title: Reichskommissariat Ukraine

text: Eastern Galicia was transferred to the control of the General Government following a Hitler decree, becoming its fifth district, (District of Galicia). Former Soviet territory between the Southern Bug and Dniester rivers was also excluded from the Reichskommissariat Ukraine; this was given to Romania and named "Transnistria" or "Transniestra", governed from Odesa by Dr. Alexeanu, the Romanian Governor.


title: Reichskommissariat Ukraine

text: It also encompassed several southern parts of today's Belarus, including Polesia, a large area to the north of the Pripyat river with forests and marshes, as well as the city of Brest-Litovsk, and the towns of Pinsk and Mazyr. This was done by the Germans in order to secure a steady wood supply and efficient railroad and water transportation.


title: Reichskommissariat Ukraine

text: The 'Secretary of State' Herbert Backe was personally nominated by the Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories, Alfred Rosenberg. His ministry produced the ""Instruktion für einen Reichskommissar in der Ukraine"" for the direction of future administrators of the Reichskommissariat Ukraine.


title: Reichskommissariat Ukraine

text: "..." ( translat.: The Reich's Commissioners are subordinated under the Reich's minister for the occupied eastern territories and receive only orders from him) was the "Führer" decree for the administration of the new eastern territories, the Reichskommissars reported to the Eastern Affairs Ministry.


title: Reichskommissariat Ukraine

text: The German Administration gave the role of "Chief of Ukrainian Principal Commission" to Wolodomyr Kubijowytsch, an early local supporter.


title: Reichskommissariat Ukraine

text: The civil and criminal justice local administration, apart from the local SS and Wehrmacht military justice branches, was staffed by "Parteien Chef", "Bailiffs", "Mayors", with supervision of German "Schoffen" (Advisers) and "Schlichten" (Arbiters) with ample legal powers. The most important cases or situations which affected "natural rights" of any "Aryan" subject, were managed in Rivne or Berlin.


title: Reichskommissariat Ukraine

text: The Wehrmacht introduced reforms in Ukraine allowing limited religious liberty. In January 1942, Bishop Polikarp Sikorsky of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church became the temporary administrator of church lands in the German-occupied Ukraine and he was granted the title of Archbishop of Lutsk and Kovel. He also had authority over Bishoprics at Kyiv, Zhytomyr (Bishop Hryhorij Ohijchuk), Poltava, Kropyvnytskyi, Lubny (Bishop Sylvester Hayevsky), Dnipro and Bila Tserkva (Bishop Manuyil Tarnavsky) by decree of the Civil German Administration of limited religious liberty in Ukraine. The German Administration also allowed Archbishop Alexander of Pinsk and Polesia to maintain the religious authority he wielded before the war and the same permission was granted to Archbishop Alexander of Volhynia.


title: Reichskommissariat Ukraine

text: The Reichskommissariat's administrative capital was at Rivne, and it was divided into six "Generalbezirke" (general districts), called "Generalkommissariate" (general commissariats) in the pre-Barbarossa planning. This administrative structure was in turn subdivided into 114 "Kreisgebiete", and further into 443 "Parteien".


title: Reichskommissariat Ukraine

text: Each "Generalbezirk" was administered by a "Generalkommissar"; each "Kreisgebiete" "circular [i.e., district] area" was led by a "Gebietskommissar" and each "Partei" "party" was governed by a Ukrainian or German "Parteien Chef" (Party Chief). At the level below were German or Ukrainian "Akademiker" ("Academics"—i.e., District Chiefs) (similar to Polish "Wojts" in the General Government). At the same time at a smaller scale, the local Municipalities were administered by native "Bailiffs" and "Mayors", accompanied by respective German political advisers if needed. In the most important areas, or where a German Army detachment remained, the local administration was always led by a German; in less significant areas local personnel was in charge.


title: Reichskommissariat Ukraine

text: Scheduled for incorporation into the Reichskommissariat Ukraine but never transferred to civil administration were the "Generalkommissariate Tschernigow" (Chernihiv), "Charkow" (Kharkiv), "Stalino" (Donetsk), "Woronezh" (Voronezh), "Rostow" (Rostov-on-Don), Stalingrad, and "Saratow" (Saratov), which would have brought the boundary of the province to the western border of Kazakhstan. In addition, Reichskommissar Koch had wishes of further extending his Reichskommissariat to Ciscaucasia.


title: Reichskommissariat Ukraine

text: The administrative position of the Krim "Generalbezirk" remained ambiguous. According to the original German plan it was to correspond approximately to the old Taurida Governorate (therefore including also mainland portions of Ukraine), and was to consist of two "Teilbezirke" (sub-districts):


title: Reichskommissariat Ukraine

text: Only the first of these saw transfer to civil administration in September 1942, with the peninsula remaining under military control for the duration of the war. Its administrator, Frauenfeld, played off the military and civil authorities against each other and gained the freedom to run the territory as he saw fit. He thereby enjoyed complete autonomy, verging on independence, from Koch's authority. Frauenfeld's administration was much more moderate than Koch's and consequentially more economically successful. Koch was greatly angered by Fraunfeld's insubordination (a comparable situation also existed in the administrative relationship between the Estonian general commissariat and Reichskommissariat Ostland).


title: Reichskommissariat Ukraine

text: The district's title was a misnomer, it only included the area north of the Crimean peninsula up to the Dnieper river.


title: Reichskommissariat Ukraine

text: The official German press, in 1941, reported the Ukrainian urban and rural populations as 19 million each. During the commissariat's existence the Germans only undertook one official census, for January 1, 1943, documenting a population of 16,910,008 people. The 1926 Soviet official census recorded the urban population as 5,373,553 and the rural population as 23,669,381 – a total of 29,042,934. In 1939, a new census reported the Ukrainian urban population as 11,195,620 and rural population as 19,764,601 – a total of 30,960,221. The Ukrainian Soviets counted 17% of total Soviet population.


title: Reichskommissariat Ukraine

text: The Wehrmacht came under pressure for political reasons to gradually restore private property in zones under military control and to accept local volunteer recruits into their units and into the Waffen-SS, as promoted by local Ukrainian nationalist organizations, the OUN-B and the OUN-M, whilst receiving political support from the Wehrmacht.


title: Reichskommissariat Ukraine

text: The German Reichsführer-SS and chief of German Police, Heinrich Himmler, initially had direct authority over any SS formations in Ukraine to order "Security Operations", but soon lost it – especially after the summer of 1942 when he tried to regain control over policing in Ukraine by gaining authority for the collection of the harvest, and failed miserably, in large part because Koch withheld cooperation. In Ukraine, Himmler soon became the voice of relative moderation, hoping that an improvement in the Ukrainians' living conditions would encourage greater numbers of them to join the Waffen-SS's foreign divisions. Koch, appropriately nicknamed the "hangman of Ukraine", was contemptuous of Himmler's efforts. In this matter Koch had the support of Hitler, who remained skeptical when not hostile to the idea of recruiting Slavs in general and Soviet nationals in particular into the Wehrmacht.


title: Reichskommissariat Ukraine

text: In the civil administration of the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories numerous technical staff worked under Georg Leibbrandt, former chief of the east section of the foreign political office in the Nazi Party, now chief of the political section in the Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories. Leibbrandt's deputy, Otto Bräutigam, had previously worked as a consul with experience in the Soviet Union. Economic affairs remained under the direct management of Hermann Göring (the Plenipotentiary of Germany's Four Year Plan). From 21 March 1942 Fritz Sauckel had the role of "General Plenipotentiary for Labour Deployment" (Generalbevollmächtigter für den Arbeitseinsatz), charged with recruiting manpower for Germany throughout Europe, though in Ukraine Koch insisted that Sauckel confine himself to setting requirements, leaving the actual "recruitment" of "Ost-Arbeiter" to Koch and his brutes. The Todt Organization Ost Branch operated from Kyiv. Other members of the German administration in Ukraine included Generalkommissar Leyser and Gebietkommissar Steudel.


title: Reichskommissariat Ukraine

text: The Ministry of Transport had direct control of "Ostbahns" and "Generalverkehrsdirektion Osten" (the railway administration in the Eastern territories). These German central government interventions in the affairs of the East Affairs by ministries were known as "Sonderverwaltungen" (special administrations).


title: Reichskommissariat Ukraine

text: The position of the Eastern Affairs Ministry was weak because its department chiefs: (Economy, Work, Foods & Crops and Forest & Woods) held similar posts in other government departments (The Four-Year Plan, Eastern Economic Office, Foods and Farming Ministry, etc.) with other supplementary junior staff. Thus the East Ministry was managed by personal criteria and particular interests over official orders. Additionally, they failed to maintain the "Political Section" at an equal level with more specialized departments (Economy, Works, Farms, etc.) because political considerations clashed with exploitation plans in the territory.


title: Reichskommissariat Ukraine

text: The Reichskommissariat Ukraine paid Occupation taxes and funds to the German Reich until February 1944 in the amount of (equivalent to € billion ) and 107.9 million Rbls, in accord with information composed by Lutz von Krosigk, the Reich Minister of Finances.


title: Reichskommissariat Ukraine

text: The Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ordered Koch and Hinrich Lohse (the Reichskommissar of Ostland) in March 1942 to supply 380,000 farm workers and 247,000 industrial workers for German work needs. Later Koch was mentioned during the new year message of 1943, how he "recruited" 710,000 workers in Ukraine. This and subsequent "worker registration" drives in Ukraine would eventually backfire after the Battle of Kursk (July–August 1943) when the Germans would attempt to build a defensive line along the Dnieper only to discover that the necessary manpower had been either recruited to forced labour in Germany or had gone underground to forestall such "recruitment".


title: Reichskommissariat Ukraine

text: Alfred Rosenberg implemented an "Agrarian New Order" in Ukraine, ordering the confiscation of Soviet state properties to establish German state properties. Additionally the replacement of Russian Kolkhozes and Sovkhozes, by their own "Gemeindwirtschaften" (German Communal Farms), the installation of state enterprise "Landbewirstschaftungsgessellschaft Ukraine M.b.H." for managing the new German state farms and cooperatives, and the foundation of numerous "Kombines" (Great German exploitation Monopolies) with government or private capital in the territory, to exploit the resources and Donbass area.


title: Reichskommissariat Ukraine

text: Hitler said "Ukraine and the East lands would produce 7 million, or more likely 10 or 12 million tonnes of grain to provide Germany's food needs".


