title: Languages of Canada

text: Some of the Irish immigrants to Newfoundland were native speakers of Irish making Newfoundland the only place outside Europe to have its own Irish dialect. Newfoundland was also the only place outside Europe to have its own distinct name in Irish: "Talamh an Éisc", which means 'land of the fish'. The Irish language is now extinct in Newfoundland.


title: Languages of Canada

text: After 400 years, much of the dialectal differences between the isolated settlements has levelled out beginning in the 20th century when faster boats (using gas engines instead of oars or sails), and improved road connections provided easier social contact. As well, influences from mainland North America began to affect the local dialects beginning during WWII when US and Canadian servicemen were stationed in Newfoundland and accelerating after Newfoundland became a Canadian province in 1949. Lack of an official orthography, publications in dialect, speaker attrition and official disinterest in promoting the language has been contributing factors towards a decline of speakers of the older, traditional Newfoundland English in the original settlements.


title: Languages of Canada

text: Ottawa Valley Twang is the accent, sometimes referred to as a dialect of English, that is spoken in the Ottawa Valley, in Ontario. The Ottawa Valley is considered to be a linguistic enclave within Ontario.


title: Languages of Canada

text: The language of English-speaking Quebecers generally aligns to Standard Canadian English, however established ethnic groups retain certain, distinctive lexical features, such as the dialects spoken by Mohawk, Cree, Inuit, Irish, Jewish, Italian, and Greek communities. Isolated fishing villages on the Basse-Côte-Nord speak Newfoundland English, and many Gaspesian English-speakers use Maritime English.


title: Languages of Canada

text: Canadian Gaelic was spoken by many immigrants who settled in Glengarry County (Ontario) and the Maritimes—predominantly in New Brunswick's Restigouche River valley, central and southeastern Prince Edward Island, and across the whole of northern Nova Scotia—particularly Cape Breton. While the Canadian Gaelic dialect has mostly disappeared, regional pockets persist. These are mostly centred on families deeply committed to their Celtic traditions. Nova Scotia currently has 500–1,000 fluent speakers, mostly in northwestern Cape Breton. There have been attempts in Nova Scotia to institute Gaelic immersion on the model of French immersion. As well, formal post-secondary studies in Gaelic language and culture are available through St. Francis Xavier University, Saint Mary's University, and Cape Breton University


title: Languages of Canada

text: In 1890, a private member's bill was tabled in the Canadian Senate, calling for Gaelic to be made Canada's third official language. However, the bill was defeated 42–7.


title: Languages of Canada

text: Newfoundland is home to the largest population of Irish-descendants in Canada and once hosted a thriving Irish Gaelic linguistic community. Although steep declines around the 20th century meant that the Irish language on the Island hardly remains, there exists today strong interest with consistent efforts to revive the language.


title: Languages of Canada

text: Newfoundland Irish has left an impact on the English spoken on the Island, including terms like "scrob" "scratch" (Irish ), "sleveen" "rascal" (Irish ) and "streel" "slovenly person" (Irish ), along with grammatical features like the "after" perfect as in "she's already after leavin (Irish ). As well, both Newfoundland ("Talamh an Éisc", "Land of the Fish") and St. John's ("Baile Sheáin") have distinct names in the Irish-language. The dialect of Irish spoken in Newfoundland is said to resemble the Munster Irish of the 18th century.


title: Languages of Canada

text: Events and institutions are increasingly supporting the language with ever larger Céilithe móra, students participating in Conradh na Gaeilge events, people playing Gaelic sports, and Irish film festivals attracting English- and Irish-speakers alike. There is also an Irish language instructor, appointed every year by the Ireland Canada University Foundation, who works at Memorial University in St. John's, where the university's Digital Learning Centre provides resources for learning the Irish language.


title: Languages of Canada

text: Some Welsh is found in Newfoundland. In part, this is as a result of Welsh settlement since the 17th century. Also, there was an influx of about 1,000 Patagonian Welsh, who migrated to Canada from Argentina after the 1982 Falklands War. Welsh-Argentines are fluent in Spanish as well as English and Welsh.


title: Languages of Canada

text: Canada is also home to Canadian Ukrainian, a distinct dialect of the Ukrainian language, spoken mostly in Western Canada by the descendants of first two waves of Ukrainian settlement in Canada who developed in a degree of isolation from their cousins in what was then Austria-Hungary, the Russian Empire, Poland, and the Soviet Union.


title: Languages of Canada

text: Canada's Doukhobor community, especially in Grand Forks and Castlegar, British Columbia, has kept its distinct dialect of Russian. It has a lot in common with South Russian dialects, showing some common features with Ukrainian. This dialect's versions are becoming extinct in their home regions of Georgia and Russia where the Doukhobors have split into smaller groups.


title: Languages of Canada

text: A variety of West Central German spoken by the Old Order Amish, Old Order Mennonites and other descendants of German immigrants in Canada, Pennsylvania Dutch or Deitsch is closely related to the Palatine dialects of the Upper Rhine Valley. Of the estimated 300,000 speakers, most are found across several US states, whilst there is a sizable community within Ontario.


title: Languages of Canada

text: Centred in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba, the Hutterite communities maintain a distinct form of the German language descended from Bavarian dialects spoken in Tyrol (by founder Jacob Hutter). The language shifted in the mid-18th century toward a more Carinthian linguistic base upon the deportation of Landler from Austria to Transylvania. There is only about a 50% intelligibility between Pennsylvania Dutch speakers and Hutterisch. Its speaker base belongs to the "Schmiedleit", "Lehrerleit", and "Dariusleit" groups with a few speakers among the older generations of "Prairieleit" (the descendants of those Hutterites who chose not to settle in colonies). Hutterite children who grow up in the colonies first learn and speak Hutterisch before learning English. Of the estimated 34,000 speakers in the world (as of 2003), 85% of them live in 370 communities in Canada. Canadian adults are generally literate in Early New High German (also called "Biblical German", the predecessor to Standard German used by Martin Luther) that they employ as the written form for Scriptures, however Hutterisch is, for the most part, an unwritten language.


title: Languages of Canada

text: Plautdietsch is predominantly found in Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Ontario where Mennonite communities settled. The Mennonites, or Russian Mennonites as they are sometimes called, descend from Low country Anabaptists who fled from what is today the Netherlands and Belgium in the 16th century to escape persecution and resettled in the Vistula delta. Their language is a fusion of Dutch, West Frisian and Dutch Low Saxon dialects which over time mixed with the East Low German dialects of Werdersch, Nehrungisch and Weichselisch.


title: Languages of Canada

text: English and French have equal status in federal courts, Parliament of Canada, and in all federal institutions.


title: Languages of Canada

text: The public has the right, where there is sufficient demand, to receive federal government services in either English or French. Immigrants who are applying for Canadian citizenship must normally be able to speak either English or French.


title: Languages of Canada

text: The principles of bilingualism in Canada are protected in sections 16 to 23 of the "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms" of 1982 which establishes that:


title: Languages of Canada

text: Canada's "Official Languages Act," first adopted in 1969 and updated in 1988, gives English and French equal status throughout federal institutions.


title: Languages of Canada

text: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Canada's three territories have all given official status to more than one language. In the case of New Brunswick, this means perfect equality. In the other cases, the recognition sometimes amounts to a formal recognition of official languages, but limited services in official languages other than English.


title: Languages of Canada

text: Until 1969, Quebec was the only officially bilingual province in Canada and most public institutions functioned in both languages. English was also used in the legislature, government commissions and courts. With the adoption of the "Charter of the French Language" (also known as "Bill 101") by Quebec's National Assembly in August 1977, however, French became Quebec's sole official language. However, the "Charter of the French Language" enumerates a defined set of language rights for the English language and for Aboriginal languages, and government services are available, to certain citizens and in certain regions, in English. As well, a series of court decisions have forced the Quebec government to increase its English-language services beyond those provided for under the original terms of the "Charter of the French Language". Regional institutions in the Nunavik region of northern Quebec offer services in Inuktitut and Cree.


title: Languages of Canada

text: Most provinces have laws that make either English or both English and French the official language(s) of the legislature and the courts but may also have separate policies in regards to education and the bureaucracy.


title: Languages of Canada

text: For example, in Alberta, English and French are both official languages of debate in the Legislative Assembly, but laws may be drafted solely in English and there is no legal requirement that they be translated into French. French can be used in some lower courts and education is offered in both languages, but the bureaucracy functions almost solely in English. Therefore, although Alberta is not officially an English-only province, English has a higher "de facto" status than French. Ontario and Manitoba are similar but allow for more services in French at the local level.


title: Languages of Canada

text: The following table details the population of each province and territory, with summary national totals, by mother tongue as reported in the Canada 2016 Census.


title: Languages of Canada

text: Source: Statistics Canada, "Mother tongue by age (Total), 2016 counts for the population excluding institutional residents of Canada, provinces and territories, 2016 Census ".


title: Languages of Canada

text: The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses, and first appeared on the 1991 Canadian census. The following figures are from the 1991 Canadian census, 2001 Canadian census, 2011 Canadian census, and the 2021 Canadian census.


title: Debra Wilson

text: Debra Wilson, also known as Debra Wilson Skelton or Debra Skelton, is an American actress and comedian. She is known for being the longest-serving original cast member on the sketch comedy series "Mad TV", having appeared on the show's first eight seasons from 1995 to 2003. As a voice actress, she has voiced various characters on television, including Ramaraffe on "" (2019–present), Grandma Shark on "Baby Shark's Big Show!" (2020–present), and Kira on "Dogs in Space" (2021–present). She has voiced multiple characters on series such as "Black Dynamite" (2012–2015), "All Hail King Julien" (2014–2016), and "Spitting Image" (2020–2022). She also starred in the films "The Summerland Project" (2016) and "Bodied" (2017).


title: Debra Wilson

text: Wilson has had lead voice roles in video games such as Rebecca Thane in "Mirror's Edge Catalyst" (2016), Amanda Waller in "" (2017–2018) and "" (2023), Grace Walker in the "Wolfenstein" series (2017–2019), General Lyons in "" (2019), Sophia Akande in "The Outer Worlds" (2019), Cere Junda in "" (2019), Kit in "" (2021), Savathûn in "Destiny 2" (2021–2022), Harbinger in "Halo Infinite" (2021), Renata Glasc in "League of Legends" (2022–present).


title: Debra Wilson

text: In 2022, Wilson became the sixth official voice of Daisy Duck, making her the first African-American performer of the character.


