title: Millennium Development Goals

text: It is thought by some women's rights' advocatess that the current MDGs targets do not place enough emphasis on tracking gender inequalities in poverty reduction and employment as there are only gender goals relating to health, education, and political representation. Feminist writers such as Naila Kabeer have argued that in order to encourage women's empowerment and progress towards the MDGs, increased emphasis should be placed on gender mainstreaming development policies and collecting data based on gender.


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: Progress towards reaching the goals has been uneven across countries. Brazil achieved many of the goals, while others, such as Benin, are not on track to realize any. The major successful countries include China (whose poverty population declined from 452 million to 278 million) and India. The World Bank estimated that MDG 1A (halving the proportion of people living on less than $1 a day) was achieved in 2008 mainly due to the results from these two countries and East Asia.


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: In the early 1990s Nepal was one of the world's poorest countries and remains South Asia's poorest country. Doubling health spending and concentrating on its poorest areas halved maternal mortality between 1998 and 2006. Its Multidimensional Poverty Index has seen the largest decreases of any tracked country. Bangladesh has made some of the greatest improvements in infant and maternal mortality ever seen, despite modest income growth.


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: Between 1990 and 2010 the population living on less than $1.25 a day in developing countries halved to 21%, or 1.2 billion people, achieving MDG1A before the target date, although the biggest decline was in China, which took no notice of the goal. However, the child mortality and maternal mortality are down by less than half. Sanitation and education targets will also be missed.


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: G‑8 Finance Ministers met in London in June 2005 in preparation for the Gleneagles Summit in July and agreed to provide enough funds to the World Bank, IMF and the African Development Bank (AfDB) to cancel the remaining HIPC multilateral debt ($40 to $55 billion). Recipients would theoretically re-channel debt payments to health and education.


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: The Gleaneagles plan became the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI). Countries became eligible once their lending agency confirmed that the countries had continued to maintain the reforms they had implemented.


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: While the World Bank and AfDB limited MDRI to countries that complete the HIPC program, the IMF's eligibility criteria were slightly less restrictive so as to comply with the IMF's unique "uniform treatment" requirement. Instead of limiting eligibility to HIPC countries, any country with per capita income of $380 or less qualified for debt cancellation. The IMF adopted the $380 threshold because it closely approximated the HIPC threshold.


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: One success was to strengthen rice production in Sub-Saharan Africa. By the mid‑1990s, rice imports reached nearly $1 billion annually. Farmers had not found suitable rice varieties that produce high yields. New Rice for Africa (NERICA), a high-yielding and well adapted strain, was developed and introduced in areas including Congo Brazzaville, Côte d'Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, Togo and Uganda. Some 18 varieties of this strain became available, enabling African farmers to produce enough rice to feed their families and have extra to sell.


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: The region also showed progress towards MDG 2. School fees that included Parent-Teacher Association and community contributions, textbook fees, compulsory uniforms and other charges took up nearly a quarter of a poor family's income and led countries including Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, and Uganda to eliminate such fees, increasing enrollment. For instance, in Ghana, public school enrollment in the most deprived districts rose from 4.2 million to 5.4 million between 2004 and 2005. In Kenya, primary school enrollment added 1.2 million in 2003 and by 2004, the number had climbed to 7.2 million.


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: Following the adoption of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), in 2000, Jeffrey Sachs of The Earth Institute at Columbia University was among the leading academic scholars and practitioners on the MDGs. He chaired the WHO Commission on Macroeconomics and Health (2000–01), which played a pivotal role in scaling up the financing of health care and disease control in the low-income countries to support MDGs 4, 5, and 6. He worked with UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan in 2000–2001 to design and launch The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. He also worked with senior officials of the George W. Bush administration to develop the PEPFAR program to fight HIV/AIDS, and the PMI to fight malaria. On behalf of Annan, from 2002 to 2006 he chaired the UN Millennium Project, which was tasked with developing a concrete action plan to achieve the MDGs. The UN General Assembly adopted the key recommendations of the UN Millennium Project at a special session in September 2005. The recommendations for rural Africa are currently being implemented and documented in the Millennium Villages, and in several national scale-up efforts such as in Nigeria.


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: The Millennium Villages Project, which Sachs directs, operates in more than a dozen African countries and covers more than 500,000 people. The MVP has engendered considerable controversy associated as critics have questioned both the design of the project and claims made for its success. In 2012 "The Economist" reviewed the project and concluded "the evidence does not yet support the claim that the millennium villages project is making a decisive impact." Critics have pointed to the failure to include suitable controls that would allow an accurate determination of whether the Projects methods were responsible for any observed gains in economic development. A 2012 "Lancet" paper claiming a 3-fold increase in the rate of decline in childhood mortality was criticized for flawed methodology, and the authors later admitted that the claim was "unwarranted and misleading".


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: Although developed countries' financial aid rose during the Millennium Challenge, more than half went towards debt relief. Much of the remainder aid money went towards disaster relief and military aid. According to the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2006), the 50 least developed countries received about one third of all aid that flows from developed countries.


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: Over the past 35 years, UN members have repeatedly "commit[ted] 0.7% of rich-countries' gross national income (GNI) to Official Development Assistance". The commitment was first made in 1970 by the UN General Assembly.


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: In 2005 the European Union reaffirmed its commitment to the 0.7% aid targets, noting that "four out of the five countries, which exceed the UN target for ODA of 0.7%, of GNI are member states of the European Union". Further, the UN "believe[s] that donors should commit to reaching the long-standing target of 0.7 percent of GNI by 2015".


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: However, the United States as well as other nations disputed the Monterrey Consensus that urged "developed countries that have not done so to make concrete efforts towards the target of 0.7% of gross national product (GNP) as ODA to developing countries".


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: The US consistently opposed setting specific foreign-aid targets since the UN General Assembly first endorsed the 0.7% goal in 1970.


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: Many Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) nations, did not donate 0.7% of their GNI. Some nations' contributions fell far short of 0.7%.


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: The Australian government committed to providing 0.5% of GNI in International Development Assistance by 2015–2016.


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: A major conference was held at UN headquarters in New York on 20–22 September 2010 to review progress. The conference concluded with the adoption of a global action plan to accelerate progress towards the eight anti-poverty goals. Major new commitments on women's and children's health, poverty, hunger and disease ensued.


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: According to MDG Monitor, the target under MDG 3 "To eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education by 2005, and in all levels of education by 2015" was met.


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: However MDG monitor points out that while parity has been achieved across the developing world, there are regional and national differences favouring girls in some cases and boys in others. In secondary education in "Western Asia, Oceania, and sub-Saharan Africa, girls are still at a disadvantage, while the opposite is true in Latin America and the Caribbean – boys are at a disadvantage." Similarly in tertiary education there are disparities "at the expense of men in Northern Africa, Eastern Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean" while conversely they are "at the expense of women in Southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa."


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: Improving living conditions in developing countries may encourage healthy workers not to move to other places that offer a better lifestyle for their countries.


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: Cuba, itself a developing country, played a significant role in providing medical personnel to other developing nations; it has trained more than 14,500 medical students from 30 countries at its Latin American School of Medicine in Havana since 1999. Moreover, some 36,000 Cuban physicians worked in 72 countries, from Europe to Southeast Asia, including 31 African countries, and 29 countries in the Americas. Countries such as Honduras, Guatemala, and Nicaragua benefit from Cuban assistance.


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: Although there have been major advancements and improvements achieving some of the MDGs even before the deadline of 2015, the progress has been uneven between the countries. In 2012 the UN Secretary-General established the "UN System Task Team on the Post-2015 UN Development Agenda", bringing together more than 60 UN agencies and international organizations to focus and work on sustainable development.


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: At the MDG Summit, UN Member States discussed the Post-2015 Development Agenda and initiated a process of consultations. Civil society organizations also engaged in the post-2015 process, along with academia and other research institutions, including think tanks.


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have been proposed as targets relating to future international development once the MDGs expire at the end of 2015.


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: On 31 July 2012, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon appointed 26 public and private leaders to advise him on the post-MDG agenda.


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: In 2014, the UN's Commission on the Status of Women agreed on a document that called for the acceleration of progress towards achieving the millennium development goals, and confirmed the need for a stand-alone goal on gender equality and women's empowerment in post-2015 goals, and for gender equality to underpin all of the post-2015 goals.


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: The UN's Commission on the Status of Women electing to have created a goal dedicated to gender equality and the empowerment of women further demonstrated how the United Nations's Millennium Development Goals did not make much progress on gender equality. The goal of achieving gender equity is still a prominent issue and factor to in global development due to its ties to the rest of the SDGs.


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: The United Nations Millennium Campaign was launched to increase support for the Millennium Development Goals. The Millennium Campaign targets intergovernmental, government, civil society organizations and media at global and regional levels.


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: The Millennium Promise Alliance, Inc. (or simply the "Millennium Promise") is a U.S.-based non-profit organization founded in 2005 by Jeffrey Sachs and Ray Chambers. Millennium Promise coordinated the Millennium Villages Project in partnership with Columbia's Earth Institute and UNDP; it aimed to demonstrate MDG feasibility through an integrated, community-led approach. The project ran from 2005 to 2015, operating in 15 sites across 11 countries in sub-Saharan Africa.


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: The Micah Challenge was an international campaign that encourages Christians to support the Millennium Development Goals. Their aim was to "encourage our leaders to halve global poverty by 2015".


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: The Youth in Action EU Programme "Cartoons in Action" project created animated videos about MDGs, and videos about MDG targets using Arcade C64 videogames.


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: The World We Want 2015 was a platform and joint venture between the United Nations and Civil Society Organizations that supported citizen participation in defining a new global development framework to replace the Millennium Development Goals.


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: The Teach MDGs, and Accessing Development Education European projects, coordinated by Future Worlds Center aim to increase MDG awareness and public support by engaging teacher training institutes, teachers and pupils in developing local teaching resources that promote the MDGs with a focus on sub-Saharan Africa.


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: "Global Education Magazine" is an initiative launched by the teaching team that formulated the proposal most voted in the group "Sustainable Development for the Eradication of Poverty in Rio+20". It is supported by UNESCO and UNHCR and aims to create a common place to disseminate transcultural, transpolitical, transnational and transhumanist knowledge.


