title: Jan Oblak

text: On 11 March 2020, following Atlético Madrid's 3–2 away victory over defending champions Liverpool in the last 16 of the UEFA Champions League, Oblak, playing his fiftieth Champions League game, was awarded the Man of the Match award by UEFA, after making nine saves to help his team progress to the quarter-finals with a 4–2 aggregate victory. On 17 June 2020, Oblak kept a clean sheet in a 5–0 away win against Osasuna, his 182nd league game, and by doing so, became the fastest goalkeeper to achieve 100 clean sheets landmark in La Liga history, breaking an almost 50-year-old record of Miguel Reina who did the same in 222 league appearances. Oblak also became the first non-Spanish goalkeeper to keep 100 clean sheets in La Liga history. On 27 June 2020, Oblak played his 250th game for Atlético as his side beat Deportivo Alavés 2–1. He has reached the milestone just one week after equalling José Francisco Molina as the second goalkeeper with the most appearances in the club's history.


title: Jan Oblak

text: In 2020–21, Oblak won the La Liga title with Atlético Madrid. He managed to keep 18 clean sheets in 38 matches, in addition to achieving 80% save rate for the season.


title: Jan Oblak

text: On 15 August 2021, Oblak played his 304th competitive match for Atlético Madrid and became the goalkeeper with the most appearances for the club, breaking the previous record of Abel Resino.


title: Jan Oblak

text: Oblak was first called by the Slovenia under-21 team in August 2009, replacing the injured Jan Koprivec. He made his debut against France on 9 September of that year, in the 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifiers.


title: Jan Oblak

text: On 11 September 2012, Oblak made his first appearance for the senior side, starting in a 2–1 away loss against Norway in the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers.


title: Jan Oblak

text: He became the first-choice goalkeeper of the national team after the international retirement of Samir Handanović at the end of 2015; however, he took a break from his international duties during the 2018–19 UEFA Nations League, due to an arm injury he had been battling at the time.


title: Jan Oblak

text: Considered to be one of the best goalkeepers in the world by several pundits, Oblak is a tall, athletic, and physically strong keeper. He is mainly known for his speed, quick reflexes, and agility, as well as his reading of the game, and in particular, his excellent handling and ability to come off his line and collect crosses, which enables him to excel in the air and command his area effectively. He has also been praised in the media for his work-rate, outstanding positioning, footwork, shot-stopping abilities, and composure in goal, as well as his overall consistency, leadership, and ability to instill a sense of confidence in his team's back-line.


title: Jan Oblak

text: Oblak was born to a Slovenian father, Matjaž Oblak, and a Bosnian Serb mother Stojanka Majkić. His older sister, Teja Oblak (born 1990), is a professional basketball player and a member of the Slovenia national team.


title: Lake Chad

text: Lake Chad () is a historically large, shallow, endorheic lake in Central Africa, which has varied in size over the centuries. According to the "Global Resource Information Database" of the United Nations Environment Programme, it shrank by as much as 95% from about 1963 to 1998. The lowest area was in 1986, at , but "the 2007 (satellite) image shows significant improvement over previous years." Lake Chad is economically important, providing water to more than 30 million people living in the four countries surrounding it (Chad, Cameroon, Niger, and Nigeria) on the central part of the Sahel. It is the largest lake in the Chad Basin.


title: Lake Chad

text: The freshwater lake is located in the Sahelian zone of West-central Africa. It is located in the interior basin which used to be occupied by a much larger ancient sea sometimes called Mega Chad. The lake is historically ranked as one of the largest lakes in Africa. Its surface area varies by season as well as from year to year. Lake Chad is mainly in the far west of Chad, bordering on northeastern Nigeria.


title: Lake Chad

text: The Chari River, fed by its tributary the Logone, provides over 90% of the lake's water, with a small amount coming from the Yobe River in Nigeria/Niger. Despite high levels of evaporation, the lake is fresh water. Over half of the lake's area is taken up by its many small islands (including the Bogomerom Archipelago), reedbeds and mud banks, and a belt of swampland across the middle divides the northern and southern halves. The shorelines are largely composed of marshes. The Lake Chad flooded savannas surround the lake, including permanently and seasonally-flooded grasslands, savannas, and woodlands.


title: Lake Chad

text: Because Lake Chad is very shallow—only at its deepest—its area is particularly sensitive to small changes in average depth, and consequently it also shows seasonal fluctuations in size. Lake Chad has the Bahr el-Ghazal outlet, but its waters percolate into the Soro and Bodélé depressions. The climate is dry most of the year, with moderate rainfall from June through September.


title: Lake Chad

text: Lake Chad gave its name to the country of Chad. The name "Chad" is claimed to be derived from the Kanuri word "Sádǝ", said to mean "large expanse of water", however, the Kanuri dictionary by Norbert Cyffer implies that this may simply be a phonetic derivation of the name "Chad" since no such word exists in the Kanuri language that explicitly means 'lake' or 'large body of water', as the Kanuri words "kùlúwù" (lake, river) and "njîkúra" (sea, ocean) bear no resemblance.


title: Lake Chad

text: The lake is the remnant of a former inland sea, paleolake Mega-Chad, which existed during the African humid period. At its largest, sometime before 5000 BC, Lake Mega-Chad was the largest of four Saharan paleolakes, and is estimated to have covered an area of , larger than the Caspian Sea is today, and may have extended as far northeast as within of Faya-Largeau. At its largest extent the river Mayo Kébbi represented the outlet of the paleolake Mega-Chad, connecting it to the Niger River and the Atlantic. This lowest point on the basin's rim now stands at about 320 meters above sea level, meaning that even if Lake Chad were to refill to its largest extent it would still be at the most only about 50 meters deep. The presence of African manatees in the inflows of Lake Chad is an evidence of the overflow history, since the manatee is otherwise only in rivers connected to the Atlantic Ocean (i.e. it is not possible that it evolved separately in an enclosed Chad Basin). The grand scale of the Mayo Kébbi river course is also evidence of earlier overflow from Mega-Chad; the upstream catchment of today is far too small to have dug such a large channel.


title: Lake Chad

text: Romans reached the lake in the first century of their empire. During the time of Augustus Lake Chad was still a huge lake and two Roman expeditions were performed in order to reach it: Septimius Flaccus and Julius Maternus reached the "lake of hippopotamus (as the lake was called by Claudius Ptolemaeus). They moved from coastal Tripolitania and passed near the Tibesti mountains. Both expeditions passed through the territory of the Garamantes, and were able to leave a small garrison on the "lake of hippopotamus and rhinoceros" after three months of travel in desert lands.


title: Lake Chad

text: Lake Chad was first surveyed from shore by Europeans in 1823, and it was considered to be one of the largest lakes in the world then. In 1851, a party including the German explorer Heinrich Barth carried a boat overland from Tripoli across the Sahara Desert by camel and made the first European waterborne survey. British expedition leader James Richardson died just days before reaching the lake.


title: Lake Chad

text: In Winston Churchill's book "The River War: An Account of the Reconquest of the Sudan", published in 1899, he specifically mentions the shrinking of Lake Chad. He writes:


title: Lake Chad

text: Altogether France has enough to occupy her in Central Africa for some time to come: and even when the long task is finished, the conquered regions are not likely to be of great value. They include the desert of the Great Sahara and wide expanses of equally profitless scrub or marsh. Only one important river, the Shari, flows through them, and never reaches the sea: and even Lake Chad, into which the Shari flows, appears to be leaking through some subterranean exit, and is rapidly changing from a lake into an immense swamp.


title: Lake Chad

text: Lake Chad has shrunk considerably since the 1960s, when its shoreline had an elevation of about above sea level and it had an area of more than , making its surface the fourth largest in Africa. An increased demand on the lake's water from the local population has likely accelerated its shrinkage over the past 40 years.


title: Lake Chad

text: The size of Lake Chad greatly varies seasonally with the flooding of the wetlands areas. In 1983, Lake Chad was reported to have covered , had a maximum depth of 11 metres (36 ft), and a volume of .


title: Lake Chad

text: By 2000, its extent had fallen to less than . A 2001 study published in the "Journal of Geophysical Research" blamed the lake's retreat largely on overgrazing in the area surrounding the lake, causing desertification and a decline in vegetation. The United Nations Environment Programme and the Lake Chad Basin Commission concur that at least half of the lake's decrease is attributable to shifting climate patterns. UNEP blames human water use, such as inefficient damming and irrigation methods, for the rest of the shrinkage. As late as December 2014, Lake Chad was still sufficient in size and volume such that boats could capsize or sink. The European Space Agency has presented data in 2013 showing an actual increase in lake extent of Lake Chad between the years of 1985 to 2011.


title: Lake Chad

text: Referring to the floodplain as a lake may be misleading, as less than half of Lake Chad is covered by water through an entire year. The remaining sections are considered wetlands.


title: Lake Chad

text: Lake Chad's volume of is very small relative to that of Lake Tanganyika (), and Lake Victoria (), African lakes with similar surface areas.


title: Lake Chad

text: The lake is home to more than 44 species of algae. In particular it is one of the world's major producers of wild spirulina. The lake also has large areas of swamp and reedbeds. The floodplains on the southern lakeshore are covered in wetland grasses such as "Echinochloa pyramidalis", "Vetiveria nigritana", "Oryza longistaminata", and "Hyparrhenia rufa".


title: Lake Chad

text: The entire Lake Chad basin holds 179 fish species, of which more than half are shared with the Niger River Basin, about half are shared with the Nile River Basin, and about a quarter are shared with the Congo River Basin. Lake Chad itself holds 85 fish species. Of the 25 endemics in the basin, only "Brycinus dageti" is found in the lake itself, and it is perhaps better treated as a dwarf subspecies of "Brycinus nurse". This relatively low species richness and virtual lack of endemic fish species contrasts strongly with other large African lakes, such as Victoria, Tanganyika and Malawi.


title: Lake Chad

text: There are many floating islands in the lake. It is home to a wide variety of wildlife, including elephants, hippopotamus, crocodile (all in decline), and large communities of migrating birds including wintering ducks, ruff ("Philomachus pugnax") and other waterfowl and shore birds. There are two near-endemic birds in the region, the river prinia ("Prinia fluviatilis") and the rusty lark ("Mirafra rufa"). The shrinking of the lake is threatening nesting sites of the black-crowned crane ("Balearica pavonina pavonina"). During the wet season, fish move into the mineral-rich lake to breed and find food. Carnivores such as the Central African cheetah ("Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii"), the striped hyena ("Hyaena hyaena") and the caracal ("Felis caracal") used to inhabit areas surrounding the lake.


