title: Captain Kangaroo

text: The marketing program continued through the 1971 season, when the Federal Trade Commission's Staff Report, "Guidelines on Advertising to Children", recommended against Schwinn's on-air marketing practices using the show's host. In response, Schwinn and the show's writers altered the format in 1972. The Captain no longer insisted that his viewers purchase a Schwinn, but instead made regular on-air consultations of a new character, Mr. Schwinn Dealer. A 1973 internal company news article concluded that the show's child audience had difficulty separating Schwinn's sales pitch from the regular content of the show.


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: In 1997–2000, a rebooted series titled "The All New Captain Kangaroo" was produced by Saban Entertainment in association with TLC Entertainment. Eric S. Rollman, who also served as President of Saban and Fox Family Productions, was executive producer. George Taweel and Rob Loos of TLC produced the series. John McDonough played the Captain on this version, which was shot in Tampa, Florida, and featured animal segments shot at Busch Gardens Tampa Bay and Seaworld in Orlando. Keeshan was invited to appear as a special guest called "The Admiral", but declined. Thirteen episodes were produced for syndication with an additional twenty-seven episodes serving as the centerpiece for a programming block on Fox, Fox Kids Network (later known as Fox Kids), and The Family Channel (later known as Fox Family Channel) dubbed "Captain Kangaroo's Treasure House", from 1997 to 2000; the block also featured reruns of "Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends" and "Magic Adventures of Mumfie", as well a spin-off show, "Mister Moose's Fun Time", which included cartoon segments from around the world, as well as clips from The Wiggles. When Disney bought Fox Family, the company shelved "The All New Captain Kangaroo" and "Mister Moose's Fun Time", allegedly due to the fact the reboot advertised Busch Gardens & Seaworld, rivals of Walt Disney World.


title: Captain Kangaroo

text: In 2011, the trademark for the Captain Kangaroo name was acquired by the Cashin Comedy Co. In a blog, the Captain is portrayed by Pat Cashin, an entertainer and professional clown. Cashin died in 2016 at the age of 48, leaving the rights to this version with his estate. Creative Artists Agency, the successor to "Captain Kangaroo"'s previous rights holders Marvin Josephson Associates and ICM Partners, is the current owner of the series.


title: Esther Perel

text: Esther Perel (born 1958) is a Belgian-American psychotherapist, known for her work on human relationships.


title: Esther Perel

text: Perel promoted the concept of "erotic intelligence" in her book "Mating in Captivity: Unlocking Erotic Intelligence" (2006), which has been translated into 24 languages. After publishing the book, she became an international advisor on sex and relationships. She has given two TED talks, hosts two podcasts, runs a series of therapy training / supervision events, and launched a card game.


title: Esther Perel

text: In 2016, Perel was added to Oprah Winfrey's "Supersoul 100" list of visionaries and influential leaders.


title: Esther Perel

text: Perel, the daughter of two Polish-born Holocaust survivors, was raised in Antwerp, Belgium, and attended the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel, where she earned a B.A. in educational psychology and French literature, and subsequently earned a master's degree in expressive art therapy from Lesley University in Cambridge, Massachusetts.


title: Esther Perel

text: Perel grew up amongst Holocaust survivors in Antwerp, later categorising them into two groups: "those who didn't die, and those who came back to life". She asserts that "those who came back to life were those who understood eroticism as an antidote to death."


title: Esther Perel

text: Perel subsequently trained in psychodynamic psychotherapy before finding a professional home in family systems theory. She initially worked as a cross-cultural psychotherapist with couples and families. For 13 years she was a clinical instructor at the New York University School of Medicine.


title: Esther Perel

text: Perel has also worked as an actress (appearing in the 2017 film, "Newness," as herself) and run a clothing boutique in Antwerp.


title: Esther Perel

text: Perel is Jewish and is married to Jack Saul, Assistant Professor of Clinical Population and Family Health at Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, with whom she has two sons, Adam and Noam. She is fluent in nine languages: English, French, German, Hebrew, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, and Yiddish.


title: Esther Perel

text: Perel argues that, due to trends such as the secularization of Western society, the rise of individualism, and the societal "mandate" for personal happiness, the expectations for romantic relationships are higher than ever:Never before have our expectations of marriage taken on such epic proportions. We still want everything the traditional family was meant to provide—security, children, property, and respectability—but now we also want our partner to love us, to desire us, to be interested in us. We should be best friends, trusted confidants, and passionate lovers to boot.She also notes the ideals of modern marriage are often contradictory: "We want our chosen one to offer stability, safety, predictability, and dependability—all the anchoring experiences. And we want that very same person to supply awe, mystery, adventure, and risk." Perel calls for a more open and honest discussion of monogamy to reconcile this conflict between the erotic and the domestic.


title: The Real Housewives of Salt Lake City

text: The Real Housewives of Salt Lake City (abbreviated RHOSLC) is an American reality television series that premiered on November 11, 2020, on Bravo. Developed as the tenth installment of "The Real Housewives" franchise, it has aired two seasons and focuses on the personal and professional lives of several women living in or around Salt Lake City, Utah.


title: The Real Housewives of Salt Lake City

text: The current third season cast consists of Lisa Barlow, Heather Gay, Meredith Marks, Whitney Rose, and Jen Shah, with Angie Harrington, Angie Katsanevas and Danna Bui-Negrete serving as Friends of the Housewives. Previously-featured cast members include original housewife Mary Cosby and subsequent housewife Jennie Nguyen.


title: The Real Housewives of Salt Lake City

text: "The Real Housewives of Salt Lake City" was announced at the BravoCon fan convention in New York City on November 16, 2019. Season 1 was developed, cast, and Produced by InventTV. The cast members consisting of Lisa Barlow, Mary Cosby, Heather Gay, Meredith Marks, Whitney Rose, and Jen Shah were announced on September 9, 2020. The series premiered on November 11, 2020.


title: The Real Housewives of Salt Lake City

text: In February 2021, the show was renewed for a second season by Bravo. Season 2 premiered on September 12, 2021. The entire cast of the first season returned for the second season, joined by new housewife Jennie Nguyen.


title: The Real Housewives of Salt Lake City

text: On January 7, 2022, Andy Cohen confirmed via Instagram that Mary Cosby had not attended the Season 2 reunion. A few days later, Cohen confirmed rumors that Cosby had quit the show and would not be returning for Season 3. On January 25, Bravo announced that they had fired Nguyen after the discovery of her incendiary Facebook posts criticizing the Black Lives Matter movement. Nguyen has denied any racist allegations and claimed that she had a team of people running her social media.


title: The Real Housewives of Salt Lake City

text: The third season premiered on September 28, 2022. Barlow, Gay, Marks, Rose, and Shah returned, with Angie Harrington, Angie Katsanevas and Danna Bui-Negrete joining as friends-of the housewives.


title: Penthouse apartment

text: A penthouse is an apartment or unit on the highest floor of an apartment building, condominium, hotel or tower. Penthouses are typically differentiated from other apartments by luxury features. The term 'penthouse' originally referred, and sometimes still does refer, to a separate smaller 'house' that was constructed on the roof of an apartment building. Architecturally it refers specifically to a structure on the roof of a building that is set back from its outer walls. These structures do not have to occupy the entire roof deck. Recently, luxury high rise apartment buildings have begun to designate multiple units on the entire top residential floor or multiple higher residential floors including the top floor as penthouse apartments, and outfit them to include ultra-luxury fixtures, finishes, and designs which are different from all other residential floors of the building. These penthouse apartments are not typically set back from the building’s outer walls, but are instead flush with the rest of the building and simply differ in size, luxury, and consequently price. High-rise buildings can also have structures known as mechanical penthouses that enclose machinery or equipment such as the drum mechanisms for an elevator.


title: Penthouse apartment

text: The name penthouse is derived from , an Old French word meaning "attached building" or "appendage". The modern spelling is influenced by a 16th-century folk etymology that combines the Middle French word for "slope" () with the English noun "house".


title: Penthouse apartment

text: European designers and architects long recognized the potential in creating living spaces that could make use of rooftops and such setbacks. Penthouses first appeared in US cities in the 1920s with the exploitation of roof spaces for upscale property. The first recognized development was atop the Plaza Hotel overlooking Central Park in New York City in 1923. Its success caused a rapid development of similar luxury penthouse apartments in most major cities in the United States in the following years.


title: Penthouse apartment

text: The popularity of penthouses stemmed from the setbacks allowing for significantly larger private outdoor terrace spaces than traditional cantilevered balconies. Due to the desirability of having outdoor space, buildings began to be designed with setbacks that could accommodate the development of apartments and terraces on their uppermost levels.


title: Penthouse apartment

text: Modern penthouses may or may not have terraces. Upper floor space may be divided among several apartments, or a single apartment may occupy an entire floor. Penthouses often have their own private access where access to any roof, terrace, and any adjacent setback is exclusively controlled.


title: Penthouse apartment

text: Penthouses also differentiate themselves by luxurious amenities such as high-end appliances, finest materials fitting, luxurious flooring system, and more.


title: Penthouse apartment

text: Features not found in the majority of apartments in the building may include a private entrance or elevator, or higher/vaulted ceilings. In buildings consisting primarily of single level apartments, penthouse apartments may be distinguished by having two or more levels. They may also have such features as a terrace, fireplace, more floor area, oversized windows, multiple master suites, den/office space, hot-tubs, and more. They might be equipped with luxury kitchens featuring stainless steel appliances, granite counter-tops, breakfast bar/island, and more.


title: Penthouse apartment

text: Penthouse residents often have fine views of the city skyline. Access to a penthouse apartment is usually provided by a separate elevator. Residents can also access a number of building services, such as pickup and delivery of everything from dry cleaning to dinner; reservations to restaurants and events made by building staffers; and other concierge services.


title: Penthouse apartment

text: Penthouse apartments are considered to be at the top of their markets, and are generally the most expensive, with expansive views, large living spaces, and top-of-the-line amenities. Accordingly, they are often associated with a luxury lifestyle. Publisher Bob Guccione named his magazine ""Penthouse"", with the trademark phrase "Life on top".


