "Drumgasm".


title: Matt Cameron

text: In 2020, Nighttime Boogie Association released their first two singles. The supergroup formed by Cameron, Taylor Hawkins, Buzz Osborne and Steven McDonald plans to release more music in 2021.


title: Matt Cameron

text: In 2021 Cameron, along with Kim Thayil, bassist Krist Novoselic (Nirvana, Giants in the Trees), guitarist Bubba Dupree (Hater, Void), and vocalists Jennifer Johnson and Jillian Raye (Giants in the Trees) formed the group 3rd Secret. Their self-titled debut album, which they recorded at The Bait Shop in Bellevue, Washington with producer Jack Endino was released in April 2022. The group also performed at the Museum of Pop Culture in Seattle.


title: Matt Cameron

text: Cameron was described by Greg Prato of AllMusic as "unquestionably one of rock's finest and most versatile drummers". Though known for his creativity, power, and precision, Cameron's style is one that does not instinctively seek to dominate a song, but rather tease out a groove that will complement and support its atmosphere. Examples of this can be clearly heard in Temple of the Dog's "Wooden Jesus" or Soundgarden's "Mind Riot" and "Applebite". Cameron's time in Pearl Jam has helped see his technique mellow to a more modest backing role, providing support for the more straightforward nature of Pearl Jam's matured style compared to Soundgarden's more extreme and unusual tendencies, e.g., the song "Face Pollution". Despite a career in rock music, Cameron stated in a 1989 radio interview that growing up he "wasn't a big rock fan ..." and that his musical tastes during his youth were "more into jazz." Cameron has professed that his primary musical interests lie in progressive rock and various jazz subgenres, including hard bop, both of which are characterized by a much busier playing style than Cameron typically exhibits, especially in the aforementioned matured Pearl Jam. Cameron has cited Keith Moon, Buddy Rich, Count Basie, David Bowie as major influences.


title: Matt Cameron

text: Cameron tends to revisit the paradiddle for effect. Examples include the spreading of the RLRR-LRLL pattern amongst ride and snare on Soundgarden's "Never the Machine Forever" (from "Down on the Upside"), "Unemployable" (from "Pearl Jam"), creating a driving shuffle; and "You Are" (from "Riot Act"). This pattern can also be heard during the bridge of "Bleed Together" (from the "Burden in My Hand" single). Cameron also is well known for his use of tom grooves and tribal patterns, the most famous of which being the tour-de-force "Jesus Christ Pose" figure, as well as "Little Joe", "Gun", and "Spoonman". Cameron also incorporated the technique of open-handed drumming into his playing, particularly around the "Badmotorfinger" period in Soundgarden, specifically the tracks "Slaves & Bulldozers", the outro of "Rusty Cage", and "Somewhere", and used the technique later on "Superunknown" "Limo Wreck."


title: Matt Cameron

text: Throughout the 80s and 90s, Cameron favored two to three crashes (generally matching 19-inch Zildjian Avedis Rock crashes and eventually Z Customs by "Superunknown" touring period), an A or K ride of 20 or 21 inches, and 15-inch hi hats with an occasional 10-inch splash or bell. China cymbals were used throughout the '80s but infrequently in the '90s, and were eliminated from his live setup by "Badmotorfinger". Even after becoming a full-time member of Pearl Jam upon drummer Jack Irons' departure for health reasons, Cameron's cymbal setup did not change radically from his Soundgarden days. Currently, the most noticeable difference is his use of the A and K series as opposed to the heavier Z Custom series.


title: Matt Cameron

text: Though Cameron is best known for his use of equipment from California-based Drum Workshop during his initial time with Soundgarden, he used his own Yamaha kit before 1990 when he started using DW, which he later admittedly approached after Yamaha first turned down his endorsement. Most early Soundgarden records up until "Badmotorfinger" including the Temple of the Dog record were done with an 8000 series kit in a "real wood" finish. By the autumn of 1991, however, Cameron started playing copper gloss finished DW's with 12 and 13-inch rack toms, a 15-inch floor tom, and a 22-inch bass drum with black gloss hoops and a 14-inch knurled steel snare. By 1993 his "Superunknown" era kit arrived, a black gloss kit with 12, 13, and a 14-inch hanging tom, which Cameron would mount on a snare stand, a 16-inch floor tom and a 24x16 inch bass drum. Cameron revealed in a 1994 interview with "Modern Drummer" magazine that to greater emphasize the dynamic shift on the song "Like Suicide", both kits were used, the latter having shells both larger in depth and diameter. "Superunknown" is well known for its huge drum sound and practices such as this brought attention in the drumming world. Other examples include the use of all ride cymbals on "Black Hole Sun" and 3 drummers playing at the same time at the end of "Head Down", being Cameron, Soundgarden bassist Ben Shepherd and drum technician and craftsman Gregg Keplinger. Cameron, along with fellow Northwesterner William Goldsmith (Sunny Day Real Estate and Foo Fighters), was an early user of Keplinger's snares, famous for perhaps being the heaviest stainless steel snare drum available.


title: Matt Cameron

text: By the recording of 1996's "Down on the Upside", and the album's subsequent tour, Cameron endorsed the Canadian custom outfit Ayotte, a company Keplinger had teamed with offering mass-produced steel snares, and soon cohorts and fellow Keplinger fans Jeremy Taggart (Our Lady Peace), Matt Chamberlain (Pearl Jam, session), and Joey Waronker (Beck, Atoms for Peace) joined as well. During the recording of "Down on the Upside" in 1995 and a short European tour in the middle of making it, Cameron used natural maple finished Ayotte's with wood hoops with 10, 12, and 13-inch rack toms, 16 and 18-inch floor toms, and a 22-inch bass drum, with Ayotte/Keplinger snares or his longtime favorite Keplinger 14x7 stainless steel snare. By the album's official tour in 1996, a new kit with updated OEM hardware made by Tay-e, including bass drum mounted tom mounts, in the same sizes but with dark purple sparkle finish and a 24-inch silver sparkle bass drum was used all the way up to Soundgarden's breakup. Following his hiring for Pearl Jam's U.S. Yield Tour in 1998 Cameron continued using his purple Ayotte kit, which would stay intact for the most part for the next 4 years including touring for "Binaural" in 2000. All throughout this period Cameron continued using equipment manufactured by DW, including pedals, cymbal stands, and snare stands.


