title: FC St. Pauli

text: The club has also been active in terms of charity and in 2005 the club, the team and the fans initiated the Viva con Agua de Sankt Pauli campaign, which collects money for water-dispensers for schools in Cuba, for clean water in Rwanda et cetera.


title: FC St. Pauli

text: During the 2005–06 season, the team enjoyed unprecedented success in the DFB-Pokal, with wins over Burghausen, VfL Bochum and, significantly, Bundesliga sides Hertha BSC and, in the quarter-finals on 25 January 2006, Werder Bremen. Their 3–1 victory in front of a sell-out Millerntor crowd, and their subsequent place in the DFB Cup semi-final, netted the club approximately €1 million in TV and sponsorship money, going a long way to saving the club from immediate financial ruin.


title: FC St. Pauli

text: St. Pauli finally went out of the cup to Bayern Munich on 12 April, going down 3–0 with a goal from Owen Hargreaves and two from Claudio Pizarro. Coincidentally, Bayern were also St. Pauli's opponents and dispatchers in the first round of the following season's cup.


title: FC St. Pauli

text: After success in the 2006–07 season, the team was promoted to the 2. Bundesliga. After defeating SpVgg Greuther Fürth in the 2009–10 season, the team secured promotion back to the Bundesliga for the 2010–11 season. On 16 February 2011, during the 2010–11 season and for the first time since 1977, St Pauli defeated their bitter cross-city rivals Hamburger SV away at the Volksparkstadion courtesy of a Gerald Asamoah goal. The team, however, finished the domestic season in last place, resulting in their relegation to the 2. Bundesliga for the 2011–12 season. Since then, the club has remained in the 2. Bundesliga, finishing fourth in 2011–12 but declining in results since then.


title: FC St. Pauli

text: St. Pauli enjoys a certain fame for the left-leaning character of its supporters: most of the team's fans regard themselves as anti-racist, anti-fascist, anti-homophobic and anti-sexist, and this has on occasion brought them into conflict with neo-Nazis and hooligans at away games. The organization has adopted an outspoken stance against racism, fascism, sexism, and homophobia and has embodied this position in its constitution. Team supporters traditionally participate in demonstrations in the St. Pauli district of Hamburg, including those over squatting or low-income housing, such as the Hafenstraße and Bambule. The centre of fan activity is the "Fanladen St. Pauli".


title: FC St. Pauli

text: Partly because of shared leftist political views, St. Pauli fans have strong relationships with supporters of Ternana, Unione Calcio Sampdoria, Rayo Vallecano, Club Universidad Nacional, SV Babelsberg 03, Hapoel Tel Aviv, AEK Athens (Original 21), Celtic and Oakland Roots. In the past they also had a friendship with the fans of Bohemians 1905 and Partizan Minsk. The group "Ultrá Sankt Pauli" also has a special friendship with the group "Schickeria München", from the ultras scene of Bayern Munich. A banner of the Schickeria München is occasionally displayed at the Millerntor Stadion, and a flag of the Ultrá Sankt Pauli – sporting a picture of Che Guevara – has been displayed at the Allianz Arena. Both Ultrá Sankt Pauli and Schickeria München are members of "Alerta Network", an international anti-fascist network of supporter groups.


title: FC St. Pauli

text: The club prides itself on having the largest number of female fans in all of German football. In 2002, advertisements for the men's magazine "Maxim" were removed from the Millerntor-Stadion in response to fans' protests over the adverts' sexist depictions of women. In 2011, the club banned lap dancers from performing during match before guests at a corporate suite, following fans' complaints. The suite belonged to local lap dance club "Susies Show Bar".


title: FC St. Pauli

text: St. Pauli is also a worldwide symbol for punk and related subcultures. The skull and crossbones logo and the team's brown and white football jerseys have often been worn by international artists such as the bands Asian Dub Foundation, Gaslight Anthem and Panteon Rococo. The KMFDM frontman and Hamburg native Sascha Konietzko is a recognisable St. Pauli fan, at one point placing a huge picture of a fist smashing a swastika on his band's main page, with the caption ""St. Pauli Fans gegen Rechts!"" ("St. Pauli fans against the Right") underneath it. American punk band Anti-Flag can be seen wearing St. Pauli shirts in numerous music videos for their album "American Fall". Another notable supporter and sponsor is Andrew Eldritch, lead singer of band The Sisters of Mercy. On his 2006 "Sisters Bite The Silver Bullet"- tour, Eldritch wore the famous skull and crossbones shirt. Georg Holm, the bassist of the Icelandic post rock band Sigur Rós, has performed at several festivals wearing a St. Pauli T-shirt. Alex Rosamilia, the guitarist for The Gaslight Anthem, frequently wears a St. Pauli hat and hoodie and displays a flag of the club's logo in front of the speakers of his guitar amp. Editors guitarist and synthesiser player Chris Urbanowicz frequently wears the skull and crossbones t-shirt. Dave Doughman, the singer for Dayton, Ohio's Swearing at Motorists, who has been spotted in concert with the skull and crossbones on his guitar and amplifier, moved to St. Pauli in 2010. Bad Religion played a charity match against St. Pauli's third team in 2000. German musicians that are fans include: Fettes Brot, Die Ärzte singer/drummer/songwriter Bela B., Kettcar, Tomte and many other bands, most of them underground.


title: FC St. Pauli

text: Several bands have also made music directly related to St. Pauli: The Norwegian punk rock band Turbonegro recorded a special version of their song "I Got Erection" with re-worked German lyrics for St. Pauli. In 2009, Italian ska combat-folk punk band Talco from Marghera, Venice, wrote the song "St Pauli". The team has since used the song as an anthem and Talco has played a number of concerts at Millerntor-Stadion. Glasgow band The Wakes have also played the Millerntor, having written "The Pirates of the League" about the club. Also, British band Art Brut has written a song about the club called "St Pauli" which is featured on their album "It's a Bit Complicated". In 2010, FC St. Pauli celebrated its 100th anniversary. For the occasion, the fan club 18auf12 recorded the song "Happy Birthday St.Pauli, One Hundred Beers for You", with words and music by Henning Knorr and Christoph Brüx.


title: FC St. Pauli

text: The Canadian punk rock band The Pagans of Northumberland recorded a song in 2014 called simply "St Pauli" for their first 7-inch detailing their love of the club and its supporters around the world.


title: FC St. Pauli

text: In January 2017, FC St. Pauli announced an extensive co-operation with Irish-American Celtic punk band Dropkick Murphys. The co-operation includes a strictly limited seven-inch picture disc of the song "You’ll Never Walk Alone" recorded by the band, and new club merchandise labeled "You’ll Never Walk Alone", sporting both the club and the band.


title: FC St. Pauli

text: When the team played in Germany's 2nd Bundesliga, their home fixtures at the Millerntor used to average greater attendances than any other team and often exceeded turnouts for second division teams. As of the 2011–12 season, St. Pauli is the only team that has close to 100% in average home attendance.


title: FC St. Pauli

text: In 2006, St. Pauli had more season ticket holders than many Bundesliga teams. One study estimated that the team has roughly 11 million fans throughout Germany, making the club one of the most widely recognised German sides. The number of official fan clubs in 2011 passed 500 which is an increase of 300 over three years.


title: FC St. Pauli

text: In January 2020, the club's famous skull and crossbones flag was listed by the United Kingdom's counter-terrorism police in a guide sent to public sector workers, to notice potential extremism, prompting a backlash from St Pauli's Welsh defender James Lawrence.


title: FC St. Pauli

text: St. Pauli opens its home matches with "Hells Bells" by AC/DC, and after every home goal "Song 2" by Blur is played.


title: FC St. Pauli

text: The former club president Corny Littmann, long active in German theatre and head of the Schmidt Theater on the Reeperbahn, is openly gay.


title: FC St. Pauli

text: St. Pauli have made pre-season appearances at Wacken Open Air, a heavy metal festival, several times.


title: FC St. Pauli

text: The club hosted the 2006 FIFI Wild Cup, a tournament made up of unrecognised national football teams like Greenland, Tibet and Zanzibar. They participated as the "Republic of St. Pauli".


title: FC St. Pauli

text: In 2008, Nike commemorated the club with two exclusive Dunk shoes, both released in limited quantities. The High Dunk (featuring a black colorway, and the skull and crossbones symbol) was released to all countries throughout Europe, with only 500 pairs produced. The Low Dunk (featuring a smooth white colorway, and holding the team's logo impregnated in the side panel leather) was released only to shops in Germany, Switzerland and Austria, with only 150 pairs produced.


title: FC St. Pauli

text: St. Pauli were the first club in Germany to integrate a set of Fundamental Principles (Leitlinien) to dictate how the club is run. The Fundamental Principles were passed by an overwhelming majority at the St. Pauli Congress in 2009 and they go beyond solely football.


title: FC St. Pauli

text: – ""In its totality, consisting of members, staff, fans and honorary officers, St. Pauli FC is a part of the society by which it is surrounded and so is affected both directly and indirectly by social changes in the political, cultural and social spheres.""


title: FC St. Pauli

text: – ""St. Pauli FC is conscious of the social responsibility this implies, and represents the interests of its members, staff, fans and honorary officers in matters not just restricted to the sphere of sport.""


title: FC St. Pauli

text: – ""St. Pauli FC is the club of a particular city district, and it is to this that it owes its identity. This gives it a social and political responsibility in relation to the district and the people who live there.""


title: FC St. Pauli

text: – ""St. Pauli FC aims to put across a certain feeling for life and symbolises sporting authenticity. This makes it possible for people to identify with the club independently of any sporting successes it may achieve. Essential features of the club that encourage this sense of identification are to be honoured, promoted and preserved.""


title: FC St. Pauli

text: – ""Tolerance and respect in mutual human relations are important pillars of the" St. Pauli philosophy."""


title: FC St. Pauli

text: The home venue of the FC St Pauli is the Millerntor-Stadion. Work on the stadium began in 1961, but its completion was delayed until 1963 as there was initially no drainage system in place, making the pitch unplayable after rain. It originally held 32,000 supporters, but the capacity was later reduced for safety reasons.


title: FC St. Pauli

text: In 1970, the stadium was renamed the Wilhelm Koch-Stadium in honour of a former club president. However, this name became highly controversial when it was discovered that Wilhelm Koch had been a member of the Nazi Party during the war. After protests by fans, the name was changed back to Millerntor-Stadion in 1999.


title: FC St. Pauli

text: A total redevelopment began in 2006. The final phase of the redevelopment work ended with the completion of the new north stand in July 2015. The stadium is since then permitted for a capacity of 29,546 spectators of which 16,940 are standing and 12,606 are seated.


title: FC St. Pauli

text: The stadium is located next to the Heiligengeistfeld, and is overlooked by the infamous Flak Tower IV to the north and a building of the Deutsche Telekom to the south. It can easily be reached with the Hamburg U-Bahn line U3 (St. Pauli Station and Feldstrasse Station).