title: Judy Justice

text: Judy Justice is an American streaming arbitration-based reality court show presided over by former Manhattan Family Court Judge Judith Sheindlin. "Judy Justice" is a spin-off of courtroom series "Judge Judy" (1996–2021). The show features Sheindlin adjudicating real-life small-claims disputes within a simulated courtroom set. Prior to the proceedings, all involved parties sign arbitration contracts agreeing to Sheindlin's ruling.


title: Judy Justice

text: "Judy Justice" premiered on November 1, 2021. The court show's first four episodes were released on its premiere date, while typically only one new episode airs for each weekday.


title: Judy Justice

text: The program is produced by Amazon Studios. "Judy Justice" is the first standard courtroom series to broadcast new episodes exclusively through a streaming service. The series is streamed on Amazon Freevee (known as IMDb TV during the show's first season).


title: Judy Justice

text: While "Judge Judy" reruns vastly outperformed "Judy Justice" in its first season, "Judy Justice" ranked as the number 1 original program on IMDb TV. In addition, "Judy Justice" received a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Legal/Courtroom Program following its first season alone.


title: Judy Justice

text: Towards the end of its first season, "Judy Justice" was renewed by Amazon for a second season, which premiered with 4 episodes on November 7, 2022.


title: Judy Justice

text: Judy Sheindlin was born on October 21, 1942, in Brooklyn, New York, to German-Jewish parents Murray and Ethel Blum. Sheindlin is a former Manhattan Family Court Prosecutor, Supervising Family Court Judge and "Judge Judy" television series arbitration star of 25 years. She is the arbitrator and sole creator of "Judy Justice".


title: Judy Justice

text: "Yahoo!" has characterized Sheindlin's "Judy Justice" as "Judge Judy returns to devour litigants. . .".


title: Judy Justice

text: While long noted for her briskness, Sheindlin was observed to pry deeper into the disputes on "Judy Justice". Having the litigants expand on digressive details has led to lengthier cases by comparison to "Judge Judy". Also in contrast to "Judge Judy", Sheindlin presides over "Judy Justice" without her trademarked lace collar or traditionally black-colored judicial robe. Rather, she presides in a burgundy colored judicial robe. During season 1 of "Judy Justice", Sheindlin appeared without the artificial clip-on hair bun that she donned in the final few seasons of "Judge Judy". Rather, she transitioned to sporting an upper-head mini-ponytail from her actual hair. In season 2, however, Judge Sheindlin has resurrected her hair bun.


title: Judy Justice

text: Sheindlin's supporting cast is made up of three members: a law clerk, a stenographer, and a bailiff. The added positions of a law clerk and stenographer (which is considered a twist for arbitration court shows) seated within the witness stands were described by show executives as a necessary move to create more life, youth and entertainment at the bench. It has also been described as instrumental in reflecting Sheindlin's pre-celebrity Manhattan family court roots where there existed a law clerk to one side of her and stenographer to the other, likewise seated near the witness stand areas.


title: Judy Justice

text: Sheindlin has spoken highly of the backstage crew that helped her produce and direct the "Judge Judy" program, sharing that most of them have joined her at Amazon. "That will keep my life on a steady keel," explained Sheindlin. According to "Judge Judy" team members, the vast majority of behind-the-scenes crew from "Judge Judy" were said to have rejoined Sheindlin for "Judy Justice." Included as part of Sheindlin's backstage crew are former "Judge Judy" executive producers resuming their same roles in the spin-off:


title: Judy Justice

text: In a court programming trend initiated by the "Judge Judy" program, each "Judy Justice" episode commences with a cold open trailer of the forthcoming case to be featured in that airing. This is followed by the show's title sequence, presenting the cast. Litigants are then shown making entrances to their respective podiums, one always assigned to plaintiff and the other to defendant. Bailiff Kevin Rasco swears in the litigants and then instructs the audience to come to order and rise for Sheindlin's entrance. After Sheindlin enters, she herself instructs the audience to be seated. Rasco then provides her with case files and the docket number just before the proceedings begin.


title: Judy Justice

text: According to "Judy Justice" Executive Producers Randy Douthit and Amy Freisleben, most cases on the series focus on a single long case as opposed to the "Judge Judy" program, which typically featured two shorter cases. Moreover, cases were said to be more involved on "Judy Justice", entering into disputes further in-depth in contrast to the cursory nature of the "Judge Judy" series. It was said that this is largely made possible because of the streaming broadcast setup of the program, thus absent the restrictive time constraints that exist in first-run syndication (broadcast method used for the "Judge Judy" program).


title: Judy Justice

text: Once the case has completed, two segments follow: The first segment features the parties of the proceedings sharing their feedback to the verdict and matters related to the case, done by breaking the fourth wall. This is followed by another segment involving Sheindlin and her granddaughter, Sarah Rose, the two meeting in Sheindlin's judge's chambers to opine on the preceding case. Rose has described this segment as a tool to add her Gen Z perspective and contemporary insight to the program. Explained Rose, “The term LMAO came up on a case the other day, for example, and [Sheindlin] needed me to interpret.”


title: Judy Justice

text: In a first for standard court shows, the maximum award limit for "Judy Justice" is $10,000. Conversely, the maximum award limit for most arbitration-based courtroom programming, including Sheindlin's "Judge Judy" precursor, has historically been $5,000. While the "Judy Justice" award limit represents an advancement for the court show genre, the norm for actual small claims court in its authentic form outside of televised entertainment has historically allowed complainants to request anywhere from $5,000 to $10,000, depending on jurisdiction.


title: Judy Justice

text: In March 2020, when Sheindlin initially announced her plans for a new court show, she and her talent agent, Scott Koondel, rejected the option of first-run syndication in favor of first-run streaming. "Judy Justice" is the first standard arbitration-based reality court show to air first-run episodes through streaming. The nontraditional comedy court miniseries "" (which ran for six episodes in 2020) was a streaming broadcast as well. On moving from 25 years in first-run syndication to a streaming service, Sheindlin has stated, "In three to five years all broadcasting will change. Now it’s streaming. I’m excited to be in this new venture."


title: Judy Justice

text: Sheindlin has advertised her newer program as more trendy and chic than the precursor, referencing the use of new media, a new robe, and an all new look. "Judy Justice" showcases a similar but refreshed, upscale, modern version of the courtroom set design from "Judge Judy, " with a different wood color, marble columns and monitors that are built into the set. Sheindlin also presides from a taller, black-colored executive office chair in "Judy Justice", discontinuing the burgundy red colored executive office chair used for most of "Judge Judy" (a reversal on those colors, Sheindlin now sports a burgundy robe in "Judy Justice", discontinuing use of her traditionally black robe from "Judge Judy"). While the American Flag and New York State Flag was behind Sheindlin in "Judge Judy", the New York State Flag is replaced in "Judy Justice" with another. Whereas the audience stands were filled with individual chairs in "Judge Judy", furnished benches fill the stands in "Judy Justice."


title: Judy Justice

text: "Judy Justice" is notable in that its debut features Sheindlin's return to an in-person/in-studio setup as far as her judicial dispute handling. Resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, "Judge Judy" ended its final season with Sheindlin presented virtually, only the litigants and Byrd appearing in studio and absent of an audience. While there exists a studio audience in "Judy Justice", it is made up of significantly less people, a move that allows the audience members to be vastly separated from one another. With COVID-19 still in progress during first season production of "Judy Justice", the cast and crew were all met with a host of elaborate challenges and barriers during development of each episode. To reduce the chances of potential spread of the virus among cast, crew, litigants, witnesses and audience members, stringent safety measures were enacted: masking, social distancing, regular COVID-19 testing, vaccinations, etc. These procedures added even more time to the already involved hours that go into tapings and studio processes, the extra COVID-19 functions described as putting executive producers, in particular, to the test as far as efficiency.


title: Judy Justice

text: Altogether, the completed first season of "Judy Justice" contains 120 episodes. Per her contract, Sheindlin and her "Judy Justice" crew were commissioned to produce 120 by December 2021, the largest initial order package for a streaming series. Production of the program's first season of 120 episodes was completed in a span of three months, the tapings running from mid-July 2021 through October 2021. As reported by the show's staff, "Judy Justice" cases span longer and explore more depth and detail than the typical episode of "Judge Judy". In part, this is due to less time constraints on streaming platforms in contrast to first-run syndication.


title: Judy Justice

text: "Judy Justice" debuted on November 1, 2021, on Amazon-owned IMDb TV with its first four episodes. Typically, "Judy Justice" only releases one new episode (occasionally two) for each weekday, which is the custom of most courtroom programming. This contrasts, however, to most streaming service programs which release episodes in large batches at extended hiatus intervals for seasonal binge viewing. Following December 17, 2021, the program entered into its winter hiatus and returned 5 weeks later, resuming season 1, on January 24, 2022. On January 20, 2022, midway into the court show's 1st season, IMDb TV announced plans to launch a 24/7 streaming channel dedicated to "Judy Justice", elevating the show's presence on their platform. On March 8, 2022, IMDb TV renewed "Judy Justice" for a second season. The first season ended on April 15, 2022.


title: Judy Justice

text: Season 2 premiered on Amazon Freevee (IMDb TV's updated name) with 4 released episodes on November 7, 2022. Following that, one new episode will be released for each weekday through December 16. The remainder of season 2 episodes will then pick up from beginning to mid-2023.


title: Judy Justice

text: The court show is filmed in Los Angeles, the same city where "Judge Judy" was filmed. Specifically, the court show is filmed in Culver City, California, at Culver Studios.


title: Judy Justice

text: Amid Sheindlin's displeasure with various salary and programming-related judgment calls made by "Judge Judy" distributor CBS Media Ventures, as well as recurrent legal claims repeatedly filed against her and CBS by talent agency Rebel Entertainment to secure allegedly owed profits for uniting her and CBS, she announced the end of "Judge Judy". It was in a March 2, 2020, appearance on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" when it was first reported by Sheindlin herself that her long-running, top daytime Nielsen-rated courtroom series would conclude in then following 2020–21 television season (the show's 25th-anniversary season).


