title: Death of James Dean

text: At approximately 5:15 pm, Dean and Hickman left Blackwells Corner, driving west on Route 466 toward Paso Robles, approximately away. Dean accelerated in the "Little Bastard" and left the Ford station wagon far behind. Further along on Route 466, the Porsche crested Polonio Pass and headed down the long Antelope Grade, passing cars along the way toward the junction of Route 466 and Route 41. At approximately 5:45 pm, a two-tone black and white 1950 Ford Tudor was headed east on Route 466 just west of the junction near Shandon. Its driver, 23-year-old US Navy veteran and Cal Poly student Donald Turnupseed, made a left turn onto Route 41 headed north, toward Fresno. As Turnupseed's Ford crossed over the center line, Dean (clearly seeing an imminent crash) apparently tried to steer the Spyder in a "side stepping" racing maneuver, but with insufficient time and space, the two cars collided almost head-on. A witness, John Robert White, reportedly saw the Spyder smash into the ground two or three times in cartwheels, and landing in a gully beside the shoulder of the road, northwest of the junction. The velocity of the impact sent the much-heavier Ford broad-sliding down Route 466 in the opposing lane. The collision was witnessed by several passers-by who stopped to help. A woman with nursing experience attended to Dean and detected a weak pulse in his neck.


title: Death of James Dean

text: California Highway Patrol (CHP) Captain Ernest Tripke and his partner, Corporal Ronald Nelson were called to the scene. Before Tripke and Nelson arrived, Dean had been extricated from the Spyder's mangled cockpit, his left foot having been crushed between the clutch pedal and the brake pedal. He was severely injured as his vehicle took the brunt of the crash, suffering a broken neck and massive internal and external injuries. Nelson witnessed an unconscious and dying Dean being placed into an ambulance, and a barely conscious Wütherich, who had been thrown from the Spyder, lying on the shoulder of the road next to the wrecked vehicle. Dean and Wütherich were taken in the same ambulance to the Paso Robles War Memorial Hospital, away. Dean was pronounced dead on arrival at 6:20 p.m. by the attending emergency room physician, Dr. Robert Bossert. The cause of death listed on James Dean's death certificate is listed as a broken neck, multiple fractures of the upper and lower jaw, both right and left arms broken, and internal injuries. Warren Beath wrote that Dean had died in the arms of his friend, Bill Hickman. Despite reports of Dean's speed being around , Nelson estimated that the actual speed was around , based on the wreckage and position of Dean's body.


title: Death of James Dean

text: Wütherich survived with a broken jaw and serious hip and femur injuries that required immediate surgery. Turnupseed was only slightly injured with facial bruises and a bloodied nose. After being interviewed by the CHP, Turnupseed hitch-hiked in the dark to his home in Tulare. Hickman and Roth arrived at the scene approximately ten minutes after the crash. Hickman assisted in extricating Dean from the wreckage. Roth took photographs of the crash scene later acquired by Seita Ohnishi, a retired Japanese businessman who erected a memorial near the site.


title: Death of James Dean

text: Some sources give Dean's last known words – uttered right before the impact when Wütherich told Dean to slow down as the Ford Tudor pulled into their lane – as, "That guy's gotta stop ... He'll see us". Raskin believes that any report about Dean and Wütherich communicating prior to the crash is pure conjecture. According to the coroner's deposition taken of Wütherich in the hospital, and later in a 1960 interview given to an official Porsche magazine, "Christophorus", he could not recall any of the exact moments leading up to and after the crash.


title: Death of James Dean

text: The official sheriff-coroner called for an inquest, held at the council chambers in San Luis Obispo on October 11, 1955, where Turnupseed told the jury that he did not see the low-profile Spyder until after he was turning left onto Route 41. After other testimony by the CHP and witnesses, the coroner's jury came back with a verdict of "accidental death with no criminal intent", finding Turnupseed not guilty of any contributory wrongdoing in the death of Dean.


title: Death of James Dean

text: Although not charged with any offense, Turnupseed had nevertheless been dealt a devastating blow that would haunt him for the rest of his life. He granted just one interview to the "Tulare Advance-Register" newspaper immediately following the crash, but after that he refused to speak publicly about it. Turnupseed went on to own and operate a very successful family electrical contracting business in Tulare. He died at the age of 63 from lung cancer in 1995.


title: Death of James Dean

text: Wütherich, after having several complicated surgeries on his hip and femur, went back to West Germany in 1957 with psychological and legal problems. He worked for Porsche's testing department and international rally and racing teams during the 1960s. He died in July 1981, in Kupferzell, West Germany, in another auto collision when he lost control of his car and crashed into a residence. Like Dean, Wütherich had to be extricated from the wreck and died at the scene. He was 53 years old.


title: Death of James Dean

text: While filming "Giant", Dean also filmed a short public service announcement with actor Gig Young for the National Safety Council. It featured Dean dressed as Jett Rink talking about how driving fast on the highway can be more dangerous than racing on the track. At the end of the segment, instead of saying the catchphrase "The life you save may be your own", Dean ad-libbed the line "The life you might save might be "mine"".


title: Death of James Dean

text: Dean's funeral was held on October 8, 1955, at the Fairmount Friends Church in Fairmount, Indiana. The coffin remained closed to conceal the severe injuries to his upper torso and face. An estimated 600 mourners were in attendance, while another 2,400 fans gathered outside the church during the procession. Dean's body is buried at Park Cemetery in Fairmount, less than a mile from where he grew up on his aunt and uncle's farm.


title: Death of James Dean

text: In 1977, a memorial to Dean was erected in Cholame, California. The stylized sculpture is composed of stainless steel around a tree of heaven growing in front of the former Cholame post office building. The sculpture was designed in Japan and transported to Cholame, accompanied by the project's benefactor, the aforementioned Seita Ohnishi of Kobe. Ohnishi chose the site after examining the location of the crash scene less than a mile away. The original Highway 41 and 46 junction where the collision occurred has shifted slightly as the two roadways were realigned over the decades to make them safer. On September 30, 2005, the junction at Highways 46 and 41 was dedicated as the James Dean Memorial Junction as part of the State of California's official commemoration of the 50th anniversary of his death.


title: Death of James Dean

text: The dates and hours of Dean's birth and death are etched into the sculpture, along with a handwritten description by Dean's friend William Bast of one of Dean's favorite lines from Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's "The Little Prince": "What is essential is invisible to the eye." It also includes an infinity symbol next to the date of his death, to indicate that he will never be forgotten.


title: Death of James Dean

text: The "curse" of James Dean's car, the "Little Bastard", has become part of America's cultural mythology. The story of the "curse" begins before the car itself had been involved in any crash; in his 1985 autobiography, "Blessings in Disguise", British actor Sir Alec Guinness relates that on his first night in Los Angeles on September 23, 1955, after leaving a restaurant with no table available and setting out to look elsewhere, he and his friend Thelma Moss met James Dean, who invited them to dine with him at his table at the place they had just left, and showed them his silver Porsche, with Dean saying "It's just been delivered". A hungry and exhausted Guinness then warned Dean to never go into the car: "Please, never get in it. It is now ten o'clock, Friday the 23rd of September, 1955. If you get in that car you will be found dead in it by this time next week." The following Friday, his prediction would come true.


title: Death of James Dean

text: After the fatal crash, Warren Beath, a James Dean archivist and author, attributes the existence of the curse to George Barris, the self-described "King of the ", who says he was the first to purchase the wrecked car. Barris promoted the "curse" after he placed the wreck on public display in 1956. Over the years, Barris described a mysterious series of accidents and car crashes, that occurred from 1956 to 1960 involving the "Little Bastard", resulting in serious injuries to spectators and even a truck driver's death. Raskin states many claims regarding the "curse" appear to have been based on Barris' 1974 book, "Cars of the Stars".


title: Death of James Dean

text: Raskin's 2005 book "James Dean: At Speed" states that the wrecked Spyder was declared as a total loss by the insurance company, which paid Dean's father, Winton, the fair market value as a settlement. The insurance company, in turn, through a salvage yard in Burbank, sold the Spyder to a Dr. William F. Eschrich. Eschrich, who had competed against Dean in his own sports car at three race events during 1955, dismantled the engine and mechanical parts and installed the Porsche 4-cam engine in his Lotus IX race car chassis. Eschrich then raced the Porsche-powered Lotus, which he called a "Potus", at seven California Sports Car Club events during 1956. At the Pomona Sports Car Races on October 21, 1956, Eschrich, driving this car, was involved in a minor "shunt" with another driver.


title: Death of James Dean

text: Barris' "Cars of the Stars" states that a Dr. McHenry, "driving a car powered by the engine from Dean's car, was killed when his vehicle went out of control and struck a tree in the first race in which the motor had been used since Dean's mishap. Another doctor, of Burbank, was injured in the same race when his car, which contained the drivetrain from Dean's car, rolled over." Eschrich, interviewed a day after McHenry's fatal crash, said he had loaned the Dean transmission and several other parts to McHenry: "I don't believe he was using the transmission when he crashed, but he was using the back swinging arms which holds the rear end." McHenry appears to have the distinction of being the only bona fide victim of the "curse".


title: Death of James Dean

text: Raskin states that although Barris may have customized several cars for "Rebel Without a Cause", he never customized any of Dean's personal cars and neither of his Porsches. Lew Bracker, Dean's best friend in Los Angeles and fellow Porsche racer, maintains that Barris was not involved with Dean's racing activities; he was never considered to be part of Dean's "inner circle" invited to go to Salinas on September 30, 1955. It is not known exactly how Barris knew Eschrich, but he was given the Spyder's mangled body after Eschrich had stripped out the Porsche. In 1956, Barris announced that he was going to rebuild the "Little Bastard", but that proved to be a Herculean task as the wrecked chassis had no remaining integral strength. Instead, Barris decided to weld aluminum sheet metal over the caved-in left front fender and cockpit area. He proceeded to beat on the aluminum panels with a 2x4 to try to simulate what would appear to be collision damage. Later in 1956, Barris loaned out the "Little Bastard" to the Los Angeles chapter of the National Safety Council for a local rod and custom car show. The gruesome display was promoted as: "James Dean's Last Sports Car". During 1957–1959, the exhibit was toured in various rod and custom car shows, movie theatres, bowling alleys, and highway safety displays throughout California.