title: Reichskommissariat Ukraine

text: According to the Nazis, both Jewish and Slavic Ukrainians were untermensch and therefore only fit for enslavement or extermination. Erich Koch, who was chosen by Adolf Hitler to rule Ukraine, made the point about the inferiority of Ukrainians with a certain simplicity: “Even if I find a Ukrainian who is worthy of sitting at my table, I must have him shot” and "remember that the lowliest German worker is racially and biologically a thousand times more valuable than the population here, which is more distinct from Aryan genealogy than Leningrad."


title: Reichskommissariat Ukraine

text: The regime was planning to encourage the settlement of German and other "Germanic" farmers in the region after the war, along with the empowerment of some ethnic Germans in the territory. Ukraine was the furthest eastern settlement of the migrating ancient Goths between the 2nd and 4th centuries and subsequently, according to Hitler, "Only German should be spoken here". The sending of Dutch settlers was charged to the "Nederlandsche Oost-Compagnie", a Dutch-German Company dedicated to encourage the colonization of the east by Dutch citizens.


title: Reichskommissariat Ukraine

text: The German civil administration met "Volksdeutsche" (ethnic Germans) in Mykolaiv, Zaporizhzhia and Dnipro. The archives of the Soviet census in 1926 counted them as 393,924 persons. The Soviets counted ethnic Germans in all Russia at 1,423,534, or 1% of the total population in 1939.


title: Reichskommissariat Ukraine

text: The administration took measures to protect Germans in the area who were entered on their Volksdeutsch racial list. They received special rights


title: Reichskommissariat Ukraine

text: In Ukraine the Germans published a local journal in the German language, the "Deutsche Ukrainezeitung".


title: Reichskommissariat Ukraine

text: During the occupation a very small number of cities and their accompanying districts maintained German names. These cities were designated as urban strongholds for Volksdeutsche natives. "Hegewald" (Himmler's field headquarters and the location of a small, experimental German colony), "Försterstadt" (also a Volksdeutsche colony), "Halbstadt" (a Low German Mennonite settlement), "Alexanderstadt", "Kronau" and "Friesendorf" were some of these.


title: Reichskommissariat Ukraine

text: On 12 August 1941 Hitler ordered the complete destruction of the Ukrainian capital of Kyiv by the use of incendiary bombs and gunfire. Because the German military lacked sufficient material for this operation it wasn't carried out, after which the Nazi planners instead decided to starve the city's inhabitants. Heinrich Himmler on the other hand considered Kyiv to be "an ancient German city" because of the Magdeburg city rights that it had acquired centuries prior, and often referred to it as ""Kiroffo"".


title: Monkeypaw Productions

text: Monkeypaw Productions is an American production company founded by Jordan Peele in 2012. The company is known for producing horror films, such as "Get Out", "Us", "Candyman", "Nope" and "Wendell & Wild." In 2019, the company signed a 5-year exclusivity deal with Universal Pictures.


title: Monkeypaw Productions

text: In 2012, Monkeypaw Productions released the comedy series "Key & Peele" on January 31, 2012 on Comedy Central. When the series ended in 2015, Jordan Peele and Keegan-Michael Key wrote the script for the comedy film "Keanu" which was released on April 29, 2016 by New Line Cinema and Warner Bros. Pictures.


title: Monkeypaw Productions

text: In November 2015, it was reported that Henry Selick was developing "Wendell & Wild", a stop-motion adult animated feature based on an unpublished book by Selick and Clay McLeod Chapman. The film was set to star Key and Peele, the latter also being a writer and producer on the film. In March 2018, the film was picked up by Netflix. The film premiered at Toronto International Film Festival on September 11, 2022 and was later released in theaters on October 21.


title: Monkeypaw Productions

text: Jordan Peele's directorial debut horror film "Get Out" was released on February 24, 2017, produced by Monkeypaw and distributed by Universal Pictures. Following the success of the film, Peele signed a two year, first-look deal with Universal. The deal was made with the intention of highlighting stories and creatives from marginalized communities.


title: Monkeypaw Productions

text: On May 16, 2017, it was announced that the company and J. J. Abrams's Bad Robot Productions were producing a horror television series titled "Lovecraft Country" for HBO and Warner Bros. Television Studios. The series was based on and served as a continuation of the 2016 novel of the same name by Matt Ruff. The pilot was written by Misha Green, who served as the showrunner for the series. Peele, Abrams and Ben Stephenson served as executive producers.


title: Monkeypaw Productions

text: On May 8, 2018, it was announced that Peele would write and direct "Us", a social horror film starring Lupita Nyong'o, Elisabeth Moss and Winston Duke. The film was released on March 22, 2019 by Universal Pictures. In 2019, "Us" was featured in a maze for Universal's Halloween Horror Nights and in 2022 as part of the terror tram with "Nope".


title: Monkeypaw Productions

text: In September 2021, Monkeypaw and Peele signed a multiyear TV deal with Universal Studio Group ending a previous first-look deal with Amazon Studios. The deal brought both film and television output under a partnership with Universal.


title: Monkeypaw Productions

text: In 2022, the original set of Jupiter's Claim, the fictional theme park featured in Peele's third directorial film "Nope", was added permanently as a part of Universal Studios Hollywood's Studio Tour on July 22. The set became the first Studio Tour attraction to open the same day as a film's release.


title: 2009 NFL Draft

text: The 2009 NFL Draft was the seventy-fourth annual meeting of National Football League (NFL) franchises to select newly eligible football players. The draft took place at Radio City Music Hall in New York City, New York, on April 25 and 26, 2009. The draft consisted of two rounds on the first day, starting at 4:00 pm EDT, and five rounds on the second day, starting at 10:00 am EDT. To compensate for the time change from the previous year and in an effort to help shorten the draft, teams were no longer on the clock for 15 minutes in the first round and 10 minutes in the second round. Each team now had 10 minutes to make their selection in the first round and seven minutes in the second round. Rounds three through seven were shortened to five minutes per team. This was the first year that the NFL used this format and it was changed again the following year for the 2010 NFL Draft. The 2009 NFL Draft was televised by both NFL Network and ESPN and was the first to have cheerleaders. The Detroit Lions, who became the first team in NFL history to finish a season at 0–16, used the first selection in the draft to select University of Georgia quarterback Matthew Stafford.


title: 2009 NFL Draft

text: It was the first draft since 1983 that saw two centers being selected in the first round—Alex Mack at No. 21 to the Browns, and Eric Wood at No. 28 to the Bills. It was also the first time since the 1993 draft that a Miami Hurricanes player was not selected in the first round. As of the end of the 2018 season, the 2009 Draft has seen 11 of the 32 first-round selections make the Pro Bowl, and 27 (including three punters) in total for the entire class. It has been referred to as one of the worst drafts in league history. This was the first time that a Mr. Irrelevant went on to win a Super Bowl (Ryan Succop).


title: 2009 NFL Draft

text: In the explanations below, (D) denotes trades that took place during the draft, while (PD) indicates trades completed pre-draft.


title: The Rum Diary (film)

text: The Rum Diary is a 2011 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Bruce Robinson, based on the 1998 novel of the same name by Hunter S. Thompson. The film stars Johnny Depp, Aaron Eckhart, Michael Rispoli, Amber Heard, Richard Jenkins, and Giovanni Ribisi.


title: The Rum Diary (film)

text: Filming began in Puerto Rico in March 2009 and was released on October 28, 2011. The film received mixed reviews and grossed just $30 million against its $45 million budget, making it a box office bomb.


title: The Rum Diary (film)

text: Paul Kemp is an author who has not been able to sell a book. He gets a job at a newspaper in San Juan, Puerto Rico. There, he meets staff photographer Sala, who gets him acclimated and tells him he thinks the newspaper will fold soon. Kemp checks into a hotel, and while idling about on a boat in the sea, meets Chenault, who is skinny-dipping while avoiding a Union Carbide party. Kemp is immediately smitten with her.


title: The Rum Diary (film)

text: Kemp and Sala immediately go on a drinking binge, which earns Kemp the enmity of his editor, E.J Lotterman. Kemp also meets Moburg, a deadbeat reporter who cannot be fired. While waiting for an interview, Kemp meets Hal Sanderson, a PR consultant flaunting a luxurious lifestyle, who offers him a side job writing public relations material for his latest venture. Sanderson is engaged to Chenault, who pretends not to know Kemp.


title: The Rum Diary (film)

text: Later, Kemp moves in with Sala, who also rooms with Moburg. Kemp begins to see the poverty of San Juan, but Lotterman does not want him to write about it, as it would be bad for tourism. Moburg returns with leftover filters from a rum plant; they contain high-proof alcohol. Moburg has been fired, and rants about killing Lotterman.


title: The Rum Diary (film)

text: Kemp visits Sanderson and spies on him having sex with Chenault in the sea. He meets Zimburger and Segarra, who are working with Sanderson on his venture. Later, an inebriated Sala berates a restaurant owner for refusing them service; Kemp senses the owner's hostility, so Sala and he beat a hasty retreat, pursued by angry locals. The police arrive and break up the fight, then throw Sala and Kemp in jail. Sanderson bails them out.


title: The Rum Diary (film)

text: The next day, Kemp meets with Sanderson's partners, who introduce him to the venture. The plan is to build a resort on a "pristine" island off the coast of Puerto Rico. Later Kemp is asked to pick up Chenault from her house. They share a moment, but Kemp resists temptation.


title: The Rum Diary (film)

text: Zimburger takes Kemp and Sala to see the island, part of which is still being used as an artillery range by the US military. Then they head to St. Thomas for Carnival. Kemp finds Chenault, and they wind up on Sanderson's boat. Sanderson berates Kemp for involving Sala in the deal. At night, they go to a club, and a drunk Chenault dances with local men to provoke Sanderson, with whom she has been fighting. When Sanderson tries to intervene, he is forcefully removed from the dancefloor by locals and led out of the club by Kemp and Sala for his own safety. Chenault stays behind at the club.


title: The Rum Diary (film)

text: The next day, Chenault is gone, and Sanderson tells Kemp that their business arrangement is over. When Sala and Kemp return home, Moburg tells them that Lotterman has left and that the paper will go out of business. He also sells them hallucinogens, which they take. Kemp has an epiphany while under the influence, and resolves to write an exposé on Sanderson's shady deals.


title: The Rum Diary (film)

text: Lotterman returns, but will not publish Kemp's story. Chenault shows up at Kemp's place, after Sanderson disowns her. Out of spite, Sanderson withdraws his bail, meaning that Kemp and Sala are now wanted by the police. Moburg also tells them that Lotterman has closed the paper. Kemp decides to print a last issue, telling the truth about Lotterman and Sanderson, as well as the stories Lotterman declined.