title: Judy Justice

text: The timing of Sheindlin's news took CBS by surprise. At that point, the network had only tentative plans related to the program's series end, with nothing set in stone. "Judge Judy" program's Bailiff Byrd later reported that he too was unaware of "Judge Judy"s series end and the development of a spin-off series until Sheindlin's "Ellen DeGeneres Show" appearance. In revealing the end of her contract with ViacomCBS, Sheindlin shared that the network would subsequently take over syndicated reruns of "Judge Judy" while she would seek a new broadcast distributor to resume arbitration-based dispute handling for a court show entitled "Judy Justice."


title: Judy Justice

text: After Scott Koondel, one of three executive producers for "Judy Justice", shopped Sheindlin's spin-off series around the media to various streaming distributors for several months, it was first announced on October 29, 2020, that Sheindlin had signed a deal with Amazon Studios to stream "Judy Justice". Some early media reports of the Amazon partnership claimed that "Judy Justice" would be produced in part by Scott Koondel's Sox Entertainment production company, though updated reports have only cited Amazon Studios as producing the series. The information that has remained consistent in both early and later news reports, however, is that Sheindlin hired Koondel to market her new court show around the entertainment industry. Koondel's efforts resulted in the partnership between Sheindlin and Amazon.


title: Judy Justice

text: Koondel previously served for 25 years at CBS Television Distribution (distributors of "Judge Judy") up until October 2018, exiting from a senior vice president role at the network. Koondel's departure from CBS was to launch Sox Entertainment in December 2018 in order to package and produce his own entertainment programming.


title: Judy Justice

text: Sheindlin returned to Los Angeles—the same city where "Judge Judy" was filmed—in mid-July 2021 to begin production on "Judy Justice", which was 4 months before the program's debut. Until September 9, 2021, when numerous "Judy Justice" details were revealed with significant media publicity and numerous press releases, Sheindlin and the program were largely confidential with journalists on what to expect, feeling that revealing too much would spoil the surprises for viewers. Sheindlin had also shared that contract restrictions prevented her from disclosing details in relation to "Judy Justice". She did, however, note her desires to abandon her trademarked lace collar, as well as the traditionally black colored judicial robe in favor of another colored robe. On September 9, 2021, Sheindlin revealed her new robe color as burgundy in the first videography from the program, a teaser trailer in which she declared, "Court is back in session."


title: Judy Justice

text: In discussing her judicial tactics and adjudicating approach prior to the series debut, Sheindlin shared that although set designs, litigants, subjects, graphics and music would all differ from "Judge Judy", she herself would remain the same: "It will still have the comfort of truth-finding. I'm still the only judge, but it will be different." Elaborating, Sheindlin stated she would not be "reinventing the wheel. Look, I do what I do. I don’t know. Give me a robe and a case, and I’ll do my job. So within the confines of me doing what I do, we’ll be changing some of the things around me. But I'm not becoming a ballet dancer”. As first reported on September 9, 2021, "Judy Justice" premiered on November 1, 2021.


title: Judy Justice

text: As part of her contract with Amazon Studios, Sheindlin has complete ownership rights over "Judy Justice." It was reported in March 2020 that Sheindlin had committed to at least two seasons of presiding over the program.


title: Judy Justice

text: In an interview prior to the series debut, Sheindlin alluded to her contractually agreed-on salary rate from Amazon for hosting "Judy Justice", stating that she plans on maintaining her reputation as the highest paid celebrity in television. Sheindlin rationalized that due to how public her massive income level was during the run of "Judge Judy", salary negotiations with Amazon were therefore effortless. Elaborating on the subject, Sheindlin stated, "The folks at Amazon understood what the parameters were, and there was no issue".


title: Judy Justice

text: With that said, many media reports have conjectured that Sheindlin has received a significant pay cut from Amazon of $25 million annually for hosting "Judy Justice". Conversely, by late into her 15th season of "Judge Judy" (2012–13), Sheindlin had signed a contract with CBS that advanced her salary from $45 million to $47 million annually, which lasted through to the series end. In 2020, Sheindlin had a net worth of $440 million. By late 2021, Sheindlin's net worth was reported by "Forbes" to be $460 million.


title: Judy Justice

text: Amazon Studios ordered a 120 episode first season of "Judy Justice" by November 2020, a year prior to its debut. Expressing optimism over "Judy Justice", Co-Heads of Content and Programming for IMDb TV Lauren Anderson and Ryan Pirozzi were quoted as stating:


title: Judy Justice

text: IMDb TV executives are reportedly aiming to build their to date "little known," free, ad-supported video-on-demand service into “a modern broadcast network” for Amazon. According to the streamer, Sheindlin's spin-off series will play a key role in developing this strategy through attracting her legions of viewers.


title: Judy Justice

text: It was reported that "Judy Justice" will be in direct competition with reruns of its predecessor for highest court viewership ratings. In early September 2021, veteran syndicated television programming analyst Bill Carroll projected stiff competition from syndicated "Judge Judy" reruns by CBS, such that will presumably leave "Judy Justice" defeated by its rival. Explaining his rationale, Carroll stated:


title: Judy Justice

text: "Judge Judy" viewers have been conditioned through the years to seeing reruns. Some stations would run back-to-back episodes, one new and one rerun. The show's look and format was kept so consistent through the years that to many viewers it is timeless. If you were to say to most viewers that these are not new shows, they would say, ‘Oh, really?’ They're almost certain to surpass "Judy Justice" in viewership although, to be fair, streaming audiences are smaller than most TV shows.


title: Judy Justice

text: CBS has additionally reported that the number of stations carrying the reruns are "substantially the same" as when fresh episodes were provided. That being said, it was reported that the value of "Judy Justice" to IMDb TV will be in driving extensive viewership to the service, where those audiences may be exposed to other programs and offerings. On the subject, Carroll was quoted as remarking, "For [Amazon], it can't be anything but good. For [Sheindlin], it allows her to do what she loves to do."


title: Judy Justice

text: It was later revealed on October 25, 2021, from Nielsen ratings data sources, that an estimated 7 million viewers were still tuning into syndicated "Judge Judy" reruns, a decline of only 11% from May 2021 when the court show was airing new episodes. Worthy to note that according to "The New York Times", in contrast to traditional syndicated broadcasts, Nielsen ratings are not publicly reported for streaming broadcasts, taking pressure off of streaming entertainers.


title: Judy Justice

text: Sheindlin and Scott Koondel's decision to air "Judy Justice" through a streaming service (versus first-run syndication) as well as on IMDb TV in particular (as opposed to the more popular streaming services, such as Netflix, Peacock, Hulu, etc.) has been met with significant negative projections and criticism. One review read, "Streaming represents a test for Sheindlin and for her producers (Randy Douthit and Scott Koondel) to see if she can capture an audience excited to see what they’ve seen before. . . . And it’s familiar enough—with the point that Sheindlin cannot suffer fools having been very amply made at this point—that "Judy Justice" existence on streaming comes to feel deeply strange." Another review of the program reads "CBS is aggressively broadcasting a series of reruns (which have traditionally always got high ratings) during the first volley of Judy Justice episodes, in the hope that casual viewers would prefer to watch easily accessible old episodes rather than seek out a new and hellishly obscure [IMDb TV] streaming service."


title: Judy Justice

text: In October 2021, Judge Sheindlin was questioned on whether she had any concern over "Judy Justice" failing to succeed due to IMDb TV's obscurity, the speculated loss of much of her older-aged "Judge Judy" viewers who are thought to be largely oblivious to new media like streaming, as well as the drawing power that the "Judge Judy" program still holds in broadcast syndicated reruns. Sheindlin described herself as "relatively worry free," adding "I did the math, and I’ve already got enough [money] for 24/7 nursing care until I’m 150." Nonetheless, Sheindlin revealed that she shared with IMDb TV her objections with their then company name and branding, resulting in the company determining that imminent updates would impact the name "IMDb TV," its image and presentation. By April 28, 2022, in accordance with those plans, the streaming service was rebranded and retitled as "Amazon Freevee".


title: Judy Justice

text: Acknowledging the residual and perhaps insurmountable ratings success of CBS-owned "Judge Judy" even in reruns in a discussion with "The New York Post" in October 2021, Sheindlin commented, “Viewers can still catch me at 4 o’clock with my old hair. And the last time I looked, "Judge Judy" was the number-one program in syndication in daytime television. If we can bring half of that 8 million viewer audience with us [to "Judy Justice"], that’s terrific."


title: Judy Justice

text: "Judy Justice" came in as the No. 1 original program on IMDb TV for its first season, with more than 25 million streaming hours viewed towards the end of that season. According to the "New York Post", the first season generated more than 75 hours watched between both the US and the UK as a whole. On March 8, 2022, a month prior to its season 1 finale, it was announced that the program had been immediately renewed for season 2, following reports of high viewership. In an interview response to this news, Sheindlin stated, “I am over the moon and couldn’t be happier with the Judy Justice reception in streaming. Amazon has been a terrific partner, and I look forward to our continued collaboration.” Since Nielsen Media Research does not conduct ratings for steaming services (though this will soon be changing at least for Netflix, which will begin using Nielsen in 2023), viewership for "Judy Justice" season 1 was measured by hours watched and calculated by IMDb TV themselves.


title: Judy Justice

text: Despite "Judy Justice" ratings success for its first season, it was revealed in April 2022 that it was vastly outperformed in viewership quantities by "Judge Judy" reruns, which still dominate daytime television. This finding was mathematically computed from Nielsen ratings' data released for "Judge Judy" versus IMDb TV's streaming-hours-watched data released for "Judy Justice". Comparing the viewership for the two court shows was calculated by an external source and through intricate math formulas due to Nielsen's nonalignment with streaming.


title: Judy Justice

text: "Judy Justice" has received a mixed reception from media critics for the similarity to its predecessor "Judge Judy". Some critics stated that fans of the show's predecessor would appreciate the familiarity, while others criticised it for failing to innovate on the format.


title: Judy Justice

text: In response to media criticism, "Judy Justice" executive producers pointed to the updated courtroom set design, advanced maximum award limit, and casting changes.