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: UN Goals is a global project dedicated to spreading knowledge of MDG through various internet and offline awareness campaigns.


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: Librarians and others in the information professions are in a unique position to help achieve the Millennium Development Goals. It is often the dissemination of key information, e.g., about health, that changes daily life and can affect an entire community.


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: Millennium Development Goals are not only for the developing world. Maret (2011) specifically addresses how U.S. public libraries can help the United States meet the goals. The work of U.S. librarians has evolved in a manner that incorporates human rights values and precepts without having generally used the language that characterizes the philosophical and ethical goals of human rights and human development. Librarians are able to further the Millennium Development Goals and contribute by providing information and services to all people in varying formats and languages.


title: Millennium Development Goals

text: Albright and Kwooya (2007) report that cultural and financial barriers in Sub-Saharan Africa impede LIS education programs. As a result, MDG goals for poverty, healthcare, and education fall short. High rates of HIV/AIDS, and escalating child and maternal mortality are the direct result of poverty and substandard medical care. Limited instruction in information access and exchange contributes to this ongoing dilemma.


title: How to Be Single

text: How to Be Single is a 2016 American romantic comedy film directed by Christian Ditter and written by Abby Kohn, Marc Silverstein and Dana Fox, based on the novel of the same name by Liz Tuccillo. It stars Dakota Johnson, Rebel Wilson, Damon Wayans Jr., Anders Holm, Alison Brie, Nicholas Braun, Jake Lacy, Jason Mantzoukas, and Leslie Mann, and follows a group of women in New York City who have different approaches on how to be single. The film was theatrically released in the United States on February 12, 2016, by Warner Bros. Pictures. It grossed $112 million worldwide and received mixed reviews from critics.


title: How to Be Single

text: Alice temporarily dumps her college boyfriend Josh, moving to New York City to be a paralegal and live with her sister, Meg, an OB/GYN who has no interest in having a baby or relationship. Alice befriends wild Australian co-worker Robin, who enjoys partying and one-night stands, and local bartender Tom, who embraces the bachelor lifestyle and hooks up with several women, including Alice. Tom meets Lucy at his bar when she uses his Internet for free; she explains she is looking for "the one" using various dating sites.


title: How to Be Single

text: Alice meets with Josh, ready to reconcile. He explains he is seeing someone else, which distresses her. Meg has a change of heart while watching over a baby, deciding to have a child of her own via a sperm donor.


title: How to Be Single

text: Shortly after she becomes pregnant, Meg unexpectedly hooks up with a younger man, Ken, after meeting him at Alice's office Christmas party. He, the law office receptionist, is smitten with her. She tries to break it off, but he continues to pursue her cutely. Thinking Ken is too young for her to have a future with, Meg hides the pregnancy from him.


title: How to Be Single

text: Back at Tom's bar, Lucy has a string of horrible dates, at which point he realizes he has feelings for her. In an attempt to put herself out there, Alice attends a networking event, where she hits it off with a man named David.


title: How to Be Single

text: Lucy has been in a relationship for three weeks with Paul, who reveals he has been seeing other people, thinking she was doing the same, and breaks up with her. Lucy breaks down at her volunteer job reading to children at a bookstore. George, who works there, soothes her, and they begin a relationship.


title: How to Be Single

text: Alice and Robin attend Josh's holiday party; Alice finds she cannot watch Josh with his new girlfriend. She runs into David, who shows her a private view of the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree, dazzling her, and they begin a relationship. Three months later, as she is singing with David's daughter Phoebe, David becomes upset with her, reminding her that she is not Phoebe's mother. His wife died two years ago and he believes it is too soon for Phoebe to have a stepmother. They break up as a result.


title: How to Be Single

text: Tom becomes upset with Lucy's relationship with George, and invites Alice to get drunk. They talk about their frustrations with their feelings for Josh and Lucy and sleep together to distract themselves. Ken discovers Meg is pregnant but is eager to help raise her child. She, fearing that he is not truly committed, ends the relationship.


title: How to Be Single

text: At Alice's birthday party, Robin invites Tom, David, and Josh without Alice's knowledge, as she thought it would be funny. Shaken by the presence of all three men, Alice confronts Robin. Tom confesses his feelings to Lucy, but she announces she is engaged to George. Josh approaches Alice, and they make out but stop when he reveals to a horrified Alice that he is now engaged and was merely looking for closure with her.


title: How to Be Single

text: Invigorated by a desire to find herself, Alice leaves to go home. Her cab hits Robin, who was trying to stop the cab for Meg, who is in labor. They rush to the hospital, where Meg gives birth to a baby girl. Ken convinces her to resume their relationship, while Alice rekindles her friendship with Robin.


title: How to Be Single

text: The film closes with Alice reflecting on her time living alone and being single. Meg and Ken are together, while Robin continues her old habits. Tom opens up to the possibilities of non-casual relationships. Lucy marries George, and David talks to his daughter about her mom. Finally, Alice is seen exploring the Grand Canyon by herself to witness the sunrise on New Year's Day: a dream she'd always had.


title: How to Be Single

text: The film rights for the Liz Tuccillo novel were purchased in 2008, the same year as the book's publication. Drew Barrymore was initially attached to direct however she was replaced in 2013 with Christian Ditter.


title: How to Be Single

text: Lily Collins was in early talks on February 24, 2014, to join the cast of the film. Alison Brie was in talks to join the film on June 19, 2014. Dakota Johnson, Rebel Wilson, and Leslie Mann were all cast in the film on January 29, 2015. Damon Wayans Jr. was added to the cast on March 6, 2015. Jason Mantzoukas and Nicholas Braun were also cast, on April 14, 2015; Braun played the love interest of Johnson's character, while Mantzoukas played the love interest of Brie's. Anders Holm was cast as Tom, and "Saturday Night Live" performer Colin Jost was also cast in a supporting role. Dan Stevens was also cast, but dropped out due to scheduling conflicts in favour of "Beauty and The Beast".


title: How to Be Single

text: "How to Be Single" grossed $46.8 million in the United States and Canada and $65.5 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $112.3 million, against a production budget of $38 million.


title: How to Be Single

text: The film opened alongside "Deadpool" and "Zoolander 2" and over its four-day President's Day opening weekend was projected to gross $20–25 million from 3,343 theaters. The film made $700,000 from its Thursday night previews and $5.3 million on its first day. It went on to gross $17.9 million in its opening weekend, finishing third at the box office behind "Deadpool" ($132.8 million) and "Kung Fu Panda 3" ($19.8 million). In its second weekend the film grossed $8.2 million (a 54% drop), finishing fifth.


title: How to Be Single

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 46% based on 157 reviews, with an average rating of 5.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, ""How to Be Single" boasts the rough outline of a feminist rom-com, but too willingly indulges in the genre conventions it wants to subvert." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100 based on 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.


title: How to Be Single

text: Richard Roeper of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film three-and-a-half out of four stars, praising the film's supporting cast and script. Alonso Duralde of the "TheWrap" wrote:


title: How to Be Single

text: People's Choice Awards nominated "How to Be Single" as Favorite Comedic Movie, but it lost to "Bad Moms".


title: Per capita income

text: Per capita income (PCI) or total income measures the average income earned per person in a given area (city, region, country, etc.) in a specified year. It is calculated by dividing the area's total income by its total population.


title: Per capita income

text: Per capita income is national income divided by population size. Per capita income is often used to measure a sector's average income and compare the wealth of different populations. Per capita income is also often used to measure a country's standard of living. It is usually expressed in terms of a commonly used international currency such as the euro or United States dollar, and is useful because it is widely known, is easily calculable from readily available gross domestic product (GDP) and population estimates, and produces a useful statistic for comparison of wealth between sovereign territories. This helps to ascertain a country's development status. It is one of the three measures for calculating the Human Development Index of a country. Per capita income is also called average income.


title: Ross Butler (actor)

text: Ross Fleming Butler (born May 17, 1990) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Zach Dempsey in the Netflix series "13 Reasons Why" and as Brett Willis on "K.C. Undercover".


title: Ross Butler (actor)

text: Butler was born in Singapore to a Chinese-Malaysian mother and an English-Dutch father. He lived in Jakarta, Indonesia before moving to the United States when he was four and was raised by his mother in Fairfax, Virginia, a suburb outside Washington, D.C.


title: Ross Butler (actor)

text: He studied chemical and biomolecular engineering at Ohio State University. He dropped out after a year and later moved back to Virginia, where he took courses at a community college. He then moved to Los Angeles at the age of 20.


title: Ross Butler (actor)

text: Butler took his first acting class at age 21. He got his start with roles in student films and low budget projects. He landed his breakthrough recurring role on the Disney Channel series "K.C. Undercover." He had roles in the Disney Channel films "Teen Beach 2" and "Perfect High".


title: Ross Butler (actor)

text: In 2017, he was cast as Reggie Mantle in "Riverdale". He was later cast as Zach Dempsey in "13 Reasons Why", and left "Riverdale" due to his commitment to "13 Reasons Why". He would reprise Mantle in "Riverdale"'s 100th episode "The Jughead Paradox" in a scene alongside his successor Charles Melton's portrayal.


title: Ross Butler (actor)

text: In 2019, he played Adult Eugene Choi in the superhero film "Shazam!". He also played Trevor, Peter Kavinsky's best friend, in "", released in 2020 by Netflix.


title: Ross Butler (actor)

text: In 2020, it was announced that Butler would star alongside Kiernan Shipka in the Quibi series "Swimming with Sharks". The project remained unreleased after the demise of Quibi's platform, but was released by Roku in the spring of 2022.


title: Ross Butler (actor)

text: Butler has roles in two upcoming film adaptions: Claudia Tan's "Perfect Addiction" alongside Kiana Madeira and Matthew Notzka and Abigail Hing Wen's "Loveboat, Taipei" opposite Ashley Liao.