title: Debra Wilson

text: Wilson was born and raised in New York City, in the neighborhood of Ozone Park, Queens, and attended the New York City High School of the Performing Arts. After graduation, she studied television and radio broadcasting at Syracuse University. She worked as a preschool teacher during the 1980s for the All Saints Church, in Sunnyside, Queens.


title: Debra Wilson

text: Wilson made her television acting debut on "The Apollo Comedy Hour" and "The Uptown Comedy Club", where she became a series regular. She also co-hosted "Can We Shop?" with Joan Rivers. She continued her work in television working as a spokesperson for Burger King, and guest starring in "New York Undercover".


title: Debra Wilson

text: Wilson was one of the original eight cast members of "Mad TV" when the series aired in 1995. Wilson came to the show with a background in sketch comedy, improv and television.


title: Debra Wilson

text: Wilson was credited for creating some of the most popular recurring characters on the show. Among her characters were Latina bimbo Melina ("Lida and Melina"), "Reality Check"'s Tovah McQueen, "Stick Chick" Autumn, Kappa Kappa Kappa sorority sister Hayden Brooks, Alexis Dubane ("Prehistoric Glamazon Huntresses"), blaxploitation actress Cocoa Latette ("Son of Dolemite"), Lowered Expectations Host and Ms. Not Nice ("Jenny Jones"). Perhaps her best known character was the fast talking "Black American Princess" Bunifa Latifah Halifah Sharifa Jackson.


title: Debra Wilson

text: Her most recognized impressions on the show were of Oprah Winfrey and Whitney Houston. Her Oprah impersonation is so well regarded that in fact she has played Oprah or Oprah-like characters in other media, most notably "Scary Movie 4" and "The Proud Family". She also regularly portrayed Beyoncé Knowles, Mariah Carey, Lil' Kim, and Chris Tucker.


title: Debra Wilson

text: Since her debut on "MADtv", Wilson has done voice acting on episodes on numerous television shows, landing some recurring roles on such shows as "Clone High", "Family Guy", and did puppeteer work on "The Mr. Potato Head Show". She voiced Captain Lisa Cusak in the "" episode "The Sound of Her Voice".


title: Debra Wilson

text: Wilson has made numerous independent films, including "Naked Angel", "Jane White Is Sick and Twisted", "Skin Deep", and "Soulmates". She was also in an episode of "Without a Trace" as a doctor, and appeared three times as a working girl, Divine, in episodes of "".


title: Debra Wilson

text: She and Sullivan have done commercials for Pepsi's Sierra Mist. She appeared as herself on the February 15, 1999, episode of "WCW Monday Nitro" accompanying "MADtv" castmate Will Sasso in his professional wrestling match against Bret Hart. She also appeared on the UK "Whose Line Is It Anyway?" – Season 10, Episode 9.


title: Debra Wilson

text: She was the co-host of TV Guide Channel's "TV Watercooler" with John Fugelsang, until she was replaced by Teresa Strasser in October 2006. She was also a co-host on "GSN Live" until she left in January 2010.


title: Debra Wilson

text: Wilson is currently the announcer of the revival of the NBC game show "Weakest Link" hosted by Jane Lynch.


title: Debra Wilson

text: In July 2022, Nickelodeon announced that Wilson would voice the character Headless Headmistress Bloodgood in the 2022 animated reboot series "Monster High".


title: Debra Wilson

text: Wilson performed off-Broadway with the improvisational comedy troupe Noo Yawk Tawk directed by Richmond Shepard at The Village Gate Theater (1988–1991).


title: Debra Wilson

text: Wilson has voiced many video game characters, such as her role as Grace Walker in "" and her role as Cere Junda in "". She also appeared in "" as General Lyons. Her other video game voice work includes "The Outer Worlds", "Gears 5", "", "Rage 2", "Days Gone" and "Far Cry New Dawn". She is the voice of Draka in "". She is the voice of Savathûn in "Destiny 2" and the Harbinger in "Halo Infinite".


title: Debra Wilson

text: Wilson married writer and director Cliff Skelton in April 2006. They separated in 2010 citing irreconcilable differences.


title: Beth Ostrosky Stern

text: Beth Ostrosky Stern (born July 15, 1972) is an American actress, author, model, and animal-rights activist.


title: Beth Ostrosky Stern

text: Stern was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Her mother, Judy (), is a former model and her father, Robert Ostrosky, is a dentist. Stern was raised Roman Catholic. She has two brothers.


title: Beth Ostrosky Stern

text: Stern attended Fox Chapel High School in suburban Fox Chapel, Pennsylvania, and took classes for three years at the University of Pittsburgh before leaving to pursue a modeling career in New York City.


title: Beth Ostrosky Stern

text: Stern received her first noticeable role as one of the daughters of Ben Stiller's supposed birth parents in the 1996 film "Flirting with Disaster". She played a more prominent role four years later in the film "Whipped", with Amanda Peet. Stern has also appeared on television, appearing in the final season of G4 show "Filter", and the Spike TV series "Casino Cinema".


title: Beth Ostrosky Stern

text: She has appeared in her own line of calendars, as well as on the covers of several magazines, including three times on "FHM". Votes from the readers of "For Him Magazine" (""FHM"") placed Stern among "FHM"'s "100 Sexiest Women of the Year" in 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2007( #76). AskMen.com placed Stern 96th in its list of the Most Desirable Women for 2007.


title: Beth Ostrosky Stern

text: In 2010, Stern authored "Oh My Dog: How to Choose, Train, Groom, Nurture, Feed, and Care for Your New Best Friend", which reached #5 on "The New York Times Best Seller list" of paperback advice books. In 2014, she wrote the children's book "Yoda: The Story of a Cat and his Kittens", which tells the story of a Persian cat with a heart condition that she and her husband adopted. She released a sequel, "Yoda Gets a Buddy", the following year. Proceeds from both books went to support Bianca's Furry Friends, a 14,000-square-foot, cage-free animal shelter at the North Shore Animal League, named after the couple's deceased bulldog.


title: Beth Ostrosky Stern

text: Stern hosted the short-lived National Geographic reality television show "Spoiled Rotten Pets" in 2013. Later that year, she was named as the host of the first annual Kitten Bowl, a Super Bowl counterprogramming special on the Hallmark Channel which, , has continued to air annually with Stern as a cast member.


title: Beth Ostrosky Stern

text: Radio personality Howard Stern, who is 18 years her senior, proposed to Beth on February 13, 2007, after 7 years of dating. The couple married at Le Cirque restaurant in New York City on October 3, 2008, in a ceremony officiated by actor Mark Consuelos. , the Sterns primarily reside in the Town of Southampton on Long Island, though they also own homes in Manhattan and in Palm Beach, Florida.


title: Beth Ostrosky Stern

text: Beth Stern maintains dedicated "foster rooms" in all three of her residences for cats and kittens in need of permanent homes, a project she began in 2013. That same year, she launched a personal Instagram account which soon became focused on the animals in her care. , it has more than half a million followers and has helped Stern to facilitate roughly adoptions.


title: Survivor Series (2021)

text: The 2021 Survivor Series was the 35th annual Survivor Series professional wrestling pay-per-view and livestreaming event produced by WWE. It was held for wrestlers from the promotion's Raw and SmackDown brand divisions. The event took place on November 21, 2021, at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York, and was the first Survivor Series to air on the livestreaming service Peacock. The theme of the event was brand supremacy and featured wrestlers from the two brands against each other; this was the final Survivor Series to carry the brand supremacy theme. This was also the final Survivor Series event to take place before Vince McMahon, who served as CEO and Chairman of the company since 1982, announced his retirement in July 2022.


title: Survivor Series (2021)

text: Seven matches were contested at the event, including one on the Kickoff pre-show. The card was highlighted by two traditional Survivor Series elimination matches: Raw's men's and women's teams were victorious over SmackDown's. In the main event match, SmackDown's Universal Champion Roman Reigns defeated Raw's WWE Champion Big E. In other prominent matches, Raw Tag Team Champions RK-Bro (Randy Orton and Riddle) defeated SmackDown Tag Team Champions The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso), and in the opening bout, Raw Women's Champion Becky Lynch defeated SmackDown Women's Champion Charlotte Flair. The event also commemorated the 25th anniversary of The Rock's WWE debut at the 1996 Survivor Series where a 25-man dual-branded battle royal took place in honor of the occasion; Raw's Omos won by last eliminating SmackDown's Ricochet. Raw won brand supremacy by winning five of the seven matches, only excluding the pre-show and main event matches. The event also had a promotional tie-in with the Netflix film, "Red Notice", which stars The Rock.


title: Survivor Series (2021)

text: Survivor Series is an annual gimmick pay-per-view (PPV) and WWE Network event, produced every November by WWE since 1987. The second longest running pay-per-view event in history (behind WWE's WrestleMania), it is one of the promotion's original four pay-per-views, along with WrestleMania, SummerSlam, and Royal Rumble, originally referred to as the "Big Four", and as of August 2021, it is considered one of the "Big Five", along with Money in the Bank. The event is traditionally characterized by having Survivor Series matches, which are tag team elimination matches that typically features teams of four or five wrestlers against each other. The 2021 event was the 35th event under the Survivor Series chronology and was scheduled to be held on November 21, 2021, at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York. It was also the first Survivor Series to air on Peacock after the American version of the WWE Network merged under Peacock in March.


title: Survivor Series (2021)

text: Since WWE reintroduced the brand split in July 2016, Survivor Series has also centered around competition between wrestlers from Raw and SmackDown for brand supremacy. In addition to traditional Survivor Series matches between the brands, the champions of Raw face their SmackDown counterparts in non-title matches, which began at the 2017 event. The 2021 Survivor Series featured Raw's WWE Champion against SmackDown's Universal Champion, the Raw Women's Champion against the SmackDown Women's Champion, Raw's United States Champion against SmackDown's Intercontinental Champion, and the Raw Tag Team Champions against the SmackDown Tag Team Champions. The 2019 event had also featured the NXT brand - being elevated to third main brand status with its debut on USA - involved in the competition, making all brand supremacy matches triple threats. NXT was removed from the 2020 event due to COVID-19-related issues, and in September 2021 was repositioned to its previous status as the developmental brand for the main roster under the "NXT 2.0" banner.


title: Survivor Series (2021)

text: The event comprised seven matches, including one on the Kickoff pre-show. The matches resulted from scripted storylines, where wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Results were predetermined by WWE's writers on the Raw and SmackDown brands, while storylines were produced on WWE's weekly television shows, "Monday Night Raw" and "Friday Night SmackDown."