title: FC St. Pauli

text: In 2010, as part of the club's celebration of its 100th anniversary, fans voted the following players as the best in the club's history:


title: FC St. Pauli

text: Note: FC St. Pauli did not play in the Bundesliga or the 2. Bundesliga until 1974, 1979–1984, 1985–86 and 2003–2007.


title: FC St. Pauli

text: BL = Bundesliga, 2.BL = 2. Bundesliga, OLN = Oberliga Nord (1947–1963), RLN = Regionalliga Nord (1963–1974) OtL = Other leagues: Oberliga Nord (1974–1994), Regionalliga Nord (since 1994) Cup = DFB-Pokal, OtC = Other competitions: German championship (1947–1951), Relegation play-offs, Hamburg Cup


title: FC St. Pauli

text: The men's rugby department has not been as successful as its female counterpart, reaching the German final only once, in 1964. In 2008–09, St. Pauli was the only club to have a team in both the rugby and football 2nd Bundesliga. In 2008–09, the men's team finished fourth in the second division.


title: FC St. Pauli

text: The women's team have won the German rugby union championship eight times (1995, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2005–08) and the sevens championship 3 times (2000, 2001 and 2002). Several of their players play in the national squad.


title: Battle off Samar

text: The Battle off Samar was the centermost action of the Battle of Leyte Gulf, one of the largest naval battles in history, which took place in the Philippine Sea off Samar Island, in the Philippines on October 25, 1944. It was the only major action in the larger battle in which the Americans were largely unprepared. The Battle off Samar has been cited by historians as one of the greatest last stands in naval history. Ultimately, the Americans prevailed over a massive armada, the Imperial Japanese Navy's Center Force under command of Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita, despite their very heavy casualties and overwhelming odds.


title: Battle off Samar

text: Admiral William Halsey Jr. was lured into taking his powerful Third Fleet after a decoy fleet of what was left of the Imperial Navy's carrier force, including the last member of the Pearl Harbor attack, the aircraft carrier "Zuikaku", and took with him every ship in the area that he had the power to command. The remaining American forces in the area were three escort carrier groups of the Seventh Fleet. The escort carriers and the destroyer escorts which had been built to protect slow convoys from submarine attack had been adapted to attack ground targets and had few torpedoes, as they normally relied on Halsey's fleet to protect them from armored warships.


title: Battle off Samar

text: A Japanese surface force of battleships and cruisers, led by the battleship "Yamato", the largest and most heavily-gunned ship afloat, had been battered earlier in the larger battle and was thought to have been in retreat. Instead, it had turned around and encountered the northernmost of the three groups, Task Unit 77.4.3 ("Taffy 3"), commanded by Rear Admiral Clifton Sprague. Taffy 3's three destroyers and four destroyer escorts possessed neither the firepower nor the armor to oppose the 23 ships of the Japanese force capped by the "Yamato"s 18.1-inch (46 cm) guns but attacked anyway with 5-inch (127 mm)/38 caliber guns and torpedoes to cover the retreat of their slow "jeep" carriers. Aircraft from the carriers of Taffys 1, 2, and 3, including FM-2 Wildcats, F6F Hellcats and TBM Avengers, strafed, bombed, torpedoed, rocketed, depth-charged and made numerous "dry" runs at the Japanese force when they ran out of ammunition.


title: Battle off Samar

text: The force lost two escort carriers, two destroyers, a destroyer escort and several aircraft. Over 1000 Americans died, comparable to the combined losses of American men and ships at the Coral Sea and Midway. The Americans sank three Japanese cruisers, disabled another three and caused enough confusion to persuade Admiral Kurita to regroup and ultimately withdraw, rather than advancing to sink troop and supply ships in Leyte Gulf. Half of all Americans killed at Leyte Gulf were killed in the battle. Although the battleship "Yamato" and the remaining force returned to Japan, the battles marked the final defeat of the Imperial Japanese Navy, as the ships remained in port for most of the rest of the war and ceased to be an effective naval force.


title: Battle off Samar

text: The overall Japanese strategy at Leyte Gulf—a plan known as Shō-Go 1—called for Vice Admiral Jisaburō Ozawa's Northern Force to lure the American Third Fleet away from the Allied landings on Leyte, using an apparently vulnerable force of Japanese carriers as bait. The landing forces, stripped of air cover by the Third Fleet, would then be attacked from the west and south by Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita's Center Force, which would sortie from Brunei, and Vice Admiral Shoji Nishimura's Southern Force. Kurita's Center Force consisted of five battleships, including and , the largest battleships ever built, escorted by cruisers and destroyers. Nishimura's flotilla included two battleships and would be followed by Vice Admiral Kiyohide Shima with three cruisers.


title: Battle off Samar

text: On the night of October 23, the American submarines and detected Center Force entering the Palawan Passage. After alerting Halsey, the submarines torpedoed and sank two cruisers, while crippling a third and forcing it to withdraw. One of the cruisers lost was Admiral Kurita's flagship, but he was rescued and transferred his flag to "Yamato".


title: Battle off Samar

text: Subsequently, the carriers of the Third Fleet launched a series of air strikes against Kurita's forces in the Sibuyan Sea, damaging several vessels and sinking "Musashi", initially forcing Kurita to retreat. One wave of aircraft from the Third Fleet also struck Nishimura's Southern Force, causing minor damage. At the same time, Vice Admiral Takijirō Ōnishi launched strikes from airfields on Luzon against Halsey's forces, with one bomber scoring a hit on the U.S. light carrier that ignited explosions, causing her to be scuttled.


title: Battle off Samar

text: That same night, Nishimura's Southern Force of two battleships, a heavy cruiser, and four destroyers was to approach from the south and coordinate with Kurita's force. The second element of the Southern Force, commanded by Vice Admiral Kiyohide Shima and consisting of three cruisers and seven destroyers, lagged behind Nishimura by . In the Battle of Surigao Strait, Nishimura's ships entered a deadly trap. Outmatched by the U.S. Seventh Fleet Support Force, they were devastated, running a gauntlet of torpedoes from 28 PT boats and 28 destroyers before coming under accurate radar-directed gunfire from six battleships (five of them survivors of the Pearl Harbor attack) and eight cruisers. Afterward, as Shima's force encountered what was left of Nishimura's ships, it too came under attack, but managed to withdraw. Of Nishimura's force, only one destroyer survived.


title: Battle off Samar

text: At the Battle of the Sibuyan Sea Halsey's Third Fleet savaged the Center Force, which had been detected on its way to landing forces from the north. Center Force lacked any air cover to defend against the 259 sorties from the five fleet carriers "Intrepid", "Essex", "Lexington", "Enterprise", and "Franklin", and light carrier "Cabot", the combination of which sank the massive battleship "Musashi" (sister to "Yamato") with 17 bombs and 19 torpedoes. It had seemingly beaten into a retreat, but even that overwhelming force failed to stop Kurita, as most of the attacks were directed at sinking just one battleship. Besides a cruiser crippled by a torpedo, every other ship including "Yamato" remained battleworthy.


title: Battle off Samar

text: Halsey's Third Fleet would miss the battle and head off to the Battle off Cape Engaño where Ozawa's Northern Force consisted of one fleet carrier and three light carriers fielding a total of 108 airplanes (slightly more than the normal complement of a single large fleet carrier), two battleships, three light cruisers and nine destroyers. Halsey was convinced that the Northern Force was the main threat, just as the Japanese had planned their sacrificial diversion. Halsey took three groups of Task Force 38 (TF 38), overwhelmingly stronger than Ozawa's Northern Force, with five aircraft carriers and five light fleet carriers with more than 600 aircraft between them, six fast battleships, eight cruisers, and over 40 destroyers. Halsey easily dispatched what was later revealed to be a decoy of no serious threat.


title: Battle off Samar

text: As a result of Halsey's decision, the door was left open to Kurita. When Kurita initially withdrew, the Americans assumed that the Japanese force was retreating from the battle. Kurita eventually turned around and made his way through the San Bernardino Strait under cover of darkness, intent on destroying the American landing forces. Only the light Taffy forces attached to support the landing forces of Seventh Fleet stood in his way. They were equipped to attack ground troops and submarines under the protection of Halsey's fleet carriers, not face off against Kurita's battleships and cruisers which had already largely shrugged off combined attacks from six fleet and light carriers. It would be up to them to improvise a last ditch defense as they were thrust by Halsey's mistake into the role of a sacrificial diversion to protect their landing forces.


title: Battle off Samar

text: The Japanese Center Force now consisted of the battleships "Yamato", , , and ; heavy cruisers , , , , , ; light cruisers , and ; and 11 -, - and "Shimakaze"-class destroyers. While the force had no aircraft carriers, Japanese warships carried small numbers of catapult-launched aircraft that could be launched, but not land aboard; for example "Yamato" carried seven. In this battle Japanese aircraft were used for suicide attacks. The battleships and cruisers were fully armored against Taffy 3's projectiles. They together had dozens of larger caliber guns, including the "Yamato"s nine guns, which could reach out to . Surface gunnery was controlled by optical sighting which fed computer-assisted fire control systems, though they were less sophisticated than the radar-controlled systems on U.S. destroyers.


title: Battle off Samar

text: In addition to guns, many of the Japanese ships carried Type 93 Long Lance torpedoes. Unknown to the Allies these torpedoes were the most advanced in the world—they had at least twice the range of Allied torpedoes, and did not produce a visible wake of bubbles; the IJN considered them to be a potentially decisive weapon. The torpedoes used oxygen instead of compressed air in their propulsion system. However, the Type 93 was far more likely to detonate due to shock—for example from a near miss—than a compressed-air torpedo, sinking or heavily damaging the ship carrying it.


title: Battle off Samar

text: Each of the three task units of the Seventh Fleet's Task Group 77.4 had six small or larger s (CVEs) defended by destroyers and destroyer escorts. The destroyers had five guns, the destroyer escorts had two, and the carriers only a single 5-inch gun at the stern. Most of the pilots and sailors were reservists with scant combat experience, and because of their tasking against ground troops and submarines, the carriers had been given only a few armour-piercing bombs or torpedoes against the unlikely possibility that they might encounter attack by other ships.


title: Battle off Samar

text: Lacking any ships with any larger guns that could reach beyond , Taffy 3 appeared hopelessly mismatched against Japanese gunnery, which emphasized long range and large guns. The battle revealed that the Japanese Navy's part-automated fire control was largely ineffective against maneuvering ships at long range though some ships such as "Kongō" hit their targets when they got closer. Although the Japanese warships opened fire with their heavier armament at maximum range and scored some hits, and misses near enough for the explosions to cause significant damage, their fire was not effective until they had closed within range of the carriers' own armament. By contrast, the American destroyers (but not destroyer escorts) had the Mark 37 gun fire-control system that aimed automatic, accurate fire against multiple surface and air targets while maneuvering rapidly. The lack of a comparable system in Japanese ships also contributed to reports from American pilots on the ineffectiveness of the Japanese antiaircraft fire.