title: Cage the Elephant

text: Cage the Elephant is an American rock band formed in 2006 in Bowling Green, Kentucky. They moved to England, U.K. and settled in London in 2008, shortly before their self-titled first album was released. The band currently consists of Matt Shultz (vocals), his older brother Brad Shultz (rhythm guitar), Nick Bockrath (lead guitar), Matthan Minster (guitar, keyboards), Daniel Tichenor (bass), and Jared Champion (drums). The band's first album was released to much success, spawning several successful radio singles and gaining the band a large following in both the United States and the United Kingdom. It was influenced by classic rock, '90s alternative, blues, punk rock and funk music. Lincoln Parish served as the band's lead guitarist from their formation in 2006 until 2013, when he left on good terms to pursue a career in producing.


title: Cage the Elephant

text: The band's second album, "Thank You, Happy Birthday", was released in 2011 and was heavily influenced by punk rock as well as bands such as Pixies and Nirvana. The band's third album, "Melophobia", was released in 2013 as the band's concerted effort to find its own distinct musical identity. The band's fourth album, "Tell Me I'm Pretty", was produced by Dan Auerbach and released in 2015. The band released a live album, "Unpeeled", in 2017. Their fifth studio album, "Social Cues", was released in 2019. They won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Album twice, in 2017 for "Tell Me I'm Pretty" and in 2020 for "Social Cues".


title: Cage the Elephant

text: Before he was a band member for Cage the Elephant, Matt Shultz worked in construction as a plumber. In an interview with the "Rock It Out!" blog for "Consequence of Sound", he said he felt like if he did not quit that job, he would be stuck there for the rest of his life. He left to work at a sandwich bar with his brother, Brad Shultz, who had previously worked in telemarketing. Daniel Tichenor held a job at Lowe's and Jared Champion worked in a pet store.


title: Cage the Elephant

text: Nick Bockrath is part of the band Nicos Gun and previously played bass with Morning Teleportation. Cage got to know him through their friendship with that band. Matthan Minster formed a band called YOURS in 2010.


title: Cage the Elephant

text: Members of Cage the Elephant had previously been involved in the band Perfect Confusion when they were in high school and released a self-titled LP in 2005. Matt Shultz was also in an experimental punk band in middle school called Left Nostril.


title: Cage the Elephant

text: The band's name, according to lead singer Matt Shultz, came from an incident in 2006 when a mentally disturbed man approached the band after a show. He hugged Shultz and kept repeating the sentence "You have to cage the elephant" over and over again.


title: Cage the Elephant

text: The band signed with Relentless Records after showcasing at the 2007 South by Southwest music festival. Their first tour was as a support act for Queens of the Stone Age in Canada. They then moved to London, England, to the Leyton area on the outskirts of the city. At the time, Lincoln Parish was only 16 years old, so in order to be able to move, his parents had to sign over parental guardianship to the band. In 2008, they appeared on the British show "Later... with Jools Holland" with Coldplay, Sia, Glen Campbell, John Mellencamp, and Amy LaVere. They released their eponymous debut album, "Cage the Elephant", on June 23, 2008 in the United Kingdom and April 21, 2009 in the United States, Japan, Australia, and Canada, to mostly favorable reviews. Their single "Ain't No Rest for the Wicked" reached number 32 on the UK Singles Chart and was featured in the Gearbox Software video game "Borderlands", as well as in the 2010 movie "The Bounty Hunter". It was also featured as ITunes' free single of the week for the week of April 12, 2009.


title: Cage the Elephant

text: Cage the Elephant appeared as a support act on tour with The Pigeon Detectives in early 2008, and for Silversun Pickups and Manchester Orchestra in 2009. They appeared on "Everybody Loves Lil' Chris" in October 2008. The group made a national TV appearance on the "Late Show with David Letterman", performing "Ain't No Rest for the Wicked" in July 2009. In August 2009, Cage the Elephant played for the first time at Lollapalooza in Chicago, as well as San Francisco's Outside Lands Music and Arts Festival on August 30, 2009. Prior to their return to Lollapalooza, the band also performed twice at Bonnaroo, once in June 2007 and in 2009. They released the single "Back Against the Wall" which was later included in a Wii game, called "We Cheer", "We Cheer 2".


title: Cage the Elephant

text: The band's second album, "Thank You, Happy Birthday", was released in January 2011. The album sold 39,000 copies during its first week in the U.S., debuting at Number 2 on the "Billboard" 200, losing to the band Cake's "Showroom of Compassion". The album received positive reception from most critics.


title: Cage the Elephant

text: Throughout the year, Cage the Elephant supported the album by playing live. The group landed multiple late night shows, such as the "Late Show with David Letterman" and "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno". Cage the Elephant also landed the bill for music festivals such as Coachella and the Glastonbury Festival. On August 6, 2011, Cage the Elephant performed at the Kansas Speedway for the first annual Kanrocksas music festival. In the later half of the year, the band supported the Foo Fighters, who were on tour supporting their new album "Wasting Light". In October, drummer Jared Champion's appendix suddenly burst, requiring immediate medical attention. Dave Grohl, the Foo Fighters' frontman and former drummer of Nirvana, temporarily filled in for Champion while he was recuperating.


title: Cage the Elephant

text: The band's hit song "Shake Me Down" was nominated for a MTV Video Music Award for Best Rock Video in September 2011.


title: Cage the Elephant

text: The group's audience expanded widely throughout 2011. Although they were formed in the 2000s, the band earned the top spot in "Rolling Stone"'s "Reader's Poll: The Best New Artist of 2011". The band Sleeper Agent, another Bowling Green music group and close friends with Cage the Elephant, came in second place. The magazine also named "Thank You, Happy Birthday" as the 15th best album of the year. That year, Cage the Elephant and Manchester Orchestra embarked on a co-headlining tour with Sleeper Agent as the opening band.


title: Cage the Elephant

text: In January 2012, the band released the album "Live from The Vic in Chicago", recorded during their 2011 tour, and also toured with the Big Day Out music festival.


title: Cage the Elephant

text: Cage the Elephant regrouped in the studio to record their third album "Melophobia" (meaning "fear of music"). The album's lead single "Come a Little Closer" was teased via their YouTube channel on August 1, 2013, and premiered in full on August 8, 2013. It was released on iTunes for purchase on August 13. In an interview with iHeartRadio during Lollapalooza 2013, Matt Shultz revealed the title of the upcoming album. "Melophobia" was released on October 8, 2013, to largely positive reviews. Shultz mentions in an interview with Billboard that Melophobia is not a fear of music, rather, "It's a fear of creating music under false pretenses, catering to cool, or writing to project some sort of image that's based upon social standards...[It's] trying to sound artistic, poetic or intellectual, rather than just trying to communicate an honest thought or feeling or story.""Take It or Leave It" and "Cigarette Daydreams" were released on March 24, 2014 and August 26, 2014, respectively. The band toured with Muse as an opening act in the fall of 2013.


title: Cage the Elephant

text: On August 24, 2013, the band performed "Melophobia" in its entirety live at Soundcheck Nashville in front of an intimate audience of friends and family. The band also performed the songs "Spiderhead" and "Come A Little Closer" live on Los Angeles radio station KROQ. Lincoln Parish left the band early in December 2013 to focus on his production company, TalkBoxRodeo. In an interview, Parish said that he "wanted to be a producer before anything else. And then [Cage the Elephant] obviously took off and did more than what any of us could have expected." Guitarist Nick Bockrath filled in as lead guitarist on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" on December 9 and, on subsequent shows. The "Melophobia" tour continued into 2014, including a stop at the Lollapalooza music festival on August 3. The band also toured with The Black Keys on their "Turn Blue" tour, and then with Foals on their 2014 UK and US tours.


title: Cage the Elephant

text: In August 2013, Brad Shultz and his wife Lindsay had a child named Etta Grace, and on November 12, 2014, Jared Champion and his partner Alicia had a child named Rosalyn. Kyle Davis filled in for Champion during the December 2014 tour, while he spent time with his family.


title: Cage the Elephant

text: Cage the Elephant released their fourth album, "Tell Me I'm Pretty", on December 18, 2015, with Dan Auerbach, a member of The Black Keys, as the producer.


title: Cage the Elephant

text: The band said they "just wanted to experiment with sounds. While you start experimenting with sound and you get out there a little bit, away from the norm, I think people will see that as psychedelic." This project reached farther than their usual work. The album's first single, "Mess Around", was first performed by the band on October 29, 2015. The band posted on Twitter stating that the song was inspired by the band Outkast and The Black Keys. The band then released their second single from the album, "Trouble." To promote the album, "Too Late To Say Goodbye" was put out to the public before the band released the full album.


title: Cage the Elephant

text: The woman pictured on the cover of the album is model Rachel Sykes. In an interview, lead singer Matt Shultz said "When I looked at her, she was immediately beautiful to the eye but also there was some sense that she'd lived some real life in a way that I could relate to..." He then continued to say that she looked as if she had been "touched" and he was delighted to see how she acted in real life, when she was not being photographed or on camera. The album earned the band's first Grammy Award.


title: Cage the Elephant

text: On November 26, 2018, the band announced on Twitter that their new album was "Done. Mixed. Mastered." On January 7, 2019 they released a sample of a song titled “Ready to Let Go” on their Instagram story. On January 31, the band officially released "Ready To Let Go", the first single off their new album.


title: Cage the Elephant

text: On February 11, 2019, Cage the Elephant announced a summer 2019 co-headlining tour with Beck, who is featured on the "Social Cues" track "Night Running." It was also featured in the soundtrack to the PlayStation 4 game "MLB The Show 19". The album "Social Cues" was released on April 19, 2019, via RCA Records. A Matt Shultz directed music video for "Ready to Let Go" was released on January 31 as well. On September 23, Cage the Elephant announced tour dates in early 2020 in the UK and Europe. Supporting acts are Post Animal for the UK leg and SWMRS for the remainder of the European tour. On October 24, Cage the Elephant released a music video for the song "Social Cues" from their album "Social Cues". It was shot at Adult Swims "FishCenter Live" in Atlanta, Georgia with additional direction from Matt Shultz.