title: Judy Justice

text: On September 9, 2021 it was announced that Kevin Rasco would serve as "Judy Justice" bailiff. Fans voices their displeasure over the absence of Bailiff Byrd, Sheindlin's bailiff in the Manhattan family court system as well as bailiff for "Judge Judy".


title: Judy Justice

text: In a reply over the matters to the press, Sheindlin praised her former bailiff, stating "Byrd is terrific, and we had a great 25 year run. This is a whole new program with a whole new cast and an exciting energy.” Byrd ultimately expressed that he holds no grudges, is grateful to Sheindlin and wished her all the best with "Judy Justice".


title: Judy Justice

text: Following its first season alone, "Judy Justice" won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Legal/Courtroom Program in June 2022. This win makes her the only television arbitrator to earn this award for more than one courtroom program, having won 3 times for her "Judge Judy" precursor.


title: Judy Justice

text: Amid the spin-off's debut, Executive Producer Randy Douthit came under fire in November 2021 over years of lawsuits and allegations in relation to creating a toxic workplace backstage of "Judge Judy". Sixteen former "Judge Judy" producers alleged Douthit came to work drunk; engaged in sexual harassment; made inappropriate comments about the appearance of female litigants or disabled litigants; fired staff due to their age; and said he didn't want African-Americans overrepresented on the show. Among examples, a 2009 lawsuit filed by former Senior Producer Jonathan Sebastien alleged that Douthit announced, "We're not doing any more Black shows. I don't want to hear Black people arguing." In November 2021, six former "Judge Judy" staffers confirmed Sebastien's account. Douthit, however, denied any wrongdoing and most of the cases were dismissed or settled out of court.


title: Judy Justice

text: Additionally, Executive Producer Amy Freisleben has been accused of pitting staffers against one another, frequently threatening people's jobs, drinking on the set, and showing contempt for the show's guests. Sheindlin was criticized over allegedly ignoring misconduct and allowing the producers to work on "Judy Justice", causing former staff members to express concern that history will repeat itself.


title: Judy Justice

text: To author a piece which speculates that I 'was untouchable,' 'don't care how the show gets made,' 'that I don't trust anyone,' 'didn't like cases involving dogs, dog bites or strippers,' 'by and large didn't interact with staffers,' 'wasn't worried about the coronavirus,' is appalling and untrue.


title: S-125 Neva/Pechora

text: The S-125 "Neva/Pechora (, NATO reporting name SA-3 "Goa) is a Soviet surface-to-air missile system that was designed by Aleksei Isaev to complement the S-25 and S-75. It has a shorter effective range and lower engagement altitude than either of its predecessors and also flies slower, but due to its two-stage design it is more effective against more maneuverable targets. It is also able to engage lower flying targets than the previous systems, and being more modern it is much more resistant to ECM than the S-75. The 5V24 (V-600) missiles reach around Mach 3 to 3.5 in flight, both stages powered by solid fuel rocket motors. The S-125, like the S-75, uses radio command guidance. The naval version of this system has the NATO reporting name SA-N-1 Goa and original designation M-1 Volna (Russian Волна – "wave").


title: S-125 Neva/Pechora

text: The S-125 was first deployed between 1961 and 1964 around Moscow, augmenting the S-25 and S-75 sites already ringing the city, as well as in other parts of the USSR. In 1964, an upgraded version of the system, the S-125M "Neva-M" and later S-125M1 "Neva-M1" was developed. The original version was designated SA-3A by the US DoD and the new Neva-M named SA-3B and (naval) SA-N-1B. The Neva-M introduced a redesigned booster and an improved guidance system. The S-125 was not used against U.S. forces in Vietnam, because the Soviets feared that China (after the souring of Sino-Soviet relations in 1960), through which most, if not all of the equipment meant for North Vietnam had to travel, would try to copy the missile.


title: S-125 Neva/Pechora

text: The FAPA-DAA acquired a significant number of S-125s, and these were encountered during the first strike ever flown by SAAF Mirage F.1s against targets in Angola – in June 1980. While the SAAF reported two aircraft were damaged by SAMs during this action, Angola claimed to have shot down four.


title: S-125 Neva/Pechora

text: On 7 June 1980, while attacking SWAPO's Tobias Haneko Training Camp during Operation Sceptic (Smokeshell), SAAF Major Frans Pretorius and Captain IC du Plessis, both flying Mirage F.1s, were hit by S-125s. Pretorius's aircraft was hit in a fuel line and he had to perform a deadstick landing at AFB Ondangwa. Du Plessis's aircraft sustained heavier damage and had to divert to Ruacana forward airstrip, where he landed with only the main undercarriage extended. Both aircraft were repaired and returned to service.


title: S-125 Neva/Pechora

text: The Soviets supplied several S-125s to the Arab states in the late 1960s and 1970s, most notably Egypt and Syria. The S-125 saw extensive action during the War of Attrition and the Yom Kippur War. During the latter, the S-125, along with the S-75 Dvina and 2K12 Kub, formed the backbone of the Egyptian air defence network. In Egypt, March–July 1970 Soviet battalions of S-125 17 Shooting (35 missiles) shot down nine Israeli and one Egyptian planes. General Muhammed Ali Hafez (Air defense forces commander in the Egyptian Army) was the first man in the world to reuse the launched missiles in creating new ones . Israel recognized the 5 F-4 Phantoms in 1970 (1 more was W/O) and in 1973 another 6


title: S-125 Neva/Pechora

text: On the opening night of Desert Storm, on 17 January 1991, a B-52G was damaged by a missile. The source of the missile is disputed.. It could have been a S-125 or a 2K12 Kub, while other sources claim a MiG-29 fired a Vympel R-27R missile and damaged the bomber. However, the U.S. Air Force disputes these claims, stating the bomber was hit by an AGM-88 High-speed, Anti-Radiation Missile (HARM), fired by a friendly aircraft, that homed on the fire-control radar of the B-52's tail gun; the jet was subsequently renamed "In HARM's Way". Shortly following this incident, General George Lee Butler announced that the gunner position on B-52 crews would be eliminated, and the gun turrets permanently deactivated, commencing on 1 October 1991.


title: S-125 Neva/Pechora

text: On 19 January, 1991, a USAF F-16 (serial 87-257) was shot down. The aircraft was struck by a S-125 just south of Baghdad. The pilot, Major Jeffrey Scott Tice, ejected safely but became a POW. It was the 8th combat loss and the first daylight raid over Baghdad.


title: S-125 Neva/Pechora

text: A Yugoslav Army 250th Air Defense Missile Brigade 3rd battery equipped with S-125 system shot down a F-117 Nighthawk stealth attack aircraft on March 27, 1999 during the Kosovo War (the only recorded downing of a stealth aircraft) near village Budjanovci, about 45 km from Belgrade. The pilot LT.COL. Darrell Patrick Zelko ejected and was later found by US search and rescue forces. An S-125 also shot down a NATO F-16 fighter on May 2 (its pilot; Lt. Col David L. Goldfein, the commander of 555th Fighter Squadron, managed to eject and was later rescued by a combat search-and-rescue (CSAR) mission).


title: S-125 Neva/Pechora

text: Retired USAF Lieutenant Colonel Charlie Hainline stated in a 2020 interview that a second F-117A was damaged during the campaign, on 30 April 1999. The aircraft returned to Spangdahlem base, but it supposedly never flew again.


title: S-125 Neva/Pechora

text: During the war, different Yugoslav SAM sites, possibly including S-125s, also shot down some NATO UAVs.


title: S-125 Neva/Pechora

text: On 17 March 2015, a US MQ-1 Predator drone was shot down by a Syrian Air Defense Force S-125 missile while on an intelligence flight near the coastal town of Latakia.


title: S-125 Neva/Pechora

text: In December 2016, ISIS forces captured three S-125 launchers after they retook Palmyra from Syrian government troops.


title: S-125 Neva/Pechora

text: On April 14, 2018, American, British, and French forces launched a barrage of 103 air-to-surface and cruise missiles targeting eight Syrian military sites. The Russian military claimed that thirteen S-125 missiles launched in response destroyed five incoming missiles. However, the American Department of Defense stated no Allied missiles were shot down.


title: S-125 Neva/Pechora

text: In April a Su-35 was reportedly shot down by a Ukrainian operated S-125. Ukraine reintroduced the missiles in 2020 having improved them to the S-125-2D Pechora standard. Which extends the range to 40 kms.


title: S-125 Neva/Pechora

text: On 6 December 2022, a photo of Polish variant Newa-SC in Ukrainian service, likely made in summer, emerged in media. Until then, there has been no info on supplying Newa-SC to Ukraine.


title: S-125 Neva/Pechora

text: The S-125 is somewhat mobile, an improvement over the S-75 system. The missiles are typically deployed on fixed turrets containing two or four but can be carried ready-to-fire on ZIL trucks in pairs. Reloading the fixed launchers takes a few minutes.


title: S-125 Neva/Pechora

text: The P-15 is mounted on a van (P-15M(2) on a taller mast for better performance against low-altitude targets) and also an IFF [Identifies Friend or Foe]), SNR-125 on a trailer and PRV-11 on a box-bodied trailer.


title: S-125 Neva/Pechora

text: Work on a naval version M-1 Volna (SA-N-1) started in 1956, along with work on a land version. It was first mounted on a rebuilt Kotlin class destroyer (Project 56K) "Bravyi" and tested in 1962. In the same year, the system was accepted. The basic missile was a V-600 (or 4K90) (range: from 4 to 15 km, altitude: from 0.1 to 10 km). Fire control and guidance is carried out by 4R90 Yatagan radar, with five parabolic antennas on a common head. Only one target can be engaged at a time (or two, for ships fitted with two Volna systems). In case of emergency, Volna could be also used against naval targets, due to short response time.


title: S-125 Neva/Pechora

text: The first launcher type was the two-missile ZIF-101, with a magazine for 16 missiles. In 1963 an improved two-missile launcher, ZIF-102, with a magazine for 32 missiles, was introduced to new ship classes. In 1967 Volna systems were upgraded to Volna-M (SA-N-1B) with V-601 (4K91) missiles (range: 4–22 km, altitude: 0.1–14 km).


