title: Thomas Wolfe

text: "Return of an Angel", a play by Sandra Mason, explores the reactions of Wolfe's family and the citizens of his hometown of Asheville to the publication of "Look Homeward, Angel". The play was staged several times near the Thomas Wolfe Memorial, in the month of October, to commemorate his birthday. Pack Memorial Library in Asheville hosts the Thomas Wolfe Collection which "honors Asheville's favorite son". The Western North Carolina Historical Association has presented the Thomas Wolfe Memorial Literary Award yearly since 1955 for a literary achievement of the previous year. The Thomas Wolfe Society celebrates Wolfe's writings and publishes an annual review about Wolfe's work. The United States Postal Service honored Wolfe with a postage stamp on the occasion of what would have been Wolfe's 100th birthday in 2000.


title: Thomas Wolfe

text: The "Old Kentucky Home" was donated by Wolfe's family as the Thomas Wolfe Memorial and has been open to visitors since the 1950s, owned by the state of North Carolina since 1976 and designated as a National Historic Landmark. Wolfe called it "Dixieland" in "Look homeward, Angel". In 1998, 200 of the house's 800 original artifacts and the house's dining room were destroyed by a fire set by an arsonist during the Bele Chere street festival. The perpetrator remains unknown. After a $2.4 million restoration, the house was re-opened in 2003.


title: Thomas Wolfe

text: A cabin built by Wolfe's friend Max Whitson in 1924 near Azalea Road was designated as a historic landmark by the Asheville City Council in 1982. Thomas Wolfe Cabin, as it is called, was where Wolfe spent the summer of 1937 in his last visit to the city. In a letter to F. Scott Fitzgerald, Wolfe wrote "I am going into the woods. I am going to try to do the best, the most important piece of work I have ever done", referring to "October Fair", which became "The Web and the Rock" and "You Can't Go Home Again". He also wrote "The Party at Jack's" while at the cabin in the Oteen community. The city bought the property, including a larger house, from John Moyer in 2001, and did some work fixing up the cabin. Restoring the cabin would cost $300,000 but as of 2021 there is no funding. Plans for the site would cost at least $3.5 million, and as much as $6.7 million.


title: Thomas Wolfe

text: The Thomas Wolfe Society, established in the late 1970s, issues an annual publication of Wolfe-related materials, and its journal, "The Thomas Wolfe Review" features scholarly articles, belles lettres, and reviews. The Society also awards prizes for literary scholarship on Wolfe.


title: Thomas Wolfe

text: In 1958, Ketti Frings adapted "Look Homeward, Angel" into a play of the same name. It ran on Broadway for 564 performances at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre, received six Tony Award nominations, and won the 1958 Pulitzer Prize for Drama. Frings was named "Woman of the Year" by "The Los Angeles Times" in the same year. In 1972, it was presented as a television drama, as was "Of Time and the River" in a one-hour version.


title: Thomas Wolfe

text: Wolfe's play "Welcome to Our City" was performed twice at Harvard during his graduate school years, in Zurich in German during the 1950s, and by the Mint Theater in New York City in 2000 in celebration of Wolfe's 100th birthday.[51]


title: Thomas Wolfe

text: The title character of Herman Wouk's 1962 bestselling novel "Youngblood Hawke", and its subsequent film adaptation, was loosely based on Wolfe.


title: Thomas Wolfe

text: Wolfe's relationship with his editor Maxwell Perkins was the basis of a movie titled "Genius" in 2016 in which Jude Law and Colin Firth played the roles of Wolfe and Perkins respectively. Nicole Kidman played Aline Bernstein.


title: Thomas Wolfe

text: "Look Homeward, Angel" and "Of Time and the River" were published in Armed Services Editions during World War II.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: Left 4 Dead is a 2008 first-person shooter game developed by Valve South and published by Valve. It was originally released for Microsoft Windows and Xbox 360 in November 2008 and for Mac OS X in October 2010, and is the first title in the "Left 4 Dead" series. Set during the aftermath of a zombie outbreak on the East Coast of the United States, the game pits its four protagonists, dubbed the "Survivors", against hordes of the infected.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: "Left 4 Dead" uses Valve's proprietary Source engine, with four game modes: a single-player mode in which allied characters are controlled by AI, a four-player co-op campaign mode, an eight-player online versus mode, and a four-player survival mode. In all modes, an artificial intelligence dubbed the "Director" controls level pacing and item placements in an attempt to create a dynamic experience and increase replay value.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: "Left 4 Dead" was well-received by the industry media upon its release, with praise for its replay value, focus on cooperative play, and cinematic feel, although some criticized its limited level selection and lack of narrative. The game won several publication awards, as well as distinctions from the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences and British Academy of Film and Television Arts. As was done with "Team Fortress 2", Valve supplemented the game with free downloadable content. The success of the game led to the development of the sequel "Left 4 Dead 2", which was released in 2009. In 2012, all "Left 4 Dead" campaigns were ported over to "Left 4 Dead 2", with cross-platform multiplayer support between Windows and Mac versions of the game.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: An outbreak of a highly contagious pathogen nicknamed the "Green Flu" (which causes extreme aggression, mutation to the body cells, loss of higher brain functions, and essential zombification of those who catch it) begins in Pennsylvania. Memorial walls—giving names and obituaries to those who have died in the infection—suggest that the game takes place in October 2009. Two weeks after the first infection, four immune survivors—Green Beret and Vietnam veteran William "Bill" Overbeck (voiced by Jim French), college student Zoey (voiced by Jen Taylor), district account manager Louis (voiced by Earl Alexander), and outlaw biker Francis (voiced by Vince Valenzuela)—make their way out of the city of Fairfield, only to discover that the infection is creating dangerous mutations in some of its hosts.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: After narrowly avoiding the new types of infected, the survivors are alerted by a passing helicopter to an evacuation point at the roof of Mercy Hospital. Fighting their way through the city's streets, subway, and sewers, they are rescued from the hospital's roof by the pilot (voiced by Dennis Bateman), only to discover that he is infected. Zoey is forced to kill him, causing the helicopter to crash in an industrial district outside the city. Finding an armored delivery truck, the group uses it to reach the small town of Riverside. After encountering a paranoid and delirious man (voiced by Nathan Vetterlein) in the local church, they discover that the town is overrun and head to a boathouse for rescue. Contacting a small fishing vessel (owner voiced by John Patrick Lowrie), they are kicked out of the boat at the city of Newburg across the river, finding much of it in flames. Resting in a greenhouse, the survivors are interrupted by a military C-130 Hercules passing overhead, leading them to believe that it will land at the city's airport. The U.S. military had bombed the airport in an attempt to contain the infection, though the runway is partially intact, allowing the survivors to fuel up and escape in the waiting C-130 (pilot voiced by Gary Schwartz).


title: Left 4 Dead

text: Like the helicopter before it, this plane also crashes, and the survivors find themselves at the outskirts of the Allegheny National Forest. Following a series of train tracks, the group finally reaches a functioning but abandoned military evacuation point. After answering a radio transmission (soldier voiced by David Scully), they make their final stand against hordes of infected before a military APC arrives to supposedly transport them to Northeast Safe Zone Echo, one of the few remaining safe areas. Instead, they are detained in a military installation, where they learn that they are not immune and are actually asymptomatic carriers who have infected most of their rescuers. Meanwhile, the base is overthrown by a mutiny, attracting hordes of infected. The survivors escape via train and travel south at the insistence of Bill, who believes they can find long-term safety on the islands of the Florida Keys.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: At the portside town of Rayford in Georgia, they find a sailboat but must first raise a lift bridge powered by an aging generator alongside 2 other generators to reach open waters. As the bridge raises, the aging generator gives out. Bill sacrifices himself to restart it so that the others may reach safety. While waiting for the horde to disperse, the three remaining members encounter the survivors from "Left 4 Dead 2". They agree to help the other survivors re-lower the bridge so that they can cross in their car. Louis, Zoey, and Francis then board their boat and set sail for the Florida Keys.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: "Left 4 Dead" is a first-person shooter in which the player takes control of one of four survivors; if human players are not available, the remaining survivors are filled by AI-controlled bots. They play through campaigns fighting off the infected—living humans who have been infected with a rabies-like virus that causes psychosis. The overarching goal is not to clear infected, but only to reach the next safe area alive. This is compounded by the presence of an "AI Director", who tracks each player's current situation, and will add or remove items and infected in response; with the goal of maintaining constant tension and creating a new experience with each playthrough.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: While a shooter, the game focuses largely on cooperation and teamwork, and thus eschews some "realism" conventions usual in other FPS games. Colored outlines of teammates are visible through walls to help players stick together and coordinate their movement. If a survivor's health is depleted, they become incapacitated and can only be helped by another survivor, after which they continue playing with lower health. If they are incapacitated twice without healing, the third incapacitation will kill them.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: During "Campaign" mode, if a survivor is killed, they will eventually respawn in a closet or small room, but must be freed by another survivor to rejoin the team. The AI will not open "respawn closets", so if all human player survivors are incapacitated, the level will restart. Survivors can share first-aid kits and pain pills, and heal each other. "Left 4 Dead" has friendly fire, increasing the need for caution and coordination around other survivors.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: Via a quick menu, the survivors can communicate and organize with voice commands and callouts. Over 1,000 unique lines were recorded for each survivor. Additional communication of player actions is conveyed through lights; weapon-mounted flashlights and muzzle flashes help players determine when their companions are shooting, performing melee attacks, reloading or moving. (Due to control issues and the likelihood of players using a headset, the Xbox 360 version of "Left 4 Dead" omits the quick phrases feature.)