title: Cage the Elephant

text: In 2020, "Social Cues" won the band's second Grammy Award for Best Rock Album at the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards. The band contributed a cover of the Metallica song "The Unforgiven" to the charity tribute album "The Metallica Blacklist", released in September 2021.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: John Paul Stevens (April 20, 1920 – July 16, 2019) was an American lawyer and jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1975 to 2010. At the time of his retirement, he was the second-oldest justice in the history of the U.S. Supreme Court and the third-longest-serving justice. At the time of his death in 2019 at age 99, he was the longest-lived Supreme Court justice ever. His long tenure saw him write for the Court on most issues of American law, including civil liberties, the death penalty, government action, and intellectual property. In cases involving presidents of the United States, he wrote for the court that they were to be held accountable under American law. Despite being a registered Republican who throughout his life identified as a conservative, Stevens was considered to have been on the liberal side of the Court at the time of his retirement.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: Born in Chicago, Stevens served in the United States Navy during World War II and graduated from Northwestern University School of Law. After clerking for Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge, he co-founded a law firm in Chicago, focusing on antitrust law. In 1970, President Richard Nixon appointed Stevens to the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. Five years later, President Gerald Ford successfully nominated Stevens to the Supreme Court to fill the vacancy caused by the retirement of Justice William O. Douglas. He became the senior associate justice after the retirement of Harry Blackmun in 1994. After the death of Chief Justice William Rehnquist, Stevens briefly acted in the capacity of chief justice before the appointment of John Roberts. Stevens retired in 2010 during the administration of President Barack Obama and was succeeded by Elena Kagan.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: Stevens's majority opinions in landmark cases include "Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.", "Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council", "Apprendi v. New Jersey", "Hamdan v. Rumsfeld", "NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co.", "Kelo v. City of New London", "Gonzales v. Raich", "U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton", and "Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency". Stevens is also known for his dissents in "Texas v. Johnson", "Bush v. Gore", "Bethel v. Fraser", "District of Columbia v. Heller", "Printz v. United States", and "Citizens United v. FEC".


title: John Paul Stevens

text: Stevens was born on April 20, 1920, in Hyde Park, Chicago, Illinois, to a wealthy family. His paternal grandfather had formed an insurance company and held real estate in Chicago, while his granduncle owned the Chas A. Stevens department store. His father, Ernest James Stevens (1884–1972), was a lawyer who later became an hotelier, owning two hotels, the La Salle and the Stevens Hotel. The family lost ownership of the hotels during the Great Depression, and Stevens's father, grandfather, and an uncle were charged with embezzlement; the Illinois Supreme Court later overturned the conviction, criticizing the prosecution. His mother, Elizabeth Street Stevens (1881–1979), was a high school English teacher. Two of his three older brothers also became lawyers.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: A lifelong Chicago Cubs fan, Stevens was 12 when he attended the 1932 World Series between the Yankees and the Cubs in Chicago's Wrigley Field, in which Babe Ruth allegedly called his shot. Stevens later recalled: "Ruth did point to the center-field scoreboard. And he did hit the ball out of the park after he pointed with his bat, so it really happened." He also had the opportunity to meet several notable people of the era, including the famed aviators Amelia Earhart and Charles Lindbergh, the latter of whom gave him a caged dove as a gift.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: The family lived in Hyde Park, and Stevens attended the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools where he graduated in 1937. He later attended the University of Chicago, where he majored in English, was inducted into Phi Beta Kappa, and graduated with highest honors in 1941. While in college, Stevens also became a member of the Psi Upsilon fraternity.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: He began work on his master's degree in English at the university in 1941 but soon decided to join the United States Navy. He enlisted on December 6, 1941, one day before the attack on Pearl Harbor, and served as an intelligence officer in the Pacific Theater from 1942 to 1945. Stevens was awarded a Bronze Star for his service in the codebreaking team whose work led to the downing of Japanese Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto's plane in 1943 (Operation Vengeance).


title: John Paul Stevens

text: Stevens married Elizabeth Jane Shereen in June 1942. Divorcing her in 1979, he married Maryan Mulholland Simon that December; that marriage lasted until Simon's death in 2015 following complications from hip surgery. He had four children: John Joseph (who died of cancer in 1996), Kathryn (who died in 2018), Elizabeth, and Susan.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: With the end of World War II, Stevens returned to Illinois, intending to return to his studies in English, but was persuaded by his brother Richard, who was a lawyer, to attend law school. Stevens enrolled in the Northwestern University School of Law in 1945, with the G.I. Bill paying most of his tuition. Stevens graduated in 1947 ranked first in his class with a J.D. "magna cum laude", having earned the highest GPA in the school's history.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: After receiving high recommendations from several Northwestern faculty members, Stevens served as a law clerk to Supreme Court justice Wiley Rutledge during the 1947–48 term.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: Following his clerkship, Stevens returned to Chicago and joined the law firm of Poppenhusen, Johnston, Thompson & Raymond (now Jenner & Block). Stevens was admitted to the bar in 1949. He determined that he would not stay long at the Poppenhusen firm after being docked his pay for the day he took off to travel to Springfield to swear his oath of admission. During his time at the firm, Stevens began his practice in antitrust law.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: In 1951, he returned to Washington, DC, to serve as associate counsel to the Subcommittee on the Study of Monopoly Power of the Judiciary Committee of the U.S. House of Representatives. During this time, the subcommittee worked on several highly publicized investigations in many industries, most notably Major League Baseball.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: In 1952, Stevens returned to Chicago and, together with two other young lawyers with whom he had worked at Poppenhusen, Johnston, Thompson & Raymond, formed his own law firm: Rothschild, Stevens, Barry & Myers. It soon developed into a successful practice, with Stevens continuing to focus on antitrust cases. His growing expertise in antitrust law led to an invitation to teach the "Competition and Monopoly" course at the University of Chicago Law School, and from 1953 to 1955, he was a member of the Attorney General's National Committee to Study Antitrust Laws. At the same time, Stevens was making a name for himself as a first-rate antitrust litigator and was involved in a number of trials. He was widely regarded by colleagues as an extraordinarily capable and impressive lawyer with a fantastic memory and analytical ability, and authored a number of influential works on antitrust law.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: In 1969, the Greenberg Commission, appointed by the Illinois Supreme Court to investigate Sherman Skolnick's corruption allegations leveled at former chief justice Ray Klingbiel and then-current chief justice Roy Solfisburg, named Stevens as its counsel, meaning that he essentially served as the commission's special prosecutor. The commission was widely thought to be a whitewash, but Stevens proved them wrong by vigorously prosecuting the justices, forcing them from office in the end. As a result of the prominence he gained during the Greenberg Commission, Stevens became the second vice president of the Chicago Bar Association in 1970.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: Stevens's role in the Greenberg Commission catapulted him to prominence and was largely responsible for President Richard Nixon's decision to appoint Stevens as a judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit on November 20, 1970. His nomination was put forth by a former University of Chicago classmate, Illinois Senator Charles H. Percy.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: On November 28, 1975, President Gerald Ford nominated Stevens as an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court, to a seat vacated by William O. Douglas. Again, it was Percy who suggested Stevens; the nomination was also strongly supported by Attorney General Edward Levi, former president of the University of Chicago. He was sworn into office December 19, 1975, after being confirmed 98–0 by the U.S. Senate two days before.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: When Harry Blackmun retired in 1994, Stevens became the senior associate justice and thus assumed the administrative duties of the Court whenever the post of Chief Justice of the United States was vacant or the chief justice was unable to perform his duties. Stevens performed the duties of chief justice in September 2005, between the death of Chief Justice William Rehnquist and the swearing-in of his replacement, Chief Justice John Roberts, and presided over oral arguments on a number of occasions when the chief justice was ill or recused. Also in September 2005, Stevens was honored with a symposium by Fordham Law School for his 30 years on the Supreme Court, and President Ford wrote a letter stating his continued pride in appointing him.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: In a 2005 speech, Stevens stressed the importance of "learning on the job"; for example, during his tenure on the Court, Stevens changed his views on affirmative action (initially opposed), as well as on other issues. President Ford praised Stevens in 2005: "He is serving his nation well, with dignity, intellect and without partisan political concerns."


title: John Paul Stevens

text: Additionally, he participated actively in questioning during oral arguments. Stevens was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2008. That same year he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: On January 20, 2009, Stevens administered the oath of office to Vice President Joe Biden at Biden's request. It is customary for the vice president to be inaugurated by the person of their choice.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: On April 9, 2010, Stevens announced his intention to retire from the Supreme Court; he subsequently retired on June 29 of that year. Stevens said that his decision to retire from the Court was initially triggered when he stumbled on several sentences when delivering his oral dissent in the 2010 landmark case "Citizens United v. FEC". Stevens said "I took that as a warning sign that maybe I've been around longer than I should."


title: John Paul Stevens

text: Stevens retired on June 29, 2010 as the third-longest-serving justice in the history of the Supreme Court with 34 years and six months of service and just three days short of tying the tenure of the second-longest serving justice in history, Stephen Johnson Field, who had retired on December 1, 1897. The longest-serving justice is Stevens's immediate predecessor, Justice William O. Douglas, who served 36 years and retired on November 12, 1975. He was the last veteran of the Burger Court to remain on the bench.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: Stevens was also the second-oldest justice, at age 90 years and two months at retirement, behind Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. who retired at the age of 90 years and 10 months on January 12, 1932. On July 23, 2015, Stevens became the longest-lived retired justice, surpassing Stanley Forman Reed who died at age 95 years and 93 days on April 2, 1980.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: On June 26, 2015, Stevens attended the Court's announcement of the opinion in "Obergefell v. Hodges", in which the Court ruled 5–4 that recognition of same-sex marriage is protected under the Constitution's Fourteenth Amendment.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: When he was appointed to the Supreme Court, Stevens was a registered Republican. In September 2007, he was a sitting Justice when he was asked if he still considered himself a Republican. Stevens replied, "That's the kind of issue I shouldn't comment on, either in private or in public."