title: Lake Chad

text: There is some debate over the mechanisms causing the lake's disappearance. The leading theory, which is most often cited by the UN, is that the unsustainable usage of the lake by both governments and local communities has caused the lake to be over-used, not allowing it to replenish.


title: Lake Chad

text: A number of other theories exist, including sea surface temperature changes between the hemispheres or in the Indian Ocean leading to oceanic forcing of rainfall patterns in the Sahel region. Others model anthropogenic sulfate emissions in the later 20th century and conclude that these could also be the cause of rainfall patterns shifting farther south, thereby making the region drier and not allowing the lake to replenish. The implementation of new regulations concerning air pollutants may be responsible for the small increase of the lake size in recent years.


title: Lake Chad

text: The only protected area is the Lake Chad Game Reserve, which covers half of the area next to the lake that belongs to Nigeria. The whole lake has been declared a Ramsar site of international importance.


title: Lake Chad

text: Speaking at the United Nations 73rd General Assembly, the President of Nigeria urged the international community to assist in combatting the root causes of conflict surrounding the Lake Chad Endorheic basin. Recent violence in the region has been attributed to competition between farmers and herders seeking irrigation for crops and watering of herds respectively.


title: Lake Chad

text: In September 2020, in order to explore oil and mining opportunities in the region, Chad's tourism and culture minister wrote to UNESCO, the body which awards the world heritage designation, asking to "postpone the process of registering Lake Chad on the world heritage list".


title: Lake Chad

text: Plans to divert the Ubangi River into Lake Chad were proposed in 1929 by Herman Sörgel in his Atlantropa project and again in the 1960s. The copious amount of water from the Ubangi would revitalize the dying Lake Chad and provide livelihood in fishing and enhanced agriculture to tens of millions of central Africans and Sahelians. Interbasin water transfer schemes were proposed in the 1980s and 1990s by Nigerian engineer J. Umolu (ZCN scheme) and Italian firm Bonifica (the Transaqua canal scheme).


title: Lake Chad

text: In 1994, the Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC) proposed a similar project, and at a March 2008 summit, the heads of state of the LCBC member countries committed to the diversion project. In April 2008, the LCBC advertised a request for proposals for a World Bank-funded feasibility study. Neighboring countries have agreed to commit resources to restoring the lake, notably Nigeria.


title: Lake Chad

text: The CIMA (Canada) proposed project can be used as an inland waterway, as it uses the same water flow (100 m/s) as the Moscow Canal.


title: Lake Chad

text: The dwindling of the lake has had devastating impacts on Nigeria. Because of the way it has shrunk dramatically in recent decades, the lake has been labeled an ecological catastrophe by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization. Human population expansion and unsustainable human water extraction from Lake Chad have caused several natural species to be stressed and threatened by declining lake levels. For example, the decline or disappearance of the endangered painted hunting dog has been noted in the Lake Chad area.


title: Lake Chad

text: The shrinking of the lake has also caused several different conflicts to emerge, as the countries bordering Lake Chad argue over the rights to the remaining areas of water. Along with international conflicts, violence between countries is also increasing among the lake's dwellers. Farmers and herders want the water for their crops and livestock and are constantly diverting the water, while the lake's fishermen want water diversion slowed or halted in order to prevent continuing decline in water levels resulting in further strain on the lake's fish. Furthermore, populations of birds and other animals in the area are threatened, including those that serve as important sources of food for the local human population.


title: Kurt Waldheim

text: Kurt Josef Waldheim (; 21 December 1918 – 14 June 2007) was an Austrian politician and diplomat. Waldheim was the Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1972 to 1981 and president of Austria from 1986 to 1992. While he was running for the latter office in the 1986 election, the revelation of his service in Greece and Yugoslavia, as an intelligence officer in Nazi Germany's "Wehrmacht" during World War II, raised international controversy.


title: Kurt Waldheim

text: Waldheim was born in Sankt Andrä-Wördern, near Vienna, on 21 December 1918. He was the eldest child of Walter Watzlawik, a schoolmaster, and his wife Josefine Petrasch. Of Czech origin, Watzlawick (original Czech spelling Václavík) changed his name to "Waldheim" that year as the Habsburg monarchy collapsed and eventually rose to become superintendent of schools for the Tulln District, attaining the rank of "Regierungsrat" (government councillor). Active in the Christian Social Party, he was well regarded as a devoutly Catholic family man. Waldheim and his two younger siblings, a brother, Walther, and a sister, Gerlinde, enjoyed a comfortable middle-class upbringing. From his youth, Waldheim was distinguished by his unusual height of . As a "gymnasium" student in Klosterneuburg, he excelled at languages and was a competent violinist in the school orchestra, also enjoying swimming, boating and tennis.


title: Kurt Waldheim

text: Although his father wanted him to study medicine, Waldheim had an aversion to the sight of blood, and had already decided to enter the foreign service.


title: Kurt Waldheim

text: In March 1936, the Schuschnigg government passed a law mandating a period of military service for prospective civil servants. Consequently, following his graduation Waldheim volunteered for a 12-month term of enlistment in the Austrian Army, and was posted to the 1st Dragoon Regiment on his 18th birthday. In the autumn of 1937, now an army reservist, Waldheim entered the prestigious Consular Academy in Vienna on a scholarship, where he began his studies in law and diplomacy. Along with his family, Waldheim opposed the German annexation of Austria in 1938, and while actively campaigning against it in Vienna was attacked and injured by Austrian Nazis. Following the annexation, Waldheim's father was briefly arrested by the Gestapo and dismissed from his post, while Waldheim's scholarship was cancelled. He managed to continue his studies by working as a Latin and Greek tutor and borrowing funds from relatives.


title: Kurt Waldheim

text: Waldheim applied for membership in the National Socialist German Students' League (NSDStB), a division of the Nazi Party. Shortly thereafter he became a member of the "Sturmabteilung" (SA), the Nazi Party's original paramilitary wing.


title: Kurt Waldheim

text: On 19 August 1944, he married Elisabeth Ritschel in Vienna; their first daughter, Lieselotte, was born the following year. A son, Gerhard, and another daughter, Christa, followed.


title: Kurt Waldheim

text: In early 1941, Waldheim was drafted into the Wehrmacht, the armed forces of Nazi Germany, specifically to the Heer (Army), and posted to the Eastern Front where he served as a squad leader. In December, he was wounded but returned to service in 1942. His service from 1942 to 1945 was the subject of international review in 1985 and 1986. In his 1985 autobiography, he claimed that he was discharged from further service at the front and, for the remainder of the war, finished his law degree at the University of Vienna, in addition to marrying in 1944. After publication, documents and witnesses came to light that revealed Waldheim's military service continued until 1945, during which time he rose to the rank of "Oberleutnant".


title: Kurt Waldheim

text: Waldheim's functions within the staff of German Army's Group E from 1942 until 1945, as determined by the International Commission of Historians, were:


title: Kurt Waldheim

text: By 1943, Waldheim was serving in the capacity of an aide-de-camp in Army Group E which was headed by General Alexander Löhr, who would be executed as a war criminal in 1947. In 1986, Waldheim said that he had served only as an interpreter and a clerk and had no knowledge either of reprisals against local Serb civilians or of massacres in neighboring provinces of Yugoslavia. He said that he had known about some of the things that had happened, and had been horrified, but could not see what else he could have done.


title: Kurt Waldheim

text: Much historical interest has centred on Waldheim's role in Operation Kozara in 1942. According to one post-war investigator, prisoners were routinely shot within only a few hundred metres (yards) of Waldheim's office, and away at the Jasenovac concentration camp. Waldheim later stated that "he did not know about the murder of civilians there".


title: Kurt Waldheim

text: Waldheim's name appears on the "Wehrmacht"s "honour list" of those responsible for the militarily successful operation. The Nazi puppet state, the Independent State of Croatia, awarded Waldheim the Medal of the Crown of King Zvonimir in silver with an oak branches cluster. Decades later, during the lobbying for his election as U.N. Secretary General, Yugoslav President Josip Broz Tito, who had led the Yugoslav Partisans during the war, awarded Waldheim one of the highest Yugoslav orders, not knowing the details of his prior military service.


title: Kurt Waldheim

text: Waldheim denied that he knew war crimes were taking place in Bosnia at the height of the battles between the Nazis and Tito's partisans in 1943. According to Eli Rosenbaum, in 1944, Waldheim reviewed and approved a packet of antisemitic propaganda leaflets to be dropped behind Soviet lines, one of which ended: "Enough of the Jewish war, kill the Jews, come over."


title: Kurt Waldheim

text: In 1945, Waldheim surrendered to British forces in Carinthia, at which point he said he had fled his command post within Army Group E, where he was serving with General Alexander Löhr.


title: Kurt Waldheim

text: After finishing his studies in law at the University of Vienna Waldheim joined the Austrian diplomatic service in 1945. He served as First Secretary of the Legation in Paris from 1948, and in the Ministry for Foreign Affairs in Vienna from 1951 to 1956. In 1956 he was made Ambassador to Canada, returning to the Ministry in 1960, after which he became the Permanent Representative of Austria to the United Nations in 1964. For two years beginning in 1968, he was the Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs for the Austrian People's Party, before going back as Permanent Representative to the U.N. in 1970. Shortly afterwards, he ran and was defeated in the 1971 Austrian presidential elections.


title: Kurt Waldheim

text: After losing the presidential election, Waldheim ran for Secretary-General of the United Nations in the 1971 selection. Waldheim was supported by the Soviet Union and led the first two rounds of voting. However, he was opposed by China, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Waldheim won an accidental victory in the third round of voting when those three permanent members failed to coordinate their vetoes and all abstained. According to Finnish diplomat Risto Hyvärinen, Waldheim's former Nazi connections were already known to the Finnish officials who supported Max Jakobson for Secretary-General in the election. However, this knowledge was not used against Waldheim, because the Finns believed he would not be chosen anyway due to the United States having promised to veto him.