title: Death of James Dean

text: There are few stories associated with the "curse" that can be corroborated. For example, a wire service story on March 12, 1959, reported that the "Little Bastard", temporarily stored in a garage at 3158 Hamilton Avenue in Fresno, caught fire "awaiting display as a safety exhibit in a coming sports and custom automobile show". However, on May 12, 1959, "The Fresno Bee", reported that the fire occurred on the night of March 11 and only slight damage occurred to the Spyder without any damage to other cars or property in the garage. No one was injured: "The cause of the fire is unknown. It burned two tires and scorched the paint on the vehicle." Later that year, the "Little Bastard" toured national auto shows and traffic safety exhibitions. Legend also holds that the "Little Bastard" mysteriously disappeared in 1960. According to Barris, the Spyder was returning from a traffic safety exhibit in Florida in a sealed truck. In Barris' book and in many TV interviews, he said the "Little Bastard" was being shipped back in a sealed boxcar. When the train arrived in Los Angeles, Barris said he signed the manifest and verified that the seal was intact—but the boxcar was empty.


title: Death of James Dean

text: Raskin believes that Barris' "Little Bastard" side show had lost its fan appeal just as the 1960s pop culture began to focus on "big block" Muscle Cars. Raskin also believes that Barris opted to misplace the "Little Bastard". The mysterious disappearance stories were Barris' way of perpetuating the Dean myth, especially on the milestone anniversaries of Dean's death.


title: Death of James Dean

text: Although the "Little Bastard" remains missing , Historic Auto Attractions in Roscoe, Illinois, claims to have an original piece of Dean's Spyder on display (a small chunk of aluminum, a few square inches in size) that was prised-off and stolen from an area near the broken windscreen while the Spyder was being stored in the Cholame Garage following the crash. Also, in 2005, for the 50th anniversary of Dean's death, the Volo Auto Museum in Volo, Illinois, announced they were displaying what was purported to be the passenger door of the "Little Bastard". Volo and Barris offered $1,000,000 to anyone who could prove that they owned the remains of the "Little Bastard". No one came forth to claim the prize.


title: Death of James Dean

text: The 4-Cam Porsche engine (#90059), along with the original California Owner's Registration () listing the engine number, is still in the possession of the family of the late Dr. Eschrich. The Porsche's transaxle assembly (#10046), is currently owned by Porsche collector and restorer Jack Styles in Massachusetts. Raskin originally documented and published all the serial numbers (VINs) for the Spyder (chassis, engine, transmission); as well as for his 356 Super Speedster. To date, neither of Dean's Porsches have been located.


title: Death of James Dean

text: On February 15, 2009, all three of the California Highway Patrol (CHP) officers who dealt with Dean on the day of his death – Officer Otie Hunter, who ticketed Dean for speeding, and Officers Ernie Tripke and Ronald Nelson, who investigated the fatal crash – participated and shared their memories of that fateful day in an SCVTV documentary titled "The Stuff of Legend: James Dean's Final Ride", co-produced by the Santa Clarita Valley Historical Society.


title: Marvin Bagley III

text: Marvin Bagley III (born March 14, 1999) is an American professional basketball player for the Detroit Pistons of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Duke Blue Devils and was a 2018 Consensus All-American. He was selected with the second overall pick by the Sacramento Kings in the 2018 NBA draft. At the end of the 2018–19 season Bagley was selected to the NBA All-Rookie First Team.


title: Marvin Bagley III

text: Bagley attended Corona del Sol High School in Tempe, Arizona as a freshman and Hillcrest Prep in Phoenix, Arizona as a sophomore. During that sophomore year, he was teammates with future #1 pick Deandre Ayton. In 2016, he transferred to Sierra Canyon School in Chatsworth, California. He was ruled ineligible to play his first year at Sierra Canyon due to California Interscholastic Federation (CIF) rules. That ruling would help play a factor into reclassifying his senior year of high school up a year early. In his last season for Sierra Canyon, he averaged 24.9 points per game and 10.1 rebounds per game. He would be named for the All-USA Today First-team in 2017.


title: Marvin Bagley III

text: Bagley was rated as a five-star recruit throughout his high school career and was formerly ranked as the top player in the 2018 class before his reclassification. Bagley was ranked the No.1 overall recruit and No.1 power forward in the 2017 high school class. His first college basketball scholarship came from Northern Arizona University when he was 14.


title: Marvin Bagley III

text: Before beginning what would have been his senior year of high school, Bagley reclassified into the Class of 2017. On August 14, 2017, he announced that he successfully reclassified as a graduate from Sierra Canyon and was eligible to play college basketball for Duke University during the 2017–18 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. thus allowing him to enter the 2018 NBA draft as an early entry in the collegiate level. He graduated from Sierra Canyon on September 1, 2017 and went to Duke after finishing high school academics a week later.


title: Marvin Bagley III

text: Bagley made his Duke debut on November 10, 2017, recording 25 points and 10 rebounds in a win over Elon University. On November 13, 2017, Bagley was named ACC rookie of the week. On November 24, Bagley scored 34 points and made a freshman record 15 rebounds for Duke as they defeated the Texas Longhorns 85–78 in overtime. He tied the freshman record for rebounds in the next game 4 days later and scored 30 points in an 87–84 win over the Florida Gators, It was the first time a Duke player did so since the 1960s. On November 29, 2017, Bagley tallied 23 points and 10 rebounds in a 91–81 victory against Indiana. On December 30, Bagley recorded 32 points and a record 21 rebounds in a 100–93 win over the Florida State Seminoles. On December 4, 2017, Bagley earned ACC rookie of the week honors for the third time. With 30 points and 11 rebounds in an 89–71 win over the Wake Forest Demon Deacons on January 13, 2018, he became the ACC's record holder for most 30 point, 10 rebound double-doubles in a season. On January 15, 2018, Bagley earned his fifth ACC rookie of the week honor. On March 3, 2018, Marvin scored 21 points and 15 rebounds in a 74–64 win over rival North Carolina.


title: Marvin Bagley III

text: At the end of the regular season, Bagley was named both the ACC's Rookie of the Year and Player of the Year, as well as a member of the All-ACC first team. He was also named a consensus member of the All-American First-Team by multiple organizations. In addition to that, Bagley joined Deandre Ayton and Trae Young as the most freshmen players to join the consensus All-American First-Team in a season.


title: Marvin Bagley III

text: Following Duke's loss in the 2018 NCAA men's basketball tournament, Bagley announced his intention to forgo his final three seasons of collegiate eligibility and declare for the 2018 NBA draft.


title: Marvin Bagley III

text: On June 21, 2018, Bagley was selected second overall in the 2018 NBA draft by the Sacramento Kings, behind his former high school teammate Deandre Ayton. On July 1, 2018, he signed a rookie scale contract with the Kings.


title: Marvin Bagley III

text: Bagley made his professional debut with Sacramento on October 17, 2018, with 6 points and 5 rebounds in only 12 minutes coming off the bench in a 123–117 loss to the Utah Jazz. In his next game two days later, Bagley recorded 19 points, 8 rebounds, 3 assists, and 3 blocks in a 149–129 loss to the New Orleans Pelicans. On November 24, Bagley had a double-double of 20 points and 17 rebounds coming off the bench in a 117–116 loss to the Golden State Warriors. During their second match against Golden State on December 14, he sprained his left knee, which sidelined him for 11 games. On March 19, 2019, Bagley scored a career-high 28 points off the bench in a 123–121 loss to the Brooklyn Nets, in which the Kings entered the fourth quarter with a 25-point lead.


title: Marvin Bagley III

text: On October 24, 2019, Bagley was diagnosed to have a non-displaced fracture in his right thumb and was expected to be sidelined for about four to six weeks. Instead, he only played 13 games before the season was suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic on March 11, 2020. On July 19, 2020, he sustained a right foot injury during practice, and was expected to miss the remainder of 2019–20 season.


title: Marvin Bagley III

text: Before the start of the 2021–22 season, the Kings informed Bagley that he would not be part of the rotation after not reaching on a contract extension.


title: Marvin Bagley III

text: On February 10, 2022, Bagley was traded to the Detroit Pistons as part of a four-team trade that sent Donte DiVincenzo, Josh Jackson, and Trey Lyles to the Kings. On February 14, Bagley made his Pistons debut, recording 10 points, eight rebounds and one assist in a 103–94 loss to the Washington Wizards.


title: Marvin Bagley III

text: Bagley has two younger brothers: Marcus and Martray. His father, Marvin Jr., played college football at North Carolina A&T, as well as with the Arizona Rattlers professionally. His father met his wife, Tracy Caldwell, while Marvin Jr. was playing with the Rattlers in the Arena Football League. Marvin Jr. currently coaches AAU basketball for the Nike Phamily. Bagley's younger brother, Marcus played at Arizona State University. While living in the Los Angeles area, Bagley volunteered at Hoops with Heart, a non-profit organization in the city that benefits underprivileged youth. He is also the grandson of former Olympic and professional basketball player Jumpin' Joe Caldwell, who was the number two overall pick in the 1964 NBA draft.


title: Marvin Bagley III

text: Other than basketball, Bagley is a rapper and hip hop artist. He is known for writing his own raps in his free time and creating a variety of music. His songs range from those that tell his story to those that are made to relate to. His album "Big Jreams" was released on August 24, 2019. His album features artists such as Iman Shumpert and Famous Los.


title: Brian Welch

text: Brian Philip Welch (born June 19, 1970), also known by his stage name Head, is an American musician. He is one of the guitarists and founding member of the nu metal band Korn and his solo project Love and Death, where he also provides vocals. Along with fellow Korn guitarist James "Munky" Shaffer, Welch helped develop Korn's distinctive sound (a mix of sirenlike shards of dissonant guitar that mimicked a turntablist's various effects and rumbling down-tuned riffing) that defined the nu metal aesthetic beginning in the mid-'90s.


title: Brian Welch

text: After becoming a born again Christian, Welch left the band in 2005 to focus on life as a father and to pursue his own solo career. He released his debut Christian album, "Save Me from Myself", in 2008. He reunited with Korn on-stage at the Carolina Rebellion in May 2012 for the first time in seven years, and officially announced in May 2013 that he was rejoining the band. Welch and Munky were ranked at No. 26 of "Guitar World"s 100 Greatest Heavy Metal Guitarists of All Time.


title: Brian Welch

text: Welch was raised in Bakersfield, California. He was different from most kids, and was bullied in school. He liked music, and was a big Ozzy Osbourne fan. Originally, Welch expressed interest in playing the drums, but his father convinced him to play the guitar so he would not have to haul a drum kit around. He began playing the guitar at the age of 10. His first guitar was a Peavey Mystic, which he referred to in his book "Save Me from Myself" as "maybe the most metal-looking guitar you have ever seen."


title: Brian Welch

text: Korn formed after the group L.A.P.D. broke up due to singer Richard Morrill's drug addiction. Musicians Reginald Arvizu, James Shaffer, and David Silveria wanted to continue, and they hired Welch to play guitar in their new band named "Creep". In early 1993, the band took notice of vocalist Jonathan Davis after seeing his band Sexart and attempted to recruit him. Davis initially did not want to join the band, but after consulting a psychic he changed his mind and auditioned. After Davis was hired, the group decided to rename themselves. "Jonathan had an immediate idea for a new name. He suggested that we call the band "Korn," and we all liked it. It sounded kinda creepy because it reminded us of that horror movie "Children of the Corn"".