title: John Paul Stevens

text: Abner Mikva, a close friend, said that as a judge, Stevens refused to discuss politics. "He was more particular about it than a lot of them," Mikva stated.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: In 2018, Stevens told a Boca Raton crowd that Brett Kavanaugh's performance during recent Senate hearings should disqualify him from the U.S. Supreme Court bench, citing the potential for political bias should he serve on the Supreme Court. Kavanaugh was nominated by Republican president Donald Trump.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: Just months before his death, Stevens spoke out against President Donald Trump saying that "I am not a fan of President Trump" and when asked about Trump's effect on the country he stated "I don't think it's been favorable."


title: John Paul Stevens

text: On the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, Stevens had a moderately conservative record. Early in his tenure on the Supreme Court, Stevens had a relatively moderate voting record. He voted to reinstate capital punishment in the United States and opposed race-based admissions programs, such as the program at issue in "Regents of the University of California v. Bakke", . However, on the more conservative Rehnquist Court, Stevens joined the more liberal justices on issues such as abortion rights, gay rights and federalism. His Segal–Cover score, a measure of the perceived liberalism/conservatism of Court members when they joined the Court, places him squarely on the conservative side of the Court. However, a 2003 statistical analysis of Supreme Court voting patterns found Stevens the most liberal member of the Court. President Ford expressed no regrets about Stevens's drift toward liberalism, writing in a 2005 letter to "USA Today", "Justice Stevens has made me, and our fellow citizens, proud of my three decade old decision to appoint him to the Supreme Court."


title: John Paul Stevens

text: Stevens's jurisprudence has usually been characterized as idiosyncratic. Stevens, unlike most justices, reviewed petitions for certiorari within his chambers instead of having his law clerks participate as part of the cert pool and usually wrote the first drafts of his opinions himself; when asked to explain why, he said: "I'm the one hired to do the job." He further explained that he continued to learn about cases and legal theories as he drafted his opinions and re-evaluates his positions on cases while writing.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: He was not an originalist (such as Antonin Scalia) nor a pragmatist (such as Judge Richard Posner), nor did he pronounce himself a cautious liberal (such as Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg). He was considered part of the liberal bloc of the Court starting in the mid-1980s, and was dubbed the "chief justice of the liberal Supreme Court", though he publicly called himself a judicial conservative in 2007.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: In 1985s "Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center", , Stevens argued against the Supreme Court's famous "strict scrutiny" doctrine for laws involving "suspect classifications", putting forth the view that all classifications should be evaluated using the "rational basis" test as to whether they could have been enacted by an "impartial legislature". In "Burnham v. Superior Court of California", , Stevens demonstrated his independence with a characteristically pithy concurrence.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: Stevens was once an impassioned critic of affirmative action; in addition to the 1978 decision in "Bakke", he dissented in the case of "Fullilove v. Klutznick", , which upheld a minority set-aside program. He shifted his position over the years and voted to uphold the affirmative action program at the University of Michigan Law School challenged in 2003's "Grutter v. Bollinger", .


title: John Paul Stevens

text: Stevens wrote the majority opinion in "Hamdan v. Rumsfeld" in 2006, in which he held that certain military commissions had been improperly constituted. He also wrote a lengthy dissenting opinion in "Citizens United v. FEC", arguing the majority should not make a decision so broad that it would overturn precedents set in three previous Supreme Court cases. When reviewing his career at the Supreme Court in his 2019 book, "The Making of a Justice: Reflections on My First 94 Years", Stevens lamented being unable to persuade his colleagues against the decision in "Citizens United", which he described as "a disaster for our election law."


title: John Paul Stevens

text: Stevens's views on obscenity under the First Amendment changed over the years. He was initially quite critical of constitutional protection for obscenity, rejecting a challenge to Detroit zoning ordinances that barred adult theaters in designated areas in "Young v. American Mini Theatres", , ("[E]ven though we recognize that the First Amendment will not tolerate the total suppression of erotic materials that have some arguably artistic value, it is manifest that society's interest in protecting this type of expression is of a wholly different, and lesser, magnitude than the interest in untrammeled political debate"), but later in his tenure adhered firmly to a libertarian free speech approach on obscenity issues, voting to strike down a federal law regulating online obscene content considered "harmful to minors" in "ACLU v. Ashcroft", . In his dissenting opinion, Stevens argued that, while "[a]s a parent, grandparent, and great-grandparent", he endorsed the legislative goal of protecting children from pornography "without reservation", "[a]s a judge, I must confess to a growing sense of unease when the interest in protecting children from prurient materials is invoked as a justification for using criminal regulation of speech as a substitute for, or a simple backup to, adult oversight of children's viewing."


title: John Paul Stevens

text: Perhaps the most personal and unusual feature of his jurisprudence was his continual referencing of World War II in his opinions. For example, Stevens, a World War II veteran, was visibly angered by William Kunstler's flippant defense of flag-burning in oral argument in "Texas v. Johnson", and voted to uphold a prohibition on flag-burning against a First Amendment argument. Stevens wrote, "The ideas of liberty and equality have been an irresistible force in motivating leaders like Patrick Henry, Susan B. Anthony, and Abraham Lincoln, schoolteachers like Nathan Hale and Booker T. Washington, the Philippine Scouts who fought at Bataan, and the soldiers who scaled the bluff at Omaha Beach. If those ideas are worth fighting for—and our history demonstrates that they are—it cannot be true that the flag that uniquely symbolizes their power is not itself worthy of protection from unnecessary desecration."


title: John Paul Stevens

text: Stevens generally supported students' right to free speech in public schools. He wrote sharply-worded dissents in "Bethel v. Fraser", and "Morse v. Frederick", , two decisions that restricted students' freedom of speech. However, he joined the Court's ruling on "Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier", which upheld a principal's censorship of a student newspaper.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: In "Wallace v. Jaffree", , striking down an Alabama statute mandating a minute of silence in public schools "for meditation or silent prayer", Stevens wrote the opinion for a majority that included justices William Brennan, Thurgood Marshall, Harry Blackmun, and Lewis Powell. He affirmed that the Establishment Clause is binding on the States via the Fourteenth Amendment, and that: "Just as the right to speak and the right to refrain from speaking are complementary components of a broader concept of individual freedom of mind, so also the individual's freedom to choose his own creed is the counterpart of his right to refrain from accepting the creed of the majority. At one time, it was thought that this right merely proscribed the preference of one Christian sect over another, but would not require equal respect for the conscience of the infidel, the atheist, or the adherent of a non-Christian faith such as Islam or Judaism. But when the underlying principle has been examined in the crucible of litigation, the Court has unambiguously concluded that the individual freedom of conscience protected by the First Amendment embraces the right to select any religious faith or none at all."


title: John Paul Stevens

text: Stevens wrote a dissent in "Van Orden v. Perry", , in which he was joined by Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg; he argued that the ten commandments displayed in the Texas Capitol grounds transmitted the message: "This State endorses the divine code of the 'Judeo-Christian' God." The Establishment Clause, he wrote, "at the very least ... has created a strong presumption against the display of religious symbols on public property", and that it "demands religious neutrality—Government may not exercise preference for one religious faith over another". This includes a prohibition against enacting laws or imposing requirements that aid all religions as against unbelievers, or aid religions that are based on a belief in the existence of God against those founded on different principles.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: When interpreting the Interstate Commerce Clause, Stevens consistently sided with the federal government. He dissented in "United States v. Lopez", and "United States v. Morrison", , two prominent cases in which the Rehnquist court changed direction by holding that Congress had exceeded its constitutional power under the Commerce Clause. He then authored "Gonzales v. Raich", , which permits the federal government to arrest, prosecute, and imprison patients who use medical marijuana regardless of whether such use is legally permissible under state law.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: Stevens had a generally libertarian voting record on the Fourth Amendment, which deals with search and seizure. Stevens authored the majority opinion in "Arizona v. Gant", which held that "police may search a vehicle incident to a recent occupant's arrest only if the arrestee is within reaching distance of the compartment at the time of the search or it is reasonable to believe the vehicle contains evidence of the offense of arrest." He dissented in "New Jersey v. T. L. O.", and "Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton", , both involving searches in schools. He was a dissenter in "Oliver v. United States", , a case relating to the open-fields doctrine. However, in "United States v. Montoya De Hernandez", , he sided with the government, and he was the author of "United States v. Ross", , which permits the police to search closed containers found in the course of searching a vehicle. He also authored the dissent in "Kyllo v. United States", , which held that the use of thermal imaging requires a warrant.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: In a 2009 paper, Ward Farnsworth argued that Stevens's "dissents against type" (in Stevens's case, votes in dissent in favor of the government's position and against the accused, such as the one in "Kyllo") suggest that while Stevens "[believed] strongly in laying out resources for the sake of accuracy and opportunities to protest an unfair trial, [he is] not nearly as concerned about restraining the government at the front end of the process, when it is gathering evidence—for the costs of invaded rights then are to "liberty" rather than to "accuracy"".