title: Kurt Waldheim

text: As secretary-general from 1972 onward, Waldheim opened and addressed a number of major international conferences convened under United Nations auspices. These included the third session of the U.N. Conference on Trade and Development (Santiago, April 1972), the U.N. Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm, June 1972), the third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea (Caracas, June 1974), the Third World Population Conference (Bucharest, August 1974) and the World Food Conference (Rome, November 1974), and the World Conference on Women, 1975 (Mexico City, June 1975). During the later, UN Resolution 3379, which considered Zionism as a form of racism and equated it with South African Apartheid, was approved by impulse of Arab countries, the Soviet bloc, and Non-Aligned Movement countries. His diplomatic efforts particularly in the Middle East were overshadowed by the diplomacy of then U.S. Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger.


title: Kurt Waldheim

text: On 11 September 1972, Ugandan dictator Idi Amin sent a telegram to Waldheim, copies of which went to Yasser Arafat and Golda Meir. In the telegram, Amin "applauded the massacre of the Israeli Olympic athletes in Munich and said Germany was the most appropriate locale for this because it was where Hitler burned more than six million Jews". Amin also called "to expel Israel from the United Nations and to send all the Israelis to Britain, which bore the guilt for creating the Jewish state". Amidst international protest, "the UN spokesman said [in his daily press conference] it was not the secretary-general's practice to comment on telegrams sent him by heads of government. He added that the secretary-general condemned any form of racial discrimination and genocide."


title: Kurt Waldheim

text: After Operation Entebbe on 7 July 1976 – in which Israeli commandos freed more than 100 Israeli and Jewish passengers held captive in Entebbe Airport (Uganda's main airport) by Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine and German Revolutionary Cells fighters protected by forces of dictator Idi Amin, and where all the hijackers, three hostages, and 45 Ugandan soldiers were killed – Waldheim described the raid as a "serious violation of the national sovereignty of a United Nations member state".


title: Kurt Waldheim

text: Waldheim ran for a second term in the 1976 UN Secretary-General selection. However, China was still opposed to Waldheim and approached several Third World countries seeking challengers. Outgoing Mexican President Luis Echeverría finally entered the race in October 1976, making Waldheim the only Secretary-General to face a contested re-selection campaign. Waldheim resoundingly defeated Echeverría in the first round of voting. China cast a single symbolic veto against Waldheim in the first round and voted for him in the second round, handing him an easy victory with 14 of 15 votes on the Security Council.


title: Kurt Waldheim

text: In 1977, Waldheim recorded a greeting for the Voyager Golden Records, a pair of discs containing sounds and images representing the diversity of life and culture on Earth, which were launched into deep space on the Voyager spacecraft. The craft were also inscribed with a written message from then-U.S. President Jimmy Carter.


title: Kurt Waldheim

text: Waldheim was the first Secretary-General to visit North Korea, in 1979. In 1980, Waldheim flew to Iran in an attempt to negotiate the release of the American hostages held in Tehran, but Ayatollah Khomeini refused to see him. While in Tehran, it was announced that an attempt on Waldheim's life had been foiled. Near the end of his tenure as secretary-general, Waldheim and British popular musician Paul McCartney organized a series of concerts for the People of Kampuchea to help Cambodia recover from the damage done by Pol Pot.


title: Kurt Waldheim

text: Waldheim ran for an unprecedented third full term as Secretary-General in the 1981 selection. China was determined to unseat him this time and lined up a strong candidate in Salim Ahmed Salim of Tanzania. In the first round of voting, Waldheim lost to Salim by one vote. However, Salim was vetoed by the United States, while Waldheim was vetoed by China. The veto duel between China and the United States lasted a record 16 rounds. After six weeks of deadlock, Waldheim and Salim both withdrew from the race. Javier Pérez de Cuéllar of Peru won the selection and succeeded Waldheim as Secretary-General of the United Nations. The events of 1981 established a two-term limit on the office, and no Secretary-General since Waldheim has run for a third term.


title: Kurt Waldheim

text: Waldheim had unsuccessfully sought election as President of Austria in 1971, but his second attempt on 8 June 1986 proved successful. During his campaign for the presidency in 1985, what became known internationally as the "Waldheim affair" began. Before the presidential elections, investigative journalist Alfred Worm revealed in the Austrian weekly news magazine "Profil" that there had been several omissions about Waldheim's life between 1938 and 1945 in his recently published autobiography.


title: Kurt Waldheim

text: Waldheim had previously claimed to have received a medical discharge after being wounded in winter 1942. His aides at the United Nations even accused the Israeli mission of spreading rumors that he supported the Nazis. Israeli ambassador Yehuda Zvi Blum denied the charges, saying, "We don't believe Waldheim ever supported the Nazis and we never said he did. We have many differences with him, but that isn't one of them."


title: Kurt Waldheim

text: A short time later, beginning on 4 March 1986, the World Jewish Congress alleged that Waldheim had lied about his service in the mounted corps of the SA and had concealed his service as a special missions staff officer (Ordonnanzoffizier) for Germany's Army Group E in Yugoslavia and Greece, from 1942 to 1944, based primarily on captured German wartime records held at the United States National Archives in Washington, DC, and in other archives. The 23 March 1986 public disclosure by the World Jewish Congress that the organization had unearthed the fact that the United Nations War Crimes Commission concluded after the war that Waldheim was implicated in Nazi mass murder and should be arrested arguably transformed the Waldheim affair into the most sensational of all post-war Nazi scandals.


title: Kurt Waldheim

text: Waldheim called the allegations, which grew in magnitude in the ensuing months, "pure lies and malicious acts". Nevertheless, he admitted that he had known about German reprisals: "Yes, I knew. I was horrified. But what could I do? I had either to continue to serve or be executed." He said that he had never fired a shot or even seen a partisan. His former immediate superior at the time stated that Waldheim had "remained confined to a desk". Former Austrian chancellor Bruno Kreisky, of Jewish origin, denounced the actions of the World Jewish Congress as an "extraordinary infamy", adding that Austrians would not "allow the Jews abroad to ... tell us who should be our President".


title: Kurt Waldheim

text: Part of the reason for the controversy was Austria's refusal to address its national role in the Holocaust (many leading Nazis, including Adolf Hitler, had been born Austrians, and Austria became part of the Third Reich). Austria refused to pay compensation to victims of Nazism, and from 1970 onwards refused to investigate Austrian citizens who were senior Nazis. Stolen Jewish art remained public property a generation after the Waldheim affair.


title: Kurt Waldheim

text: Because the revelations leading to the Waldheim affair came shortly before the presidential election, there has been speculation about the background of the affair. Declassified documents from the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency show that the CIA had been aware of some details of his wartime past since 1945. Information about Waldheim's wartime past was also previously published by a pro-German Austrian newspaper, "Salzburger Volksblatt", during the 1971 presidential election campaign, including the claim of an SS membership, but the matter was supposedly regarded as unimportant or even advantageous for the candidate at that time.


title: Kurt Waldheim

text: In view of the ongoing international controversy, the Austrian government decided to appoint an international committee of historians to examine Waldheim's life between 1938 and 1945. Their report found no evidence of any personal involvement in those crimes. Although Waldheim had stated that he was unaware of any crimes taking place, the committee cited evidence that Waldheim must have known about war crimes. The International Committee in February 1988 concluded that Waldheim had been "in close proximity to some Nazi atrocities, knew they were going on and made no attempt to stop them". The committee also noted that "he only had very minor possibilities to act against the injustices happening".


title: Kurt Waldheim

text: On 27 April 1987, the United States Departments of Justice and of State announced that evidence amassed in an investigation conducted by the Justice Department's Office of Special Investigations (OSI) had established a "prima facie" case that Waldheim participated in Nazi-sponsored persecution during World War II and therefore that his entry into the United States was prohibited by federal statute. This marked the first time that a head of state had been put on an immigration watchlist. The 232-page internal Department of Justice 9 April 1987 investigative report was released in 1994 by that agency, and it is available at the agency's website. The report catalogues evidence that, the U.S. government concluded, proved that Waldheim had taken part in, among other actions: the transfer of civilian prisoners to the SS for exploitation as slave labor; the mass deportation of civilians—including Jews from Greek islands and the town of Banja Luka, Yugoslavia—to concentration and death camps; the utilization of antisemitic propaganda; the mistreatment and execution of Allied prisoners; and reprisal executions of hostages and other civilians.


title: Kurt Waldheim

text: Additional allegations of participation in Nazi crimes, with citations to captured Nazi documents and other records, were leveled in a 1993 book by Eli Rosenbaum, the former U.S. federal prosecutor who had directed the World Jewish Congress investigation that led to the New York Times' initial exposure of Waldheim's hidden Nazi-era past in 1986. The book also alleged that the Soviet Union was aware of Waldheim's alleged involvement in Nazi crimes and that, after vetoing other candidates in order to get Waldheim installed as U.N. Secretary General in 1972, used that information to extract concessions at the United Nations that facilitated KGB espionage in the United States, and that the CIA's failure to anticipate this possibility was a major failure for the intelligence agency. In a letter to the editor published in Foreign Affairs magazine two years after Rosenbaum's book was released, former Finnish ambassador to the U.N. Max Jakobson (one of the candidates whom the USSR had vetoed) wrote, "The Soviets knew everything about Waldheim. That is why they preferred him."


title: Kurt Waldheim

text: Throughout his term as President (1986–1992), Waldheim was officially deemed "persona non grata" by the United States and, officially or informally, by nearly every other nation in the world outside the Arab world.


title: Kurt Waldheim

text: After his term ended in 1992, Waldheim did not seek re-election. The same year, he was made an honorary member of "K.H.V. Welfia Klosterneuburg", a Roman Catholic student fraternity part of the Austrian "Cartellverband". In 1994, Pope John Paul II awarded Waldheim a knighthood in the Order of Pius IX and his wife a papal honor. He died on 14 June 2007, at the age of 88 from heart failure. On 23 June, his funeral was held at St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna, and he was buried at the Presidential Vault in the "Zentralfriedhof" ("central cemetery").


title: Kurt Waldheim

text: In his speech at the cathedral, Federal President Heinz Fischer called Waldheim "a great Austrian" who had been wrongfully accused of having committed war crimes. Fischer also praised Waldheim for his efforts to solve international crises and for his contributions to world peace.


title: Kurt Waldheim

text: At Waldheim's own request, no foreign heads of states or governments were invited to attend his funeral except Hans-Adam II, the Prince of Liechtenstein. Also present was Luis Durnwalder, governor of the Italian province of South Tyrol. Japan and Syria were the only two countries that laid wreaths on his grave. Ban Ki-moon, the secretary-general of the United Nations, issued a message 'voicing sadness'. In a two-page letter, published posthumously by the Austrian Press Agency the day after he died, Waldheim admitted making "mistakes" ("but these were certainly not those of a follower let alone an accomplice of a criminal regime") and asked his critics for forgiveness.