title: S-125 Neva/Pechora

text: In 1974 - 1976 some systems were modernized to Volna-P standard, with an additional TV target tracking channel and better resistance to jamming. Later, improved V-601M missiles were introduced, with lower minimal attack altitude against aerial targets (system Volna-N).


title: S-125 Neva/Pechora

text: Since Russia replaced all of its S-125 sites with S-300 systems, they decided to upgrade the S-125 systems being removed from service to make them more attractive to export customers.


title: S-125 Neva/Pechora

text: Early warning radar is replaced by anti-stealth radar Kasta 2E2, target distance at 2.5–32 km, target altitude - 0.02–20 km, missile launchers can be positioned at up to 10 kilometers away from the control center. Speed up to 1000 m/s (target), Used rocket 5V27DE, by weight the warhead + 50% range of flight splinters + 350%. Probability of hitting the target 1st rocket: at a distance up to 25 km - 0,72-0,99,


title: S-125 Neva/Pechora

text: detection range with the radar cross section = 2 sq meters about 100 km, with RCS = 0.15 sq m - about 50 km, with no interference. When using active jamming - 40 km. ADMS "Pechora-2M" has the ability to interfacing with higher level command post and radar remote using telecode channels. Is equally effective at any time during the day and at night (optical location, daytime and nighttime, and also thermal imager) was awarded a contract to overhaul Egypt's S-125 SAM system. These refurbished weapons have been reintroduced as the S-125 Pechora 2M.


title: S-125 Neva/Pechora

text: There is also a version of the S-125 available from Russia with the warhead replaced with telemetry instrumentation, for use as target drones.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes is a book on theoretical cosmology by English physicist Stephen Hawking. It was first published in 1988. Hawking wrote the book for readers who had no prior knowledge of physics.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: In "A Brief History of Time", Hawking writes in non-technical terms about the structure, origin, development and eventual fate of the Universe, which is the object of study of astronomy and modern physics. He talks about basic concepts like space and time, basic building blocks that make up the Universe (such as quarks) and the fundamental forces that govern it (such as gravity). He writes about cosmological phenomena such as the Big Bang and black holes. He discusses two major theories, general relativity and quantum mechanics, that modern scientists use to describe the Universe. Finally, he talks about the search for a unifying theory that describes everything in the Universe in a coherent manner.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: Early in 1983, Hawking first approached Simon Mitton, the editor in charge of astronomy books at Cambridge University Press, with his ideas for a popular book on cosmology. Mitton was doubtful about all the equations in the draft manuscript, which he felt would put off the buyers in airport bookshops that Hawking wished to reach. With some difficulty, he persuaded Hawking to drop all but one equation. The author himself notes in the book's acknowledgements that he was warned that for every equation in the book, the readership would be halved, hence it includes only a single equation: formula_1. The book does employ a number of complex models, diagrams, and other illustrations to detail some of the concepts that it explores.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: In "A Brief History of Time", Stephen Hawking explains a range of subjects in cosmology, including the Big Bang, black holes and light cones, to the non-specialist reader. His main goal is to give an overview of the subject, but he also attempts to explain some complex mathematics. In the 1996 edition of the book and subsequent editions, Hawking discusses the possibility of time travel and wormholes and explores the possibility of having a Universe without a quantum singularity at the beginning of time. The 2017 edition of the book contained twelve chapters, whose contents are summarized below.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: In the first chapter, Hawking discusses the history of astronomical studies, particularly ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle's conclusions about spherical Earth and a circular geocentric model of the Universe, later elaborated upon by the second-century Greek astronomer Ptolemy. Hawking then depicts the rejection of the Aristotelian and Ptolemaic model and the gradual development of the currently accepted heliocentric model of the Solar System in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, first proposed by the Polish priest Nicholas Copernicus in 1514, validated a century later by Italian scientist Galileo Galilei and German scientist Johannes Kepler (who proposed an elliptical orbit model instead of a circular one), and further supported mathematically by English scientist Isaac Newton in his 1687 book on gravity, "Principia Mathematica".


title: A Brief History of Time

text: In this chapter, Hawking also covers how the topic of the origin of the Universe and time was studied and debated over the centuries: the perennial existence of the Universe hypothesised by Aristotle and other early philosophers was opposed by St. Augustine and other theologians' belief in its creation at a specific time in the past, where time is a concept that was born with the creation of the Universe. In the modern age, German philosopher Immanuel Kant argued again that time had no beginning. In 1929, American astronomer Edwin Hubble's discovery of the expanding Universe implied that between ten and twenty billion years ago, the entire Universe was contained in one singular extremely dense place. This discovery brought the concept of the beginning of the Universe within the province of science. Currently scientists use Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics to partially describe the workings of the Universe, while still looking for a complete Grand Unified Theory that would describe everything in the Universe.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: In this chapter, Hawking describes the development of scientific thought regarding the nature of space and time. He first describes the Aristotelian idea that the naturally preferred state of a body is to be at rest, and which can only be moved by force, implying that heavier objects will fall faster. However, Italian scientist Galileo Galilei experimentally proved Aristotle's theory wrong with by observing the motion of objects of different weights and concluding that all objects would fall at the same rate. This eventually led to English scientist Isaac Newton's laws of motion and gravity. However, Newton's laws implied that there is no such thing as absolute state of rest or absolute space as believed by Aristotle: whether an object is 'at rest' or 'in motion' depends on the inertial frame of reference of the observer.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: Hawking then describes Aristotle and Newton's belief in absolute time, i.e. time can be measured accurately regardless of the state of motion of the observer. However, Hawking writes that this commonsense notion does not work at or near the speed of light. He mentions Danish scientist Ole Rømer's discovery that light travels at a very high but finite speed through his observations of Jupiter and one of its moons Io as well as British scientist James Clerk Maxwell's equations on electromagnetism which showed that light travels in waves moving at a fixed speed. Since the notion of absolute rest was abandoned in Newtonian mechanics, Maxwell and many other physicists argued that light must travel through a hypothetical fluid called aether, its speed being relative to that of aether. This was later disproved by the Michelson–Morley experiment, showing that the speed of light always remains constant regardless of the motion of the observer. Einstein and Henri Poincaré later argued that there is no need for aether to explain the motion of light, assuming that there is no absolute time. The special theory of relativity is based on this, arguing that light travels with a finite speed no matter what the speed of the observer is.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: Mass and energy are related by the famous equation formula_1, which explains that an infinite amount of energy is needed for any object with mass to travel at the speed of light(3×10⁸m/s). A new way of defining a metre using speed of light was developed. "Events" can also be described by using light cones, a spacetime graphical representation that restricts what events are allowed and what are not based on the past and the future light cones. A 4-dimensional spacetime is also described, in which 'space' and 'time' are intrinsically linked. The motion of an object through space inevitably impacts the way in which it experiences time.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: Einstein's general theory of relativity explains how the path of a ray of light is affected by 'gravity', which according to Einstein is an illusion caused by the warping of spacetime, in contrast to Newton's view which described gravity as a force which matter exerts on other matter. In spacetime curvature, light always travels in a straight path in the 4-dimensional "spacetime", but may appear to curve in 3-dimensional space due to gravitational effects. These straight-line paths are geodesics. The twin paradox, a thought experiment in special relativity involving identical twins, considers that twins can age differently if they move at different speeds relative to each other, or even if they lived in different locations with unequal spacetime curvature. Special relativity is based upon arenas of space and time where events take place, whereas general relativity is dynamic where force could change spacetime curvature and which gives rise to a dynamic, expanding Universe. Hawking and Roger Penrose worked upon this and later proved using general relativity that if the Universe had a beginning a finite time ago in the past, then it also might end at a finite time from now into the future.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: In this chapter, Hawking first describes how physicists and astronomers calculated the relative distance of stars from the Earth. In the 18th century, Sir William Herschel confirmed the positions and distances of many stars in the night sky. In 1924, Edwin Hubble discovered a method to measure the distance using the brightness of Cepheid variable stars as viewed from Earth. The luminosity, brightness, and distance of these stars are related by a simple mathematical formula. Using all these, he calculated distances of nine different galaxies. We live in a fairly typical spiral galaxy, containing vast numbers of stars.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: The stars are very far away from us, so we can only observe their one characteristic feature, their light. When this light is passed through a prism, it gives rise to a spectrum. Every star has its own spectrum, and since each element has its own unique spectra, we can measure a star's light spectra to know its chemical composition. We use thermal spectra of the stars to know their temperature. In 1920, when scientists were examining spectra of different galaxies, they found that some of the characteristic lines of the star spectrum were shifted towards the red end of the spectrum. The implications of this phenomenon were given by the Doppler effect, and it was clear that many galaxies were moving away from us.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: It was assumed that, since some galaxies are red shifted, some galaxies would also be blue shifted. However, redshifted galaxies far outnumbered blueshifted galaxies. Hubble found that the amount of redshift is directly proportional to relative distance. From this, he determined that the Universe is expanding and had had a beginning. Despite this, the concept of a static Universe persisted into the 20th century. Einstein was so sure of a static Universe that he developed the 'cosmological constant' and introduced 'anti-gravity' forces to allow a universe of infinite age to exist. Moreover, many astronomers also tried to avoid the implications of general relativity and stuck with their static Universe, with one especially notable exception, the Russian physicist Alexander Friedmann.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: Friedmann made two very simple assumptions: the Universe is identical wherever we are, i.e. homogeneity, and that it is identical in every direction that we look in, i.e. isotropy. His results showed that the Universe is non-static. His assumptions were later proved when two physicists at Bell Labs, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, found unexpected microwave radiation not only from the one particular part of the sky but from everywhere and by nearly the same amount. Thus Friedmann's first assumption was proved to be true.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: At around the same time, Robert H. Dicke and Jim Peebles were also working on microwave radiation. They argued that they should be able to see the glow of the early Universe as background microwave radiation. Wilson and Penzias had already done this, so they were awarded with the Nobel Prize in 1978. In addition, our place in the Universe is not exceptional, so we should see the Universe as approximately the same from any other part of space, which supports Friedmann's second assumption. His work remained largely unknown until similar models were made by Howard Robertson and Arthur Walker.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: Friedmann's model gave rise to three different types of models for the evolution of the Universe. First, the Universe would expand for a given amount of time, and if the expansion rate is less than the density of the Universe (leading to gravitational attraction), it would ultimately lead to the collapse of the Universe at a later stage. Secondly, the Universe would expand, and at some time, if the expansion rate and the density of the Universe became equal, it would expand slowly and stop, leading to a somewhat static Universe. Thirdly, the Universe would continue to expand forever, if the density of the Universe is less than the critical amount required to balance the expansion rate of the Universe.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: The first model depicts the space of the Universe to be curved inwards. In the second model, the space would lead to a flat structure, and the third model results in negative 'saddle shaped' curvature. Even if we calculate, the current expansion rate is more than the critical density of the Universe including the dark matter and all the stellar masses. The first model included the beginning of the Universe as a Big Bang from a space of infinite density and zero volume known as 'singularity', a point where the general theory of relativity (Friedmann's solutions are based in it) also breaks down.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: This concept of the beginning of time (proposed by the Belgian Catholic priest Georges Lemaître) seemed originally to be motivated by religious beliefs, because of its support of the biblical claim of the universe having a beginning in time instead of being eternal. So a new theory was introduced, the "steady state theory" by Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold, and Fred Hoyle, to compete with the Big Bang theory. Its predictions also matched with the current Universe structure. But the fact that radio wave sources near us are far fewer than from the distant Universe, and there were numerous more radio sources than at present, resulted in the failure of this theory and universal acceptance of the Big Bang Theory. Evgeny Lifshitz and Isaak Markovich Khalatnikov also tried to find an alternative to the Big Bang theory but also failed.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: Roger Penrose used light cones and general relativity to prove that a collapsing star could result in a region of zero size and infinite density and curvature called a Black Hole. Hawking and Penrose proved together that the Universe should have arisen from a singularity, which Hawking himself disproved once quantum effects are taken into account.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: In this chapter, Hawking first discusses nineteenth-century French mathematician Laplace's strong belief in scientific determinism, where scientific laws will eventually be able to accurately predict the future of the Universe. Then he discusses the theory of infinite radiation of stars according to the calculations of British scientists Lord Rayleigh and James Jeans, which was later revised in 1900 by German scientist Max Planck who suggested that energy must radiate in small, finite packets called quanta.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: Hawking then discusses the uncertainty principle formulated by German scientist Werner Heisenberg, according to which the speed and the position of a particle cannot be precisely known due to Planck's quantum hypothesis: increasing the accuracy in measuring its speed will decrease the certainty of its position and vice versa. This disproved Laplace's idea of a completely deterministic theory of the universe. Hawking then describes the eventual development of quantum mechanics by Heisenberg, Austrian physicist Erwin Schroedinger and English physicist Paul Dirac in the 1920s, a theory which introduced an irreducible element of unpredictability into science, and despite German scientist Albert Einstein's strong objections, it has been proven to be very successful in describing the universe except for gravity and large-scale structures.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: Hawking then discusses how Heisenberg's uncertainty principle implies the wave–particle duality behaviour of light (and particles in general).