title: John Paul Stevens

text: Stevens joined the majority in "Gregg v. Georgia", , which overruled "Furman v. Georgia", and again allowed the use of the death penalty in the United States. In later cases such as "Thompson v. Oklahoma", and "Atkins v. Virginia", , Stevens held that the Constitution forbids the use of the death penalty in certain circumstances. Stevens opposed using the death penalty on juvenile offenders; he dissented in "Stanford v. Kentucky", and joined the Court's majority in "Roper v. Simmons", , overturning "Stanford". In "Baze v. Rees", , Stevens voted with the majority in upholding Kentucky's method of lethal injection, because he felt bound by "stare decisis". However, he opined that "state-sanctioned killing is ... becoming more and more anachronistic" and agreed with former justice Byron White's assertion that "the needless extinction of life with only marginal contributions to any discernible social or public purposes ... would be patently excessive," in violation of the Eighth Amendment (quoting from White's concurrence in "Furman"). Soon after his vote in "Baze", Stevens told a Sixth Circuit conference that one of the drugs (pancuronium bromide) in the three-drug cocktail used by Kentucky to execute death row inmates is prohibited in Kentucky for euthanizing animals. He questioned whether Kentucky Derby second-place finisher Eight Belles died more humanely than those on death row. He explained that his death penalty decisions were influenced, in part, by an increasing awareness through DNA testing of the fallibility of death sentences, and the fact that death-qualified juries come with a set of biases. Stevens, at the time of his opinion in "Baze", was one of four justices—the others being Brennan, Marshall, and Blackmun—who had concluded that post-"Gregg" capital punishment is unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment. After his retirement, Stevens stated that his vote in "Gregg" was the only vote he regretted.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: Stevens authored the majority opinion in "Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.", . The opinion stands for how courts review administrative agencies' interpretations of their organic statutes. If the organic statute unambiguously expresses the will of Congress, the court enforces the legislature's intent. If the statute is unclear (and is thus thought to reflect a Congressional delegation of power to the agency to interpret the statute), and the agency interpretation has the force of law, courts defer to an agency's interpretation of the statute unless that interpretation is deemed to be "arbitrary, capricious, or manifestly contrary to the statute". This doctrine is now generally referred to as ""Chevron" deference" among legal practitioners.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: Unlike some other members of the Court, Stevens was consistently willing to find organic statutes unambiguous and thus overturn agency interpretations of those statutes. (See his majority opinion in "Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Cardoza-Fonseca", , and his dissent in "Young v. Community Nutrition Institute", .) Although "Chevron" has come to stand for the proposition of deference to agency interpretations, Stevens, the author of the opinion, was less willing to defer to agencies than the rest of his colleagues on the Court.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: Stevens wrote the lead opinion in "Crawford v. Marion County Election Board", a case where the Court upheld the right of states to require an official photo identification card to help ensure that only citizens vote. Chief Justice John Roberts and Justice Anthony Kennedy joined this opinion, and justices Antonin Scalia, Clarence Thomas, and Samuel Alito agreed with them on the outcome. Edward B. Foley, an election law expert at Ohio State University, said the Stevens opinion might represent an effort to "depoliticize election law cases." Stevens's vote in "Crawford" and his agreement with the Court's conservative majority in two other cases during the 2007–2008 term ("Medellin v. Texas", and "Baze v. Rees") led University of Oklahoma law professor and former Stevens clerk Joseph Thai to wonder if Stevens was "tacking back a little bit toward the center."


title: John Paul Stevens

text: In "Bush v. Gore", , Stevens wrote a scathing dissent on the Court's ruling to stay the recount of votes in Florida during the 2000 presidential election. He believed that the holding displayed "an unstated lack of confidence in the impartiality and capacity of the state judges who would make the critical decisions if the vote count were to proceed". He continued, "The endorsement of that position by the majority of this Court can only lend credence to the most cynical appraisal of the work of judges throughout the land. It is confidence in the men and women who administer the judicial system that is the true backbone of the rule of law. Time will one day heal the wound to that confidence that will be inflicted by today's decision. One thing, however, is certain. Although we may never know with complete certainty the identity of the winner of this year's presidential election, the identity of the loser is perfectly clear. It is the Nation's confidence in the judge as an impartial guardian of the rule of law."


title: John Paul Stevens

text: Stevens wrote the primary dissenting opinion in "District of Columbia v. Heller" , a landmark case which addressed the interpretation of the Second Amendment and the right to keep and bear arms. "Heller" struck down provisions of the Firearms Control Regulations Act of 1975 and held that the Second Amendment protects an individual's right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia for traditionally lawful purposes, such as self-defense within the home. His dissent was joined by justices David Souter, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, and Stephen Breyer; the majority opinion was written by Justice Antonin Scalia.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: Stevens stated that the Court's judgment was "a strained and unpersuasive reading" which overturned longstanding precedent, and that the Court had "bestowed a dramatic upheaval in the law." Stevens also stated that the amendment was notable for the "omission of any statement of purpose related to the right to use firearms for hunting or personal self-defense" which was present in the Declarations of Rights of Pennsylvania and Vermont. Stevens' dissent seems to rest on four main points of disagreement: that the Founders would have made the individual right aspect of the Second Amendment express if that was what was intended; that the "militia" preamble and exact phrase "to keep and bear arms" demands the conclusion that the Second Amendment touches on state militia service only; that many lower courts' later "collective-right" reading of the "Miller" decision constitutes , which may only be overturned at great peril; and that the Court has not considered gun-control laws (e.g., the National Firearms Act) unconstitutional. The dissent concludes, "The Court would have us believe that over 200 years ago, the Framers made a choice to limit the tools available to elected officials wishing to regulate civilian uses of weapons. ... I could not possibly conclude that the Framers made such a choice."


title: John Paul Stevens

text: On March 27, 2018, days after the March for Our Lives demonstrations in the wake of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, described by many media outlets as a possible tipping point for gun control legislation, Stevens wrote an essay for "The New York Times", stating that the demonstrators should be demanding the outright repeal of the Second Amendment. He wrote:


title: John Paul Stevens

text: In 2011, Stevens published a memoir entitled "Five Chiefs: A Supreme Court Memoir", which detailed his legal career during the tenure of five of the Supreme Court's chief justices. In "Five Chiefs", Stevens recounts his time as a law clerk during the tenure of Chief Justice Vinson; his experiences as a private attorney during the Warren era; and his experience while serving as an associate justice on the Burger, Rehnquist, and Roberts Courts.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: In 2014, Stevens published "Six Amendments: How and Why We Should Change the Constitution", where he proposed that six amendments should be added to the U.S. Constitution to address political gerrymandering, anti-commandeering, campaign finance reform, capital punishment, gun violence, and sovereign immunity.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: In 2019, at age 99 and shortly before his death, Stevens published "The Making of a Justice: Reflections on My First 94 Years".


title: John Paul Stevens

text: Stevens married Elizabeth Sheeren in 1942. He was on the high court when the couple divorced thirty-seven years later in 1979. Later that same year, he married Maryan Simon; they remained married until her death in 2015. Stevens had four children, two of whom predeceased him. Stevens was a Protestant, and upon his retirement, the Supreme Court had no Protestant members for the first time in its history. He was one of only two Supreme Court justices who divorced while on the Court—the first was William O. Douglas, whom he coincidentally succeeded as an associate justice.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: Stevens died at the age of 99 from complications of a stroke in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, on July 16, 2019. He received hospice care and was with his two surviving children, Elizabeth and Susan, when he died. In addition to his two daughters, Stevens was survived by 9 grandchildren and 13 great-grandchildren. He lay in repose at the Supreme Court on July 22, 2019 before a planned burial at Arlington National Cemetery on July 23, 2019. The service was attended by all the justices on the court, as well as retired justices Anthony Kennedy and David Souter. President Donald Trump ordered flags to fly at half-staff as a mark of respect on Tuesday, July 23, until sundown.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: Stevens was portrayed by the actor William Schallert in the 2008 film "Recount". He was portrayed by David Grant Wright in two episodes of "Boston Legal" in which Alan Shore and Denny Crane appear before the Supreme Court. Stevens appeared in interviews in two episodes of Ken Burns's 2011 PBS documentary miniseries "Prohibition", recalling his childhood in Chicago in the 1920s and 30s.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: According to an April 2009 article in "The Wall Street Journal," Stevens "rendered an opinion on who wrote Shakespeare's plays," proclaiming himself an Oxfordian. That is, he believes the works ascribed to William Shakespeare actually were written by Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford. As a result, he was appointed "Oxfordian of the Year" by the Shakespeare Oxford Society. According to the article, Antonin Scalia and Harry Blackmun shared Stevens's belief.


title: John Paul Stevens

text: Stevens was 12 years old when he was at Wrigley Field for the 1932 World Series game at which Babe Ruth hit his "called shot" home run. Eighty-four years later, he attended Game 4 of the 2016 World Series, also at Wrigley Field, wearing a red bowtie with a Chicago Cubs jacket.


title: Chungha

text: Kim Chung-ha (, born Kim Chan-mi []; February 9, 1996), known mononymously as Chungha (stylized as CHUNG HA), is a South Korean pop singer, dancer and choreographer signed under MNH Entertainment. She finished fourth in Mnet's girl group survival show "Produce 101", becoming a member of the resulting girl group I.O.I. Following the dissolution of I.O.I in 2017, Chungha debuted as a solo artist with the extended play "Hands on Me".


title: Chungha

text: Chungha was born as Kim Chan-mi () on February 9, 1996, in Seoul. Under her English name Annie Kim, she lived in Dallas, Texas, for eight years before returning to South Korea to become a singer. As a result, she speaks both English and Korean. She graduated from Sejong University, majoring in dance. She auditioned for YG Entertainment and was a JYP Entertainment trainee prior to joining MNH Entertainment. Kim trained for three years before debuting, and had been dancing for 6–7 years. She revealed that she almost quit attending dance classes at some point due to financial issues.


title: Chungha

text: From January 22 to April 1, Kim represented MNH Entertainment on reality girl group survival show "Produce 101". She finished in fourth place and debuted on May 4, with the project girl group I.O.I with the mini-album "Chrysalis". On June 10, YMC Entertainment revealed Chungha as one of the seven members of the group's unit group, slated to promote their second single, "Whatta Man", during the summer of 2016. It was revealed that three teams were contacted to make the choreography for the single, but hers was chosen because it was deemed to be the highest quality. The single was a commercial success peaking at number 2 on the Gaon Digital Chart and on the Gaon Album Chart, for its digital (downloads and streaming) and physical sales respectively.


title: Chungha

text: On June 30, it was revealed that Chungha would be having a cameo appearance on Korean drama, "Entourage," along with groupmate Lim Na-young. On July 24, she was revealed to be a new cast member on dance survival show, "Hit The Stage". On August 17, it was announced that Chungha would be collaborating with groupmates Choi Yoo-jung, Jeon So-mi, and DIA's Ki Hui-hyeon for the digital single, """Flower, Wind and You""", which was produced by Boi B. The music video was released on MBK Entertainment's YouTube channel. On December 21, MNH Entertainment confirmed that she will be debuting as a solo artist in the beginning of 2017 after wrapping up I.O.I's promotions. On December 23, Chungha collaborated with Heo Jung-eun and HALO's Ooon for the holiday carol, "Snow in This Year", that was featured on the Korean drama, "My Fair Lady".