title: Left 4 Dead

text: All original campaigns are divided into five levels, connected by safehouses; checkpoints where players can heal, re-arm and revive characters who were killed. Some levels are broken up with "crescendo events", which introduce a new obstacle before the survivors can continue moving. In the final chapter of each campaign, the players must defend a position from an onslaught of infected until rescue arrives. The four campaigns are: "No Mercy", a city culminating in a hospital skyscraper; "Death Toll", a small town and countryside; "Dead Air", a bombed city and an airport; and "Blood Harvest", a woodland and farm setting.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: A two-level DLC campaign, "Crash Course", was released on September 29, 2009, set in the industrial outskirts between "No Mercy" and "Death Toll". The Sacrifice is a three-level campaign released on October 5, 2010, with an industrial port-side setting in Georgia. These new levels contain a number of alternate routes to follow with more supplies, helping to create a sense of non-linearity. Each campaign typically lasts between 20 and 75 minutes depending on the difficulty level. Both platform versions of the game utilize an achievement system.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: Each player starts the game with a semiautomatic pistol, an M1911. It is the only weapon with unlimited ammo, and the only weapon that can be used while incapacitated. (If a second pistol is found, the player can dual wield them.) At the beginning of each campaign, survivors can choose between a submachine gun and a pump-action shotgun. As the survivors progress through a campaign, more powerful weapons can be found; the full-auto assault rifle, a semi-automatic shotgun, and a scoped hunting rifle.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: In addition to firearms, a player can carry three other items: improvised grenades (either a Molotov cocktail, or a pipe bomb with a smoke alarm, designed to attract the infected); a first aid kit, which can be used to heal any survivor, and pain pills, which provide a temporary health boost. A melee attack can always be used to shove away any infected within reach. Also available are environmental weapons, such as gas cans, propane cylinders, and oxygen tanks, which explode when shot. These can be picked up and moved by survivors, but this blocks them from using other weapons at the same time. Rarely, there are strategically placed minigun turrets near crescendo events and finales.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: The infected (voiced by experimental musician Mike Patton [commons, Smoker, and Hunter] and voice actor Fred Tatasciore [Boomer and Tank]) are the enemies of "Left 4 Dead", and comparisons have been made with 'zombies' from certain modern films, such as "Dawn of the Dead", "28 Days Later", and "Quarantine". An important distinction from the former is that the infected are, as cited in the game's manual, living humans infected with a rabies-like pathogen; more similar to the latter two films, rather than undead zombies. While they are never seen eating humans, bite wounds and mutilation are often mentioned. In an interview with 1Up.com, designer Mike Booth commented on the concept of using a pathogen as an inspiration for the setting:


title: Left 4 Dead

text: The "common infected" are fast and agile, weak individually, but overwhelming in numbers. They display a special attraction to high-pitched sounds, such as car alarms and the beeping device attached to pipe bombs. They will often chase down these noises while ignoring lower-pitched, louder sounds, such as gunfire. They occasionally attack en masse, referred to as a "horde".


title: Left 4 Dead

text: There are five "special" or "boss" infected, whose mutations grant them special attacks. Each of the special infected have a distinctive sound, silhouette, and musical cue, making their presence easily recognizable by players. There are five special infected in "Left 4 Dead":


title: Left 4 Dead

text: The artificial intelligence of "Left 4 Dead" features a dynamic system for game dramatics, pacing and difficulty called the "Director". Instead of fixed spawn points for enemies, the Director places enemies and items in varying positions and quantities based upon each player's current situation, status, skill and location, creating a new experience for each playthrough. The Director also creates mood and tension with emotional cues, such as visual effects, dynamic music, and character communication.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: Valve has termed this dynamic set-up "procedural narrative". In addition to the AI Director, there is a second Director that controls music. It was created as a way to keep the soundtrack interesting throughout the game. The music Director monitors what a player has experienced to create an appropriate mix. The process is client-side and done by a multi-track system. Each player hears their own mix, which is being generated as they play through the game; dead spectators will hear their teammates' mix.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: A far simpler version of the A.I. Director was previously used for some key battles in "". Valve is looking for ways to apply the Director in their future games to make pacing and difficulty more dynamic.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: "Left 4 Dead" contains four game modes: Campaign, Versus, Survival, and Single-Player. Campaign consists of up to four human-controlled survivors who attempt to make their way between safe rooms and eventually to rescue. In this mode, the special infected are controlled by the AI.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: In Versus, there are two teams of four players each. They play each chapter as both Survivors and Infected, swapping sides after each round. The infected team are given vertical pathways, such as pipes and vines, which can be climbed and used for ambushes. Dead survivors do not respawn. If at least one player reaches the safehouse, the survivor team earns 100 points, as well as bonuses based on their health, and the health items still in their inventory. These points are multiplied by the chapter's difficulty level, and the number of survivors who lived. If all survivors are killed, the survivor team only earns points from their progress through the chapter and the difficulty multiplier. The victor is decided by which team scores the highest during the campaign.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: Survival mode consists of a timed challenge where players try to survive as long as possible against a never-ending flood of the infected, added in April 2009 in the Survival Pack DLC. Single-player mode is similar to campaign mode, but played offline with three AI-controlled bots as the other survivors. On Xbox 360, other players can join the same console to turn single player into an offline co-op game. "Left 4 Dead" can also be played through a system link, or local area network. Players have also discovered a way to do splitscreen co-op with the PC version.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: Development on "Left 4 Dead" started in mid-2005. Turtle Rock Studios aimed to create a horror film-inspired game that merges single player games' character-driven narrative structure with multiplayer games' social interaction and high replayability. The game was first revealed in the Christmas 2006 publication of "PC Gamer UK" with a six-page article describing a playthrough at Turtle Rock Studios headquarters. A teaser was released with "The Orange Box". The game was first playable at the Showdown 2007 LAN in San Jose and at QuakeCon 2007. Turtle Rock Studios announced "Left 4 Dead" on November 20, 2006, and was acquired by Valve on January 10, 2008, because of the game and long-standing relationship between the companies. The game opened up to pre-purchasing on Valve's Steam system on October 15, 2008.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: To give "Left 4 Dead" significant exposure, Valve financed a $10-million marketing campaign for the game in the United States and Europe, with advertisements appearing on television, print, websites and outdoor placements in many cities. Valve also hosted photo contests called, "Dude, where's my thumb?" offering copies of "Left 4 Dead" to people who submitted the best picture involving zombies or the outdoor advertising.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: "Left 4 Dead" uses the 2008 version of Valve's Source engine, with improvements such as multi-core processor support and physics-based animation to more realistically portray hair and clothing, and to improve physics interaction with enemies when shot or shoved in different body parts. Animation was also improved to allow characters to lean realistically when moving in curved paths. Rendering and artificial intelligence were scaled up to allow for a greater number of enemies who can navigate the world in better ways, such as climbing, jumping, or breaking obstacles. Lighting was enhanced with new self-shadowing normal mapping and advanced shadow rendering that is important to convey information about the environment and player actions. Wet surfaces and fog are used to create mood. Many kinds of post processing cinematic visual effects inspired by horror movies have been added to the game. There is dynamic color correction that accentuates details based on importance, contrast and sharpening to focus attention on critical areas, film grain to expose details or imply details in dark areas and vignetting to evoke tension and a horror-film look.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: "Left 4 Dead" underwent many phases of development; influenced by playtesting, Turtle Rock Studios removed many of the features that were originally in the game. In early development, there was another special infected, the "Screamer", which had no attacks but upon spotting a survivor would run to a safe place and then emit a loud scream that attracted a horde of infected. This infected was removed, but its ability to attract the horde was incorporated into the Boomer's vomit.A persistent merit/demerit system was envisioned to provide positive feedback for good behavior, such as aiding a fallen teammate; and negative feedback for poor behavior, such as shooting a teammate. This would provide a score to rank a player's effectiveness as a teammate, but this system was removed late in the development of the game in favor of immediate, non-persistent feedback displayed in-game. Another significant element removed was a long introduction between campaigns; because the game is designed for replayability, it was difficult to hold the player's attention for repeated viewings of cut scenes, so they were dropped in favor of a sparse narrative. In early development, the game began with a big city level with many routes for the survivors, but playtesters were confused when they began to play, and later they always chose the same route; ultimately Turtle Rock Studios cut the city maps into the first "No Mercy" and "Dead Air" campaigns.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: Certain Affinity assisted Turtle Rock Studios with the Xbox 360 version of the game. The Xbox 360 version of "Left 4 Dead" has the same game modes as the PC version but has additional features such as support for split screen, allowing for two players to play offline and online from the same console, and System Link play. Split-screen mode can also be achieved on the PC version, but it requires console commands and may require the modification of controller configuration files; and it is not officially supported. Both versions of the game have a new matchmaking system to simplify the process of finding other players. This new server management system was met with a negative reaction from PC server operators, who, with this system, had very little control over their servers. This led to Valve releasing a series of patches that allowed server operators to remove their server from the matchmaking "pool" of servers or make private servers. Valve runs dedicated servers for both versions of the game.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: To promote the game and provide basic training to players before starting the game, Valve chose to develop a pre-rendered intro movie. This movie was released on Halloween and shows events prior to the beginning of the "No Mercy" campaign. Valve chose an intro movie over in-game training mechanics because they wanted the players to be immediately dropped into a zombie apocalypse. Valve later detailed in their official "Left 4 Dead" blog how they designed the movie, from a basic animatic in July 2008 to the final result for the launch of the game.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: Early access to the "Left 4 Dead" demo for people who pre-ordered the game began on November 6, 2008, for both Windows and Xbox 360. It gave users access to both online and single-player play in two "scenes" in one "movie" within the game. This promotion was being offered in addition to the ten percent savings for those who pre-order and applies to all Steam Windows pre-orders and all Windows and Xbox 360 pre-orders from GameStop and EB Games in North America. On November 11, the "Left 4 Dead" demo was made available to all Windows and Xbox 360 gamers worldwide. The "Left 4 Dead" demo was removed from the Xbox 360 Marketplace and Valve's own Steam after the game's release on November 18, 2008, however it is still available for those that played it.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: The demo had many server problems when it launched, primarily Valve's strategy for server management which made it impossible to set up a dedicated private server with administrator controls. However, a stream of patches led to the availability of a server browser and basic private server functionality as well as Valve's acknowledgment of player concerns. It appears that a patch released just before the game itself has resolved many of the connection issues that demo players were having.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: On May 1, 2009, the game was released freely via Steam as a one-day trial called "Freaky Free Friday". The trial was then extended to end on Saturday.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: On October 5, 2010, the price of the game via Steam was dropped to US$6.80, or a "4-pack" for $20.40, as a promotion coinciding with the release of "The Sacrifice" DLC.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: "Left 4 Dead" went gold on November 13, 2008, and was released on November 18, 2008, in North America; and on November 21, 2008, in Europe to coincide with the tenth anniversary of the release of "Half-Life".


title: Left 4 Dead

text: Valve released a server patch in December 2008 to stop players on Xbox Live from using PC-style cheats. A spokesman from Valve said, "The fix is designed to halt the cheating behavior on the dedicated servers, which accounts for the majority of the co-op and versus modes of play."