title: Survivor Series (2021)

text: On November 6, WWE revealed both Raw and SmackDown's team members for the men's Survivor Series match. Team Raw's members were announced to be Seth Rollins, Finn Bálor, Kevin Owens, Rey Mysterio, and Dominik Mysterio. On the November 8 episode of "Raw", WWE official Adam Pearce noted that every member of Team Raw was a former world champion, except Dominik. In turn, Pearce scheduled Dominik to face Bobby Lashley where the winner would be on the team; Lashley defeated Dominik. After Rey was seemingly injured during a match with Lashley the following week, Pearce removed Rey from Team Raw and replaced him with Austin Theory. For Team SmackDown, its members were announced as Drew McIntyre, Jeff Hardy, King Woods, Sami Zayn, and Happy Corbin. On the November 12 episode of "SmackDown", Hardy defeated Zayn in a match where the loser would be removed from the team. The vacant spot was filled the following week by Sheamus, who defeated Cesaro, Ricochet, and Jinder Mahal in a fatal four-way match to earn the spot.


title: Survivor Series (2021)

text: Also on November 6, WWE revealed both Raw and SmackDown's team members for the women's Survivor Series match. It was announced that Bianca Belair, Liv Morgan, Carmella, Queen Zelina, and one-half of the WWE Women's Tag Team Champions, Rhea Ripley, would represent Team Raw. Team SmackDown's members were revealed to be Sasha Banks, Shayna Baszler, Shotzi, Natalya, and Aliyah. On the November 12 episode of "SmackDown", however, WWE official Sonya Deville removed Aliyah from the match seemingly due to her relationship with Naomi, who had been at odds with Deville. On November 18 via WWE's social media, Deville revealed that Toni Storm would fill Team SmackDown's vacant spot.


title: Survivor Series (2021)

text: To commemorate the 25th anniversary of The Rock's WWE debut at the 1996 Survivor Series, a 25-man dual-branded battle royal was scheduled to take place at the 2021 event.


title: Survivor Series (2021)

text: On the Survivor Series Kickoff pre-show, SmackDown's Intercontinental Champion Shinsuke Nakamura (accompanied by Rick Boogs) faced Raw's United States Champion Damian Priest. Priest controlled the match early while Boogs played his guitar to try and distract Priest. Priest hit the Falcon Arrow for a near-fall. Nakamura countered a Chokeslam with his knee. Priest hit South of Heaven for a nearfall. Priest attempted The Reckoning, but Nakamura countered with an armbar. In the end, Priest broke Boogs' guitar over his knee and hit Boogs over the head before accidentally hitting Nakamura with it and getting himself disqualified, thus Nakamura won, giving SmackDown the first match of the night.


title: Survivor Series (2021)

text: Also during the pre-show, WWE Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Mr. McMahon arrived at the arena holding what he said was a real Cleopatra golden egg, which was part of a promotional tie-in with the Netflix film, "Red Notice", which stars The Rock.


title: Survivor Series (2021)

text: The actual pay-per-view opened with Raw Women's Champion Becky Lynch taking on SmackDown Women's Champion Charlotte Flair. The two started the match by slapping and hair pulling. Flair attempted the Top Rope Moonsault, but Lynch shoved her off the top rope to the floor. Lynch locked in the Dis-Arm-Her, but Flair countered with a Powerbomb. Lynch hit a Legdrop to the back of Flair's neck while she was caught up in the ropes. Lynch attempted her own version of Flair's Figure Four Leglock, but Flair reversed the pressure until Lynch made it to the ropes. Flair hit the Queen's Boot for a nearfall. Lynch hit an Inverted DDT and delivered a Manhandle Slam, but Flair put her foot on the bottom rope to void the pin. Flair hit the Top Rope Moonsault on Lynch outside the ring. Back inside, Flair did a Roll-Up pin, but the referee caught her holding onto the ropes for leverage. Lynch then reversed the pin and used the ropes herself as leverage to win the match, giving Raw its first match of the night.


title: Survivor Series (2021)

text: Next was the men's Survivor Series elimination match where Team Raw (Seth Rollins, Finn Bálor, Kevin Owens, Bobby Lashley, and Austin Theory) took on Team SmackDown (Drew McIntyre, Jeff Hardy, King Woods, Sheamus, and Happy Corbin). At the start, Owens walked out on his team and got eliminated by countout. Corbin was eliminated by Bálor following a Coup de Grace. Woods was eliminated by Lashley as he passed out in the Hurt Lock. Lashley and McIntyre fought outside the ring and both were eliminated by countout. Bálor was eliminated by Sheamus after a Brogue Kick. Sheamus was eliminated by Theory with a Roll-Up. Sheamus attacked Hardy before leaving, but Hardy eliminated Theory after a Swanton Bomb. Hardy hit the Twist of Fate on Rollins, but Rollins got the knees up to block the Swanton Bomb and hit The Stomp on Hardy to win the match as the sole survivor for Team Raw, thus putting the score at 2-1 for Raw.


title: Survivor Series (2021)

text: In a backstage segment, Roman Reigns met with Mr. McMahon in the latter's office. There, McMahon showed Reigns the golden egg that he said was given to him by Reigns' cousin, The Rock, and that it was worth $100 million as it was the real egg and not a prop used in "Red Notice".


title: Survivor Series (2021)

text: After that was the 25-man dual-branded battle royal to celebrate the 25th anniversary of The Rock's WWE debut. Raw's Omos dominated the match by eliminating half of the competitors. His tag team partner AJ Styles stayed outside the ring for most of the match, but was eliminated despite help from Omos. Omos won the match after last eliminating SmackDown's Ricochet, thus giving Raw a 3-1 lead over SmackDown.


title: Survivor Series (2021)

text: The fourth match saw Raw Tag Team Champions RK-Bro (Randy Orton and Riddle) taking on SmackDown Tag Team Champions The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso). This was Orton's 177th match on pay-per-view, breaking a tie with Kane for most pay-per-view matches contested. In the end, Jey hit a Superkick on Riddle. Both Usos hit Double Superkicks on both Orton and Riddle. Jimmy went for the Superfly Splash on Riddle, not knowing that Orton was the legal competitor. Orton caught Jimmy in mid-air with an RKO to win the match, thus putting the score at 4–1 for Raw, clinching brand supremacy for the night.


title: Survivor Series (2021)

text: In another backstage segment, Mr. McMahon, Adam Pearce, and Sonya Deville were talking in McMahon's office when they realized that the golden egg had disappeared. McMahon ordered Deville to call the police and then told Pearce to tell everyone on both the Raw and SmackDown rosters to report to "Raw" the next night as he was going to get to the bottom of it.


title: Survivor Series (2021)

text: The penultimate match was the women's Survivor Series elimination match where Team Raw (Bianca Belair, Rhea Ripley, Liv Morgan, Carmella, and Queen Zelina) took on Team SmackDown (Sasha Banks, Shayna Baszler, Shotzi, Natalya, and Toni Storm). Carmella was eliminated by Storm after a Roll-Up while Carmella was trying to put her protective mask on. Storm then eliminated Zelina by performing the Storm One. Morgan eliminated Storm after hitting an Oblivion on Storm. Morgan was eliminated by Banks after both Banks and Shotzi hit back-to-back Frog Splashes on Morgan. Baszler eliminated Ripley by pinfall after a Knee Strike, leaving Belair at a 4-1 disadvantage. Banks and Shotzi began to argue as Baszler tried to calm things down, but Banks shoved Shotzi into Baszler. Shotzi, Baszler, and Natalya all kept Banks from returning to the ring, resulting in Banks being eliminated by countout. Natalya locked Belair in the Sharpshooter, but Belair kicked Natalya into Baszler and Belair eliminated Natalya with a Roll-Up. Belair eliminated Baszler after a Glam Slam and then pinned Shotzi after the KOD to win the match for Team Raw as the sole survivor, and giving Raw an overall 5-1 lead on the night.


title: Survivor Series (2021)

text: Another backstage segment occurred where interviewer Kayla Braxton informed Roman Reigns' special counsel Paul Heyman that Brock Lesnar's suspension was no longer indefinite.


title: Survivor Series (2021)

text: In the main event, Raw's WWE Champion Big E faced SmackDown's Universal Champion Roman Reigns (accompanied by Paul Heyman). Big E attempted the Apron Splash, but Reigns moved out of the way. Big E locked in a Stretch Muffler, but Reigns escaped. Reigns performed a Rock Bottom on Big E for a nearfall. Reigns hit the Superman Punch twice, but missed a Spear attempt and Big E hit the Spear through the ropes to put Reigns on the floor. Big E attempted a second one, but Reigns countered with the Guillotine submission. Big E countered the submission and hit the Big Ending on Reigns, who got his foot on the bottom rope during the pin. Reigns hit a Spear for a nearfall. On the outside, Big E threw Reigns into the announce table and the barricade, but Reigns reversed another attack and threw Big E into the steel steps. Reigns hit a Superman Punch, and back in the ring, Reigns attacked Big E's injured knee and hit a second Spear on Big E to win the match. Although this gave SmackDown another win, it was only SmackDown's second win for the night, with the final score being Raw 5, SmackDown 2.


title: Survivor Series (2021)

text: The event received mostly negative reviews from critics and fans alike, specifically towards the Survivor Series elimination matches as well as promoting the event as the 25th anniversary of The Rock's WWE debut but without a live appearance or even a pre-recorded message by The Rock himself. The Rock only appeared in archive footage that highlighted his career.


title: Survivor Series (2021)

text: The event was named the "worst major wrestling show" in the 2021 Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards.


title: Survivor Series (2021)

text: The following night on "Raw", Mr. McMahon addressed the entire Raw and SmackDown roster over the stolen Cleopatra Egg, stating that whoever found it would be rewarded with a WWE Championship match. He also threatened to fire Adam Pearce and Sonya Deville if the egg was not found. Sami Zayn revealed to McMahon that it was Austin Theory who stole the egg, and Theory explained that he had just wanted to take a selfie with it. McMahon was first mad at Theory, but then told Theory he showed intestinal fortitude, rewarding him a WWE Championship match against Big E in the main event, much to Zayn's confusion and displeasure. Theory, however, lost the title match. This began a storyline between McMahon and Theory, with Theory becoming McMahon's protégé until McMahon announced his retirement in July 2022.


title: Survivor Series (2021)

text: Also on "Raw", after the aforementioned title match, Big E attacked Kevin Owens and Seth Rollins. The following week, Rollins (who announced that his match against Big E for the WWE Championship would take place at Day 1) attacked Owens during the latter's match against Big E. As a result, Owens was added to the title match, making it a triple threat match. However, it became a Fatal 4-Way match when Bobby Lashley, who recently completed his feud with Rey and Dominik Mysterio, defeated Owens, Rollins, and Big E in a gauntlet match.