title: Chungha

text: On January 10, 2017, Chungha was selected to be a host for EBS' "Ah! Sunday – A Running Miracle". Chungha would show the public how to improve their physical fitness via jogging and would take a team of challengers under her wing for the show. On April 21, she released her pre-debut single titled "Week", on the official M&H Entertainment YouTube account, followed on June 7 by her debut EP, entitled "Hands on Me", with the lead track "Why Don't You Know". Chungha subsequently featured in Samuel Kim's solo debut album entitled "Sixteen" with the track "With U", and in Babylon's single, "La La La". From September 3 onwards, she took over Kisum as a DJ for EBS's radio program "Listen", and on September 19, it was announced that she would be an MC for FashionN's "Please Take Care of My Vanity" alongside Super Junior's Leeteuk and Han Chae-young. On November 22, the first episode of her own reality show, "Chungha's Free Month", was released on YouTube and NaverTV.


title: Chungha

text: Chungha released her second extended play "Offset" on January 17, 2018. The EP contains five tracks including the title track "Roller Coaster". On June 26, MNH Entertainment confirmed that she would be having a comeback on July 18 with her third mini-album titled "Blooming Blue", with "Love U" serving as the lead single. Chungha became the ambassador for the Seoul International Architecture Film Festival in October of the same year. It was announced on August 8 that she would join the project group consisting of Red Velvet's Seulgi, (G)I-dle's Soyeon and GFriend's SinB called Station Young for SM Entertainment's project album "SM Station X 0". They released their single, "Wow Thing" on September 28. Chungha collaborated with Super Junior's Yesung with the song, "Whatcha Doin'", with the music video released on December 16.


title: Chungha

text: On January 2, 2019, she released her single album, "Gotta Go". On January 9, Chungha won her first-ever music program trophy on the MBC Music's "Show Champion". She was featured in VIXX member Ravi's new single, "Live", which was released on February 18, 2019. Chungha released her fourth EP "Flourishing" on June 24, 2019, alongside the music video of the lead single, "Snapping". "Snapping" was placed first on "Show Champion" on July 3, 2019. In August, she joined the soundtrack lineup for the tvN drama "Hotel del Luna". The track, titled "At the End", was released on August 3, 2019. Chungha collaborated with Grizzly on the single "Run", released on August 22, and with Mommy Son on the single "Fast", released in September for the JTBC Seoul Marathon. In October 2019, Chungha collaborated with Indonesian rapper Rich Brian on the single "These Nights". The track serves as the single for 88rising's second compilation album, "Head in the Clouds II". Chungha was featured in rapper Changmo's "Remedy" for his album "Boyhood", released on December 25, 2019. For her accomplishments in 2019, Chungha was awarded the Producer of the Year and Hot Performance Award of the Year with "Gotta Go" at the 2019 Gaon Chart Music Awards. On December 12, 2019, "Billboard" published their list of the "25 Best K-pop Songs of the 2019", with Chungha's single "Gotta Go" ranked at number three. "Billboard" described the latter as "Chungha fully embracing her stronger, more confident side; a side that's stayed consistent throughout her major year and can help guide her to even greater heights in the new decade". The single was also ranked hundredth on "Billboard's" "The 100 Greatest K-Pop Songs of the 2010s".


title: Chungha

text: In January 2020, Chungha collaborated with Paul Kim on the single "Loveship", which was released on January 21, 2020. She was part of the soundtrack lineup for the SBS drama "Dr. Romantic 2" with the track "My Love", released on February 4, 2020. Chungha made her first comeback in 2020 with a new single, "Everybody Has" on February 29 as part of MNH Entertainment's "New.wav" project. On March 10, MNH Entertainment announced that Chungha had signed with American agency, ICM Partners, for her America and global promotions.


title: Chungha

text: In April, Chungha collaborated on the pop song "Lie" with TVXQ singer Max Changmin. The song was featured on Changmin's debut extended play "Chocolate" and talks about the emotions exchanged between lovers who feel love in different intensities. On April 27, "Stay Tonight" was released as a pre-release single from the singer's upcoming album. The song debuted and peaked at number 9 on the Gaon Digital Chart, and peaked at number 4 on the "Billboard" World Digital Songs chart.


title: Chungha

text: Chungha released the single "My Friend", which features ph-1 and produced by Zion.T on May 30, 2020. She then collaborated with Sprite on the promotional single "Be Yourself" on June 9, 2020. The single was also part of MNH's "New.wav" project. On July 6, Chungha released her second pre-released single, "Play". The maxi single which consists of the two pre-released singles, peaked at number 7 on the Gaon Album Chart with 12,613 sales. It was announced that Chungha would be a cast member in "Law of the Jungle in Wild Korea", the first domestic filming in the programme history due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Chungha

text: Chungha made a soundtrack appearance for the tvN drama "Record of Youth" with the track "You're In My Soul", released on September 14, 2020. She then collaborated with Danish singer, Christopher on the single, "Bad Boy". The live version was released on September 23 while the music video was released on September 25. Chungha signed with 88rising in November 2020. She then collaborated with R3hab on the single "Dream of You" released on November 27, 2020.


title: Chungha

text: On December 7, it was confirmed that Chungha had tested positive for COVID-19. All her activities were temporarily halted and she was in self-isolation. She also missed the live press conference for the new show "Running Girls", but made appearance as her parts were shown in the premiere. On December 21, it was confirmed that Chungha was an asymptomatic carrier, and had left quarantine after 10 days and is resting at home since December 18. Chungha was set to release her first full-length album "Querencia" on January 4, 2021, but the release of the album was delayed to February 15, 2021. The title track "Bicycle" with the music video was released on the same day. Chungha was featured on Rain's "Why Don't We", which is the title track for his third EP "Pieces by Rain". The EP and the music video was released on March 3, 2021. Chungha and the members of I.O.I celebrated their 5th debut anniversary with a reunion live stream show called "Yes, I love it!" on May 4, 2021.


title: Chungha

text: On June 8, 2021, Chungha collaborated with Colde on the single "My Lips Like Warm Coffee". She then participated in the soundtrack of "One the Woman" with the single "Someday". In October 2021, Chungha made a special collaboration with the dance crew LACHICA on the single "Bad Girl" for the "Street Woman Fighter Special".


title: Chungha

text: On July 11, 2022, Chungha released the first part of her second full-length album "Bare & Rare" with its lead single "Sparkling".


title: Chungha

text: Chungha has stated singer-songwriter IU is her role model as she admires the way the soloist is able to sing, dance, and perform various other things. She has also stated that soloists BoA and Lee Hyori, and girl group 2NE1 are some of her role models.


title: Chungha

text: Chungha has endorsed various products ranging from electronics to clothing and cosmetics. Her first endorsement was for Nike's "Nike x W Korea", alongside singer Amber Liu and dancer May J Lee in 2017.


title: Chungha

text: Chungha's endorsements includes modeling for Umbro, women's clothing brand Muzak Ifne, Lens Town's contact lenses, endorsing Lotte Liquor's 'Chungha', and being the brand model for Guljak Topokki Chicken restaurant. She has also endorsed the video games "Sudden Attack" and "Bosslave", and LG Corporation's mobile service U+ 5G. In March 2019, Clinique announced that they had worked with and chosen Chungha as the brand's global ambassador. In May 2019, Sprite Korea announced her as the new model and face of the brand and their Summer 2019 "Dive in Sprite" Campaign alongside actor Jang Ki-yong.


title: Chungha

text: On October 12, 2021, Chungha was announced as a member of the Green Noble Club. The club is made of large donors who've made donations of ₩100 million or more to the Green Umbrella Children's Foundation.


title: Something Borrowed (film)

text: Something Borrowed is a 2011 American romantic comedy film based on Emily Giffin's 2005 book of the same name, directed by Luke Greenfield, starring Ginnifer Goodwin, Kate Hudson, Colin Egglesfield, and John Krasinski and distributed by Warner Bros.


title: Something Borrowed (film)

text: Darcy throws her friend Rachel a surprise 30th birthday. She is a young, serious-minded single attorney in NYC, whereas Darcy is free-spirited, Rachel's polar opposite. Darcy is engaged to Dex, and Rachel's close friend Ethan is her confidante.


title: Something Borrowed (film)

text: Darcy gets drunk at the party, so Dex takes her home, but returns for her Chanel purse. Rachel offers to help look for it, and he gets her a drink for her birthday. Afterwards, a drunk Rachel mentions the crush she had on him in law school. Sharing a cab, she apologizes, he kisses her and they wake up in bed together to Darcy's frantic message that Dex never came home.


title: Something Borrowed (film)

text: Flashbacks show Rachel and Dex in law school, growing closer and culminating in a pivotal evening. Over drinks, they are sharing personal stories, but Darcy showing up breaks the romantic mood. When she teases Rachel about Dex, she says he is just a friend. He's disappointed, but she doesn't notice. Darcy relentlessly flirts with Dex, so Rachel leaves.


title: Something Borrowed (film)

text: Meanwhile, in present day, things between Rachel and Dex remain awkward as the wedding plans proceed and Darcy hosts frequent gatherings in the Hamptons. Rachel says she is having sex with other men (first Marcus, then Ethan). Darcy tells Rachel she cheated on Dex once with someone from work.


title: Something Borrowed (film)

text: Ethan is frustrated at Rachel for never standing up for herself against Darcy. Friends with Rachel and sometimes foe to Darcy, he reluctantly agrees to tolerate Rachel's lies. He soon tires of the charade, trying to tell the group about Dex and Rachel, but she hits him with a racket, angering him for not confessing.


title: Something Borrowed (film)

text: Dex's mother's depression is being kept in check by her happiness with the upcoming wedding. Months after first being secretly intimate, Dex tries to talk to Rachel about what's between them; they skip Darcy's July 4 weekend in the Hamptons to stay in the city.


title: Something Borrowed (film)

text: Running into his parents, Dex's father tells him to end it, as his wants are less important than the overall right. He stuck by Dex’s mom with her troubles so Dex should not abandon Darcy so close to the wedding.


title: Something Borrowed (film)

text: As the wedding nears, Dex and Rachel speak less and less. At the beach, Ethan almost exposes their secret, who is frustrated with Rachel for lying to people she cares about. That night at the Hamptons bar, Rachel finally asks Dex to call off the wedding so they can be together, but he says he can't.