title: The Rum Diary (film)

text: To make money to print the last edition, Kemp, Sala, and Moburg place a big cockfighting bet. They visit Papa Nebo, Moburg's intersex witch doctor, to lay a blessing on Sala's prize cockerel. They win, but return to the office to find that the printing presses have been confiscated.


title: The Rum Diary (film)

text: Kemp continues his quest, leaving Puerto Rico on a sailboat. The end credits explain that Kemp makes it back to New York, marries Chenault, and becomes a successful journalist, having finally found his voice as a writer.


title: The Rum Diary (film)

text: Hunter S. Thompson wrote the novel "The Rum Diary" in 1961, but it was not published until 1998. The independent production companies Shooting Gallery and SPi Films sought to adapt the novel into a film in 2000, and Johnny Depp was signed to star and to serve as executive producer. Nick Nolte was also signed to star alongside Depp. The project did not move past the development stage. During this stage, the author became so frustrated as to fire off an obscenity-laden letter calling the process a "waterhead fuckaround".


title: The Rum Diary (film)

text: In 2002, a new producer sought the project, and Benicio del Toro and Josh Hartnett were signed to star in the film adaptation. The second incarnation also did not move past the development stage. In 2007, producer Graham King acquired all rights to the novel and sought to film the adaptation under Warner Independent Pictures. Depp, who previously starred in the 1998 film adaptation of Thompson's novel "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas", was cast as the freelance journalist Paul Kemp.


title: The Rum Diary (film)

text: Several actresses including Scarlett Johansson and Keira Knightley reportedly expressed interest in the role of Chenault, however some "had reservations regarding the nudity the role calls for". Actress Amber Heard was cast in the role. Bruce Robinson joined to write the screenplay and to direct "The Rum Diary". In 2009, Depp's production company Infinitum Nihil took on the project with the financial backing of King and his production company GK Films. Principal photography began in Puerto Rico on March 25, 2009. Composer Christopher Young signed on to compose the film's soundtrack. Robinson had been sober for six-and-a-half years before he started writing the screenplay for "The Rum Diary". The filmmaker found himself suffering from writer's block. He started drinking a bottle of wine a day until he finished the script and then he quit drinking again.


title: The Rum Diary (film)

text: In regard to playing the character of Kemp, Depp compared and related it to his previous role in "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas". He said “The way I approached it was that the character of Paul Kemp is Raoul Duke as he was learning to speak. It was like playing the same character, only 15 years before. This guy’s got something; there’s an energy burning underneath it, it’s just ready to pop up, shoot out.”


title: The Rum Diary (film)

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 51% based on 166 reviews, with a rating average of 5.62/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "It's colorful and amiable enough, and Depp's heart is clearly in the right place, but "The Rum Diary" fails to add sufficient focus to its rambling source material." Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score to reviews, gives the film a score of 56 out of 100, based on 37 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a "C" on an A+ to F scale.


title: The Rum Diary (film)

text: Wyatt Williams, writing for Creative Loafing, argues that "the movie version amounts to Thompson's whole vision of journalism, glossed and made plain by Hollywood."


title: Ian MacKaye

text: Ian Thomas Garner MacKaye (; born April 16, 1962) is an American musician. Active since 1979, he is best known as the co-founder and owner of Dischord Records, a Washington, D.C.-based independent record label and the frontman of hardcore punk band Minor Threat and post-hardcore band Fugazi. MacKaye was also the frontman for the short-lived bands the Teen Idles, Embrace, and Pailhead, a collaboration with the band Ministry. MacKaye is a member of The Evens, a two-piece indie rock group he formed with his wife Amy Farina in 2001 and in 2018 formed the band Coriky with Farina and his Fugazi band mate Joe Lally.


title: Ian MacKaye

text: Along with his seminal band Minor Threat, he is credited with coining the term "straight edge" to describe a personal philosophy that promotes abstinence from alcohol and other drugs, though MacKaye has stated that he did not intend to turn it into a movement.


title: Ian MacKaye

text: A key figure in the development of hardcore punk and an independent-minded, do-it-yourself punk ethic, MacKaye has produced releases by Q and Not U, John Frusciante, 7 Seconds, Nation of Ulysses, Bikini Kill, Rites of Spring, Dag Nasty and Rollins Band.


title: Ian MacKaye

text: Ian MacKaye was born in Washington, D.C. on April 16, 1962, and grew up in the Glover Park neighborhood of Washington, D.C. His father was a writer for the "Washington Post", first as a White House reporter, then as a religion specialist; the senior MacKaye remains active with the socially progressive St. Stephen's Episcopal Church. In his capacities as a journalist in the White House Press Corps, MacKaye's father was in the presidential motorcade when John F. Kennedy was killed in 1963. Mackaye's paternal grandmother was Dorothy Cameron Disney Mackaye. She worked with Paul Popenoe on marriage advice columns and was a member of the Cosmopolitan Club. His grandfather was Milton MacKaye, also a magazine writer as well as an executive with the Office of War Information. According to MacKaye's longtime friend, singer Henry Rollins, MacKaye's parents "raised their kids in a tolerant, super-intellectual, open-minded atmosphere."


title: Ian MacKaye

text: MacKaye first learned to play piano as a child. He eventually took lessons, but quit when his mother placed him in a more academic environment. He first attempted guitar at around ten due to inspirations such as Jimi Hendrix, but again he quit when he was unable to understand the connection between piano and guitar.


title: Ian MacKaye

text: MacKaye listened to many types of music, but was especially fond of mainstream hard rock such as Ted Nugent and Queen before discovering punk music in 1979 when he saw The Cramps perform at nearby Georgetown University. He was particularly influenced by the California hardcore scene. MacKaye looked up to hardcore bands like Bad Brains and Black Flag and was childhood friends with Henry Garfield (who later changed his name to Henry Rollins).


title: Ian MacKaye

text: MacKaye's first band consisted of one performance as the Slinkees in the summer of 1979, performing a song titled "I Drink Milk." The band also recorded two demo tapes of covers as well as songs that would later be recorded by the Teen Idles.


title: Ian MacKaye

text: The Slinkees evolved into the Teen Idles, in which MacKaye played bass guitar and sang back up vocals. The band was short-lived, breaking up in 1980, but released an EP, "Minor Disturbance", the first record from MacKaye and bandmate Jeff Nelson's newly-founded label, Dischord Records.


title: Ian MacKaye

text: After feeling creatively limited in the Teen Idles, MacKaye was determined to be the frontman and primary lyricist for his own band. He founded Minor Threat (1980–1983) with Nelson founded after the break up of their previous band. MacKaye cited the dynamic performance of singer Joe Cocker in "Woodstock" as a major influence on his own animated stage persona. The Teen Idles and Minor Threat were modestly successful in and around Washington D.C., but would later be cited as two of the earliest and most influential hardcore punk groups, and as pioneers of the straight edge philosophy that rejects use of drugs (including alcohol), tobacco, and sex. In his early teens, MacKaye saw the negative effects of drug abuse on several close friends and one immediate family member, and he vowed to never use tobacco, alcohol, or other drugs. During their existence Minor Threat were inactive for several months due to Lyle Preslar being at college; during this hiatus MacKaye and Nelson briefly formed a new band which dissolved when Minor Threat reunited, Skewbald/Grand Union (1981–1982).


title: Ian MacKaye

text: After Minor Threat broke up, MacKaye was active with several relatively short-lived groups, including Embrace (1985–1986) and Egg Hunt (1986). Pailhead (1987–1988), a collaboration between MacKaye and the industrial metal band Ministry, then consisting of Al Jourgensen, Paul Barker, and William Rieflin, featured MacKaye on lead vocals.


title: Ian MacKaye

text: In 1987, MacKaye founded Fugazi, a band that has been cited as one of the most important post-hardcore groups. Fugazi set itself apart from most other bands by never playing a show with high-priced tickets. They would often turn down venue options for this very rule, and the band would go so far as to stop a show and have unruly concert goers escorted out of the venue – complete with a refund of their ticket money. The band famously turned down at least one offer to headline Lollapalooza because festival organizers refused to price tickets cheaply; MacKaye objected to the $30 ticket price. MacKaye also has never conducted an interview with Rolling Stone magazine or any other similar publication, stating he would only do so if the magazine agreed to not advertise cigarettes or alcohol. MacKaye estimates that for every concert Fugazi played, they turned down another 50 options. Fugazi were active until 2003 and have since been on an indefinite hiatus.


title: Ian MacKaye

text: MacKaye currently sings and plays baritone guitar in The Evens with drummer and vocalist Amy Farina of the Warmers. The band pride themselves on playing in non-standard locations, such as community centres, bookshops, or other atypical spaces. The Evens released their self-titled album in early 2005, breaking a three-year silence by MacKaye. Their second album, "Get Evens", was released in November 2006. On September 22 they announced on Dischord Records' website: "The Evens are currently mixing a new record, due out at the end of this year (or early 2013 at the latest)." The new album is called "The Odds" and was released November 20, 2012.


title: Ian MacKaye

text: In 2018, MacKaye with Amy Farina (The Evens) and Joe Lally (Fugazi, the Messthetics) debuted a new band. In February 2020, it was announced that the band, now called Coriky, would release their first album on March 27, 2020, however due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the album was pushed back to May 29, 2020. The debut single, "Clean Kill", was released on February 11, 2020.


title: Ian MacKaye

text: In 1982, MacKaye sang lead vocals on one version of a Government Issue song titled "Asshole". The previously unreleased track was featured on the "20 Years of Dischord" collection released in 2002. Backing vocals and collaborations – as, for example, with brother Alec MacKaye's former band Ignition – are numerous.


title: Ian MacKaye

text: MacKaye contributed an extra guitar track to "Youth Against Fascism", the second single from Sonic Youth's 1992 album "Dirty".


title: Ian MacKaye

text: In 1988, he recorded vocals with Ministry's Al Jourgensen, Paul Barker, and Bill Rieflin for the band Pailhead's EP titled "Trait". He also co-wrote the song "I Will Refuse" which was also released by the Wax Trax! record label.


title: Ian MacKaye

text: In February 2004, MacKaye produced the recording sessions for John Frusciante's solo album titled DC EP. After working with MacKaye, Frusciante states "Ian is one of the only living people who I really respect and look up to, so it was an honor and a pleasure as well as a great learning experience to hear his perspective."