title: Matt Cameron

text: Following a corporate mutiny resulting in the resignation of Ray Ayotte from his own company and the subsequent end in partnership with Gregg Keplinger, Cameron switched to Yamaha in 2002, and Cameron's subsequent time with Pearl Jam is notable for his shift away from maple-shelled drums, arguably the most popular drum material for its overall even frequency response and overall melodic tone. Cameron began endorsing and using Yamaha's Birch Custom Absolute drums in a vintage natural finish that year. Compared to maple shelled drums, birch is higher-pitched with a quicker attack and produces fewer overtones. By 2009, he began experimenting with another type of wood, the Yamaha Oak Custom in a black gloss finish with Yamaha Vintage Maple hoops, similar to his old Ayotte's. Oak drums are noted for their additional attack and projection, with a similar fundamental tone to maple. He used this kit through the period of Soundgarden's reformation.


title: Matt Cameron

text: In 2018 Cameron returned to maple with Yamaha's Absolute Hybrid Maple in a satin black stain but with stock steel hoops. His current setup continues his longtime use of 12, 13, 16-inch toms, with a shallow 24 bass drum, more specifically 12×8, 13×9, 16×16, and 24×14. He occasionally uses a 14×14 floor tom on his left side and an 18×16 floor tom when not using 14×7 Alex Acuña timbale for certain songs in Pearl Jam. His switches his snares between his various Gregg Keplinger built models and Yamaha productions, varying from copper and aluminum shelled models to discontinued signature snares for David Garibaldi, Roy Haynes, and Steve Gadd. Lately he has also experimented with Kapur shelled Yamaha Club Customs and his Yamaha/Steve Gadd 30th anniversary drum set. He has also used a Yamaha Steve Jordan signature cocktail kit live occasionally.


title: Matt Cameron

text: Cameron married his longtime girlfriend April Acevez on October 25, 1997. They reside in Woodway, Washington with their two children, son Ray (born October 25, 1998) and daughter Josie. Outside of his music career, Cameron is an avid runner.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano

text: Her conversion was still not finished in November 1944 when she was ordered to sail from the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal to Kure Naval Base to complete fitting out and transfer a load of 50 Yokosuka MXY7 "Ohka" rocket-propelled "kamikaze" flying bombs. She was sunk en route, 10 days after commissioning, on 29 November 1944, by four torpedoes from the U.S. Navy submarine . Over a thousand sailors and civilians were rescued and 1,435 were lost, including her captain. She remains the largest warship ever sunk by a submarine.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano

text: One of two additional "Yamato"-class battleships ordered as part of the 4th Naval Armaments Supplement Program of 1939, "Shinano" was named after the old province of Shinano, following the Japanese ship-naming conventions for battleships. She was laid down on 4 May 1940 at the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal to a modified "Yamato"-class design: her armor would be thinner than that of the earlier ships, as it had proved to be thicker than it needed to be for the desired level of protection, and her heavy anti-aircraft (AA) guns would be the new 65-caliber 10 cm Type 98 dual-purpose gun, as it had superior ballistic characteristics and a higher rate of fire than the 40-caliber 12.7 cm Type 89 guns used by her half-sisters.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano

text: As with "Shinano"s half-sisters and , the new ship's existence was kept a closely guarded secret. A tall fence was erected on three sides of the graving dock, and those working on the conversion were confined to the yard compound. Serious punishment—up to and including death—awaited any worker who mentioned the new ship. As a result, "Shinano" was the only major warship built in the 20th century that was never officially photographed during its construction. The ship is only known to have been photographed twice: on 1 November 1944, by a Boeing B-29 Superfortress reconnaissance aircraft from an altitude of , and ten days later, by a civilian photographer aboard a harbor tug during "Shinano"s initial sea trials in Tokyo Bay.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano

text: In December 1941, construction on "Shinano"s hull was temporarily suspended to allow the IJN time to decide what to do with the ship. She was not expected to be completed until 1945, and the sinking of the British capital ships and by IJN bombers had called into question the viability of battleships in the war. The navy also wanted to make the large drydock in which the ship was being built available, which required either scrapping the portion already completed or finishing it enough to launch it and clear the drydock. The IJN decided on the latter, albeit with a reduced work force which was expected to be able to launch the ship in one year.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano

text: In the month following the disastrous loss of four fleet carriers at the June 1942 Battle of Midway, the IJN ordered the ship's unfinished hull converted into an aircraft carrier. Her hull was only 45 percent complete by that time, with structural work complete up to the lower deck and most of her machinery installed. The main deck, lower side armor, and upper side armor around the ship's magazines had been completely installed, and the forward barbettes for the main guns were also nearly finished. The navy decided that "Shinano" would become a heavily armored support carrier—carrying reserve aircraft, fuel and ordnance in support of other carriers—rather than a fleet carrier.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano

text: As completed, "Shinano" had a length of overall, a beam of and a draft of . She displaced at standard load, at normal load and at full load. "Shinano" was the heaviest aircraft carrier yet built, a record she held until the was launched in 1954. She was designed for a crew of 2,400 officers and enlisted men.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano

text: "Shinano"s machinery was identical to that of her half-sisters. The ships were fitted with four geared steam turbine sets with a total of , each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by 12 Kampon water-tube boilers. The ships had a designed speed of , but "Shinano" never conducted full-speed sea trials so her actual performance is unknown. She carried of fuel oil which gave her an estimated range of at .