title: Brian Welch

text: Starting with Korn's self-titled debut album and with subsequent albums "Life Is Peachy", "Follow The Leader", "Issues", "Untouchables", and "Take A Look in the Mirror", the band gradually became one of the top-selling nu metal groups, earning $25 million in royalty payments and selling out arenas. In January 1995, Welch's wife Rebekah gave birth to a daughter, but they decided to give her up for adoption. When she got pregnant again, they decided to keep the child. On July 6, 1998, Welch's wife gave birth to their second daughter, Jennea Marie Welch. The band was scheduled to be on the UK version of Ozzfest, but dropped out so that Welch could be by his wife's side. He and his wife later divorced and Welch had custody of their daughter. The two reside in Arizona. Despite being divorced, Welch kept in touch with his ex-wife until her death in June 2021.


title: Brian Welch

text: By 2003, Welch had become addicted to drugs. He would prepare for tours by stashing as much methamphetamine as he could in vitamin capsules, deodorant containers, and his clothes. According to Welch, the band members also suffered personal battles with addiction: "We were only sober for just a couple of hours a day in Korn. Every day. And then when you come home and you've got to deal with real life and your wife isn't having that, crap goes down." Despite his dreams coming true, Welch did not enjoy the touring life with Korn. You travel, you get to another town, you play a show and you do it again. You try to just be at peace but even a big, huge band like Korn, playing in front of thousands of people, it can get lonely. You feel like you're a trucker and you're traveling with a bunch of truckers. You can't connect with people except for the ones that you're with because the ones you party with after the show, you don't know them and then you're gone. When everyone's drunk, you're like 'Alright. Later.'


title: Brian Welch

text: On February 22, 2005, Korn's management announced that after almost 12 years, Welch had left Korn, citing that he had "...chosen the Lord Jesus Christ as his savior, and will be dedicating his musical pursuits to that end." In a 2009 radio interview with The Full Armor of God Broadcast, Welch explained: "I was walking one day, just doing my Rock & Roll thing making millions of bucks, you know success and everything, addicted to drugs and then the next day I had Revelation of Christ and I was like, everything changes right now!" On March 10, 2005, Welch was baptized in the Jordan River with a group of believers from his church in Bakersfield, California. He has declared that he has rid himself of all drugs in his "own personal rehab" with God, in which he had checked into a hotel room and sat in his bed for hours.


title: Brian Welch

text: Welch and Davis had attacked each other in the media since the former's departure. After Welch said that Davis and the rest of Korn cared only about money, Davis responded in kind, opening a rift between them that has since been resolved. In an interview in which Welch was asked about his book and Korn's reaction to the book and the attacks in the media he made earlier at the band:


title: Brian Welch

text: They heard that I'd written it, and there was rumors going around in Hollywood that I was totally trashing them and that it was a 'tell all' book about everything they did and I did. And so they actually wrote two songs on their new album bashing me about the book. But once I heard that they were concerned about the book, I sent them a copy and put a note in there and said, 'I love you guys. I didn't trash you like people say. Read it yourselves. It is what it is.' And now they're doing interviews, and I've read that they're totally cool with the book, and it's not what they thought it was going to be. So everyone's happy. But, now they've got two songs hating on me on their record. But it's cool. It's all good. I love them, they love me. I think maybe I deserved those songs because of some of the stuff that I said after I quit the band. So it's all good.


title: Brian Welch

text: In July 2005, Welch appeared on CNN's feature-format program "People in the News", where he admitted to having been addicted to alcohol, methamphetamine, Xanax, and sleeping pills before being introduced to the Christian faith. Following his conversion to Christianity, Welch went to some of the more poverty-stricken areas of India to build orphanages, or "Head Homes". In a podcast with Headbanger's Blog, on May 30, 2008, Korn vocalist Jonathan Davis expressed interest in playing with Welch on the band's upcoming album, but stated that it is not likely. In late 2008, Welch, among other celebrities such as Josh Hamilton and Greg Ellis, appeared in testimonial videos called I Am Second in which he shares his story of recovering from drug use with the help of his faith in Jesus Christ. In September 2009, Korn guitarist Munky, in an interview with Altitude TV, alleged that the band had denied a request by Welch to rejoin the outfit. In the interview, Munky claimed:


title: Brian Welch

text: Brian actually contacted us recently and wanted to come back to the band. And it was not the right time... for us. We're doing well, and it's kind of like... It's kind of like if you divorced your wife and she went on and she stayed successful and her career flourished, and you go back and [say], 'My gosh, she's still hot. Baby, can we get back together?' 'Wait a minute... All the stuff's been divided, and it's like...' I don't see it happening right now. Shortly after, Welch responded to the statement via his Myspace and official website, denying the claims:


title: Brian Welch

text: I recently learned of an interview that Munky gave where he said that I came to Korn and asked to be taken back in the band. That's definitely not a complete and accurate picture. The full truth is that for about a year... Korn's managers have been requesting my manager to work on getting me back into Korn. The calls were initiated by Korn's managers, not my manager. I shut the door on their requests many, many times over the last several months.


title: Brian Welch

text: <br>As far as Munky's comment that 'everything has been divided already' that is also not accurate. In fact, from January 2005 when I left, and for the next 4 years, Korn failed to pay to me royalties that were due me on records that I did with them. However, I don't believe this was done intentionally. We are trying to be patient and work with their management to get the financial issues resolved so that 'everything can be divided as we agreed long ago in our contracts.'


title: Brian Welch

text: Welch told "Alternative Press" magazine that it was at this time that he had essentially become broke because of bad business deals, mismanagement, and philanthropy. Welch stated there was a time that he was unable to pay his bills and resorted to finding loose change around his rental home to cover essentials. A royalty cheque was released to him not long after, allowing him some stability.


title: Brian Welch

text: On June 17, 2011, Welch had a private interview, shot by Carson Bankord of Red Rocks Church in Golden, Colorado, in which he discussed his conversion experience. In an interview with Loudwire in November 2011, Head confirmed that he and the other members of Korn are still on good terms.


title: Brian Welch

text: On May 5, 2012, at the Carolina Rebellion in Rockingham, NC, Welch was there originally as a special guest for a performance by Red. Later that evening, Korn was performing on the main stage and Jonathan Davis brought out Welch as a special guest to close their act, marking the first time Welch had performed with Korn since his departure in 2005.


title: Brian Welch

text: Welch performed with the band at Rock on the Range in May 2013, as well as Rock Am Ring and Rock Im Park in June 2013 in Germany, as well as Download Festival in England.


title: Brian Welch

text: Welch rejoined Korn on May 2, 2013, and recorded his first album with the band in ten years, "The Paradigm Shift".


title: Brian Welch

text: Welch has shown support for the LGBT community. In 2016, after receiving backlash by some Christian fans for praying at a concert for transgender people, he wrote a Facebook post criticizing the judgemental nature of certain Christians and encouraged them to "open their hearts".


title: Brian Welch

text: In 2021, Welch stated that while he is still a Christian, he had gone "too far with it", feeling like religion had become another addiction. He also said he now feels he has gotten past being overly religious, but that faith in Christ is still the foundation of his life.


title: Brian Welch

text: As early as a week following his departure from Korn, Welch claimed through press that a solo record was close to being completed, although there was no release date given, nor had he yet signed on with a label to distribute the record.


title: Brian Welch

text: A number of demos from these early sessions surfaced on peer-to-peer networks, among them "A Cheap Name", a song directed at rapper 50 Cent. He also recorded several other songs, including "Dream" and "A Letter to Dimebag", the latter being an instrumental tribute to "Dimebag" Darrell Abbott, guitarist for heavy metal bands Pantera and Damageplan. In his autobiography, Welch mentions the songs "Washed by Blood," "Save Me from Myself," and "Rebel", which all have made the final track listing for the album.


title: Brian Welch

text: In an interview with MTV News, Welch clarified a few things. Primarily, he was concerned that it was reported that his new songs wouldn't be "Christian music".


title: Brian Welch

text: During his stay in Israel with members of the Valley Bible Fellowship of Bakersfield, California, Welch continued to write songs for his solo effort, confident that the music would speak for itself. "I want to make music that will help people. I want to use every dime of the money I make off the songs to build skate parks for kids," he said. "My life now is about helping kids." Originally, Welch contacted Fieldy of Korn to produce the album, but Fieldy made no response.


title: Brian Welch

text: On March 15, 2008, Welch announced he had founded a record company with Mark Nawara and Greg Shanabeger called Driven Music Group. The company's artists are distributed by Warner Music Group and Rykodisc. Welch also announced that he had re-dubbed his album "Save Me from Myself", after his autobiography of the same name. Following this, his official MySpace profile went online, and the domain name for his official website was moved from www.headtochrist.com to www.brianheadwelch.net. Welch also revealed that a tour was expected to follow the release of "Save Me from Myself".


title: Brian Welch

text: For the album, Welch contributed the majority of the instruments, but also hired other contributors, including rhythm guitarist Archie J. Muise Jr., bassist Tony Levin, and drummer Josh Freese, for assistance. The first single, "Flush", was released on July 5, 2008, at Cornerstone Festival in Bushnell, Illinois, and a music video directed by Frankie Nasso followed on September 5.


title: Brian Welch

text: Originally, Welch planned for the project to follow the "Head" name, but was persuaded otherwise so as not to be sued by the tennis equipment manufacturer of the same name. Though the project has since been dubbed "Brian Head Welch", the album art continues to carry the imprint of the project's original title. The project's true title does appear on the spines of the packaging.


title: Brian Welch

text: Of the album, Welch said: "I knew it was going to be nothing near as big as Korn, but I was proud of it. It's got some heavy riffs and it's got a lot more emotion than I've ever put in music. I'm an emotional guy (and) it was cool to be able to put it in there. It was cool how people were surprised by it. A lot of people thought I was gonna come out with some 'Kumbaya,' Jesus music."


title: Brian Welch

text: For his live touring band, Welch held closed and open auditions to recruit members. Members posted videos online of them performing Welch's solo songs and the list was narrowed down to a few who did a personal audition with Welch. Eventually, the lineup was finalized to include Brian Ruedy (Keyboards), Scott "SVH" Von Heldt (guitar & backing vocals), Ralph Patlan (guitar), Michael "Valentine" (bass), and Dan Johnson (drums).