title: Survivor Series (2021)

text: After being the sole survivor for her team at Survivor Series, Bianca Belair would start a feud with Doudrop. The rivalry would end on the December 20 episode of "Raw" where Belair was victorious.


title: Survivor Series (2021)

text: On the following episode of "SmackDown", a Black Friday Invitational Battle Royal took place, where the winner would face Roman Reigns for the Universal Championship at a future date. In the end, Jeff Hardy thought he won by last eliminating Happy Corbin, but Sami Zayn, who wasn't officially eliminated, eliminated Hardy to win the match. Immediately afterwards, it was announced that Brock Lesnar's suspension was lifted and he would return the following week. There, he convinced Zayn into cashing in his title shot that night. It was then announced that whoever wins the Zayn vs. Reigns match would face Lesnar at Day 1. Before the match, Lesnar attacked Zayn, which led to Reigns quickly defeating Zayn. As a result, Reigns was scheduled to defend his title against Lesnar at Day 1.


title: Survivor Series (2021)

text: The 2021 Survivor Series would be the final Survivor Series to carry the brand supremacy theme, as on September 19, 2022, WWE executive Triple H announced that the 2022 event would not be based on this concept. He also announced that the 2022 event would feature two WarGames matches, one each for the men and women, marking the first time for a main roster WWE event to feature the match. The 2022 event was in turn renamed as Survivor Series WarGames.


title: Ralph Fiennes on screen and stage

text: Ralph Fiennes is an English actor of stage and screen. He has been nominated for several Academy Awards, and Primetime Emmy Awards. He received a Tony Award in 1995 for his work on the Broadway stage in "Hamlet". He has starred in such critically acclaimed films as "Schindler's List" (1993), "Quiz Show" (1994), "The English Patient" (1996), "The End of the Affair" (1999), "The Constant Gardener" (2005), "In Bruges", "The Duchess", and "The Reader" (all 2008), "The Hurt Locker" (2009), and "The Grand Budapest Hotel" (2014). He also starred as the villain Lord Voldemort in the "Harry Potter film series".


title: Valencian Community

text: The Valencian Community (, ) is an autonomous community of Spain. It is the fourth most populous Spanish autonomous community after Andalusia, Catalonia and the Community of Madrid with more than five million inhabitants. Its homonymous capital Valencia is the third largest city and metropolitan area in Spain. It is located along the Mediterranean coast on the east side of the Iberian Peninsula. It borders with Catalonia to the north, Aragon and Castilla–La Mancha to the west, and Murcia to the south, and the Balearic Islands are to its east. The Valencian Community consists of three provinces which are Castellón, Valencia and Alicante.


title: Valencian Community

text: According to Valencia's Statute of Autonomy, the Valencian people are a "nationality". Their origins date back to the 1238 Aragonese conquest of the Taifa of Valencia. The newly-founded Kingdom of Valencia enjoyed its own legal entity and administrative institutions as a component of the Crown of Aragon, under the purview of the Furs of Valencia. Valencia experienced its Golden Age in the 15th century, as it became the Crown's economic capital. Local institutions and laws continued during the dynastic union of the early modern Spanish Monarchy, but were suspended in 1707 as a result of the Spanish War of Succession. Valencian nationalism emerged towards the end of the 19th century, leading to the modern conception of the "Valencian Country". The current autonomous community under the "Generalitat Valenciana" self-government institution was established in 1982 after the Spanish Transition.


title: Valencian Community

text: Official languages are Spanish and Valencian (). As of 2020, the population of the Valencian Community comprised 10.63% of the Spanish population.


title: Valencian Community

text: Valencia was founded by the Romans under the name of "Valentia Edetanorum", or simply "Valentia", which translates to "strength" or "valour", in full "strength of the "Edetani"" (note that the centre of "Edetania" was "Edeta", an important old Iberian settlement 25 km north of Valencia, in what is now modern day Llíria, other important nearby settlements included "Arse"–"Saguntum", "Saetabis" and "Dianium").


title: Valencian Community

text: With the establishment of the Muslim Taifa of Valencia, during the Al-Andalus period, the name developed to ("Balansīyya"), which eventually became "Valencia" (Spanish) and "València" (Valencian) after the Christian conquests. The older spellings "Valençia", "Ualençia" and "Ualència" are also found in pre-reform Spanish and Valencian texts.


title: Valencian Community

text: "Valencian Community" is the standard translation of the official name in Valencian recognized by the Statute of Autonomy of 1982 ("Comunitat Valenciana"). This is the name most used in public administration, tourism, the media and Spanish written language. However, the variant of "Valencian Country" ("País Valencià") that emphasizes the nationality status of the Valencian people is still the preferred one by left-wing parties, civil associations, Valencian written language and major Valencian public institutions.


title: Valencian Community

text: "Valencian Community" is a neologism that was specifically adopted after democratic transition in order to solve the conflict between two competing names: "Valencian Country" and "Former Kingdom of Valencia". On one hand, "Valencian Country" represented the modern conception of nationality that resurged in the 19th century. It became well-established during the Second Spanish Republic and later on with the works of Joan Fuster in the 1960s, implying the existence of the "Catalan Countries" ("Països Catalans"). This nationalist subtext was opposed by anti-Catalan blaverists, who proposed "Former Kingdom of Valencia" ("Antic Regne de València") instead, in order to emphasize Valencian independence from Catalonia. Currently, blaverists have accepted the official denomination.


title: Valencian Community

text: The autonomous community can be homonymously identified with its capital "Valencia". However, this could be disregarding of the provinces of Alicante and Castellón. Other more anecdotal translations have included "Land of Valencia", "Region of Valencia" and "Valencian Region". The term "Region", however, carries negative connotations among many Valencians because it could deny their nationality status.


title: Valencian Community

text: The pre-Roman autochthonous people of the Valencian Community were the Iberians, who were divided in several groups (the "Contestani", the "Edetani", the "Ilercavones" and the "Bastetani").


title: Valencian Community

text: The Greeks established colonies in the coastal towns of "Saguntum" and "Dianium" beginning in the 5th century BC, where they traded and mixed with the local Iberian populations. After the end of the First Punic War between Carthage and Rome in 241 BC, which established their limits of influence in the Ebro river, the Carthaginians occupied the whole region. The dispute over the hegemony of "Saguntum", a Hellenized Iberian coastal city with diplomatic contacts with Rome, destroyed by Hannibal in 219 BC, ignited the Second Punic War, which ended with the incorporation of the region to the Roman Empire.


title: Valencian Community

text: The Romans founded the city of "Valentia" in 138 BC, which, over the centuries overtook "Saguntum" in importance. After the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, during the Barbarian Invasions in the 5th century AD, the region was first invaded by the Alans and finally ruled by the Visigoths (see Valencian Gothic), until the arrival of the Arabs in 711, which left a broad impact in the region, still visible in today's Valencian landscape and culture. After the fall of the Caliphate of Cordova, two main independent taifas were established at the region, Valencia and Dénia, along with the small and short living taifas of Orihuela, Alpuente, Jérica and Sagunt and the short Christian conquest of Valencia by El Cid.


title: Valencian Community

text: However, the origins of present-day Valencia date back to the Kingdom of Valencia, which came into existence in the 13th century. James I of Aragon led the Christian conquest and colonization of the existing Islamic taifas with Aragonese and Catalan colonizers in 1208; they founded the Kingdom of Valencia as a third independent country within the Crown of Aragon in 1238.


title: Valencian Community

text: The kingdom developed intensively in the 14th and 15th centuries, which are considered the Golden Age of the Valencian culture, with significant works like the chivalric romance of Tirant lo Blanch. Valencia developed into an important kingdom in Europe economically through the silk trade. It also rose to power politically with the rise of the Crown of Aragon, (within which the Kingdom of Valencia had achieved the largest population and the greatest economic power at that time) and the ascension of the Valencian House of Borja in Rome (see Route of the Borjas, Route of the Monasteries and Route of the Classics).


title: Valencian Community

text: After a slow decline following the dynastic union of the Crown of Aragon with the Kingdom of Castile, Valencia's successful status came to a definite end with the Expulsion of the Moriscos in 1609 by the Hispanic Monarchy, which represented the loss of up to one third of the population of the Kingdom of Valencia and took the main agricultural labor force away. In 1707, in the context of the War of the Spanish Succession, and by means of the "Nova Planta" decrees, king Philip V of Spain abolished the Kingdom of Valencia, and the rest of states belonging to the former Crown of Aragon and which had retained some autonomy, and subordinated it to the structure of the Kingdom of Castile and its laws and customs. As a result of this, the institutions and laws created by the Law of Valencia ("Furs de València") were abolished and the usage of the Valencian language in official instances and education was forbidden. Consequently, with the House of Bourbon, a new Kingdom of Spain was formed implementing a more centralized government and absolutist regime than the former Habsburg Spain.


title: Valencian Community

text: The first attempt to gain self-government, or autonomous government, for the Valencian Community in modern-day Spain was during the Second Spanish Republic, in 1936, but the Civil War broke out and the autonomist project was suspended. In 1977, after Franco's dictatorship Valencia started to be partially autonomous with the creation of the Council of the Valencian Country ("Consell del País Valencià"), and in 1982 the self-government was finally extended into a Statute of Autonomy ("Estatut d'Autonomia") creating several self-government institutions under the Generalitat Valenciana. The first democratically elected President of the Generalitat Valenciana, Joan Lerma, took office in 1982 as part of the transition to autonomy.


title: Valencian Community

text: The Valencian Statute of Autonomy make clear that Valencia is intended to be the modern conception of self-government of the Valencian Community from the first autonomist movements during Second Spanish Republic, but also joining it to the traditional conception of Valencian identity, as being the successor to the historical Kingdom of Valencia. In fact, after a bipartisan reform of the Valencian Statute of Autonomy in 2006, it records the foral civil law, using the traditional conception of a kingdom, and, on the other hand, it also recognizes Valencia as a nationality, in accordance with the modern conception.


title: Valencian Community

text: The inland part of the territory is craggy, with some of the highest peaks in the Valencia and Castellón provinces forming part of the Iberian Mountain Range. The mountains in the Province of Alicante are in turn a part of the Subbaetic Range.


title: Valencian Community

text: The most emblematic mountain of the Valencian Community is the Penyagolosa, in the Alcalatén area. It is widely thought to be the highest peak with 1,813 m, but actually the highest peak is the "Calderón" (1,839 m) located in the Rincón de Ademuz, a Valencian exclave between Aragon and Castilla–La Mancha. The most emblematic mountain in the southern part of the territory is the Aitana (1,558 m).


