title: RLC circuit

text: The three circuit elements, R, L and C, can be combined in a number of different topologies. All three elements in series or all three elements in parallel are the simplest in concept and the most straightforward to analyse. There are, however, other arrangements, some with practical importance in real circuits. One issue often encountered is the need to take into account inductor resistance. Inductors are typically constructed from coils of wire, the resistance of which is not usually desirable, but it often has a significant effect on the circuit.


title: RLC circuit

text: An important property of this circuit is its ability to resonate at a specific frequency, the resonance frequency, . Frequencies are measured in units of hertz. In this article, angular frequency, , is used because it is more mathematically convenient. This is measured in radians per second. They are related to each other by a simple proportion,


title: RLC circuit

text: Resonance occurs because energy for this situation is stored in two different ways: in an electric field as the capacitor is charged and in a magnetic field as current flows through the inductor. Energy can be transferred from one to the other within the circuit and this can be oscillatory. A mechanical analogy is a weight suspended on a spring which will oscillate up and down when released. This is no passing metaphor; a weight on a spring is described by exactly the same second order differential equation as an RLC circuit and for all the properties of the one system there will be found an analogous property of the other. The mechanical property answering to the resistor in the circuit is friction in the spring–weight system. Friction will slowly bring any oscillation to a halt if there is no external force driving it. Likewise, the resistance in an RLC circuit will "damp" the oscillation, diminishing it with time if there is no driving AC power source in the circuit.


title: RLC circuit

text: The resonance frequency is defined as the frequency at which the impedance of the circuit is at a minimum. Equivalently, it can be defined as the frequency at which the impedance is purely real (that is, purely resistive). This occurs because the impedances of the inductor and capacitor at resonance are equal but of opposite sign and cancel out. Circuits where L and C are in parallel rather than series actually have a maximum impedance rather than a minimum impedance. For this reason they are often described as antiresonators; it is still usual, however, to name the frequency at which this occurs as the resonance frequency.


title: RLC circuit

text: The resonance frequency is defined in terms of the impedance presented to a driving source. It is still possible for the circuit to carry on oscillating (for a time) after the driving source has been removed or it is subjected to a step in voltage (including a step down to zero). This is similar to the way that a tuning fork will carry on ringing after it has been struck, and the effect is often called ringing. This effect is the peak natural resonance frequency of the circuit and in general is not exactly the same as the driven resonance frequency, although the two will usually be quite close to each other. Various terms are used by different authors to distinguish the two, but resonance frequency unqualified usually means the driven resonance frequency. The driven frequency may be called the undamped resonance frequency or undamped natural frequency and the peak frequency may be called the damped resonance frequency or the damped natural frequency. The reason for this terminology is that the driven resonance frequency in a series or parallel resonant circuit has the value.


title: RLC circuit

text: This is exactly the same as the resonance frequency of a lossless LC circuit – that is, one with no resistor present. The resonant frequency for a "driven" RLC circuit is the same as a circuit in which there is no damping, hence undamped resonant frequency. The resonant frequency peak amplitude, on the other hand, does depend on the value of the resistor and is described as the damped resonant frequency. A "highly damped" circuit will fail to resonate at all, when not driven. A circuit with a value of resistor that causes it to be just on the edge of ringing is called critically damped. Either side of critically damped are described as underdamped (ringing happens) and overdamped (ringing is suppressed).


title: RLC circuit

text: Circuits with topologies more complex than straightforward series or parallel (some examples described later in the article) have a driven resonance frequency that deviates from formula_3, and for those the undamped resonance frequency, damped resonance frequency and driven resonance frequency can all be different.


title: RLC circuit

text: Damping is caused by the resistance in the circuit. It determines whether or not the circuit will resonate naturally (that is, without a driving source). Circuits that will resonate in this way are described as underdamped and those that will not are overdamped. Damping attenuation (symbol ) is measured in nepers per second. However, the unitless damping factor (symbol , zeta) is often a more useful measure, which is related to by


title: RLC circuit

text: The special case of is called "critical damping" and represents the case of a circuit that is just on the border of oscillation. It is the minimum damping that can be applied without causing oscillation.


title: RLC circuit

text: The resonance effect can be used for filtering, the rapid change in impedance near resonance can be used to pass or block signals close to the resonance frequency. Both band-pass and band-stop filters can be constructed and some filter circuits are shown later in the article. A key parameter in filter design is bandwidth. The bandwidth is measured between the cutoff frequencies, most frequently defined as the frequencies at which the power passed through the circuit has fallen to half the value passed at resonance. There are two of these half-power frequencies, one above, and one below the resonance frequency


title: RLC circuit

text: where is the bandwidth, is the lower half-power frequency and is the upper half-power frequency. The bandwidth is related to attenuation by


title: RLC circuit

text: where the units are radians per second and nepers per second respectively. Other units may require a conversion factor. A more general measure of bandwidth is the fractional bandwidth, which expresses the bandwidth as a fraction of the resonance frequency and is given by


title: RLC circuit

text: The fractional bandwidth is also often stated as a percentage. The damping of filter circuits is adjusted to result in the required bandwidth. A narrow band filter, such as a notch filter, requires low damping. A wide band filter requires high damping.


title: RLC circuit

text: The factor is a widespread measure used to characterise resonators. It is defined as the peak energy stored in the circuit divided by the average energy dissipated in it per radian at resonance. Low- circuits are therefore damped and lossy and high- circuits are underdamped. is related to bandwidth; low- circuits are wide-band and high- circuits are narrow-band. In fact, it happens that is the inverse of fractional bandwidth


title: RLC circuit

text: where formula_10 is the reactance "either" of formula_11 or of formula_12 at resonance, and formula_13


title: RLC circuit

text: The parameters , , and are all scaled to . This means that circuits which have similar parameters share similar characteristics regardless of whether or not they are operating in the same frequency band.


title: RLC circuit

text: The article next gives the analysis for the series RLC circuit in detail. Other configurations are not described in such detail, but the key differences from the series case are given. The general form of the differential equations given in the series circuit section are applicable to all second order circuits and can be used to describe the voltage or current in any element of each circuit.


title: RLC circuit

text: In this circuit, the three components are all in series with the voltage source. The governing differential equation can be found by substituting into Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL) the constitutive equation for each of the three elements. From the KVL,


title: RLC circuit

text: where , and are the voltages across , , and , respectively, and is the time-varying voltage from the source.


title: RLC circuit

text: For the case where the source is an unchanging voltage, taking the time derivative and dividing by leads to the following second order differential equation:


title: RLC circuit

text: A useful parameter is the "damping factor", , which is defined as the ratio of these two; although, sometimes is not used, and is referred to as "damping factor" instead; hence requiring careful specification of one's use of that term.


title: RLC circuit

text: The general solution of the differential equation is an exponential in either root or a linear superposition of both,


title: RLC circuit

text: The coefficients and are determined by the boundary conditions of the specific problem being analysed. That is, they are set by the values of the currents and voltages in the circuit at the onset of the transient and the presumed value they will settle to after infinite time. The differential equation for the circuit solves in three different ways depending on the value of . These are overdamped (), underdamped (), and critically damped ().


title: RLC circuit

text: By applying standard trigonometric identities the two trigonometric functions may be expressed as a single sinusoid with phase shift,


title: RLC circuit

text: The underdamped response is a decaying oscillation at frequency . The oscillation decays at a rate determined by the attenuation . The exponential in describes the envelope of the oscillation. and (or and the phase shift in the second form) are arbitrary constants determined by boundary conditions. The frequency is given by


title: RLC circuit

text: This is called the damped resonance frequency or the damped natural frequency. It is the frequency the circuit will naturally oscillate at if not driven by an external source. The resonance frequency, , which is the frequency at which the circuit will resonate when driven by an external oscillation, may often be referred to as the undamped resonance frequency to distinguish it.


title: RLC circuit

text: The critically damped response represents the circuit response that decays in the fastest possible time without going into oscillation. This consideration is important in control systems where it is required to reach the desired state as quickly as possible without overshooting. and are arbitrary constants determined by boundary conditions.


title: RLC circuit

text: The series RLC can be analyzed for both transient and steady AC state behavior using the Laplace transform. If the voltage source above produces a waveform with Laplace-transformed (where is the complex frequency ), the KVL can be applied in the Laplace domain:


title: RLC circuit

text: The poles of are identical to the roots and of the characteristic polynomial of the differential equation in the section above.


title: RLC circuit

text: Sinusoidal steady state is represented by letting , where is the imaginary unit. Taking the magnitude of the above equation with this substitution:


title: RLC circuit

text: There is a peak value of . The value of at this peak is, in this particular case, equal to the undamped natural resonance frequency:


title: RLC circuit

text: From the frequency response of the current, the frequency response of the voltages across the various circuit elements can also be determined.


title: RLC circuit

text: The properties of the parallel RLC circuit can be obtained from the duality relationship of electrical circuits and considering that the parallel RLC is the dual impedance of a series RLC. Considering this, it becomes clear that the differential equations describing this circuit are identical to the general form of those describing a series RLC.


title: RLC circuit

text: Likewise, the other scaled parameters, fractional bandwidth and are also reciprocals of each other. This means that a wide-band, low- circuit in one topology will become a narrow-band, high- circuit in the other topology when constructed from components with identical values. The fractional bandwidth and of the parallel circuit are given by


title: RLC circuit

text: Notice that the formulas here are the reciprocals of the formulas for the series circuit, given above.


title: RLC circuit

text: The change from a series arrangement to a parallel arrangement results in the circuit having a peak in impedance at resonance rather than a minimum, so the circuit is an anti-resonator.


title: RLC circuit

text: The graph opposite shows that there is a minimum in the frequency response of the current at the resonance frequency formula_49 when the circuit is driven by a constant voltage. On the other hand, if driven by a constant current, there would be a maximum in the voltage which would follow the same curve as the current in the series circuit.


title: RLC circuit

text: A series resistor with the inductor in a parallel LC circuit as shown in Figure 4 is a topology commonly encountered where there is a need to take into account the resistance of the coil winding and its self-capacitance. Parallel LC circuits are frequently used for bandpass filtering and the is largely governed by this resistance. The resonant frequency of this circuit is


title: RLC circuit

text: This is the resonant frequency of the circuit defined as the frequency at which the admittance has zero imaginary part. The frequency that appears in the generalised form of the characteristic equation (which is the same for this circuit as previously)


title: RLC circuit

text: In the same vein, a resistor in parallel with the capacitor in a series LC circuit can be used to represent a capacitor with a lossy dielectric. This configuration is shown in Figure 5. The resonant frequency (frequency at which the impedance has zero imaginary part) in this case is given by


title: RLC circuit

text: The first evidence that a capacitor could produce electrical oscillations was discovered in 1826 by French scientist Felix Savary. He found that when a Leyden jar was discharged through a wire wound around an iron needle, sometimes the needle was left magnetized in one direction and sometimes in the opposite direction. He correctly deduced that this was caused by a damped oscillating discharge current in the wire, which reversed the magnetization of the needle back and forth until it was too small to have an effect, leaving the needle magnetized in a random direction.