title: Brian Welch

text: Along with many other artists, including ex-Korn bandmates Fieldy and Munky, Welch contributed to "A Song for Chi". The instrumental track was to benefit Deftones bassist Chi Cheng, who was in a coma but later died. All the profits benefited the "One Love for Chi" foundation. This was the first time Head was involved with any of his former bandmates since leaving the band.


title: Brian Welch

text: In 2009, Welch joined the 9th annual Independent Music Awards judging panel to assist independent musicians' careers.


title: Brian Welch

text: On July 2, 2009, Welch headlined the mainstage of the Cornerstone Festival and on August 29, Welch headlined the Exit Concert in Las Vegas at the Thomas and Mack Arena with Blindside and Flyleaf. On July 3, 2010, he was featured on the Fringe stage of the Creation Festival.


title: Brian Welch

text: Welch has often described his solo project as being received very differently from Korn. Despite his fame with Korn, he has compared his solo project to 'starting over': "It's a struggle, because one show I'll have a thousand people there, and the next show there'll be a hundred. When the hundred is there, I'm like, 'There's one or two people who really need us to be here,' and it should be focused on them and I shouldn't care if there's a big crowd or not, but I struggle with it. I was in Korn and we sold like 25 million albums, and I can't even fill this little bar up? Of all those fans, 300–400 people can't just show up here? It's like starting over, totally."


title: Brian Welch

text: "Save Me From Myself" peaked at No. 63 on the "Billboard" 200 while also peaking at 13 and 21 on the Hard Rock and Rock charts, respectively.


title: Brian Welch

text: In 2008, Welch became a principal organizer and representative of The Whosoevers, an outreach organization and product line co-founded by Sonny Sandoval of P.O.D. and public speaker, Ryan Ries, and included Lacey Mosely of Flyleaf, and freestyle motocross athlete, Ronnie Faisst. Sandoval and Ries speak publicly worldwide in settings such as schools, rehab centers, conferences and youth events inspiring individuals who are eager to discover their purpose.


title: Brian Welch

text: According to an interview with the Great Falls Tribune, Welch returned to the studio to begin work on a second album. Concerning his career at the time, Welch said that "I feel like I was created to do what I'm doing right now. Everything I learned in my life before I changed it all over, it set me up for what I'm doing now. That's the satisfaction. That's the peace in knowing, without a doubt, that you're on the road you're supposed to be on. There's nothing more content than that."


title: Brian Welch

text: In November 2009, Welch announced that his second effort would be produced by Grammy-nominee Rob Graves (Red, Pillar), and that the band was recording in Nashville, expecting to complete the record by February 2010. Of recording with Graves, Welch stated that "the production on our new record is going awesome with Rob Graves. Our goal is to get the record completely mixed and mastered by the first part of February, and released immediately thereafter. My band is together, helping with the recording, and we will be ready for a full U.S. tour beginning early next year."


title: Brian Welch

text: Welch also signed an international representational deal with William Morris Endeavor Entertainment. On signing the deal with WMEE, Welch said that "I'm really excited about my deal with William Morris Endeavor, and I'm honored to be on the roster of one of the largest and most storied agencies in existence. I would like to publicly thank Ember Rigsby Tanksley and her entire team at WMEE for their belief in what I am trying to do. I feel like this is the final piece in the puzzle that we have been working on to take us to the next level."


title: Brian Welch

text: According to Welch in April 2010, he has finished a demo of a record for the songs, but has yet to re-enter the studio to complete the recording process as he is on tour in the United States. The band has been playing a number of unreleased songs live from the demo of the record including the following songs:


title: Brian Welch

text: On March 25, 2011, Welch started a North American tour with Decyfer Down, The Letter Black, and The Wedding.


title: Brian Welch

text: Welch and his band went into the studio with Jasen Rauch in early/mid-2011 to start recording an EP. The lead single, "Paralyzed", was released on October 4, 2011. The "making of" video for "Paralyzed" was posted on Welch's Facebook fan page, along with a streaming of the full "Paralyzed" track. The music video for "Paralyzed" was released on Revolver's website on November 8, 2011. In February 2012, Welch announced that the EP would be released under the name "Love and Death", the new moniker for his solo project.


title: Brian Welch

text: On March 22, 2011, Welch got into a legal battle with his own label, Driven Music Group, and former managers Greg Shanaberger and Mark Nawara. According to Welch, Shanaberger structured Head Touring, Welch's touring company under Driven Music, to give himself and Nawara share of control and revenue. Shanaberger's agreements required Welch to buy merchandise through Head Touring at an inflated price which was far above industry standards, "for which Shanaberger and Nawara reaped the benefits," claims Welch. Welch also claims that Shanaberger attempted to hide "his fraudulent, unethical and illegal behavior" by listing his then fiancee as a shareholder. Welch claims that the agreements were "predatory, unconscionable, and constitutes self-dealing" and that they were written with the intention to "rob Welch of his master recordings, which were worth upwards of $600,000." Welch is seeking punitive damages, the appointment of a receiver, the dissolution of Driven Music Group, and costs.


title: Brian Welch

text: In February 2012, Welch announced that he was re-branding his music under the name Love and Death, effectively forming a band under that name. In an official statement, Welch elaborated on the name and the change:


title: Brian Welch

text: The name "Love and Death" symbolizes everything we've been through as a band over the last few years. We love this band so much and we'll go through hell to connect with our fans. Many people have confused my speaking dates and our band dates because they were both being booked as Brian Head Welch. I have wanted to use a band name for branding my music for a few years. Now with the new music coming out, its time to really separate the things I do. I want the music to be about music. I will still be doing public speaking under Brian Head Welch. I am happy that all the confusion will be over.


title: Brian Welch

text: The band's debut single, "Chemicals", was released in March, while an EP of the same name was released on April 24, 2012.


title: Brian Welch

text: Despite rejoining Korn permanently in 2013, Welch has clarified that Love and Death will remain an active project. On May 17, 2016, Love and Death released a new single, "Lo Lamento", as a free-download with the purchase of his book, "With My Eyes Wide Open: Miracles & Mistakes on My Way Back to KoRn".


title: Brian Welch

text: In 2021, the band plans to release their second album, "Perfectly Preserved", on February 12, 2021, with two singles, "Down" and "White Flag", released to promote its release.


title: Brian Welch

text: Welch's first guitar was a Peavey Mystic, which he later sold along with a practice amp to future bandmate James "Munky" Shaffer. Throughout his career with Korn, Welch almost exclusively played Ibanez guitars, most of which were assembled at the Ibanez LA Custom Shop.


title: Brian Welch

text: During his later days with Korn, Welch and Munky played their own signature guitar, the Ibanez K7. Since leaving Korn, Welch mostly uses custom-built baritone guitars from Ibanez, making use of the RG and, at the time, newly introduced RGD shape. After rejoining Korn in 2013, Welch received several custom-made Ibanez seven-string RGDs.


title: Brian Welch

text: In 2017, Welch switched endorsement from Ibanez to ESP Guitars after being with the former for 24 years. He released his first ESP signature model called the SH-7ET.


title: Brian Welch

text: Welch's pedalboard has grown considerably from his early days with Korn. He considers experimenting and trying out new pedals to be one of his favorite things to do when working in a studio.


title: Lactose

text: Lactose is a disaccharide sugar synthesized by galactose and glucose subunits and has the molecular formula CHO. Lactose makes up around 2–8% of milk (by mass). The name comes from ' (gen. '), the Latin word for milk, plus the suffix "-ose" used to name sugars. The compound is a white, water-soluble, non-hygroscopic solid with a mildly sweet taste. It is used in the food industry.


title: Lactose

text: Lactose is a disaccharide derived from the condensation of galactose and glucose, which form a β-1→4 glycosidic linkage. Its systematic name is β--galactopyranosyl-(1→4)--glucose. The glucose can be in either the α-pyranose form or the β-pyranose form, whereas the galactose can only have the β-pyranose form: hence α-lactose and β-lactose refer to the anomeric form of the glucopyranose ring alone.


title: Lactose

text: Detection reactions for lactose are the Woehlk- and Fearon's test. Both can be easily used in school experiments to visualise the different lactose content of different dairy products such as whole milk, lactose free milk, yogurt, buttermilk, coffee creamer, sour cream, kefir etc.


title: Lactose

text: Lactose is hydrolysed to glucose and galactose, isomerised in alkaline solution to lactulose, and catalytically hydrogenated to the corresponding polyhydric alcohol, lactitol. Lactulose is a commercial product, used for treatment of constipation.


title: Lactose

text: Lactose composes about 2–8% of milk by weight. Several million tons are produced annually as a by-product of the dairy industry.


title: Lactose

text: Whey or milk plasma is the liquid remaining after milk is curdled and strained, for example in the production of cheese. Whey is made up of 6.5% solids, of which 4.8% is lactose, which is purified by crystallisation. Industrially, lactose is produced from whey permeate – that is whey filtrated for all major proteins. The protein fraction is used in infant nutrition and sports nutrition while the permeate can be evaporated to 60–65% solids and crystallized while cooling. Lactose can also be isolated by dilution of whey with ethanol.


title: Lactose

text: Dairy products such as yogurt and cheese contain very little lactose. This is because the bacteria used to make these products breaks down lactose through the use of lactase.


title: Lactose

text: Infant mammals nurse on their mothers to drink milk, which is rich in lactose. The intestinal villi secrete the enzyme lactase (β-D-galactosidase) to digest it. This enzyme cleaves the lactose molecule into its two subunits, the simple sugars glucose and galactose, which can be absorbed. Since lactose occurs mostly in milk, in most mammals, the production of lactase gradually decreases with maturity due to genetic predispositions.


title: Lactose

text: Many people with ancestry in Europe, West Asia, South Asia, the Sahel belt in West Africa, East Africa and a few other parts of Central Africa maintain lactase production into adulthood. In many of these areas, milk from mammals such as cattle, goats, and sheep is used as a large source of food. Hence, it was in these regions that genes for lifelong lactase production first evolved. The genes of adult lactose tolerance have evolved independently in various ethnic groups. By descent, more than 70% of western Europeans can digest lactose as adults, compared with less than 30% of people from areas of Africa, eastern and south-eastern Asia and Oceania. In people who are lactose intolerant, lactose is not broken down and provides food for gas-producing gut flora, which can lead to diarrhea, bloating, flatulence, and other gastrointestinal symptoms.


title: Lactose

text: The sweetness of lactose is 0.2 to 0.4, relative to 1.0 for sucrose. For comparison, the sweetness of glucose is 0.6 to 0.7, of fructose is 1.3, of galactose is 0.5 to 0.7, of maltose is 0.4 to 0.5, of sorbose is 0.4, and of xylose is 0.6 to 0.7.