title: Lovestruck in the City

text: Lovestruck in the City () is a South Korean streaming television series starring Ji Chang-wook and Kim Ji-won. Directed by Park Shin-woo, the series depicts the real love stories of young people who live fiercely in a complex city. This short form drama, which is the first in a multi-part series titled as "City Couple’s Way of Love", was premiered on KakaoTV on December 22, 2020, and aired every Tuesday and Friday at 17:00 (KST). It is available worldwide for streaming on Netflix.


title: Lovestruck in the City

text: Park Jae-won (Ji Chang-wook), a 32-year-old architect who has a passionate and honest personality. He is not able to forget the woman, whom he calls a "camera thief", who stole his heart and disappeared. Lee Eun-o (Kim Ji-won), a 29-year-old freelance marketer, lives an ordinary life but has an alter ego called Yoon Seon-a. She meets Park Jae-won under her fake identity in Yangyang Beach and ends up falling in love with him.


title: Lovestruck in the City

text: Choi Kyeong-jun (Kim Min-seok), 29 years old architect, and Seo Rin-i (So Joo-yeon) appear to be a steady couple. Kang Geon (Ryu Kyung-soo), a 29 years old novelist, tends to fall in love with the woman he dates. Oh Seon-yeong (Han Ji-eun), a 30 years old gym teacher, is a 'serial dater' by self admission.


title: Lovestruck in the City

text: Originally planned for 16 episodes, the series was extended to 17 episodes to show the romance of police officer Oh Dong-sik played by Choi Min-ho.


title: Lovestruck in the City

text: In July 2020, Kim Ji-won and Ji Chang-wook were considered for the series. In September 2020, Ji Chang-wook and Kim Ji-won were confirmed to play protagonist in web series. Later in September, Kim Min-seok and So Joo-yeon were also confirmed to play second lead. The script reading was held in September 2020.


title: Lovestruck in the City

text: On November 12, the stills photos from filming of the series were released. With the announcement of release date the stills from location were released on November 19, 2020. On November 24, 2020, filming was stopped as one of the assistant actors was tested positive for COVID-19. On November 26, it was confirmed that Kim Ji-won tested negative for COVID-19. On December 4, production team released the character posters, and the crew remarked, "We are going to provide a variety of fun by harmonizing stories of strong characters."


title: Lovestruck in the City

text: Ji Chang-wook, Kim Min-seok and Ryu Kyung-soo, the lead actors of the drama "Lovestruck in the City" appeared in 260th episode of the entertainment program "Knowing Bros" broadcast on December 19, 2020, to promote the series.


title: Lovestruck in the City

text: On December 2, it was officially announced that in the aftermath of COVID-19, keeping in view the safety of the site and personnel, the first episode of the series, which was scheduled to air on December 8, is postponed to December 22, 2020.


title: Lovestruck in the City

text: Joel Keller of "Decider" opines that the six characters stand apart so as to be distinctive of each other. Keller feels that the characters of Jae-won and Eun-o are like Ross and Rachel from "Friends". Concluding his review, he writes that ""Lovestruck in the City" is a light rom-com that is a good entry into the world of K-dramas, because the character types are very familiar to people used to American and British sitcoms involving will-they-won't-they romances."


title: Matt Taibbi

text: Matthew Colin Taibbi (; born March 2, 1970) is an American author, journalist, and podcaster. He has reported on finance, media, politics, and sports. A former contributing editor for "Rolling Stone", he is an author of several books, co-host of "Useful Idiots", and publisher of the newsletter "TK News" on Substack.


title: Matt Taibbi

text: Taibbi began as a freelance reporter working in the former Soviet Union, including a period in Uzbekistan, from where he was deported for criticizing President Islam Karimov. Taibbi later worked as a sports journalist for the English-language newspaper "The Moscow Times". He also played professional baseball in Uzbekistan and Russia as well as professional basketball in Mongolia. In 1997, he moved back to Russia to edit the tabloid "Living Here", but eventually left to co-edit rival tabloid "The eXile". Taibbi returned to the United States in 2002 and founded the Buffalo-based newspaper "The Beast". He left a year later to work as a columnist for the "New York Press".


title: Matt Taibbi

text: In 2004, Taibbi began covering politics for "Rolling Stone". In 2008, Taibbi won a National Magazine Award for three columns he wrote for "Rolling Stone". Taibbi became known for his brazen style, having branded Goldman Sachs a "vampire squid" in a 2009 article. His work often has drawn comparisons to the gonzo journalism of writer Hunter S. Thompson, who also covered politics for "Rolling Stone". In 2019, he launched the podcast "Useful Idiots", co-hosted by Katie Halper. In 2020, he began self-publishing his online writing on Substack. In recent years, Taibbi's writing has focused on culture war issues and cancel culture. He has criticized mainstream media including its coverage of Russiagate. In 2022, Taibbi published the Twitter Files.


title: Matt Taibbi

text: Taibbi has authored several books, including "" (2009); "Griftopia" (2010); "" (2014); "Insane Clown President" (2017); "" (2017); and "Hate Inc." (2019).


title: Matt Taibbi

text: Matt Taibbi was born in 1970 in New Brunswick, New Jersey. Taibbi's father, Mike Taibbi, is an NBC television reporter of mixed Filipino and Native Hawaiian descent who was adopted by an Italian-American couple. According to Taibbi, his surname is a Sicilian name of Lebanese origin; however, he is of neither Sicilian nor Lebanese descent because his father was adopted. He has also claimed Irish descent through his mother.


title: Matt Taibbi

text: Taibbi grew up in the Boston suburbs. His parents separated when he was young and he was largely raised by his mother. Troubled with behavioral and academic problems, his parents sent him to Concord Academy. He first attended New York University but was "unable to deal with being just one of thousands of faces in a city of millions" and transferred after his freshman year to Bard College, where he graduated from in 1992. He spent a year abroad studying at Leningrad Polytechnic University, where he finished his credits for graduation from Bard.


title: Matt Taibbi

text: In the early 1990s, Taibbi moved from Saint Petersburg to Tashkent, Uzbekistan, where he began selling news articles more regularly. He was deported in 1992 for writing an article for the Associated Press that was critical of President Islam Karimov. At the time of his deportation, Taibbi was the starting left fielder for the Uzbek national baseball team.


title: Matt Taibbi

text: Taibbi moved to Ulan Bator, Mongolia for a time in the '90s, where he played professional basketball in the Mongolian Basketball Association (MBA), which, he says, is the only basketball league outside the United States that uses the same rules as the US NBA. Taibbi became known as "The Mongolian Rodman", was paid $100/month to play, and says he also hosted a radio show while there. He later contracted pneumonia and returned to Boston for surgery.


title: Matt Taibbi

text: Taibbi moved to Russia in 1992. He lived and worked in Russia and the former USSR for more than six years. He joined Mark Ames in 1997 to co-edit the English-language Moscow-based, bi-weekly free newspaper, "The eXile," which was written primarily for the city's expatriate community. "The eXile"s tone and content were highly controversial. For example, a regular column reported on a member of staff at "The eXile" hiring a Russian prostitute and then writing a long "review" of the woman and the details of the sexual encounter. Its content was considered either brutally honest and gleefully tasteless or juvenile, misogynistic, and even cruel. In the US media during this time, "Playboy" magazine published pieces on Russia by Taibbi or by Taibbi and Ames. Taibbi's first book, "", co-authored with Ames, was published in 2000. A film based on the book was under development by producers Ted Hope and James Schamus of Good Machine but did not materialize. He later stated that he was addicted to heroin while he did this early writing.


title: Matt Taibbi

text: In 2017, Taibbi was criticized for excerpts from a chapter in the book written by Ames that described sexual harassment of employees at "The eXile". In a Facebook post responding to the controversy, Taibbi apologized for the "cruel and misogynistic language" used in the book, but said the work was conceived as a satire of the "reprehensible" behavior of American expatriates in Russia and that the description of events in the chapter was "fictional and not true". Although the book includes a note saying that it is a work of non-fiction, emails obtained by "Paste" in 2017 include a representative of the publisher, Grove Press, saying the "statement on the copyright page is incorrect. This book combines exaggerated, invented satire and nonfiction reporting and was categorized as nonfiction because there is no category for a book that is both." Two women portrayed in the book told "Paste" magazine that none of the sexual harassment portrayed in the book "[ever] happened" and that it was a "ridiculous passage written by Mark".


title: Matt Taibbi

text: In 2002, he returned to the United States to start the satirical bi-weekly "The Beast" in Buffalo, New York. He left that publication a year later, commenting: "Running a business and writing is too much." Taibbi continued as a freelancer for "The Nation", "Playboy", "New York Press" (where he wrote a regular political column for more than two years), "Rolling Stone", and "New York Sports Express" (as editor-at-large).


title: Matt Taibbi

text: In 2004, Taibbi began covering politics for "Rolling Stone". A contributing editor, he wrote feature-length articles on domestic and international affairs. He also wrote a weekly political online column, "The Low Post", for the magazine's website.


title: Matt Taibbi

text: In March 2005, Taibbi's satirical essay, "The 52 Funniest Things About the Upcoming Death of the Pope", published in the "New York Press", was denounced by Hillary Clinton, Michael Bloomberg, Matt Drudge, Abe Foxman, and Anthony Weiner. He left the paper in August 2005, shortly after his editor Jeff Koyen was forced out over the article. Taibbi defended the piece as "off-the-cuff burlesque of truly tasteless jokes," written to give his readers a break from a long run of his "fulminating political essays". Taibbi also said he was surprised at the vehement reactions to what he wrote "in the waning hours of a Vicodin haze".


title: Matt Taibbi

text: Taibbi covered the 2008 United States presidential election in "Year of the Rat", a special "Rolling Stone" diary. In February 2008, Taibbi contributed a three-minute segment to "Real Time with Bill Maher" in which he interviewed residents of Youngstown, Ohio before the Ohio primary. He was invited as a guest on MSNBC's "The Rachel Maddow Show" and other MSNBC programs. He has also appeared on "Democracy Now!" and "Chapo Trap House", and served as a contributor on "Countdown with Keith Olbermann". Taibbi has appeared on the Thom Hartmann radio and television shows, and the "Imus in the Morning Show" on the Fox Business network.