title: RLC circuit

text: American physicist Joseph Henry repeated Savary's experiment in 1842 and came to the same conclusion, apparently independently. British scientist William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) in 1853 showed mathematically that the discharge of a Leyden jar through an inductance should be oscillatory, and derived its resonant frequency.


title: RLC circuit

text: British radio researcher Oliver Lodge, by discharging a large battery of Leyden jars through a long wire, created a tuned circuit with its resonant frequency in the audio range, which produced a musical tone from the spark when it was discharged. In 1857, German physicist Berend Wilhelm Feddersen photographed the spark produced by a resonant Leyden jar circuit in a rotating mirror, providing visible evidence of the oscillations. In 1868, Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell calculated the effect of applying an alternating current to a circuit with inductance and capacitance, showing that the response is maximum at the resonant frequency.


title: RLC circuit

text: The first example of an electrical resonance curve was published in 1887 by German physicist Heinrich Hertz in his pioneering paper on the discovery of radio waves, showing the length of spark obtainable from his spark-gap LC resonator detectors as a function of frequency.


title: RLC circuit

text: One of the first demonstrations of resonance between tuned circuits was Lodge's "syntonic jars" experiment around 1889 He placed two resonant circuits next to each other, each consisting of a Leyden jar connected to an adjustable one-turn coil with a spark gap. When a high voltage from an induction coil was applied to one tuned circuit, creating sparks and thus oscillating currents, sparks were excited in the other tuned circuit only when the inductors were adjusted to resonance. Lodge and some English scientists preferred the term ""syntony"" for this effect, but the term ""resonance"" eventually stuck.


title: RLC circuit

text: The first practical use for RLC circuits was in the 1890s in spark-gap radio transmitters to allow the receiver to be tuned to the transmitter. The first patent for a radio system that allowed tuning was filed by Lodge in 1897, although the first practical systems were invented in 1900 by Anglo Italian radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi.


title: RLC circuit

text: A very frequent use of these circuits is in the tuning circuits of analogue radios. Adjustable tuning is commonly achieved with a parallel plate variable capacitor which allows the value of to be changed and tune to stations on different frequencies. For the IF stage in the radio where the tuning is preset in the factory, the more usual solution is an adjustable core in the inductor to adjust . In this design, the core (made of a high permeability material that has the effect of increasing inductance) is threaded so that it can be screwed further in, or screwed further out of the inductor winding as required.


title: RLC circuit

text: In the filtering application, the resistor becomes the load that the filter is working into. The value of the damping factor is chosen based on the desired bandwidth of the filter. For a wider bandwidth, a larger value of the damping factor is required (and vice versa). The three components give the designer three degrees of freedom. Two of these are required to set the bandwidth and resonant frequency. The designer is still left with one which can be used to scale , and to convenient practical values. Alternatively, may be predetermined by the external circuitry which will use the last degree of freedom.


title: RLC circuit

text: An RLC circuit can be used as a low-pass filter. The circuit configuration is shown in Figure 6. The corner frequency, that is, the frequency of the 3 dB point, is given by


title: RLC circuit

text: A band-pass filter can be formed with an RLC circuit by either placing a series LC circuit in series with the load resistor or else by placing a parallel LC circuit in parallel with the load resistor. These arrangements are shown in Figures 8 and 9 respectively. The centre frequency is given by


title: RLC circuit

text: The shunt version of the circuit is intended to be driven by a high impedance source, that is, a constant current source. Under those conditions the bandwidth is


title: RLC circuit

text: Figure 10 shows a band-stop filter formed by a series LC circuit in shunt across the load. Figure 11 is a band-stop filter formed by a parallel LC circuit in series with the load. The first case requires a high impedance source so that the current is diverted into the resonator when it becomes low impedance at resonance. The second case requires a low impedance source so that the voltage is dropped across the antiresonator when it becomes high impedance at resonance.


title: RLC circuit

text: For applications in oscillator circuits, it is generally desirable to make the attenuation (or equivalently, the damping factor) as small as possible. In practice, this objective requires making the circuit's resistance as small as physically possible for a series circuit, or alternatively increasing to as much as possible for a parallel circuit. In either case, the RLC circuit becomes a good approximation to an ideal LC circuit. However, for very low-attenuation circuits (high -factor), issues such as dielectric losses of coils and capacitors can become important.


title: RLC circuit

text: If is small, consisting only of the inductor winding resistance say, then this current will be large. It will drop a voltage across the inductor of


title: RLC circuit

text: An equal magnitude voltage will also be seen across the capacitor but in antiphase to the inductor. If can be made sufficiently small, these voltages can be several times the input voltage. The voltage ratio is, in fact, the of the circuit,


title: RLC circuit

text: A similar effect is observed with currents in the parallel circuit. Even though the circuit appears as high impedance to the external source, there is a large current circulating in the internal loop of the parallel inductor and capacitor.


title: RLC circuit

text: An overdamped series RLC circuit can be used as a pulse discharge circuit. Often it is useful to know the values of components that could be used to produce a waveform. This is described by the form


title: RLC circuit

text: Such a circuit could consist of an energy storage capacitor, a load in the form of a resistance, some circuit inductance and a switch – all in series. The initial conditions are that the capacitor is at voltage, , and there is no current flowing in the inductor. If the inductance is known, then the remaining parameters are given by the following – capacitance:


title: Sue Lyon

text: Suellyn Lyon (July 10, 1946 – December 26, 2019) was an American actress. She joined the entertainment industry as a model at the age of 13, and later rose to prominence and won a Golden Globe for playing the title role in the film "Lolita" (1962). Her other film appearances included "The Night of the Iguana" (1964), "7 Women" (1966), "Tony Rome" (1967), and "Evel Knievel" (1971).


title: Sue Lyon

text: Suellyn Lyon was born on July 10, 1946, in Davenport, Iowa. She was the youngest of five children, and her father died before her first birthday. Soon after, her mother, Sue Karr Lyon, moved the family to Dallas, then to Los Angeles.


title: Sue Lyon

text: When she was 14 years old, she was cast in the role of Dolores "Lolita" Haze in Stanley Kubrick's film "Lolita" (1962), starring with James Mason, then aged 53. Nabokov, the book's author, described her as the "perfect nymphet". She was chosen for the role partly because the film makers had to alter the age of the character to an older adolescent rather than the 12-year-old child Lolita in Vladimir Nabokov's novel "Lolita". Although Kubrick's film altered the story so as not to be in violation of the Hollywood Production Code, it was still one of the most controversial films of the day.


title: Sue Lyon

text: Lyon was 15 when the film premiered in June 1962, too young to watch the film. She became an instant celebrity and won a Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer—Female. She recorded two songs for the film, released on an MGM 45-rpm record. The song "Lolita Ya Ya" (Riddle–Harris) appeared on side A, and "Turn Off the Moon" (Stillman-Harris) appeared on side B.


title: Sue Lyon

text: Lyon was cast as a seductive teenager in John Huston's "The Night of the Iguana" (1964), competing for the affections of disgraced preacher Richard Burton against the likes of Deborah Kerr and Ava Gardner. She played a mission worker in "7 Women" (1965), director John Ford's last feature film. Lyon played the female lead in the comedy "The Flim-Flam Man" (1967) and had a supporting role in "Tony Rome" (1967), which starred Frank Sinatra. She played the wife of daredevil Evel Knievel in the film "Evel Knievel" (1971). By the 1970s, she was relegated to mainly secondary roles. In her final film, she played a news reporter in "Alligator" (1980).


title: Sue Lyon

text: Lyon was married five times. Her 1973 marriage to Cotton Adamson in a Colorado state prison where he was incarcerated for robbery and second-degree murder was contentious and ended in 1974 when the recently released Adamson committed another hold-up. She was also the partner of Scottish singer-songwriter Donovan during the mid-1960s.


title: Sue Lyon

text: Her daughter from her marriage with Roland Harrison, Nona Harrison Gomez ("" Nona Merrill Harrison), was born in Los Angeles in 1972.


title: Sue Lyon

text: Lyon died in West Hollywood on the morning of December 26, 2019, at the age of 73. While no specific cause of death was given, she was reported to have been in poor health "for some time".


title: Qui-Gon Jinn

text: Qui-Gon Jinn () is a fictional character in the "Star Wars" franchise, played by Liam Neeson. He is a main character in the prequel film trilogy, serving as the protagonist of "" (1999). He appears briefly as a Force ghost in the 2008 animated series "", the season finale of the 2022 live-action series "Obi-Wan Kenobi", along with "" and as a disembodied voice, with Neeson reprising his role in all of the above.


title: Qui-Gon Jinn

text: Within the fictional "Star Wars" universe, Qui-Gon mentors Obi-Wan Kenobi, and is a powerful and wise, yet controversial Jedi Master, who has many uncommon beliefs regarding The Force. In "The Phantom Menace", his and Obi-Wan's mission to protect Queen Padmé Amidala leads him to encounter the young slave Anakin Skywalker, whom he believes to be the prophesied "Chosen One" who will bring balance to the Force. Qui-Gon is fatally wounded in a lightsaber duel by the Sith Lord Darth Maul. In his final moments, he makes Obi-Wan promise that he will train the young Skywalker.In the second film "Attack of the Clones," Qui-Gon’s disembodied voice is heard as he tries to reach out to Anakin after the latter taps into the dark side of the force following the death of his mother at the hands of Tusken Raiders. The same film also introduces his former Jedi mentor Count Dooku, who fell to the dark side and became a Sith Lord, Darth Tyranus. At the end of "Revenge of the Sith", it is revealed that Qui-Gon has learned how to become a Force spirit after death, teaching the idea to Yoda during the Clone Wars and later to Obi-Wan.


title: Qui-Gon Jinn

text: Outside of the films, the character appears in various canon and non-canon "Star Wars" media, such as books, comics, and video games. Since the release of "The Phantom Menace", Qui-Gon has become one of the most popular "Star Wars" characters, gaining a cult status. Neeson's portrayal of Qui-Gon has been met with positive reviews, with some critics saying he helped hold the film together significantly. For his role in "The Phantom Menace", Neeson was nominated for a 2000 Saturn Award for Best Actor.