title: Lactose

text: When lactose is completely digested in the small intestine, its caloric value is 4 kcal/g, or the same as that of other carbohydrates. However, lactose is not always fully digested in the small intestine. Depending on ingested dose, combination with meals (either solid or liquid), and lactase activity in the intestines, the caloric value of lactose ranges from 2 to 4 kcal/g. Undigested lactose acts as dietary fiber. It also has positive effects on absorption of minerals, such as calcium and magnesium.


title: Lactose

text: The glycemic index of lactose is 46 to 65. For comparison, the glycemic index of glucose is 100 to 138, of sucrose is 68 to 92, of maltose is 105, and of fructose is 19 to 27.


title: Lactose

text: Lactose has relatively low cariogenicity among sugars. This is because it is not a substrate for dental plaque formation and it is not rapidly fermented by oral bacteria. The buffering capacity of milk also reduces the cariogenicity of lactose.


title: Lactose

text: Its mild flavor and easy handling properties have led to its use as a carrier and stabiliser of aromas and pharmaceutical products. Lactose is not added directly to many foods, because its solubility is less than that of other sugars commonly used in food. Infant formula is a notable exception, where the addition of lactose is necessary to match the composition of human milk.


title: Lactose

text: Lactose is not fermented by most yeast during brewing, which may be used to advantage. For example, lactose may be used to sweeten stout beer; the resulting beer is usually called a milk stout or a cream stout.


title: Lactose

text: Yeast belonging to the genus "Kluyveromyces" have a unique industrial application as they are capable of fermenting lactose for ethanol production. Surplus lactose from the whey by-product of dairy operations is a potential source of alternative energy.


title: Lactose

text: Another significant lactose use is in the pharmaceutical industry. Lactose is added to tablet and capsule drug products as an ingredient because of its physical and functional properties. For similar reasons it can be used to dilute illicit drugs such as cocaine or heroin.


title: Lactose

text: The first crude isolation of lactose, by Italian physician Fabrizio Bartoletti (1576–1630), was published in 1633. In 1700, the Venetian pharmacist Lodovico Testi (1640–1707) published a booklet of testimonials to the power of milk sugar ("saccharum lactis") to relieve, among other ailments, the symptoms of arthritis. In 1715, Testi's procedure for making milk sugar was published by Antonio Vallisneri. Lactose was identified as a sugar in 1780 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele.


title: Lactose

text: In 1812, Heinrich Vogel (1778–1867) recognized that glucose was a product of hydrolyzing lactose. In 1856, Louis Pasteur crystallized the other component of lactose, galactose. By 1894, Emil Fischer had established the configurations of the component sugars.


title: Lactose

text: Lactose was named by the French chemist Jean Baptiste André Dumas (1800–1884) in 1843. In 1856, Louis Pasteur named galactose "lactose". In 1860, Marcellin Berthelot renamed it "galactose", and transferred the name "lactose" to what is now called lactose. It has a formula of CHO and the hydrate formula CHO·HO, making it an isomer of sucrose.


title: Bill Gates Sr.

text: William Henry Gates II (November 30, 1925September 14, 2020), better known as Bill Gates Sr., was an American attorney, philanthropist, and civic leader. He was the founder of the law firm Shidler McBroom & Gates (a predecessor of K&L Gates), and also served as president of both the Seattle King County and Washington State Bar associations. He was the father of Bill Gates, co-founder of Microsoft.


title: Bill Gates Sr.

text: Gates was born in Bremerton, Washington, in 1925, and was the son of Lillian Elizabeth Rice (1891–1966) and William Henry Gates Jr. (1891–1969), who was himself the son of William Henry Gates, a furniture store owner and gold prospector during the Dawson Gold Rush of 1898 (not to be confused with Bill Gates (frontiersman)). He graduated from Bremerton High School in 1943.


title: Bill Gates Sr.

text: Gates served in the US Army for three years during World War II. He subsequently attended the University of Washington under the G.I. Bill, earning a B.A. in 1949 and a J.D. degree in 1950. While at UW, he was a member of the Chi Psi fraternity.


title: Bill Gates Sr.

text: Gates co-founded the law firm Shidler McBroom & Gates in 1964, which later became a part of Preston Gates & Ellis LLP (PGE). He practiced with the firm until 1998, when it was merged into the firm now known as K&L Gates. During his career he served as president of both the Seattle/King County Bar Association and the Washington State Bar Association.


title: Bill Gates Sr.

text: Gates served on the boards of numerous organizations in the Pacific Northwest, including the Greater Seattle Chamber of Commerce, King County United Way and Planned Parenthood. In 1995, he founded the Technology Alliance, whose mission is to expand technology-based employment in Washington.


title: Bill Gates Sr.

text: In 1998, Gates retired from Preston Gates & Ellis. He served for 15 years on the Board of Regents for the University of Washington, and until his death was a co-chair of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, which his son Bill and his daughter-in-law Melinda founded. He served as a director for the bulk retail corporation Costco Wholesale from 2003, and was a founding co-chair of the Pacific Health Summit. He served as an Honorary Chair for the World Justice Project. The project works to lead a global, multidisciplinary effort to strengthen the Rule of Law for the development of communities of opportunity and equity.


title: Bill Gates Sr.

text: Gates co-authored the book "Wealth and Our Commonwealth: Why America Should Tax Accumulated Fortunes" with Chuck Collins. It is a defense of the policies promoted by the estate tax. He was also the author of the book "Showing Up for Life: Thoughts on the Gifts of a Lifetime".


title: Bill Gates Sr.

text: In 1951, Gates married Mary Maxwell Gates (née Maxwell) (1929–1994), whom he met at the University of Washington (UW), and they remained married until her death in 1994. They had three children: Kristianne, Bill, and Libby. His two daughters, Kristi Blake and Libby Armintrout, are both active members of the UW community. He was a lifelong supporter of the Washington Huskies college football team.


title: Bill Gates Sr.

text: In 1996, Gates married his second wife Mimi Gardner Gates (b. 1943), who was director of the Seattle Art Museum.


title: Bill Gates Sr.

text: In 2018, it was revealed that Gates was suffering from Alzheimer's disease. He died on September 14, 2020, aged 94, at his beach home on Hood Canal in Washington state. In a tribute, his son said that his "wisdom, generosity, empathy, and humility had a huge influence on people around the world."


title: Bill Gates Sr.

text: Bill Gerberding, who was UW president from 1979 to 1995, described Gates as "a good man with a big heart [and] generous public spirit", while former Seattle mayor Norman Rice characterized Gates' core values as "social justice and economic opportunity".


title: Refeeding syndrome

text: Refeeding syndrome is a metabolic disturbance that occurs as a result of reinstitution of nutrition in people and animals who are starved, severely malnourished, or metabolically stressed because of severe illness. When too much food or liquid nutrition supplement is eaten during the initial four to seven days following a malnutrition event, the production of glycogen, fat and protein in cells may cause low serum concentrations of potassium, magnesium and phosphate. Cardiac, pulmonary and neurological symptoms can be signs of refeeding syndrome. The low serum minerals, if severe enough, can be fatal.


title: Refeeding syndrome

text: Any individual who has had a negligible nutrient intake for many consecutive days and/or is metabolically stressed from a critical illness or major surgery is at risk of refeeding syndrome. Refeeding syndrome usually occurs within four days of starting to re-feed. Patients can develop fluid and electrolyte imbalance, especially hypophosphatemia, along with neurologic, pulmonary, cardiac, neuromuscular, and hematologic complications.


title: Refeeding syndrome

text: During fasting, the body switches its main fuel source from carbohydrates to fat tissue fatty acids and amino acids as the main energy sources. The spleen decreases its rate of red blood cell breakdown thus conserving red blood cells. Many intracellular minerals become severely depleted during this period, although serum levels remain normal. Importantly, insulin secretion is suppressed in this fasting state, and glucagon secretion is increased.


title: Refeeding syndrome

text: During refeeding, insulin secretion resumes in response to increased blood sugar, resulting in increased glycogen, fat, and protein synthesis. Refeeding increases the basal metabolic rate. The process requires phosphates, magnesium and potassium which are already depleted, and the stores rapidly become used up. Formation of phosphorylated carbohydrate compounds in the liver and skeletal muscle depletes intracellular ATP and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in red blood cells, leading to cellular dysfunction and inadequate oxygen delivery to the body's organs. Intracellular movement of electrolytes occurs along with a fall in the serum electrolytes, including phosphate and magnesium. Levels of serum glucose may rise, and B vitamin thiamine may fall. Abnormal heart rhythms are the most common cause of death from refeeding syndrome, with other significant risks including confusion, coma and convulsions and cardiac failure.


title: Refeeding syndrome

text: The syndrome can occur at the beginning of treatment for anorexia nervosa when patients have an increase in calorie intake and can be fatal. It can also occur after the onset of a severe illness or major surgery. The shifting of electrolytes and fluid balance increases cardiac workload and heart rate. This can lead to acute heart failure. Oxygen consumption is increased which strains the respiratory system and can make weaning from ventilation more difficult.


title: Refeeding syndrome

text: Refeeding syndrome can be fatal if not recognized and treated properly. An awareness of the condition and a high index of suspicion are required in order to make the diagnosis. The electrolyte disturbances of the refeeding syndrome can occur within the first few days of refeeding. Close monitoring of blood biochemistry is therefore necessary in the early refeeding period.


title: Refeeding syndrome

text: In critically ill patients admitted to an intensive care unit, if phosphate drops to below 0.65 mmol/L (2.0 mg/dL) from a previously normal level within three days of starting enteral or parenteral nutrition, caloric intake should be reduced to 480 kcals per day for at least two days while electrolytes are replaced. Daily doses of thiamine, vitamin B complex (strong) and a multivitamin and mineral preparation are strongly recommended. Blood biochemistry should be monitored regularly until it is stable. Although clinical trials are lacking in patients other than those admitted to intensive care, it is commonly recommended that energy intake should remain lower than that normally required for the first 3–5 days of treatment of refeeding syndrome for all patients.


title: Refeeding syndrome

text: In his 5th century BC work 'On Fleshes' ("De Carnibus"), Hippocrates writes, "if a person goes seven days without eating or drinking anything, in this period most die; but there are some who survive that time but still die, and others are persuaded not to starve themselves to death but to eat and drink: however, the cavity no longer admits anything because the jejunum (nêstis) has grown together in that many days, and these people too die." Though Hippocrates misidentifies the cause of death, this passage likely represents an early description of refeeding syndrome. The Roman Historian Flavius Josephus writing in the first century described classic symptoms of the syndrome among survivors of the siege of Jerusalem. He described the death of those who overindulged in food after the famine, whereas those who ate at a more restrained pace survived.


title: Refeeding syndrome

text: There were numerous cases of refeeding syndrome in the Siege of Leningrad during World War II, with Soviet civilians trapped in the city having becoming malnourished due to the German blockade. (Machado).