title: Left 4 Dead

text: Valve intended to support the PC version of the game through free content updates and the Xbox 360 version with DLC. On a podcast by Kotaku, writer Chet Faliszek divulged that an announcement regarding DLC for the PC and Xbox 360 would be released "very soon", and that the announcement was delayed by the holiday season. On February 5, 2009, Valve released details about the upcoming downloadable content pack. The two full campaigns of "Death Toll" and "Dead Air" for versus mode—which were previously unavailable—are included, as well as the survival game mode, where the survivors try to survive endless waves of the infected for as long as possible. On February 11, 2009, Valve announced that the downloadable content for the game would be free for both the Xbox 360 and PC; and on April 21, it was released. Survival mode shipped with 16 maps, 15 of them being modified portions of existing maps and one being a new lighthouse-themed level titled "The Last Stand". A "Game Of the Year Edition" of "Left 4 Dead" was released on the PC and Xbox 360 on May 12, 2009, with updates and new content included on the disc.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: On May 15, 2009, an open beta test for the Source Development Kit updated to support "Left 4 Dead" was started under the name of the "Left 4 Dead Authoring tools". This included a new set of plugins that allowed for users to import data from SketchUp, a free 3D modeling program, directly into the Hammer level editor for use in maps. The beta was concluded on June 25, 2009, with the full release of the Left 4 Dead authoring tools and corresponding server and matchmaking update to support custom maps. The update included a command line tool for packaging custom "Left 4 Dead" campaigns to ease distribution.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: A sequel, announced at the 2009 E3 conference and was released November 17, 2009. Addressing concerns voiced by fans, Gabe Newell responded to an email from Kotaku explaining that despite the upcoming sequel, "Left 4 Dead" would continue to be supported and more content is planned in the coming months.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: On August 4, 2009, Valve announced the second DLC pack. It contains a new campaign called "Crash Course", set shortly after the events of the "No Mercy" campaign, where the Survivors try to get to a Truck Depot after the helicopter they were in crashed. It is available for co-op, versus and survival modes, with various tweaks to game mechanics, and containing new locations and character dialog. The DLC was announced to be released on September 29, 2009, on which date it was released for free for PC, but was accidentally released on Xbox Live at a higher price. The price was amended soon after, and all players who bought the DLC at the higher price were refunded.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: On November 9, 2009, a matchmaking update to allow for matchmaking between teams of four players in versus mode was released.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: An add-on campaign for "Left 4 Dead 2", "The Passing", featured the "Left 4 Dead" survivors meeting the new cast as part of a full campaign. The "Left 4 Dead 2" content was set for release in March 2010, however it was delayed until April 22, 2010. To connect the events in "The Passing" to that in "Left 4 Dead", Valve released another add-on in October 2010 for both "Left 4 Dead" and its sequel, entitled "The Sacrifice"; the events of the add-on take place before "The Passing" and tells how the "Left 4 Dead" survivors come to encounter the group from "Left 4 Dead 2", and how one sacrificed themselves for the safety of the others.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: Valve announced a 190-page digital comic that has been revealed in four parts in the weeks leading up to the release of "The Sacrifice". Part one was released on September 14, 2010, with a new part scheduled for release each week until "The Sacrifice"'s October 5 release. The comic is illustrated by Mike Oeming, the artist behind the Powers comic series, and tells the stories of the original four survivors, as well as the events leading up to the infection. The comic begins with Bill, having just sacrificed himself to save the others, taking on three tanks while severely wounded. It then cuts to the finale of Blood Harvest, which is revealed to be one week earlier. In "The Sacrifice" DLC, any player, whether playing as Bill or not, can choose to sacrifice themselves to allow the other survivors to complete the campaign.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: In March 2010, Valve announced that it would be bringing the Steam content platform to Mac OS X computers; along with it, they will be providing native versions of existing Valve games including "Left 4 Dead" and its sequel. The game was released for Mac OS X on October 27, 2010. "Left 4 Dead" support cross-platform play, allowing Mac players to play alongside PC players on the same servers, and is also part of the "Steam Play" cross-compatible and Steam Cloud titles, allowing a player that has purchased the game on one platform to download and play it on the other platform for free.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: Overkill Software, the developers of "", a similar game to "Left 4 Dead" featuring four player co-operative gameplay, announced in June 2012 that it has worked with Valve to create a DLC level for "Payday" in the form of a map mirroring the "No Mercy" level from "Left 4 Dead", however, this DLC level is not canon to Left 4 Dead and does not lead to the infection that initiated the events in "Left 4 Dead".


title: Left 4 Dead

text: On August 20, 2015, an update for the game "Zombie Army Trilogy" was released, which imported the eight survivors from both "Left 4 Dead" games into "ZAT". Downloadable content for "" in 2021 included the four "Left 4 Dead" survivors as playable characters as part of its co-op mode.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: The character of Bill was introduced in the game "Dead by Daylight" in that game's DLC in 2017, and was given an expanded lore scenario around his time in the Vietnam War in additional content released in 2021.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: "Left 4 Dead" received highly positive reviews from critics. At Metacritic, the game received an aggregated score of 89 out of 100 for both Xbox 360 and PC. "IGN" stated, "It's almost pitch perfect in how it captures the tension and the action of a Hollywood zombie movie", and went on to describe it as, "quite possibly the perfect co-op shooter." Giant Bomb commented that the Source engine was beginning to show its age, but praised the game's use of lighting and filmic effects that gives the game world, "a desolate, washed-out feeling", as well as the realistic and emotive faces and the engrossing art direction. Eurogamer concluded that "Left 4 Dead" "is another deeply professional, personality-filled and progressive take on the shooter from Valve." IGN, GameSpot, and 1Up.com praised the game's replayability, but Gamespot criticized the "limited map selection" that could "sometimes feel a bit repetitious". GameSpy noted the lack of an overall narrative between the campaigns was disappointing. However, some reviewers praised its faithfulness to the zombie film genre, including the "deliberately ambiguous" back-story, and the amount of characterization and emotion brought by each of the four survivors. TeamXbox commented that clipping issues hurt the otherwise "incredibly good" visual experience. Hideo Kojima, creator of the "Metal Gear" series declared in an interview with "1UP.com" that he was "addicted to the game", which was, in his view, one of the "core titles made with movie-industry people that explore the depths of hi-def".


title: Left 4 Dead

text: On October 28, 2008, Valve reported that preorders for "Left 4 Dead" had beaten those of "The Orange Box" by 95 percent after the Steam pre-order was launched. On November 21, 2008, the day of the game's release in Europe, Valve issued a press release stating that "Left 4 Dead" had exceeded the pre-order numbers of "The Orange Box" by over 160 percent. The Xbox 360 version of "Left 4 Dead" was the seventh best-selling game of December 2008 in the United States, selling in excess of 629,000 copies. On February 3, Electronic Arts revealed that "Left 4 Dead" had sold 1.8 million copies, excluding Steam and worldwide sales figures. On March 26, Mike Booth revealed that the game had exceeded 2.5 million sales at retail during a presentation at the Game Developers Conference 2009. On September 24, 2009, Valve announced that almost 3 million copies of the game had been sold. On May 10, 2011, Doug Lombardi mentioned that the game and its sequel have each sold 3 million copies on the Xbox 360. On August 11, 2011, in a phone interview with Giant Bomb, Chet Faliszek said that the series has sold over 11 million units in total.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: "Left 4 Dead" received recognition as one of the best multiplayer and PC games of 2008 from various organizations and gaming publications. The game was named the Best Multiplayer Game of 2008 by IGN, GameSpy, Spike TV, NoFrag and BAFTA; and as the "Computer Game of the Year" by the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences (AIAS), Spike TV, and Bit-tech. Other awards include "Outstanding Achievement in Online Gameplay" from the AIAS, Best Use of Sound for the PC and Best Shooting game overall from IGN, Father of All FPS from Nofrag, and the best Cooperative Multiplayer and Shooter of 2008 from GameSpot who also nominated it for Game of the Year.


title: Left 4 Dead

text: "Left 4 Dead" and its sequel created a format for several games that followed that used the same four-player-versus-environment style of gameplay using artificial intelligence similar to the AI Director and encourages strong cooperation between players. Such "Left 4 Dead"-likes, according to "Polygon"s Josh Rios, included games like "" and its , and "Deep Rock Galactic", but only about a decade after "Left 4 Dead"s release did a large number of titles in this genre emerge. Seven of the original "Left 4 Dead" developers from Turtle Rock Studios were part of the team that released a spiritual successor titled "Back 4 Blood" in October 2021. Several "Left 4 Dead"-like games were announced ahead and during E3 2021, including "Rainbow Six Extraction", "The Anacrusis", "Redfall", "Warhammer 40,000: Darktide" and "". These newer titles typically incorporate role-playing game-like elements atop the core gameplay loop of "Left 4 Dead".


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: The Isuzu D-Max is a pickup truck manufactured since 2002 by Isuzu Motors. A successor of the Isuzu Faster/KB, the first and second-generation model shares its platform with the Chevrolet Colorado. The third-generation model shares its platform with the third-generation Mazda BT-50, which is produced in the same Isuzu plant in Thailand.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: In Australasia between 2003 and 2008, the D-Max was marketed as the Holden Rodeo, but then it was relaunched as the Holden Colorado. The Isuzu D-Max itself was also introduced during 2008, selling alongside the Holden-badged offering.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: The D-Max also has an SUV counterpart based on the same platform, which is the MU-7 for the first-generation model, and the MU-X for the succeeding generations.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: The D-Max pickup truck received its 2002 world premiere in Thailand. This location was chosen because GM-Isuzu had recently decided to close their small truck assembly plant in Japan and move their joint operation to Thailand. The D-Max was available in various models. The Spark (single cab) (EX) was available only as a 4x2, with three configurations between cab chassis, long bed with power steering and without. SpaceCabs (extended cab), and Cab4s (double cab) can be divided into two major configurations: standard height 4x2s (SL, SX, SLX), and 4x4s (S and LS) with the "Rodeo" name instead of SpaceCab. Crew cabs were all sold with the same Cab4 name (Cab4 models became available late in last quarter). All are built and sold alongside the almost identical Chevrolet Colorado which had debuted in the late first quarter of 2004.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: Engine choices for that year until the end of third quarter of 2004 derived from its direct predecessor: 4JH1-T 3.0 and 4JA1-T 2.5.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: Hi-Lander 3.0 (lifted 4x2), the trim style became available in late 2003, and ground clearance equals that of the 4x4 models. There were only two cab styles to choose between. This makes Isuzu the third manufacturer in Thailand to begin selling lifted 4x2 pickups (after Toyota and Ford).