title: Battle off Samar

text: Rear Admiral Thomas L. Sprague's Task Unit 77.4.1 ("Taffy 1") consisted of the Carrier Division 22 escort carriers , , , and . (The remaining two escort carriers from Taffy 1, Rear Admiral George R. Henderson's Carrier Division 28 and , had departed for Morotai, Dutch East Indies on October 24, carrying aircraft from other carriers needing repair. They returned with replacement aircraft after the battle.)


title: Battle off Samar

text: Rear Admiral Felix Stump's Task Unit 77.4.2 ("Taffy 2") Carrier Division 24 consisted of and , and Rear Admiral William D. Sample's Carrier Division 27 , , , and .


title: Battle off Samar

text: Rear Admiral Clifton Sprague's Task Unit 77.4.3 ("Taffy 3") consisted of Carrier Division 25 , , , , and Rear Admiral Ralph A. Ofstie's Carrier Division 26 and . Screening for Taffy 3 were the destroyers , and , and destroyer escorts , , , and .


title: Battle off Samar

text: Each escort carrier was small and carried an average of about 28 planes, but had no dive bombers and only obsolescent FM-2 Wildcat fighters. That gave the 16 CVEs of the three "Taffys" a combined total of approximately 450 aircraft, equivalent to five large fleet carriers. While their top speed of was adequate to escort cargo convoys or to provide ground support, they were too slow to engage or to escape a fast task force in combat. Since their aircraft were intended for ground attack, defense against aircraft, and antisubmarine warfare, the first flights from Taffy 3 were armed only with machine guns, depth charges, and high-explosive and antipersonnel aerial bombs, that were effective against enemy troops, aircraft, submarines, and destroyers, but not very effective against armored battleships and cruisers. In later sorties from the carriers of Taffy 2, the aircraft had enough time to be rearmed with torpedoes and armor-piercing bombs that could be expected to be more effective against warships.


title: Battle off Samar

text: Kurita's force passed through San Bernardino Strait at 03:00 on October 25, 1944 and steamed southwards along the coast of Samar, hoping that Halsey had taken the bait and moved most of his fleet away as he had in fact done. Kurita had been advised that Nishimura's Southern Force had been destroyed at Surigao Strait and would not be joining his force at Leyte Gulf. However, Kurita did not receive the transmission from the Northern Force that they had successfully lured away Halsey's Third Fleet of battleships and fleet carriers. Through most of the battle, Kurita would be haunted by doubts about Halsey's actual location. The wind was from the North-Northeast and visibility was approximately with a low overcast and occasional heavy rain squalls which the US forces would exploit for concealment in the battle to come.


title: Battle off Samar

text: Steaming about east of Samar before dawn on October 25, "St. Lo" launched a four-plane antisubmarine patrol while the remaining carriers of Taffy 3 prepared for the day's air strikes against the landing beaches. At 06:37, Ensign William C. Brooks, flying a Grumman TBF Avenger from "St. Lo", sighted a number of ships expected to be from Halsey's Third Fleet, but they appeared to be Japanese. When he was notified, Admiral Sprague was incredulous, and he demanded positive identification. Flying in for an even closer look, Brooks reported, "I can see pagoda masts. I see the biggest meatball flag on the biggest battleship I ever saw!" "Yamato" alone displaced as much as all units of Taffy 3 combined. Brooks had spotted the largest of the three attacking Japanese forces, consisting of four battleships, six heavy cruisers, two light cruisers, and about ten destroyers.


title: Battle off Samar

text: They were approaching from the west-northwest only away, and they were already well within gun and visual range of the closest task group, Taffy 3. Armed only with depth charges in case of an encounter with enemy submarines, the aviators nevertheless carried out the first attack of the battle, dropping several depth charges which just bounced off the bow of a cruiser.


title: Battle off Samar

text: The lookouts of Taffy 3 spotted the anti-aircraft fire to the north. The Japanese came upon Taffy 3 at 06:45, achieving complete tactical surprise. At about the same time, others in Taffy 3 had picked up targets from surface radar and Japanese radio traffic. At about 07:00, "Yamato" opened fire at a range of . Lacking the Americans' gunnery radars and Ford Mark I Fire Control Computer, which provided co-ordinated automatic firing solutions as long as the gun director was pointed at the target, Japanese fire control relied on a mechanical calculator for ballistics and another for own and target course and speed, fed by optical rangefinders. Color-coded dye loads were used in the battleships' armor-piercing shells so that the spotters of each ship could identify its own fall of shot, a common practice for the capital ships of many navies. The Americans, unfamiliar with battleship combat, were soon astonished by the spectacle of colorful geysers as the first volleys of shellfire found their range. "Nagato" used a brilliant pink; "Haruna" used a greenish-yellow variously described as green or yellow by the Americans; and "Kongō" used a blood-red dye which could appear red, purple, or even blue in some circumstances. "Yamato" used no dye loads, so her shell splashes appeared white.


title: Battle off Samar

text: Not finding the silhouettes of the tiny escort carriers in his identification manuals, Kurita mistook them for large fleet carriers and assumed that he had a task group of the Third Fleet under his guns. His first priority was to eliminate the carrier threat, ordering a "General Attack": rather than a carefully orchestrated effort, each division in his task force was to attack separately. The Japanese had just changed to a circular anti-aircraft formation, and the order caused some confusion, allowing Sprague to lead the Japanese into a stern chase, which restricted the Japanese to using only their forward guns, and restricted their anti-aircraft gunnery. Sprague's ships would not lose as much of their firepower in a stern chase, as their stern chase weapons were more numerous than their forward guns, and his carriers would still be able to operate aircraft.


title: Battle off Samar

text: At 06:50 Admiral Sprague ordered a formation course change to 090, directed his carriers to turn to launch their aircraft and then withdraw towards a squall to the east, hoping that bad visibility would reduce the accuracy of Japanese gunfire. He ordered his escorts to the rear of the formation to generate smoke to mask the retreating carriers and ordered the carriers to take evasive action, "chasing salvos" to throw off their enemy's aim, and then launched all available FM-2 Wildcat fighter planes and TBM Avenger torpedo bombers with whatever armament they were already loaded with. Some had rockets, machine guns, depth charges, or nothing at all. Very few carried anti-ship bombs or aerial torpedoes which would have enabled aircraft to sink heavy armored warships. The Wildcats were deemed a better fit on such small aircraft carriers instead of the faster and heavier Grumman F6F Hellcats that were flown from the larger U.S. Navy carriers. Their pilots were ordered "to attack the Japanese task force and proceed to Tacloban airstrip, Leyte, to rearm and refuel". Many of the planes continued to make "dry runs" after expending their ammunition and ordnance to distract the enemy. At about 07:20 the formation entered the squall, and the Japanese fire slackened markedly as they did not have gunnery radar that could penetrate the rain and smoke.


title: Battle off Samar

text: Kurita meanwhile was already experiencing the consequences of ordering a General Attack, as his Fifth Cruiser and Tenth Destroyer Divisions cut across the course of the Third Battleship Division in their haste to close with the American carriers, forcing the battleship "Kongō" to turn north out of formation; "Kongō" acted independently for the remainder of the battle. Concerned that his destroyers would burn too much fuel in a stern chase of what he presumed were fast carriers while obstructing his battleships' line of fire, Kurita ordered his destroyers to the rear of his formation at 07:10, a decision which had immediate consequences, as the Tenth Destroyer Squadron was forced to turn away just as they were gaining on the right flank of the American formation. For the Second Destroyer Squadron, the consequences were more significant if less immediate: ordered to fall in behind Third Battleship Division, "Yahagi" and her accompanying destroyers, they steamed north from their position on the south side of Kurita's formation seeking division flagship "Kongō", leaving no Japanese units in position to intercept the American carriers when they turned back south at 07:30. Despite his General Attack order, Kurita continued to dictate fleet course changes throughout the battle.


title: Battle off Samar

text: Three destroyers and four smaller destroyer escorts had been tasked to protect the escort carriers from aircraft and submarines. The three s—affectionately nicknamed "tin cans" because they lacked armor—were fast enough to keep up with a fast carrier task force. Each had five single-mounted guns and several light antiaircraft guns, none of which were effective against armored warships. Only their ten Mark-15 torpedoes—housed in two swiveling five-tube launchers amidships—posed a serious threat to battleships and cruisers.


title: Battle off Samar

text: An advantage the American destroyers had was the radar-controlled Mark 37 Gun Fire Control System, which provided coordinated automatic firing of their guns as long as the gun director was pointing at the target. A dual-purpose system, the Mark 37's gunfire radar and antiaircraft capabilities allowed the destroyers' guns to remain on target despite poor visibility and their own radical evasive maneuvering. The Japanese reliance on optical range finders aided by color-coded dye loads in each shell and mechanical calculators made it difficult for them to identify their targets through the rain and smoke and limited their ability to maneuver while firing. The different colored splashes the Japanese shells made as they hit the water by the American ships after a near miss prompted one American sailor to quip "They're shooting at us in Technicolor!"


title: Battle off Samar

text: The four s were smaller and slower because they had been designed to protect slow freighter convoys against submarines. They were armed with two guns without automatic fire control, and three torpedoes, though their crews rarely trained for torpedo attacks. Since the torpedoes only had a range of about , they were best used at night: during daylight, an attack on heavy warships would have to pass through a gauntlet of shellfire that could reach out to . In this battle they would be launched against a fleet led by the largest battleship in history, though it was the ships' ability to generate dense, heavy smoke from their funnels and chemical smoke generators which would most influence the course of the battle.


title: Battle off Samar

text: After laying down smoke to hide the carriers from Japanese gunners, they were soon making desperate torpedo runs, using their smoke for concealment. The ship profiles and aggressiveness caused the Japanese to think the destroyers were cruisers, and the destroyer escorts were full-sized destroyers. Their lack of armor allowed armor-piercing rounds to pass right through without exploding, until the Japanese gunners switched to high-explosive (HE) shells, which caused much more damage. Their speed and agility enabled some ships to dodge shellfire completely before launching torpedoes. Effective damage control and redundancy in propulsion and power systems kept them running and fighting even after they had absorbed dozens of hits before they sank, although the decks would be littered with the dead and the seriously wounded. Destroyers from Taffy 2 to the south also found themselves under shellfire, but as they were spotted by "Gambier Bay", which had signaled for their assistance, they were ordered back to protect their own carriers.