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano

text: "Shinano" was designed to load and fuel her aircraft on deck where it was safer for the ship; experiences in the Battles of Midway and the Coral Sea had demonstrated that the existing doctrine of fueling and arming their aircraft below decks was a real danger to the carriers if they were attacked while doing so. Much of "Shinano"s hangar was left open for better ventilation, although steel shutters could close off most of the hangar sides if necessary. This also allowed ordnance or burning aircraft to be jettisoned into the sea, something that the earlier carriers could not do with their enclosed hangars.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano

text: The carrier's flight deck was wide and overhung her hull at both ends, supported by pairs of pillars. A large island, modeled on that fitted on the earlier , was sponsoned off the starboard side and integrated with the ship's funnel. Much like "Taihō", the only other Japanese carrier with an armored flight deck, "Shinano"s flight deck functioned as the ship's strength deck and copied British practice as seen in their carriers. Designed to resist penetration by bombs dropped by a dive bomber, the flight deck consisted of of armor plate laid over of ordinary steel. It was equipped with 15 transverse arrestor wires and three crash barriers that could stop a aircraft; five of these wires were positioned further forward to allow the ship to land aircraft over the bow in case the aft portion of the flight deck was unusable.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano

text: Unlike the British carriers, "Taihō" and "Shinano" had unarmored sides to their hangars. For stability reasons, the latter only had a single hangar that was , with a minimum width of aft, and had a height of . The forward area of the hangar was dedicated to maintenance and storage facilities. Aircraft were transported between the hangar and the flight deck by two elevators, one at each end of the hangar on the centerline of the flight deck. The larger of the two measured . They were capable of lifting aircraft weighing up to . The ship had an aviation gasoline (avgas) capacity of . Because "Taihō" had been sunk by an explosion of gasoline fumes, large ventilation fans were installed on the hangar deck to expel fumes in case of damage to the gasoline system. Canvas wind scoops could also be rigged over the elevator opening to force more air inside.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano

text: The ship's organic air group was intended to consist of 18 Mitsubishi A7M "Reppū" (Allied reporting name "Sam") fighters (plus two in storage), 18 Aichi B7A "Ryusei" ("Grace") torpedo-dive bombers (plus two in storage), and 6 Nakajima C6N "Saiun" ("Myrt") reconnaissance aircraft (plus one in storage). The remainder of the hangar space would have held up to 120 replacement aircraft for other carriers and land bases.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano

text: According to Lynn Lucious Moore's "Shinano: The Jinx Carrier" (US Naval Institute Proceedings, February, 1953) the steel flight deck was covered with a thin, shock-absorbent latex-sawdust compound.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano

text: "Shinano"s primary armament consisted of sixteen 40-caliber Type 89 dual-purpose guns in eight twin mounts, two at each corner of the hull. When firing at surface targets, the guns had a range of ; they had a maximum ceiling of at their maximum elevation of 90 degrees. Their maximum rate of fire was 14 rounds a minute; their sustained rate of fire was around eight rounds per minute.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano

text: The ship also carried 105 Type 96 25 mm (1 in) light AA guns in 35 triple-gun mounts. These guns had an effective range of , and an effective ceiling of at an elevation of +85 degrees. The maximum effective rate of fire was only between 110 and 120 rounds per minute because of the frequent need to change the fifteen-round magazines. This was the standard Japanese light AA gun during World War II, but it suffered from severe design shortcomings that rendered it largely ineffective. According to historian Mark Stille, the weapon had many faults including an inability to "handle high-speed targets because it could not be trained or elevated fast enough by either hand or power, its sights were inadequate for high-speed targets, it possessed excessive vibration and muzzle blast"... These guns were supplemented by a dozen 28-round AA rocket launchers. Each rocket weighed and had a maximum velocity of . Their maximum range was .


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano

text: Four Type 94 high-angle fire-control directors were fitted to control the Type 89 guns. The two controlling the port-side guns were adjacent to their guns while the starboard directors were mounted fore and aft on the island. They could control all of the forward and rear guns respectively as necessary. Type 22 and Type 13 air search radars may have been fitted.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano

text: The ship's original waterline armor belt thickness of was retained only where it had already been installed abreast the magazines, and reduced to elsewhere. Below it was a strake of armor that tapered in thickness from to 75 millimeters at its bottom edge. The flat portion of the armor deck over the machinery and magazine spaces, ranging from , was retained, and the sloped portion that angled downward towards the bottom of the main armor belt was thick. Large external anti-torpedo bulges below the waterline provided the main defense against torpedoes, backed up by an armored bulkhead extending down from the belt armor; the bulkhead was intended to prevent splinters from piercing the main hull and, though not watertight, was backed by a second one which was. The joint between the upper and lower armor belts was weak and proved to be a serious problem when struck by torpedoes.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano

text: Even though "Shinano"s avgas tanks were protected by armor that could resist a shell, the IJN attempted to isolate the tanks from the rest of the ship with a cofferdam. However the investigation into the loss of "Taihō" had revealed that her avgas tanks had sprung leaks after she was torpedoed. The resulting fumes then penetrated the cofferdam and exploded. Therefore, the IJN thought it prudent to fill the empty spaces between the tanks and the cofferdam with of concrete to prevent any fumes from escaping.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano

text: The ship was originally scheduled for completion in April 1945, but construction was expedited after the defeat at the Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944 as the IJN anticipated that the United States would now be able to bomb Japan with long-range aircraft from bases in the Mariana Islands. The builder was unable to increase the number of workers on "Shinano" and could not meet the new deadline of October. Even so, the pressure to finish as quickly as possible led to poor workmanship by the workforce.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano

text: "Shinano"s launch on 8 October 1944, with Captain Toshio Abe in command, was marred by what some considered an ill-omened accident. During the floating-out procedure, one of the caissons at the end of the dock that had not been properly ballasted with seawater unexpectedly lifted as the water rose to the level of the harbor. The sudden inrush of water into the graving dock pushed the carrier into the forward end, damaging the bow structure below the waterline and requiring repairs in drydock. These were completed by 26 October.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano

text: On 19 November 1944, "Shinano" was formally commissioned at Yokosuka, having spent the previous two weeks fitting out and performing sea trials. Worried about her safety after a U.S. reconnaissance bomber fly-over, the Navy General Staff ordered "Shinano" to depart for Kure by no later than 28 November, where the remainder of her fitting-out would take place. Abe asked for a delay in the sailing date as the majority of her watertight doors had yet to be installed, the compartment air tests had not been conducted, and many holes in the compartment bulkheads for electrical cables, ventilation ducts and pipes had not been sealed. Importantly, fire mains and bailing systems lacked pumps and were inoperable; even though most of the crew had sea-going experience, they lacked training in the portable pumps on board. The escorting destroyers, , and , had just returned from the Battle of Leyte Gulf and required more than three days to conduct repairs and to allow their crews to recuperate.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano

text: Abe's request was denied, and "Shinano" departed as scheduled with the escorting destroyers at 18:00 on 28 November. Abe commanded a crew of 2,175 officers and men. Also on board were 300 shipyard workers and 40 civilian employees. Watertight doors and hatches were left open for ease of access to machinery spaces, as were some manholes in the double and triple-bottomed hull. Abe preferred a daylight passage, since it would have allowed him extra time to train his crew and given the destroyer crews time to rest. However, he was forced to make a nighttime run when he learned the Navy General Staff could not provide air support. "Shinano" carried six "Shinyo" suicide boats, and 50 "Ohka" suicide flying bombs; her other aircraft were not planned to come aboard until later. Her orders were to go to Kure, where she would complete fitting out and then deliver the "kamikaze" craft to the Philippines and Okinawa. Traveling at an average speed of , she needed sixteen hours to cover the 300 miles (480 km) to Kure. As a measure of how important "Shinano" was to the naval command, Abe was slated for promotion to rear admiral once its fitting out was complete.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano

text: At 20:48, the American submarine , commanded by Commander Joseph F. Enright, picked up "Shinano" and her escorts on her radar and pursued them on a parallel course. Over an hour and a half earlier, "Shinano" had detected the submarine's radar. Normally, "Shinano" would have been able to outrun "Archerfish", but the zig-zagging movement of the carrier and her escorts—intended to evade any American subs in the area—inadvertently turned the task group back into the sub's path on several occasions. At 22:45, the carrier's lookouts spotted "Archerfish" on the surface, and "Isokaze" broke formation, against orders, to investigate. Abe ordered the destroyer to return to the formation without attacking because he believed that the submarine was part of an American wolfpack. He assumed "Archerfish" was being used as a decoy to lure away one of the escorts to allow the rest of the pack a clear shot at "Shinano". He ordered his ships to turn away from the submarine with the expectation of outrunning it, counting on his margin of speed over the submarine. Around 23:22, the carrier was forced to reduce speed to , the same speed as "Archerfish", to prevent damage to the propeller shaft when a bearing overheated.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano

text: At 02:56 on 29 November, "Shinano" turned to the southwest and headed straight for "Archerfish". Eight minutes later, "Archerfish" turned east and submerged in preparation to attack. Enright ordered his torpedoes set for a depth of in case they ran deeper than set; he also intended to increase the chances of capsizing the ship by punching holes higher up in the hull. A few minutes later, "Shinano" turned south, exposing her entire side to "Archerfish"—a nearly ideal firing situation for a submarine. The escorting destroyer on that side passed right over "Archerfish" without detecting her. At 03:15 "Archerfish" fired six torpedoes before diving to to escape a depth charge attack from the escorts.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano

text: Four torpedoes struck "Shinano", at an average depth of . The first hit towards the stern, flooding refrigerated storage compartments and one of the empty aviation gasoline storage tanks and killing many of the sleeping engineering personnel in the compartments above. The second hit the compartment where the starboard outboard propeller shaft entered the hull and flooded the outboard engine room. The third hit further forward, flooding the No. 3 boiler room and killing every man on watch. Structural failures caused the two adjacent boiler rooms to flood as well. The fourth flooded the starboard air compressor room, adjacent anti-aircraft gun magazines, and the No. 2 damage control station and ruptured the adjacent oil tank.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano

text: Though severe, the damage to "Shinano" was at first judged to be manageable. The crew were confident in the ship's armor and strength, which translated into lax initial efforts to save the ship. This overconfidence extended to Abe. He doubted the sub's torpedoes could inflict serious damage, since he knew that American torpedoes were less potent than Japanese torpedoes. He ordered the carrier to maintain its maximum speed even after the last torpedo hit. This pushed more water through the holes in the hull resulting in extensive flooding. Within a few minutes she was listing 10 degrees to starboard. Despite the crew pumping of water into the port bilges, the list increased to 13 degrees. When it became apparent the damage was more severe than first thought, Abe ordered a change of course towards Shiono Point. Progressively increasing flooding increased the list to 15 degrees by 03:30. Fifty minutes later, Abe ordered the empty port outboard tanks to be counter-flooded, reducing the list to 12 degrees for a brief time. After 05:00 he ordered the civilian workers to be transferred to the escorts as they were impeding the crew in their duties.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano

text: A half-hour later, "Shinano" was making 10 knots with a 13-degree list. At 06:00 her list had increased to 20 degrees after the starboard boiler room flooded, at which point the valves of the port trimming tanks rose above the waterline and became ineffective. The engines shut down for lack of steam around 07:00, and Abe ordered all of the propulsion compartments evacuated an hour later. He then ordered the three outboard port boiler rooms flooded in a futile attempt to reduce the carrier's list. He also ordered "Hamakaze" and "Isokaze" to take her in tow. However, the two destroyers displaced only between them, about one-fourteenth of "Shinano"s displacement and not nearly enough to overcome her deadweight. The first tow cables snapped under the strain and the second attempt was aborted for fear of injury to the crews if they snapped again. The ship lost all power around 09:00 and was now listing over 20 degrees. At 10:18, Abe gave the order to abandon ship; by this time "Shinano" had a list of 30 degrees. As she heeled, water flowed into the open elevator well on her flight deck, sucking many swimming sailors back into the ship as she sank. A large exhaust vent below the flight deck also sucked many other sailors into the ship as she submerged.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano

text: At 10:57 "Shinano" finally capsized and sank stern-first at coordinates (), from the nearest land, in approximately of water, taking 1,435 officers, men and civilians to their deaths. The dead included Abe and both of his navigators, who chose to go down with the ship. Rescued were 55 officers and 993 petty officers and enlisted men, plus 32 civilians for a total of 1,080 survivors. After their rescue, the survivors were isolated on the island of Mitsuko-jima until January 1945 to suppress the news of the carrier's loss. The carrier was formally struck from the Naval Register on 31 August.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano

text: US Naval Intelligence did not initially believe Enright's claim to have sunk a carrier. "Shinano"s construction had not been detected through decoded radio messages or other means, and the American analysts believed that they had located all of Japan's surviving carriers, even though a captured Japanese aviator had revealed in July 1943 that a third "Yamato"-class battleship was being converted into a carrier. Enright was eventually credited with sinking a "Hayatake" () carrier by the acting commander of the Pacific Fleet's submarine force on the basis of a drawing Enright submitted depicting the ship he had attacked. Once the existence of "Shinano" was discovered, Enright was credited with her sinking and awarded the Navy Cross.


title: Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano

text: Post-war analysis by the U.S. Naval Technical Mission to Japan noted that "Shinano" had serious design flaws. Specifically, the joint between the waterline armor belt on the upper hull and the anti-torpedo bulge on the underwater portion was poorly designed, a trait shared by the "Yamato"-class battleships; "Archerfish"s torpedoes all exploded along this joint. The force of the torpedo explosions also dislodged an I-beam in one of the boiler rooms, which punched a hole into another boiler room. In addition, the failure to test for water-tightness in each compartment played a role as potential leaks could not be found and patched before "Shinano" put to sea. The executive officer blamed the large amount of water that entered the ship on the failure to air-test the compartments for leaks. He reported hearing air rushing through gaps in the water-tight doors just minutes after the last torpedo hit—a sign that seawater was rapidly entering the ship, proving the doors were unseaworthy.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: The Hallmark Channel is an American television channel owned by Crown Media Holdings, Inc., which in turn is owned by Hallmark Cards, Inc. The channel's programming is primarily targeted at families, and features a mix of television movies and miniseries (mainly in the romance genre), original and acquired television series, and lifestyle programs.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: As of February 2015, Hallmark Channel was available to approximately 85,439,000 pay television households (73.4% of households with television) in the United States. Despite largely being an apolitical brand, Hallmark Channel has garnered a following among politically conservative viewers in suburban and rural areas who, according to Manhattan Institute for Policy Research's Steven Malanga in a "Los Angeles Times" op-ed, feel the network and its original programming feed their desire to "express traditional family values and also to steer away from political themes and stories that denigrate religion."


title: Hallmark Channel

text: Their biggest conservative-leaning competitors in terms of entertainment programming are INSP, and GAC Family (which was established by Hallmark Channel's former CEO Bill Abbott), with FETV as a lesser competitor. Much of the filming for Hallmark Channel's most popular shows is done in Canada, with Canadian stars, scenery and talent.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: The Hallmark Channel traces its history to the launch of two separate religious cable channels, the American Christian Television System (ACTS) and the Vision Interfaith Satellite Network (VISN). The two networks began alternating time on a shared transponder slot on the Galaxy III satellite in 1992. Under the original timeshare agreement, the network was branded as VISN/ACTS. Each network was provided time for its programming blocks, and would use their own logos.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: VISN launched on July 1, 1988, and was founded by the National Interfaith Cable Coalition, in cooperation with several cable providers. The coalition's membership consisted of 65 different religious groups. It aired for about 16 hours a day and ran religious programs from mainline Protestant denominations such as the United Methodist Church, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and the United Church of Christ. In addition, Roman Catholic, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Jewish, and Islamic faiths also provided some programming. VISN aired during the morning and evening hours. ACTS commenced operations in 1984, and was owned by the Southern Baptist Convention. It aired programming from evangelical and fundamentalist non-charismatic Christian groups such as the SBC, the Christian Reformed Church, and the Association of Regular Baptist Churches, as well as well-known evangelists such as Jerry Falwell, Charles Stanley and D. James Kennedy. Both channels aired several hours a week of religious children's programs, some of which overlapped, including "Sunshine Factory", "Joy Junction", "Davey and Goliath", and "Jot".