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: In October 2004, Isuzu introduced the DDi iTEQ common-rail diesel engine family for the D-Max. The first engine to appear was the 3.0 4JJ1-TC , however, since then, a mid-cycle refresh brought many models fitted with a new front bumper that incorporated an "instant spoiler" underneath. Additionally, new MUA-5H five-speed manual transmission was also introduced.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: During the first quarter of 2005, a 2.5 4JK1-TC , the second DDi iTEQ engine, was introduced and offered as an economical choice to replace its aging predecessor (4JA1-T was concurrently available for that year only). 4x4 models and Hi-Lander's suspensions were raised up 25 millimeters extra.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: In the third quarter of 2006, the D-Max received a major facelift and the introduction of a third DDi iTEQ engine, 3.0 4JJ1-TCX. This engine is a modified 4JJ1-TC, incorporating a new Variable Valve Geometry Turbo (VGS). The extra power warranted an introduction of new transmissions as well: the MUX 5-Speed manual and MaxMatic-III automatic transmission. All models equipped with Xenon headlamps were changed to projector headlamps instead. Also introduced was the new "Hexapod-plot" interior. Other DDi iTEQ engines were also tweaked a bit for extra power and efficiency.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: In 2007, Isuzu celebrated its 50th anniversary in Thailand with "Gold Series" models sold for the 2008 model year. The Hi-Lander Cab4 model with the VGS turbodiesel engine became available for the first time. The 4x4 models get a new front bumper design with chrome accents. Also added was the choice of a 2.5l 4-cylinder engine in LS 4x4 and Hi-Lander models.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: During the middle of the first quarter of 2008, the Rodeo LS and Hi-Lander SpaceCab were also fitted with the 3.0-litre VVGS Turbodiesel engine to fill all the remaining gaps in the lineup.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: In the early fourth quarter of 2008, Isuzu introduced D-Max Platinum models for 2009 to replace the outgoing Gold Series. LS 4x4 and Hi-Lander received a new front grille design; chrome on the LS 4x4 grade and semi platinum-silver on the Hi-Lander grade. Minor-modified headlamps and new fog lamps for a platinum look. 4x2 SLX and SX derived fascias from 4x4/Hi-Lander (before Platinum's fascia). Chrome fascia for 3.0 SLX models and color-keyed fascia for SX. Top heads of 3 DDi iTEQ engines changed from gold to platinum. Some models dropped the 4JJ1-TC 3.0l engine. All retooled to be acceptable with Biodiesel B5. All SpaceCab models featured new middle pillars called Safety Pillar Cab; pillars and door beam larger and thicker. Not all Cab4 models received retooled rear suspension called Super Flex Plus suspension. Spark EX also received new gauge and indicator. D-Max Platinum models commenced on sale from 15 October.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: In the middle of September 2009, Isuzu introduced the D-Max Super Platinum models. SL model was dropped. Highline SLX 4x2 models received same fascia and front bumper as Hi-Lander / LS 4x4 style, new 16" wheels and newer styles of alloy wheels for SLX / Hi-Lander / LS 4x4, newer rear bumper, and new "Super Platinum" marque at the tailgate. LS 4x4 models received skid plate attached under the bumper in brighter silver, newer sidestep. Highline Hi-Lander / LS 4x4 models have newer style blind spot rear view mirrors, and new short-plot antenna.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: Every year since late 2005 until now, there are several special D-Max & MU-7 models. Available exclusively only for a period during Thailand's 2 largest auto shows and also other special Isuzu occasions. They were all unique yet never the same in each presentation. D-Max Smart models are such one remarkably special model set. Available in several occasions during 2008. This edition modifies SpaceCab 4x2 2.5 by special white pearl exterior color and optional equipment such as immobilizer key.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: Ever since Platinum models introduced, D-Max Smart models expanded up to 3 choices: SpaceCab 4x2, Cab4 4x2, and Hi-Lander 2-Door. These 3 models also updated as new Super Platinum models.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: In 2009, a sport version of the D-Max named the X-Series was introduced, aimed especially for a target group of young people normally not interested in using pickup trucks. It was marketed as a "Lifestyle Pickup" and equipped with additional skirts and prominent red Isuzu letters at front grille. The wheels remain unchanged from the normal model but came with gunmetal paint finish. Available in two-door SpaceCab and four-door Cab4 body variants with a manual transmission.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: In 2010, D-Max and MU-7 Super Titanium models were introduced. It featured a frontal camera, usually found in luxury cars, first time ever in a Thai pickup, and are the last model in this generation.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: The first generation Isuzu D-Max was launched in June 2005. In the year 2007, Isuzu Malaysia has revealed the latest facelift of its Isuzu D-Max double cab pick-up truck, which has a few improvements in terms of the 3.0-litre engine which now has more power and 19% more fuel efficiency than the pre-facelift version. Another new facelift was launched in 2009 and minor updates occurring in July 2011. The limited edition has been launched for the first generation Isuzu D-Max in Malaysia. The limited-edition is the "Hi-Def" from September 2008, the new limited edition "Hi-Def" launched from June 2012 limited to 210 units.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: In Australia and New Zealand, the D-Max was sold as the third generation Holden Rodeo (RA) between 2003 and 2008, before being facelifted into the form of the Holden Colorado. This was a result of the GM-Isuzu split resulting in GM losing the right to use the "Rodeo" name. As with Rodeo, Colorado is available as either two- or four-wheel drive and in a range of body styles including single cab, space cab and crew cab. Power is provided by a range of petrol and diesel engines. Of the petrol engines, Holden offers a 2.4-litre four-cylinder as well as the Australian-made 3.6-litre "Alloytec" engine. The diesel powerplant is a four-cylinder Isuzu 4JJ1 unit displacing 3.0 litres. The main difference between Colorado and the Rodeo is the revised bodywork from the A-pillar forward.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: During October 2008, the Isuzu D-Max was launched in Australia, alongside the almost identical Holden Colorado. Officially available in Australia as its own brand under the marketing name Isuzu UTE Australia, separate to the medium-heavy truck manufacturer, Isuzu Australia.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: Julie Beamer, director of GM Chile, announced on 5 March 2008 to workers of the only remaining automobile factory in Chile, that said factory would be closed down on 31 July that year. The only vehicle that was in production at the time was the Chevrolet LUV. The announcement came shortly after then-president of Venezuela Hugo Chávez reduced the import quota for cars in Venezuela, the main export market for the Chilean-made Chevrolet LUV, but GM Chile said in its official statement that the reason behind the end of production in Arica was the lack of favorable conditions for vehicle manufacturing in Chile and fierce competition from many other car manufacturers and countries on Chile's car market.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: In 2011, the Japanese automaker revealed the second-generation D-Max, which was designed in cooperation with General Motors and is a sister model to the second-generation Chevrolet Colorado. As with previous models, the D-Max shares its ladder chassis platform, body construction, mechanical componentry and interior design (dash, centre stack, steering wheel and doors) with the second-generation Chevrolet Colorado. The model features different front and rear end styling treatments as well as bespoke body panels.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: Isuzu new ladder-frame chassis platform dubbed "i-GRIP" (Isuzu Gravity Responsive Intelligent Platform) underpinning the new D-Max makes 42% stronger than its predecessors leading to improved ride and handling. The frame includes improved cross bracing at the rear, improving stability under loads and while towing, while also "ensuring long-term durability when used regularly in harsh environments". The longer wheelbase of – longer than before – is now standard on all three body styles.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: Transfer case marketing name has been renamed from "Touch-on-the-fly" button to new "Terrain command" system that uses the spin system to allow for seamless changing of drive modes from 4-Wheel to 2-Wheel Drive mode. Isuzu front suspension made up of independent double wishbone with coil-spring setup and a rear suspension made up of over slung leaf-springs installed above a special long span rear axle make for a comfortable driving experience.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: The D-Max continues to be offered in all three body styles: Single Cab, Space Cab, and Crew Cab. Customers will also continue to have a choice of rear-wheel drive 4x2 and four-wheel drive 4x4 models. Space Extra Cab has laterally opening door to give easier access to the rear seat. D-Max is equipped including high-tensile steel, electronic stability control ESC, traction control (TCS), ABS, emergency brake assist, a number of airbags and electronic brakeforce distribution EBD. EBD detects the payload weight and modulates the rear braking force to compensate. In ESC fitted models ABS now goes to 4-channel 4-sensor type instead of the current 3-channel 4-sensor.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: In 2015, the updated D-Max was introduced in Thailand, codenamed "RT85". The front fascia was changed with a larger grille and new 1.9-litre "RZ4E-TC" turbodiesel engine debuted, replacing the 2.5-litre from the outgoing model. Interior remained unchanged from the old model except for some changes including newer 8" inch infotainment system, newer TFT gauges, and cruise control.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: In 2017, the D-Max was updated again, with a newer front grille and bumper with Bi-LED projector headlamps with LED daytime running lamps, newer alloy wheels and some several changes in the interior for the 2018 model year.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: In South Africa, D Max pick-ups are sold as the Isuzu KB Bakkie. But as of 2018, the KB is now called D-Max.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: In the Philippines, the second generation was launched in September 2013. Isuzu's plans for production of the D-Max was temporarily in Thailand, and by October, the new D-Max was produced at Binan plant until 2019 when Isuzu Philippines announced that they will stop local production of the D-Max and instead import the D-Max from Thailand. In October 2017, Isuzu Philippines has unveiled the 3.0 TD "Blue Power" diesel engine, along with MU-X.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: The second generation D-Max was launched in September 2011. Initially offered with three turbodiesel engines, including a pair of 2.5-liter units producing and , and a larger 3.0-liter powerplant with . Available in 4 models line-up, 3 body type, 3 drivetrains; 2WD, High-ride 2WD (Hi-Lander) or 4WD (V-Cross) in Single cab (Spark), Space Cab and Crew Cab (Cab4) Spark was available only in the 2WD drivetrain. Spark 4WD became available in the 2014 model year. Models line-up are B, S, L, Z and Z Prestige. Standard 2WD models use beige cloth interior, Hi-Lander Z models come with black cloth interior, and Z-Prestige models come with Brown interior; 2.5-liter models come with cloth, 3-liter models come with leather, the meter is really changing, with added of multi-information display with support of Thai language menu operation, 2DIN CD player with Bluetooth and USB connection support or Kenwood DVD system (Changed Isuzu DVD-iGENIE Navi System in MY2013), Audio switch control, Driver power seat, Rear foldable seat (in Crew Cab models), also with over 10 position of intelligent storage space e.g. under steering wheel, over center console, 10-position cup holders.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: In December 2012, the D-Max X-Series was launched in Thailand. Available in three models choices; SpaceCab Z model was called Speed model, Hi-Lander 2-door in Z model and Hi-Lander 4-door in Z-Prestige model. The exterior has a strip line decal on the body, piano-black front grille with the Isuzu badging in red, skirt around the body and black alloy wheel. The interior has a black and red cloth and leather for the Z-Prestige model. The Isuzu logo on the steering wheel were changed to red color. Exterior color choices are black and white.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: In December 2013, for the 2014 model year, daytime running lamps became standard replacing the fog lamps and the rear lamps received an update for the L, Z and Z-Prestige models.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: The second generation Isuzu D-Max was launched in Malaysia in May 2013. The second-generation Isuzu D-Max to "Elevate Your Journey" is the promotional slogan for the new vehicle in Malaysia. A facelift was launched in October 2016 and minor updates occurring in February 2018. Multiple limited editions have been launched for the second generation Isuzu D-Max in Malaysia. The limited editions are the "X-Series" from November 2013 limited to 300 units, the "Artic" from September 2014 limited to 510 units and the "Beast" from May 2016 limited to 360 units. On 18 September 2019, Isuzu Malaysia company had launched the Isuzu D-Max 1.9L Ddi BluePower turbodiesel engine (codename RZ4E-TC), and this is the latest Isuzu D-Max pickup in Malaysia.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: In China, the second-generation D-Max was launched on 7 December 2014 by Jiangxi Isuzu Motors. The engine is 4JK1 2.5 L diesel with 5-speed manual/automatic transmission in 2WD and 4WD model.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: A more affordable variant called the Isuzu Ruimai is also available in China. The Ruimai (or Remax) wears the logo of JIM (Jiangxi Isuzu Motors), not of Isuzu. Besides the ICE versions, an all-electric version is also offered.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: All-new Isuzu D-Max for European market use 2.5-liter twin-turbo diesel that make power and of torque, 5-speed manual replaced with 6-speed one.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: In UK, range are Single Cab, Extended Cab, Double Cab, Double Cab Eiger, Double Cab Yukon and Double Cab Utah and all except Single Cab use 4x4 powertrain as standard and featuring standard features like, 6 Airbags, Stability Control, Daytime running lights, Rev counter, Air conditioning, Front electric windows and Immobilizer and pricing start from GBP14,499 on the road in 4x2 single cab to GBP21,499 on the road in 4x4 double cab Utah with automatic.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: In Turkey, available only in single cab (only one model in range) and double cab body and double cab range is HT (4x2 manual), T (4x4 manual), Limited (4x2 and 4x4 manual) and V-Cross (4x4 automatic), pricing start from 48,700 TL to 76,700 TL.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: In August 2012, Euro NCAP crash test result for Isuzu D-Max is 4 out from 5 stars and 83% of adult protection.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: In some markets, the D-Max range consists of Single Cab, Space Cab and Double Cab vehicles available in three different trim levels: LX, LS and LSX. LX versions are only available with a 6-speed manual transmission made by AISIN. LS and LSX models have the option of a 5-speed AISIN automatic transmission.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: In Egypt, a 2-door commercial variant of the D-Max is sold as the Chevrolet T-Series. It is powered by a 2.5-liter diesel producing and torque.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: D-Max uses Isuzu's own engine and drivetrain. Isuzu's iTEQ engine has been retained but has been updated. The 2.5-litre engine is now available in two configurations; normal turbo with and of torque and VGS Turbo with and of torque. Also available is the four-cylinder 3.0-litre 4JJ1-TC iTEQ common-rail diesel engine with VGS Turbo which now produces with of torque. Engines performance have been upgraded with variable geometry turbocharger (VGS Turbo) and are compliant with Euro V emission standard. The second-generation D-Max features a 5-speed manual, with optional 5-speed "Rev-Tronic" automatic transmission with sport mode replacing the previous generation 4-speed automatic.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: Ecuador is the only country where this generation D-Max is available with a petrol engine, an Opel-based 2.4-litre C24 engine with 16 valves and double overhead camshafts supplied from Brazil where the lower-grade versions of the Chevrolet S10 still rely on a flex-fuel 8-valve SOHC version which also served as a basis for the Vortec 2400 industrial engine.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: The third-generation D-Max debuted in Thailand on 11 October 2019. The new D-Max has grown slightly in size with the most notable increase being the wheelbase length. Isuzu claims the new D-Max delivers a reduced fuel consumption and improved safety.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: The vehicle rides on the body-on frame Isuzu Dynamic Drive Platform, also called the Symmetric Mobility Platform later. The platform is claimed to be 23 percent stiffer. As for the improvements, the company has expanded the cross section of the ladder frame, optimised the locations of the crossmembers and increased impact absorption, making the frame lighter, stiffer and safer. To improve weight distribution, the engine has been moved slightly behind the front axle, resulting in a "semi-midship" layout.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: In June 2020, Mazda released the third-generation BT-50 which is heavily based on the third-generation D-Max. As the result, it is also manufactured at Isuzu Motor Thailand. It is a result of an alliance between Mazda and Isuzu which was signed on 11 July 2016, with Isuzu agreeing to supply pickup trucks to Mazda. The third-generation D-Max ceased to share platform with Chevrolet Colorado.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: The vehicle is available in the market as the Regular Cab, the Extended Cab, and the Crew Cab. The Regular Cab, also called a single cab is known as the D-Max Spark and is also available in Cab and Chassis version. The Extended Cab version is available in Space Cab and Hi-Lander grades. The Crew Cab is available in Cab 4, Hi-Lander 4, and V-Cross. As the top grade, the V-Cross comes with 6 airbags, blind spot monitoring, rear cross traffic alert, stability control, traction control, Bi-LEDs, and a UV blocking windshield. Later in 2021, the updated D-Max was launched in Thailand, with the pick-up gaining new enhancements followed by a slight price increase.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: The third-generation D-Max was launched in the UK in January 2021. All grades offered in the UK are equipped with an advanced driver assist system (ADAS), which include adaptive cruise control, lane keeping assist, forward collision warning, pedal misapplication mitigation, and high beam assist. UK models is available in single, extended and double cab, either 4×2 or 4×4 variants, and four new grade levels. Later in 2021, Isuzu UK teamed up with Arctic Trucks to introduce the D-Max AT35, meant for serious off-roaders.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: The third generation D-Max was launched in the Philippines on 4 March 2021. It was initially offered in 1.9 Single Cab, 1.9 LT 4×2, 3.0 LT 4×4, 1.9 LS 4×2, 3.0 LS 4×2, 3.0 LS-A 4×2, 3.0 LS 4×4 and 3.0 LS-E 4×4 grade models.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: In July 2022, the LS grade was removed from the lineup and two new grade levels were introduced; 3.0 Single Cab 4×4 MT and 3.0 LS-A 4×4 MT.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: In Malaysia, the third generation D-Max was launched on 26 April 2021. It was initially offered in seven grade levels: 1.9L 4×4 Single Cab, 3.0L 4×4 Single Cab, 1.9L 4×4 MT Standard, 1.9L 4×4 AT Standard, 1.9L 4×4 AT Premium, 3.0L 4×4 AT Premium and 3.0L 4×4 AT X-Terrain.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: On 17 June 2022, the flagship 3.0 4x4 AT X-Terrain grade received some new feature upgrades including 2 new colour option, a 360-degree view monitor and wireless charging.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: The third generation D-Max was launched in Indonesia on 11 November 2021. It is offered in three grades: 1.9L MT Single Cab, 1.9L MT Double cab, and 1.9L MT Rodeo.