title: A Brief History of Time

text: He then describes the phenomenon of interference where multiple light waves interfere with each other to give rise to a single light wave with properties different from those of the component waves, as well as the interference within particles, exemplified by the two-slit experiment. Hawking writes how interference refined our understanding of the structure of atoms, the building blocks of matter. While Danish scientist Niels Bohr's theory only partially solved the problem of collapsing electrons, quantum mechanics completely resolved it. According to Hawking, American scientist Richard Feynman's sum over histories is a nice way of visualizing the wave-particle duality. Finally, Hawking mentions that Einstein's general theory of relativity is a classical, non-quantum theory which ignores the uncertainty principle and that it has to be reconciled with quantum theory in situations where gravity is very strong, such as black holes and the Big Bang.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: In this chapter, Hawking traces the history of investigation about the nature of matter: Aristotle's four elements, Democritus's notion of indivisible atoms, John Dalton's ideas about atoms combining to form molecules, J. J. Thomson's discovery of electrons inside atoms, Ernest Rutherford's discovery of atomic nucleus and protons, James Chadwick's discovery of neutrons and finally Murray Gell-Mann's work on even smaller quarks which make up protons and neutrons. Hawking then discusses the six different "flavors" (up, down, strange, charm, bottom, and top) and three different "colors" of quarks (red, green, and blue). Later in the chapter he discusses anti-quarks, which are outnumbered by quarks due to the expansion and cooling of the Universe.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: Hawking then discusses the "spin" property of particles, which determines what a particle looks like from different directions. Hawking then discusses two groups of particles in the Universe based on their spin: fermions and bosons. Fermions, with a spin of 1/2, follow the "Pauli exclusion principle", which states that they cannot share the same quantum state (for example, two "spin up" protons cannot occupy the same location in space). Without this rule, complex structures could not exist.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: Hawking writes that at extremely high temperature, the electromagnetic force and weak nuclear force behave as a single electroweak force, giving rise to the speculation that at even higher temperatures, the electroweak force and strong nuclear force would also behave as a single force. Theories which attempt to describe the behaviour of this "combined" force are called Grand Unified Theories, which may help us explain many of the mysteries of physics that scientists have yet to solve.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: In this chapter, Hawking discusses black holes, regions of spacetime where extremely strong gravity prevents everything, including light, from escaping from within them. Hawking describes how most black holes are formed during the collapse of massive stars (at least 25 times heavier than the Sun) approaching end of life. He writes about the event horizon, the black hole's boundary from which no particle can escape to the rest of spacetime. Hawking then discusses non-rotating black holes with spherical symmetry and rotating ones with axisymmetry. Hawking then describes how astronomers discover a black hole not directly, but indirectly, by observing with special telescopes the powerful X-rays emitted when it consumes a star. Hawking ends the chapter by mentioning his famous bet made in 1974 with American physicist Kip Thorne in which Hawking argued that black holes did not exist. Hawking lost the bet as new evidence proved that Cygnus X-1 was indeed a black hole.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: This chapter discusses an aspect of black hole behaviors' that Stephen Hawking discovered in the 1970s. According to earlier theories, black holes can only become larger, and never smaller, because nothing which enters a black hole can come out. However, in 1974, Hawking published a new theory which argued that black holes can "leak" radiation. He imagined what might happen if a pair of virtual particles appeared near the edge of a black hole. Virtual particles briefly 'borrow' energy from spacetime itself, then annihilate with each other, returning the borrowed energy and ceasing to exist. However, at the edge of a black hole, one virtual particle might be trapped by the black hole while the other escapes. Because of the second law of thermodynamics, particles are 'forbidden' from taking energy from the vacuum. Thus, the particle takes energy from the black hole instead of from the vacuum, and escape from the black hole as Hawking radiation.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: According to Hawking, black holes must very slowly shrink over time and eventually "evaporate" because of this radiation, rather than continue existing forever as scientists had previously believed.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: Most scientists agree that the Universe began in an expansion called the "Big Bang". At the start of the Big Bang, the Universe had an extremely high temperature, which prevented the formation of complex structures like stars, or even very simple ones like atoms. During the Big Bang, a phenomenon called "inflation" took place, in which the Universe briefly expanded ("inflated") to a much larger size. Inflation explains some characteristics of the Universe that had previously greatly confused researchers. After inflation, the universe continued to expand at a slower pace. It became much colder, eventually allowing for the formation of such structures.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: Hawking also discusses how the Universe might have appeared differently if it grew in size slower or faster than it actually has. For example, if the Universe expanded too slowly, it would collapse, and there would not be enough time for life to form. If the Universe expanded too quickly, it would have become almost empty.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: Hawking ultimately proposes the conclusion that the universe might be finite, but boundless. In other words, it may have no beginning nor ending in time, but merely exist with a finite ammount of matter and energy.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: In this chapter Hawking talks about why "real time", as Hawking calls time as humans observe and experience it (in contrast to "imaginary time", which Hawking claims is inherent to the laws of science) seems to have a certain direction, notably from the past towards the future. Hawking then discusses three "arrows of time" which, in his view, give time this property. Hawking's first arrow of time is the thermodynamic arrow of time: the direction in which entropy (which Hawking calls disorder) increases. According to Hawking, this is why we never see the broken pieces of a cup gather themselves together to form a whole cup. Hawking's second arrow is the psychological arrow of time, whereby our subjective sense of time seems to flow in one direction, which is why we remember the past and not the future. Hawking claims that our brain measures time in a way where disorder increases in the direction of time – we never observe it working in the opposite direction. In other words, he claims that the psychological arrow of time is intertwined with the thermodynamic arrow of time. Hawking's third and final arrow of time is the cosmological arrow of time: the direction of time in which the Universe is expanding rather than contracting. According to Hawking, during a contraction phase of the universe, the thermodynamic and cosmological arrows of time would not agree.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: Hawking then claims that the "no boundary proposal" for the universe implies that the universe will expand for some time before contracting back again. He goes on to argue that the no boundary proposal is what drives entropy and that it predicts the existence of a well-defined thermodynamic arrow of time if and only if the universe is expanding, as it implies that the universe must have started in a smooth and ordered state that must grow toward disorder as time advances. He argues that, because of the no boundary proposal, a contracting universe would not have a well-defined thermodynamic arrow and therefore only a Universe which is in an expansion phase can support intelligent life. Using the weak anthropic principle, Hawking goes on to argue that the thermodynamic arrow must agree with the cosmological arrow in order for either to be observed by intelligent life. This, in Hawking's view, is why humans experience these three arrows of time going in the same direction.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: In this chapter, Hawking discusses whether it is possible to time travel, i.e., travel into the future or the past. He shows how physicists have attempted to devise possible methods by humans with advanced technology may be able to travel faster than the speed of light, or travel backwards in time, and these concepts have become mainstays of science fiction. Einstein–Rosen bridges were proposed early in the history of general relativity research. These "wormholes" would appear identical to black holes from the outside, but matter which entered would be relocated to a different location in spacetime, potentially in a distant region of space, or even backwards in time. However, later research demonstrated that such a wormhole, even if possible for it to form in the first place, would not allow any material to pass through before turning back into a regular black hole. The only way that a wormhole could theoretically remain open, and thus allow faster-than-light travel or time travel, would require the existence of exotic matter with negative energy density, which violates the energy conditions of general relativity. As such, almost all physicists agree that faster-than-light travel and travel backwards in time are not possible.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: Hawking also describes his own "chronology protection conjecture", which provides a more formal explanation for why faster-than-light and backwards time travel are almost certainly impossible.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: Quantum field theory (QFT) and general relativity (GR) describe the physics of the Universe with astounding accuracy within their own domains of applicability. However, these two theories contradict each other. For example, the uncertainty principle of QFT is incompatible with GR. This contradiction, and the fact that QFT and GR do not fully explain observed phenomena, have led physicists to search for a theory of "quantum gravity" that is both internally consistent and explains observed phenomena just as well as or better than existing theories do.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: Hawking is cautiously optimistic that such a unified theory of the Universe may be found soon, in spite of significant challenges. At the time the book was written, "superstring theory" had emerged as the most popular theory of quantum gravity, but this theory and related string theories were still incomplete and had yet to be proven in spite of significant effort (this remains the case as of 2021). String theory proposes that particles behave like one-dimensional "strings", rather than as dimensionless particles as they do in QFT. These strings "vibrate" in many dimensions. Instead of 3 dimensions as in QFT or 4 dimensions as in GR, superstring theory requires a total of 10 dimensions. The nature of the six "hyperspace" dimensions required by superstring theory are difficult if not impossible to study, leaving countless theoretical string theory landscapes which each describe a universe with different properties. Without a means to narrow the scope of possibilities, it is likely impossible to find practical applications for string theory.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: Alternative theories of quantum gravity, such as loop quantum gravity, similarly suffer from a lack of evidence and difficulty to study.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: Hawking thus proposes three possibilities: 1) there exists a complete unified theory that we will eventually find; 2) the overlapping characteristics of different landscapes will allow us to gradually explain physics more accurately with time and 3) there is no ultimate theory. The third possibility has been sidestepped by acknowledging the limits set by the uncertainty principle. The second possibility describes what has been happening in physical sciences so far, with increasingly accurate partial theories.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: Hawking believes that such refinement has a limit and that by studying the very early stages of the Universe in a laboratory setting, a complete theory of Quantum Gravity will be found in the 21st century allowing physicists to solve many of the currently unsolved problems in physics.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: In this final chapter, Hawking summarises the efforts made by humans through their history to understand the Universe and their place in it: starting from the belief in anthropomorphic spirits controlling nature, followed by the recognition of regular patterns in nature, and finally with the scientific advancement in recent centuries, the inner workings of the universe have become far better understood. He recalls the suggestion of the nineteenth-century French mathematician Laplace that the Universe's structure and evolution could eventually be precisely explained by a set of laws whose origin is left in God's domain. However, Hawking states that the uncertainty principle introduced by the quantum theory in the twentieth century has set limits to the predictive accuracy of future laws to be discovered.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: Hawking comments that historically, the study of cosmology (the study of the origin, evolution, and end of Earth and the Universe as a whole) has been primarily motivated by a search for philosophical and religious insights, for instance, to better understand the nature of God, or even whether God exists at all. However, for Hawking, most scientists today who work on these theories approach them with mathematical calculation and empirical observation, rather than asking such philosophical questions. In his mind, the increasingly technical nature of these theories have caused modern cosmology to become increasingly divorced from philosophical discussion. Hawking nonetheless expresses hope that one day everybody would talk about these theories in order to understand the true origin and nature of the Universe, and accomplish "the ultimate triumph of human reasoning".