title: Refeeding syndrome

text: A common error, repeated in multiple papers, is that "The syndrome was first described after World War II in Americans who, held by the Japanese as prisoners of war, had become malnourished during captivity and who were then released to the care of United States personnel in the Philippines."


title: Refeeding syndrome

text: However, closer inspection of the 1951 paper by Schnitker reveals the prisoners under study were not American POWs but Japanese soldiers who, already malnourished, surrendered in the Philippines during 1945, after the war was over.


title: Refeeding syndrome

text: Refeeding syndrome has also been documented among survivors of the Ebensee concentration camp upon their liberation by the U.S. Army in May 1945. After liberation, the inmates were fed rich soup; the stomachs of a few presumably couldn't handle the sudden caloric intake and digestion, and they died.


title: Refeeding syndrome

text: It is difficult to ascertain when the syndrome was first discovered and named, but it is likely the associated electrolyte disturbances were identified perhaps in Holland, the Netherlands during the closing months of World War II.


title: RIM-162 ESSM

text: The RIM-162 Evolved SeaSparrow Missile (ESSM) is a development of the RIM-7 Sea Sparrow missile used to protect ships from attacking missiles and aircraft. ESSM is designed to counter supersonic maneuvering anti-ship missiles. ESSM also has the ability to be "quad-packed" in the Mark 41 Vertical Launch System, allowing up to four ESSMs to be carried in a single cell.


title: RIM-162 ESSM

text: The original Sea Sparrow was an expedient design intended to provide short-range defensive fire in a system that could be deployed as rapidly as possible. The AIM-7 Sparrow was the simplest solution as its radar guidance allowed it to be fired head-on at targets and this guidance was easily provided by mounting an aircraft radar on a trainable platform. In the years after its introduction, it was upgraded to follow improvements being made in the air-to-air Sparrow models used by the US Navy and US Air Force. The ultimate version in this line of weapons was the R model, which introduced a new dual-seeker homing system and many other upgrades. After that point, the AIM-120 AMRAAM offered higher performance from a missile that was smaller and lighter, and development of the Sparrow ended in the 1990s.


title: RIM-162 ESSM

text: This left only the Sea Sparrow using the basic platform, and it no longer had to fit on aircraft. So instead of simply using the P and R models as they were, it was decided to dramatically upgrade the weapon as the Evolved SeaSparrow. The ESSM emerged as a completely new weapon, common only in name with the original, although using all of the same support equipment allowing it to be fit to ships already mounting the older models. Compared to the Sea Sparrow, ESSM has a larger, more powerful rocket motor for increased range and agility, as well as upgraded aerodynamics using strakes and skid-to-turn. In addition, ESSM takes advantage of the latest missile guidance technology, with different versions for Aegis/AN/SPY-1, Sewaco/Active Phased Array Radar (APAR), and traditional target illumination all-the-way.


title: RIM-162 ESSM

text: In the 2000s the NATO Seasparrow Project Office began planning an upgraded Block 2 version of the ESSM. In 2014 Canada pledged 200M CAD to underwrite their share of the Block 2's development cost. ESSM Block 2 leverages the existing Block 1 rocket motor and features a dual-mode X band seeker, increased maneuverability, and other enhancements. Block 2 features enhanced communications systems that allow for mid-course guidance correction, which makes the missiles easy to network into the Navy's emerging Cooperative Engagement Capability. Unlike Block 1, Block 2's active radar homing seeker will support terminal engagement without the launch ship's target illumination radars. The upgraded blast-fragmentation warhead was designed, developed and is being produced by Roketsan. The improved ESSM Block II will be fielded by the US Navy from 2020.


title: RIM-162 ESSM

text: The original launcher is Mark 29 Guided Missile Launching System Mod. 4 & 5 (Mk 29 GMLS Mod 4 & 5), which is developed from earlier models Mk 29 Mod 1/2/3 for Sea Sparrow. Mk 29 launchers provide on-mount stowage and launching capability for firing up to eight missiles in a self-contained environmentally controlled trainable launcher design.


title: RIM-162 ESSM

text: The Mark 41 Vertical Launching System is the primary launch system for the Evolved SeaSparrow Missile. The Mk 41 is deployed aboard destroyers and frigates, primarily of the United States and allied nations. The ESSM is quadpacked within a Mk 41 cell allowing a significantly increased missile load over SM-2.


title: RIM-162 ESSM

text: In addition to the Mk 29 GMLS and Mk 41 VLS, the other primary launcher is Mk 48 VLS. The 2-cell module of Mk 48 makes the system very versatile and enables it to be installed on board in spaces that otherwise cannot be utilized. The weight of a 2-cell module of Mk 48 is 660 kg (1,450 lb; including empty canisters), 330 kg (725 lb) for exhaust system, and 360 kg (800 lb) for ship installation interfaces. Each canister of the Mk 48 VLS houses a single RIM-7VL (Vertically Launched) Sea Sparrow cell or two RIM-162 ESSM cells, though, with modification, other missiles can also be launched. There are a total of four models in the Mk 48 family, with Mod 0 & 1 housing either 2 RIM-7VL or 4 RIM-162 cells, Mod 2 housing either 16 RIM-7VL or 32 RIM-162 cells. Mod 0/1/2 are usually grouped into either a 16-cell module for RIM-7VL or a 32-cell module for RIM-162. Mod 3 fits into the StanFlex modules on Royal Danish Navy ships and can house either 6 RIM-7VL or 12 RIM-162 cells; the Danes now use the latter.


title: RIM-162 ESSM

text: The successor of the Mk 48 VLS is the Mark 56 Guided Missile Vertical Launching System (Mk 56 GMVLS) or simply Mk 56. In comparison to its predecessor, the Mk 56 utilizes a greater percentage of composite material, reducing the weight by more than 20%. The Mexican Navy will be one of the customers of the Mk 56, using an 8-cell launcher on their Sigma-class design frigates.


title: RIM-162 ESSM

text: The Mk 57 Peripheral Vertical Launching System (PVLS), an evolution of Mk 41 VLS, is used on "Zumwalt"-class destroyers. It is designed to be installed on the ship periphery instead of centralized magazines. It comes in 4-cell launcher modules and provides backwards compatibility with existing missiles, while allowing new missiles with significantly increased propulsion and payloads.


title: RIM-162 ESSM

text: The AMRAAM-ER is an Extended Range upgrade to the AIM-120 AMRAAM missile for the NASAMS ground-based air defense system, which combines ESSM rocket motor with the AMRAAM two-stage seeker head.


title: RIM-162 ESSM

text: US operational evaluation was conducted in July 2002 aboard . Initial operational capability did not occur until later.


title: RIM-162 ESSM

text: In October 2003, at the USN Pacific Missile Range Facility near Hawaii, Australian frigate conducted a successful firing of an ESSM. The firing was also the first operational use of the CEA Technologies CWI for guidance.


title: RIM-162 ESSM

text: In November 2003, approximately from the Azores, the Royal Netherlands Navy (RNLN) frigate conducted a live fire test of a single ESSM. This firing was the first ever live firing involving a full-size ship-borne active electronically scanned array (i.e. the APAR radar) guiding a missile using the Interrupted Continuous Wave Illumination (ICWI) technique in an operational environment. As related by Jane's Navy International:


title: RIM-162 ESSM

text: During the tracking and missile-firing tests, target profiles were provided by Greek-built EADS/3Sigma Iris PVK medium-range subsonic target drones. [...] According to the RNLN, ... "APAR immediately acquired the missile and maintained track until destruction". [...] These ground-breaking tests represented the world's first live verification of the ICWI technique.


title: RIM-162 ESSM

text: In August 2004, a German Navy completed a series of live missile firings at the Point Mugu missile launch range off the coast of California that included a total of 11 ESSM missile firings. The tests included firings against target drones such as the Northrop BQM-74E Chukkar III and Teledyne Ryan BQM-34S Firebee I, as well as against missile targets such as the Beech AQM-37C and air-launched Kormoran 1 anti-ship missiles.


title: RIM-162 ESSM

text: Further live firings were performed by the RNLN frigate HNLMS "De Zeven Provinciën" in March 2005, again in the Atlantic Ocean approximately west of the Azores. The tests involved three live-firing events (two of which involved the ESSM) including firing a single SM-2 Block IIIA at an Iris target drone at long range, a single ESSM at an Iris target drone, and a two-salvo launch (with one salvo comprising two SM-2 Block IIIAs and the other comprising two ESSMs) against two incoming Iris target drones.


title: RIM-162 ESSM

text: All ESSM launches from and "Sachsen"-class frigates involved ESSMs quad-packed in a Mark 41 Vertical Launching System.


title: RIM-162 ESSM

text: The first "kill" by the RIM-162D from a United States Navy carrier's Mk 29 launcher was achieved during a training exercise by on 7 October 2008.


title: RIM-162 ESSM

text: On 14 May 2013, the ESSM intercepted a high-diving supersonic test target, demonstrating the ability to hit high-G maneuvering, low-velocity air threats, as well as surface targets. No software changes were needed to prove the ESSM's enhanced capability.


title: RIM-162 ESSM

text: On 30 August 2015, during the annual 'Co-operation Afloat Readiness and Training' ('CARAT') exercise, the ESSM was fired from the Royal Thai Navy "Naresuan"-class guided-missile frigate HTMS "Naresuan" and achieved a direct hit on a BQM-74E drone missile launched from the USN amphibious dock landing ship USS "Germantown".


title: RIM-162 ESSM

text: On 9 October 2016, fired one RIM-162 ESSM and two SM-2s to defend against two incoming Houthi anti-ship cruise missiles, potentially Chinese-built C-802 missiles. It is unknown if the RIM-162 was responsible for intercepting either of the missiles, but the incident marked the first time the ESSM was used in a combat situation.


title: RIM-162 ESSM

text: In 2018, the ESSM Block 2 passed its first live fire test, successfully intercepting a BQM-74E target drone using its active guidance seeker-head.


title: Bunion

text: A bunion, also known as hallux valgus, is a deformity of the joint connecting the big toe to the foot. The big toe often bends towards the other toes and the joint becomes red and painful. The onset of bunions is typically gradual. Complications may include bursitis or arthritis.


title: Bunion

text: The exact cause is unclear. Proposed factors include wearing overly tight shoes, high-heeled shoes, family history, and rheumatoid arthritis. Diagnosis is generally based on symptoms and supported by X-rays. A similar condition of the little toe is referred to as a bunionette.