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: The 1.9-litre and 3.0-litre four-cylinder turbodiesel engines were carried over from the previous generation. While the 1.9-litre "RZ4E-TC" engine remains unchanged, the 3.0-litre engine, now named "4JJ3-TCX", has received several updates, including a reshaped combustion chamber, higher-pressure injectors, a diamond-like carbon coating on the piston pins, an electronic variable geometry turbocharger and a double-scissor timing gear. It led to the increase of and over the old "4JJ1-TCX".


title: Isuzu D-Max

text: The model has earned a five-star crash safety rating from ASEAN NCAP, Australasian NCAP and Euro NCAP. It is the first pick-up to receive five stars under the Euro NCAP assessment.


title: Pininfarina

text: Pininfarina S.p.A. (short for Carrozzeria Pininfarina) is an Italian car design firm and coachbuilder, with headquarters in Cambiano, Turin, Italy. The company was founded by Battista "Pinin" Farina in 1930.


title: Pininfarina

text: On 14 December 2015, the Indian multinational giant Mahindra Group acquired 76.06% of Pininfarina S.p.A. for about €168 million.


title: Pininfarina

text: Pininfarina is employed by a wide variety of automobile manufacturers to design vehicles. These firms have included long-established customers such as Ferrari, Alfa Romeo, Peugeot, Fiat, GM, Lancia, and Maserati, to emerging companies in the Asian market with Chinese manufactures like AviChina, Chery, Changfeng, Brilliance, JAC and VinFast in Vietnam and Korean manufacturers Daewoo and Hyundai.


title: Pininfarina

text: Since the 1980s, Pininfarina has also designed high-speed trains, buses, trams, rolling stocks, automated light rail cars, people movers, yachts, airplanes, and private jets. Since the 1986 creation of "Pininfarina Extra", it has consulted on industrial design, interior design, architecture, and graphic design.


title: Pininfarina

text: Pininfarina was run by Battista's son Sergio Pininfarina until 2001, then his grandson Andrea Pininfarina until he died in 2008. After Andrea's death, his younger brother Paolo Pininfarina was appointed as CEO.


title: Pininfarina

text: At its height in 2006, the Pininfarina Group employed 2,768 with subsidiary company offices throughout Europe, as well as in Morocco and the United States. As of 2012, with the end of series automotive production, employment has shrunk to 821. Pininfarina is registered and publicly traded on the Milan Stock Exchange, Borsa Italiana.


title: Pininfarina

text: When automobile designer and builder Battista "Pinin" Farina broke away from his brother's coachbuilding firm, Stabilimenti Farina, in 1928, he founded "Carrozzeria Pinin Farina" with financial help from his wife's family and Vincenzo Lancia. That first year the firm employed eighteen and built 50 automobile bodies.


title: Pininfarina

text: On 22 May 1930 papers were filed to become a corporation, "Società anonima Carrozzeria Pinin Farina" headquartered in Turin, Italy, at 107 Corso Trapani.