title: Matt Taibbi

text: Journalist James Verini said that while interviewing Taibbi in a Manhattan restaurant for "Vanity Fair", Taibbi cursed and threw his coffee mug at him, and followed him outside and halfway around the block as he tried to get away, saying "I still haven't decided what I'm going to do with you!", all in response to Verini saying that Taibbi's book, "The Exile: Sex, Drugs, and Libel in the New Russia", was "redundant and discursive". The interview took place in 2010, and Taibbi later described the incident as "an aberration from how I've behaved in the last six or seven years".


title: Matt Taibbi

text: After conservative commentator Andrew Breitbart died in March 2012, Taibbi wrote an obituary in "Rolling Stone", entitled "Andrew Breitbart: Death of a Douche". Many conservatives were angered by the obituary, in which Taibbi wrote: "Good! Fuck him. I couldn't be happier that he's dead." He claimed that it was "at least half an homage", claiming respect for aspects of Breitbart's style, but also alluding to Breitbart's own derisive obituary of Ted Kennedy.


title: Matt Taibbi

text: In 2018, Taibbi began publishing a novel, "The Business Secrets of Drug Dealing: Adventures of the Unidentified Black Male", as a serialized subscription via email and a website with an anonymous partner. The novel is fictional with true-crime elements.


title: Matt Taibbi

text: Since the mid-2010s, Taibbi's reporting has increasingly focused on culture war topics and cancel culture. He has also criticized mainstream media and their coverage of Donald Trump and Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. His writing has since polarized readers and fellow journalists. Ross Barkan wrote, "Taibbi's critics view him as a reporter turned red-pilled culture warrior chasing subscriptions — or worse, a middle-aged male no longer at the vanguard, aggrieved that younger journalists are now leading the fight for justice." Barkan continued, "The liberal-left especially loathes the way Taibbi equates the right- and left-wing media."


title: Matt Taibbi

text: In 2019, Taibbi self-published the book "Hate Inc.", a critique of the mainstream media landscape. Taibbi argues that both sides of the political media spectrum are complicit in dividing the country and fueling hate. The book includes a chapter, "Why Russiagate Is This Generation's WMD", comparing Russiagate to 2002–2003 allegations that Iraq had access to weapons of mass destruction, which were used by George W. Bush's administration as the rationale for the Iraq War. Reviewing the book for "Paste", Jason Rhode called it a "brilliant indictment of American media", praising the majority of the book but criticized Taibbi for "[spending] a section of his book both-sidesing both MSNBC and FOX".


title: Matt Taibbi

text: In October 2019, Taibbi argued that the whistleblower in the Trump–Ukraine scandal was not a "real whistleblower" because the whistleblower would have had their life affected by prosecution or being sent to prison. Taibbi also quoted former CIA analyst Robert Baer who argued that the whistleblower was part of a "palace coup against Trump."


title: Matt Taibbi

text: In his reporting in the wake of the 2008 subprime mortgage crisis and subsequent Great Recession, Taibbi described Goldman Sachs as "a great vampire squid wrapped around the face of humanity, relentlessly jamming its blood funnel into anything that smells like money". In financial and political media the expression "Vampire Squids" has come to represent the perception of the financial and investment sector as entities that "sabotage production" and "sink the economy as they suck the life out of it in the form of rent." Tackling the assistance to banks given in foreclosure courts, Taibbi traveled to Jacksonville, Florida to observe the "rocket docket". He was brought in to observe a hearing with attorney April Charney. He concluded that it processed foreclosures without regard to the legality of the financial instruments being ruled upon, and sped up the process to enable quick resale of the properties, while obscuring the fraudulent and predatory nature of the loans.


title: Matt Taibbi

text: In February 2014, Taibbi joined First Look Media to head a financial and political corruption-focused publication, "Racket". However, after management disputes with First Look's leadership delayed its launch and led to its cancellation, Taibbi returned to "Rolling Stone" the following October.


title: Matt Taibbi

text: Taibbi wrote a column, "The Sports Blotter", for the free weekly newspaper, "The Boston Phoenix". He covered legal troubles involving professional and amateur athletes.


title: Matt Taibbi

text: In August 2019, Taibbi launched a political podcast, "Useful Idiots", co-hosted with Katie Halper and released through "Rolling Stone". The podcast has since featured interviews with various guests including Liz Franczak, Andre Damon, David Dayen, Cornel West, Glenn Greenwald, and Aaron Maté.


title: Matt Taibbi

text: In March 2021, Taibbi announced that "Useful Idiots" would no longer be released by "Rolling Stone" and would be moving to Substack. With a few changes in program support staff, it is published by Substack as both audio and video that features both a free subscription and a paid subscription.


title: Matt Taibbi

text: In January 2022, he announced a sabbatical leave to write a book. In his absence friend of the show Aaron Maté will fill in for him.


title: Matt Taibbi

text: In April 2020, Taibbi announced he would no longer publish his online writing through "Rolling Stone", and henceforth, would publish his online writing independently through the e-mail newsletter service Substack. He stated that he would continue to contribute print features for "Rolling Stone" and maintain the "Useful Idiots" podcast with Katie Halper. (In April 2021, "Useful Idiots", under its same name, but with some support staff changes, also would move to publication by Substack.) Taibbi stated that his decision to move his writing to the newsletter service was made independently and that he was not asked to leave "Rolling Stone". Taibbi branded his Substack newsletter "TK news", after a term used in manuscript preparation for publication and journalism, TK, that stands for ""to come"", indicating that "more will follow". After a period of publication with free subscriptions only, Taibbi introduced an additional, paid subscription featuring content that will not be provided as part of the free subscriptions. As of October 2021, TK News had more than 30,000 paying subscribers.


title: Matt Taibbi

text: On August 12, 2022, the podcast "America This Week" was added to "TK news". It is a weekly national news wrap-up with Taibbi and Walter Kirn, novelist and literary critic, that is released on Fridays. A transcript of the podcast is also published at "TK news". It is also available on Apple Podcasts.


title: Matt Taibbi

text: On December 2, 2022, Taibbi began tweeting about and screenshoting emails that executives of Twitter sent each other concerning content moderation in 2020. The emails documented discussions between Twitter's communication team about how Twitter should handle a "New York Post" article about a laptop computer that had been owned by Hunter Biden. The documents, dubbed the "Twitter Files" and retweeted by CEO Elon Musk, were selected from "thousands of internal documents obtained by sources at Twitter". Taibbi's report was in the form of a Twitter thread with screen shots of email exchanges between Twitter executives. Taibbi noted that "in exchange for the opportunity to cover a unique and explosive story, I had to agree to certain conditions" that he did not specify. Taibbi's thread included emails from Ro Khanna to former Twitter executive Vijaya Gadde, in which Khanna expressed concern about Twitter's decision to limit the circulation of the "New York Post" article about Hunter Biden. Khanna wrote that Twitter's actions violated "1st Amendment principles".


title: Matt Taibbi

text: Jeffrey Blehar, writing for "National Review", said that Taibbi's reporting "contained few, if any, explosive revelations for people who have been tuned in to the debacle surrounding Twitter's suppression of the "New York Post" story on Hunter Biden's laptop".


title: Matt Taibbi

text: The "Wall Street Journal" editorial board wrote that the Twitter Files are "confirmation of the central role that former spies played in October 2020 in framing the Hunter Biden story in a way that made it easier for Twitter and Facebook to justify their censorship."


title: Matt Taibbi

text: In Commentary at the "Wall Street Journal" on December 5, 2022, Ro Khanna wrote, "Although Twitter is a private actor not legally bound by the First Amendment, Twitter has come to function as a modern public square. As such, Twitter has a responsibility to the public to allow the free exchange of ideas and open debate."


title: Matt Taibbi

text: For his reporting, Holman W. Jenkins Jr. characterized Taibbi as "a rare scribe willing, amid the febrile, herd-like embrace of the Steele dossier, to say the emperor had no clothes."


title: Matt Taibbi

text: Taibbi previously lived in Jersey City, New Jersey. As of 2021, he lives in Mountain Lakes, New Jersey.


title: Matt Taibbi

text: In a 2008 interview with Hemant Mehta for Patheos, Taibbi described himself as an "atheist/agnostic".


title: Matt Taibbi

text: In 2008, Taibbi was awarded the National Magazine Award in the category "Columns and Commentary" for his "Rolling Stone" columns. He won a Sidney Award in 2009 for his article "The Great American Bubble Machine".


title: Tabla

text: A tabla is a pair of twin hand drums from the Indian subcontinent, that are somewhat similar in shape to the bongos. Since the 18th century, it has been the principal percussion instrument in Hindustani classical music, where it may be played solo, as accompaniment with other instruments and vocals, and as a part of larger ensembles. It is frequently played in popular and folk music performances in India, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nepal and Sri Lanka. The tabla is an essential instrument in the bhakti devotional traditions of Hinduism and Sikhism, such as during "bhajan" and "kirtan" singing. It is one of the main qawali instrument used by Sufi musicians. The instrument is also featured in dance performances such as Kathak.Tabla is a rythmic instrument.


title: Tabla

text: The name "tabla" likely comes from "tabl", the Arabic word for drum. The ultimate origin of the musical instrument is contested by scholars, though some trace its evolution from indigenous musical instruments of the Indian subcontinent.


title: Tabla

text: The tabla consists of two small drums of slightly different sizes and shapes. Each drum is made of hollowed out wood, clay or metal. The smaller drum ("dayan/tabla") is used for creating treble and tonal sounds, while the primary function of the larger drum ("baya/dagga") is for producing bass. They are laced with hoops, thongs and wooden dowels on its sides. The dowels and hoops are used to tighten the tension of the membranes for tuning the drums.


title: Tabla

text: The playing technique is complex and involves extensive use of the fingers and palms in various configurations to create a wide variety of different sounds and rhythms, reflected in mnemonic syllables ("bol").


title: Tabla

text: The history of the tabla is unclear, and there are multiple theories regarding its origins. There are two groups of theories; the first theorizes the instrument had indigenous origins while the other traces its origins to the Muslim and Mughal conquerors of the Indian subcontinent. While the carvings in Bhaja Caves support the theory that the instrument had indigenous origins, clear pictorial evidence of the drum emerges only from about 1745, and the drum continued to develop in shape until the early 1800s.