title: Valencian Community

text: The rather thin coastal strip is a very fertile plain mainly free of remarkable mountains except those around the Cap de la Nau area in northern Alicante province and the Peñíscola ("Peníscola") area in the Castellón province. Typical of this coastal area are wetlands and marshlands such as "L'Albufera" close to Valencia, "El Fondo" in Elche ("Elx") and Crevillent, "La Marjal" near Pego, Albufera of Gayanes in Gayanes or "El Prat" in Cabanes, also the former wetlands and salt evaporation ponds in the Santa Pola and Torrevieja area. All of them are key Ramsar sites which make Valencia of high relevance for both migratory and resident seabirds and waterbirds.


title: Valencian Community

text: There are many important coastal dunes in the "Saler" area near the Albufera and in the Guardamar area, both of them were planted with thousands of trees during the 19th century in order to fix the dunes, thus forming now protected areas of remarkable ecologic value.


title: Valencian Community

text: In addition to mainland Valencia, the Valencian territory administers the tiny Columbretes Islands and the coastal inhabited islet of Tabarca.


title: Valencian Community

text: Valencia has a generally pleasant climate, with mild winters and hot summers, heavily influenced by the neighbouring Mediterranean sea. Still, there are important differences between areas:


title: Valencian Community

text: The warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen "Csb"), humid subtropical climate (Köppen "Cfa"), oceanic climate (Köppen "Cfb") and the desertic climate (Köppen "BWh") are also found in the Valencian Community. The "Csb" climate is more common and is found in inland, high altitude areas (generally starting above ) across the 3 provinces of the Valencian Community, especially in the interior of Castellón but also in El Rincón de Ademuz and the north of Los Serranos comarcas in the province of Valencia. In the province of Alicante this climate is only found in the highest altitudes of Serra de Mariola and Sierra de Aitana. Both "Cfa" and "Cfb" climates can be only found in the interior of the province of Castellón, with marginal presence in the Valencian province, only in the Rincón de Ademuz comarca. The presence of the desertic climates ("BWh") is marginal to scarcely populated areas south of Elche.


title: Valencian Community

text: There are only two major rivers: the Segura in the Province of Alicante, whose source is in Andalusia, and the Júcar ("Xúquer") in Province of Valencia, whose source is in Castilla–La Mancha. Both are subjected to very intense human regulation for cities, industries and, especially, agricultural consumption. The river Turia ("Túria") is the third largest and has its source in Aragon. Most rivers in the area, such as the Vinalopó, are usually short, have little current (due to agricultural usage, climatic reasons or both) and are often completely dry during the summer. Other Valencian rivers are the Serpis and Sénia.


title: Valencian Community

text: The estimate population according to the INE in January 2020 is 5,057,353 ranking the fourth most populous in Spain. The list of largest cities is topped by Valencia, the third largest city in Spain overall:


title: Valencian Community

text: Valencian population traditionally concentrated in localities with fertile cultivation and growing lowlands by the most important rivers (Júcar, Turia, Segura, Vinalopó), also in harbour cities important to the agricultural trade. In actuality, population is particularly dense along the coast as well as in central and southern regions of the territory, and more sparse around the inner and northern regions. Important historical cities include Sagunt and Dénia in Roman times; Valencia, Alicante, Xàtiva, Orihuela, Elche, Gandia, and Villarreal ("Vila-real") later on in history and, more recently, Alzira and Castellón de la Plana. Another set of noncoastal cities increased significantly in numbers due to industrialization in the 20th century, including Alcoy, Elda, Ontinyent, Petrer, Villena, and La Vall d'Uixó. Furthermore, traditionally small fishing towns like Benidorm and Torrevieja have increased in population significantly, more remarkably during summertime, due to seasonal migration of tourists.


title: Valencian Community

text: In more recent years, concentration in provincial capitals and its metropolitan areas has augmented considerably (e.g. Torrent, Mislata, Paterna, Burjassot, San Vicente del Raspeig, etc.). Besides Valencia, Alicante-Elche is the eighth most populous urban agglomeration in Spain. According to the INE, the largest metropolitan areas are:


title: Valencian Community

text: In the process whereby democracy was restored in Spain between 1975 and 1978, the nationalist and regionalist parties pressed to grant home rule to certain territories in Spain. The constitution of 1978 opened a legal way for autonomous communities to be formed from provinces with common historical and cultural links. In recognition of the Valencian Community as a "nationality" of Spain, and in accordance to the second article of the Spanish Constitution which grants autonomy to the ""nationalities" and regions" that compose the Spanish nation, Valencia was granted self-government and constituted itself as an autonomous community in 1982, with the promulgation of its first Statute of Autonomy, the basic organic law, later approved by the General Courts of Spain.


title: Valencian Community

text: All autonomous communities were organized politically within a parliamentary system; that is, the executive branch of government. The "President" is dependent on the direct support of the legislative power, whose members elect him by majority.


title: Valencian Community

text: A new Statute of Autonomy was promulgated in 2006. The government of Valencia is represented by the Generalitat Valenciana (statutorily referred to simply as "La Generalitat") constituted by three institutions:


title: Valencian Community

text: The Generalitat can also be integrated by the institutions that the Valencian Courts create. The Courts have approved the creation of the "Síndic de Greuges" (Ombudsman), the "Sindicatura de Comptes" (Public Audit Office), the "Consell Valencià de Cultura" (Valencian Council of Culture), the "Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua" (Valencian Academy of the Language), the "Consell Jurídic Consultiu" (Juridic and Consultative Council) and the "Comité Econòmic i Social" (Social and Economic Committee).


title: Valencian Community

text: The current government is formed by a left coalition between the Socialist Party of the Valencian Country and Compromís, with also the support of Podemos.


title: Valencian Community

text: Prior to the 1833 territorial division of Spain Valencia was divided into four administrative provinces of Spain: Alicante, Castellón, Valencia and Xàtiva.


title: Valencian Community

text: The Valencian Community is further divided into 34 "comarques" (including the city of Valencia) and 542 municipalities (141 in the Province of Alicante, 135 in the Province of Castellón, and 266 in the Province of Valencia).


title: Valencian Community

text: Valencia is long and narrow, running mainly north–south; historically, its rather steep and irregular terrain has made communications and the exploitation of the soil difficult, although the soil of the coastal plain is particularly fertile. This coastal axis has facilitated connections with Europe, either by sea through the Mediterranean, or by land through Catalonia.


title: Valencian Community

text: The Valencian territory has few natural resources; the only important mineral deposit is the marble quarried in Alicante province.


title: Valencian Community

text: Hydrological resources (see Geography above) are also lacking: the demand for water exceeds the supply, with this imbalance especially serious in Alicante province. In particularly severe drought years, the problem is managed through occasional nocturnal restrictions during summer and exploitation of aquifers. Valencia's water needs result in harsh contention with neighbouring regions such as Castilla–La Mancha and Catalonia.


title: Valencian Community

text: Agriculture—more specifically, citrus cultivation for the export market—was responsible for Valencia's first economic boom in the late 19th century, after centuries of slow development and even decay. Although in absolute terms the agricultural sector has continued to grow, the boom in the secondary and tertiary sectors during the Spanish miracle of the 1960s, has meant that its relative importance has decreased over time. The provinces of Castellón and Valencia still have thousands of hectares of citrus-producing groves and citrus continues to be a major source of income on the countryside. Province of Alicante also grows citrus, but its agriculture is more diversified with a higher presence of vegetables, especially in the Vega Baja del Segura area.


title: Valencian Community

text: Though the low insulation rate and overall stable weather during the summer may pose a threat to water supplies for agriculture and human consumption, conversely this climate allows tourism to be the province's main industry. Very dense residential housing along the coast, occupied by locals, people from inland Spain and from other EU countries (mostly from the British Isles, Benelux, Germany and Scandinavia), boosts the summertime population (and hydrological demands).


title: Valencian Community

text: In 2004, Valencia's GDP was 93.9% of the European Union average, although this figure may be too low because of the important presence of foreign residents either from other regions of Europe or as economic immigrants, who are not properly represented in the official statistics. As in all of Spain, there was significant growth in the years immediately following 2004, at least until the 2008–13 Spanish financial crisis.


title: Valencian Community

text: In 2008, the Valencia Country generated 9.7% of the Spanish GDP. In L of human resources, the unemployment rate was over 21% in 2009, and even greater among women, and the rate of activity reached 56.8% in 2002. The typical Valencian business is a small-to-medium-sized company, mainly family-owned and operated, although there are some multinationals.


title: Valencian Community

text: In addition to tourism, the Valencian Community has significant exports, and it ranks second in this respect among the Spanish autonomous communities, constituting 12% of the national total. Major exports include agricultural products, ceramic tiles, marble products and cars (Ford has an assembly line in Almussafes), which make the port of Valencia one of the busiest in Europe.


title: Valencian Community

text: Spanish ("español" or "castellano") has official status in all of Spain, including the Valencian Community. Aside from it, the Statute of Autonomy recognizes Valencian ("valencià") as the language native ("llengua pròpia") to the Valencian people, and commends its protection and regulation to the Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL) under the Generalitat Valenciana.


title: Valencian Community

text: "Valencian" is the name Valencians use to refer to the Catalan language. In the Late Middle Ages, due to Valencia becoming its own kingdom, Valencians popularized the term "Valencian" over the term "Catalan".


title: Valencian Community

text: Valencian was repressed and persecuted during Franco's dictatorship (1939–1975) in favor of Spanish. Since it regained official status in 1982 in the Valencian Statute of Autonomy, Valencian has been implemented in public administration and the education system, leading to a dramatic increase in knowledge of its formal standard. According to the general survey from 2015, Valencian is understood by almost the entire population living within the Valencian Community and is spoken by a wide majority, but almost half of the population cannot write it.


title: Valencian Community

text: Modern Valencian shares similar phonetic and lexical features than other Western Catalan dialects, which includes seven stressed vowels (being especially remarkable the distinction of vs and vs ), unstressed vowel reduction (normally five); the preservation of yod () before in the digraph "ix"; the addition of "n" in the plural of certain terms with etymological "n"; and a tendency to affrication of "g" (before "e" and "i") and "j" , and "x" , especially in initial position. Common specific lexicon includes: "granera" (broom), "xiquet" (boy), "espill" (mirror), "corder" (lamb), etc.


title: Valencian Community

text: Valencian Sign Language is widely used by Valencian deaf persons and is also granted protection under the Statute.