title: Qui-Gon Jinn

text: Qui-Gon is the main character in the first episode of the prequel trilogy, "". At the age of 60, he is a Jedi Master and the mentor of a 25-year old Obi-Wan Kenobi. Unlike other, more conservative Jedi, he values living in the moment as the best way to embrace the Force. Jinn is not a member of the Jedi High Council and had no desire to be.


title: Qui-Gon Jinn

text: "The Phantom Menace" opens with Qui-Gon and Obi-Wan sent to the planet Naboo to resolve a political conflict involving the Trade Federation, a corrupt business conglomerate that has blockaded the planet for political leverage. Upon arrival, they are attacked by their host. The Jedi retreat to the planet and rescue its besieged Queen, Padmé Amidala. Their attempt to run the blockade and make way for the galactic capital of Coruscant succeeds, but the queen's ship is damaged by attacks from a Trade Federation blockade, causing the hyperdrive to malfunction. With no other choice, the ship lands on the desert planet of Tatooine for repairs.


title: Qui-Gon Jinn

text: While searching for replacement parts on Tatooine, Qui-Gon discovers a 9-year old slave boy named Anakin Skywalker, who is extraordinarily strong in the Force; a test of his blood reveals that his midi-chlorian count—a measure of Force potential—is the highest ever detected. Qui-Gon becomes intrigued when Anakin's mother, Shmi, tells him that the boy had no father. Knowing that Anakin might be the "Chosen One" of Jedi lore destined to bring balance to the Force, Qui-Gon bets Anakin's freedom and the spaceship parts on a pod race, which Anakin wins. The entourage prepare to leave Tatooine, but encounter a black cloaked lightsaber wielding being that Qui-Gon believes to be a Sith Lord, their brief duel is the first Jedi and Sith battle recorded in a thousand years, which with before escaping on the ship. Upon returning to Coruscant, Qui-Gon asks the Jedi Council to allow Anakin to be trained as a Jedi. Master Yoda senses fear in the boy, and the Council denies his request. Undaunted, Qui-Gon vows that he himself will train Anakin when Obi-Wan becomes a Jedi Knight.


title: Qui-Gon Jinn

text: Amidala, R2-D2, and the two Jedi return to Naboo to liberate the planet. There, they encounter the Sith Lord from earlier, who reveals himself to be Darth Maul. After an arduous lightsaber duel, Maul mortally wounds Qui-Gon, but is subsequently defeated by Obi-Wan. Before dying, Qui-Gon makes Obi-Wan promise that he will train Anakin. Qui-Gon is later cremated on a funeral pyre with everyone else witnessing.


title: Qui-Gon Jinn

text: Although Qui-Gon Jinn does not appear physically in "", he does have a brief voice cameo when Yoda hears Qui-Gon's voice echo out to Anakin through the Force as Anakin slaughters a tribe of Tusken Raiders. In addition, Qui-Gon does appear as a statue in the Jedi Archives in one scene of the movie. Obi-Wan discovers that Qui-Gon's old master, Count Dooku, has become a Sith Lord; and Dooku mentions Qui-Gon as he interrogates a captured Obi-Wan, expressing grief over his former apprentice's death and debating that Qui-Gon would have followed him in leaving the Republic had he survived.


title: Qui-Gon Jinn

text: In "Revenge of the Sith", Yoda reveals to Obi-Wan that Qui-Gon has returned from the "netherworld of the Force" in order to teach both of them how to retain one's consciousness after death.


title: Qui-Gon Jinn

text: In "The Rise of Skywalker", Qui-Gon's voice is heard speaking to Rey, along with other past Jedi, encouraging her to battle the rejuvenated Palpatine. Neeson returned to voice the character.


title: Qui-Gon Jinn

text: In "", the character is mentioned several times throughout the series. Qui-Gon appears in two episodes of the third season. On the mysterious planet Mortis, he informs Obi-Wan in the episode "Overlords" and later Anakin in the episode "Ghosts of Mortis" about the three beings who believe, like Qui-Gon, that Anakin is the Chosen One: the Father (the Unifying Force manifestation), the Daughter (the light side incarnation) and the Son (the dark side embodiment). Later in the sixth-season episode "Voices," Yoda is contacted by the disembodied voice of Qui-Gon. Despite his presence on Mortis, Qui-Gon is revealed to have not been able to manifest a semi-physical form. Following his deceased friend's instructions, Yoda goes on a quest across the galaxy in order to learn the secrets of becoming one with the Force as well. During one of the tests of the Force Priestesses, an illusion of Qui-Gon appears along with Jedi Master Count Dooku and Obi-Wan. It is only after Yoda passes his test that he is allowed to learn Qui-Gon's technique to retain one's consciousness after death.


title: Qui-Gon Jinn

text: In "Star Wars Rebels" while he neither appears nor is mentioned, Obi-Wan finally avenges Qui-Gon Jinn's death in the season 3 episode "Twin Suns", where Obi-Wan and Maul have their final duel on the planet Tatooine. Obi-Wan uses Qui-Gon's favored form of lightsaber combat to bait Maul into overextending himself, allowing him to easily slay him.


title: Qui-Gon Jinn

text: Qui-Gon's voice can be heard briefly in the season 4 episode "A World Between Worlds" among many other voices of major "Star Wars" characters throughout the Skywalker saga, demonstrating how the eponymous realm that Ezra Bridger enters widely spans all time and space in the "Star Wars" universe.


title: Qui-Gon Jinn

text: In "Obi-Wan Kenobi", the title character tries to reach out to Qui-Gon, but fails. In the final episode "Part VI", Obi-Wan finds his inner peace after confronting Darth Vader, and Qui-Gon's Force Ghost finally appears to him. Qui-Gon tells his former apprentice that he had always been there, but that his grief had made him unable to see him. As Qui-Gon vanishes into the Force, Obi-Wan rides off into the desert, ready to continue his training.


title: Qui-Gon Jinn

text: A novel involving Qui-Gon and Obi-Wan, set before the events of "The Phantom Menace" and titled "Master and Apprentice", was written by Claudia Gray and released on February 26, 2019.


title: Qui-Gon Jinn

text: Qui-Gon has also appeared in several "Star Wars" video games: "", "", "", "", the "Lego Star Wars" games and as a character skin (via purchased download content) in "". A bird version of Qui-Gon, called “Quail-Gon,” is playable in "Angry Birds Star Wars II". A Lego Minifigure variant of the character appeared and is playable in , , and .


title: Qui-Gon Jinn

text: With the 2012 acquisition of Lucasfilm by The Walt Disney Company, most of the licensed "Star Wars" novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film "Star Wars" were rebranded as "Star Wars Legends" and declared non-canon to the franchise in April 2014.


title: Qui-Gon Jinn

text: In "", Qui-Gon makes a cameo appearance in "Chapter 21". During Yoda's Force dream, Qui-Gon tells Anakin to enter the mysterious cave on Dagobah where the boy will see a vision of his future. Later when Obi-Wan reprimands Anakin for being late for his secret Knighthood ceremony, Anakin replies "as far as your wisdom goes, you're no Qui-Gon Jinn!".


title: Qui-Gon Jinn

text: Qui-Gon's life years prior to "The Phantom Menace" is mainly detailed in the "" book series. In "The Rising Force" (set 12 years before "The Phantom Menace"), Yoda encourages Qui-Gon to take a new Padawan learner, following the failure of his previous apprentice Xanatos, who turned to the dark side of the Force years before. Qui-Gon observes a small lightsaber tournament among a group of the Temple's older students, which includes 12-year-old Obi-Wan. He takes notice of Obi-Wan's skills, but also of the boy's uncontrolled anger and refuses to train him. Shortly following the tournament, the Jedi Knight leaves for a mission to the planet Bandomeer. On the transport ship, Qui-Gon is reunited with Obi-Wan, who is also being sent to Bandomeer to begin life as an agricultural labourer. During the voyage, Qui-Gon and Obi-Wan help defend a group of Arcona from the criminal organization Offworld Corporation. After putting an end to the tense situation, the two arrive on Bandomeer, where Qui-Gon receives a letter signed by his former apprentice Xanatos.


title: Qui-Gon Jinn

text: In "The Dark Rival", it is revealed that the whole ordeal has been organized by Xanatos, now the leader of Offworld. Qui-Gon sends Obi-Wan off to his Agri-Corps duties, while he plans to meet with Xanatos to find an agreement between Offworld and Bandomeer. However, Xanatos plans to sabotage their meeting and kill Qui-Gon. The Jedi Master duels with his former apprentice, and he and Obi-Wan end Offworld's business on Bandomeer. Xanatos escapes, however. During the encounter with Xanatos, Qui-Gon discovers Obi-Wan's true potential and accepts the boy as his new Padawan. As a gift for Obi-Wan's 13th birthday, Qui-Gon gives his apprentice a special rock he found from the River of Light on his homeworld. In "The Captive Temple", Xanatos attacks the Jedi Temple and nearly assassinates Yoda, but Qui-Gon and Obi-Wan thwart his plans, and in "The Day of Reckoning", when they chase Xanatos back to his homeworld Telos, the fallen Jedi refuses to surrender and commits suicide. Qui-Gon is thus able to bring closure to a painful chapter of his life.


title: Qui-Gon Jinn

text: In "Legacy of the Jedi", set during both Qui-Gon's Padawan and Knight years, Qui-Gon and his master Dooku are sent to accompany Senator Blix Annon on a diplomatic assignment. However, space pirates infiltrate their ship and their leader turns out to be rogue Jedi Lorian Nod, a former friend of Dooku's. The two battle and Dooku lets his anger get the best of him, but Qui-Gon prevents his master from violating the Jedi Code by committing cold-blooded murder. Years after their first encounter, Qui-Gon and Obi-Wan encounter Nod and once again the fallen Jedi is incarcerated for his crimes.


title: Qui-Gon Jinn

text: In "Secrets of the Jedi" (set seven years before "The Phantom Menace"), Qui-Gon and Obi-Wan are paired with Jedi Master Adi Gallia and her Padawan Siri Tachi. The mission, which results in Qui-Gon and Adi being separated from Obi-Wan and Siri, leads to the discovery of romantic feelings between the two Jedi Padawans. Qui-Gon detects these emotions and warns Obi-Wan of his own example with Tahl, a female Jedi whose murder nearly pushed Qui-Gon over the edge to the dark side.