title: Battle off Samar

text: At 07:00, Commander Ernest E. Evans of the destroyer , responded to incoming shell fire bracketing carriers of the group he was escorting by laying down a protective smokescreen and zigzagging. At about 07:10, Gunnery Officer Robert Hagen began firing at the closest attackers, then away, and registered several hits on the leading heavy cruisers. The Japanese targeted "Johnston" and soon shell splashes were bracketing the destroyer. In response and without consulting with his commanders, Evans ordered "Johnston" to "flank speed, full left rudder"; "Johnston", still making smoke and zigzagging, accelerated at maximum speed towards the Japanese.


title: Battle off Samar

text: At 07:15, Hagen concentrated fire on the leading cruiser squadron's flagship, the heavy cruiser "Kumano". Firing the destroyer's guns at their maximum range of , "Johnston" scored several hits on "Kumano"s superstructure, which erupted into flame and smoke.


title: Battle off Samar

text: At 07:16, Sprague ordered Commander William Dow Thomas aboard "Hoel", in charge of the small destroyer screen, to attack. Struggling to form an attack formation, the three small ships "Hoel", "Heermann" and "Samuel B. Roberts" began a long sprint to get into firing position for their torpedoes.


title: Battle off Samar

text: "Johnston" pressed its attack, firing more than two hundred shells as it followed an evasive course through moderate swells, making it a difficult target. "Johnston" closed to within maximum torpedo range, and at she fired a full salvo of ten torpedoes. At 07:24, two or three struck, blowing the bow off "Kumano". Minutes later, at 07:33, four torpedoes narrowly missed "Kongō". (Morison asserts that "Kongō" was forced to turn away north to avoid these torpedoes, but this is not reflected in "Kongō"s own action report. It is unclear whether these torpedoes were fired by "Johnston" or "Hoel".) The heavy cruiser "Suzuya", suffering damage from air attacks, was also taken out of the fight, as she stopped to assist "Kumano". The effect of "Johnston"s attack was to generate confusion in the minds of the Japanese commanders, who thought they were being engaged by American cruisers. Evans then reversed course and, under cover of his smokescreen, opened the range between his ship and the enemy.


title: Battle off Samar

text: At 07:30, three battleship main battery shells passed through the deck of "Johnston" and into her portside engine room, which cut the destroyer's speed in half to and disrupted electric power to her aft gun mounts. Hagen reports them as shells from the battleship "Kongō", at a range of , but this is unlikely, as "Kongō" was on the far side of the Japanese formation and "Kongō"s action report states that she was not engaging any targets at that time, as she was blinded by a rain squall. Based on the bearing and the angle of fall, it is far more likely that they were shells fired by "Yamato" from a range of , as, moments later, three shells from "Yamato" struck "Johnston"s bridge, causing numerous casualties and severing the fingers of Commander Evans's left hand. The ship was mangled badly, with dead and dying sailors strewn across her bloody decks. "Yamato" reported sinking a "cruiser" (the Japanese consistently overestimated the size of the US ships engaged) with a main battery salvo at 07:27. Destroyer "Kishinami", which was also firing at "Johnston" at the time, reported "The "Yamato" sank one enemy cruiser" at 07:28.


title: Battle off Samar

text: However, "Johnston" was not sunk. Already depleted before the battle, her remaining store of oil did not fuel a catastrophic explosion. The ship found sanctuary in rain squalls, where the crew had time to repair damage, restoring power to two of the three aft gun mounts. "Johnston"s search radar was destroyed, toppled to the deck in a tangled mess. Also damaged, the fire control radar was quickly returned to service. Only a few minutes were required to bring "Johnston"s main battery and radar online; from its position in the rain, around 07:35 "Johnston" fired several dozen rounds at the lead Japanese destroyer distant. Firing then shifted to the cruisers approaching from the east, targeting several dozen more rounds at the closest ship away. Neither target could be observed visually, and thus were not positively identified; "Johnston"s presumed "cruiser" was most likely the battleship "Haruna".


title: Battle off Samar

text: At 07:37, Commodore Thomas ordered a torpedo attack via voice radio. "Johnston" and "Heermann" acknowledged. As "Johnston" continued its course away from the Japanese, it came upon the charging screening force, led by the damaged "Hoel". Evans had "Johnston" rejoin the attack, to provide gun support to Thomas' small squadron on their torpedo run. Attacking "Tone", the leading heavy cruiser to the east of the formation, "Johnston" closed to , now firing with reduced efficiency due to her lost SC radar, yet still registering many hits.


title: Battle off Samar

text: During the battle, Evans engaged in several duels with much larger Japanese opponents. At 08:20, emerging through smoke and rain squalls, "Johnston" was confronted by a 36,600-ton "Kongō"-class battleship (probably "Haruna", which reported engaging a US destroyer with her secondary battery around this time.) "Johnston" fired at least 40 rounds, with over 15 hits on the battleship's superstructure observed. "Johnston" reversed course and disappeared in the smoke, avoiding "Haruna"s return fire. At 08:26 and again at 08:34, Thomas requested an attack on the heavy cruisers to the east of the carriers. Responding at 08:30, "Johnston" bore down on a huge cruiser firing at the helpless "Gambier Bay", then closed to and fired for ten minutes at a heavier and better-armed opponent, possibly "Haguro", scoring numerous hits.


title: Battle off Samar

text: At 08:40, a more pressing target appeared astern: seven Japanese destroyers in two columns, closing to attack the carriers. Reversing course to intercept, Evans attempted to pass in front of the formation, crossing the "T" (a classic naval maneuver to limit the enemy ships' firepower). Evans ordered "Johnston"s guns to fire on the Japanese destroyers, who returned fire striking "Johnston" several times. Perhaps seeing his disadvantage, the commander of the lead destroyer turned away to the west. From as close as , Hagen fired and scored a dozen hits on the destroyer leader before it veered off, then shifted fire to the next destroyer in line, scoring five hits before it too turned away. Amazingly, the entire squadron turned west to avoid "Johnston"s fire. These Japanese destroyers finally managed to fire their torpedoes at 09:20, from . Several torpedoes were detonated by strafing aircraft or defensive fire from the carriers, and the rest failed to strike a target.


title: Battle off Samar

text: The Japanese and the American ships were now intertwined in a confused jumble. The heavy smoke had made the visibility so poor by 08:40 "Johnston" nearly collided with "Heerman" while it crossed the formation to engage the Japanese destroyers, forcing "Samuel B. Roberts" to evade them both. "Gambier Bay" and "Hoel" were sinking. Finding targets was not difficult. After 09:00, with "Hoel" and "Samuel B. Roberts" out of the fight, the crippled "Johnston" was an easy target. She exchanged fire with four cruisers and numerous destroyers.


title: Battle off Samar

text: "Johnston" continued to take hits from the Japanese, which knocked out the number one gun mount, killing many men. By 09:20, forced from the bridge by exploding ammunition, Evans commanded the ship from the stern by shouting orders down to men manually operating the rudder. Shellfire knocked out the remaining engine, leaving "Johnston" dead in the water at 09:40. Her attackers concentrated their fire on her rather than the fleeing carriers. "Johnston" was hit so many times that one survivor recalled "they couldn't patch holes fast enough to keep her afloat."


title: Battle off Samar

text: At 09:45, Evans finally gave the order to abandon ship. "Johnston" sank 25 minutes later with 186 of her crew. Evans abandoned ship with his crew, but was never seen again. He was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. As the Japanese destroyer cruised slowly nearby, Robert Billie and several other crewmen saw her captain salute the sinking "Johnston".


title: Battle off Samar

text: Although destroyer escorts were conceived as inexpensive small ships that could protect slow cargo convoys against submarines, they retained a basic anti-ship capability with torpedoes and guns. distinguished herself in this battle as the "destroyer escort that fought like a battleship" combating armored cruisers (which were designed to withstand 5-inch gunfire). Around 07:40, Lieutenant Commander Robert W. Copeland maneuvered his small ship to evade the charging "Heermann"; watching that destroyer approach the enemy, Copeland realized his own ship's heading and location put it in a textbook position to launch a torpedo attack at the leading heavy cruiser. Over his ship's 1MC public-address circuit, he told his crew "This will be a fight against overwhelming odds from which survival cannot be expected. We will do what damage we can." Without orders and indeed against orders, he set course at full speed to follow "Heermann" in to attack the cruisers.


title: Battle off Samar

text: Under the cover of the smokescreen from the destroyers, "Roberts" escaped detection. Not wanting to draw attention to his small ship, Copeland repeatedly denied his gun captain permission to open fire with the guns; even though targets were clearly visible and in range, he intended to launch torpedoes at . A stray shell, probably intended for one of the nearby destroyers, hit "Roberts"s mast which fell and jammed the torpedo mount at 08:00. Finally recovering, at , "Roberts" launched her torpedoes at "Chōkai" without being fired upon. Quickly reversing course, "Roberts" disappeared into the smoke. A lookout reported at least one torpedo hit, and the crippled "Chōkai" started losing speed and fell to the rear of the column at 08:23.


title: Battle off Samar

text: By 08:10, "Roberts" was nearing the carrier formation. Through the smoke and rain, the heavy cruiser "Chikuma" appeared, firing broadsides at the carriers. Copeland changed course to attack and told his gun captain, "Mr Burton, you may open fire." "Roberts" and "Chikuma" began to trade broadsides. "Chikuma" now divided her fire between the carriers and "Roberts". Hampered by the closing range and slow rate of fire, "Chikuma" fired with difficulty at her small, fast opponent. (Early in the battle, when it had become apparent that "Roberts" would have to defend the escort carriers against a surface attack, chief engineer Lt. "Lucky" Trowbridge bypassed all the engine's safety mechanisms, enabling "Roberts" to go as fast as .) "Roberts" did not share "Chikuma"s problem of slow rate of fire. For the next 35 minutes, from as close as , her guns would fire almost her entire supply of ammunition on board—over 600 rounds. In this seemingly unequal contest, "Chikuma" was raked along its entire length. However, unknown to the crew of "Roberts", shortly after "Roberts" engaged "Chikuma", "Heermann" also aimed her guns at the cruiser, putting her in a deadly crossfire. "Chikuma"s superstructure was ripped by salvo after salvo of armor-piercing shells, high-explosive shells, anti-aircraft shells, and even star shells that created chemical fires even in metal plates. The bridge of "Chikuma" was devastated, fires could be seen along her superstructure, and her number three gun mount was no longer in action.


title: Battle off Samar

text: However, "Chikuma" was not alone, and soon, the Japanese fleet's multicolored salvos were bracketing "Roberts", indicating that she was under fire from "Yamato", "Nagato", and "Haruna". In a desperate bid to avoid approaching shells, Copeland ordered full back, causing the salvo to miss. Now, however, his small ship was an easy target, and at 08:51, cruiser shells found their mark, damaging one of her boilers. At , "Roberts" began to suffer hits regularly. Credit is given to "Kongō" for striking the final decisive blows at 09:00, which knocked out her remaining engine. Dead in the water and sinking, "Roberts"s part in the battle was over.