title: Valencian Community

text: The Spanish spoken in the cities is slighthly affected by Valencian and features "distinción", i.e. the differentiation of ("s") and ("c" before "e" and "i", and z), and "yeísmo" (the merger of –"ll" in Spanish orthography–into , represented as "y"). In the south of the Valencian Community the same continuum dialect than Murcian is spoken featuring both "distinción" and "seseo" (the merger of into ), depending on the speaker and area. In the east, Aragonese and Manchego influences (mainly lexical) are found in the local Spanish.


title: Valencian Community

text: Not all of the Valencian territory is historically Valencian-speaking; about 500,000 people, or 10% of the population, live in traditionally Spanish-speaking inner regions. In addition, large numbers of foreign immigrants who have arrived since 2000 have become Spanish speakers. These regions include the areas where Aragonese rather than Catalan settlers introduced Castilian-Aragonese language in the historic Kingdom of Valencia, as well as several Castilian municipalities that were annexed to the Valencian Community in the 19th century. Valencian is traditionally spoken in the more densely populated coastal areas where Catalan settlers introduced their language in the Middle Ages. These areas are delimited for administrative purposes by the Generalitat, that established different areas of linguistic predominance ("predomini lingüístic"). The Valencian area of linguistic predominance suffers in many cases a process of linguistic substitution, especially in the cities of Valencia and Alicante, with populations of 1 million together where Spanish has become predominant in spite of Valencian being the traditional language. Outside these, and the traditional Spanish-speaking areas in the west, Valencian predominates or is on an equal footing.


title: Valencian Community

text: Most of the population have at least a passive knowledge of Valencian, which allows normal communication in this language across the Valencian Community. Thanks to its implementation in public administration and the education system in recent decades, knowledge of Valencian has increased phenomenally both in absolute and relative terms, most significantly in the case of its written standard. The source also reveals that knowledge varies greatly within the territory, with knowledge in the Province of Alicante being consistently lower than in Castellón and Valencia.


title: Valencian Community

text: Despite the increase in knowledge of Valencian, its social use in relative terms is declining, with only a third of the population using it at home according to the Generalitat in 2010. The data collected varies greatly within the Valencian Community, with the percentage of use being over 50% in the regions of Alcoy–Gandia and Júcar–Turia, approximately 40% in Castellón and about 15% in Alicante and the Valencia metropolitan area.


title: Valencian Community

text: Despite differences in dialect and denomination, linguists consider Catalan and Valencian two varieties of the same language. They feature relative uniformity in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology and phonology. Mutual intelligibility ranges from 90 to 95%, which is considerably higher than between dialects of an assumed single German language (High German). Furthermore, there is a dialect continuum where speakers at the Catalan–Valencian border share the same dialect. In practice, Catalan and Valencian share the same written standard, as established by the Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC) and the Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL) respectively. Much of the bibliography used in the Valencian education system consists of Catalan works and translations in Catalan with only occasionally some words being swapped for those more commonly used in Valencia. Furthermore, the Universities of Valencia and Alicante refer to Valencian studies of language and literature as Catalan Philology.


title: Valencian Community

text: In spite of these arguments, a significant proportion of Valencian population refuse to identify Valencian with Catalan.


title: Valencian Community

text: The Valencian Community is served by three international airports: Alicante Airport, Valencia Airport and Castellón–Costa Azahar Airport. Alicante Airport, located in the south, is mainly tourist-oriented and is currently the busiest airport in the Valencian Community. Valencia Airport is located in the capital and carries more business traffic. The third airport, Castellón–Costa Azahar Airport, is located in the north of the Valencian territory and has several international connections. This airport was opened in 2011 but its first commercial flight arrived in September 2015, so it has been considered as a white elephant due to its expensive construction and maintenance and relatively less usefulness.


title: Valencian Community

text: A new terminal at Alicante Airport was opened in March 2011. The New Alicante Terminal (NAT) replaced the other two existing terminals T1 and T2, doubling the passenger capacity of the airport to 20m passengers per annum. Valencia airport is also being expanded to serve the higher passenger demand due to new flight connections to the city.


title: Valencian Community

text: The Valencian Community has an extensive rail system which connects the principal cities with the rest of Spain such as the Euromed towards Catalonia and AVE towards Madrid, or northern and southern Spain, both run by the Spanish national rail company RENFE.


title: Valencian Community

text: In December 2010 the high-speed rail (AVE) Madrid–Valencia opened as part of the Madrid–Levante high-speed rail line. High-speed lines arrive to Valencia-Joaquín Sorolla, a provisional station located south of the city centre. It is expected that in the coming years the high-speed line Madrid–Valencia will reach the main Valencia-Estació del Nord through a tunnel under the new .


title: Valencian Community

text: There are some medium-range plans for further high-speed connections, like the Valencia–Bilbao link via Zaragoza or the .


title: Valencian Community

text: In addition, the Generalitat Valenciana has planned on building a regional high-speed rail along the coast to connect all major coastal cities like Valencia, Gandia, Dénia, Benidorm, Villajoyosa, Alicante and Torrevieja.


title: Valencian Community

text: Cercanías ("Rodalia" in Valencian) is the commuter rail service that serves all three provincial capitals of Valencia and their metropolitan areas. It is operated by Cercanías Renfe, the commuter rail division of RENFE.


title: Valencian Community

text: While the Valencian-owned company, Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana (FGV) operates a tram-train line between Alicante, Benidorm and Dénia. It also operates the city tram and metro system of Valencia (Valencia Metro) and Alicante (Alicante Tram). There is as well a third new tram and trolleybus system being built in Castellón de la Plana and its metropolitan area. Additionally both, Valencia metro and Alicante tram are being extended to serve uncovered areas, like the new tram line planned to open in the coming months towards the University of Alicante and Sant Vicent del Raspeig.


title: Valencian Community

text: By sea, the Valencian Community is served by several ferry routes and cargo ports, and in the major cities, Valencia and Alicante, cruise ships dock on a regular basis.


title: Valencian Community

text: In point 20 of article 149 of the Spanish Constitution, referring to the exclusive powers of the State, direct reference is made to the ownership of the ports of general interest, which in the Valencian case are those of Alicante, Castellón, Valencia, Sagunt and Gandia. For this reason, all these ports are managed by the public body, dependent on the Ministry of Development. This body is in charge of executing the port policy of the government and of coordinating and controlling the efficiency of the port system, made up of 28 Port Authorities that they administer the 46 ports of general interest of the State. There are 3 Port Authorities of the Valencian Community, which manage the 5 Valencian ports of general interest. Thus, the Port Authority of Valencia is in charge of managing the ports of Valencia, Sagunt and Gandia, while those of Alicante and Castellón only manage their reference port. In addition to the ports of general interest, there are also other ports, known as the ports of the Generalitat Valenciana. There are currently 35 ports dependent on the Generalitat, of which 16 are managed directly by the Generalitat, while the rest are managed from the private sector through concession. Some of the main ports managed by the Valencian Government are those of Altea, Benicarló, Benidorm, Borriana, Calp, Cullera, Dénia, Tabarca, Xàbia, Moraira, Peníscola, Santa Pola, Torrevieja, La Vila Joiosa, Vinaròs, etc. In the Valencian Community, the body entrusted with the responsibility of creating the necessary infrastructures that allow the development of the Valencian ports network is the Entity of the Transport and Ports Network of the Valencian Community, dependent on the Department of Infrastructure and Transport.


title: Valencian Community

text: State Education in Spain and the Valencian Community is free and compulsory from six to sixteen years of age. The current education system is called LOE (in reference to the "Llei Orgànica d'Educació").


title: Valencian Community

text: Children from three to five years old in the Valencian Community have the option of attending the "infantil" or pre-school stage, which is non-compulsory and free for all students. It is regarded as an integral part of the education system with infantil classes in almost every primary school. There are some separate nursery schools.


title: Valencian Community

text: Valencian students aged six to sixteen undergo primary and secondary school education, which are compulsory and free of charge. Successful students are awarded a Secondary Education Certificate, which is necessary for entering further (optional) education as for their University or Vocational Studies. Once students have finished their "Batxillerat" (Spanish: "Bachillerato"), they can take the PAU exams ("Proves d'Accés a la Universitat"), commonly known as "Selectiu".


title: Valencian Community

text: The secondary stage of education is normally referred to by their initials, e.g. "ESO" standing for "Educació Secundària Obligatòria".


title: Valencian Community

text: The Valencian Community is home to a number of prestigious universities like the University of Valencia, founded in 1499. At the request of James I of Aragon, Pope Innocent IV in 1246, authorized by a papal bull the establishment of "estudis generals" in Valencia. The University Statutes were passed by the municipal magistrates of Valencia on 30 April 1499; this is considered to be the 'founding' of the university. In 1501, Pope Alexander VI signed the bill of approval and one year later Ferdinand II of Aragon proclaimed the Royal Mandatory Concession. Only very meagre accounts have been preserved of the practical workings of the university. From the time of its foundation the courses included Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, philosophy, mathematics, physics, theology, Canon law, and medicine.


title: Valencian Community

text: Nowadays the Polytechnic University of Valencia has become one of the most prestigious universities in Spain, according to its technology, investigation, several degrees offering a close relation with some the most important universities in the world such as Cambridge, Oxford and Harvard. Most faculties and colleges are based in the city of Valencia, with some branches in Gandia and Alcoy.


title: Valencian Community

text: Other universities are University of Alicante, Miguel Hernández University in Elche, Jaume I University and Valencian International University in Castellón de la Plana, Catholic University of Valencia, and CEU Cardenal Herrera University in Valencia.


title: Valencian Community

text: Until its dissolution in November 2013, the public-service Ràdio Televisió Valenciana (RTVV) was the main broadcaster of radio and television in the Valencian Community. The Generalitat Valenciana constituted it in 1984 in order to guarantee the freedom of information of the Valencian people in their own language.


title: Valencian Community

text: Prior to its dissolution, the administration of RTVV under the People's Party (PP) had been controversial due to accusations of ideological manipulation and lack of plurality. The news broadcast was accused of giving marginal coverage of the Valencia Metro derailment in 2006 and the indictment of President de la Generalitat Francisco Camps in the Gürtel scandal in 2009. Supervisors appointed by the PP were accused of sexual harassment.


title: Valencian Community

text: In face of an increasing debt and shrinking audiences that had fallen under 10 and even 5% of share in recent years, RTVV announced in 2012 a plan to shed 70% of its labour. The plan was nullified on 5 November 2013 by the National Court after trade unions appealed against it. On that same day, the President de la Generalitat Alberto Fabra announced RTVV would be closed, claiming that reinstating the employees was untenable. On 27 November, the legislative assembly passed the dissolution of RTVV and employees organized to take control of the broadcast, starting a campaign against the PP. Nou TV's last broadcast ended abruptly when Spanish police pulled the plug at 12:19 on 29 November 2013.