title: Tabla

text: The Indian theory traces the origin of tabla to indigenous ancient civilization. The stone sculpture carvings in Bhaja Caves depict a woman playing a pair of drums, which some have claimed as evidence for the ancient origin of the tabla in India. A different version of this theory states that the tabla acquired a new Arabic name during the Islamic rule, having evolved from ancient Indian "puskara" drums. The evidence of the hand-held "puskara" is founded in many temple carvings, such as at the 6th and 7th century Muktesvara and Bhuvaneswara temples in India. These arts show drummers who are sitting, with two or three separate small drums, with their palm and fingers in a position as if they are playing those drums. However, it is not apparent in any of these ancient carvings that those drums were made of the same material and skin, or played the same music, as the modern tabla.


title: Tabla

text: The textual evidence for similar material and methods of construction as "tabla" comes from Sanskrit texts. The earliest discussion of "tabla"-like musical instrument building methods are found in the Hindu text "Natyashastra". This text also includes descriptions of paste-patches ("syahi") such as those found on a tabla. The "Natyashastra" also discusses how to play these drums. The South Indian text "Silappatikaram", likely composed in the early centuries of 1st millennium CE, describes thirty types of drums along with many stringed and other instruments. These are, however, called "pushkara"; the name "tabla" appears in later periods.


title: Tabla

text: This theory is based on the etymological links of the word "tabla" to Arabic word "tabl" which means "drum". Beyond the root of the word, this proposal points to the documentary evidence that the Muslim armies had hundreds of soldiers on camels and horses carrying paired drums as they invaded the Indian subcontinent. They would beat these drums to scare the residents, the non-Muslim armies, their elephants and chariots, that they intended to attack. However, the war drums did not look or sound anything like "tabla", they were large paired drums and were called "naqqara" (noise, chaos makers).


title: Tabla

text: Another version states that Amir Khusraw, a musician patronized by Sultan Alauddin Khalji invented the "tabla" when he cut an "Awaj" drum, which used to be hourglass shaped, into two parts. However, no painting or sculpture or document dated to his period supports it with this evidence nor it was found in the list of musical instruments that were written down by Muslim historians. For example, Abul Fazi included a long list of musical instruments in his "Ain-i-akbari" written in the time of the 16th century Mughal Emperor Akbar, the generous patron of music. Abul Fazi's list makes no mention of "tabla".


title: Tabla

text: The third version credits the invention of "tabla" to the 18th century musician, with a similar sounding name Amir Khusru, where he is suggested to have cut a "Pakhawaj" into two to create "tabla". Miniature paintings of this era show instruments that sort of look like "tabla". This theory implies that "tabla" emerged from within the Muslim community of Indian subcontinent and were not an Arabian import. However, scholars such as Neil Sorrell and Ram Narayan state that this legend of cutting a "pakhawaj" drum into two to make "tabla" drums "cannot be given any credence".


title: Tabla

text: Drums and Talas are mentioned in the Vedic era texts. A percussion musical instrument with two or three small drums, held with strings, called "Pushkara" (also spelled "Pushkala") were in existence in pre-5th century Indian subcontinent along with other drums such as the Mridang, but these are not called "tabla" then. The pre-5th century paintings in the Ajanta Caves, for example, show a group of musicians playing small tabla-like upright seated drums, a kettle-shaped "mridang" drum and cymbals. Similar artwork with seated musicians playing drums, but carved in stone, are found in the Ellora Caves, and others.


title: Tabla

text: A type of small Indian drums, along with many other musical instruments, are also mentioned in Tibetan and Chinese memoirs written by Buddhist monks who visited the Indian subcontinent in the 1st millennium CE. The "pushkala" are called "rdzogs pa" (pronounced dzokpa) in Tibetan literature. The "pushkara" drums are also mentioned in many ancient Jainism and Buddhism texts, such as "Samavayasutra", "Lalitavistara" and "Sutralamkara".


title: Tabla

text: Various Hindu and Jain temples, such as the Eklingji in Udaipur, Rajasthan show stone carvings of a person playing tabla-like small pair of drums. Small drums were popular during the Yadava rule (1210 to 1247) in the south, at the time when Sangita Ratnakara was written by Sarangadeva. Madhava Kandali, 14th century Assamese poet and writer of Saptakanda Ramayana, lists several instruments in his version of ""Ramayana"", such as tabal, jhajhar, dotara, vina, bīn, vipanchi, etc. (meaning that these instruments existed since his time in 14th century or earlier).There is recent iconography of the tabla dating back to 1799. This theory is now obsolete with iconography carvings found in Bhaje caves providing solid proof that the tabla was used in ancient India. There are Hindu temple carvings of double hand drums resembling the tabla that date back to 500 BCE. The tabla was spread widely across ancient India. A Hoysaleshwara temple in Karnataka shows a carving of a woman playing a tabla in a dance performance.


title: Tabla

text: According to classifications of musical instruments defined in the "Natyashastra", Tabla is classified in the "Avanadha Vadya" category of rhythm instruments which are made by capping an empty vessel with a stretched skin.


title: Tabla

text: The tabla consists of two single-headed, barrel-shaped small drums of slightly different sizes and shapes: "baya" and "daya" for left and right drums, respectively.


title: Tabla

text: The smaller drum, played with the dominant hand, is called dayan (literally "right" side), dāhina, siddha or chattū, but is correctly called the "tabla." It is made from a conical piece of mostly teak and rosewood hollowed out to approximately half of its total depth. The "daya tabla" is played by the musician's right hand (dominant hand), and is about 15 centimetres (~6 in) in diameter and 25 centimetres (~10 in) high. The drum is tuned to a specific note, usually either the tonic, dominant or subdominant of the soloist's key and thus complements the melody. This is the ground note of the "raga" called "Sa" (tonic in India music). The tuning range is limited although different dāyāñs are produced in different sizes, each with a different range. Cylindrical wood blocks, known as gatta, are inserted between the strap and the shell allowing tension to be adjusted by their vertical positioning. Fine tuning is achieved while striking vertically on the braided portion of the head using a small, heavy hammer. While tabla usually features two drums, a tabla tarang may consist of 10-16 dayas to perform melodies based on several ragas.


title: Tabla

text: The "baya tabla" is a bit bigger and deep kettledrum shaped, about 20 centimetres (~8 in) in diameter and 25 centimetres (~10 in) in height. It played with the non-dominant hand, is called bāyāñ (literally "left") duggī or dhāmā (correctly called "dagga"), has a much deeper bass tone, much like its distant cousin, the kettle drum. The bāyāñs can be found to be made up of many different types of materials. Brass is the most common, copper is more expensive, but generally held to be the best, while aluminum and steel are often found in inexpensive models. Sometimes wood is used, especially in old bāyāñs from the Punjab. Clay is also used, although not favored for durability; these are generally found in the North-East region of Bengal. The "baya" construction and tuning is about a fifth to an octave below that of the "daya" drum. The musician uses his hand's heel pressure to change the pitch and tone colour of each drum during a performance.


title: Tabla

text: The head of each drum has a central area of "tuning paste" called the syahi (lit. "ink"; a.k.a. "shāī" or "gāb"). "Syahi" is common in many drums of Indian origin. This method allows these drums to produce harmonic overtones and is responsible for their unique sound. "Syahi" is constructed using multiple layers of a paste made from starch (rice or wheat) mixed with a black powder of various origins. The precise construction and shaping of this area is responsible for modification of the drum's natural overtones, resulting in the clarity of pitch (see inharmonicity) and variety of tonal possibilities unique to this instrument which has a bell-like sound. The skill required for the proper construction of this area is highly refined and is the main differentiating factor in the quality of a particular instrument. The earliest discussion of these paste-patches are found in the Hindu text "Natyashastra".


title: Tabla

text: For stability while playing, each drum is positioned on a toroidal bundle called "chutta" or "guddi", consisting of plant fiber or another malleable material wrapped in cloth. They are commonly played while sitting cross-legged on the floor.


title: Tabla

text: Indian music is traditionally practice-oriented and until the 20th century did not employ written notations as the primary media of instruction, understanding, or transmission. The rules of Indian music and compositions themselves are taught from a guru to a shishya, in person. Thus oral notation for playing tabla strokes and compositions is very developed and exact. These are made up of onomatopoetic syllables and are known as bols.


title: Tabla

text: Written notation is regarded as a matter of taste and is not standardized. Thus there is no universal system of written notation for the rest of the world to study Indian music. The two popular systems for writing notations were created by Vishnu Digambar Paluskar and Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande. These notations are named after their respective creators. Both these systems have bols written down in a script such as Latin or Devanagari. The differences arise in representation of various concepts of a compositions, such as "Taali, Khaali, Sum" (the first beat in a rhythmic cycle")," and "Khand" (divisions). Another difference is the use of numerals in the Vishnu Narayan Bhatkande system to represent "matras" and beat measures, whereas more sophisticated symbols are used in the Vishnu Digambar Paluskar system to denote one "matra", its fractions and combinations.


title: Tabla

text: Tabla's repertoire and techniques borrow many elements from Pakhavaj and Mridangam, which are played sideways using one's palms. The physical structure of these drums also share similar components: the smaller pakhavaj head for the dayan, the naqqara kettledrum for the bayan, and the flexible use of the bass of the dholak. Tabla is played from the top and uses "finger tip and hand percussive" techniques allowing more complex movements. The rich language of tabla is made up of permutations of some basic strokes. These basic strokes are divided into 5 major categories along with a few examples:


title: Tabla

text: Tala defines the musical meter of a composition. It is characterized by groups of matras in a defined time cycle. Talas are composed of basic elements, bols. "Matra" defines the number of beats within a rhythm. Talas can be of 3 to 108 matras. They are played in repeated cycles. The starting beat of each cycle is known as "Sum". This beat is often represented by a special symbol such as 'X'. This is the most emphasized beat of the cycle. Other emphasized parts of the tala which are represented by "Taali" (clap), while "Khali" (empty) portions are played in a relaxed manner. They are represented by a 'O' in Vishnu Narayanan Bhatkhande notation. Tali is often marked by a numeral representing its beat measure. Separate sections or stanzas of a tala are called "Vibhagas".


title: Tabla

text: Three main types of tempos or "layas" are used in playing Tabla talas: 1) Slow "(vilambit)" or half speed, 2) Medium "(madhya)" or reference speed, and 3) Fast "(drut)" or double speed. Keeping these three tempos as reference other variations of these tempos are also defined such as "Aadi laya" where bols are played at one and a half speed of medium tempo. Others such as "Ati Ati drut laya" stands for very very fast tempo. Modern tabla players often use beats per minute measures as well.