title: Something Borrowed (film)

text: Ethan moves to London for work, so Rachel goes to visit him a week before the wedding. He confesses he loves her, but accepts it is not mutual. Deciding to go to the New York wedding, she acknowledges she has to support Darcy. She finds Dex on her doorstep on her return to NYC, as he called it off.


title: Something Borrowed (film)

text: Rachel is ecstatic until Darcy arrives to talk. Dex quickly hides, overhearing her confessing that she has been cheating with Marcus (while Dex was cheating with Rachel). She is now pregnant with Marcus' child, and says they are very happy. On her way out she sees Dex's jacket and searches the apartment for him. When he reveals himself, she finally realises her best friend is the other woman. Dex and Darcy argue, and she yells at Rachel through tears that she hates her and never wants to speak to her again, storming out.


title: Something Borrowed (film)

text: Two months later, Rachel and Darcy run into each other. Darcy acts excited about her pregnancy, saying this is the happiest she has ever been. When Darcy notices Rachel has picked up one of Dex's shirts from the dry cleaner, she sees they are still together.


title: Something Borrowed (film)

text: As they begin to walk away, Darcy turns and genuinely says that she truly is happy. Rachel smiles widely and says she's glad. Dex then calls, who is waiting on a bench around the corner for her. Joining him with a broad smile, he takes her hand as they walk together down the street.


title: Something Borrowed (film)

text: In a mid-credits scene, Darcy surprises Ethan in London; he tries to ignore her, briskly sneaking away. The screen turns black with text indicating that the story is to be continued.


title: Something Borrowed (film)

text: "Something Borrowed" received negative reviews. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 15% of 117 critics have given the film a positive review, with an average rating of 4.00/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "In spite of solid performances from Kate Hudson and John Krasinski, "Something Borrowed" is an unpleasant misfire that lives down to its title." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 36 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Something Borrowed (film)

text: "Something Borrowed" grossed $39 million in the United States and Canada and $21.1 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $60.1 million, against a budget of $35 million.


title: Something Borrowed (film)

text: In 2014, Emily Giffin confirmed that she had written the script for a sequel, "Something Blue", based on her own 2005 novel of the same name. In February 2016, Giffin continued to suggest that she was working on the film sequel, though no other parties had issued any statements supporting this.


title: Douglas Fairbanks Jr.

text: Douglas Elton Fairbanks Jr., (December 9, 1909 – May 7, 2000) was an American actor, producer and decorated naval officer of World War II. He is best known for starring in such films as "The Prisoner of Zenda" (1937), "Gunga Din" (1939) and "The Corsican Brothers" (1941). He was the son of actor Douglas Fairbanks and was once married to Joan Crawford.


title: Douglas Fairbanks Jr.

text: Douglas Elton Fairbanks Jr. was born in New York City; he was the only child of actor Douglas Fairbanks and his first wife, Anna Beth Sully, the daughter of wealthy industrialist Daniel J. Sully. Fairbanks' father was one of cinema's first icons, noted for such swashbuckling adventure films as "The Mark of Zorro", "Robin Hood" and "The Thief of Bagdad". Fairbanks had small roles in his father's films "American Aristocracy" (1916) and "The Three Musketeers" (1921).


title: Douglas Fairbanks Jr.

text: His parents divorced when he was nine years old, and both remarried. He lived with his mother in New York, California, Paris and London.


title: Douglas Fairbanks Jr.

text: Fairbanks began his education at the Hollywood School for Boys, an exclusive school in Los Angeles. After his mother and stepfather moved to New York, he attended the Bovee School, a private grammar school for boys. While attending Bovee, he was also enrolled in an after school drill academy called Knickerbocker Greys, which he attended for a year while assigned to the drum corps. After moving back to California, he attended Harvard Military School, followed by studies at the Polytechnic School in Pasadena. After his mother and he moved to France, Fairbanks attended Lycée Janson-de-Sailly.


title: Douglas Fairbanks Jr.

text: Largely on the basis of his father's name, in May 1923 Fairbanks Jr. was given a contract with Paramount Pictures at age 13, at $1,000 a week for three years. He was signed by Jesse L. Lasky who said the junior Fairbanks "is the typical American boy at his best" and said it was likely he would be featured in a film about Tom Sawyer.


title: Douglas Fairbanks Jr.

text: "I do not think it is the right thing for the boy to do", said his father. "I want to see him continue his education. He is only 13 years old." The young actor arrived in Hollywood in June 1923 and was mobbed.


title: Douglas Fairbanks Jr.

text: "Tom Sawyer" was not made. Instead Fairbanks Jr. appeared in "Stephen Steps Out" (1923). The film was not a hit.


title: Douglas Fairbanks Jr.

text: Paramount and he parted ways by mutual consent and Doug went to Paris to resume his studies. A year later he returned to the studio, hired at what Fairbanks called "starvation wages" also having him work as a camera assistant.


title: Douglas Fairbanks Jr.

text: "I was anxious to build my career as an actor slowly and painstakingly", he said. "I don't want to be a young blond leading man with an aquiline nose and shiny white teeth."


title: Douglas Fairbanks Jr.

text: Sam Goldwyn borrowed him to play the juvenile in "Stella Dallas" (1925), which wound up being his first box office success.


title: Douglas Fairbanks Jr.

text: At Warner Bros., Fairbanks was in "Broken Hearts of Hollywood" (1926), then, at Metropolitan Pictures, he was in "Man Bait" (1927).


title: Douglas Fairbanks Jr.

text: At MGM he was in Edmund Goulding's "Women Love Diamonds" (1927) and for Alfred E. Green at Fox he was in "Is Zat So?" (1927). He supported Will Rogers in "A Texas Steer" (1927).


title: Douglas Fairbanks Jr.

text: In 1927 Fairbanks made his stage debut in "Young Woodley" based on a book by John Van Druten. Fairbanks Jr received excellent reviews and the production was a success – the play did much to improve his reputation in Hollywood. A regular audience member was Joan Crawford with whom Fairbanks would become romantically involved.


title: Douglas Fairbanks Jr.

text: Fairbanks' second lead role was in "Dead Man's Curve" (1928) for FBO. He was Helene Chadwick's leading man in "Modern Mothers" (1928) at Columbia and he starred in "The Toilers" (1928) for Tiffany.


title: Douglas Fairbanks Jr.

text: He went back to supporting roles for "The Barker" (1928) at First National, his first "talkie" and "A Woman of Affairs" (1928) at MGM with Greta Garbo and John Gilbert.


title: Douglas Fairbanks Jr.

text: Fairbanks had another starring role at FBO with "The Jazz Age" (1929) and received top billing over Loretta Young in "Fast Life" (1929) at Warner Bros.


title: Douglas Fairbanks Jr.

text: First National gave Fairbanks a starring role in "The Careless Age" (1929) and he was reunited with Young in "The Forward Pass" (1929). He was one of many names in "The Show of Shows" (1929). In September 1929 he returned to the stage in a production of "The Youngest".


title: Douglas Fairbanks Jr.

text: Victor Halperin cast Fairbanks in the lead of "Party Girl" (1929) then back at First National he did a third with Young, "Loose Ankles" (1930).


title: Douglas Fairbanks Jr.

text: In 1930, Fairbanks Jr. went to Warner Bros. to test for the second lead in "Moby Dick" (1930). Although he did not win the part, head of production Darryl F. Zanuck was impressed with Douglas's screen test, and cast him in an important role in "The Dawn Patrol" directed by Howard Hawks.


title: Douglas Fairbanks Jr.

text: Universal borrowed him to have the lead role in "Little Accident" (1930) and at Warners he was in the lead in "The Sin Flood" (1930). He supported Leslie Howard in the prestigious "Outward Bound" (1930) and was Billie Dove's leading man in "One Night at Susie's" (1930).


title: Douglas Fairbanks Jr.

text: Fairbanks had a role supporting Edward G. Robinson in "Little Caesar" (1931), filmed in August 1930. "We knew it was going to be good when we were making it but not that it would become a classic", he later said.


title: Douglas Fairbanks Jr.

text: The movie was a big hit, and Warner Bros. offered Fairbanks Jr. a contract with cast and script approval – a condition which, Fairbanks Jr. says, was only offered to one other actor at the studio, Richard Barthelmess.


title: Douglas Fairbanks Jr.

text: "By sheer accident, I had four successes in a row in the early '30s, and although I was still in my 20s, I demanded and received approval of cast, story and director. I don't know how I got away with it, but I did!"


title: Douglas Fairbanks Jr.

text: Because he spoke French he was put in "L'aviateur" (1931). Back in Hollywood he was in "Chances" (1931) and "I Like Your Nerve" (1931) with Young.


title: Douglas Fairbanks Jr.

text: In June 1931 he starred in another play "The Man in Possession" which he also produced along with Sid Grauman. Fairbanks said he wanted to stay away from costume adventures which were associated with his father.


title: Douglas Fairbanks Jr.

text: He starred in two for Alfred E Green, "Gentleman for a Day" (1932) with Joan Blondell and "It's Tough to Be Famous" (1932). He starred in a film shot in French, "L'athlète incomplet" (1932).


title: Douglas Fairbanks Jr.

text: He starred in "Love Is a Racket" (1932) for William Wellman and "Scarlet Dawn" (1932) for William Dieterle. Fairbanks did another with Green, "Parachute Jumper" (1933), which gave an early co-starring role to Bette Davis.


title: Douglas Fairbanks Jr.

text: Fairbanks starred again with Young in "The Life of Jimmy Dolan" (1933) and did "The Narrow Corner" (1933) with Green.


title: Douglas Fairbanks Jr.

text: In 1934, Warner asked all its stars to take a 50 percent pay cut because of the Depression. Fairbanks Jr. refused and was fired from the studio. He received a job offer from Britain and spent the next few years there, taking a residence in London's Park Lane.


title: Douglas Fairbanks Jr.

text: Fairbanks went to Britain to star in Alex Korda's "The Rise of Catherine the Great" (1934) playing Grand Duke Peter opposite Elisabeth Bergner.