title: Battle off Samar

text: Gunner's Mate Paul H. Carr was in charge of the aft gun mount, which had fired nearly all of its 325 stored rounds in 35 minutes before a breech explosion caused by the gun's barrel overheating. Carr was found dying at his station, begging for help loading the last round he was holding into the breech. He was awarded a Silver Star, and the guided-missile frigate was later named for him. The guided-missile frigates and were named for the ship and its captain.


title: Battle off Samar

text: Companion destroyer escorts , , and also launched torpedoes. While they missed, this helped slow the Japanese chase. "Dennis" was struck by a pair of cruiser shells, and "John C. Butler" ceased fire after expending her ammunition an hour into the engagement.


title: Battle off Samar

text: The fast destroyer , captained by Commander Leon S. Kintberger, was the flagship of the small destroyer and destroyer escort screen of Taffy 3. As splashes from Japanese shells began bracketing the ships of the task group, "Hoel" started zig-zagging and laying smoke to help defend the now fleeing CVEs. When the Japanese had closed to , Kintberger opened fire, and was in turn targeted by the Japanese. "Yamato"s guns scored a hit on "Hoel"s bridge at , knocking out all voice radio communication, killing four men and wounding Kintberger and Screen Flag Officer Commander William Dow Thomas.


title: Battle off Samar

text: Admiral Sprague then ordered Thomas to attack the Japanese with torpedoes. From his position on the damaged "Hoel", he formed up the three destroyers of his command as best he could and at 07:40 ordered "Line up and let's go." Through rain showers and smoke, "Hoel" zig-zagged toward the Japanese fleet, followed by "Heermann" and "Samuel B. Roberts". Lurking in the rain, "Johnston" was targeting unsuspecting Japanese cruisers with her radar.


title: Battle off Samar

text: Kintberger now had to choose a target quickly as the distance closed rapidly. In the Combat Information Center, Executive Officer Fred Green quickly suggested a course that would put "Hoel" in a position to attack the leading "battleship", either "Kongō" or possibly the heavy cruiser "Haguro". Without hesitation, Kintberger ordered "Hoel" in. The course took the ship into the middle of the charging Center Force.


title: Battle off Samar

text: Gunnery Officer Lt. Bill Sanders directed "Hoel"s main battery of five guns in a rapid-fire barrage and scored several hits, drawing the attention of a substantial portion of the Japanese fleet. Soon shells of all calibers were straddling the destroyer.


title: Battle off Samar

text: Sometime near 07:27, at a range of , "Hoel" fired a half salvo of torpedoes and reversed course. The results of this salvo were not observed, but several histories report that "Haguro" was forced to turn sharply away from the torpedo attack and dropped out of the lead to behind "Tone", an assertion that is contradicted by "Haguro"s detailed action report, which records turning to engaging an "enemy cruiser" ("Hoel") at , but not a torpedo attack.


title: Battle off Samar

text: Moments after "Hoel" loosed her first half salvo, a devastating series of multi-caliber shells struck "Hoel" in rapid succession, disabling all the primary and secondary battery weapons aft of the second stack, stopping her port engine and depriving her of her Mark-37 fire control director, FD radar, and bridge steering control. His ship slowing to 17 knots under hand steering, Kintberger realized he would have to fire his remaining torpedoes quickly while he still could.


title: Battle off Samar

text: Heading southwest after his initial torpedo attack, Commander Kintberger turned west and launched his second torpedo salvo at a "Heavy Cruiser" (probably "Yamato" or "Haruna", both sides having difficulty with target identification in the poor visibility) at approximately 07:50. This time, "Hoel"s crew were rewarded by what appeared to be the sight of large columns of water alongside their target. The torpedo hits could not be confirmed, however. The water spouts were probably near misses by bombs. Japanese action reports reveal that "Hoel"s target was probably "Yamato", which turned hard to port to evade a torpedo salvo at 07:54 and was forced to run north until the torpedoes ran out of fuel, taking Kurita out of the battle and causing him to lose track of his forces.


title: Battle off Samar

text: "Hoel" was now crippled and surrounded by the enemy, with her speed reduced to 17 knots. Within a few minutes, steerage had been restored from the aft steering room. Kintberger ordered a course south towards Taffy 3. In the process of fishtailing and zig-zagging, she peppered the closest enemy ships with her two remaining guns. Finally at roughly 08:30, after withstanding over 40 hits from guns, an shell disabled her remaining engine. With her engine room underwater and No. 1 magazine ablaze, the ship began listing to port, settling by the stern. The order to abandon ship was given at 08:40, and many of her surviving crew swam away from the ship.


title: Battle off Samar

text: A Japanese cruiser and several destroyers closed to within , giving the two forward gun crews, under Gun Captain Chester Fay, a large, close target. For about ten minutes, they traded salvos with the "Tone"-class cruiser. When the destroyers slowed and approached to about , they were also fired upon. The Japanese fire only stopped at 08:55 when "Hoel" rolled over and sank in of water, after enduring 90 minutes of punishment.


title: Battle off Samar

text: "Hoel" was the first of Taffy 3's ships to sink, and suffered the heaviest proportional losses: only 86 of her complement survived; 253 officers and men died with their ship. Commander Kintberger, who would live to retire a rear admiral, described the courageous devotion to duty of the men of "Hoel" in a seaman's epitaph: "Fully cognizant of the inevitable result of engaging such vastly superior forces, these men performed their assigned duties coolly and efficiently until their ship was shot from under them."


title: Battle off Samar

text: —captained by Commander Amos T. Hathaway—was on the disengaged side of the carriers at the start of the fight when at 07:37 he received an order from Commodore Thomas to take the lead position in a column of "small boys" to attack the approaching enemy fleet. "Heermann" steamed into the action at flank speed through the formation of "baby flattops" through smoke and intermittent rain squalls that had reduced visibility at times to less than , twice having to back emergency full to avoid collisions with friendly ships, first with "Samuel B. Roberts" and then at 07:49 with "Hoel", as she tried to take her assigned position at the head of the column in preparation for a torpedo attack.


title: Battle off Samar

text: At 07:50, "Heermann" engaged the heavy cruiser "Haguro" with her guns, while hurriedly preparing a half-salvo torpedo attack. In the confusion of battle, the torpedoman on the second torpedo mount mistakenly fired two extra torpedoes at the same time as the number one mount before he was stopped by the mount captain. After firing seven torpedoes, "Heermann" changed course to engage a column of three battleships that had commenced firing upon her.


title: Battle off Samar

text: Hathaway may now have been responsible for causing a series of events that may have had a decisive influence on the outcome of the battle. He directed gunfire on the battleship "Haruna", the column's leader. Then, he quickly closed to a mere and fired his last three torpedoes. "Haruna" evaded all of them, but historian Samuel Eliot Morison asserts that "Yamato" was bracketed between two of "Heermann"s torpedoes on parallel courses, and for 10 minutes was forced to head north away from the action, while Lundgren, based on a comparison of both Japanese and American sources, asserts that the torpedoes came from "Hoel"s second salvo fired at 07:53. In either case, Kurita and his most powerful ship were temporarily out of the action. The Japanese had now lost the initiative. The stubborn American defense had completely taken the wind out of the Japanese attack.


title: Battle off Samar

text: At 08:03, believing that one of the torpedoes had hit the battleship, Hathaway set course for the carrier formation, zigzagging and under the cover of smoke. Still undamaged, "Heermann" was able to fire through the smoke and rain at nearby targets. Now under continuous fire, "Heermann" began an unequal duel with "Nagato", whose salvos were beginning to land uncomfortably close. At one point between 08:08 and 08:25, "Heermann" was within throwing distance of a Japanese destroyer for several minutes, before being separated by the smoke. During this time, neither ship fired on the other, both having higher-priority targets.


title: Battle off Samar

text: At 08:26, Commander Thomas requested covering fire on the cruisers firing on the CVEs from the east. Hathaway responded but first had to pass through the formation of carriers and escorts. This task proved hazardous. Traveling at flank speed, "Heermann" again had two near misses, this time with "Fanshaw Bay" and "Johnston".


title: Battle off Samar

text: Finally on course for the enemy cruisers, "Heermann" came upon the heavily damaged "Gambier Bay" which was being pummeled at point-blank range. At , "Heermann" engaged "Chikuma" as her guns cleared "Gambier Bay". "Chikuma" was now caught in a crossfire between "Heermann" and "Samuel B. Roberts" and taking considerable punishment. During this phase of the battle, "Heermann" came under fire from the bulk of the Japanese fleet. Colored splashes of red, yellow, and green indicated that she was being targeted by "Kongō" and "Haruna". Many uncolored splashes were also observed, likely from the line of heavy cruisers being led by "Chikuma". At 08:45, a hit on "Heermann"s wheelhouse killed three men outright and fatally wounded another. A series of shell hits flooded the forward part of the destroyer, pulling her bow down so far that her anchors were dragging in the water, and one of her guns was knocked out.


title: Battle off Samar

text: At 08:50, aircraft from VC-10 approached the scene and were vectored via VHF by Taffy 3 to the cruisers to the east. By 08:53, "Chikuma" and the rest of the four heavy cruisers were under heavy air attack. At 0902, under the combined effort of "Heermann", "Roberts", and the bombs, torpedoes, and strafing from the carrier-based planes, "Chikuma" finally disengaged, but sank during her withdrawal.


title: Battle off Samar

text: At 09:07, the heavy cruiser "Tone" exchanged fire with "Heermann" until she too turned away at 09:10. By 09:17, Sprague ordered Hathaway to lay smoke on the port quarter of the CVEs, and by 09:30, the group had reformed in its normal formation and was headed southward.


title: Battle off Samar

text: Convinced he was facing a much larger force because of the ferocity of the American resistance, Kurita gave a "cease action" order at 09:00, with instructions to rendezvous north. Thus, unexpectedly, the Japanese began to disengage and turned away.


title: Battle off Samar

text: Temporarily safe within the rain squall, Admiral Sprague had a difficult decision to make. The easterly course was drawing the enemy too close to San Bernardino Strait and away from any help that might come from Admiral Oldendorf's forces to the south, and Kurita was about to gain the windward side of his formation, which would render his smoke less effective. Consequently, at 07:30 Sprague ordered a course change, first to the southeast and then to the south, and ordered his escorts to make their torpedo attack to cover the carrier's emergence from the storm. That was a very risky decision for Sprague because it gave Kurita a chance to cut across the diameter of Sprague's arc and cut him off.