title: Bunion

text: Treatment may include proper shoes, orthotics, or NSAIDs. If this is not effective for improving symptoms, surgery may be performed. It affects about 23% of adults. Females are affected more often than males. Usual age of onset is between 20 and 50 years old. The condition also becomes more common with age. It was first clearly described in 1870. Archaeologists have found a high incidence of bunions in skeletons from 14th- and 15th-century England, coinciding with a fashion for pointy shoes.


title: Bunion

text: Symptoms may include irritation of the skin around the bunion, and blisters may form more easily at the site. Pain may be worse when walking.


title: Bunion

text: Bunions can lead to difficulties finding properly fitting footwear and may force a person to buy a larger size shoe to accommodate the width of the bunion. If the bunion deformity becomes severe enough, the foot can hurt in different places even without the constriction of shoes. It is then considered as being a mechanical function problem of the forefoot.


title: Bunion

text: The exact cause is unclear. It may be due to a combination of internal and external causes. Proposed factors include wearing overly tight shoes, high-heeled shoes, family history and rheumatoid arthritis. The American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons states that footwear only worsens a problem caused by genetics.


title: Bunion

text: Excessive pronation of the foot causes increased pressure on the inside of the big toe that can result in a deformation of the medial capsular structures of the joint, subsequently increasing the risk of developing bunions.


title: Bunion

text: The bump itself is partly due to the swollen bursal sac or an osseous (bony) anomaly on the metatarsophalangeal joint. The larger part of the bump is a normal part of the head of the first metatarsal bone that has tilted sideways to stick out at its distal (far) end (metatarsus primus varus).


title: Bunion

text: Bunions are commonly associated with a deviated position of the big toe toward the second toe, and the deviation in the angle between the first and second metatarsal bones of the foot. The small sesamoid bones found beneath the first metatarsal (which help the flexor tendon bend the big toe downwards) may also become deviated over time as the first metatarsal bone drifts away from its normal position. Osteoarthritis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, diminished and/or altered range of motion, and discomfort with pressure applied to the bump or with motion of the joint, may all accompany bunion development. Atop of the first metatarsal head either medially or dorso-medially, there can also arise a bursa that when inflamed (bursitis), can be the most painful aspect of the process.


title: Bunion

text: Bunion can be diagnosed and analyzed with a simple x-ray, which should be taken with the weight on the foot. The "hallux valgus angle" (HVA) is the angle between the long axes of the proximal phalanx and the first metatarsal bone of the big toe. It is considered abnormal if greater than 15–18°. The following HV angles can also be used to grade the severity of hallux valgus:


title: Bunion

text: The "intermetatarsal angle" (IMA) is the angle between the longitudinal axes of the first and second metatarsal bones, and is normally less than 9°. The IM angle can also grade the severity of hallux valgus as:


title: Bunion

text: Conservative treatment for bunions include changes in footwear, the use of orthotics (accommodative padding and shielding), rest, ice, and pain medications such as acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. These treatments address symptoms but do not correct the actual deformity. If the discomfort persists and is severe or when aesthetic correction of the deformity is desired, surgical correction by an orthopedic surgeon or a podiatric surgeon may be necessary.


title: Bunion

text: Orthotics are splints or regulators while conservative measures include various footwear like toe spacers, valgus splints, and bunion shields. Toe spacers seem to be effective in reducing pain, but there is not evidence that any of these techniques reduces the physical deformity. There are a variety of available orthotics including off-the-shelf commercial products and custom-molded orthotics, which may be prescribed medical devices.


title: Bunion

text: Procedures are designed and chosen to correct a variety of pathologies that may be associated with the bunion. For instance, procedures may address some combination of:


title: Bunion

text: At present there are many different bunion surgeries for different effects. The age, health, lifestyle and activity level of the patient may also play a role in the choice of procedure.


title: Bunion

text: Traditional bunion surgery can be performed under local, spinal or general anesthetic. A person who has undergone bunion surgery can expect a 6- to 8-week recovery period during which crutches are usually required to aid mobility. An orthopedic cast is much less common today as newer, more stable procedures and better forms of fixation (stabilizing the bone with screws and other hardware) are used. Hardware may even include absorbable pins that perform their function and are then broken down by the body over the course of months. After recovery long term stiffness or limited range of motion may occur in some patients. Visible or limited scarring may also occur for patients.


title: Ada Wong

text: In later games, such as "Resident Evil 4", "" (2007) and "" (2009), her features were based on English actress, Sally Cahill. Ada also appears in several "Resident Evil" games and novelizations. In the live-action films, Ada has been portrayed by actress Li Bingbing and Lily Gao.


title: Ada Wong

text: Ada has been well received from video game publications. Since her debut, she has become popular among the video game community, with high rankings among character popularity polls and considered a sex symbol. Some critics have also praised her well known red dress.


title: Ada Wong

text: When "Resident Evil 2" was still in development, Ada was a white-coat-clad researcher named Linda who aided the player throughout the game. Ada's movie model could not be finished in time. Thus she is the only main character not to appear in a pre-rendered cutscene. The character was changed for the game's final version. Story writer Noboru Sugimura was responsible for adding Ada's work in the scenario while the name Ada was conceived by Kazunori Kadoi. Speaking about the relationship between Leon and Ada, Hideki Kamiya stated in a 1998 interview following the release of Biohazard 2 that his favorite character is Ada Wong because she is "older, tougher, and has a husky voice," appealing to his preference for older women. He drew a picture of her kissing Leon. Urb said: "It's kind of like Mulder and Scully and an "X-Files" type of deal, where you're waiting for it to happen, but it never does. Maybe in the next one, I'm hoping." "Resident Evil 5" producer Jun Takeuchi later chose Ada and Leon's kiss scene in "RE2" as his favourite element of the series. In retrospective, Kamiya feels that Ada is a manipulative character, especially if interacting with Leon.


title: Ada Wong

text: To contrast Claire's role from "", Ada Wong was picked as the returning heroine in "". Kamiya initially wanted to follow the dysfunctional romance between Leon and Ada, but such idea was scrapped. Writer Shotaro Suga elaborated that the romance was briefly explored in "Resident Evil 4" and since both never met in "Resident Evil 5", "there might have been a time when the two met".


title: Ada Wong

text: When "Resident Evil 4" was ported to the PlayStation 2 after Capcom stated that it did not fall under the exclusivity deal with Nintendo, "Separate Ways", a new scenario for Ada Wong was added and written by Haruo Murata. "Resident Evil 6" executive producer Hiroyuki Kobayashi said that "We believed her story would be more enjoyable after having gone through the other three scenarios." He further said that "one of the themes of Ada's story is a lone spy working in secret." They originally planned to have a clone for Ada, but instead, Carla Radames was injected with the C-virus, which eventually turned to look like her. In order to confuse gamers, Carla was designed to look identical to Ada with the exception of clothing that does not fit Ada.


title: Ada Wong

text: Ada's original costume from "Resident Evil 2" was, however, abandoned for the remake in favor of a beige trenchcoat and large sunglasses worn even at night and indoors. The remake's director Kadoi said about Ada's former wardrobe: "I think wandering around in that dress just getting on with your job as a spy probably doesn't look as realistic and believable as we want in this new game."


title: Ada Wong

text: Ada was originally intended to appear in "Resident Evil Village" as a "mysterious masked person" who saves Ethan Winters from the trial, but was cut from the game due to "conflicting scenarios".


title: Ada Wong

text: Ada is voiced by English actress Sally Cahill in "Resident Evil 2", "Resident Evil 4" and "". Cahill described the character as "a totally hip, modern, kick-ass femme fatale who could handle weapons awesomely" and stated that she loved Ada's "resilience, her strength with still being sexy and very female". In "", she was voiced by Megan Hollingshead. In "Resident Evil 6", and films such as "" and "", she was voiced by Courtenay Taylor. Courtenay Taylor said that she felt pressure when voicing her character since it was her major debut as "Operation Raccoon City" was not popular within the media unlike "Damnation" and "Resident Evil 6" and had more knowledge instead about the live-action films. However, Taylor was comforted by the staff and Matthew Mercer in regards to playing her role properly. A motion capture actress in "Resident Evil 6", Michelle Lee, said that the process was "definitely a challenge and with the amazing team they were very specific on how she moved, her specific characteristics and even how she stood still." In the reboot film "" (2021), Wong is played by Lily Gao. She didn't appear until mid-credit-scene. Johannes Roberts said "I brought Ada in earlier into the movie, and I just didn't feel that it was working because it just felt like we were trying to put in one too many main characters within this world." In the remake of "Resident Evil 2", she was voiced by Jolene Andersen.


title: Ada Wong

text: In "Resident Evil" live-action film series, Li Bingbing was cast as the version of Ada from "". She did not know anything about the games and the characters, but after learning about them, she thought that Ada's personality was "very much" like her own. In 2012, Li said that the character has "a big fan base" in China. Producer Jeremy Bolt said fans were "very, very pleased with all of our choices [in the film], particularly Li Bingbing, who plays Ada Wong. They visited us on set last week, and they were really blown away by her." The film's producer Robert Kulzer also described her as "perfectly cast", saying: "In addition to being an extremely talented actor, she's sharp, sexy and smart—all qualities that the Ada Wong character had to have." During filming, Li wore a US$7,500 wig and "enjoyed" the firearms training she received. She complained about being cold in Ada's revealing "qipao with a high slit that flapped when the wind blew", but added, "I wanted the slit to be that high after I saw the images of Ada Wong from the game... Not that I wanted it to be that high but that was where the opening would be the most beautiful and cool." Apparently, due to the Senkaku Islands dispute, Li did not attend the Tokyo premiere of the film and reportedly also requested that her image be edited out of its promotional posters in Japan.


title: Ada Wong

text: An American woman of Chinese descent, Ada is first mentioned in the original "Resident Evil" (1996) set in 1998. A letter written by dying Umbrella Corporation researcher John was addressed to a woman named Ada. The character was eventually given the full name Ada Wong in order to provide a connection to the first game. There was an Umbrella researcher named Linda during the early development stages of the sequel (a version popularly known as "Resident Evil 1.5"). She makes her first on-screen appearance in "Resident Evil 2" (1998), set two months after the events of the first game. In the game, she is a spy for an unnamed rival company who is sent to recover a sample of the deadly G-virus from Umbrella's lab in the zombie-infested Raccoon City. Her secret agenda is exposed, and seriously wounded by either Annette Birkin or the monster Tyrant T-103 in an attempt to save Leon. She later drops him a rocket launcher to defeat the T-103.