title: Pininfarina

text: During the 1930s, the company built bodies for Lancia, Alfa Romeo, Isotta Fraschini, Hispano-Suiza, Fiat, Cadillac, and Rolls-Royce. With its close relationship with Lancia, the pioneer of the monocoque in automobile design, Farina became the first coachbuilder to build bodies for the new technique also known as unibody construction. This development happened in the mid-1930s when others saw the frameless construction as the end of the independent coachbuilder.


title: Pininfarina

text: In 1939, World War II ended automobile production, but the company had 400 employees building 150 bodies a month. The war effort against the Allies brought work making ambulances and searchlight carriages. The Pinin Farina factory was destroyed by Allied bombers ending the firm's operations.


title: Pininfarina

text: After the war, Italy was banned from the 1946 Paris Motor Show. The Paris show was attended by 809,000 visitors (twice the pre-war figure), and queues stretched from the main gate all the way to the Seine. Pinin Farina and his son Sergio, determined to defy the ban, drove two of their cars (an Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 S and a Lancia Aprilia cabriolet) from Turin to Paris and found a place at the entrance to the exhibition to display the two new creations. The managers of the Grand Palais said of the display, "the devil Pinin Farina", but to the press and the public, it was the successful "Turin coachbuilder's anti-salon".


title: Pininfarina

text: At the end of 1945 the Cisitalia 202 Coupé was designed. An elegantly proportioned design with a low hood, it is the car that usually is given credit for establishing Pinin Farina's reputation. The Pinin Farina design was honored in the Museum of Modern Art's landmark presentation "Eight Automobiles" in 1951. A total of 170 Coupés were produced by Pinin Farina.


title: Pininfarina

text: The publicity of the Museum of Modern Art exhibit brought Pinin Farina to the attention of Nash-Kelvinator managers. The subsequent cooperation with Nash Motors resulted in high-volume production of Pinin Farina designs and provided a major entry into the United States market. In 1952, Farina visited the U.S. for the unveiling of his design for the Nash Ambassador and Statesman lines, which, although they did carry some details of Pinin Farina's design, were largely designed by Nash's then-new in-house styling staff when the original Farina-designed model proved unsuited to American tastes, exhibiting a popular 1950s appearance called "ponton". The Nash-Healey sports car body was, however, completely designed and assembled with Nash drivetrains in limited numbers from 1952 to 1954 at Pinin Farina's Turin facilities. Nash heavily advertised its link to the famous Italian designer, much as Studebaker promoted its longtime association with Raymond Loewy. As a result of Nash's million advertising campaign, Pinin Farina became well known in the U.S.


title: Pininfarina

text: Pinin Farina also built the bodies for the limited-series Cadillac Eldorado Brougham for General Motors in 1959 and 1960. They were assembled in Italy and shipped back to the U.S. There were 99 Broughams built in 1959 and 101 in 1960. A similar arrangement was repeated in the late 1980s when Pininfarina designed (and partially assembled) the Cadillac Allanté at the San Giusto Canavese factory. The car bodies were assembled and painted in Italy before being flown from the Turin International Airport to Detroit for final vehicle assembly.


title: Pininfarina

text: It started in 1951 with a meeting at a restaurant in Tortona, a small town halfway between Turin and Modena. This neutral territory was chosen because neither Farina nor Enzo Ferrari wanted to meet at the other's headquarters. Battista's son, Sergio Pininfarina recalled, "It is not difficult to imagine how I felt that afternoon when my father, without taking his eyes off the road for one moment, told me his decision as we drove back to Turin: "From now on you'll be looking after Ferrari, from A to Z. Design, engineering, technology, construction—the lot!"—I was over the moon with happiness."


title: Pininfarina

text: Since that meeting the only road-going production Ferraris not designed by Pininfarina are the 1973 Dino 308 GT4 and 2013's LaFerrari. Their relationship was so close that Pininfarina became a partner of Ferrari in "Scuderia Ferrari SpA SEFAC", the organization that ran Ferrari's race team from 1961 to 1989, Pinin was a vice president of Ferrari, and Sergio later sat on Ferrari's board of directors.


title: Pininfarina

text: Ferrari has not produced any cars designed by Pininfarina since 2018. The last model penned by Pininfarina was the Ferrari F12berlinetta, produced in 2012–17.


title: Pininfarina

text: From 1954 to 1955 Pinin Farina purchased land in Grugliasco, outside of Turin, for a new factory. "The factory in no way would look like the one of Corso Trapani. It would be a car no longer on my measurements but those of my children, built looking like them; I had this in mind and wanted it," said Farina.


title: Pininfarina

text: Around the same time, Alfa Romeo accepted Pininfarina's design over Bertone for the new Giulietta Spider. The Alfa was the first vehicle that Pinin Farina produced in large numbers. Alfa Romeo chose Pinin Farina to produce the Spider largely because they felt confident they could produce 20 cars daily for a run of 1,000 bodies. The Spider was a huge success for Alfa Romeo and Pinin Farina. Max Hoffman, the importer for the United States, said he could sell as many as they could make. In 1958, the first year of production, they produced 1,025 units which then expanded to over 4,000 in 1959, the first full year of the new Grugliasco factory.


title: Pininfarina

text: Starting with the planning for the new plant in Grugliasco in 1956, Farina started to groom his replacements–Sergio his son, and Renzo Carli his son-in-law. To his heirs apparent, Farina said of the Corso Trapani facility, "This old plant has reached the limits of its growth. It has no room for expansion and is far from being up to date. If I were alone, I'd leave it as it is. But I want you to decide which way to go–to stay as we are or to enlarge. Either way is fine with me. It's your decision to make and I don't want to know what it is. I'm finished, and it's your time to take over. The future is absolutely up to you." In 1958, upon leaving for a world tour, Farina added, "In my family, we inherit our legacies from live people–not from the dead."


title: Pininfarina

text: In 1961 at the age of 68, "Pinin" Farina formally turned his firm over to his son Sergio and his son-in-law, Renzo Carli, it was the same year that the President of Italy formally authorized the change of Farina's last name to Pininfarina, and the business took on the same name.


title: Pininfarina

text: Pininfarina was run by Battista's grandson Andrea Pininfarina from 2001 until he died in 2008. Andrea's younger brother Paolo Pininfarina was appointed successor.


title: Pininfarina

text: Starting in the mid-1960s, Pininfarina started to make investments in the science of automotive design, a strategy to differentiate itself from the other Italian coachbuilders.


title: Pininfarina

text: In 1966, Pininfarina opened the Studies and Research Centre ("Studi e Ricerche") in Grugliasco. The research centre occupied 8,000 sq. metres (2 acres) and employed 180 technicians capable of producing 25 prototypes a year.


title: Pininfarina

text: The Calculation and Design Centre was set up in 1967, the first step in the process of technological evolution that, during the 1970s, would take Pininfarina into the lead in automated bodywork design.


title: Pininfarina

text: Then in 1972 construction of a full-sized wind tunnel was completed. The project was started in 1966. When it opened, it was the first wind tunnel with the ability to test full-sized cars in Italy and one of the first in the world with this ability. For example, GM's full-sized wind tunnel did not open until 1980.


title: Pininfarina

text: In 1982, the company opened "Pininfarina Studi e Ricerche" in Cambiano. It was separate from the factory and wind tunnel in Grugliasco to keep design and research activities independent from manufacturing. On 14 October 2002, Pininfarina inaugurated a new engineering center. The new facility, built at the Cambiano campus, gave greater visibility and independence to the engineering operations.


title: Pininfarina

text: In 1983, Pininfarina reached an agreement with General Motors to design and build the Cadillac Allanté. The Allanté project led to the building of the San Giorgio factory in 1985.


title: Pininfarina

text: In 1996, Mitsubishi entered into talks for Pininfarina to build their new compact SUV, the Pajero, in Italy. While Mitsubishi recognized Pininfarina's expertise in design and engineering, the reason for choosing them was that manufacturing costs were half of those in Germany. After entering into an agreement in 1996, Pininfarina purchased an industrial site at Bairo Canavese near Turin, Italy. in April 1997, Bairo Canavese was dedicated to the production of the new Mitsubishi Pajero Pinin.


title: Pininfarina

text: Pininfarina Sverige AB in Uddevalla, Sweden, was established in 2003 as a joint venture (JV) between Volvo Cars and Pininfarina to produce a new Volvo convertible that will be sold in Europe and the United States. The JV is owned 60% by Pininfarina and 40% by Volvo. The C70 model designed by Volvo's John Kinsey—was launched on 13 April 2006, sharing the Volvo P1 platform used in the S40.


title: Pininfarina

text: In April 2008, after three years of serious losses totaling 115 million euros at the end of 2007, Pininfarina made the first of several moves to raise capital and restructure its enormous debt:


title: Pininfarina

text: Pininfarina announced Piero Ferrari, Alberto Bombassei (chairman of Brembo), and the Marsiaj family (founders of the Sabelt seatbelt company), will join with Vincent Bolloré, a French financier, and Ratan Tata, head of India's Tata Group conglomerate, who already announced their plans to invest. The five would together invest a million. Funding would come through the sale of stock to other investors. The Pininfarina family was willing to reduce its share from 55% to 30%, which would still be enough to secure a controlling interest.


title: Pininfarina

text: On 31 December 2008, Pininfarina announced a debt restructuring that would require the family to sell its stake in the company. The agreement was made after Pininfarina's value dropped 67% during 2008, with a market capitalization of about €36 million. It had total debt of €598 million at the end of November. Of that amount, €555 million was the subject of the debt restructuring agreement that was agreed on with a consortium of banks.


title: Pininfarina

text: Pincar, Pininfarina's family holding company, announced it has hired investment bank Leonardo & Co. to find a buyer for its 50.6% stake in Pininfarina per the debt restructuring agreement reached in December.


title: Pininfarina

text: Pininfarina released a statement saying that it is still gathering "possible offers from potential buyers," adding it would release more information when it was appropriate.


title: Pininfarina

text: Company sources added that the family will not sell its entire 50.7% stake but that Pincar would no longer be a majority shareholder.


title: Pininfarina

text: An agreement with creditor banks including Intesa Sanpaolo, UniCredit, Mediobanca, and Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena to restructure the net debt of 76 million euros is on track and will be reached in the coming months, said three sources close to the situation. "The debt situation is stable, and the talks are not contentious, so there is no hurry," said one of the sources, speaking anonymously. "The agreement will fix the capital structure for the foreseeable future."