title: Battle off Samar

text: However, Kurita missed the chance and his forces followed Taffy 3 around the circle, his earlier decision to send his destroyers to the rear having removed them from a position that they could have intercepted or prevented the American formation's turn. The escort carriers of Taffy 3 turned south and withdrew through shellfire at their top speed of . The six carriers dodged in and out of rain squalls, occasionally turning into the wind to launch the few planes they had left.


title: Battle off Samar

text: After one hour, the Japanese had closed the chase to within of the carriers. That the carriers had managed to evade destruction reinforced the Japanese belief that they were attacking fast fleet carriers. The heavy clouds of black and white smoke generated by the Americans were now making target observation extremely difficult. At 08:00, Sprague ordered the carriers to "open fire with pea-shooters when the range is clear." The stern chase was also advantageous for the sole anti-ship armament of small carriers was a single manually controlled stern-mounted gun as a stinger, though they were loaded with anti-aircraft shells. Fire from the CVEs' stingers would be credited with hitting Japanese warships that ventured within gun range and contributing to the sinking of heavy cruiser . As anti-aircraft gunners observed helplessly, an officer cheered them by exclaiming, "Just wait a little longer, boys, we're suckering them into 40-mm range."


title: Battle off Samar

text: During the run to the east the ships had been battered by near-misses. At 08:05, "Kalinin Bay" was struck by an shell and the carriers started taking direct hits. However, the Japanese ships were firing armor-piercing (AP) shells, which often carried right through the unarmored escort carriers without detonating. Though CVEs were popularly known as "Combustible Vulnerable Expendable," they would ultimately prove durable in first dodging and then absorbing heavy shell fire and in downing attacking "kamikaze" planes.


title: Battle off Samar

text: When "Yamato" opened fire at 06:59 at an estimated range of , she targeted with her first four salvos. "Yamato"s third salvo was a close straddle landing at 07:04. One shell from this salvo exploded beneath the turn of "White Plains" port bilge near frame 142, close to her aft (starboard) engine room. While the ship was not struck directly, the mining effect of the under-keel explosion severely damaged her hull, deranged her starboard machinery, and tripped all of the circuit breakers in her electrical network. Prompt and effective damage control restored power and communications within three minutes and she was able to remain in formation by overspeeding her port engine to compensate. The gout of black smoke resulting from the shock of the explosion convinced "Yamato" (and "Nagato", which was also firing her main battery at "White Plains" at the time) that they had scored a direct hit and they shifted fire to other targets. The turn to the south put "White Plains" in the lead of the formation and she escaped any further hits from Japanese fire.


title: Battle off Samar

text: During the surface phase of the action, "White Plains"s gun crew claimed six hits on heavy cruiser , shortly afterwards hit by a bomb.


title: Battle off Samar

text: As Japanese gunners concentrated on the closest target, effectively diverted attention from the other fleeing carriers. At 08:10, "Chikuma" closed to within and finally landed hits on the flight deck of "Gambier Bay", which was the most exposed. Subsequent hits and near-misses, as the Japanese switched to high-explosive shells, first caused "Gambier Bay" to lose speed, and she was soon dead in the water. Three cruisers closed to point-blank range, as destroyers such as "Johnston" were unsuccessful in drawing fire away from the doomed carrier. Fires raged through the riddled escort carrier. She capsized at 09:07 and disappeared beneath the waves at 09:11. 4 Grumman TBM Avenger torpedo bombers went down with "Gambier Bay". 130 crewmen were killed. The majority of her nearly 800 survivors were rescued two days later by landing and patrol craft dispatched from Leyte Gulf. "Gambier Bay" was the only U.S. carrier sunk by naval gunfire in World War II.


title: Battle off Samar

text: Straddled several times during the run to the east, escaped serious damage during the surface phase of the action. By 07:38 the Japanese cruisers approaching from "St. Lo"s port quarter had closed to within . "St. Lo" responded to their salvos with rapid fire from her single gun, claiming three hits on a "Tone"-class cruiser. At 10:00, she launched an Avenger armed with a torpedo to join the attack launched by "Kitkun Bay" at 10:13. At 10:51 Lt. Yukio Seki, leader of the "Shikishima" squadron of the Special Attack Unit, crashed his A6M "Zero" into her flight deck from astern in the first organized "kamikaze" attack. The resulting explosions and fires within her hangar forced Captain Francis McKenna to order abandon ship at 11:00. "St. Lo" capsized and sank at 11:25 with the loss of 114 men. Six Grumman FM-2 Wildcat fighters and five Grumman TBM Avenger torpedo bombers went down with "St. Lo".


title: Battle off Samar

text: As the trailing ship in the escort carrier van after the turn to the south, came under intense enemy fire. Though partially protected by smoke, a timely rain squall, and counterattacks by the screening destroyers and destroyer escorts, she took the first of fifteen direct hits at 07:50. Fired from an enemy battleship, the large-caliber shell ( or ) struck the starboard side of the hangar deck just aft of the forward elevator.


title: Battle off Samar

text: By 08:00 the Japanese cruisers off her port quarter ("Tone" and "Haguro") had closed to within . "Kalinin Bay" responded to their straddling salvos with her gun. Three armor-piercing projectiles struck her within minutes. At 08:25, the carrier scored a direct hit from on the No. 2 turret of a "Nachi"-class heavy cruiser, and a second hit shortly after forced the Japanese ship to withdraw temporarily from formation.


title: Battle off Samar

text: At 08:30, five Japanese destroyers steamed over the horizon off her starboard quarter. They opened fire from about . As screening ships engaged the cruisers and laid down concealing smoke, "Kalinin Bay" shifted her fire, and for the next hour traded shots with Destroyer Squadron 10. No destroyer hit "Kalinin Bay", but she took ten more hits from the now obscured cruisers. One shell passed through the flight deck and into the communications area and destroyed all the radar and radio equipment. Most of the hits occurred after 08:45 when "Tone" and "Haguro" had closed to within .


title: Battle off Samar

text: At 09:15, an Avenger from "St. Lo"—piloted by Lieutenant (j.g.) Waldrop—strafed and exploded two torpedoes in "Kalinin Bay"s wake about astern of her. A shell from the latter's gun deflected a third from a collision course with her stern. At about 09:30, as the Japanese ships fired parting salvos and reversed course northward, "Kalinin Bay" scored a direct hit amidships on a retreating destroyer. Five minutes later, she ceased fire and retired southward with the other survivors of Taffy 3.


title: Battle off Samar

text: Around 10:50, the task unit came under a concentrated air attack. During the 40-minute battle, the first attack from a "kamikaze" unit in World War II, all escort carriers but "Fanshaw Bay" were damaged. Four diving planes attacked "Kalinin Bay" from astern and the starboard quarter. Two were shot down when close, but the third crashed into the port side of the flight deck, damaging it severely, and the fourth destroyed the aft port stack. "Kalinin Bay" suffered extensive structural damage during the morning's intense action, and sixty casualties including five dead. Twelve direct hits and two large-caliber near misses were confirmed. The two near-misses exploded under her counter, and were the severest threats to the ship's survival.


title: Battle off Samar

text: Straddled several times early in the surface action during the run to the east as she was at the rear of the formation alongside "White Plains", was towards the front of the formation after the turn to the south and escaped serious damage. At 10:13 she launched five Avengers (four armed with torpedoes, one with bombs) to attack the retreating Japanese. The five (along with one from "St. Lo") attacked "Yamato" at 10:35 without result. Attacked by a "kamikaze" at 11:08, she was successfully defended by her own and "Fanshaw Bay"s anti-aircraft batteries. She was the only one of Sprague's carriers to escape undamaged.


title: Battle off Samar

text: Targeted by "Kongō" and "Haruna" early in the action (red, yellow and blue shell splashes) Sprague's flagship escaped serious damage during the run to the east and was on the far side of the formation across from "Gambier Bay" during the run to the south. During the later "kamikaze" attacks, the "Fanshaw Bay" took a near-miss "kamikaze" close aboard, helped shoot down a plane just about to crash into "Kitkun Bay", and landed planes from her sunk or damaged sisters. "Fanshaw Bay" suffered four dead and four wounded.


title: Battle off Samar

text: engaged enemy surface forces for the first and only time at Samar, entering the battle two meters down by the bow and limited to 26 knots due to 3,000 tons of flooding caused by three armor-piercing bombs during the Battle of the Sibuyan Sea. "Yamato" opened the battle at 06:59, firing on USS "White Plains" at an estimated range of , severely damaging "White Plains" with a near miss from her third salvo. The resulting gout of smoke from the stricken carrier obscured the target and convinced "Yamato" she was destroyed, so they ceased fire at 07:09. At 07:27, "Yamato" reported main and secondary battery hits on an "enemy cruiser" at , the time, range and bearing of which all correspond with the hits on the destroyer "Johnston". At 07:51, she turned her secondary battery on USS "Raymond" at a range of before steering hard to port to avoid a torpedo salvo from the charging USS "Hoel" at 07:54. At 07:55, "Yamato" opened fire on "Hoel" with her anti-aircraft guns and was struck by an American shell in return. Hemmed in by "Haruna" to starboard and her destroyers to port "Yamato" was forced to run due north away from the battle until the torpedoes ran out of fuel, finally turning back at 08:12.


title: Battle off Samar

text: At 08:23 "Yamato"s F1M2 "Pete" floatplane reported a primary battery hit on "Gambier Bay" though this hit was also claimed by "Kongō". "Gambier Bay"s own records report a damaging near miss from a battleship caliber shell around this time. At 08:34 "Yamato" trained her secondary batteries on another "light cruiser", probably USS "Hoel", which was observed sinking at 08:40. At 08:45 "Yamato" sighted three of the American carriers, US smoke screens preventing her from seeing the entire US formation. Between 09:06 and 09:17 "Yamato" received multiple strafing and torpedo attacks from US aircraft, claiming one US aircraft shot down at 09:15. Fighter pilot Lieutenant Richard W. Roby reportedly attacked destroyers before raking the decks and then bridge of "Yamato" with his machine guns, further discouraging her. However, US reports that "Yamato" closed to within of the American ships before she was attacked by American aircraft are not supported by "Yamato"s own action report. At 09:11, Kurita ordered his ships to regroup to the north and at 09:22 "Yamato" slowed to 20 knots and came round to course 040, finally setting course 000 (due north) at 09:25. Kurita reported that his force had sunk two carriers, two cruisers, and some destroyers, apparently assuming that "Yamato" had indeed sunk "White Plains" with her first four salvoes. Kurita's forces had actually sunk one carrier, two destroyers, and one destroyer escort, and "Yamato"s guns likely contributed to the sinking of three out of four, with claimed hits (some unconfirmed or disputed) on all except "Samuel B. Roberts".