title: Valencian Community

text: Having lost all revenues from advertisements and facing high costs from the termination of hundreds of contracts, critics question whether the closure of RTVV has improved the financial situation of the Generalitat, and point out to plans to benefit private-owned media. Currently, the availability of media in the Valencian language is extremely limited. All the other autonomous communities in Spain, including the monolingual ones, have public-service broadcasters, with the Valencian Community being the only exception despite being the fourth most populated.


title: Valencian Community

text: In 2016 the renewed Valencian government announced that a new public media corporation was to be created. The Valencian Media Corporation was founded in July 2016, as it started the creation of a new TV channel and radio station, by the name of "À Punt" (ɑ̀). In June 2018 the new public TV channel was launched by Valencian Media Corporation, the newly formed agency of the Generalitat Valenciana.


title: Valencian Community

text: The Valencian gastronomy is of great variety, although their more international dishes are rice-based ( in Valencian), like the Valencian known worldwide. Rice is a basic ingredient in many of the typical dishes, like the "arròs a banda", "arròs al forn", "arròs amb costra", "arròs caldós", "arròs del senyoret", "arròs negre", among many.


title: Valencian Community

text: The Valencian Mediterranean climate favors the cultivation of vegetables and citrus fruits, with the cultivation of the orange () being perhaps of highest importance as one of the typical fruits of Valencian agriculture.


title: Valencian Community

text: The great majority of desserts typical of Valencia have their origin in Arabic times and play an important part in the local festive activities. Some are internationally famous. Xixona is the place of traditional manufacture of ( in Valencian), a soft nougat, consumed during Christmas in Spain and the rest of the Hispanic world. In Casinos the is typical too but the most important manufacture of the village is or (dragées and sugared almonds). In Xàtiva and the Central comarques, the , a dessert elaborated with pumpkin is made. Orihuela and its region have the .


title: Valencian Community

text: The official Valencian anthem is the Hymn of the Regional Exhibition of 1909 ("Himne de l'Exposició Regional de 1909" in Valencian; commonly known as the "Himne de València", "Anthem of Valencia"), in whose composition the old hymn of the City of Valencia of the 16th century is included. The emblem of the Valencian Generalitat (coat of arms) includes the heraldry of King Peter IV of Aragon, representative of the historical Kingdom of Valencia, whose shield is inclined towards the right, or, four bars Gules.


title: Valencian Community

text: The official flag, the Royal Senyera ("Reial Senyera"), also known as "Senyera Coronada" (Crowned Senyera) or "Senyera Tricolor" (Tricolour Senyera) is the same as Valencia's City flag, which, in turn, is a historical derivation of the "Senyera", the heraldic symbol of the Crown of Aragon, also used today with few variations in all the former Kingdoms and Counties which were a part of this crown. There are also a number of Valencian private and civil entities such as trade unions, cultural associations, or political parties which simply use the "Senyera" as Valencian flag.


title: Valencian Community

text: Other symbols are used at different levels by the Valencian society, like the heraldic animals of "rat-penat" (a bat) and "drac alat" (a winged dragon which was the emblem of James I).


title: Valencian Community

text: One of the most recognized and representative Valencian symbols are the music and dance of the "Muixeranga", ancient tradition of human towers preserved for the last 4 centuries, during the Festivity of "La Mare de Déu de la Salut Festival" of Algemesí, recognized-UNESCO "intangible heritage of humanity". Typical folk music in celebrations is played with the "tabalet" (a drum) and the "dolçaina" (a flute). Valencian traditional costumes and dresses include "espardenyes" (shoes) and traditional "fallera" dresses (the Falles dresses).


title: Valencian Community

text: The autochthonous Valencian sport is the Valencian pilota, which features a professional Valencian Pilota Squad for international matches with related ball games all around the world. This sport has many variants, that may be played at the streets or at special courtfields like the trinquet. It may also be played by teams or on individual challenges. An amazing trait of this sport is that spectators may sit very close or even in the middle of the court. Even while the match is ongoing bookmakers take bets for "reds" or "blues", since these are the colours players must wear, red being the colour of the strongest team or player. The "Valencian pilota" can be traced to the 15th century, but it was abandoned during modern times, this decadence is being fought back with TV broadcasts, new built colleges have courtfields and a new professional players firm, ValNet


title: Valencian Community

text: Association football is the most widely known and played sport. There are teams in every town or village, four of which are currently playing in La Liga, Spanish top professional division: Valencia CF (widely considered one of the most successful clubs in Spanish football history, having won six La Liga titles and 8 Copa del Rey), Villarreal CF, Levante UD and Elche CF. Other historical teams that have been in La Liga in the past are CD Alcoyano, Hércules CF and CD Castellón.


title: Valencian Community

text: Professional basketball is represented currently in Liga ACB, the top professional division, by Valencia Basket, who won its first league title in 2017. Two more teams, CB Lucentum Alicante and AB Castellón are present in the second division.


title: Valencian Community

text: Regarding female professional sports, the historical BM Sagunto, now disbanded, dominated the women's professional handball scene in Spain through the 1980s and 1990s, with a total of 27 Spanish Division of Honour - Women's handball wins, 20 Cup titles and 1 Women's EHF Champions League. Other important women's handball teams are CB Amadeo Tortajada (dissolved in 2009), CBF Elda, CB Mar Alicante and CB Elche. In female basketball, Ros Casares Valencia has been 8 times champion of the Spanish Women's League and 3 times winner of the EuroLeague Women.


title: Valencian Community

text: Motorcycle races are very popular, as the Circuit of Valencia race track and its hosted Valencian Community Grand Prix prove. Many Valencian MotoGP pilots such as Héctor Barberá, Héctor Faubel or Nicolás Terol have been competing in different MotoGP classes.


title: Valencian Community

text: Another relevant game is the pigeon sport, with an autochthonous dove race being trained, the "gavatxut valencià".


title: Valencian Community

text: Petanca and its variant "Calitx" are traditional sports as well, especially in towns or among elders.


title: Nuno Bettencourt

text: Nuno Duarte Gil Mendes Bettencourt (born September 20, 1966) is a Portuguese-American guitarist, singer-songwriter, record producer, and businessman. He became known as the lead guitarist of the Boston rock band Extreme. He has also recorded a solo album as well as having founded bands including Mourning Widows, Population 1, DramaGods, and The Satellite Party.


title: Nuno Bettencourt

text: Bettencourt was born on September 20, 1966 in Praia da Vitória, Terceira, Azores, Portugal, to Ezequiel Mendes Bettencourt and wife Aureolina da Cunha Gil de Ávila. When he was four years old, his family, including brothers Luís and Roberto, moved to Hudson, Massachusetts. Initially, Bettencourt had little interest in music, wanting to become an actor and preferring to spend his time playing hockey and football. His first instrument was the drums, and he played them exclusively until his brother Luís started teaching him the guitar. While Bettencourt was slow to adopt the instrument under his brother's tutelage, his skills quickly developed when he began teaching himself, and he has mentioned in many interviews that he would skip many school days to practice upwards of seven hours a day. In his sophomore and junior years of high school, Bettencourt dropped out of sports so he could focus on playing guitar. He eventually dropped out of high school altogether, for the same reason.


title: Nuno Bettencourt

text: As a guitarist, one of Bettencourt's earliest influences was Eddie Van Halen. However, as he developed his craft as a guitarist and a songwriter, his influences expanded to embrace the Beatles, Led Zeppelin, Prince, Queen (Brian May), Ronni Le Tekrø (TNT), Pat Travers, Paco de Lucía, Al Di Meola, and Kayak.


title: Nuno Bettencourt

text: Unable to make a dent in the music world with his Boston-based hair metal act Sinful, Bettencourt rose to international prominence as a guitar player after he joined the Boston-area group Extreme in 1985. Signed to A&M Records shortly after Bettencourt joined the group, the band released its debut record, "Extreme". He then provided rhythm guitar on the single version of Janet Jackson's "Black Cat," which became a number one hit on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Nuno Bettencourt

text: In 1990, Extreme released their most critically acclaimed album, "Pornograffitti", which included the hits "More Than Words" and "Hole Hearted". "Pornograffitti" garnered admiration for Bettencourt from rock guitar enthusiasts. He was voted "Best New Talent" in a 1991 readers' poll by "Guitar World" magazine, and that magazine later named him "Most Valuable Player" of 1991. Queen gutarist Brian May has called Bettencourt's solo from the song Get The Funk Out "a landmark in rock history that I think should have its own little medal struck and awarded to Nuno Bettencourt and Extreme."


title: Nuno Bettencourt

text: The band followed up with "III Sides to Every Story" in 1992. Bettencourt composed and arranged the brass and string sections, and full orchestra for this album. In 1995, Extreme released the album "Waiting for the Punchline", but the band broke up in 1996 when Bettencourt decided to pursue a solo career. Shortly afterward, singer Gary Cherone became the lead singer of Van Halen.


title: Nuno Bettencourt

text: In 1997, Bettencourt released his first solo effort, "Schizophonic", which he had been working on for five years. The album was well-received critically, but was not a commercial success.


title: Nuno Bettencourt

text: On December 16, 1997, Bettencourt's new band Mourning Widows (whose name was inspired by writing he had seen on a church wall in Portugal) released their self-titled debut album in Japan on Polydor Records. It sold 45,000 in the first month. The band featured his nephew Donovan Bettencourt on bass and New York drummer Jeff Consi. In 2000, Mourning Widow's follow-up, "Furnished Souls for Rent" originally released in Japan, and then in the U.S. Both Mourning Widows releases cultivated a strong following in Japan and New England.


title: Nuno Bettencourt

text: Bettencourt formed the recording entity Population 1 and released the self-titled and self-produced 2002 release, "Population 1", on Universal/Japan and YBM/Korea. In 2004, Population 1 released "Sessions from Room Four". Due to legal issues, the band was renamed to "Near Death Experience" in 2005. The band was then renamed DramaGods. DramaGods released its first album in December 2005 as an import; it was made available as a digital download in 2006.


title: Nuno Bettencourt

text: Bettencourt's playing has been featured at 2004 on the Universal/Japan CD and DVD release of "Guitar Wars" featuring solo and collective performances of Bettencourt with many others, including Steve Hackett (Genesis, GTR), Led Zeppelin bassist John Paul Jones and Mr. Big/Racer X guitarist Paul Gilbert.