title: Pininfarina

text: When finalized, the debt accord will give control of the family's 77% stake to its creditor banks, ending the Pininfarina family's ownership.


title: Pininfarina

text: The deal will close a chapter that began in 2008 when the banks swapped 180 million euros in debt in exchange for a promise of proceeds from a future sale of part of the Pininfarina's family stake.


title: Pininfarina

text: However, no takers materialized. Potential buyers were not willing to acquire a design company when they can easily contract its services, said one of the people familiar with the situation.


title: Pininfarina

text: In a statement released on 15 February, the Cambiano-based company, which owes over a million to a number of Italian banks, said its debt repayment date had been extended to 2018, from 2015.


title: Pininfarina

text: The agreement, which will be signed in the next few weeks, will also see the company take advantage of interest rates "significantly lower than [current] market rates". With the new debt restructuring deal with its creditors, Pininfarina will remain under the control of the Pininfarina family.


title: Pininfarina

text: Automotive News reported Pininfarina projects will be profitable in 2012, thanks in part to debt restructuring. The Italian design studio has not been profitable for eight years but signed a deal in April to restructure million in debt. The move effectively stretched the studio's repayment deadline from 2015 to 2018. At the same time, Pininfarina announced it would likely see an operating loss this year, but a one-time gain of millions will result in a net profit. The company lost a million in the first quarter of the preceding year, though that figure dropped to just under a million during Q1 2012.


title: Pininfarina

text: Pininfarina in the black for the first time since 2004 Italian design house Pininfarina predicted last May that it would face an operating loss for 2012 but still come out with a net profit. Both predictions came true: the company is reporting an operating loss of 8.2 million euros and a net profit of 32.9 million euros.


title: Pininfarina

text: According to Reuters, the good news came because of a debt restructuring arranged the preceding year that gave the company three more years to repay its debt and a one-time gain of approximately 45 million euros. It is the company's first profit since 2004.


title: Pininfarina

text: Mahindra Group, owner of Indian automobile company Mahindra & Mahindra agreed to buy Italian car designer Pininfarina SpA in a deal worth about 168 million euros.


title: Pininfarina

text: Mahindra group, together with affiliate Tech Mahindra, has a 76% stake in the holding company Pincar for 25.3 million euros. The Indian company will offer the same price for the remaining stock. In addition to buying stock, Mahindra will invest 20 million euros in Pininfarina and provide a guarantee to creditors of 114.5 million euros.


title: Pininfarina

text: On 10 December 2011, Pininfarina announced it would end all automotive production. In truth, production ended in November 2010 with the conclusion of the contract to produce the Alfa Romeo Brera and Spider at the San Giorgio plant.


title: Pininfarina

text: Opened in 1958 with nearly 1,000 employees, by 1960 output exceeded 11,000 car bodies. In 2009 Pininfarina sold the factory to Finpiemonte, the public finance of the Piedmont Region, at the price of 14.4 million euro. Finpiemonte, as part of the deal, leases the plant to Gian Mario Rossignolo at a rent per year for six years renewable.


title: Pininfarina

text: Opened in 1986 to build Cadillac Allante bodies for General Motors, the same year Pininfarina was first listed on the Stock Exchange in Milan. Automotive production ended at San Giorgio with the conclusion of the Ford production in July 2010 and the Alfa Romeo production in November 2010.


title: Pininfarina

text: Following the end of contract manufacturing activities, San Giorgio Canavese is being used to produce spare parts for cars manufactured in the past.


title: Pininfarina

text: Pininfarina opened its third manufacturing plant in 1997. Currently, Pininfarina leases the plant and 57 employees to the Cecomp Group. This agreement to produce 4,000 electric Bolloré Bluecars runs from 1 April 2011 to 31 December 2013. On 13 September 2013 a new lease agreement was announced, this new agreement will run from 1 January 2014 until the end of 2016.


title: Pininfarina

text: A joint venture between Pininfarina S.p.A. and Volvo Car Corporation began in 2003. Volvo and Pininfarina S.p.A. have agreed to terminate the joint venture agreement regarding Pininfarina Sverige AB and its operations in Uddevalla, Sweden. As of 31 December 2011, the termination of this agreement would result in a 30 million euros fee paid to Pininfarina.


title: Pininfarina

text: Although Pininfarina rarely gave credit to individuals, many of the designers of the past have become known. That policy seems to have changed in recent years. As of 2021, Pininfarina had more than 700 employees.


title: Pininfarina

text: Pininfarina designs, manufactures, assembles, and tests prototypes and production vehicles under contract for other automakers.


title: Pininfarina

text: As of 10 December 2011, Pininfarina announced it would end all mass automotive production with the sale of its 40% stake in the Uddevalla, Sweden plant to Volvo in 2013. In the past, Pininfarina produced cars and car bodies under contract from other automakers. This production includes Pininfarina-designed cars and vehicles designed by others.


title: Pininfarina

text: A sortable list of complete cars or car bodies manufactured in one of the five Pininfarina factories:


title: Pininfarina

text: Before the war Pininfarina built car bodies mostly for individual customers, many of the bodies were "one offs" and not mass-produced.


title: Pininfarina

text: In addition to production vehicles, Pininfarina creates prototype, show, and custom cars for auto manufacturers, as well as private clients. Most prototypes—such as the Ferrari Mythos, were concept cars, although several have become production models, including the Ferrari 612 Scaglietti and Ferrari F50.


title: Pininfarina

text: A recent privately commissioned custom example was the Ferrari P4/5 of 2006, a one-car change to the exterior design of the Enzo Ferrari according to the client's specifications. Its design began in September 2005 with sketches by Jason Castriota moving through computer-aided sculpture and stringent wind tunnel testing. More than 200 components were designed especially for the car, including the engine, drivetrain, and other components modified from the original Enzo Ferrari. The Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) is unchanged from the Enzo it was derived from. The P4/5 was publicly revealed on 18 August 2006 at the Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance and shown again at the Paris Motor Show in late September. Another recent prototype is the Pininfarina Nido, a two-seater sub-compact that could make airbags obsolete.


title: Pininfarina

text: The Pininfarina B0 solar-electric concept, designed with Bolloré was shown at the 2008 Paris Motor Show featuring a range between charges of more than with an electronically limited top speed, and an estimated acceleration to in 6.3 seconds. The car has solar panels on the roof and on the nose, while its battery pack is said to last up to .


title: Pininfarina

text: On 15 May 2013 Pininfarina announced the BMW Pininfarina Gran Lusso Coupé to be revealed on 24 May at the Concorso d’Eleganza Villa d’Este. Pininfarina announced this one-off concept car as the first collaboration between BMW and Pininfarina, but in 1949 BMW commissioned Pininfarina design and build a pbuiltype of the BMW 501—it was rejected for being too modern.


title: Pininfarina

text: Pininfarina has an area dedicated to the new electric car Pininfarina Bolloré. Batteries are produced by the French Bolloré Group.


title: Pininfarina

text: Pininfarina, has introduced its own electric vehicle concept, the Pininfarina B0 (pronounced "B Zero"). The four-seat hatchback features a solid-state lithium-polymer battery, supercapacitors, and a roof- integrated solar panel to achieve a range of . Developed in partnership with the Bolloré Group, the vehicle was slated for limited production in 2009 as the Bolloré Bluecar.


title: Pininfarina

text: Pininfarina displayed a turbine-powered plug-in hybrid called the Cambiano at the 2012 Geneva Motor Show.


title: Pininfarina

text: At the 2016 Geneva Motor Show Pininfarina revealed the H2 Speed, an electric sports car concept. The H2 Speed is a hydrogen vehicle with two race-specification electric motors which are fed by a hydrogen fuel cell. The hydrogen power unit was designed by Swiss company GreenGT.


title: Pininfarina

text: On 27 November 2018, it was announced that Automobili Pininfarina had invested over €20m in Pininfarina design services to support plans for its range of luxury electric cars. This includes design and engineering services for the first Pininfarina-branded performance car which is a luxury electric sports car called the Battista (named after company founder Battista 'Pinin' Farina and originally codenamed PF0). With four electric motors, the car is supposed to be able to reach 100 km/h (62 mph) from a standstill in under two seconds with a top speed of . Automobili Pininfarina plans to reveal the car at the 2019 Geneva Motor Show. Further details on the Battista surfaced on 4 March 2019. It has 1900 horsepower, and only 150 will be built. It is also related to the Rimac C Two.


title: Pininfarina

text: Other Pininfarina product designs include the 2006 Winter Olympics torch, cauldron and medals, as well as major appliance collections for Gorenje.


title: Pininfarina

text: In December 1999, Pininfarina cooperated with Casio and designed a watch under its label, the G-Shock GE-2000. However, the watch received criticism from the fans due to its weak strap, which was vulnerable to breaks during normal use.


title: Pininfarina

text: Pininfarina Extra, founded in 1986, is the Pininfarina Group design company which does not work in the transport sector. Examples include:


title: Mozhan Marnò

text: Mozhan Marnò (born May 3, 1980) is an Iranian-American film and television actress. She is known for her roles in "The Blacklist" and "House of Cards".


title: Mozhan Marnò

text: Marnò was born in Los Angeles. Her parents are from Iran and met in California. She was educated at Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts. She received her BA in French and German comparative literature from Barnard College of Columbia University and her MFA in Acting from the Yale School of Drama.


title: Mozhan Marnò

text: She currently resides in Brooklyn, New York. In addition to English she speaks French, German, Persian, and some Italian.


title: Mozhan Marnò

text: Marnò played the title role in the 2008 film "The Stoning of Soraya M.", about a woman whose husband falsely accuses her of adultery, resulting in her death by stoning. In addition she has had roles in a number of television series including "The Paul Reiser Show", "The Glades", "Hung", "The Mentalist", "Bones", "The Unit", "Medium", "K-ville", and "Standoff". Marnò also appeared in the Untitled John Wells Medical Drama Pilot, which was not aired. She also stars in Ana Lily Amirpour's directorial debut, "A Girl Walks Home Alone at Night", produced by Elijah Wood, under his company, The Woodshed. In 2011, Marnò voiced Mirabelle Ervine, a Breton mage and Master Wizard of the College of Winterhold, in the critically acclaimed video game "". She played reporter Ayla Sayyad on seasons 2 and 3 of the acclaimed Netflix series "House of Cards", for which she was nominated for a SAG award. She played Mossad agent and assassin Samar Navabi in seasons 2-6 of "The Blacklist".