title: Qui-Gon Jinn

text: In "Cloak of Deception" (set a year before "The Phantom Menace"), both Jedi fight against a terrorist organization called the Nebula Front, who are secretly following Darth Sidious' orders. At the Trade Federation conference on Eriadu, Qui-Gon and Obi-Wan successfully defend Chancellor Valorum, but do not prevent the deaths of the rest of the Trade Federation Directorate, allowing the Neimoidians to take control of the Federation.


title: Qui-Gon Jinn

text: In the 2010 reference book "The Jedi Path", Obi-Wan states that some have called Qui-Gon a gray Jedi.


title: Qui-Gon Jinn

text: Aside from the graphic novelization of "The Phantom Menace", Qui-Gon appears in the "Stark Hyperspace War" plotline in "". In this story arc, which takes place during the same year Qui-Gon takes Obi-Wan as his apprentice, Qui-Gon and Obi-Wan fight in the titular conflict along with other Jedi such as Plo Koon and Quinlan Vos, and Qui-Gon ends up saving Nute Gunray, the future Trade Federation viceroy.


title: Qui-Gon Jinn

text: Despite the mixed reviews that the prequel trilogy received from various movie critics, Liam Neeson's performance and character received positive reviews. Colin Kennedy from Empire Online stated in his review of the film, "Liam Neeson has manfully carried the action on his shoulders throughout (the subsequent prequels desperately miss him) and his final words – “Obi-Wan, promise... Promise me you will train the boy” – provide the movie with its only real weight." Owen Gleiberman from "Entertainment Weekly" said in his review of "The Phantom Menace", "If there’s an actor who holds "The Phantom Menace" together, it’s Liam Neeson. Tersely commanding, he gives the film its only hints of emotional dynamism."


title: Qui-Gon Jinn

text: In 2017, "Rolling Stone" placed Qui-Gon at the number 25 spot on their 50 Best "Star Wars" Characters of All Time list.


title: Qui-Gon Jinn

text: As revealed in "The Art of Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace", director George Lucas conceived the character of Qui-Gon during pre-production of the film. This is shown by concept art where Obi-Wan Kenobi is shown alone in the Trade Federation flagship and while meeting Jar Jar Binks. Even when Qui-Gon was conceived, Lucas toyed with making him the younger Jedi, as shown in concept art depicting Obi-Wan as an older man. Lucas originally envisioned an American actor for the role of Qui-Gon, but ultimately cast Northern Irish actor Liam Neeson because he considered Neeson to have great skills and presence, describing him as a "master actor, who the other actors will look up to, who has got the qualities of strength that the character demands." Initially, Lucas had planned for Qui-Gon to have long white hair, but that idea was scrapped and Qui-Gon is depicted as having long brown hair in the film.


title: Qui-Gon Jinn

text: Lucas says the character is "very independent, always testing the rules," and refuses "to go along with the program." Neeson describes him as "wise and quite philosophical, yet very skilled in martial arts. He has incredible confidence, as well as a magical quality that enables him to see into the future. He's not really a rebel, but he has his own code."


title: Qui-Gon Jinn

text: During the early development of "Revenge of the Sith", Lucas wrote a scene featuring a ghostly Qui-Gon speaking with Yoda about Anakin. Liam Neeson indicated that he was set to reprise his role, but the scene was deleted before being filmed, although it is retained in the film's novelization.


title: Qui-Gon Jinn

text: The character's name is derived from the Chinese word "qigong" (气功 or 氣功), a system of coordinated body movement, breathing, and meditation used for health, spirituality, and martial arts training that allows access to higher realms of awareness, and balance of life energy, similar to Tai chi. This is paired with the Arabic word "jinn", meaning "genie" or "tutelary spirit." The name translates almost literally as "Guardian Spirit of the Living Force." "Jinn" could also refer to the Chinese word for power, "jin" (勁), and the martial arts concept of "fa jin", which is the explosive release of internal strength or power.


title: Skylake (microarchitecture)

text: Skylake is the codename used by Intel for a processor microarchitecture that was launched in August 2015 succeeding the Broadwell microarchitecture. Skylake is a microarchitecture redesign using the same 14 nm manufacturing process technology as its predecessor, serving as a tock in Intel's tick–tock manufacturing and design model. According to Intel, the redesign brings greater CPU and GPU performance and reduced power consumption. Skylake CPUs share their microarchitecture with Kaby Lake, Coffee Lake, Cannon Lake, Whiskey Lake, and Comet Lake CPUs.


title: Skylake (microarchitecture)

text: Skylake is the last Intel platform on which Windows earlier than Windows 10 will be officially supported by Microsoft, although enthusiast-created modifications exist that allow Windows 8.1 and earlier to continue to receive Windows Updates on later platforms.


title: Skylake (microarchitecture)

text: Skylake's development, as with previous processors such as Banias, Dothan, Conroe, Sandy Bridge, and Ivy Bridge, was primarily undertaken by Intel Israel at its engineering research center in Haifa, Israel. The final design was largely an evolution of Haswell, with minor improvements to performance and several power-saving features being added. A major priority of Skylake's design was to design a microarchitecture for envelopes as low as 4.5W to embed within tablet computers and notebooks in addition to higher-power desktop computers and servers.


title: Skylake (microarchitecture)

text: In September 2014, Intel announced the Skylake microarchitecture at the Intel Developer Forum in San Francisco, and that volume shipments of Skylake CPUs were scheduled for the second half of 2015. The Skylake development platform was announced to be available in Q1 2015. During the announcement, Intel also demonstrated two computers with desktop and mobile Skylake prototypes: the first was a desktop testbed system, running the latest version of 3DMark, while the second computer was a fully functional laptop, playing 4K video.


title: Skylake (microarchitecture)

text: An initial batch of Skylake CPU models (6600K and 6700K) was announced for immediate availability during the Gamescom on August 5, 2015, unusually soon after the release of its predecessor, Broadwell, which had suffered from launch delays. Intel acknowledged in 2014 that moving from 22 nm (Haswell) to 14 nm (Broadwell) had been its most difficult process to develop yet, causing Broadwell's planned launch to slip by several months; yet, the 14 nm production was back on track and in full production as of Q3 2014. Industry observers had initially believed that the issues affecting Broadwell would also cause Skylake to slip to 2016, but Intel was able to bring forward Skylake's release and shorten Broadwell's release cycle instead. As a result, the Broadwell architecture had an unusually short run.


title: Skylake (microarchitecture)

text: Officially Intel supported overclocking of only the K and X versions of Skylake processors. However, it was later discovered that other non-K chips could be overclocked by modifying the base clock value – a process made feasible by the base clock applying only to the CPU, RAM, and integrated graphics on Skylake. Through beta UEFI firmware updates, some motherboard vendors, such as ASRock (which prominently promoted it under the name Sky OC) allowed the base clock to be modified in this manner.


title: Skylake (microarchitecture)

text: These issues are partly caused by the power management of the processor needing to be disabled for base clock overclocking to work.


title: Skylake (microarchitecture)

text: In February 2016, however, an ASRock firmware update removed the feature. On February 9, 2016, Intel announced that it would no longer allow such overclocking of non-K processors, and that it had issued a CPU microcode update that removes the function. In April 2016, ASRock started selling motherboards that allow overclocking of unsupported CPUs using an external clock generator.


title: Skylake (microarchitecture)

text: In January 2016, Microsoft announced that it would end support of Windows 7 and Windows 8.1 on Skylake processors effective July 17, 2017; after this date, only the most critical updates for the two operating systems would be released for Skylake users if they have been judged not to affect the reliability of the OS on older hardware, and Windows 10 would be the only Microsoft Windows platform officially supported on Skylake, as well as all future Intel CPU microarchitectures beginning with Skylake's successor Kaby Lake. Terry Myerson stated that Microsoft had to make a large investment in order to reliably support Skylake on older versions of Windows, and that future generations of processors would require further investments. Microsoft also stated that due to the age of the platform, it would be challenging for newer hardware, firmware, and device driver combinations to properly run under Windows 7.


title: Skylake (microarchitecture)

text: On March 18, 2016, in response to criticism over the move, primarily from enterprise customers, Microsoft announced revisions to the support policy, changing the cutoff for support and non-critical updates to July 17, 2018 and stating that Skylake users would receive all critical security updates for Windows 7 and 8.1 through the end of extended support. In August 2016, citing "a strong partnership with our OEM partners and Intel", Microsoft stated that it would continue to fully support 7 and 8.1 on Skylake through the end of their respective lifecycles. In addition, an enthusiast-created modification was released that disabled the Windows Update check and allowed Windows 8.1 and earlier to continue to be updated on this and later platforms.


title: Skylake (microarchitecture)

text: As of Linux kernel 4.10, Skylake mobile power management is supported with most Package C states supported seeing some use. Linux 4.11 enables Frame-Buffer Compression for the integrated graphics chipset by default, which lowers power consumption.


title: Skylake (microarchitecture)

text: For Windows 11, only the high-end Skylake-X processors are officially listed as compatible. All other Skylake processors are not officially supported due to security concerns. However, it is still possible to manually upgrade using an ISO image (as Windows 10 users on those processors won't be offered to upgrade to Windows 11 via Windows Update), or perform a clean installation as long as the system has Trusted Platform Module (TPM) 2.0 enabled, but the user must accept that they will not be entitled to receive updates, and that damage caused by using Windows 11 on an unsupported configuration are not covered by the manufacturer's warranty.


title: Skylake (microarchitecture)

text: Like its predecessor, Broadwell, Skylake is available in five variants, identified by the suffixes S ("SKL-S"), X ("SKL-X"), H ("SKL-H"), U ("SKL-U"), and Y ("SKL-Y"). SKL-S and SKL-X contain overclockable K and X variants with unlocked multipliers. The H, U and Y variants are manufactured in ball grid array (BGA) packaging, while the S and X variants are manufactured in land grid array (LGA) packaging using a new socket, LGA 1151 (LGA 2066 for Skylake X). Skylake is used in conjunction with Intel 100 Series chipsets, also known as "Sunrise Point".


title: Skylake (microarchitecture)

text: The major changes between the Haswell and Skylake architectures include the removal of the fully integrated voltage regulator (FIVR) introduced with Haswell. On the variants that will use a discrete Platform Controller Hub (PCH), Direct Media Interface (DMI) 2.0 is replaced by DMI 3.0, which allows speeds of up to 8 GT/s.