title: Battle off Samar

text: Targeted by gunfire from the destroyers and destroyer escorts, the Japanese cruiser was hit amidships, starboard side, most likely by the sole gun of the carrier "White Plains". The shell could not pierce the hull armor, but it was thought, until an expedition to the cruiser's wreck in 2019 found her torpedoes still intact, that the bursting charge that it contained might have set off the eight sensitive deck-mounted Type 93 "Long Lance" torpedoes. An explosion was observed aboard "Chōkai" before a TBM Avenger from Kitkun Bay dropped a 500 lb (230 kg) bomb on her forward machinery room. "Chōkai"'s rudder and engines were damaged, causing the ship to drop out of formation. Fires began to rage and she went dead in the water. Later that day, she was scuttled by torpedoes from the destroyer , or by bombs from aircraft of , an escort carrier of Taffy 2.


title: Battle off Samar

text: 's detailed action report states that "Chōkai"s immobilizing damage resulted from a bomb hit at 08:51. It is possible that "Chōkai" was struck by a 14-inch shell from "Kongō" as she traveled into "Kongō"s line of fire.


title: Battle off Samar

text: After "Johnston" blew off the bow of "Kumano" with a Mark 15 torpedo, the Japanese ship retired towards the San Bernardino Strait, where she suffered further, minor, damage from an aerial attack.


title: Battle off Samar

text: Cruiser engaged the U.S. escort carriers, helping to sink "Gambier Bay", but came under fire from "Heermann"."Chikuma" inflicted severe damage on "Heermann", but was soon attacked by four TBM Avenger torpedo-bombers. Richard Deitchman, flying from , succeeded in hitting her stern port quarter with a Mark 13 torpedo that severed her stern and disabled her port screw and rudder. "Chikuma"s speed dropped to , then to , but more seriously, she became unsteerable. At 1105, "Chikuma" was attacked by five TBMs from . She was hit portside amidships by two torpedoes and her engine rooms flooded. At 1400, three TBMs from a composite squadron of ships from and led by Lt. Joseph Cady dropped more torpedoes which hit "Chikuma" portside. Cady was later awarded the Navy Cross for his action. It is generally thought that destroyer took off survivors from "Chikuma", and then scuttled her at in the late morning of October 25, 1944, but a more recent study suggests "Chikuma" sank from the effect of the air attack, and "Nowaki" arrived only in time to pick up survivors from the water.


title: Battle off Samar

text: While withdrawing from the battle area, "Nowaki" was herself sunk, with the loss of all but one of "Chikuma"s surviving crewmen.


title: Battle off Samar

text: The heavy cruiser , which had also engaged the carriers, received fatal damage from the air, although not hit directly. Early in the battle, she was attacked by ten Avengers from Taffy 3. A near-miss close astern to port by an HE bomb from one of the TBMs carried away one of "Suzuya"s propellers, reducing her maximum speed to 20 knots. At 10:50, she was attacked by 30 more carrier aircraft. Another near miss by a bomb, this time starboard amidships, detonated a Long Lance torpedo loaded in one of her starboard tube mounts. The fires started by the explosion soon propagated to other torpedoes nearby and beyond, the subsequent explosions damaging one of the boilers and the starboard engine rooms. Abandon ship was ordered at 11:50, none too soon, as the fires set off the remaining torpedoes and her main magazines ten minutes later. "Suzuya" rolled over and sank at 13:22. 401 officers and crew were rescued by destroyer , followed by further rescues by American ships.


title: Battle off Samar

text: Although Kurita's battleships had not been seriously damaged, the air and destroyer attacks had broken up his formations, and he had lost tactical control. His flagship "Yamato" had been forced to turn north in order to avoid torpedoes, causing him to lose contact with much of his task force. The determined, concentrated sea and air attack from Taffy 3 had already sunk or crippled the heavy cruisers "Chōkai", "Kumano", and "Chikuma", which seemed to confirm to the Japanese that they were engaging major fleet units rather than escort carriers and destroyers. Kurita was at first not aware that Halsey had already taken the bait and that his battleships and carriers were far out of range. The ferocity of the renewed air attacks further contributed to his confusion and reinforced his suspicion that Halsey's aircraft carriers were nearby. Signals from Ozawa eventually convinced Kurita that he was not currently engaged with the entirety of Third fleet, and that the remaining elements of Halsey's forces might close in and destroy him if he lingered too long in the area.


title: Battle off Samar

text: Finally, Kurita received word that the Southern Force that he was to meet had been destroyed the previous night. Calculating that the fight was not worth further losses and believing he had already sunk or damaged several American carriers, Kurita broke off the engagement at 09:20 with the order: "all ships, my course north, speed 20." He set a course for Leyte Gulf but became distracted by reports of another American carrier group to the north. Preferring to expend his ships against capital ships, rather than transports, he turned north after the non-existent enemy fleet and ultimately withdrew back through the San Bernardino Strait.


title: Battle off Samar

text: As he retreated north and then west through the San Bernardino Strait, the smaller and heavily damaged American force continued to press the battle. While watching the Japanese retreat, Admiral Sprague heard a nearby sailor exclaim, "Damn it, boys, they're getting away!"


title: Battle off Samar

text: Shortly after 08:00, desperate messages calling for assistance began to come in from Seventh Fleet. One from Vice Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid, sent in plain language, read, "My situation is critical. Fast battleships and support by airstrikes may be able to keep enemy from destroying CVEs and entering Leyte."


title: Battle off Samar

text: At 09:07, Kinkaid broadcast what his mismatched fleet was up against: "4 Battleships, 8 Cruisers Attack Our Escort Carriers".


title: Battle off Samar

text: Halsey was infuriated since he did not recognize the final phrase as padding, possibly chosen for the 90th anniversary of the Charge of the Light Brigade. He threw his hat to the deck and began to curse.


title: Battle off Samar

text: Halsey sent Task Group 38.1 (TG 38.1), commanded by Vice Admiral John S. McCain, to assist. Halsey recalled that he did not receive the vital message from Kinkaid until around 10:00 and later claimed that he had known that Kinkaid was in trouble but had not dreamed of the seriousness of the crisis. McCain, by contrast, had monitored Sprague's messages and turned TG 38.1 to aid Sprague even before Halsey's orders arrived (after prodding from Nimitz), putting Halsey's defense in question.


title: Battle off Samar

text: McCain raced toward the battle and briefly turned into the wind to recover returning planes. At 10:30, a force of Helldivers, Avengers, and Hellcats was launched from , , and at the extreme range of . Although the attack did little damage, it strengthened Kurita's decision to retire.


title: Battle off Samar

text: At 11:15, more than two hours after the first distress messages had been received by his flagship, Halsey ordered TF 34 to turn around and head south to pursue Kurita, but the Japanese forces had already escaped.


title: Battle off Samar

text: Just hours after his perceived chastisement by Nimitz, Halsey's forces destroyed all four enemy aircraft carriers he had pursued. However, despite the complete absence of Third Fleet against the main Japanese force, the desperate efforts of Taffy 3 and assisting task forces had driven back the Japanese. A relieved Halsey sent the following message to Nimitz, Kinkaid and General Douglas MacArthur at 12:26: "It can be announced with assurance that the Japanese Navy has been beaten, routed and broken by the Third and Seventh Fleets."


title: Battle off Samar

text: Partly as a result of disastrous communication errors within Seventh Fleet and a reluctance to expose search ships to submarine attack, a very large number of survivors from Taffy 3, including those from "Gambier Bay", "Hoel", "Johnston", and "Roberts", were not rescued until October 27, after two days adrift. A plane had spotted the survivors, but the location radioed back was incorrect. By then, many had died as a result of exposure, thirst and shark attacks. Finally, when a Landing Craft Infantry of Task Group 78.12 arrived, its captain used what is almost a standard method of distinguishing friend from foe, asking a topical question about a national sport, as one survivor, Jack Yusen, relates:


title: Battle off Samar

text: We saw this ship come up, it was circling around us, and a guy was standing up on the bridge with a megaphone. And he called out 'Who are you? Who are you?' and we all yelled out 'Samuel B. Roberts!' He's still circling, so now we're cursing at him. He came back and yelled 'Who won the World Series?' and we all yelled 'St. Louis Cardinals!' And then we could hear the engines stop, and cargo nets were thrown over the side. That's how we were rescued.


title: Battle off Samar

text: The Japanese had succeeded in luring Halsey's Third Fleet away from its role of covering the invasion fleet, but the remaining light forces proved to be a very considerable obstacle. The force that Halsey had unwittingly left behind carried about 450 aircraft, comparable to the forces of five fleet carriers, though of less powerful types, and not armed for attacks on armored ships. The ships themselves, though slow and almost unarmed, in the confusion of battle and aided by weather and smokescreens mostly survived. Their aircraft, though not appropriately armed, sank and damaged several ships, and did much to confuse and harass the Center Force.


title: Battle off Samar

text: The breakdown in Japanese communications left Kurita unaware of the opportunity that Ozawa's decoy plan had offered him. Kurita's mishandling of his forces during the surface engagement further compounded his losses. Despite Halsey's failure to protect the northern flank of the Seventh Fleet, Taffy 3 and assisting aircraft turned back the most powerful surface fleet Japan had sent to sea since the Battle of Midway. Domination of the skies, prudent and timely maneuvers by the U.S. ships, tactical errors by the Japanese admiral, and superior American radar technology, gunnery and seamanship all contributed to this outcome.


title: Battle off Samar

text: In the engagement, the Japanese had numerous large-caliber battleship and cruiser main guns with much more range and power than the Americans, but the Japanese guns lacked a blind fire capability and were thwarted by rain squalls and by smoke laid by screening American destroyers. Japanese fire control systems manually computing solutions for targets on a constant course were fighting American destroyers that would constantly alter course. The Japanese visual-aiming system produced "bracketing" shots; American ships' crews would rapidly maneuver to avoid following accurate shots, while still able to fire accurately due to the MK-37 radar-directed fire control system and its computer, and to their faster reloading. "Samuel B. Roberts" and "Heermann" devastated the superstructure of cruiser "Chikuma".


title: Battle off Samar

text: In addition, the accurate U.S. and 40 mm anti-aircraft fire directed by radar and computer control shot down several "kamikaze"s, and the lack of comparable systems made the Japanese ships vulnerable to American fliers. Lastly, the attacking Japanese force initially used armor-piercing shells which were largely ineffective against unarmored ships as they passed right through without exploding; American destroyers and destroyer escorts were engineered with enough redundancy to survive dozens of such hits.


title: Battle off Samar

text: The American escort carriers landed hits when the large Japanese ships, which could not maneuver while firing, came within range of guns as small as the carrier-mounted guns.


title: Battle off Samar

text: In summary, the Japanese had built the largest battleships, but the fleet was largely unrefined and had numerous technical limitations and weaknesses, and the commanding officers made mistakes and failed to take into account their weaknesses or to make the best use of their strengths. The American Navy had superior technology and, while the commanding officers made some mistakes, they were limited, and the Americans had sufficient numbers of all types of ships and weapons to compensate for the mistakes.