title: A Brief History of Time

text: The introduction was removed after the first edition, as it was copyrighted by Sagan, rather than by Hawking or the publisher, and the publisher did not have the right to reprint it in perpetuity. Hawking wrote his own introduction for later editions.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: In 1991, Errol Morris directed a documentary film about Hawking, but although they share a title, the film is a biographical study of Hawking, and not a filmed version of the book.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: "Stephen Hawking's Pocket Universe: A Brief History of Time Revisited" is based on the book. The app was developed by Preloaded for Transworld publishers, a division of the Penguin Random House group.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: The app was produced in 2016. It was designed by Ben Courtney (now of Lego) and produced by video game production veteran Jemma Harris (now of Sony) and is available on iOS only.


title: A Brief History of Time

text: The New York's Metropolitan Opera had commissioned an opera to premiere in 2015–16 based on Hawking's book. It was to be composed by Osvaldo Golijov with a libretto by Alberto Manguel in a production by Robert Lepage. The planned opera was changed to be about a different subject and eventually canceled completely.


title: Vanderpump Rules

text: Vanderpump Rules is an American reality television series which has been broadcast on Bravo since January 7, 2013. Developed as the first spin-off from "The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills", it has aired nine seasons and focuses on Lisa Vanderpump and the staff at her restaurants and bars; SUR Restaurant & Lounge, Pump Restaurant and Tom Tom Restaurant & Bar, in West Hollywood, California.


title: Vanderpump Rules

text: "Vanderpump Rules" follows Lisa Vanderpump and the staff at her restaurants and bars; SUR Restaurant & Lounge, Pump Restaurant and Tom Tom Restaurant & Bar, in West Hollywood, California, as they work on building their futures in show business and become entangled in interpersonal drama.


title: Vanderpump Rules

text: The show initially centered on new server Scheana and her relationships with established employees; Kristen Doute, Katie Maloney, Tom Sandoval, Stassi Schroeder and Jax Taylor.


title: Vanderpump Rules

text: The first season aired from January 7 to March 11, 2013. The original cast consisted of Kristen Doute, Katie Maloney, Tom Sandoval, Stassi Schroeder, Scheana, Jax Taylor and Lisa Vanderpump, as series regulars, with Peter Madrigal, Tom Schwartz, Mike Shay, Laura-Leigh and Frank Herlihy, as recurring cast members. Ariana Madix made guest appearances in the season.


title: Vanderpump Rules

text: During the February 4, 2013, "Watch What Happens Live!" episode, Andy Cohen announced that there would be a reunion. The reunion was filmed on February 9, 2013.


title: Vanderpump Rules

text: The second season aired from November 4, 2013 to February 25, 2014. Kristina Kelly and Ariana Madix are introduced as recurring cast members. James Kennedy made guest appearances in the season.


title: Vanderpump Rules

text: The season premiere features as a two-hour crossover episode with the fourth-season premiere of "The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills".


title: Vanderpump Rules

text: The third season aired from November 3, 2014 to March 25, 2015. Ariana Madix and Tom Schwartz are promoted to series regulars, while James Kennedy and Vail Bloom are introduced as recurring cast members.


title: Vanderpump Rules

text: The fourth season aired from November 2, 2015 to April 11, 2016. James Kennedy is promoted to a series regular, while Faith Stowers and Lala Kent are introduced as recurring cast members. In a recurring capacity, Brittany Cartwright, and Stassi Schroeder (who departed the show at the end of season three) made guest appearances in the season.


title: Vanderpump Rules

text: The fifth season aired from November 7, 2016 to April 17, 2017. Stassi Schroeder returned as a series regular, while Brittany Cartwright is introduced as a recurring cast member. Kristina Kelly and Raquel Leviss made guest appearances in the season.


title: Vanderpump Rules

text: On January 9, 2017, the tenth episode "Summer House Rules" served as a cross-over preview to "Summer House".


title: Vanderpump Rules

text: The sixth season aired from December 4, 2017 to May 28, 2018. Brittany Cartwright and Lala Kent are promoted to series regulars, while Billie Lee and Raquel Leviss are introduced as recurring cast members. Mike Shay, Kristina Kelly and Faith Stowers made guest appearances in the season.


title: Vanderpump Rules

text: The seventh season aired from December 3, 2018 to May 20, 2019. Beau Clark is introduced as a recurring cast member. Kristina Kelly, Max Boyens and Dayna Kathan made guest appearances in the season.


title: Vanderpump Rules

text: During the season, Lisa Vanderpump and Ken Todd partnered with cast members Tom Sandoval and Tom Schwartz to open a new restaurant/bar in West Hollywood, California, Tom Tom Restaurant & Bar.


title: Vanderpump Rules

text: The eighth season aired from January 7 to June 16, 2020. Beau Clark is promoted to a series regular, along with Max Boyens, Brett Caprioni and Dayna Kathan also added as series regulars, while Charli Burnett, Danica Dow and Brett Willis are introduced as recurring cast members. Randall Emmett made guest appearances in the season.


title: Vanderpump Rules

text: On June 9, 2020, it was announced original cast members Kristen Doute and Stassi Schroeder had been fired following accusations by former co-star Faith Stowers, who claimed that the two women filed a false police report against her for a crime she did not commit. Additionally, it was announced Max Boyens and Brett Caprioni would not return for the ninth season following past racist Twitter posts.


title: Vanderpump Rules

text: In December 2020, following the departures of several cast members and due to challenges associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, production on season nine was put on hold 'indefinitely'.


title: Vanderpump Rules

text: On April 27, 2021, the network confirmed that the show would return for a ninth season as well as confirming that Lisa Vanderpump, Maloney, Sandoval, Scheana, Madix, Schwartz, Kennedy, Kent and Leviss would be returning to the show as cast members.


title: Vanderpump Rules

text: In April 2021, Dayna Kathan confirmed that she would not be returning for the ninth season while suggesting that production on the show was to resume in the near future.


title: Vanderpump Rules

text: The ninth season aired from September 28, 2021 to January 26, 2022. Charli Burnett and Raquel Leviss are promoted to series regulars, along with Brock Davies also added as a series regular, while Richardson Chery, Randall Emmett, Corey Loftus and Max Todd are introduced as recurring cast members.


title: Vanderpump Rules

text: On December 4, 2022, Randall Emmett revealed that he will not return for the tenth season, and claimed he "never wanted to be on" the show in the first place.


title: Vanderpump Rules

text: "Vanderpump Rules" regularly airs on Bravo in the United States; most episodes are approximately 43 minutes in length, and are broadcast in standard definition and high definition. Since its premiere, the series has altered airing on Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday evenings and has been frequently shifted between 9:00 and 10:00 PM timeslots.