title: Ada Wong

text: Her next starring role is in "Resident Evil 4" (2005) set in 2004. She assists Leon in his mission to rescue the U.S. president's daughter Ashley Graham from the sinister cult Los Iluminados that is based in a remote area of Spain. However, her true objective is to obtain a sample of the dominant species Plaga parasite developed by the cult. She reports to the villain Albert Wesker who is now in a high position within the rival company. Ada is dispatched for this mission alongside Jack Krauser who distrusts her and believes she is a threat to Wesker. She enlists the help of the researcher Luis Sera who manages to steal a sample but is then killed by the cult's leader Osmund Saddler. Ada is briefly captured and planned to be sacrificed but manages to escape. After meeting Leon, she saves him from Krauser who was ordered by Wesker to eliminate Leon. Ada destroys the cult's battleship and the Plagas-mutated Krauser and aids Leon in various ways. Eventually, she is taken hostage by Saddler, who uses her as bait to trap Leon. Leon, however, is able to free her, and Ada provides him with a special rocket launcher to destroy a mutated Saddler before escaping with a sample via helicopter. Ada appears in the game's sub-scenario "Assignment: Ada", as well as in the "Mercenaries" mode. In the PlayStation 2, PC, Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 and Wii ports of "Resident Evil 4", a new scenario starring Ada was included. Titled "Separate Ways", it depicts the events of the main game from her perspective. The fictional documentary "Ada's Report" describes her involvement with other characters in the story.


title: Ada Wong

text: In "Resident Evil 6" (2012) set in 2012–2013, where she is "a lone spy working in secret". Her campaign, designed to bring the answer to some of the game's mysteries, becomes available after the player finishes the storylines for the main characters Leon S. Kennedy, Chris Redfield, and Jake Muller. During the course of the game, it is revealed that Ada is a former associate of the rogue National Security Advisor Derek C. Simmons, who becomes dangerously obsessed with her. Though she originally worked on her own agenda, she gets caught up in the game's events and is forced to help Leon in his mission to stop Simmons' plans.


title: Ada Wong

text: Ada appears in the remake of "Resident Evil 2" (2019). In the remake, she claims to be working for the FBI investigating Umbrella's G-Virus research. She is set to appear in the remake of "Resident Evil 4" (2023).


title: Ada Wong

text: An epilogue in "" as well as a fictional documentary in "Code: Veronica" confirm that Ada survived the ordeal. Her role in "Resident Evil 2" is explored in more detail in "" (2007) and "" (2009). Ada also appears as an enemy in another "Resident Evil 2" spin-off game, the non-canonical "" (2012), in which she is also a playable character in its multiplayer "Heroes" mode. Ada also appears as a playable character in "Resident Evil Re:Verse" (2022).


title: Ada Wong

text: In the live-action film "Resident Evil: Retribution" (2012), Ada Wong is held captive by the Umbrella-controlled Jill Valentine and fights against Jill and Bad Rain, together with Alice. The game series' Ada appears in the second computer-animated "Resident Evil" film, "Resident Evil: Damnation" (2012), set in an Eastern European war zone. Trailers for it showed Ada introducing herself as a special investigator from the UN counter-bioterrorism agency B.S.A.A. She also appeared in the reboot film, "" (2021), as a mysterious spy, during a mid-credits scene.


title: Ada Wong

text: Ada was featured in the 1998–1999 manhua "Shēnghuà Wēijī 2" ("Biohazard 2"). A romantic comedy retelling the story of "Resident Evil 2" centering on Leon, Claire and Ada was released in the Taiwanese two-issue comic "Èlíng Gǔbǎo II" by Ching Win Publishing in 1999. Capcom screenwriters created two "Resident Evil 2" radio dramas broadcast on Radio Osaka in early 1999 and later released by publisher Suleputer as two separate CDs with the common title "Biohazard 2 Drama Album", including "Ikiteita Onna Spy Ada" (lit. "Ada, the Female Spy, is Alive"). Set a few days after the events of the game, it deals with Ada's mission to retrieve Sherry Birkin's pendant with the G-virus sample from Umbrella enforcer HUNK. Ada intercepts the delivery of the locket in the village of Loire in France, eliminating HUNK and his men. She survives an accidental T-virus leak, escapes and realizes her feelings for Leon, deciding to quit the spy business and return to him. Canonically, the characters' story arcs are continued differently, as Ada keeps the pendant with the G-virus and resumes her activities as a spy. Merchandise featuring Ada includes action figures, statues, and figurines.


title: Ada Wong

text: Outside the "Resident Evil" franchise, Ada made her first guest appearance in the browser-based social game "Onimusha Soul" (2013), where she was re-designed to fit a feudal Japan theme. Ada also appears as a non-playable character in the tactical role-playing game "Project X Zone 2". In "Street Fighter V", Kolin can be dressed in Ada's costume from "Resident Evil 6". On March 1, 2021, Ada was added as a playable character in "Teppen"; before this, she was already featured in multiple cards within the game. Ada also appeared in an online multiplayer battle royale game "Knives Out" as a costume at July 29 to August 12, 2021. In 2022, She appears as a playable character in asymmetrical survival horror game, "Dead by Daylight".


title: Ada Wong

text: "Famitsu" included her among the best Japanese video game characters of the 1990s. In 2007, Ada was listed among the 50 greatest female characters in video game history by Rob Wright of "Tom's Games", who suggested she be played by Kelly Hu in the live-action "Resident Evil" series. "GameDaily" featured her as their "Babe of the Week" in 2007 and described her as a "gun-toting hottie" able to star in her own video game. "Complex" ranked Ada 19th on the 2011 list of "most diabolical video game she-villains", noting her "dragon-lady qualities." In 2013, Liz Lanier of "Game Informer" included Ada among the top ten female villains in video games, stating that "whether you want to call her a bad guy or just an anti-hero, it's clear that her enemy is whoever gets in her way; if that happens to be a former ally, so be it." Ryan Bates of "GameRevolution" ranked her as the 16th on his 2014 list of top "mean girls in gaming" and wrote that "the scariest part about this "Resident Evil" stalwart is that players never know if she's working for the Umbrella Corporation, for Wesker, for someone else altogether, or for her own motives. Ada proves that a person, man or woman, without loyalties is a person to be distrusted." In 2016, "The Guardian" included Ada among the "30 truly interesting female game characters" list, claiming that she's "Extremely intelligent and often numerous steps ahead of everyone else, she is never short of a sarcastic comment at the expense of slower characters." In 2017, "Inverse"s Jessica Famularo ranked her as the third-best character in the series: "Her complicated story is one of the most compelling in the series, and her moral ambiguity keeps us guessing. She enters battle with an unparalleled grace, too, and kicks some butt while she's at it."


title: Ada Wong

text: Lara Crigger of "The Escapist" found Ada to be not only "the femme fatale archetype given pixilated form" but also "a strong, feminist role model" that is "beautiful and sexual" in light of the existentialist philosophies of Simone de Beauvoir. According to Nadine Farghaly of the University of Salzburg, unlike the typically "sexless object" characters such as the "Resident Evil" series' own Claire Redfield and Rebecca Chambers, or "Silent Hill"s Heather, Ada is a positively gender fluid character as "she has attributes typically associated with males, such as physical strength and intelligence, and traits typically associated with females, such as beauty and poise."


title: Ada Wong

text: Mass media outlets from around the world have described Ada one of the sexiest Asian and general female characters in all of video gaming. In 2008, "UGO" ranked Ada as the fourth-top "videogame hottie", describing her as "drop dead gorgeous" and stating that they anticipate what the series has in store for her in the future. In 2011, "Complex" ranked her as 24th-best-looking sideline chick in games, commenting on Ada's resemblance to Nikita from "La Femme Nikita". In 2012, "Complex"s Larry Hester ranked her as the eighth-best Asian character in video games, stating that this "bad girl killed zombies like roaches with the sophistication of a ballet dancing gunslinger," while Larry Hester from the same magazine put her at the 28th "hottest" women in video games, describing her as "enshrined in fanboy canon forever more." Ranking her as the 14th-sexiest woman in digital entertainment in 2012, "IGN" Spain noted how she had been "a legend" among gamers for many years.


title: Ada Wong

text: Together with Leon, Ada was included by Alexander Villafania in "The Inquirer"s 2007 list of the most memorable video game love teams. In 2011, "a highly disfunctional [sic] relationship" between Ada and Leon was ranked as the ninth-top video game romance by James Hawkins of "Joystick Division". According to "The Mirror" in 2016, "since the pair's first encounter in "Resident Evil 2", the romantic frisson between the two has been palpable."


title: Ada Wong

text: Some film critics thought Ada's high-slit dress was practical. Chris Warrington of "PlayStation Official Magazine" included Ada in her characteristic red dress on the 2012 list of eight best-dressed PlayStation characters, calling her "the wearer of the finest dress on the PlayStation." In 2014, Daniel Żelazny from Polish magazine "PSX Extreme" ranked it as the seventh-best female outfit in games, while Julia Cook of "Paste" chose Ada as "best-dressed lady" in gaming and called her "arguably the sexiest character in video games."


title: Ada Wong

text: Ada also received negative reviews from reviewers. Matt Cundy of "GamesRadar+" found Ada's costume from "Resident Evil 4" to be unsuitable for the game's theme, ranking her "out-of-our-price-bracket Shanghai hooker" look as the most impractical of all main outfits of the series' stars and commenting that anyone dressing like her to fight zombies "would have to be certifiably mental." In "Tropes vs. Women in Video Games", feminist media critic Anita Sarkeesian criticized her outfit (as too revealing) and her wearing high heels during the combat at "Resident Evil 4". "Play" editor Gavin Mackenzie criticized her perceived "bitch" personality in "Resident Evil 4" in retrospective from the events of "Resident Evil 2". Chinese audiences also criticized Ada, including character actress Li from "Resident Evil: Retribution". Xiao Mei of "People's Daily" has claimed that the "role didn't give Li any chance to 'act'; all she's doing is being pretty on screen, just filling in space." On the other hand, the character's role and dynamic with Leon in "Damnation" earned more positive responses.


title: Ada Wong

text: Stephanie Jennings theorizes about the feminizing gaze in video games in the book "Feminism in Play". She engages with both the history of the masculine gaze in film theory and game studies, rooting her critique in a close investigation of Ada Wong as both a character and an avatar." She is an enigmatic heroine, according to Bernard Perron of "Horror Video Games: Essays on the Fusion of Fear and Play", whose first appearance is conveyed through cinematic close shots of her body dressed in a slit stress. He goes on to say that the camera avoids displaying her face in order to protect her identity, but instead focuses on various body parts in a traditional male gaze montage, while Andrei Nae of "Immersion, Narrative, and Gender Crisis in Survival Horror Video Games" said that she is a match for the submissive woman-fatale character couple. She went on to say that she is a femme fatale whose patriarchal disobedience demands regulation.


title: Standing on the shoulders of giants

text: The phrase "standing on the shoulders of giants" is a metaphor which means "using the understanding gained by major thinkers who have gone before in order to make intellectual progress".