title: Battle off Samar

text: It may be argued that of all of the battles in the Pacific War, Samar best demonstrates the effectiveness of air attack and destroyer-launched torpedoes against larger surface vessels. Japanese tactics were cautious, in the belief that they were fighting a much more powerful force.


title: Battle off Samar

text: Clifton Sprague's task unit lost two escort carriers: "Gambier Bay", to surface attack and "St. Lo", to "kamikaze" attack. Of the seven screening ships, fewer than half, two destroyers ("Hoel" and "Johnston") and a destroyer escort ("Samuel B. Roberts"), were lost, as were several aircraft. The other four U.S. destroyers and escorts were damaged. Though it was such a small task unit, over 1,500 Americans died, comparable to the losses suffered at the Allied defeat of the Battle of Savo Island off Guadalcanal, when four cruisers were sunk. It was also comparable to the combined losses of the 543 men and 3 ships at the Battle of the Coral Sea, and 307 men and 2 ships at the Battle of Midway.


title: Battle off Samar

text: On the other side of the balance sheet, the Japanese lost three heavy cruisers, and a fourth limped back to base seriously damaged, having lost its bow. All of Kurita's battleships except "Yamato" suffered considerable damage, all of the other heavy ships stayed inactive in their bases, and the Japanese Navy, as a whole, had been rendered ineffective for the remainder of the war. Of the six U.S. ships, totaling , lost during Leyte Gulf operations, five were from Taffy 3. The Japanese lost 26 ships, totaling , in Leyte Gulf combat.


title: Battle off Samar

text: The battle took place in the very deep water above the Philippine Trench, with most sinkings in waters over deep. Wreckage that has been found includes IJN "Chōkai" at nearly , and the deepest wreck surveyed , USS "Johnston" at . In 2022 the USS "Samuel B. Roberts" was discovered at a depth of .


title: Battle off Samar

text: Halsey was criticized for his decision to take TF 34 north in pursuit of Ozawa and for failing to detach it when Kinkaid first appealed for help. A piece of U.S. Navy slang for Halsey's actions is "Bull's Run," a phrase combining Halsey's newspaper nickname "Bull" (in the U.S. Navy, the nickname "Bull" was used primarily by enlisted men, and Halsey's friends and fellow officers called him "Bill") with an allusion to the Battle of Bull Run in the American Civil War.


title: Battle off Samar

text: Halsey also said that he had feared that leaving TF 34 to defend the strait without carrier support would have left it vulnerable to attack from land-based aircraft and leaving one of the fast carrier groups behind to cover the battleships would have significantly reduced the concentration of air power going north to strike Ozawa.


title: Battle off Samar

text: Morison writes in a footnote, "Admiral Lee, however, said after the battle that he would have been only too glad to have been ordered to cover San Bernardino Strait without air cover." If Halsey had been in proper communication with Seventh Fleet, the escort carriers of TF 77 could have provided adequate air cover for TF 34, a much easier matter than it would be for those escort carriers to defend themselves against the onslaught of Kurita's heavy ships.


title: Battle off Samar

text: It may be argued that the fact that Halsey was aboard one of the battleships and "would have had to remain behind" with TF 34 while the bulk of his fleet charged northwards to attack the Japanese carriers may have contributed to that decision. However, it would have been perfectly feasible and logical to have taken one or both of Third Fleet's two fastest battleships, "Iowa" and "New Jersey", with the carriers in the pursuit of Ozawa, while leaving the rest of the Battle Line off San Bernardino Strait. (Indeed, Halsey's original plan for the composition of TF 34 was that it would contain only four, not all six, of the Third Fleet's battleships.) Therefore, to guard San Bernardino Strait with a powerful battleship force would have been compatible with Halsey's personally going north aboard the "New Jersey".


title: Battle off Samar

text: It seems likely that Halsey was strongly influenced by his chief of staff, Rear Admiral Robert "Mick" Carney, who was also wholeheartedly in favor of taking all Third Fleet's available forces northwards to attack the Japanese carrier force.


title: Battle off Samar

text: Clifton Sprague, the commander of Task Unit 77.4.3 in the battle off Samar, was later bitterly critical of Halsey's decision and of his failure to inform Kinkaid and the Seventh Fleet clearly that their northern flank was no longer protected:


title: Battle off Samar

text: Regarding Halsey's failure to turn TF 34 southwards when Seventh Fleet's first calls for assistance off Samar were received, Morison writes:


title: Battle off Samar

text: Morison also observes, "The mighty gunfire of the Third Fleet's Battle Line, greater than that of the whole Japanese Navy, was never brought into action except to finish off one or two crippled light ships." Perhaps the most telling comment was made laconically by Vice Admiral Willis Augustus Lee in his action report as the Commander of TF 34: "No battle damage was incurred, nor inflicted on the enemy by vessels while operating as Task Force Thirty-Four."


title: Battle off Samar

text: In his master's thesis submitted at the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, Lieutenant Commander Kent Coleman argues that the division of command hierarchies of the Third Fleet, under Halsey reporting to Admiral Nimitz, and Seventh Fleet, under Vice Admiral Kinkaid reporting to General MacArthur, was the primary contributor to the near-success of Kurita's attack. Coleman concludes that "the divided U.S. naval chain of command amplified problems in communication and coordination between Halsey and Kinkaid. This divided command was more important in determining the course of the battle than the tactical decision made by Halsey and led to an American disunity of effort that nearly allowed Kurita’s mission to succeed."


title: Battle off Samar

text: For extraordinary heroism in action against powerful units of the Japanese Fleet during the Battle off Samar, Philippines, October 25, 1944. ... the gallant ships of the Task Unit waged battle fiercely against the superior speed and fire power of the advancing enemy, ... two of the Unit's valiant destroyers and one destroyer escort charged the battleships point-blank and, expending their last torpedoes in desperate defense of the entire group, went down under the enemy's heavy shells as a climax to two and one half hours of sustained and furious combat. The courageous determination and the superb teamwork of the officers and men who fought the embarked planes and who manned the ships of Task Unit 77.4.3 were instrumental in effecting the retirement of a hostile force threatening our Leyte invasion operations and were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.


title: Battle off Samar

text: A number of ships were named after participants and ships from that battle, including , , , and , and . When struck a mine in 1988, her crew touched a plaque commemorating the original crew as they struggled to save the ship.


title: Battle off Samar

text: While the battle is frequently included in historical accounts of the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the duels between the destroyer and destroyer escorts and "Yamato" and the Japanese force were the subject of a "Dogfights" television episode, "Death of the Japanese Navy". That episode, as well as a History Channel documentary, was based on "The Last Stand of the Tin Can Sailors", written by James D. Hornfischer. There was also an episode of Ultimate Warfare on American Heroes Channel called Courage at Sea.


title: Battle off Samar

text: The survivors formed associations which still meet annually, and raised funds to build memorials in San Diego near the current location of the Museum, which contains a model of "Gambier Bay".


title: Chaim Topol

text: Chaim Topol (; born September 9, 1935), also spelled Haym Topol, mononymously known as Topol, is an Israeli actor, comedian, singer, film producer, author, and illustrator. He is best known for his portrayal of Tevye the Dairyman, the lead role in the musical "Fiddler on the Roof", on both stage and screen, having performed this role more than 3,500 times in shows and revivals from the late 1960s through 2009.


title: Chaim Topol

text: Topol began his acting career during his Israeli army service in the Nahal entertainment troupe, and later toured Israel with kibbutz theatre and satirical theatre companies. He was a co-founder of the Haifa Theatre. His breakthrough film role came in 1964 as the title character in "Sallah Shabati", by Israeli writer Ephraim Kishon, for which he won a Golden Globe for Most Promising Newcomer—Male. Topol went on to appear in more than 30 films in Israel and the United States, including "Galileo" (1975), "Flash Gordon" (1980) and "For Your Eyes Only" (1981). He was described as Israel's only internationally recognized entertainer from the 1960s through the 1980s. He won a Golden Globe for Best Actor and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for his 1971 film portrayal of Tevye, and was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Actor for a 1991 Broadway revival of "Fiddler on the Roof".


title: Chaim Topol

text: He is a founder of Variety Israel, an organization serving children with special needs, and Jordan River Village, a year-round camp for Arab and Jewish children with life-threatening illnesses, for which he serves as chairman of the board. In 2015 he was awarded the Israel Prize for lifetime achievement.


title: Chaim Topol

text: Topol was born on September 9, 1935, in Tel Aviv, in what was then Mandatory Palestine (now Israel). His father, Jacob Topol, was Russian and in the early 1930s immigrated to Mandatory Palestine, where he worked as a plasterer; he also served in the Haganah paramilitary organization. His mother, Imrela "Rel" (née Goldman) Topol, was a seamstress.


title: Chaim Topol

text: Both of Topol's parents had been involved in the Betar Zionist youth movement before immigrating. His father had Hasidic roots, with a mother coming from a family of Gerrer Hasidim, while his father came from Aleksander Hasidim.


title: Chaim Topol

text: Chaim and his two younger sisters grew up in the South Tel Aviv working-class neighborhood of Florentin. As a young child, although he wanted to become a commercial artist, his elementary school teacher, the writer Yemima Avidar-Tchernovitz, saw a theatrical side to him, and encouraged him to act in school plays and read stories to the class.


title: Chaim Topol

text: At age 14 he began working as a printer at the "Davar" newspaper while pursuing his high school studies at night. He graduated high school at age 17 and moved to Kibbutz Geva. A year later, he enlisted in the Israeli army and became a member of the Nahal entertainment troupe, singing and acting in traveling shows. He rose in rank to troupe commander.


title: Chaim Topol

text: Twenty-three days after being discharged from military service on October 2, 1956, and two days after marrying Galia Finkelstein, a fellow Nahal troupe member, Topol was called up for reserve duty in the Sinai Campaign. He performed for soldiers stationed in the desert. After the war, he and his wife settled in Kibbutz Mishmar David, where Topol worked as a garage mechanic. Topol assembled a kibbutz theatre company made up of friends from his Nahal troupe; the group toured four days a week, worked on their respective kibbutzim for two days a week, and had one day off. The theatre company was in existence from early 1957 to the mid-1960s. Topol both sang and acted with the group, doing both "loudly".


title: Chaim Topol

text: Between 1960 and 1964, Topol performed with the Batzal Yarok ("Green Onion") satirical theatre company, which also toured Israel. Other members of the group included Uri Zohar, Nechama Hendel, Zaharira Harifai, Arik Einstein, and Oded Kotler. In 1960, Topol co-founded the Haifa Municipal Theatre with Yosef Milo, serving as assistant to the director and acting in plays by Shakespeare, Ionesco, and Brecht. In 1965 he performed in the Cameri Theatre in Tel Aviv.