title: Ron Woodroof

text: Ronald Dickson Woodroof (February 3, 1950 – September 12, 1992) was an American man who created what would become known as the Dallas Buyer's Club in March 1988, one of several such AIDS buyers clubs that sprang up at the time. After being diagnosed with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in 1985, he created the group as part of his efforts to find and distribute drugs to treat HIV at a time when the disease was poorly understood.


title: Ron Woodroof

text: He sued the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) over a ban on peptide T, a drug he was using. Woodroof's final years became the basis of the 2013 film "Dallas Buyers Club."


title: Ron Woodroof

text: Woodroof was born in Dallas, Texas, on February 3, 1950, to Garland Odell Woodroof (March 17, 1917, in Texas – December 3, 1983, in Dallas) and Willie Mae Hughes (November 25, 1917, in Oklahoma – November 19, 1996, in Dallas).


title: Ron Woodroof

text: His first marriage was to Mary Etta Pybus on June 28, 1969, in Dallas; they had a daughter, Yvette Lynn Woodroof (born February 1, 1970). They divorced on March 23, 1972. On May 6, 1972, he married a woman named Rory S. Flynn in Dallas. They divorced on May 21, 1973. He then married Brenda Shari Robin on October 4, 1982, in Lubbock. They divorced on March 4, 1986, after he was diagnosed with HIV.


title: Ron Woodroof

text: It was recorded that Mr. Woodroof had a mercurial personality. One reporter writes that "Woodroof took guns to his doctor’s office, prompting Dr. Steven Pounders to 'fire him as a patient.'" Woodroof later sent the doctor roses, and the doctor took him back. Woodroof was said to have lost all his friends after they found out he was HIV-positive. The movie "Dallas Buyers Club" depicts Woodroof as holding homophobic views prior to contracting HIV. In interviews with Craig Borten, who would go on to write the screenplay for "Dallas Buyers Club," Woodroof implied that his diagnosis, along with interactions with gay people living with AIDS through the buyers club, led to him changing his views on gay people. Other people who knew Woodroof said that he did not harbor anti-gay beliefs and claimed he was bisexual.


title: Ron Woodroof

text: After suffering from the side effects of AZT, Ron Woodroof began looking for other drugs he could use to further prolong his life. He acquired nutritional supplements and drugs not approved by the FDA for use in the United States, which he found helpful in ameliorating his symptoms. Woodroof established what he called the Dallas Buyers Club in 1988 as a front for distributing these drugs and other substances to AIDS patients.


title: Ron Woodroof

text: Seven years following his diagnosis of HIV, Ron Woodroof died on September 12, 1992, from pneumonia brought on by AIDS. He is buried in Restland Memorial Park. Woodroof became the basis of the 2013 film "Dallas Buyers Club". He was portrayed in the film by Matthew McConaughey, who won an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance as Woodroof.


title: Pride (2014 film)

text: Pride is a 2014 British historical comedy-drama film written by Stephen Beresford and directed by Matthew Warchus. Based on a true story, the film depicts a group of lesbian and gay activists who raised money to help families affected by the British miners' strike in 1984, at the outset of what would become the Lesbians and Gays Support the Miners campaign.


title: Pride (2014 film)

text: It was screened as part of the Directors' Fortnight section of the 2014 Cannes Film Festival, where it won the Queer Palm award. Writer Stephen Beresford said a stage musical adaptation involving director Matthew Warchus is being planned.


title: Pride (2014 film)

text: The film was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy and for the BAFTA for Best British Film, Best Actress in a Supporting Role for Imelda Staunton and for Outstanding Debut by a British Writer, Director or Producer.


title: Pride (2014 film)

text: Upon watching the news about the miners' strike, gay activist Mark Ashton realises that the police have stopped harassing the gay community because their attention is elsewhere. He spontaneously arranges a bucket collection for the miners during the Gay Pride Parade in London. Encouraged by the success, he founds "Lesbians and Gays Support the Miners". Among its first members are 20-year-old closeted student Joe Cooper and an older gay couple Gethin and Jonathan, whose bookshop (called Gay's the Word) they use as headquarters.


title: Pride (2014 film)

text: LGSM faces opposition from the mining community who do not wish to associate with them, as well as within the gay community who feel that the miners have mistreated them in the past. Frustrated by the lack of response, the activists instead decide to take their donations directly to a small mining village named in Wales. Dai Donovan, spokesperson for the miners in , comes to London to meet their new allies. Though he is startled by the revelation of what "L" and "G" stand for in their name, he expresses his gratitude in a short, eloquent speech at a gay bar, and the cause takes off.


title: Pride (2014 film)

text: In , the Women's Support group, led by Hefina Headon and Maureen Barry, debate whether to invite LGSM to the village as a thank you; Hefina, and her supporters, favour gratitude from all camps, whilst Maureen's supporters consider the gays abhorrent. First-time volunteer Siân James speaks up fiercely in favour of inviting LGSM and is asked to join the committee.


title: Pride (2014 film)

text: When LGSM arrives in , they are met with a frosty reception and Maureen leads a walkout after Mark's speech to the village. However, the next day Jonathan shares with his knowledge of harassment laws and abuse of police power; the fiery marches down to the police station to demand the release of illegally-detained miners.


title: Pride (2014 film)

text: Many grateful miners acknowledge LGSM's role in their release, relations begin to thaw and the two communities quickly become close. Finding herself on the outside, Maureen contacts a tabloid about the situation in . The resulting story humiliates The National Union of Miners, who call a vote on whether to accept LGSM's support.


title: Pride (2014 film)

text: Back in London, Mark declares that they will embrace the labels in the tabloid and throws an enormous concert at the Electric Ballroom headlined by Bronski Beat, attended by Dai, Hefina and a number of the women from the village. Mark is badly shaken when he encounters a former lover who implies that he is terminal with AIDS. The "Pits and Perverts" festival raises thousands of pounds for , but the Union vote moves forward three hours without notice, and without Dai or Hefina, Maureen's camp succeeds in voting to refuse further help from LGSM.


title: Pride (2014 film)

text: Disillusioned and haunted, Mark abandons LGSM. Gethin, who initially refused to participate due to his own experience coming out in a mining village, attempts to campaign alone and is violently assaulted and hospitalised.


title: Pride (2014 film)

text: In March 1985, the Miners' Strike is over. The miners of gather to go back into the mines. Joe sees the news and sneaks off to to show solidarity, where he encounters Mark. Mark confronts Joe about hiding his activism and homosexuality from his parents. When drives him to London in the LGSM donated van, he learns of Gethin's condition Joe decides it's time to leave home and has her drive him directly up to his home, embarrassing his conservative mother.


title: Pride (2014 film)

text: On the day of the 1985 Gay Pride Parade, Mark returns to the group and apologises for abandoning the cause. He leads LGSM to the Parade, where they are joined by hundreds of miners in a show of solidarity.


title: Pride (2014 film)

text: The closing scenes reveal that consequently the Labour Party incorporated rights for gays and lesbians in their party programme due in part to a massive vote lodged by the National Union of Mineworkers, that was elected to Parliament, that Jonathan still lived (as of 2014) despite being one of first in Britain to be diagnosed with HIV, and that Mark Ashton died of AIDS just two years later at the age of 26.


title: Pride (2014 film)

text: "Pride" premiered at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival, where it received a standing ovation and won the Queer Palm award. The film was also screened at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival, with the "Washington Post" reporting that "Pride" was "hugely popular with preview and festival audiences". It was released to cinemas throughout the UK on 12 September 2014. In France, the film received its release on 17 September. The film was distributed by Pathé in the UK and France, with the title being distributed through Pathé's British distribution partner 20th Century Fox. CBS Films acquired the distribution rights for the film in the United States.


title: Pride (2014 film)

text: The film received a limited release in the US on 26 September 2014, being screened in New York City, Los Angeles and San Francisco.


title: Pride (2014 film)

text: In the UK, the film received a 15 certificate by the British Board of Film Classification for "occasional strong language" and two scenes of a sexual nature, one scene in a gay club where men are depicted "wearing 'bondage' clothing", and a comedic scene where some of the characters discover a pornographic magazine in a bedroom. The MPAA gave the film an R rating, the nearest US equivalent to the UK's 15 certificate. (This reflects common practice; the British Film Institute states that "most" 15 certificate films are R-rated in the US.) "The Independent" published an article calling the MPAA's rating "draconian", alleging that the R rating's higher age restriction ("no unaccompanied under-17s") was specifically applied due to gay content. "The Independent"s article formed the basis for a "Guardian" article which further compounded the issue by mistakenly stating that the MPAA had given the film an NC-17 rating. This error was corrected a few days later.


title: Pride (2014 film)

text: In January 2015, it was reported that the cover of the US DVD release of the film makes no mention of the gay content. A standard description of "a London-based group of gay and lesbian activists" was reduced to "a group of London-based activists", and a lesbian and gay banner was removed from a photograph on the back cover.


title: Pride (2014 film)

text: The absence of any mention of Mark Ashton's communist beliefs in the film, despite his position as the leader of the youth branch of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB), has become a point of contention for his surviving friends. Fellow communist activist and a close friend of Mark Ashton, Lorraine Douglas, accused the film of having "glossed over Mark's politics and said nothing about the fact he subsequently became General Secretary of the YCL", the youth wing of the CPGB.


title: Pride (2014 film)

text: In its opening weekend "Pride" took £718,778 at the UK box office. The film was the third highest-grossing release of the weekend, behind "Lucy" in second place and "The Boxtrolls", which debuted at the top of the box office. During its second weekend at the UK box office "Pride" retained its third-place position on the charts, with takings of £578,794. "The Guardian" reported that the film had a drop of just 12% in takings during its second weekend at the box office, as well as a strong weekday performance at the box office, commenting: "After a somewhat shaky start, Matthew Warchus' film is displaying signs of solid traction with audiences." In its third weekend at the UK box office, "Pride" dropped to sixth in the charts with takings of £400,247 over the weekend period. By its fourth weekend "Pride" had dropped to tenth place in the box office, with takings of £248,654 and an overall UK gross totalling £3,265,317.