title: Hallmark Channel

text: In 1993, the network was renamed as the Faith and Values Channel. It began adding a few secular programs during this time, such as exercise shows, health and cooking shows, and family-oriented drama series and movies.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: In 1995, cable conglomerate Tele-Communications Inc.'s Liberty Media acquired a 49% ownership stake in the Faith and Values Channel, and took over operational control of the network. It added more secular programming to the network and reduced religious programming to about 10 hours a day. In 1996, the network was rebranded as the Odyssey Network (although on-air promotions often referred to the network simply as "Odyssey"), and launched a website, Odysseyfamily.com, which was used to provide program listings for the network.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: In 1997, channel CEO Gary Hill died. "The Teaching of Christ", "The Daily Mass" and "A Biblical Portrait of Marriage" were regular religious programs on the channel. Wholesome off-network series on the channel were "Brooklyn Bridge" and "Trapper John, M.D.", as well as the "Davey and Goliath" claymation kids' show. The channel produced shows under the Odyssey Productions name. The channel had a variety show hosted by gospel singer CeCe Winans called "CeCe's Place" and launched "Landmarks of Faith" on July 1, 1998.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: Hallmark Entertainment and The Jim Henson Company bought significant stakes, paid partly through programming commitments, in Odyssey in late 1998. Liberty had convinced Hallmark not to launch its own domestic channel, given difficulty getting carriage. National Interfaith Cable Coalition and Hallmark-Henson would have equal shares while Liberty would increase its stake, while the three groups would share control of the board. Hallmark and Henson would have say over chief executive selection. While adding Henson's and Hallmark's libraries, the channel could not make major programming format changes, so cable systems could not drop them. Hallmark hired former Fox Kids Network worldwide vice-chairman Margaret Loesch that year to overhaul Odyssey into a family channel.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: Under the new ownership structure, Odyssey underwent a major programming revamp on April 4, 1999, using the tagline "a Hallmark and Henson Network". The revamp decreased the amount of religious programs on the network down to an average four hours a day, although more hours were religious on the weekend. The channel began to focus more on family-targeted entertainment programming including some classic sitcoms, children's programs and additional family-oriented movies. The premiere show under the new schedule was "Gulliver's Travels" miniseries, in its cable premiere, was produced by Hallmark and Henson. Henson programming on the channel included "The Muppet Show" and "Fraggle Rock". This revamp had other children's programming like the syndicated "Zoobilee Zoo" and "The Archie Show". The new programming even tapped Hallmark Entertainment's Hal Roach Studios library for "Leonard Maltin Presents". In 2000, the channel aired its first original holiday movie.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: Crown Media Holdings, Inc. in 2000 was formed with Hallmark Entertainment, Chase Equity Associates, Liberty Media, and the National Interfaith Cable Coalition transferred their 77.5 percent total interest in the Odyssey Network into Crown Media Holdings. Henson Company, now owned by EM.TV & Merchandising, traded in March 2001 Crown Media the remaining ownership in the Odyssey Network for 8% in Crown stock.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: On August 5, 2001, the channel underwent yet another rebranding, relaunching as the Hallmark Channel. After agreeing to distribute a religious digital cable network among other items to lift restrictions on the Odyssey Channel to effect the rebranding with plans to quickly add original programming. "The Infinite Worlds of H.G. Wells" mini-series was the first programming under the rebranding. New original programming for the year included the third installment of its Sherlock Holmes film series and five other films, two mini-series and three scripted series, one coming from The Jim Henson Company. In April 2001, Crown Media purchased 700 titles from the film library Hallmark Entertainment Distribution, a wholly owned subsidiary of Hallmark Entertainment, for its cable channels and Crown Interactive. The channel began a Sunday night mystery movie wheel series called "Mystery Movie" in 2005.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: In 2002, the Hallmark Channel premiered a weekday morning talk show, "New Morning". A Sunday morning version, hosted by Naomi Judd, titled "Naomi's New Morning", debuted in 2005 and lasted two years before being pulled from the schedule in early 2007.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: Hallmark Channels in international markets were sold for about $242 million in 2005 to Sparrowhawk Media, a private equity group backed by Providence Equity Partners and 3i. The channel in 2005 had its highest-rated year with 34% increase in viewers and ranked seventh in growth. 2005's highest-rated ad-supported basic cable movie with a 3.6 household rating was "Meet the Santas" on Hallmark.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: In 2006, the channel acquired a license for 35 Warner Bros. features including "Troy" (2007) and "March of the Penguins" (2005), costing in the multimillion-dollar range. The channel set a new high rating (4.2 household) for an original movie, "The Christmas Card", in 2006.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: With the expiration of RHI Entertainment's exclusive contract with Hallmark Channel, Larry Levinson Productions became the channel's sole producer. In 2007, additional producers were added as suppliers as the channel increased the number of original films by 50% from 20 in 2007 to 30 in 2008.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: In January 2008, the Hillary Clinton presidential campaign purchased an hour of Hallmark Channel's primetime slots under a paid programming arrangement to run a town hall special promoting Clinton's campaign for President of the United States on February 4, the day before the multi-state "Super Tuesday" primaries. The wheel series "Mystery Movie" was discontinued in 2008 as the channel was doing better with lighter romances.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: With a change in company president in May 2009, the new president planned to move the channel away from dependence on the Western to more light hearted fare to de-age their viewers without alienating their current viewers and match the Hallmark brand more. In mid-June 2009, the network announced it would sell individual ad breaks featuring a single advertiser. The so-called "Fast Breaks" are prefaced with short bumpers announcing that the program streaming will return after a 30-second break. The cost of such standalone spots is about double that of a regular 30-second commercial on the channel. Hallmark Channel signed insurance company Mutual of Omaha as the first buyer.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: In late 2009, "The National Tree" film kicked off its first annual "Countdown to Christmas" seasonal programming. Hallmark characters, Hoops & Yoyo, hosted Friday "Movie Night" during the Countdown.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: 2010 saw the channel make a push into lifestyle programming. A January 2010 multi-year deal with Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia (MSLO) brought "The Martha Stewart Show" from syndication to Hallmark in September. Stewart would also produce four prime-time one hour specials for the channel. Hallmark was looking to be a holiday programming destination. On March 26, 2010, a new home and lifestyle block during weekday daytime of Martha Stewart shows started airing on the channel for seven hours. A shorter Stewart block would also air on the weekends. After one month on air with lackluster ratings, the block was reduced to five hours. In January 2012, the channel canceled "The Martha Stewart Show" given the show's cost effective with the end of the season in May with reruns through the summer months, but intend to retain a couple of MSLO shows.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: Hallmark Channel and co-owned film service Hallmark Movie Channel were dropped by AT&T U-verse on September 1, 2010, due to a carriage dispute resulting from a proposed increase in retransmission consent payments that U-verse considered to be disproportionate with the lower audience viewership for the channels at the time. As of July 23, 2015, both channels returned to U-verse.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: In 2011, Hallmark started its animal-featuring shows with Hero Dog Awards. Its 2014 Kitten Bowl, up against the Super Bowl, got 1 million viewers. Jingle, the husky pup (a Hallmark merchandising character), was featured in an animated Christmas special, "Jingle All the Way", on November 25, 2011. In 2012, "Christmas in July" programming was launched over a weekend to promote Hallmark Cards' new holiday ornaments debut and became an annual event.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: In the fourth quarter of 2012, Hallmark Channel did a makeover of its daytime schedule. The channel launched a "Marie!" talk show starring Marie Osmond, and "Home & Family", while running repeats of three MSLO programs. Two TV pilot movies, "Cedar Cove" and "When Calls the Heart", both book adaptations, were also shown. "Home & Family" was previously on The Family Channel. "Cedar Cove" was ordered to a series, the channel's first prime time original series, in October 2012 even before its January 2013 movie premiere. and "When Calls" was also picked up as a series. However, Marie! was canceled after its first season.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: With the 2011–2012 season, ABC picked up "Hallmark Hall of Fame" with the Hallmark Channel showing each episode a week later. The Hall of Fame series was moved from ABC to Hallmark with the 2014–2015 season and would air as many as four times a year. The first episode to debut on Hallmark Channel was "One Christmas Eve", starring Anne Heche. On the cable channel, four original movies at most would air as a part of the Hall of Fame with multiple encores. The HHOF library would also be available.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: On March 15, 2013, the channel introduced a new family-oriented Friday night movie block, "Walden Family Theater", in partnership with Walden Media and others. In an unusual deal in 2013, CBS syndicated "The Good Wife" to Hallmark, two streaming services and TV stations, who got the shows on weekends. While the show met its good story-telling goal with the series showing four hours in prime time, the channel pulled the show after many months as it did not fit in other ways.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: Two new series, "Good Witch" and "Sign, Sealed, Delivered", were picked up for the 2014–2015 season. Sign comes from Martha Williamson, while the Good Witch was transitioning from a movie series. In February 2015, the channel aired its first "Countdown to Valentine's" programming event based on its success with "Countdown to Christmas" accounting for 30% of annual ad revenue.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: In April 2014, the channel launched a TV Everywhere video on-demand service, "Hallmark Channel Everywhere", which offers a streaming selection of Hallmark Channel films and series for subscribers on participating television providers. At some point before July 2021, the name of the app was changed to "Hallmark TV".