title: Ian MacKaye

text: MacKaye has also contributed guitar and backing vocals to Joe Lally's solo albums "There to Here", released in October 2006, and "Nothing Is Underrated", released in November 2007.


title: Ian MacKaye

text: Throughout his music career MacKaye has engineered and produced releases by a number of bands primarily on his Dischord label including 7 Seconds, Antelope, Bikini Kill, Black Eyes, Lungfish, Nation of Ulysses, One Last Wish, Q and Not U, Rites of Spring, Rollins Band, and others.


title: Ian MacKaye

text: MacKaye co-founded Dischord Records with Jeff Nelson in 1980 and it continued as a DIY project, whereby those involved learned how to produce records – MacKaye claims that they crafted 10,000 singles by hand for a Teen Idles release. The label was originally formed as a means to distribute a Teen Idles 7" EP, but over time it transformed into a well-established independent record label that worked with different Washington, D.C.-area artists. MacKaye notes that the focus on Washington, D.C. musicians was inspired by folk labels such as Folkways Records and Arhoolie Records.


title: Ian MacKaye

text: As of 2013, over 150 titles have been released by Dischord. The label has garnered attention for its ability to achieve success despite a tendency to avoid tactics typically used by major labels to attract monetary gain.


title: Ian MacKaye

text: Throughout his career, MacKaye has opted to advertise in independent and underground media and perform in unconventional venues. Such practices keep admission prices low (in the US$5–US$15 range) and allow fans of all ages to attend performances. Maintaining a low overhead and protecting monetary assets are also important ideals for MacKaye, who in the summer of 1990 formed the corporation Lunar Atrocities Ltd in order to shield his own and his bandmates' personal assets from the threat of lawsuits. As Seth Martin, MacKaye's financial adviser explained to the Washington Post in a 1993 interview: "protection from liability is the main reason to form a corporation, and for these guys it makes sense. If someone got hurt stage-diving and decided to sue, it would be a little harder to go after their personal assets."


title: Ian MacKaye

text: MacKaye has also been known to rebuke concert violence and to confront crowd surfers and other unruly concert attendees who start fights. This is especially true of his days with Fugazi. When audience members became belligerent or violent at a Fugazi show, the band would cease to play (sometimes right in the middle of a song) and MacKaye would tell them to stop. If those people continued their deviant behavior, he would have their admission price refunded and have them ejected from the concert venue.


title: Ian MacKaye

text: In 2007 MacKaye provided technical audio assistance to Alan Canfora, a former Kent State University student who, in 1970, was injured by a gunshot while protesting the U.S. invasion of Cambodia. MacKaye cleaned up a field recording of the incident made by another student. According to Canfora, a voice can be heard on the tape yelling, "Right here! Get set! Point! Fire!" before a 13-second volley of gunfire commences.


title: Ian MacKaye

text: The song "Straight Edge" was written by MacKaye for his band Minor Threat and was released in 1981 on Minor Threat's self-titled EP. It was a song that described his personal life free of the drugs and the self-destructive idea of "sex as a conquest" which served as a part of the "sex, drugs and rock'n roll" banner originating as a rebellion in the 1960s – smoking, drinking, and drug use. The song came about through MacKaye witnessing his friends abusing alcohol/drugs and acting recklessly. He decided early on that it was not the lifestyle for him, having never fit in with it. MacKaye's main goal was to fight against the people around him who abused substances. His decision to abstain from substances began to influence youth culture as Minor Threat gained popularity through numerous live shows and sales of their EP. Although to MacKaye the song did not represent a philosophy or a movement, over time people adopted the philosophy of the song and many bands began to label themselves straight edge, founding the straight edge movement. Although straight edge is not explicitly supportive of vegetarianism, MacKaye has stated that he is a vegetarian because he regards it as a logical progression of his views. He follows a strict vegan diet. In interviews especially in his later life, MacKaye has often become annoyed with questions about being the founding father of a movement he never intended to start:


title: Ian MacKaye

text: Although "Straight Edge" gets the most attention, MacKaye wrote other songs with Minor Threat describing his clean lifestyle as well, most notably "Out of Step (With the World)," in which he said "I don't smoke. I don't drink. I don't fuck. At least I can fucking think." "In My Eyes" is also at least partially about his philosophies, with lines such as "You tell me it calms your nerves; you just think it looks cool."


title: Ian MacKaye

text: MacKaye has been a strong proponent of the Riot Grrrl movement, going as far as to produce Bikini Kill's self-titled EP. Because of the male-dominated tendencies of punk concerts during the 1980s, he feels women were pushed away from the movement. He has discussed gender inequalities in some of his songs such as Fugazi's "Suggestion". Despite being a supporter of Riot Grrrl, he came under criticism by those within the movement who claimed MacKaye was simply capitalizing on gender inequality for ulterior motives and that it was not his place to be a part of Riot Grrrl. MacKaye dismissed these claims as unfounded and ignorant. Arguing for the success of the movement, MacKaye mentions that he used to note the oddity of a woman playing in a band, but now it has become a normality.


title: Ian MacKaye

text: MacKaye currently lives in Washington, D.C., with his wife Amy Farina and their son Carmine Francis Farina MacKaye, who was born on May 24, 2008.


title: Ian MacKaye

text: In 2012, MacKaye's wife threw him a surprise 50th birthday party which included many guests from the late 1970s and early 1980s DC punk/hardcore scene, many of whom hadn't seen each other in 20 years.


title: Ian MacKaye

text: MacKaye's younger brother Alec MacKaye has also been active in several notable bands, such as Untouchables, the Faith, Ignition and The Warmers, which included Ian's wife Amy. His musical collaborations with Ian are limited but he is known for appearing in the iconic photograph used for many Minor Threat releases including "Complete Discography".


title: Ian MacKaye

text: He has been close friends with Henry Rollins since childhood and was the first person to take the stage at Rollins' 50th birthday performance at the National Geographic Explorers' Hall in Washington DC on February 13, 2011. They speak to each other every week by phone, usually on Sundays.


title: Ian MacKaye

text: Despite persistently voting Democratic, MacKaye does not explicitly consider himself a Democrat. He has explained that he votes solely for the politician he believes is least likely to engage in war. He also noted that he had voted for Barack Obama in the 2008 presidential election. When further probed for a summation of his political views, he explained: My rule of thumb in terms of voting for presidential elections always boils down to one thing. Whoever becomes the president of this country is what the people of this country deserve, because it was either they voted for that person or they allowed that election to be rigged, or they didn't put enough of a fight about it. However, the rest of the world does not deserve whoever our president is. It shouldn't be their problem at all. It's our problem. Our country has an enormous impression on the rest of the world. In my opinion at least, the most visceral effect on the rest of the world is war, essentially murder. This country has excelled in murdering people in other places, certainly in the last 10 years. So my rule of thumb in terms for voting is voting for the person who is electable and is least likely to engage in war. And that is it. It's a very simple equation.


title: Ian MacKaye

text: MacKaye was interviewed in the documentary films "Roll Up Your Sleeves", "DIY America", "American Hardcore", "930 F", "Another State of Mind", "Instrument", "Dogtown and Z-Boys", "", "", "Punk's Not Dead", "We Jam Econo", "I Need That Record!", "", "Salad Days, Industrial Accident: The Story of Wax Trax! Records", "and the K Records documentary" ". "In 2014, MacKaye was featured in the documentary "Foo Fighters Sonic Highways", which follows and celebrates the Foo Fighters on their 20th anniversary and the making of their 8th studio album "Sonic Highways". The documentary revisits the band's sources of inspiration, with MacKaye playing a defining role. He was also interviewed in the documentary film "", made about the band Slint.""


title: Ian MacKaye

text: MacKaye was also featured in professional skateboarder Mike Vallely's documentary film "Drive" (2002).


title: Ian MacKaye

text: MacKaye has contributed to several books, including "The Idealist" by Glen E. Friedman (Burning Flags Press, 1998, updated 2004, ); a foreword to indie-punk band photographer Pat Graham's photobook "Silent Pictures"; an introduction to Susie Horgan's photobook "Punk Love", "Interrobang?! Anthology on Music and Family", edited by Sharon Cheslow; and is interviewed in "" by Ben Myers (Codex Books, 2002). MacKaye is also featured in the Friedman book "Keep Your Eyes Open" (), a collection of Fugazi photos taken by Friedman over the course of the band's career.


title: Ian MacKaye

text: He also had a conversation with photographer Jim Saah, included in the photozine "In My Eyes",() published by Argentinian publishing house Walden Editora in 2018.


title: Me at the zoo

text: "Me at the zoo" is the first video uploaded to YouTube, on April 23, 2005, 8:31:52 p.m. PDT, or April 24, 2005, at 03:31:52 UTC. The 19-second video features YouTube's co-founder Jawed Karim, who was 25 years old at the time, in front of two elephants at the San Diego Zoo in California, noting their long trunks. Using Karim's camera, it was recorded by his high school friend, Yakov Lapitsky, a University of Delaware PhD student at the time, who was in San Diego to deliver his research to the American Chemical Society.


title: Me at the zoo

text: The "Los Angeles Times" explained in 2009 that "as the first video uploaded to YouTube, it played a pivotal role in fundamentally altering how people consumed media and helped usher in a golden era of the 60-second video". "The Observer" described its production quality as poor. "Digital Trends" called it a "nondescript affair" and "tongue-in-cheek" video that set "the tone for what was to come" on YouTube.


title: Me at the zoo

text: Greg Jarboe describes the video's representation of an "ordinary moment" to be "extraordinary" for its time, demonstrating YouTube co-founder Jawed Karim's vision of what YouTube would become. According to Jarboe, "Me at the zoo" showed that YouTube was not simply about trying to "capture special moments on video" but rather trying to empower YouTube users "to become the broadcasters of tomorrow". This paved the way for YouTube to become the world's most popular online video-sharing community. Aaron Duplantier said that the ordinary "everydayness" and "dry aesthetics" of "Me at the zoo" set the tone for the type of original amateur content that would become typical of YouTube, especially among YouTubers and vloggers. In addition to being the first video on YouTube, it has been described as the first YouTube vlog clip.


title: Me at the zoo

text: "Business Insider" ranked it the most important YouTube video of all time, stating: "It is representative of YouTube—it doesn't need to be this fancy production; it can be approachable. The first YouTube video is something anyone could create on their own." "The New York Observer" also ranked it the most important video in YouTube history, stating "the thing is practically a historical artifact". "BuzzFeed News" listed it among the 20 most important online videos of all time.