title: Nuno Bettencourt

text: Bettencourt was the lead guitarist for Satellite Party, which is a band formed by Jane's Addiction frontman Perry Farrell. Bettencourt played with the band at the 2005 Lollapalooza festival. Bettencourt helped produce "Ultra Payloaded", the debut album by Satellite Party released on May 29, 2007 on Columbia Records. In late July 2007, Bettencourt departed Satellite Party due to concerns about the direction of the band's live show.


title: Nuno Bettencourt

text: In 2007, Extreme reformed with its original lineup (with the exception of Paul Geary) to begin work on a new album, "Saudades de Rock". The album was released on August 12, 2008.


title: Nuno Bettencourt

text: In 2008, Bettencourt was featured on the soundtrack for the motion picture "Smart People". The soundtrack also features the Gary Cherone track, "Need I Say More", and Baby Animals selections. The following year, Bettencourt was featured in a song and video called "Best Night Ever" by Marshall Eriksen, a character on "How I Met Your Mother". The video was a parody of Extreme's "More Than Words" video, in which the entire main cast of "How I Met Your Mother" made appearances.


title: Nuno Bettencourt

text: In 1991, Bettencourt produced Dweezil Zappa's release on Barking Pumpkin Records, "Confessions". On this record Bettencourt also sings lead vocals for the first time, on a semi-ballad entitled "The Kiss". Extreme members Gary Cherone and Pat Badger also contributed.


title: Nuno Bettencourt

text: In 1993, Bettencourt co-wrote and produced "Where Are You Going" for the "Super Mario Bros." movie. He also joined Robert Palmer in the studio to record Palmer's album "Honey". According to former Journey lead singer Steve Perry, Bettencourt has teamed with him to write and arrange songs. He also has written and recorded with Tantric (Bettencourt co-wrote Tantric's hit single "Hey Now"), BB Mak, and Toni Braxton.


title: Nuno Bettencourt

text: Bettencourt has also collaborated with singer Suze DeMarchi and with all of her Baby Animals bandmates. On Baby Animals' second release, "Shaved and Dangerous", he produced a few songs and co-wrote "Because I Can". He also contributed to the writing, recording, and production of DeMarchi's solo debut from 1999, "Telelove". In 1999, Bettencourt produced the album "Magnolia", for the Portuguese singer and actress Lúcia Moniz. He also featured as singer and guitarist in the song "Try Again", which was included in "Magnolia".


title: Nuno Bettencourt

text: In 2006, Bettencourt and his band DramaGods contributed their song "S'OK" to the album project Artists for Charity—Guitarists 4 the Kids, produced by Slang Productions to assist World Vision Canada in helping children in need.


title: Nuno Bettencourt

text: In November 2009, Bettencourt toured with singer Rihanna on her "Last Girl on Earth Tour" as lead guitarist, having appeared alongside her in several TV shows and other performances. He has since performed as Rihanna's lead guitarist on every subsequent tour, including her "Loud" (2010), "777" (2012) and "Diamonds World" (2013) tours.


title: Nuno Bettencourt

text: In July 2011, Steel Panther reported to "Loud" magazine that Nuno would be "coming in to do something" on their then-upcoming release "Balls Out". The collaboration resulted in the track "It Won't Suck Itself", which also featured Nickelback frontman Chad Kroeger.


title: Nuno Bettencourt

text: In April 2022, Bettencourt joined Julian Lennon on an acoustic cover of Julian's father John Lennon's hit "Imagine" to benefit Global Citizen's Stand Up For Ukraine.


title: Nuno Bettencourt

text: In 2016, Bettencourt founded media production company Atlantis Entertainment (of which he is CEO) with Rene Rigal and Steven Schuurman.


title: Nuno Bettencourt

text: Bettencourt married Suze DeMarchi in 1994. They have two children together, Bebe Bettencourt born in 1996 and Lorenzo Aureolino Bettencourt in 2002. The couple divorced in 2013.


title: Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W210)

text: The Mercedes-Benz W210 was the internal designation for a range of executive cars manufactured by Mercedes-Benz and marketed under the E-Class model name in both sedan/saloon (1995–2002) and station wagon/estate (1996–2003) configurations. W210 development started in 1988, three years after the W124's introduction.


title: Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W210)

text: The W210 was designed by Steve Mattin under design chief Bruno Sacco between 1988 and 1991 later being previewed on the 1993 Coupé Concept shown at the Geneva Auto Show in March 1993. The W210 was the first Mercedes-Benz production car featuring Xenon headlamps (including dynamic headlamp range control, only low beam).


title: Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W210)

text: Design patents for both the Coupé Concept and the W210 E-Class were filed on 25 February 1993 in Germany and 25 August 1993 in the US.


title: Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W210)

text: For model year 2000, a multi-function information system was incorporated into the instrument cluster below the speedometer, and the introduction of steering wheel controls for the audio/navigation/phone system. In addition, the 5-speed automatic transmission introduced +/- gate positions for semi-manual control of the gearbox, marketed as "Touch Shift." This electronic system replaced the previous gated shift arrangement. Exterior changes included a revised front with a steeper rake, similar to the CLK, and restyled bumpers and lower body trim. Sedans received new taillights, and the wagon's tailgate was revised, moving the CHMSL from the base of the rear window to directly above it. The final W210 production included the E 320 and E 430 special editions released in two exterior colors - quartz silver (limited edition), obsidian black, and with Xenon lights, 17-inch alloy wheels and black maple walnut trim. Estate cars (sedans optionally) had Citroën-like self-leveling rear suspension with suspension struts rather than shock absorbers, gas-filled suspension spheres to provide damping and an under bonnet pressurizing pump. Unlike the traditional Citroën application Mercedes opted for a fixed ride height and employed rear coil springs to maintain the static ride height when parked.


title: Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W210)

text: This was the first time a V6 engine was offered (model year 1998) to replace the straight-six configuration (1995–1997). This new Mercedes-Benz M112 engine produced and of torque and offered a of 6.9 seconds. Other offerings were the E 420 (1997), E 430 (1998–2002), and E 55 AMG (1999–2002) with and a 5.4 L normally aspirated engine. In North America, the range also features two diesels, including both non-turbocharged (1996–1997) and turbocharged (1998–1999) 3.0 litre straight-six units. In 1999, Mercedes-Benz discontinued diesel powerplants in the E-class in North America. In Europe, the diesel engines were superseded by more advanced Common Rail (CDI) units (2000–2002). The CDI engines were not offered in North America until the E 320 CDI in the newer W211 model.


title: Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W210)

text: The W210 E-Class carried over the 4-speed 722.4 and 722.3 automatic transmissions along with the optional 722.5 5-speed, all from the previous generation W124 E-Class. For the 1997 model year, Mercedes-Benz installed an electronically controlled, new-generation automatic gearbox (NAG): the 722.6 5-speed automatic transmission to replace the previous transmissions.


title: Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W210)

text: A five-speed manual was also available, although after the facelift for the 2000 model year, it was replaced by a six-speed manual. The 5-speed transmission was marketed as "sealed for life"; however, Mercedes-Benz dealers now recommend changing the fluid at regular intervals.


title: Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W210)

text: ET is the German abbreviation for "Einpresstiefe" or offset, where the number is in mm and indicates the amount of offset. This ETxx is stamped on the inside of OEM rims for easy reference.


title: Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W210)

text: The bolt pattern is 5x112 (12 mm x 1.5 lugs), with an offset range of 30–40 mm, a wheel size range of 16"x6.0" to 20"x8.5". This is the same bolt pattern as most Mercedes, including the previous E-Class (W124). The newer Mercedes, including the 2003 (W211) to the present E-Class (W213), have 14 mm ball seats, making the wheels interchangeable only with the use of aftermarket lugs that combine a 14 mm ball seat (also known as "R14", the "R" meaning radius) with a 12 mm thread.


title: Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W210)

text: There were four engines that AMG installed in the W210. The first was the E 36, M104.995, launched in 1996 for select markets then the M119.980 in the E 50 AMG produced from early 1996 until late 1997. This model was assembled in Affalterbach under the one man one engine philosophy, only available in left hand drive European markets although many were exported to Japan from new. It is estimated around 2,800 E 50's were ever produced in its limited production run. There was also an option for the M119.980 V8 that was bored out to 6.0L and increased power to the cars these were fitted to were designated as the E 60 and came in sedan and wagon varieties. A limited edition 6.3L version, also badged E 60 AMG were built in 1996 generating and of torque. In 1998 came the M113 powered E 55 which used a 5.4L V8 SOHC 24V to produce and of torque.


title: Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W210)

text: The body styling on all of the W210 AMG models was the same until 2000 when a facelift and interior upgrades were implemented. The W210 E 55 was the last vehicle for which a major portion of production took place at AMG in Affalterbach. Production was actually split between Affalterbach and the Bremen Mercedes-Benz facility until the end of 2001.


title: Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W210)

text: The rarest of the W210 AMG models due to low productions numbers is the European-spec E 36. Based on the E 280, it was only produced in 1996 and 1997 and was not available in the US market. In Australia, they cost upwards of AUD $185,000 (new) and there were only 49 units sold. While rare, they are nowhere near as powerful as the V8-engined AMG cars.


title: Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W210)

text: The European-spec E 50 was only produced in 1996–1997. The E 50 was not available on the US market. This model is becoming very desirable for collectors due to its rarity.


title: Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W210)

text: The W210 E 55 was produced for 5 years 1998 through 2002 with a facelift in 2000. Production figures. ~12,000 accounted for (production models). 3000 per year. 500 per year imported into North America.


title: Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W210)

text: The 2001 model year E 55 was a rare version of the W210 E 55 AMG, of which only 653 units were produced in 2001. It has a 5.5-liter V8 that produces and of torque. Various road tests revealed ranges of times in 4.8-5.3 seconds and quarter-mile times in 13.3–13.5 seconds at around .


title: Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W210)

text: Common items were AMG exclusive "Condor" leather, black birdseye maple interior wood trim, AMG monoblock staggered 18-inch wheels and tires, AMG sport suspension, AMG brakes, AMG/Avantgarde front and rear body aprons with "dynamic" side skirts, AMG body shell modification, HID xenon headlights, Avantgarde fog lamps, heated multicontour AMG sport seats with power and memory, multifunction computer, automatic climate control system, Bose premium sound system, power tilt and telescoping leather-covered AMG multifunction sport steering wheel, power glass sunroof, power rear sun shade, and blue glass. Most of these items were standard in North America.


title: Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W210)

text: After model year 2000 Bilstein gas shock absorbers and progressive-rate springs were added with larger, solid stabilizer bars.


title: Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W210)

text: Hydraulic dual-circuit braking system with vacuum servo unit, disk brakes, internally ventilated, two piece front "floating" rotors and 2-piston front floating calipers.