title: Mozhan Marnò

text: Marnò also directs and writes screenplays. Her first feature-length screenplay, "When the Lights Went Out", was a quarter finalist for the Nicholl Fellowship. She adapted "When the Lights Went Out" as a play and it was mounted at New York Stage and Film in July 2013 starring Laura Innes, and directed by Kate Whoriskey ("Ruined"). Marnò's short film, "Incoming", which she wrote and directed, was accepted to the Noor Iranian Film Festival, LA SHORTS FEST, the Asians on Film Festival, and the DC Asian Pacific American Film Festival.


title: David Janssen

text: David Janssen (born David Harold Meyer) (March 27, 1931February 13, 1980) was an American film and television actor who is best known for his starring role as Richard Kimble in the television series "The Fugitive" (1963–1967). Janssen also had the title roles in three other series: "Richard Diamond, Private Detective"; "Harry O"; and "O'Hara, U.S. Treasury".


title: David Janssen

text: David Janssen was born on March 27, 1931, in Naponee, a village in Franklin County in southern Nebraska, to Harold Edward Meyer, a banker, and Berniece Graf, a former Miss Nebraska and Ziegfeld girl. Following his parents' divorce in 1935, his mother moved with five-year-old David to Los Angeles, and married Eugene Janssen in 1940. Young David used his stepfather's name after he entered show business as a child.


title: David Janssen

text: He attended Fairfax High School, where he excelled on the basketball court, setting a school scoring record that lasted over 20 years. His first film part was at the age of thirteen, and by the age of twenty-five he had appeared in twenty films and served two years as an enlisted man in the United States Army. During his Army days, Janssen became friends with fellow enlistees Martin Milner and Clint Eastwood while posted at Fort Ord, California.


title: David Janssen

text: Janssen appeared in many television series before he landed programs of his own. In 1956, he and Peter Breck appeared in John Bromfield's syndicated series "Sheriff of Cochise" in the episode "The Turkey Farmers". Later, he guest-starred on NBC's medical drama "The Eleventh Hour" in the role of Hal Kincaid in the 1962 episode "Make Me a Place", with series co-stars Wendell Corey and Jack Ging. He joined friend Martin Milner in a 1962 episode of "Route 66" as the character Kamo in the episode "One Tiger to a Hill."


title: David Janssen

text: At the time of its airing in August 1967, the final episode of "The Fugitive" held the record for the greatest number of American homes with television sets to watch a series finale — 72 percent. In 1996 "TV Guide" ranked "The Fugitive" number 36 on its "50 Greatest Shows of All Time" list.


title: David Janssen

text: His films include: "To Hell and Back", the biography of Audie Murphy, who was the most decorated American soldier of World War II; "Hell to Eternity", a 1960 American World War II biopic starring Jeffrey Hunter as a Hispanic boy who fought in the Battle of Saipan and who was raised by Japanese-American foster parents; John Wayne's Vietnam war film "The Green Berets"; opposite Gregory Peck, in the space story "Marooned", in which Janssen played an astronaut sent to rescue three stranded men in space; and "The Shoes of the Fisherman", as a television journalist in Rome reporting on the election of a new Pope (Anthony Quinn).


title: David Janssen

text: He also played pilot Harry Walker in the 1973 action movie "Birds of Prey". He starred as a Los Angeles police detective trying to clear himself in the killing of an apparently innocent doctor in the 1967 film "Warning Shot", which was shot during a break in the spring and summer of 1966 between the third and fourth seasons of "The Fugitive."


title: David Janssen

text: Janssen played an alcoholic in the 1977 TV movie "A Sensitive, Passionate Man", which co-starred Angie Dickinson, and played an engineer who devises an unbeatable system for blackjack in the 1978 made-for-TV movie "Nowhere to Run", co-starring Stefanie Powers and Linda Evans. Janssen's impressively husky voice was used to good effect as the narrator for the TV mini-series "Centennial" (1978–79); he also appeared in the final episode. And in 1979 he starred in the made-for-TV mini series "S.O.S. Titanic" as John Jacob Astor, playing opposite Beverly Ross as his wife, Madeleine.


title: David Janssen

text: Though Janssen's scenes were cut from the final release, he also appeared as a journalist in the film "Inchon", which he accepted in order to work with Laurence Olivier, who played General Douglas MacArthur. At the time of his death, Janssen had just begun filming a television movie playing the part of Father Damien, the priest who dedicated himself to the leper colony on the island of Molokai, Hawaii. The part was eventually reassigned to actor Ken Howard of the CBS series "The White Shadow".


title: David Janssen

text: Janssen was married twice. His first marriage was to model and interior decorator Ellie Graham, whom he married in Las Vegas on August 25, 1958. They divorced in 1968. In 1975, he married actress and model Dani Crayne Greco. They remained married until Janssen's death.


title: David Janssen

text: Janssen was a heavy drinker who smoked up to four packs of cigarettes a day. He died from a sudden heart attack in the early morning of February 13, 1980, at his beachfront home in Malibu, California, at the age of 48. At the time of his death, Janssen was filming the television movie "Father Damien". Janssen was buried at the Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery in Culver City, California. A non-denominational funeral was held at the Jewish chapel of the cemetery on February 17. Suzanne Pleshette delivered the eulogy at the request of Janssen's widow. Milton Berle, Johnny Carson, Tommy Gallagher, Richard Harris, Stan Herman, Rod Stewart and Gregory Peck were among Janssen's pallbearers. Honorary pallbearers included Jack Lemmon, George Peppard, James Stewart and Danny Thomas.


title: David Janssen

text: According to friend and "Fugitive" co-star Barry Morse, "David Janssen was well known as one of the hardest working actors in the USA", regularly working 12–14 hours a day, and he kept working until his early death.


title: David Janssen

text: For his contribution to the television industry, David Janssen has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located on the 7700 block of Hollywood Boulevard.


title: Splitting (psychology)

text: Splitting (also called black-and-white thinking or all-or-nothing thinking) is the failure in a person's thinking to bring together the dichotomy of both perceived positive and negative qualities of something into a cohesive, realistic whole. It is a common defense mechanism wherein the individual tends to think in extremes (e.g., an individual's actions and motivations are "all" good or "all" bad with no middle ground). This kind of dichotomous interpretation is contrasted by an acknowledgement of certain nuances known as "shades of gray".


title: Splitting (psychology)

text: Splitting was first described by Ronald Fairbairn in his formulation of object relations theory; it begins as the inability of the infant to combine the fulfilling aspects of the parents (the good object) and their unresponsive aspects (the unsatisfying object) into the same individuals, instead seeing the good and bad as separate. In psychoanalytic theory this functions as a defense mechanism.


title: Splitting (psychology)

text: Splitting creates instability in relationships because one person can be viewed as either personified virtue or personified vice at different times, depending on whether they gratify the subject's needs or frustrate them. This, along with similar oscillations in the experience and appraisal of the self, leads to chaotic and unstable relationship patterns, identity diffusion, and mood swings. The therapeutic process can be greatly impeded by these oscillations because the therapist too can come to be seen as all good or all bad. To attempt to overcome the negative effects on treatment outcomes, constant interpretations by the therapist are needed.


title: Splitting (psychology)

text: Splitting contributes to unstable relationships and intense emotional experiences. Splitting is common during adolescence, but is regarded as transient. Splitting has been noted especially with persons diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. Treatment strategies have been developed for individuals and groups based on dialectical behavior therapy, and for couples. There are also self-help books on related topics such as mindfulness and emotional regulation that claim to be helpful for individuals who struggle with the consequences of splitting.


title: Splitting (psychology)

text: Splitting is a relatively common defense mechanism for people with borderline personality disorder. One of the DSM IV-TR criteria for this disorder is a description of splitting: "a pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation". In psychoanalytic theory, people with borderline personality disorder are not able to integrate the good and bad images of both self and others, resulting in a "bad representation" which dominates the "good representation".


title: Splitting (psychology)

text: People matching the diagnostic criteria for narcissistic personality disorder also use splitting as a central defense mechanism. Most often narcissists do this as an attempt to stabilize their sense of self-positivity in order to preserve their self-esteem, by perceiving themselves as purely upright or admirable and others who do not conform to their will or values as purely wicked or contemptible.


title: Splitting (psychology)

text: The cognitive habit of splitting also implies the use of other related defense mechanisms, namely idealization and devaluation, which are preventive attitudes or reactions to narcissistic rage and narcissistic injury.


title: Splitting (psychology)

text: In depression, exaggerated all-or-nothing thinking can form a self-reinforcing cycle: these thoughts might be called "emotional amplifiers" because, as they go around and around, they become more intense. Typical all-or-nothing thoughts:


title: Splitting (psychology)

text: Splitting of consciousness ("normal self" vs. "secondary self") was first described by Pierre Janet in "De l'automatisme psychologique" (1889). His ideas were extended by Eugen Bleuler (who in 1908 coined the word schizofrenia from the Ancient Greek "skhízō" and "phrḗn" ) and Sigmund Freud to explain the splitting () of consciousnessnot (with Janet) as the product of innate weakness, but as the result of inner conflict. With the development of the idea of repression, splitting moved to the background of Freud's thought for some years, being largely reserved for cases of double personality. However, his late work saw a renewed interest in how it was "possible for the ego to avoid a rupture... by effecting a cleavage or division of itself", a theme which was extended in his "Outline of Psycho-Analysis" (1940a [1938]) beyond fetishism to the neurotic in general.


title: Splitting (psychology)

text: His daughter Anna Freud explored how, in healthy childhood development, a splitting of loving and aggressive instincts could be avoided.


title: Splitting (psychology)

text: There was, however, from early on, another use of the term "splitting" in Freud that referred rather to resolving ambivalence "by splitting the contradictory feelings so that one person is only loved, another one only hated ... the good mother and the wicked stepmother in fairy tales". Or, with opposing feelings of love and hate, perhaps "the two opposites should have been split apart and one of them, usually the hatred, has been repressed". Such splitting was closely linked to the defence of "isolation ... The division of objects into congenial and uncongenial ones ... making 'disconnections'".


title: Splitting (psychology)

text: It was the latter sense of the term that was predominantly adopted and exploited by Melanie Klein. After Freud, "the most important contribution has come from Melanie Klein, whose work enlightens the idea of 'splitting of the object' ("") (in terms of 'good/bad' objects)". In her object relations theory, Klein argues that "the earliest experiences of the infant are split between wholly good ones with 'good' objects and wholly bad experiences with 'bad' objects", as children struggle to integrate the two primary drives, love and hate, into constructive social interaction. An important step in childhood development is the gradual depolarization of these two drives.