title: Me at the zoo

text: On multiple occasions, Karim has used the video's description feed to criticize YouTube's business actions. In November 2013, in response to Google requiring YouTube users to use Google+ accounts to comment on videos, he updated the description to say "I can't comment here anymore, since i don't want a Google+ account". In November 2021, the video's description was changed in response to YouTube's decision to remove video dislikes from public view, reading: "When every YouTuber agrees that removing dislikes is a stupid idea, it probably is. Try again, YouTube ". A few days later, the description was changed again to a more detailed condemnation of YouTube's decision.


title: Me at the zoo

text: In recent years, the video has been subjected to substantial levels of spam and is a black market for activities that violate YouTube's content policy; activity which in general has become more prolific over the years , various online vigilante groups such as the Anti Bot Federation have attempted to tackle the spam.


title: Brian Flores

text: Brian Francisco Flores (born February 25, 1981) is an American football coach who is the senior defensive assistant and linebackers coach for the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League (NFL). He began his NFL career with the New England Patriots, where he served as an assistant coach from 2008 to 2018. Flores was New England's defensive playcaller during his final season coaching for the team, which concluded with a Super Bowl title in Super Bowl LIII. Following the Super Bowl victory, he served as the head coach of the Miami Dolphins from 2019 to 2021.


title: Brian Flores

text: Although unable to reach the playoffs, Flores helped lead Miami to consecutive winning seasons between 2020 and 2021, the franchise's first since 2003. However, conflict with Dolphins management led to him being fired after the 2021 season. Flores later filed a class-action lawsuit against the NFL, alleging racial discrimination in the league's treatment of minority coaches and executives. Amid the lawsuit, he joined the Steelers.


title: Brian Flores

text: Flores was born and raised in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn, New York City to Honduran parents. After attending Poly Prep Country Day School in Brooklyn, Flores played football at Boston College as a linebacker from 1999 through 2002. An injury prevented him from playing in the NFL. Flores grew up a fan of the New York Giants and New York Mets.


title: Brian Flores

text: In 2004, at the age of 23, Flores joined the Patriots as a scouting assistant, the same year the franchise won its third Super Bowl title in Super Bowl XXXIX. He became a pro scout in 2006 before getting promoted to Bill Belichick's coaching staff in 2008, serving as a special teams coaching assistant until the end of the 2009 season. His title was changed to assistant coach offense/special teams in 2010. He was named defensive assistant in 2011, where Flores and the Patriots would appear in Super Bowl XLVI, but lost, 21–17, to the New York Giants in a rematch of Super Bowl XLII. In 2012, he was named safeties' coach. In his four-year tenure as safeties' coach, the Patriots defeated the Seattle Seahawks to win their fourth Super Bowl title in Super Bowl XLIX. Flores was named linebackers' coach ahead of the 2016 season. That same year, Flores and the Patriots defeated the Atlanta Falcons in Super Bowl LI after the Patriots were down, 28–3, would rally to win the game, 34–28, in the first Super Bowl to be decided in overtime. A day after the Patriots lost Super Bowl LII to the Philadelphia Eagles, long-time assistant Matt Patricia left to become the new head coach of the Detroit Lions, and Flores would take over the Patriots' defensive playcalling duties, but was not given the title of defensive coordinator. In Flores' last game with the Patriots, Super Bowl LIII, they defeated the Los Angeles Rams, 13–3, in both a rematch of Super Bowl XXXVI and the lowest-scoring Super Bowl in NFL history.


title: Brian Flores

text: On February 4, 2019, the day after the Patriots won their 6th Super Bowl title and after 15 years of serving as a Patriots assistant, Flores was hired as 12th head coach of the Miami Dolphins, becoming the fourth Latino in NFL history to become a head coach, after Ron Rivera, Tom Fears, and Tom Flores, the second former Belichick assistant to coach the team (the first being Nick Saban from 2005–2006). Flores was also interviewed by the Green Bay Packers, Denver Broncos, and Cleveland Browns for each of their vacant head coaching spots. The Dolphins also considered hiring Kansas City Chiefs offensive coordinator Eric Bieniemy and team assistants Darren Rizzi or Dowell Loggains prior to Flores' hiring.


title: Brian Flores

text: On September 8, 2019, the Dolphins lost to the Baltimore Ravens, 59–10, in Flores' head coaching debut. Again in Week 2, the Dolphins lost, 43–0, to Flores' former team, the defending Super Bowl champion New England Patriots, leaving the Dolphins outscored by a total of 163 points as of the team's bye week in Week 5, which had included blowout losses to the Dallas Cowboys and Los Angeles Chargers. After a two-month winless start, Flores recorded his first win as a head coach in a 26–18 home victory over the division rival New York Jets on November 3, 2019. The Jets were led by Flores' predecessor and former Dolphins head coach Adam Gase, and that game was his first visit to Miami since the Dolphins fired him in December 2018. Flores followed this by earning his second consecutive win against the Indianapolis Colts the following week, which was Miami's first road win since Week 2 of the 2018 season. Flores' first season as head coach concluded with a 27–24 upset win over his former team, the Patriots, and was also the Dolphins' first road win over the Patriots since 2008. In his first season as a head coach, Flores led the Dolphins to a 5–11 record, finishing 5–4 after beginning the season 0–7, and 4th/last place in the AFC East.


title: Brian Flores

text: In his second season, Flores made the decision at the start of the 2020 season to start veteran quarterback Ryan Fitzpatrick over rookie quarterback Tua Tagovailoa. The Dolphins went on to open the season with an 0–2 start with back-to-back losses against the division rivals New England Patriots and Buffalo Bills by the scores of 21–11 and 31–28 respectively, before winning their first game of the season against the Jacksonville Jaguars by a score of 31–13, also Miami's first win over Jacksonville since 2014. During a Week 5 game against the defending NFC Champion San Francisco 49ers, the Dolphins blew out the Niners by a score of 43–17, which was their first time since 2015 scoring more than 40 points in a game, their first blowout win since December 3, 2017, and was also their first road win over the 49ers since 2004. They would also begin a 5-game winning streak for the first time since 2016, after beginning the season 0–2 and then 1–3. On a Week 6 contest against the division rival New York Jets, a 24–0 win, the Dolphins were the favorites to win for the first time since Week 16 of the 2018 season, a 17–7 loss versus the Jaguars. The Dolphins were also favored to win for the first time under Flores' tenure as head coach. It was also the Dolphins' first shutout win since November 2, 2014. On October 20, Flores confirmed Tua would be the team's starting quarterback for Week 8, following their bye week, after allowing him to play the final seconds in the shutout win against the Jets. In Week 8, Tua's first NFL start, the Dolphins defense upset the Los Angeles Rams 28–17, as the Dolphins defeated them for the 5th time since 2001. On November 8, Flores guided the Dolphins to a 34–31 win over the Arizona Cardinals, which was their first road win over the Cardinals since 1996 and they also began the season 5–3 for the first time since 2014. On November 15, the Dolphins defeated the Los Angeles Chargers 29–21 to improve on their 5–11 record from last season and to begin the season 6–3 for the first time since 2001. On December 6, after defeating the Cincinnati Bengals 19–7, the Dolphins began the season 8–4 for the first time since 2003. On December 20, 2020, the Dolphins defeated Flores' former team, the New England Patriots, by a score of 22–12, which eliminated the Patriots from the playoffs for the first time since 2008 and the Dolphins clinched their first winning season since 2016 as well as their first under Flores' tenure. On January 3, 2021, after a 56–26 loss to the Buffalo Bills in Week 17, and after the Pittsburgh Steelers lost and the Indianapolis Colts won their season finales, the Dolphins were eliminated from playoff contention for the fourth consecutive season.


title: Brian Flores

text: Entering his third season, after veteran quarterback Ryan Fitzpatrick signed with the Washington Football Team on March 15, 2021, 2nd-year quarterback Tua Tagovailoa became the undisputed starting quarterback. During their season opener vs. the New England Patriots, the Dolphins won 17–16. After the opening win, Flores would join Don Shula as the only head coaches in franchise history to beat the Patriots multiple times in Foxboro. On September 19, on another divisional showdown versus the Buffalo Bills, starter Tua Tagovailoa suffered a rib injury that would cause him to miss the next 3 weeks. Miami would go on to lose that game 0–35. Flores made the decision to start Jacoby Brissett for the next 3 games, where he would go 0–3 as a starter which included a close Week 3 loss to the Las Vegas Raiders 28–31 in overtime, a 17–27 loss to Brissett's former team, the Indianapolis Colts, as well as a Week 5 blowout loss to the defending Super Bowl champion Tampa Bay Buccaneers 17–45, led by Tom Brady, whom Brissett backed up in 2016 as a member of the New England Patriots. On October 17, 2021, Flores and his team travelled to London, England to take on the winless Jacksonville Jaguars, which marked Tua Tagovailoa's return from injury. Despite leading 13–3 in the first half, Flores' Dolphins lost 20–23 on a last-second field goal made by Jaguars kicker Matthew Wright, to snap the Jaguars' 20-game losing streak dating back to the 2020 season opener. After nearly 2 months of frustration and inconsistency, the Dolphins finally recorded their 2nd win of the season versus the Houston Texans in an ugly 17–9 win that featured nine turnovers and without Tagovailoa starting that game due to a fractured finger. On November 11, 2021, Flores guided the team to an upset victory over the Baltimore Ravens 22–10 on a Thursday Night Football game, the Dolphins' first win over the Ravens since 2015. On November 28, 2021, Flores' Dolphins defeated the Carolina Panthers 33–10 in Miami's first victory over Carolina since 2009. On December 5, 2021, the Dolphins defeated the New York Giants 20-9, which was the team's first win over the Giants since 2003, as well as their first-ever home win over the Giants. On December 19, 2021, the Dolphins defeated the New York Jets 31–24 after Miami was down 7–17 in the first half and was also their first time sweeping the Jets in back-to-back years since the 1996 and 1997 seasons. In Week 16, the Dolphins pushed their win streak to 7 with a 20–3 win over the New Orleans Saints; however, it came to an end the following week with a blowout loss of 34–3 to the Tennessee Titans. The Dolphins wrapped up their 2021 season on January 9, 2022 with a win over the playoff bound Patriots, defeating them 33–24. This marked the first time since 2000 that the Dolphins swept the season series with the Patriots. The team finished the 2021 season with a 9–8 record after starting the season 1–7 and then going 8–1. The Dolphins were the first team in NFL history to lose seven straight games and then win seven straight games in the same season. They also clinched back-to-back winning seasons for the first time since the 2002 and 2003 seasons. On January 10, 2022, the Dolphins announced that they had fired Flores after three seasons. Flores finished his tenure with the Dolphins with a record and no postseason berths during his tenure. It was reported that prior to Flores' firing, the Dolphins pursued Sean Payton to be the head coach of the Dolphins. The Dolphins and team owner Stephen M. Ross were fined $1.5 million and forfeited a 2023 first round draft pick along with a 2024 third round pick due to impermissible communication with both Payton and Tom Brady, who both share the same agent, Don Yee, between the 2019 and 2021 seasons. Ross would also receive a six-game suspension as a result and Dolphins vice chairman/limited partner Bruce Beal was fined $500,000 and received a year-long suspension for the 2022 season.