title: Hallmark Channel

text: In 2015, Mariah Carey directed and starred in a Christmas movie for Hallmark. She also hosted "Mariah Carey's Merriest Christmas", which was the channel's most-viewed show. Thus in May 2016, Carey signed a three-telefilm deal for her to develop, executive-produce, direct, costar, and write an original song for three movies with one for "Countdown to Valentine's Day".


title: Hallmark Channel

text: The channel's first "Winterfest" seasonal programming was in January 2016. At its March 2016 upfronts, Hallmark Channel executives revealed that they planned to divide their programming into themed seasons year-round, to build upon the success of Countdown to Christmas and other franchises.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: On October 20, 2016, Hallmark Channel and the Hallmark Movies & Mysteries channel were added to the Sling TV service. On November 15, 2017, PlayStation Vue added Hallmark Channel, Hallmark Movies & Mysteries, and Hallmark Drama to its lineup.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: In October 2017, Hallmark Channel launched a new, over-the-top subscription service known as Hallmark Movies Now, which features new and existing original content from the network. In October 2018, the three Hallmark linear channels were added to streaming service Philo. With SiriusXM, Crown Media launched the Hallmark Channel Radio channel on November 1, 2018, as 24/7 holiday music format as a part of the network's "Countdown to Christmas" campaign. Network talent would introduce the music and include behind the scenes segments from its holiday movies.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: In November 2017, the channel beat all four major broadcast networks in the ratings one night with its "Hallmark Hall of Fame" movie, "The Christmas Train". In March 2019, Hallmark announced it had dropped Lori Loughlin from future company projects due to her role in the 2019 college admissions bribery scandal.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: In December 2019, the channel stopped airing advertisements for the online wedding registry Zola.com that included two brides kissing each other, because of complaints that it was lesbians kissing and promoted same-sex marriages. A main complainant was One Million Moms, a division of the socially conservative American Family Association, which has been described as an anti-LGBTQ hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center. Similar advertisements with heterosexual couples kissing were not pulled. As a result, social media users called for a boycott of the channel, while competitors like Netflix and the Disney-owned Freeform cable channel responded by touting their LGBTQ inclusivity. On December 15, Hallmark reversed its decision and said it would reinstate the advertisements and work with GLAAD, an LGBTQ media monitoring organization, to create more inclusive programming. The series finale of "Good Witch", which aired in July 2021, featured the first lesbian kiss in a Hallmark production.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: Hallmark Channel's programming consists of classic and some recent/original television series, and original made-for-TV movies. It also airs the "Hallmark Hall of Fame" anthology series.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: Original programs broadcast on the network include the daytime talk show "Home & Family" (which originated on Freeform when it was known as The Family Channel, in April 1996) and "When Calls the Heart" (which is based on the novels by Janette Oke). The network's original programming initially consisted mainly of lifestyle programs and made-for-TV movies; Hallmark Channel debuted its first prime time original scripted series in July 2013, with the premiere of "Cedar Cove" (which is based on the novels by Debbie Macomber).