title: Tabla

text: There are many talas in Hindustani music. Teental or Trital is one of the most popular tala played on Tabla. It has 16 beat measures or "matras," and can be written down as 4 sections of 4 "matras" each. Teental can be played at both slow and fast speeds. Other talas such as Dhamaar, Ek, Jhoomra and Chau talas are better suited for slow and medium tempos. While some flourish at faster speeds, such as like Jhap or Rupak talas. Some of the popular Talas in Hindustani Classical music include:


title: Tabla

text: Tabla gharanas are responsible for the development of variety of new bols, characteristic playing techniques, composition styles and rhythmic structures. Gharanas acted as a means of preserving these styles between generations of tabla players. First recorded history of gharanas is in the early 18th century. Delhi gharana is considered to be the first and the oldest traditional tabla tradition. Its students were responsible for the spawn of other gharanas as well. Each of these gharanas include a handful of prominent players and maestros. They carry the honorific title 'Pandit' and 'Ustad' for Hindus and Muslim tabla players, respectively. Modernization and accessible means of travel have reduced the rigid boundaries between these gharanas in recent times.


title: Tabla

text: A Kayda or Kaida is a type of Tabla composition. There are major two types of tabla compositions, fixed (pre-composed) and improvised (composed and improvised at the time of the practicing or performing). A rhythmic seed (theme) is introduced, which is then used as a basis for elaboration through improvisation and/or composition. The word Kayda is an Arabic or Hindi word which means 'rule' or 'a system of rules'. The rules for playing a kayda are complex, but in short, one must only use the bols that are in the original theme. This original theme is known as a Mukh. The kayda form originated in the Delhi Gharana of tabla playing and serves three fundamental and very important roles for tabla players. The Dayan (Right side tabla - also known as Dagga) and Bayan (Left side tabla - just known as Tabla) of the Tabla are used in synchronization to form a Kayda. Kaydas can be played in any Tala. But in most of the concerts Teental and their Kaydas are played very often. Note that in talas like Dadra and Keherwa or in like Bhajani, are played, are not played. The reason for this is that these mentioned in the previous line are specifically played for Semi-Classical and light music (Bhajans, Kirtans, Thumris, etc.) and not for Hindustani classical music. Different Gharanas have their own Kaydas.


title: Cell division

text: Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two daughter cells. Cell division usually occurs as part of a larger cell cycle in which the cell grows and replicates its chromosome(s) before dividing. In eukaryotes, there are two distinct types of cell division: a vegetative division (mitosis), producing daughter cells genetically identical to the parent cell, and a cell division that produces haploid gametes for sexual reproduction (meiosis), reducing the number of chromosomes from two of each type in the diploid parent cell to one of each type in the daughter cells. In cell biology, mitosis () is a part of the cell cycle, in which, replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei. Cell division gives rise to genetically identical cells in which the total number of chromosomes is maintained. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is preceded by the S stage of interphase (during which the DNA replication occurs) and is often followed by telophase and cytokinesis; which divides the cytoplasm, organelles, and cell membrane of one cell into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. The different stages of mitosis all together define the mitotic (M) phase of animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two genetically identical daughter cells. Meiosis results in four haploid daughter cells by undergoing one round of DNA replication followed by two divisions. Homologous chromosomes are separated in the first division, and sister chromatids are separated in the second division. Both of these cell division cycles are used in the process of sexual reproduction at some point in their life cycle. Both are believed to be present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor.


title: Cell division

text: Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) usually undergo a vegetative cell division known as binary fission, where their genetic material is segregated equally into two daughter cells, but there are alternative manners of division, such as budding, that have been observed. All cell divisions, regardless of organism, are preceded by a single round of DNA replication.


title: Cell division

text: For simple unicellular microorganisms such as the amoeba, one cell division is equivalent to reproduction – an entire new organism is created. On a larger scale, mitotic cell division can create progeny from multicellular organisms, such as plants that grow from cuttings. Mitotic cell division enables sexually reproducing organisms to develop from the one-celled zygote, which itself is produced by fusion of two gametes, each having been produced by meiotic cell division. After growth from the zygote to the adult, cell division by mitosis allows for continual construction and repair of the organism. The human body experiences about 10 quadrillion cell divisions in a lifetime.


title: Cell division

text: The primary concern of cell division is the maintenance of the original cell's genome. Before division can occur, the genomic information that is stored in chromosomes must be replicated, and the duplicated genome must be cleanly divided between progeny cells. A great deal of cellular infrastructure is involved in ensuring consistency of genomic information among generations.


title: Cell division

text: Bacterial cell division happens through binary fission or sometimes through budding. The divisome is a protein complex in bacteria that is responsible for cell division, constriction of inner and outer membranes during division, and remodeling of the peptidoglycan cell wall at the division site. A tubulin-like protein, FtsZ plays a critical role in formation of a contractile ring for the cell division.


title: Cell division

text: Cell division in eukaryotes is more complicated than in prokaryotes. If the chromosomal number is reduced, eukaryotic cell division is classified as meiosis (reductional division). If the chromosomal number is not reduced, eukaryotic cell division is classified as mitosis (equational division). A primitive form of cell division, called amitosis, also exists. The amitotic or mitotic cell divisions are more atypical and diverse among the various groups of organisms, such as protists (namely diatoms, dinoflagellates, etc.) and fungi.


title: Cell division

text: In the mitotic metaphase (see below), typically the chromosomes (each containing 2 sister chromatids that developed during replication in the S phase of interphase) align themselves on the metaphase plate. Then, the sister chromatids split and are distributed between two daughter cells.


title: Cell division

text: In meiosis I, the homologous chromosomes are paired before being separated and distributed between two daughter cells. On the other hand, meiosis II is similar to mitosis. The chromatids are separated and distributed in the same way. In humans, other higher animals, and many other organisms, the process of meiosis is called gametic meiosis, during which meiosis produces four gametes. Whereas, in several other groups of organisms, especially in plants (observable during meiosis in lower plants, but during the vestigial stage in higher plants), meiosis gives rise to spores that germinate into the haploid vegetative phase (gametophyte). This kind of meiosis is called sporic meiosis.


title: Cell division

text: Interphase is the process through which a cell must go before mitosis, meiosis, and cytokinesis. Interphase consists of three main phases: G, S, and G. G is a time of growth for the cell where specialized cellular functions occur in order to prepare the cell for DNA replication. There are checkpoints during interphase that allow the cell to either advance or halt further development. One of the checkpoint is between G and S, the purpose for this checkpoint is to check for appropriate cell size and any DNA damage . The second check point is in the G phase, this checkpoint also checks for cell size but also the DNA replication. The last check point is located at the site of metaphase, where it checks that the chromosomes are correctly connected to the mitotic spindles. In S phase, the chromosomes are replicated in order for the genetic content to be maintained. During G, the cell undergoes the final stages of growth before it enters the M phase, where spindles are synthesized. The M phase can be either mitosis or meiosis depending on the type of cell. Germ cells, or gametes, undergo meiosis, while somatic cells will undergo mitosis. After the cell proceeds successfully through the M phase, it may then undergo cell division through cytokinesis. The control of each checkpoint is controlled by cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinases. The progression of interphase is the result of the increased amount of cyclin. As the amount of cyclin increases, more and more cyclin dependent kinases attach to cyclin signaling the cell further into interphase. At the peak of the cyclin, attached to the cyclin dependent kinases this system pushes the cell out of interphase and into the M phase, where mitosis, meiosis, and cytokinesis occur. There are three transition checkpoints the cell has to go through before entering the M phase. The most important being the G-S transition checkpoint. If the cell does not pass this checkpoint, it results in the cell exiting the cell cycle.


title: Cell division

text: Prophase is the first stage of division. The nuclear envelope is broken down in this stage, long strands of chromatin condense to form shorter more visible strands called chromosomes, the nucleolus disappears, and microtubules attach to the chromosomes at the disc-shaped kinetochores present in the centromere. Microtubules associated with the alignment and separation of chromosomes are referred to as the spindle and spindle fibers. Chromosomes will also be visible under a microscope and will be connected at the centromere. During this condensation and alignment period in meiosis, the homologous chromosomes undergo a break in their double-stranded DNA at the same locations, followed by a recombination of the now fragmented parental DNA strands into non-parental combinations, known as crossing over. This process is evidenced to be caused in a large part by the highly conserved Spo11 protein through a mechanism similar to that seen with toposomerase in DNA replication and transcription.


title: Cell division

text: In metaphase, the centromeres of the chromosomes convene themselves on the "metaphase plate" (or "equatorial plate"), an imaginary line that is at equal distances from the two centrosome poles and held together by complexes known as cohesins. Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell by microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) pushing and pulling on centromeres of both chromatids thereby causing the chromosome to move to the center. At this point the chromosomes are still condensing and are currently one step away from being the most coiled and condensed they will be, and the spindle fibers have already connected to the kinetochores. During this phase all the microtubules, with the exception of the kinetochores, are in a state of instability promoting their progression toward anaphase. At this point, the chromosomes are ready to split into opposite poles of the cell toward the spindle to which they are connected.


title: Cell division

text: Anaphase is a very short stage of the cell cycle and it occurs after the chromosomes align at the mitotic plate. Kinetochores emit anaphase-inhibition signals until their attachment to the mitotic spindle. Once the final chromosome is properly aligned and attached the final signal dissipates and triggers the abrupt shift to anaphase. This abrupt shift is caused by the activation of the anaphase-promoting complex and its function of tagging degradation of proteins important toward the metaphase-anaphase transition. One of these proteins that is broken down is securin which through its breakdown releases the enzyme separase that cleaves the cohesin rings holding together the sister chromatids thereby leading to the chromosomes separating. After the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, the spindle fibers will pull them apart. The chromosomes are split apart while the sister chromatids move to opposite sides of the cell. As the sister chromatids are being pulled apart, the cell and plasma are elongated by non-kinetochore microtubules.


title: Cell division

text: Telophase is the last stage of the cell cycle in which a cleavage furrow splits the cells cytoplasm (cytokinesis) and chromatin. This occurs through the synthesis of a new nuclear envelope that forms around the chromatin gathered at each pole. The nucleolus reforms as the chromatin reverts back to the loose state it possessed during interphase. The division of the cellular contents is not always equal and can vary by cell type as seen with oocyte formation where one of the four daughter cells possess the majority of the cytoplasm.