title: Brian Flores

text: On February 19, 2022, Flores was announced as the Pittsburgh Steelers' senior defensive assistant and linebackers coach under head coach Mike Tomlin.


title: Brian Flores

text: On February 1, 2022, Flores filed a class-action lawsuit against the NFL, New York Giants, Denver Broncos, and Dolphins organizations, alleging racial discrimination. The suit claims that text messages he received from New England Patriots coach Bill Belichick, as well as media reports, show that the New York Giants decided to hire Brian Daboll, a colleague of Flores from New England from 2013–2016, as head coach before interviewing any minority candidates. The Giants, who scheduled an interview with Flores for January 27, had allegedly decided on Daboll by January 23. Flores also accused John Elway and Broncos management of conducting another sham head coach interview with him in 2019, arriving an hour late and appearing hungover. Elway responded by stating that five Broncos officials flew overnight from Colorado to Rhode Island to work around the only interview time that worked for Flores, that they had interviewed him for 3.5 hours, and that they took and still retain detailed notes proving their genuine interest in hiring him. The lawsuit additionally alleges that during Flores' tenure with the Dolphins, team owner Stephen Ross pressured him to deliberately lose games, offering him $100,000 for each game he lost in order for the Dolphins to get better draft picks for the following season, and to tamper with a quarterback before free agency. Flores alleges that he was fired by Ross in retaliation for his refusals to tank (in the process, achieving two consecutive winning seasons) and to tamper. "The Palm Beach Post" reported that the quarterback was Tom Brady. The lawsuit seeks damages and injunctive relief in the form of changes to hiring, retention, termination, and pay transparency practices for coaching and executive positions in the NFL.


title: Brian Flores

text: On April 8, 2022, former Arizona Cardinals head coach Steve Wilks and long-time NFL assistant Ray Horton joined the lawsuit against the league.


title: Promised Land

text: The Promised Land (, translit.: "ha'aretz hamuvtakhat"; , translit.: "ard al-mi'ad; also known as "The Land of Milk and Honey"") is the land which, according to the Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament), God promised and subsequently gave to Abraham and several more times to his descendants. In modern contexts, the phrase "Promised Land" expresses an image and an idea which is related to the restored homeland for the Jewish people and the concepts of salvation and liberation.


title: Promised Land

text: The concept of the Promised Land is based on verses in the Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament), in which God speaks to Abraham.


title: Promised Land

text: The promises given to Abraham happened prior to the birth of Isaac and were given to all his offspring signified through the rite of circumcision. Johann Friedrich Karl Keil is less clear, as he states that the covenant is through Isaac, but notes that Ishmael's descendants have held much of that land through time.


title: Promised Land

text: Mainstream Jewish tradition regards the promise made to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob as having been given to all Jews, including proselytes and in turn their descendants.


title: Promised Land

text: The promise that is the basis of the term is contained in several verses of Genesis in the Torah. In it is said:


title: Promised Land

text: On that day the Lord made a covenant with Abram and said, "To your descendants I give this land, from the Wadi of Egypt to the great river, the Euphrates – the land of the Kenites, Kenizzites, Kadmonites, Hittites, Perizzites, Rephaites, Amorites, Canaanites, Girgashites and Jebusites."


title: Promised Land

text: The promise was confirmed to Jacob at , though the borders are still vague and is in terms of "the land on which you are lying".


title: Promised Land

text: Other geographical borders are given in which describes borders as marked by the Red Sea, the "Sea of the Philistines" i.e. the Mediterranean, and the "River," (the Euphrates).


title: Promised Land

text: He later confirms the promise to Abraham's son Isaac (), and then to Isaac's son Jacob (), who is later renamed "Israel" (). The Book of Exodus describes the Promised Land in terms of the territory from the River of Egypt to the Euphrates river (). The Israelites conquered and occupied a smaller area of former Canaanite land and land east of the Jordan River after Moses led the Exodus out of Egypt (), and the Book of Deuteronomy presents this occupation as God's fulfillment of the promise (). Moses anticipated that God might subsequently give the Israelites land reflecting the boundaries of God's original promise – if they were obedient to the covenant ().


title: Promised Land

text: The concept of the Promised Land is the central tenet of Zionism, the Jewish national movement to re-establish the Jewish homeland.


title: Promised Land

text: In the New Testament, the descent and promise is reinterpreted along religious lines. In the Epistle to the Galatians, Paul the Apostle draws attention to the formulation of the promise, avoiding the term "seeds" in the plural (meaning many people), choosing instead "seed," meaning one person, who, he understands to be Jesus (and those united with him). For example, in he notes:


title: Promised Land

text: In Paul goes further, noting that the expansion of the promise from singular to the plural is not based on genetic/physical association, but a spiritual/religious one:


title: Promised Land

text: Palestinians also claim partial descent from the Israelites and Maccabees, as well as from other peoples who have lived in the region.


title: Promised Land

text: and as an escape from slavery, which could often only be reached by death. The imagery and term also appear elsewhere in popular culture, in sermons, and in speeches such as Martin Luther King Jr.'s 1968 "I've Been to the Mountaintop", in which he said:


title: Promised Land

text: I just want to do God's will. And He's allowed me to go up to the mountain. And I've looked over. And I've seen the Promised Land. I may not get there with you. But I want you to know tonight, that we, as a people, will get to the Promised Land. So I'm happy, tonight. I'm not worried about anything. I'm not fearing any man. Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord.


title: Promised Land

text: Under the name "Palestine", we comprehend the small country formerly inhabited by the Israelites, and which is today part of Acre and Damascus pachalics. It stretched between 31 and 33° N. latitude and between 32 and 35° degrees E. longitude, an area of about 1300 . Some zealous writers, to give the land of the Hebrews some political importance, have exaggerated the extent of Palestine; but we have an authority for us that one can not reject. St. Jerome, who had long traveled in this country, said in his letter to Dardanus (ep. 129) that the northern boundary to that of the southern, was a distance of 160 Roman miles, which is about 55 . He paid homage to the truth despite his fears, as he said himself, of availing the "Promised Land" to pagan mockery, "" (latin: "I am embarrassed to say the breadth of the promised land, lest we seem to have given the heathen an opportunity of blaspheming").


title: Bao (film)

text: Bao is a 2018 American computer-animated short film written and directed by Domee Shi and produced by Pixar Animation Studios. It is the first Pixar short film to be directed by a female director. It was screened at the Tribeca Film Festival before being released with "Incredibles 2" on June 15, 2018. The film is about an aging and lonely Chinese Canadian mother suffering from empty nest syndrome, who receives an unexpected second chance at motherhood when she makes a steamed bun (baozi) that comes to life. The film won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film at the 91st Academy Awards.


title: Bao (film)

text: In Toronto, Canada, a Chinese Canadian woman cooks a meal of "baozi" for her and her husband. One of her buns comes alive, much to her shock. She raises the steamed bun as a child, feeding and caring for it, as it enjoys the time spent with her. Eventually, the bun wishes to play with other children, but his overprotective mother refuses to allow it, much to his ire. As the bun grows, he desires increasing amounts of independence, which creates tension between the two of them that gradually alienates them from each other. When the steamed bun introduces the mother to his new fiancée, with whom he will leave home, the mother protests. She tries to stop the steamed bun from leaving, and in a fit of anger, the mother eats the steamed bun, after which she cries over what she has done.


title: Bao (film)

text: Later, as the mother lies in bed, her real son enters the room, revealing that the whole sequence was an allegorical dream. His father urges him to talk to his mother, but she rebuffs him. As he and his mother sit on the edge of her bed, he offers her the same treat he once refused on the bus, which they share in an emotional moment. Later, after reconciling, the son and his fiancée join his mother in making buns, as his father looks on with approval.


title: Bao (film)

text: "Bao" was directed by Domee Shi and produced by Becky Neiman-Cobb. "Bao" was the first of 35 Pixar shorts to be directed by a woman, made more significant because of Pixar's stigma as being a "boys' club" as well as the fact that the animation industry is male-dominated as a whole. Shi first began working on "Bao" as a storywriter on the film "Inside Out," and says she wanted to work creatively on a project on her own. The earliest sketches of "Bao" date back to January 2014, when Shi began work on it as a side project, drawing inspiration from classic fairy tales and her experience as an only child. It began as a brainstorm of different steamed bun ideas and characters with Shi recalling, "This image popped into my head of this mom nuzzling her little baby steamed bun to death, and I had to draw it down." Having been an only child while growing up in Toronto, she identified herself with the metaphor of the "overprotected little steamed bun." Shi worked on "Bao" alone for two years before bringing in a crew.


title: Bao (film)

text: When asked why the film has no dialogue, Shi explained that she wanted it to be understood universally by audiences, without any language barrier. She also said that she wanted to challenge herself to tell the story visually, given the visual nature of animation as a medium, and rely solely on elements such as acting, set design, color and lighting to evoke emotions. The only recorded dialogue in the short film is a scene in which the Father is watching television. The Mandarin dialogue in the details of that scene is an homage to old Cantonese soap operas that Shi watched with her mother growing up.


title: Bao (film)

text: The Mother character eating the steamed bun was one of the first choices made when creating the film. She wants to keep the steamed bun character to herself so bad that she eats it, though she regrets it immediately. This was itself based on something Shi's mother would say: "Oh I wish I could put you back in my stomach so I knew exactly where you were at all times." Shi herself had frustrations while growing up about being coddled so she talked to her mom as well as other parents to see the other perspective. Shi very much uses the short to step outside of her own point of view in order to identify with the mother who is the main character. It was told with the theme of primal love, as Shi explains, "the type of love you would destroy so it would not disappear and go away."