title: Hallmark Channel

text: The network's made-for-TV movies are characterized as family-friendly and inspirational, ranging from holiday-themed films to westerns. In the early stages of the channel's development, Hallmark Channel had a steady one-movie-a-month, or 12-a-year, production schedule with the films mainly being produced by RHI Entertainment. However, in 2008, Crown Media had ramped up its production schedule to approximately 30 movies a year and opened up two other production companies, though RHI still produces some movies for Hallmark Channel. The network premiered 35 original movies during the period from 2009 to 2010.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: Hallmark original movies were budgeted at $2.2 million in 2007. Hallmark does not pay the full cost of films, thus the production company deficit-financed them.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: Hallmark Channel is known for scheduling themed programming around major holidays such as Christmas, Mother's Day, and Valentine's Day—including new original movies relevant to said holiday. With the introduction of its "Countdown to Christmas" branding in 2009, the channel gradually expanded the number of seasonal programming events it holds. By 2016, the network had divided its schedule into themed "seasons" year-round, with original programming aligned with these themes. Crown Media's then-CEO Bill Abbott explained that this strategy allowed the network to be positioned as "a year-round destination for celebrations", which need not depend on a single series or franchise to bolster its viewership. This programming strategy also creates synergies with Hallmark Cards.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: From the last weekend in October until January 1, Hallmark Channel runs a seasonal block called "Countdown to Christmas", featuring a mix of holiday movies, specials and holiday-themed original programming. The block is branded as "Countdown to New Years" from December 26 until January 1 and culminates with the channel's broadcast of the Tournament of Roses Parade.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: Countdown to Christmas started in 2009, while the channel's first holiday original movie was aired in 2000. Hallmark characters, Hoops & Yoyo, hosted Friday "Movie Night", starting in 2009 during the Countdown. Countdown had 12 original movies in 2013 and 21 in 2016. Actresses frequently featured in the channel's Christmas films (dubbed the "Queens of Christmas") include Rachel Boston, Candace Cameron Bure (who does other work for Hallmark Channel, mainly as Aurora Teagarden), Lacey Chabert, Erin Krakow, Kellie Martin, Danica McKellar, Autumn Reeser and Alicia Witt. Hallmark's "Christmas TV ratings system" has designations like "F for Family" and "J for Joy".


title: Hallmark Channel

text: Since 2012, the network has held a Christmas in July event with airings of past Hallmark Channel Christmas movies, which is used to promote Hallmark Cards' collectibles for the upcoming season. In 2013, the event included holiday tips from the cast of "Home & Family". In 2014, the event added a theatrical movie premiere. By 2015, the event included one new original movie.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: In 2014, the Hallmark Channel and Hallmark Cards collaborated for the first time on a movie, "Northpole", which was shown during Countdown to Christmas.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: During the 2017 holiday season, the Hallmark Channel premiered 33 original Christmas holiday films, up from a total of 28 holiday movies in 2016. As of 2017, Hallmark had a total of 136 Christmas holiday-themed movies in their original library of films.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: For 2018, a satellite radio companion to the event was carried on Sirius XM—"Hallmark Channel Radio"—which carried Christmas music hosted by Hallmark Channel talent (such as Holly Robinson Peete and Lacey Chabert), and behind-the-scenes features relating to Countdown to Christmas programming. In honor of the franchise's 10th anniversary, Countdown to Christmas movies aired on Friday nights throughout 2019, and a "Hallmark Channel Christmas Con" was held in Edison, New Jersey in November 2019, featuring appearances by Hallmark Channel talent.""


title: Hallmark Channel

text: With the success of the Dog Hero Awards, the channel started a franchise out of the show with additional shows that counter programming major sporting events. Beyond the Dog Hero Awards and the Kitten Bowl, the channel has Paw-Star Game, on during MLB's All-Star Game, and Summer Kitten Games countering in its first showing the Rio Olympics. On February 2, 2014, the Hallmark Channel partnered with New York's North Shore Animal League and Last Hope Animal Rescue to debut the "Kitten Bowl" during Super Bowl XLVIII. The event – hosted by Beth Stern and announcers John Sterling and Mary Carillo – is designed as counterprogramming to the Super Bowl and airs during the game's halftime show, and is similar to another animal-themed event that debuted nine years earlier on Animal Planet, the Puppy Bowl. "Kitten Bowl II" returned on February 1, 2015, and was watched by 1.3 million viewers. A new Kitten Bowl has aired every year since, running repeatedly on Super Bowl Sunday in a three-hour program that includes "playoff games". In 2019 Hallmark added "Cat Bowl", which premiered on Super Bowl weekend. The eighth and last edition of the Kitten Bowl aired in 2021, as Hallmark canceled it in 2022.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: The Hallmark Channel has been criticized for editing its programming to remove what its Standards and Practices department considers offensive words. After the word "God" was muted in April 2014 from the film "It Could Happen to You", in what is described as an attempt "to avoid taking His name in vain", the practice backfired when viewers interpreted the muting as evidence of hatred for God. Blogger Donna Cavanagh criticized the channel's content policies in July 2011, describing them as "censorship at its worst", with removal of profanities or epithets such as "ass" and "hooker". In response to Cavanagh's inquiry, a representative of the network wrote:


title: Hallmark Channel

text: Cavanagh accused the network of hypocrisy in deeming such material as being objectionable according to the network's standards, while continuing to acquire off-network sitcoms such as "Frasier" and "The Golden Girls", which often feature sexual content including references to promiscuity. Others have recommended the channel's late night programming, while noting that the word removal from these programs "puts a mild damper on the fun."


title: Hallmark Channel

text: Hallmark Channel operated several cable channels in various international markets; they were sold in 2005 to Sparrowhawk Media, which was in turn acquired by Universal Networks International in 2007.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: Universal's licensing agreement ended in July 2011; the networks were either shut down, or rebranded under another NBC Universal-owned brand (such as Diva Universal, Studio Universal, 13th Street Universal or Universal Channel). In the United Kingdom, the Hallmark Original Movies originally shown on the channel are now shown on Movies 24, a sister to the Hallmark Channel.


title: Hallmark Channel

text: On October 25, 2018, Corus Entertainment announced that W Network would become the exclusive Canadian broadcaster of Hallmark Channel original series and films beginning November 1. The agreement includes branded blocks of Hallmark Channel programming, and airings of seasonal events such as Countdown to Christmas (which launched the agreement).


title: Legally Blonde (musical)

text: Legally Blonde is a 2007 musical with music and lyrics by Laurence O'Keefe and Nell Benjamin and a book by Heather Hach. It is based on the novel "Legally Blonde" by Amanda Brown and the 2001 film of the same name.


title: Legally Blonde (musical)

text: The show tells the story of Elle Woods, a sorority girl who enrolls at Harvard Law School to win back her ex-boyfriend Warner. She discovers how her knowledge of the law can help others, and she successfully defends exercise queen Brooke Wyndham in a murder trial. Throughout the show, very few characters have faith in Elle, but she manages to surprise them when she defies expectations while staying true to herself.