title: Skylake (microarchitecture)

text: Skylake's U and Y variants support one DIMM slot per channel, while H and S variants support two DIMM slots per channel. Skylake's launch and sales lifespan occur at the same time as the ongoing SDRAM market transition, with DDR3 SDRAM memory gradually being replaced by DDR4 memory. Rather than working exclusively with DDR4, the Skylake microarchitecture remains backward compatible by interoperating with both types of memory. Accompanying the microarchitecture's support for both memory standards, a new SO-DIMM type capable of carrying either DDR3 or DDR4 memory chips, called UniDIMM, was also announced.


title: Skylake (microarchitecture)

text: Skylake's few P variants have a reduced on-die graphics unit (12 execution units enabled instead of 24 execution units) over their direct counterparts; see the table below. In contrast, with Ivy Bridge CPUs the P suffix was used for CPUs with completely disabled on-die video chipset.


title: Skylake (microarchitecture)

text: Other enhancements include Thunderbolt 3.0, SATA Express, Iris Pro graphics with Direct3D feature level 12_1 with up to 128 MB of L4 eDRAM cache on certain SKUs. The Skylake line of processors retires VGA support, while supporting up to five monitors connected via HDMI 1.4, DisplayPort 1.2 or Embedded DisplayPort (eDP) interfaces. HDMI 2.0 (4K@60 Hz) is only supported on motherboards equipped with Intel's Alpine Ridge Thunderbolt controller.


title: Skylake (microarchitecture)

text: The Skylake instruction set changes include Intel MPX (Memory Protection Extensions) and Intel SGX (Software Guard Extensions). Future Xeon variants will also have Advanced Vector Extensions 3.2 (AVX-512F).


title: Skylake (microarchitecture)

text: Skylake-based laptops were predicted to use wireless technology called Rezence for charging, and other wireless technologies for communication with peripherals. Many major PC vendors agreed to use this technology in Skylake-based laptops; however, no laptops were released with the technology as of 2019.


title: Skylake (microarchitecture)

text: The integrated GPU of Skylake's S variant supports on Windows DirectX 12 Feature Level 12_1, OpenGL 4.6 with latest Windows 10 driver update (OpenGL 4.5 on Linux) and OpenCL 3.0 standards. The Quick Sync video engine now includes support for VP9 (GPU accelerated decode only), VP8 and HEVC (hardware accelerated 8-bit encode/decode and GPU accelerated 10-bit decode), and supports for resolutions up to 40962048.


title: Skylake (microarchitecture)

text: Unlike previous generations, Skylake-based Xeon E3 no longer works with a desktop chipset that supports the same socket, and requires either the C232 or the C236 chipset to operate.


title: Skylake (microarchitecture)

text: Short loops with a specific combination of instruction use may cause unpredictable system behavior on CPUs with hyperthreading. A microcode update was issued to fix the issue.


title: Skylake (microarchitecture)

text: In fact, it is more vulnerable than other processors because it uses indirect branch speculation not just on indirect branches but also when the return prediction stack underflows.


title: Skylake (microarchitecture)

text: The latency for the spinlock instruction has been increased dramatically (from the usual 10 cycles to 141 cycles in Skylake), which can cause performance issues with older programs or libraries using pause instructions. Intel documents the increased latency as a feature that improves power efficiency.


title: Skylake (microarchitecture)

text: Skylake processors are produced in five main families: Y, U, H, S, and X. Multiple configurations are available within each family:


title: Skylake (microarchitecture)

text: E3 series server chips all consist of System Bus 9 GT/s, max. memory bandwidth of 34.1 GB/s dual channel memory. Unlike its predecessor, the Skylake Xeon CPUs require C230 series (C232/C236) or C240 series (C242/C246) chipset to operate, with integrated graphics working only with C236 and C246 chipsets. Mobile counterparts uses CM230 and CM240 series chipsets.


title: Universal Soldier (1992 film)

text: Universal Soldier is a 1992 American military science-fiction action film directed by Roland Emmerich, produced by Allen Shapiro, Craig Baumgarten, and Joel B. Michaels, and written by Richard Rothstein, Christopher Leitch, and Dean Devlin. The film tells the story of Luc Deveraux (Jean-Claude Van Damme), a former U.S. Army soldier who was killed in the Vietnam War in 1969, and returned to life following a secret military project called the "Universal Soldier" program. However, he finds out about his past, though his memory was erased, and escapes alongside a young TV journalist (Ally Walker). Along the way, they have to deal with the return of his archenemy, Sgt. Andrew Scott (Dolph Lundgren), who had lost his sanity in the Vietnam War, and became a psychotic megalomaniac, intent on killing him and leading the Universal Soldiers.


title: Universal Soldier (1992 film)

text: "Universal Soldier" was released by TriStar Pictures on July 10, 1992. The film has a 35% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes and grossed $95 million worldwide against its budget of $23 million and spawned a series of films: theatrical sequel "", alternative direct-to-video sequel "", standalone direct-to-video film "", and two direct-to-TV films, "" and "".


title: Universal Soldier (1992 film)

text: It was the first film on-screen collaboration between Van Damme and Lundgren in the film series, who both later worked together in "The Expendables 2" and "Black Water", and their voice-roles in "".


title: Universal Soldier (1992 film)

text: In 1969, a U.S. Army team secures a village against North Vietnamese forces. Luc Deveraux discovers members of his squad and villagers murdered. Deveraux's sergeant, Andrew Scott, has gone insane, made a necklace of severed ears, and is holding a young couple hostage. Deveraux tries to reason with Scott, who executes the man and orders Deveraux to shoot the girl to prove his loyalty. Deveraux refuses, and Scott kills the girl with a grenade. After shooting each other to death, Deveraux and Scott's corpses are recovered by a second squad and cryogenically frozen, their disappearance classified as "missing in action".


title: Universal Soldier (1992 film)

text: Deveraux and Scott's corpses, with others, are reanimated decades later and selected for the "Universal Soldier" (UniSol) program, an elite counter-terrorism unit. They are given a neural serum to keep their minds susceptible and their past memories suppressed. Their group is deployed to the Hoover Dam to resolve a hostage situation. The team demonstrates its superior training and physical abilities against the terrorists, such as when UniSol GR76 withstands close-range rifle fire. Deveraux regains memories from his former life upon seeing two hostages that resemble the Vietnamese villagers. Deveraux disobeys commands from the control team and become unresponsive.


title: Universal Soldier (1992 film)

text: In the mobile command center, the UniSols are revealed to be genetically augmented soldiers with enhanced self-healing abilities and superior strength, but they overheat and shut down. Because of the glitch, Woodward, one of the technicians on the project, suggests removing Deveraux from the team, but UniSol commander Colonel Perry refuses. TV journalist Veronica Roberts, who was fired while covering the Hoover Dam incident, tries to get a story on the UniSol project to regain her job. Roberts sneaks onto the base with a cameraman, discovering GR76 immersed in ice, still alive despite normally fatal injuries.


title: Universal Soldier (1992 film)

text: When Roberts is discovered, Deveraux and Scott are ordered to capture her dead or alive. She flees to her cameraman's car, but they crash. Scott coldly murders the cameraman against orders. Deveraux rescues Roberts, and they escape in a UniSol vehicle. To protect the program, Colonel Perry sends the remaining UniSols to find Deveraux and Roberts.


title: Universal Soldier (1992 film)

text: Deveraux and Roberts flee to a motel, where Roberts discovers she has been framed for the murder of her cameraman. Deveraux collapses from overheating and has to take an ice bath. The UniSols completely destroy the motel, but Deveraux and Roberts hide in a bed until they leave. The couple flees in a stolen car to a gas station, where Deveraux has Roberts remove a tracking device from his leg. They set a trap and when the UniSols arrive the gas station explodes. Colonel Perry is ordered to terminate the mission, but Scott's insanity returns, and he kills Perry and all but two doctors. Deveraux and Roberts sneak onto the command center bus and steal UniSol documents. Scott orders the rest of the mindlessly obedient UniSol team to kill Deveraux and Roberts.


title: Universal Soldier (1992 film)

text: Using information from the stolen documents, Roberts contacts Dr. Christopher Gregor. Gregor informs them that the UniSol project was started in the 1960s to develop the perfect soldier. Although they were able to reanimate dead humans, they could not overcome the body's need for cooling. Another major problem is that memories of the last moments of life are greatly amplified; Scott believes he is still in Vietnam fighting insurgents. When Deveraux and Roberts leave the doctor's home, police arrest them. Scott and GR76 ambush the police convoy. After a chase, the police bus and the UniSol truck both drive off a cliff and explode, killing GR76. Deveraux and Roberts head to Deveraux's family farm in Louisiana.


title: Universal Soldier (1992 film)

text: After Deveraux is reunited with his parents, Scott appears and takes the family and Roberts hostage. Scott's use of muscle enhancers enables him to mercilessly beat Deveraux. Roberts escapes, only to be seemingly killed by a grenade thrown by Scott. Deveraux grabs the muscle enhancers Scott used and injects himself. Now evenly matched, Deveraux impales Scott on the spikes of a hay harvester and activates it. Roberts, who survived the explosion, embraces Deveraux.


title: Universal Soldier (1992 film)

text: In February 1990, Andrew Davis was hired to direct, and he also contributed to the screenplay. He was later replaced by Roland Emmerich, who brought on his creative partner Dean Devlin to rewrite aspects of the script.


title: Universal Soldier (1992 film)

text: Principal photography began in August 1991. Carolco, the company that produced the film, was having financial troubles and hoped that the film's box-office return would keep them afloat.


title: Universal Soldier (1992 film)

text: At the 1992 Cannes Film Festival, Van Damme and Lundgren were involved in a verbal altercation that almost turned physical when both men pushed each other, only to be separated. On his website, Lundgren confirmed that it was just a publicity stunt to promote the film. It was the last film that used the multichannel surround-sound format, Cinema Digital Sound.


title: Universal Soldier (1992 film)

text: The Special Edition DVD release features an alternative ending, which starts shortly after Scott takes Deveraux's family and Roberts hostage. As Deveraux grabs a shotgun in the kitchen, the front door opens, and he sees his mother at the door before Scott shoots her to death. In the final fight between Deveraux and Scott, Deveraux does not use Scott's muscle enhancers. Shortly after grinding Scott to death, Deveraux is shot by his father before Dr. Christopher Gregor and his men appear.


title: Universal Soldier (1992 film)

text: Gregor explains that he used Deveraux to entrap both Scott and him, and that Deveraux was staying with people posing as his parents. He then has his men shoot Deveraux, but before Deveraux dies, the police and Roberts' news crew arrive. The news crew douses Deveraux with a fire extinguisher to stabilize him while Dr. Gregor and his men are arrested. Roberts is given the microphone to cover the arrest, but she loses all composure while on the air, dropping the microphone to comfort Deveraux.


