title: David Dhawan

text: Dhawan first teamed with actor Govinda for the film "Taaqatwar" (1989). He then formed a collaboration with Govinda and directed 18 films with him as the leading actor, including "Taaqatwar" (1989), "Swarg" (1990), "Shola Aur Shabnam" (1992), "Aankhen" (1993), "Raja Babu" (1994), "Coolie No. 1" (1995), "Saajan Chale Sasural" (1996), "Banarasi Babu" (1997), "Deewana Mastana" (1997), "Hero No. 1" (1997), "Bade Miyan Chote Miyan" (1998), "Haseena Maan Jaayegi" (1999), "Kunwara" (2000), "Jodi No.1" (2001), "Kyo Kii... Main Jhuth Nahin Bolta" (2001), "Ek Aur Ek Gyarah" (2003), "Partner" (2007) and "Do Knot Disturb" (2009). "Partner", which co-starred Salman Khan, grossed Rs. 300 Million in India on its opening week, the second highest domestic opening week gross for an Indian film at that time. The same year, Salman Khan invited Dhawan and Govinda on his show "10 Ka Dum" to celebrate "Partner". Dhawan got back to the trio of Govinda, Ritesh Deshmukh and himself with the film, "Do Knot Disturb".


title: Belly dance

text: Belly dance (Egyptian Arabic: رقص بلدي, translated: Dance of the Country/Folk Dance, romanized: Raks/Raas Baladi) is a dance that originates in Egypt. It features movements of the hips and torso. It has evolved to take many different forms depending on the country and region, both in costume and dance style; with the Egyptian styles and costumes being the most recognized worldwide due to Egyptian cinema. The Egyptian style with its traditional Egyptian rhymes is popular worldwide with many schools around the globe now practicing it.


title: Belly dance

text: "Belly dance" is a translation of the French term "danse du ventre". The name first appeared in 1864 in a review of the Orientalist painting by Jean-Léon Gérôme.


title: Belly dance

text: The first known use of the term "belly dance" in English is in reference to the Middle Eastern dancers who performed at the Exposition Universelle in Paris in 1893.


title: Belly dance

text: The informal, social form of the dance is known as "Raqs Baladi" ('Dance of the Country' or 'Folk Dance') in Egyptian Arabic and is considered an indigenous dance. "Raqs sharqi" ('Eastern Dance') is a broad category of professional forms of the dance, including forms of belly dance popularly known today, such as Raqs Baladi, Sa'idi, Ghawazee, and Awalim.


title: Belly dance

text: Belly dance is primarily a torso-driven dance, with an emphasis on articulations of the hips. Unlike many Western dance forms, the focus of the dance is on isolations of the torso muscles, rather than on movements of the limbs through space. Although some of these isolations appear similar to the isolations used in jazz ballet, they are sometimes driven differently and have a different feeling or emphasis.


title: Belly dance

text: In common with most folk dances, there is no universal naming scheme for belly dance movements. Many dancers and dance schools have developed their own naming schemes, but none of these is universally recognized. The following attempt at categorization reflects the most common naming conventions:


title: Belly dance

text: In addition to these torso movements, dancers in many styles will use level changes, traveling steps, turns, and spins. The arms are used to frame and accentuate movements of the hips, for dramatic gestures, and to create beautiful lines and shapes with the body. Other movements may be used as occasional accents, such as low kicks and arabesques, backbends, and head tosses.


title: Belly dance

text: Belly dancing is believed to have had a long history in the Middle East. Several Greek and Roman sources including Juvenal and Martial describe dancers from Asia Minor and Spain using undulating movements, playing castanets, and sinking to the floor with "quivering thighs", descriptions that are certainly suggestive of the movements that are today associated with belly dance. Later, particularly in the 18th and 19th centuries, European travellers in the Middle East such as Edward Lane and Flaubert wrote extensively of the dancers they saw there, including the Awalim and Ghawazi of Egypt.


title: Belly dance

text: In his book, Andrew Hammond notes that practitioners of the art form agree that belly dance is lodged especially in Egyptian culture, he states: "the Greek historian Herodotus related the remarkable ability of Egyptians to create for themselves spontaneous fun, singing, clapping, and dancing in boats on the Nile during numerous religious festivals. It's from somewhere in this great, ancient tradition of gaiety that the belly dance emerged."


title: Belly dance

text: In the Ottoman Empire, belly dance was performed by women and later, by boys, in the Sultan's palace.


title: Belly dance

text: As a social dance, belly dance (also called Raqs Baladi or Raqs Shaabi in this context) is performed at celebrations and social gatherings by ordinary people (male and female, young and old), in their ordinary clothes. In more conservative or traditional societies, these events may be gender segregated, with separate parties where men and women dance separately.


title: Belly dance

text: Historically, professional dance performers were the Awalim (primarily musicians and poets), Ghawazi. The Maazin sisters may have been the last authentic performers of Ghawazi dance in Egypt, with Khayreyya Maazin still teaching and performing as of 2020.


title: Belly dance

text: Throughout the Middle East and the Arab diaspora, belly dancing is closely associated with Arabic music that is modern classical (known as "al-jadid").