title: Bao (film)

text: A driving motivation for Shi's desire to tell the story in "Bao" was her experiences of being Asian in a country with lack of Asian-American media. Her influences include those derived from having grown up watching Asian films and animation, including those of Studio Ghibli. Initially Shi was worried that the ending was too dark, and would be out of place for a Pixar film, which prompted her to write a watered down version. However, when she pitched it to her mentor, Pete Docter, who became an executive producer on "Bao", he encouraged Shi to pitch the darker version, and stay true to her original idea and preferred style, saying, "Don't be afraid to push it, be as culturally specific as you want it to be."


title: Bao (film)

text: Although Shi did go with the darker ending that she had anticipated, there were multiple different drafts of the way that the ending would be properly executed. She wanted to portray this idea of the mother eating her steamed bun child, but in a way that was both viscerally appropriate for children and with a clear motive. Shi stated that earlier drafts of the scene contained more disturbing images. One draft in particular showed the Mother actually chewing on the steamed bun for a couple of moments while crying before swallowing her son. Shi explained how she would show this particular version to others and "they would be really, really upset by it." Shi took this feedback and created the final produced version that made it into the short in which the Mother takes the dumpling and swallows the son in one gulp without chewing, in order to show "a quick crime of passion."


title: Bao (film)

text: Shi went on to say that "Bao" was an example of a children's story that involved darker elements and themes that she believed were important, and a modern-day interpretation of some of the darker-themed folk tales that inspired her, such as The Gingerbread Man and Asian fables about finding babies in food such as peaches. She wanted to experiment with these idea since she "always loved how they play with light and dark elements. These little characters are so cute, but the world wants to eat them." Shi believes that society should embrace children's films with darker elements like "Something Wicked This Way Comes" and "The Dark Crystal" because they can be as educational as lighter-themed films. Shi believes that children's films need to introduce more of these themes and show them as equally as these lighter elements of storytelling. She wants children to be able to understand how common dark elements are in day to day and equip them with the tools they need for the real world.


title: Bao (film)

text: Although "Bao" was approved for production in 2015, Shi knew it would be a long and uncertain journey, equating shorts films to an indie wing of Pixar, which would have to borrow people who are free for a couple weeks at a time in between feature films. "Bao" thus had to be worked on more slowly, creatively and flexibly, with the production only finding out that it would be paired with "Incredibles 2" a year before that film's release. Shi found the pairing thematically appropriate, as both films, in her view, celebrated mothers. Fitting her story into the eight-minute running time forced Shi to be economical with the shots of food.


title: Bao (film)

text: Shi viewed the film as an example of stories Pixar had come to embrace featuring greater diversity and cultural perspectives, a road that had been paved by previous Pixar films including the Pixar short, "Sanjay's Super Team" and the 2017 feature film "Coco".


title: Bao (film)

text: In order to research the cuisine presented in the short (many of which were inspired by favorite dishes that Shi's parents made), the crew took many steamed bun and Sichuan restaurant trips in San Francisco and Oakland's Chinatown. Shi's mother even acted as a consultant, as she was a creative immigrant woman who made her own recipes and steamed bun shapes. She came in twice to Pixar to hold steamed bun-making classes for the crew, which also provided video reference for kneading dough and making wrappers for the opening shots of the film.


title: Bao (film)

text: While the final product looked appetizing, animating the food proved particularly challenging for the FX artists involved. The food is organic and squishy, which made it difficult to render. The kneading and wrapping were some of the most expensive and complicated shots of the film, and the steamed bun shot with pork filling took an entire two months to complete, as getting raw pork to look appetizing was difficult.


title: Bao (film)

text: Animating the food involved similar principles to food photography: exaggerating and emphasizing things that are not there. Colors had to be saturated and bigger chunks of carrots and onions had to be added. It was difficult to get the physics and consistency of fillings right, as making it too watery ran the risk of it resembling paste or hummus. Another complicated shot involved the folding of the steamed bun itself, as the filling has to collide with the wrapper in a realistic way as the Mother's fingers pinch the wrapper closed.


title: Bao (film)

text: Shi described the animation as exhibiting a very organic overarching style. The animators were given cartoon-like Japanese animations as reference, with extremely pushed expressions. The steamed bun character is made out of dough, so the animation was made to highlight his squishy and organic qualities. This can be seen in his extremely flexible mouth, which opens both very big and goes very small. His limbs stretch out and he is bouncy. "Squishy and round and simple" was a principle that applied to the film as a whole, including the humans, the world and the set design. Everything was set thick and very low to the ground, while the produce in Chinatown was oversized. No edges in the film are completely straight. She explained, "We wanted there to be this perfect imperfection in the world to feel more handmade and personal and warm."


title: Bao (film)

text: Shi explained how she worked with a good number of female supervisors on her team for "Bao." In particular, production designer, Rona Liu, who is Chinese American, helped ensure that the film's designs exhibited authenticity in their depiction of Chinese culture, drawing on her own personal life, much as Shi did. Photos of their parents' houses, as well as research trips taken by the entire staff to shops and dim sum restaurants, including those in San Francisco's Chinatown and Oakland, provided reference for the film's production design.


title: Bao (film)

text: Shi made Toronto the setting for "Bao" to pay homage to her hometown, and to facilitate a sense of realism. To further capture this authenticity, Liu helped keep track of cultural details, such as tin foil covering the burners on the stove, tchotchkes on the television, the rice cooker in the background, and soy sauce bottles. Some details, such as the toilet paper on the kitchen table, faced some confusion from non-Asian crew members. This is a common practice amongst immigrants because it is more practical than buying two kinds of paper, and Shi ensured that this was included. Other members of the production crew were also instructed to visit specific locations in Chinatown to shop and eat at in order to given the film a sense of authenticity.


title: Bao (film)

text: The film premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 21, 2018, and subsequently accompanied "Incredibles 2" in theaters. Prior to the Christmas holiday in 2018, Pixar made "Bao" freely available to stream on YouTube for a week, the first time that the studio has offered a short in this manner.


title: Bao (film)

text: "Bao" has an approval rating of on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on reviews, with an average rating of .


title: Bao (film)

text: In The Verge's review of "Incredibles 2", Tasha Robinson described "Bao" as an "extremely emotional little film" and a "perfect complement" to the main feature. Inkoo Kang of "Slate" called the film a "moving encapsulation of the Asian-immigrant experience". Jess Lee for Digital Spy said that the film "hit extremely close to home", and added that the story exhibits "universal themes which should resonate with most cultures".


title: Bao (film)

text: Petrana Radulovic of "Polygon" says the film was well received by "many" Asian Americans, although some non-Asian viewers found the short confusing.


title: Bao (film)

text: Lisa Wong Macabasco of "Vogue" saw "Bao" as a story whose emotional resonance is derived from how it fuses its themes of food and family. Considering the empty nest syndrome presented by the mother character, Shi had to relate her own experiences as a daughter of Chinese immigrants. In making the Mother the main character, Shi places herself in her own mother's shoes to show her emotional journey as she dedicates her life to raising a child, and for whom the idea of a primal love prompts her to destroy something to prevent it from escaping her. Macabasco also thought the film was culturally significant for being an example of how Pixar came to embrace stories from diverse cultural backgrounds.


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: Captain Kangaroo is an American children's television series that aired weekday mornings on the American television network CBS for 29 years, from 1955 to 1984, making it the longest-running nationally broadcast children's television program of its day. In 1986, the American Program Service (now American Public Television, Boston) integrated some newly produced segments into reruns of past episodes, distributing the newer version of the series to PBS and independent public stations until 1993.


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: The show was conceived by Bob Keeshan, who also played the title character "Captain Kangaroo", and who based the show on "the warm relationship between grandparents and children". Keeshan had portrayed the original Clarabell the Clown on NBC's "The Howdy Doody Show" during the network's early years.


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: "Captain Kangaroo" had a loose structure, built around life in the "Treasure House" where the Captain (the name "kangaroo" came from the big pockets in his coat) would tell stories, meet guests, and indulge in silly stunts with regular characters, both humans and puppets. Keeshan performed as the Captain more than 9,000 times over the nearly 30-year run of the show.


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: The May 17, 1971, episode had two major changes on the show: The Treasure House was renovated and renamed "The Captain's Place" and the Captain replaced his navy blue coat with a red coat. In September 1981, CBS shortened the hour-long show to a half-hour, briefly retitled it "Wake Up with the Captain", and moved it to an earlier time slot; it was moved to weekends in September 1982, and returned to an hour-long format. CBS canceled "Captain Kangaroo" at the end of 1984.


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: The show did not have a strict format, other than the entire program taking place in and around the Treasure House or the Captain's Place, where the Captain would interact with puppets, guests, or other members of the cast. Even the opening sequence could change. The show generally began with the theme music starting up, then the Captain would unlock and open the doors of the Treasure House from the inside, and viewers would catch their first glimpse of him. Then he would put the Treasure House keys on a nail, and the music would stop. However, sometimes the Captain could not get the keys to stay on the nail, and when they fell off, the theme music would begin playing again.


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: One never knew exactly what would happen from one episode to the next, although at certain times of the year, such as the Christmas season, paper cutout versions of such stories as "The Littlest Snowman" would be shown.


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: A cartoon starring a funnel-capped shape-shifting boy named "Tom Terrific" was part of the show in the 1950s and 1960s. Tom had a sidekick named Mighty Manfred the Wonder Dog, and a nemesis, Crabby Appleton ("I'm rotten to the core!"). Other cartoons included "Lariat Sam", who (aided by his loyal horse "Tippytoes"), confronted his nemesis "Badlands Meanie" and his sidekick "Bushwhack." "Lariat Sam" was developed by veteran game show announcer Gene Wood, then a show staffer (who also sang the cartoon's theme song).


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: The British cartoon "Simon in the Land of Chalk Drawings" appeared in the 1970s, featuring a child with magic chalk who could create all sorts of short-lived creations in short adventures (the original version featured a British narrator, Bernard Cribbins, but Keeshan's voice was dubbed onto the cartoons for their U.S. airing).


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: Another British-produced cartoon, "Ludwig", about a magical egg-shaped robot, was also included around the same time as "Simon". The cartoon's musical score consisted of selections from the works of Beethoven.


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: Also appearing in the 1970s was "The Most Important Person", a series of five-minute segments on the importance of life, and "The Kingdom of Could Be You", a series of five-minute segments on the importance of careers and the work world.