title: Universal Soldier (1992 film)

text: Several days later, Deveraux is reunited with his real parents. The film ends with a eulogy narrated by Roberts, who explains that Deveraux rejected all life-prolonging medication before dying a natural death.


title: Universal Soldier (1992 film)

text: "Universal Soldier" opened in theaters on July 10, 1992 where it grossed $10,057,084 from 1916 theaters with a $5,249 per screen average. It opened and peaked at number two, behind "A League of Their Own"s second weekend. Grossing $36,299,898 in the US and Canada and $59 million internationally ($44 million via TriStar), for a worldwide gross of $95 million.


title: Universal Soldier (1992 film)

text: Mainstream critics dismissed it as a "" clone, or as a typical, mindless action film. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Universal Soldier (1992 film)

text: In a retrospective review, Drew Taylor from IndieWire said: "This movie rules. The introduction of the Emmerich/Devlin double-team, this high concept, moderately budgeted sci-fi action movie is a bouillabaisse of clichés that somehow manages to be a charming, funny, often positively thrilling B-grade treat".


title: Universal Soldier (1992 film)

text: NOW Comics published a three-part comic miniseries based on the movie, running from September to November 1992. The adaptation was written by Clint McElroy.


title: Universal Soldier (1992 film)

text: During conversion of the video game "" to the Sega Genesis, the publisher, Accolade, decided to cash in on the hype surrounding the film and rebrand the game as a tie-in. The spaceship levels from the original were replaced with "platforming" levels set in a jungle, and the player sprite and some enemies were changed to look more human. The resulting product received mostly negative reviews compared to the critically acclaimed home-computer release. A version of the game for the Game Boy was also released, while a Super Nintendo Entertainment System port was developed, but never released.


title: Universal Soldier (1992 film)

text: The two direct-to-TV sequels, "" and "" were released in 1998, with Matt Battaglia cast as the titular character. A theatrical sequel "" (which ignores the two television sequels) was released in 1999, with Van Damme reprising the role and Michael Jai White was cast as another role for the film, and the alternative sequels, "" and "", were released in 2009 and 2012, with Van Damme and Lundgren reprising their roles from the first film, ignoring the events of "The Return".


title: Universal Soldier (1992 film)

text: A reboot was in development and Richard Wenk was set to write the film as of October 2018, which will focus on one resurrected soldier.


title: Universal Soldier (1992 film)

text: In October 2011, writer Damien Kindler was set to write a TV series of the same name for FremantleMedia North America with producers from the original film Allen Shapiro and Craig Baumgarten attached to the project.


title: Supergroup (music)

text: A supergroup is a musical group whose members are successful as solo artists or as members of other successful groups. The term became popular in the late 1960s when members of already successful rock groups recorded albums together, after which they normally disband. Charity supergroups, in which prominent musicians perform or record together in support of a particular cause, have been common since the 1980s. The term is most common context of rock and pop music, but it has occasionally been applied to other musical genres. For example, opera superstars The Three Tenors (José Carreras, Plácido Domingo, and Luciano Pavarotti) have been called a supergroup.


title: Supergroup (music)

text: A supergroup sometimes forms as a side project for a single recording project or other "ad hoc" purposes, with no intention that the group will remain together afterwards. In other instances, the group may become the primary focus of the members' career.


title: Supergroup (music)

text: "Rolling Stone" editor Jann Wenner credited British rock band Cream, which came together in 1966, as the first supergroup. Eric Clapton, formerly of rock band The Yardbirds and blues rock band John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers; Jack Bruce, formerly of jazz/rhythm and blues band the Graham Bond Organisation (GBO) and John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers; and Ginger Baker, formerly of the GBO, formed the band in 1966, recorded four albums, and disbanded in 1968. Guitarist Clapton and drummer Baker went on to form Blind Faith, another blues rock supergroup which recruited former the Spencer Davis Group and Traffic singer, keyboardist, and guitarist Steve Winwood and Family bassist Ric Grech. The group recorded one studio album before disbanding less than a year after formation. Also in 1968 Jack Bruce joined the Tony Williams Lifetime, composed of bassist and vocalist Bruce, and three famous Miles Davis alumni: drummer Tony Williams, guitarist John McLaughlin, and keyboardist Khalid Yasin (né Larry Young).


title: Supergroup (music)

text: The term may have come from the 1968 album "Super Session" with Al Kooper, Mike Bloomfield, and Stephen Stills. The coalition of Crosby, Stills & Nash (later Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young) in 1969 is another early example, given the success of their prior bands (The Byrds, Buffalo Springfield, and The Hollies respectively).


title: Supergroup (music)

text: In 1974, a "Time" magazine article titled "Return of a Supergroup" quipped that the supergroup was a "potent but short-lived rock phenomenon" which was an "amalgam formed by the talented malcontents of other bands." The article acknowledged that groups such as Cream and Blind Faith "played enormous arenas and made megabucks, and sometimes megamusic", with the performances "fueled by dueling egos." However, while this "musical infighting built up the excitement ... it also made breakups inevitable."


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: MHI's products include aerospace and automotive components, air conditioners, elevators, forklift trucks, hydraulic equipment, printing machines, missiles, tanks, power systems, ships, aircraft, railway systems, and space launch vehicles. Through its defense-related activities, it is the world's 23rd-largest defense contractor measured by 2011 defense revenues and the largest based in Japan.


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: In 1857, at the request of the Tokugawa Shogunate, a group of Dutch engineers were invited, including Dutch naval engineer Hendrik Hardes, and began work on the "Nagasaki Yotetsusho" 長崎鎔鉄所 , a modern, Western-style foundry and shipyard near the Dutch settlement of Dejima, at Nagasaki. This was renamed "Nagasaki Seitetsusho" 長崎製鉄所 Nagasaki Iron (Steel) Foundry in 1860, and construction was completed in 1861. Following the Meiji Restoration of 1868, the shipyard was placed under control of the new Government of Meiji Japan. The first dry dock was completed in 1879.


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: In 1884, Yataro Iwasaki, the founder of Mitsubishi, leased the "Nagasaki Seitetsusho" from the Japanese government, renamed it the "Nagasaki Shipyard & Machinery Works" 長崎 造船 機械工 and entered the shipbuilding business on a large scale. Iwasaki purchased the shipyards outright in 1887. In 1891, "Mitsubishi Heavy Industries - Yokohama Machinery Works" was started as "Yokohama Dock Company, Ltd". Its main business was ship repairs, to which it added ship servicing by 1897. The works was renamed "Mitsubishi Shipyard of Mitsubishi Goshi Kaisha" in 1893 and additional dry docks were completed in 1896 and 1905.


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: The "Mitsubishi Heavy Industries - Shimonoseki Shipyard & Machinery Works" was established in 1914. It produced industrial machinery and merchant ships.


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: The Nagasaki company was renamed "Mitsubishi Shipbuilding & Engineering Company, Ltd." in 1917 and again renamed as "Mitsubishi Heavy Industries" in 1934. It became the largest private firm in Japan, active in the manufacture of ships, heavy machinery, airplanes and railway cars. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries merged with the Yokohama Dock Company in 1935. From its inception, the Mitsubishi Nagasaki shipyards were heavily involved in contracts for the Imperial Japanese Navy. The largest battleship "Musashi" was completed at Nagasaki in 1942. The company also housed the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works, the Akunoura Engine Works 長崎 飽の浦製鑵工場 Akunoura machinery works 頃の飽の浦機械工場 , Mitsubishi Arms Plant, Mitsubishi Electric Shipyards and Mitsubishi-Urakami Ordnance Works, which employed 90% of the city's labor force, and accounted for 90% of the city's industry. These connections made Nagasaki a target for strategic bombing during World War II by the Allied air forces, which later dropped an atomic bomb on the city on August 9, 1945. This attack, following the atomic bombing of Hiroshima three days earlier, dealt a devastating blow to the Japanese leadership, contributing to the surrender of Japan six days later.


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: The "Kobe Shipyard of Mitsubishi Goshi Kaisha" was established in 1905. The Kobe Shipyard merged with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in 1934. The Kobe Shipyard constructed the ocean liner "Argentina Maru" (later repurposed as the aircraft carrier "Kaiyo"), and the submarines the "I-19" and "I-25".


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: Following the dissolution of the "zaibatsu" after the surrender of Japan at the end of World War II, Mitsubishi divided into three companies in January 1950: Mitsubishi Nagasaki became "West Japan Heavy Industries, Ltd", the Kobe Shipyard became "Central Japan Heavy-Industries, Ltd.", and the Yokohama branch became East Japan Heavy-Industries, Ltd. On 28 April 1952 the Occupation of Japan ended, which meant that the ban on using zaibatsu names was lifted. Accordingly, all three companies changed names again on 7 May 1952: West Japan Heavy Industries (the Nagasaki Shipyard) was renamed "Mitsubishi Shipbuilding & Engineering Co., Ltd.", Central Japan Heavy Industries, Ltd. was renamed Shin-Mitsubishi Jukogyo K.K. (also trading as "Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Reorganized, Ltd."; "shin" meaning "New"), while East Japan Heavy-Industries became Mitsubishi Nippon Heavy Industries.


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: In 1964, the three independent companies from the 1950 break-up were merged into Shin-Mitsubishi Jukogyo and became Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. The Nagasaki works was renamed the "Nagasaki Shipyard & Engine Works". The Kobe works was renamed the 'Mitsubishi Heavy Industries - Kobe Shipyard & Machinery Works'.


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: MHI participated in a ¥540 billion emergency rescue of Mitsubishi Motors in January 2005, in partnership with Mitsubishi Corporation and Mitsubishi Tokyo Financial Group. As part of the rescue, MHI acquired ¥50 billion of Mitsubishi Motors stock, increasing its ownership stake to 15 percent and making the automaker an affiliate again. The emergency rescue was carried out 4 years after a product recall scandal in Japan that was triggered by accusations of Mitsubishi Motors allegedly trying to systematically hide manufacturing defects to avoid recalls, and marketing problems in the US.


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: In October 2009, MHI announced an order for up to 100 regional jets from the United States-based airline Trans States Holdings.


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: MHI entered talks with Hitachi in August 2011 about a potential merger of the two companies, in what would have been the largest merger between two Japanese companies in history. The talks subsequently broke down and were suspended.


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: In November 2012, MHI and Hitachi agreed to merge their thermal power generation businesses into a joint venture to be owned 65% by MHI and 35% by Hitachi. The joint venture began operations in February 2014 and ended in 2020, as Hitachi transferred its shares to MHI.