title: Cell division

text: The last stage of the cell division process is cytokinesis. In this stage there is a cytoplasmic division that occurs at the end of either mitosis or meiosis. At this stage there is a resulting irreversible separation leading to two daughter cells. Cell division plays an important role in determining the fate of the cell. This is due to there being the possibility of an asymmetric division. This as a result leads to cytokinesis producing unequal daughter cells containing completely different amounts or concentrations of fate-determining molecules.


title: Cell division

text: In animals the cytokinesis ends with formation of a contractile ring and thereafter a cleavage. But in plants it happen differently. At first a cell plate is formed and then a cell wall develops between the two daughter cells.


title: Cell division

text: Cells are broadly classified into two main categories: simple non-nucleated prokaryotic cells and complex nucleated eukaryotic cells. Due to their structural differences, eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells do not divide in the same way. Also, the pattern of cell division that transforms eukaryotic stem cells into gametes (sperm cells in males or egg cells in females), termed meiosis, is different from that of the division of somatic cells in the body. Image of the mitotic spindle in a human cell showing microtubules in green, chromosomes (DNA) in blue, and kinetochores in red.


title: Cell division

text: In 2022, scientists discovered a new type of cell division called asynthetic fission found in the squamous epithelial cells in the epidermis of juvenile zebrafish. When juvenile zebrafish are growing, skin cells must quickly cover the rapidly increasing surface area of the zebrafish. These skin cells divide without duplicating their DNA (the S phase of mitosis) causing up to 50% of the cells to have a reduced genome size. These cells are later replaced by cells with a standard amount of DNA. Scientists expect to find this type of division in other vertebrates.


title: Cell division

text: Multicellular organisms replace worn-out cells through cell division. In some animals, however, cell division eventually halts. In humans this occurs, on average, after 52 divisions, known as the Hayflick limit. The cell is then referred to as senescent. With each division the cells telomeres, protective sequences of DNA on the end of a chromosome that prevent degradation of the chromosomal DNA, shorten. This shortening has been correlated to negative effects such as age-related diseases and shortened lifespans in humans. Cancer cells, on the other hand, are not thought to degrade in this way, if at all. An enzyme complex called telomerase, present in large quantities in cancerous cells, rebuilds the telomeres through synthesis of telomeric DNA repeats, allowing division to continue indefinitely.


title: Cell division

text: A cell division under microscope was first discovered by German botanist Hugo von Mohl in 1835 as he worked over the green alga "Cladophora glomerata".


title: Cell division

text: In 1943, cell division was filmed for the first time by Kurt Michel using a phase-contrast microscope.


title: James Tavernier

text: James Henry Tavernier (; born 31 October 1991) is an English professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Scottish Premiership club Rangers, where he is club captain.


title: James Tavernier

text: After starting at the Leeds United Academy, he began his professional career at Newcastle United, spending most of his tenure on loans at six lower level clubs, including winning the League One playoffs with Rotherham United. In 2014, he signed for Wigan Athletic, where by his own admission, he struggled. He spent the second half of his only Wigan season on loan at Bristol City, playing more consistently as they won League One.


title: James Tavernier

text: Tavernier signed for Rangers in 2015, winning two trophies in his first season. He scored the goal that won Rangers the Scottish Championship, and was man of the match as they won the Scottish Challenge Cup, scoring a long-range volley in the final. At the beginning of the 2018–19 season, he was named as the club captain, going on to win the Scottish Premiership in 2021. He was the top scorer as they finished runners-up in the 2021–22 UEFA Europa League. He has made over 300 appearances for the club, scoring over 75 goals and was PFA Scotland Players' Player of the Year in 2021.


title: James Tavernier

text: Born in Bradford, West Yorkshire, Tavernier joined the Leeds United youth system at the age of nine after being picked up from local club Farsley Celtic. He spent six seasons at Leeds, playing a season in goal before moving to a central midfield role.


title: James Tavernier

text: Tavernier moved to Newcastle United in 2008. He made his first-team debut in a 2–0 defeat against Peterborough United in the League Cup third round on 22 September 2009, playing the full 90 minutes.


title: James Tavernier

text: On 7 January 2011, Tavernier joined Gateshead of the Conference Premier, along with Newcastle teammate Jóan Símun Edmundsson, on a 28-day loan. He made his debut the next day, in a 1–1 home draw against Kidderminster Harriers. Afterwards, his loan deal at the club was extended until 9 April. Gateshead manager Ian Bogie commented by saying Tavernier had a big future in the game. He was recalled by Newcastle on 24 March because of a suspension picked up by defensive cover player James Perch in a reserve team game. Tavernier appeared on the bench for Newcastle's 4–1 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers on 2 April.


title: James Tavernier

text: On 11 August 2011, Tavernier joined League One team Carlisle United on an initial one-month loan that was extended to mid-November a month later. Just like his Gateshead counterpart, Carlisle manager Greg Abbott was impressed by Tavernier. He came back to Newcastle after a successful loan spell during which he made 17 appearances. Tavernier joined fellow third-tier team Sheffield Wednesday on 21 November, on loan until 9 January 2012. On 31 January 2012, Tavernier joined a third League One team, Milton Keynes Dons, on loan until the end of the season. His loan spell was cut short when Alan Pardew recalled him in April.


title: James Tavernier

text: Tavernier made his European debut on 23 August 2012, playing the entirety of Newcastle's 1–1 draw at Atromitos in UEFA Europa League qualification. He totalled seven appearances for the team across four competitions that season, making his Premier League debut on 29 September by coming on for Steven Taylor in the 56th minute of a 2–2 draw away to Reading. Tavernier joined Shrewsbury Town on 26 July 2013 on an initial month-long loan, but returned to his parent club early having aggravated a pre-existing metatarsal injury. He joined Rotherham United on 28 November 2013 on a short-term emergency loan deal. Two days later on his debut at the New York Stadium, he scored his first career goal to conclude a 4–1 win over Gillingham. He totalled five goals in 27 games – all starts – including both on 29 March 2014 in a 2–1 win over Bristol City. He won promotion to the Championship with Rotherham, beating Leyton Orient on penalties in the play-off final at Wembley Stadium on 25 May.


title: James Tavernier

text: Tavernier signed for Wigan Athletic for an undisclosed fee on 28 June 2014. He made his Championship debut on 9 August, replacing Don Cowie for the final 18 minutes of a 2–2 draw with Reading at the DW Stadium in the first game of the season.


title: James Tavernier

text: Tavernier signed for League One club Bristol City on 15 January 2015, on loan for the remainder of the season. He scored three times in 12 games for the champion Robins, including two on 14 April in a 6–0 win at his hometown team Bradford City. He also helped them win the 2014–15 Football League Trophy, for the final of which he was on the bench.


title: James Tavernier

text: On 20 July 2015, Tavernier and Wigan teammate Martyn Waghorn both signed three-year contracts with the then Scottish Championship club Rangers for a transfer fee of £200,000. He scored on his debut five days later from a free kick in a 6–2 win at Hibernian in the first round of the Scottish Challenge Cup, and added another eight days later in a 3–0 win over Peterhead in the same round of the Scottish League Cup at Ibrox Stadium.


title: James Tavernier

text: He scored his first league goal for Rangers in a 5–1 win over Alloa Athletic on 16 August. Tavernier scored again for Rangers from an edge-of-the-box free kick against Hibernian a week later, putting Rangers on top of the Championship; he was awarded the division's Player of the Month for August and his manager Mark Warburton also received the Manager of the Month award.


title: James Tavernier

text: In October, having scored nine goals by that stage in the season, Tavernier admitted that he and Waghorn had been short of confidence before moving to Rangers, due to the inconsistency and squad rotation at Wigan. On 5 April 2016, he scored the only goal of the home win over Dumbarton that gave the team the title and promotion back to the top flight after a four-year absence. Five days later in the Challenge Cup Final at Hampden Park, he netted a long-range volley in the first half of a 4–0 victory against Peterhead, and was named man of the match. On 17 April, in a Scottish Cup semi-final against Old Firm rivals Celtic, he missed in the penalty shootout after a 2–2 draw, but Rangers nonetheless won 5–4.


title: James Tavernier

text: After a strong first season, Rangers offered Tavernier a new contract which he rejected, with media reports citing the financial rewards were not good enough. On 19 July, Tavernier agreed a new contract extension with Rangers and signed a deal until May 2019 two days later.


title: James Tavernier

text: In July 2018, ahead of the 2018–19 season, Tavernier was appointed new club captain by new manager Steven Gerrard. In their first match as manager and captain, he scored in a 2–0 win against FK Shkupi in the Europa League at Ibrox on 12 July.


title: James Tavernier

text: In March 2019, Tavernier was confronted by a Hibernian supporter during a Scottish Premiership match at Easter Road. Cameron Mack, a 21-year-old man from Port Seton in East Lothian, jumped over the advertising boards and approached Tavernier before being led away by police and stewards and arrested. Mack was later banned from attending any football ground in Scotland after pleading guilty to breach of the peace at Edinburgh Sheriff Court.


title: James Tavernier

text: During the 2020–21 season, Rangers had their best defensive start to a Scottish Premiership campaign, keeping seven consecutive clean sheets. As of 8 December 2020 they had conceded only three goals in the league whilst scoring 45, and also progressed from their Europa League group; Tavernier contributed heavily to both the defensive record and attacking returns, with 16 goals and 11 assists in all competitions by that point. He was the league's Player of the Month in September and November. Rangers went on to win the 2020–21 Scottish Premiership, which was their first Scottish league title since 2011. Tavernier won the PFA Scotland Players' Player of the Year


title: James Tavernier

text: On 6 April 2021, Tavernier signed a new three-year contract. He made his 300th Rangers appearance on 25 September in a 1–0 win at Dundee, having 66 goals by that point. In February 2022, he scored a penalty to open a 4–2 win at Borussia Dortmund in the last 32 of the Europa League, and scored both Rangers goals in a draw in the second leg to advance. He netted another brace on 14 April, as the team won 3–1 at home to Braga after extra time to make the semi-finals, where he scored against RB Leipzig. He was the top scorer with seven goals as the team finished runners-up to Eintracht Frankfurt and netted Rangers' first attempt in the penalty shootout loss in the final. He was the first defender to be top scorer in a European season since Ronald Koeman for FC Barcelona in the 1993–94 UEFA Champions League.


title: James Tavernier

text: Tavernier's younger brother Marcus is also a professional footballer, who has played for Middlesbrough and AFC Bournemouth.