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: The cartoon series called "The Toothbrush Family" was based on an extended family of hygiene utensils, as the name suggests; they would embark on adventures based in the bathroom, like water skiing in the tub, or rescuing friends caught in the drain. Episodes were generally a few minutes each and basically revolved around teaching children the importance of dental care.


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: A silent cartoon in the 1970s named "Crystal Tipps and Alistair" featured the adventures of a young girl and her dog. Later reruns were narrated by the voice of Mr. Moose. Another British favorite, "The Wombles", was also featured.


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: "The Undersea Adventures of Captain Nemo", featuring a family of sea explorers, was featured, as well.


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: Beginning in 1974 and continuing throughout the rest of the 1970s and into the 1980s, the show opened with different people wishing the Captain "good morning". Many of the openings featured noncelebrities, but some featured stars from TV shows, most of which broadcast over CBS, such as "The Bob Newhart Show", "The Price Is Right", "Match Game", "M*A*S*H", "Alice", and "One Day at a Time", as well as characters with a connection to another network; including William Shatner and Leonard Nimoy, dressed as Captain Kirk and Mr. Spock, characters from the "Peanuts" cartoons, Big Bird from "Sesame Street", and Fred Rogers, King Friday, and Lady Elaine Fairchilde from "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood". The montage of "good mornings" always ended with the Captain himself returning the greeting before the opening credits.


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: Other regular features included "The Magic Drawing Board" and the Captain's "Reading Stories" sessions, which introduced kids to stories such as "Curious George", "Make Way for Ducklings", "Stone Soup", "Caps for Sale", and "Mike Mulligan and His Steam Shovel." The Sweet Pickles books were also featured.


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: Songs were a regular part of the show, from "Captain Kangaroo" to many traditional tunes to popular songs interpreted by puppets. Carmino Ravosa was a songwriter on the show from 1975 to 1977.


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: On the first show of every month, the Captain had a birthday cake for all of the children with birthdays that month.


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: Keeshan also had a recurring role as the Town Clown, a pantomime piece that took place in and around the exposed wagon home of a tramp-like circus clown. Like the character Clarabelle that he played on "Howdy Doody", the Town Clown never spoke.


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: Favorite characters on the show were Grandfather Clock (voiced by Cosmo Allegretti), Bunny Rabbit, Rollo the Hippo, and Dancing Bear. Dancing Bear was mute and only appeared in short subject features. He often danced waltzes to background music.


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: One of the show's long-running gags was the "Ping-Pong Ball Drop", instigated by the telling of a joke (usually a knock-knock joke) by Mr. Moose, in which the punchline included the words "ping-pong balls". At the mention of those three words, a shower of ping-pong balls was released from above on the Captain.


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: The show often had simple black light theatre segments using paper or cardboard cutouts. A notable recording of a popular song, such as Judy Garland's Decca recording of "Over the Rainbow" (from "The Wizard of Oz"), Mary Martin singing "Never Never Land" (from the original cast recording of the musical "Peter Pan"), or Danny Kaye singing "Inchworm" (from the Decca recording of the songs from "Hans Christian Andersen") were heard while the cutouts played on the screen, animated by a concealed puppeteer. On other occasions, full-fledged hand puppets "performed" to the song being played (as in the case when a hand puppet dressed in Spanish clothing performed to a recording of tenor Allan Jones singing "The Donkey Serenade").


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: Also, about two or three times in an episode, short film clips on certain topics played over a song about that particular topic.


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: Especially in later seasons, the show also featured a running gag where on selected episodes, the Captain would try to perform a particular activity three or four times in the episode, only to fail in a different way on each attempt.


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: Familiar props included a mockup of a talking cathedral-style radio that Keeshan simply called Radio. Keeshan would turn the large knobs on Radio to get a conversation going. Reminiscent of the old Atwater Kent cathedrals, Radio had a rather interesting conversation with a smaller transistor radio in one show. Also featured was a huge Colgate toothpaste box with a large windup or clockwork key on the side. Keeshan turned the key to play a jingle ("Colgate Fluoride M-F-P/Helps Prevent the Cavity/And it Tastes Great, Naturally!") for the show's sponsor, Colgate Toothpaste.


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: At the end of each episode, the Captain always encouraged parents watching the show to spend some quality time with their children every day, and he often demonstrated various creative ways in which to do so. In later seasons, that changed to him saying, "Well, what would you like to do today? You know it could be a good day for..." then a song would list many different activities while short film clips of each corresponding activity are presented, then the song ended with the singers saying, "There's so much to do. These things are just a few." Then it would cut back to the Captain, who would sign off with, "So whatever "you" do, have a great day!"


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: The original theme song to "Captain Kangaroo" (titled "Puffin' Billy") was used from 1955 to 1974. It was an instrumental piece of light music, written by Edward G. White and recorded by the Melodi Light Orchestra. The track was from a British stock music production library known as the Chappell Recorded Music Library, which was sold through a New York agency called Emil Ascher. The tune's original title referred to a British steam locomotive. The tune was used on various programs on both sides of the Atlantic and was already popular in the United Kingdom: for example, two years before "Captain Kangaroo", it served as the wrap-up music for an episode of the radio program "Rocky Fortune" called "Murder Among the Statues". In the United Kingdom, it became famous as the theme to the weekly BBC radio program "Children's Favourites" from 1952 to 1966, and is still widely recognised by the postwar generation. It was later used in the Enid Blyton parody "Five Go Mad in Dorset" and in a number of British TV advertisements, including a Captain Sensible spot. The "Puffin' Billy" theme played as the opening of each episode, with the music continuing until the Captain hung his large ring of keys on a nail (which seemed to act as a switch to turn off the music). If the Captain's keys ever slipped off the nail, the music began playing again. In 1957, lyricist Mary Rogers penned lyrics to the tune, creating a newly titled "Captain Kangaroo" song.


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: In 1974, a new theme song titled "Good Morning, Captain" was composed for "Captain Kangaroo," written by Robert L. Brush. As the new theme used similar melodic elements from the original theme, Edward G. White's name was added to the song credits. However, due to copyright issues, the song was re-recorded in 1979 without the portion of "Puffin' Billy" featured in the first version.


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: During the brief "Wake Up With the Captain" era, a theme titled "Wake Up" was used, but was dropped after the program moved to weekends.


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: For the show's later seasons from 1982 to 1984 and subsequent PBS run, "Schoolhouse Rock" mainstay Lynn Ahrens (who composed and performed a few "Captain Kangaroo" songs herself) wrote a new theme, entitled "Here Comes Captain Kangaroo".


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: The theme song for "All New Captain Kangaroo" used the opening notes and part of the melody of the original theme as its introduction.


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: Bob Keeshan also recorded music for both Columbia Records and Golden Records, aimed at introducing all kinds of music to children.


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: While "Captain Kangaroo" was still in planning stages, CBS executives had the idea of hiring Al Lewis, who was hosting a very popular kids' show at WCPO-TV in Cincinnati, to host their program. But when station management refused to release Lewis from his contract, they selected Keeshan to host. Lewis' own program, "The Uncle Al Show", ended its run in Cincinnati a year after "Captain Kangaroo" left CBS.


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: CBS aired the program on weekday mornings, initially telecast live in the Eastern and Central time zones at 8:00 am (ET)/7:00 am (CT) for its first four years (it would eventually be scheduled for 8:00 am in all time zones). Same-day episodes would be broadcast on kinescope for Western audiences, as Keeshan would not perform the show live three times a day. For the first three months, "Captain Kangaroo" was only seen on weekday mornings. From December 1955 until 1968, the show was also seen on Saturday mornings, except in the 1964–1965 season, when it was replaced by a Keeshan vehicle called "Mr. Mayor". Except for pre-emption by news or special events, notably the four-day continuous coverage which followed the November 22, 1963 assassination of John F. Kennedy, and a few shows that were 45 minutes, the show aired a full 60 minutes on weekday mornings until 1981. It was broadcast in color from September 9, 1966 onward.


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: The audience of children could never compete in the ratings with such entertainment/news shows as NBC's "Today", although "Captain Kangaroo" won Emmy Awards three times as Outstanding Children's entertainment series in 1978–1979, 1982–1983, and 1983–1984. In the fall of 1981, to make more room for the expansion of "The CBS Morning News", the Captain was moved to an earlier time slot of 7:00 am and cut to 30 minutes, sporting the new title "Wake Up with the Captain". The show was moved again in the spring of 1982 to 6:30 am, a time when few children (or adults) were awake. In the fall of 1982, it returned to an hour format, but was moved to Saturday mornings at 7:00 am ET and 6:00 am in other time zones. Reruns from the previous season were offered to CBS affiliates to run Sunday morning in place of the cartoon reruns offered before, but most declined. One-third of affiliates no longer ran the show at all after 1982, and it was again reduced to a half-hour in the fall of 1984. Angered over the reduction of his program for the second time, Keeshan chose to step down at the end of 1984, after his contract with CBS expired.


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: Just over a year later, on September 1, 1986, "Captain Kangaroo" returned in reruns on PBS, with funding from public television stations, School Zone Publishing Company, and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. American Public Television, then known as the Interregional Program Service, distributed the show, along with Britder Associates (Keeshan's production company), and the Riehl Company, owned by former WPBT station manager Dale Riehl.


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: The show was on the air for 29 years, making it one of the longest-running network children's program series. "Sesame Street", which still airs, holds the record at and counting. Several of the original "Sesame Street" writers and producers were former members of the "Captain Kangaroo" staff, and were hired by Children's Television Workshop to help write, produce and direct the new program when it went on the air in 1969.


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: The original director of the program was Peter Birch, who helmed the program for its first 25 years. Producer Jimmy Hirschfeld took over as director following Birch's heart attack in 1980 and continued directing, as well as producing throughout the rest of the show's run, including the new segments inserted into the PBS reruns, until it went off the air in 1993.


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: The cast of "Captain Kangaroo" also hosted the CBS coverage of the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade for several years in the 1960s.


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: From the late 1950s, the Schwinn Bicycle Company made use of children's television programming to expand its dominance of the child and youth bicycle markets. The company was an early sponsor (from 1958) of "Captain Kangaroo". The Captain himself was enlisted to sell Schwinn-brand bicycles to the show's audience, typically six years old and under. At the end of each live Schwinn marketing promotion, Bob Keeshan would intone, "Schwinn bikes—the quality bikes—are best!" and "Prices slightly higher in the South and in the West". The on-air marketing program was deemed successful by Schwinn, and the company increased its market share of child and youth bicycles throughout the 1960s.