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: In June 2014 Siemens and MHI announced their formation of joint ventures to bid for Alstom's troubled energy and transportation businesses (in locomotives, steam turbines, and aircraft engines). A rival bid by General Electric (GE) has been criticized by French government sources, who consider Alstom's operations as a "vital national interest" at a moment when the French unemployment level stands above 10% and some voters are turning towards the conservative party. GE's proposal ultimately prevailed.


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: MHI had entered the high-speed train business in 1995, with the manufacture of the MLX01 SCMaglev car, a business it exited in 2017 after struggling with the development costs of the Mitsubishi SpaceJet, and disagreements with Central Japan Railway Company over the manufacturing costs of the SCMaglev cars.


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: In the 1950s the company began to re-enter the aerospace industry in earnest. Along with other major Japanese companies it was involved in design and production of the NAMC YS-11, the first Japanese airliner to enter production after World War II. In 1956 work started on the design of the Mitsubishi MU-2, which became the company's first postwar aircraft design.


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: In the defense sector, MHI has produced jet fighters for the Japan Air Self-Defense Force and anti-submarine helicopters for the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force, as well as aero-engines, missiles and torpedoes. It produced North American F-86 Sabre, Lockheed F-104 Starfighter and McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II fighters. It manufactured 139 Mitsubishi F-15J fighter aircraft from 1981 and produced 200 Sikorsky S-70 family Mitsubishi H-60 helicopters from 1989, in both cases under license production. The company also plays an important role in the Japanese Ballistic Missile Defense System program.


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: In the space systems sector, MHI is the producer of the H-IIA and H-IIB launch vehicles, Japan's main rockets, and provides launch services for national institutions and companies around the world. The clients include JAXA, KARI, Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre, and Inmarsat. The company is also involved in the International Space Station program as a cargo spaceship contractor.


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: On 1 April 2008, MHI established Mitsubishi Aircraft Corporation as a subsidiary to develop and produce the MRJ or Mitsubishi Regional Jet, a 70 to 90 passenger regional airliner. MHI is the majority shareholder of the new company, with Toyota Motor Corporation owning 10%.


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: On December 12, 2012, MHI acquired Pratt & Whitney Power Systems, the small gas turbine business of United Technologies.


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: In the civil aircraft sector, MHI develops and manufactures major airframe components, including fuselage panels for the Boeing 777 and composite-material wing boxes for the 787.


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: In June 2014, the company joined four other major Japanese companies in signing an agreement to build parts for Boeing's 777X aircraft.


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: On 25 June 2019, MHI announced the acquisition of Bombardier Aviation's CRJ programme, in a deal expected to close in the first half of 2020, subject to regulatory approval. MHI will benefit from Bombardier's global expertise in areas ranging from engineering and certification to customer relations and support, boosting its SpaceJet (formerly MRJ) programme, and potentially enabling the SpaceJet to be produced in North America. The deal includes two service centres in Canada and two in the US, as well as the type certificates for the CRJ. Bombardier will retain its assembly facility at Mirabel, near Montreal, Canada, and will continue to produce the CRJ on behalf of MHI until the current order backlog is complete. In early May 2020, MHI confirmed that all conditions had been met and that the transaction would be closed on 1 June. The acquired aviation unit was then renamed MHI RJ Aviation Group.


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: MHI recorded a loss in FY 2020 partly because of the continuous delays of the first delivery of the SpaceJet. At the height of the COVID-19 pandemic that crippled the aviation industry, MHI decided to put a halt to the project.


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: In 2010, MHI commenced production of the Type 10 advanced main battle tank, at a cost of $11.3 million per unit, to replace the Type 90 tank.


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: The nuclear business of MHI operates facilities in the cities of Kobe and Takasago in Hyogo Prefecture and in Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture. It also operates a nuclear fuel manufacturing plant in Tōkai, Ibaraki which processes 440 Metric tons of Uranium per year.


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: MHI has also developed the Mitsubishi APWR design. MHI has also signed a memorandum of understanding with Areva for the establishment of a joint venture, Atmea, for their next reactor design ATMEA1.


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: MHI has also been selected as the core company to develop a new generation of Fast Breeder Reactors (FBR) by the Japanese government. After that announcement was made, MHI established a new company, Mitsubishi FBR Systems, Inc. (MFBR) specifically for the development and realization of FBR technology, starting what is likely to be the most aggressive corporate venture into FBR and Generation IV reactor technology.


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: As of 2015, MHI was developing a $15.8 billion nuclear power plant in Sinop, Turkey in partnership with Itochu and Engie, which would be its first overseas nuclear project. The deal has been officially scrapped in January 2020, after the feasibility of the project was doubted.


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: MHI unsuccessfully attempted to acquire the energy business of Alstom in 2014 in order to develop its service network in Southeast Asia. MHI remains interested in acquisitions in the crude oil and gas sectors as of 2015. Following financial difficulties at Areva, MHI announced in 2015 it would make a proposal to take a minority ownership stake in a new entity called inheriting Areva's nuclear reactor business and acquired a 19% stake in the entity in 2017. In 2018, the entity has been named Framatome.


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: In 2020, MHI eventually acquired Hitachi's gas turbine business unit after the two companies had merged their businesses to form a joint venture.


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: Shipbuilding has been a core and historical founding activity for MHI. It was formally started in 1884 when Mitsubishi leased and then acquired the 'Nagasaki Shipyard & Machinery Works' company (founded in 1857 as 'Nagasaki Yotetsusho Foundry'). Subsequently, Mitsubishi progressively became one of the major Japanese shipbuilding companies, building both commercial as well as military ships, including the Yamato-class battleship, Musashi, of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II.


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: MHI has shipbuilding facilities in Nagasaki, Kobe and Shimonoseki, Japan. is the primary shipbuilding division of MHI. It primarily produces specialized commercial vessels, including LNG carriers, and passenger cruise ships.


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: On 1 December 2017, MHI announced that it will launch two new wholly owned companies on 1 January 2018 in conjunction with reorganization of its shipbuilding business:


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: In late 2019, MHI, exploring a withdrawal from LNG carrier construction, started to negotiate with Oshima Shipbuilding to divest its historic shipyard located in Koyagi, Nagasaki.


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: On 24 December 2019, Mitsubishi Shipbuilding delivered its first fuel gas supply system for a marine LNG engine.


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: In June 2020, MHI entered talks with Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding to acquire the latter's naval and patrol ship business. The deal would strengthen MHI's defense sector, effectively consolidating Japan's defense industry as well. The deal is expected to be reached by the end of 2020, with the parties closing the transaction by October 2021, if approved by regulators.


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: MHI has installed more 3,282 MW worldwide until December 2009, mainly turbines with 1 and 2.4 MW. The company is developing 7-MW-turbines for offshore wind power. Tests are planned for 2013 in Europe.


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: On September 27, 2013, MHI and Vestas Wind Systems announced a joint-venture named MHI Vestas Offshore Wind to develop offshore wind energy based on Vestas' V164 8.0MW turbine. In 2020, MHI acquired 2.5% of Vestas by transferring its 50% of MHI Vestas to Vestas, and receiving 5 million new Vestas shares.


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: On November 28, 2018, MHI was ordered by the South Korea Supreme Court to pay 150m won ($133,000; £104,000) in compensation to 10 surviving Koreans who were victims of forced labor which the company oversaw during the Japanese occupation of Korea. Eighteen family members of other victims of the forced labour overseen by MHI, who had previously sued sometime before 2008, were now able to receive the compensation as well by the decision. All twenty-eight plaintiffs had previously filed a lawsuit in Japan, but had their lawsuit dismissed by the Supreme Court of Japan in 2008.


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: The Japanese government has officially disputed the lawsuit and defined the verdict as "a breach of the international law", citing the 1965 agreement which was made by the two nations to establish diplomatic relations, since all of the "problems concerning property, rights, and interests" that had been existed between the two countries and respective peoples thereof during the occupation era "have been settled completely and finally".


title: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

text: During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, MHI refused to join the international community and withdraw from the Russian market. Research from Yale University updated on April 28, 2022 identifying how companies were reacting to Russia's invasion identified MHI in the worst category of "Digging In", meaning Defying Demands for Exit: companies defying demands for exit/reduction of activities.


title: Abbey Lee

text: Abbey Lee Kershaw (born 12 June 1987) known professionally as Abbey Lee, is an Australian model, actress and musician. Following several years of success leading up to the 2011 fashion seasons, "V" magazine dubbed her a supermodel, and Models.com has listed her as an "Industry Icon". She dropped the use of her surname, Kershaw, in 2015.


title: Abbey Lee

text: Lee was born in Melbourne, Victoria, the daughter of Kerry, a psychologist, and Kim Kershaw, who played in the Victorian Football League for Richmond and Hawthorn. She is their middle child. She has said that as a child, she was "always in the hospital." At age four, she suffered from meningitis and had to have two spinal taps. She also had a tumour on her knee, and several broken bones from climbing trees.


title: Abbey Lee

text: She grew up in Kensington, Victoria and attended St Michael's Catholic Primary School in North Melbourne. She has said that she "grew up with 42 nationalities", explaining that her primary school of 150 children was very multicultural. She then attended the Academy of Mary Immaculate in Fitzroy.


title: Abbey Lee

text: Lee has said that she "did not come from wealth" and had various jobs while a teenager, including working at a fun fair, as a grocery clerk, and at a McDonald's. She took jujitsu classes for seven years and was involved in other sports.


title: Abbey Lee

text: In 2004, she won the Australian "Girlfriend Model Search". Her rebellious side got her expelled from high school at the start of her final year. After high school, in 2005, she moved from Melbourne to Sydney to begin modelling. She lived from the beach, and it was while at the beach that she was scouted by Chic Management's Kathy Ward, who also discovered Miranda Kerr and Samantha Harris. She signed with Chic Management within weeks.


title: Abbey Lee

text: In 2007, Lee signed with Next Management and by March had moved to New York City. On 11 December, Models.com named her the "Next Superstar".


title: Abbey Lee

text: Lee made her debut in the 2008 New York Fashion Week, managing to walk a total of 29 shows for designers such as Oscar de la Renta, Halston, and notably closing for Rodarte. For her first time in Milan Fashion Week, she was booked as a Gucci exclusive. Later that year, in September, she fell in her high heels at the Rodarte show in New York. Then, a month later in Paris, she fainted at the Alexander McQueen show from wearing a very tight leather corset. Regardless of these two incidents, it did not affect her from booking more runways shows. Lee was one of new faces to appear on one of the fourteen covers of "V" magazine's Autumn issue. On 15 November 2008, in Miami, she made her international TV appearance at the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, modelling in the "Pink Planet" segment.


title: Abbey Lee

text: In November 2009, Fashion TV placed her first in their First Face Countdown for Spring/Summer 2010. Lee had to sit out the Autumn 2009 shows due to a knee injury: she had torn ligaments and could barely walk. She was featured in the explicit shoot for the French magazine "Purple Fashion" published Autumn/Winter 2009. The infamous spread, shot by photographer Terry Richardson, caused outrage in the blogosphere, where Richardson was accused of cajoling the girls for his own sexual satisfaction. In his defense, Lee said, "Terry doesn't force girls to do anything they don't want to. He puts you in a G-string in a pile of mud because you want to do it. You touch yourself because you want to. For me, that shoot was the truth about how things were between us both, and I felt good doing it. I'm not ashamed of it—why should I be?" After skipping the Autumn 2009 season owing to a knee injury, she reappeared in Milan Fashion Week, opening D&G to having the first and last looks at Fendi and Versace, prompting "New York" magazine to name her "Milan's Top Model". On 1 December 2009, for the second time, she participated in the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, but this time she had three outfits, modelling in the "Star Trooper," "Pink Planet", and in the "Enchanted Forest" segment.


title: Abbey Lee

text: In 2010, Lee was heavily in demand for campaigns, shoots and shows. She was featured in the 2010 Pirelli Calendar photographed by Terry Richardson, and the 2011 edition photographed by Karl Lagerfeld. In March 2010, she was announced as the face of Chanel's Autumn/Winter 2010/2011 ready-to-wear ad campaign. This news came after she closed the Chanel Spring 2010 couture show, and opened the Chanel Autumn/Winter 2010/2011 ready-to-wear show. In November, for the fourth time, she became the cover model of Australian "Vogue" (her previous covers of the same publication were in March 2010, March 2009, and September 2008). The same year, Lee was also featured as the face of the Anna Sui FW 2010 campaign.


title: Abbey Lee

text: She took her own self-portrait for the new Rag & Bone Do-It-Yourself ad campaign spring 2011 along with models Sasha Pivovarova, Edita Vilkeviciute, Karolina Kurkova, Candice Swanepoel and Lily Aldridge. She earned $100,000 as an exclusive for Chanel, walking for their spring-summer collection in Paris. She skipped New York Fashion Week for London. "V" magazine's "The Discovery Issue" crowned Lee as the new Supermodel. The magazine called Lee "the biggest fashion export from Down Under since Elle Macpherson joined the ranks of Cindy Crawford, Claudia Schiffer, Kate Moss, Naomi Campbell and Christy Turlington."


title: Abbey Lee

text: Lee has been absent from the runway since the Fall 2012 shows where she walked only for Alexander Wang and Anna Sui. During 2012, she focused on acting and spent much of the year in Africa filming the post-apocalyptic film "" (2015).


title: Abbey Lee

text: Although Lee was ranked 4th at the height of her career on the "Top 50 Models Women" list by models.com, as of June 2013 she was 12th on the list.


title: Abbey Lee

text: Lee appeared in the Fall/Winter 2013–14 Campaign for Gucci alongside male model Adrien Sahores, shot by Mert Alas and Marcus Piggott.


title: Abbey Lee

text: In May 2014, Lee once again appeared on the cover of "Vogue Australia" and starred in two editorials on the same issue, in which was celebrate her debut into acting career. In August 2014 Models.com moved Abbey to the "Industry Icon" list considering her still going presence in fashion with big fragrances contracts as "Flora By Gucci" and Versace's "Yellow Diamond", although she was absent from runways and editorials to film "Mad Max" and "Gods of Egypt."


title: Abbey Lee

text: Lee had a supporting role in the 2015 film "". In 2016, she had major roles in the films "Gods of Egypt", alongside Gerard Butler, and the Nicolas Winding Refn-directed thriller "The Neon Demon", with Elle Fanning. Lee stated that her history of martial arts training got her the role in "Gods of Egypt."


title: Abbey Lee

text: In 2017, Lee played Tirana in the film "The Dark Tower". The following year, she played the main character in "Elizabeth Harvest", directed by Sebastian Gutierrez.


title: Abbey Lee

text: In 2020, she played the troubled Christina Braithwhite in HBO's drama horror "Lovecraft Country". She told "Harper's Bazaar" that she was the last one cast for the show and that she researched about growing up in a cult to understand the character.


title: Abbey Lee

text: Lee stated that she was a driven child with big hopes and dreams but her complicated household meant that her parents struggled to put food on the table and there was no music or art in their home. She felt that modelling made her a "disposable cog in a wheel", but that it was the ticket to her survival. Her role in "Mad Max" opened her eyes to how acting combines expression, sound, movement, performance and "everything she loved".


title: Roman salute

text: The Roman salute, alternatively called the Fascist salute, is a gesture in which the right arm is fully extended, facing forward, with palm down and fingers touching. In some versions, the arm is raised upward at an angle; in others, it is held out parallel to the ground. In contemporary times, the former is commonly considered a symbol of fascism that had been based on a custom popularly attributed to ancient Rome. However, no Roman text gives this description, and the Roman works of art that display salutational gestures bear little resemblance to the modern Roman salute.


title: Roman salute

text: Beginning with Jacques-Louis David's painting "The Oath of the Horatii" (1784), an association of the gesture with Roman republican and imperial culture emerged. The gesture and its identification with Roman culture were further developed in other neoclassic artworks. In the United States, a similar salute for the Pledge of Allegiance known as the Bellamy salute was created by Francis Bellamy in 1892. The gesture was further elaborated upon in popular culture during the late 19th and early 20th centuries in plays and films that portrayed the salute as an ancient Roman custom. These included the 1914 Italian film "Cabiria" whose intertitles were written by the nationalist poet Gabriele d'Annunzio. In 1919, d'Annunzio adopted the cinematographically depicted salute as a neo-imperial ritual when he led the occupation of Fiume.


title: Roman salute

text: Through d'Annunzio's influence, the gesture soon became part of the rising Italian Fascist movement's symbolic repertoire. In 1923, the salute was gradually adopted by the Italian Fascist regime. It was then adopted and made compulsory within the Nazi Party in 1926, and gained national prominence in the German state when the Nazis took power in 1933. It was also adopted by other fascist, far right and ultranationalist movements.


title: Roman salute

text: Since the end of World War II, displaying the Nazi variant of the salute has been a criminal offence in Germany, Austria, Czechia, Slovakia, and Poland. Legal restrictions on its use in Italy are more nuanced and use there has generated controversy. The gesture and its variations continue to be used in neo-fascist, neo-Nazi, and Falangist contexts.


title: Roman salute

text: The modern gesture consists of stiffly extending the right arm frontally and raising it roughly 135 degrees from the body's vertical axis, with the palm of the hand facing down and the fingers stretched out and touching each other. According to common perceptions, this salute was based on an ancient Roman custom. However, this description is unknown in Roman literature and is never mentioned by ancient historians of Rome. Not a single Roman work of art displays a salute of this kind. The gesture of the raised right arm or hand in Roman and other ancient cultures that does exist in surviving literature and art generally had a significantly different function and is never identical with the modern straight-arm salute.


title: Roman salute

text: The right hand (Lat. "dextera", "dextra"; Gr. δεξιά – "dexia") was commonly used in antiquity as a symbol of pledging trust, friendship or loyalty. For example, Cicero reported that Octavian pledged an oath to Julius Caesar while outstretching his right hand: "Although that youth [the young Caesar Octavian] is powerful and has told Antony off nicely: yet, after all, we must wait to see the end. But what a speech! He swore his oath with the words: 'so may I achieve the honours of my father!', and at the same time he stretched out his right hand in the direction of his statue."


title: Roman salute

text: Sculptures commemorating military victories such as those on the Arch of Titus, the Arch of Constantine, or on the Column of Trajan are the best known examples of raised arms in art from this period. However, these monuments do not display a single clear image of the Roman salute.


title: Roman salute

text: The images closest in appearance to a raised arm salute are scenes in Roman sculpture and coins which show an "adlocutio", "acclamatio", "adventus", or "profectio". These are occasions when a high-ranking official, such as a general or the Emperor, addresses individuals or a group, often soldiers. Unlike modern custom, in which both the leader and the people he addresses raise their arms, most of these scenes show only the senior official raising his hand. Occasionally it is a sign of greeting or benevolence, but usually it is used as an indication of power. An opposite depiction is the "salutatio" of a "diogmites", a military police officer, who raises his right arm to greet his commander during his "adventus" on a relief from 2nd-century Ephesus.


title: Roman salute

text: An example of a salutational gesture of imperial power can be seen in the statue of Augustus of Prima Porta which follows certain guidelines set out by oratory scholars of his day. In "Rhetorica ad Herennium" the anonymous author states that the orator "will control himself in the entire frame of his body and in the manly angle of his flanks, with the extension of the arm in the impassioned moments of speech, and by drawing in the arm in relaxed moods". Quintilian states in his "Institutio Oratoria": "Experts do not permit the hand to be raised above the level of the eyes or lowered beneath the breast; to such a degree is this true that it is considered a fault to direct the hand above the head or lower it to the lower part of the belly. It may be extended to the left within the limits of the shoulder, but beyond that it is not fitting."


title: Roman salute

text: Beginning with Jacques-Louis David's painting "The Oath of the Horatii" (1784), an association of the gesture with Roman republican and imperial culture emerged. The painting shows the three sons of Horatius swear on their swords, held by their father, that they will defend Rome to the death. It is based on a historical event described by Livy (Book I, sections 24-6) and elaborated by Dionysius in "Roman Antiquities" (Book III). However, the moment depicted in David's painting is his own creation. Neither Livy nor Dionysius mention any oath taking episode. Dionysius, the more detailed source, reports that the father had left to his sons the decision to fight then raised his hands to the heavens to thank the gods.


title: Roman salute

text: Dominating the center of "The Oath of the Horatii" is the brothers' father, facing left. He has both hands raised. His left hand is holding three swords, while his right hand is empty, with fingers stretched but not touching. The brother closest to the viewer is holding his arm almost horizontally. The brother on the left is holding his arm slightly higher, while the third brother holds his hand higher still. While the first brother extends his right arm, the other two are extending their "left" arms. The succession of arms raised progressively higher leads to a gesture closely approximating the style used by fascists in the 20th century in Italy, albeit with the "wrong" arms.