title: Belly dance

text: In 1871, Shafiqa al-Qibtia was the most famous bellydancer in all of Egypt's theatres and casinos, she was admired by the nation and widely celebrated.


title: Belly dance

text: The modern Egyptian belly dance style and the modern belly dance costumes of the 19th century were featured by the Awalim. For example, many of the dancers in Badia's Casinos went on to appear in Egyptian films and had a great influence on the development of the Egyptian style and became famous, like Samia Gamal and Taheyya Kariokka, both of whom helped attract eyes to the Egyptian style worldwide.


title: Belly dance

text: Professional belly dance in Cairo has not been exclusive to native Egyptians, although the country prohibited foreign-born dancers from obtaining licenses for solo work for much of 2004 out of concern that potentially inauthentic performances would dilute its culture. (Other genres of performing arts were not affected.) The ban was lifted in September 2004, but a culture of exclusivity and selectivity remained. The few non-native Egyptians permitted to perform in an authentic way invigorated the dance circuit and helped spread global awareness of the art form. American-born Layla Taj is one example of a non-native Egyptian belly dancer who has performed extensively in Cairo and the Sinai resorts.


title: Belly dance

text: Although belly dance is traditionally seen as a feminine art, the number of male belly dancers has increased in recent years.


title: Belly dance

text: Egyptian belly dance is referred to in Turkey as Oryantal Dans, or simply 'Oryantal'. Many professional dancers and musicians in Turkey continue to be of Romani heritage, and the Roma people of Turkey have had a strong influence on the Turkish style. In Turkey the style of belly dance is lively and playful, with a greater outward projection of energy than the more contained and artistic Egyptian style. In Turkey dancers are known for their energetic, athletic (even gymnastic) style, and their adept use of finger cymbals, also known as zils, which are commonly used in Egyptian style and movies. Connoisseurs of Turkish style often say a dancer who cannot play the zils is not an accomplished dancer. Floorwork, which has been banned in Egypt since the mid-20th century, is still a part of Turkish belly dance.


title: Belly dance

text: Another distinguishing element of Turkish style is the use of a rhythm, divided as , often referred to as the Karsilama rhythm. Karşilama, in Turkish dance, is not a rhythm but a folk dance performed in a line, whereas a (dokuz sekiz) rhythm defines the count of the rhythm and is used in both karşilama and Roman havasi.


title: Belly dance

text: Belly dance today is a dance used by various artists among which are Rihanna, Beyoncé, Fergie, however the greatest representative of this dance is the Colombian singer Shakira, who led this dance to position it as her trademark, with her songs Whenever Wherever and Ojos así, however thanks to the song Hips Don't Lie, her hip dance skills became known worldwide. Also, thanks to Whenever Wherever in 2001, the belly dance fever began popularizing it in a large part of Latin America and later taking it to the United States.


title: Belly dance

text: Over time in her presentations Shakira added this dance mixing it with Latin dances, like Salsa and Afro-Colombian, and she also she expressed that she began to dance these movements since she was little thanks to her Lebanese grandmother. Nowadays the belly dance is a characteristic dance of this singer which presented a variant with a rope entangling it in her body and dancing to the rhythm of Whenever Wherever. Shakira is the only artist in the music industry who has used belly dance on several occasions in her artistic career. She inspired Beyoncé to explore this type of dance in her Beautiful Liar collaboration where she also acted as choreographer. At the Super Bowl LIV Halftime Show event she returned to the belly dance with Rope during the transition from Ojos así thus to Whenever Wherever. Today this dance is considered a symbol in Shakira's career and undoubtedly a distinctive dance of her as she's also mixing it with Latin style. She is the second artist to have a distinctive dance in the music industry alongside Michael Jackson and the moonwalk.


title: Belly dance

text: Belly dance was popularized in the West during the Romantic movement of the 18th and 19th centuries, when Orientalist artists depicted romanticized images of harem life in the Ottoman Empire.


title: Belly dance

text: Belly dancing has become popular outside the Arab world, and American, European, and Japanese women who have become professional belly dancers dance all over Europe and the Middle East.


title: Belly dance

text: Although there were dancers of this type at the 1876 Centennial in Philadelphia, it was not until the 1893 Chicago World's Fair that it gained national attention. The term "belly dancing" is often credited to Sol Bloom, the Fair's entertainment director, but he referred to the dance as "danse du ventre", the name used by the French in Algeria. In his memoirs, Bloom states, "when the public learned that the literal translation was "belly dance", they delightedly concluded that it must be salacious and immoral ... I had a gold mine." Authentic dancers from several Middle Eastern and North African countries performed at the Fair, including Syria, Turkey and Algeria—but it was the dancers in the Egyptian Theater of The Street in the Cairo exhibit who gained the most notoriety. The fact that the dancers were uncorseted and gyrated their hips was shocking to Victorian sensibilities. There were no soloists, but it is claimed that a dancer nicknamed Little Egypt stole the show. Some claim the dancer was Farida Mazar Spyropoulos, but this fact is disputed.


title: Belly dance

text: The popularity of these dancers subsequently spawned dozens of imitators, many of whom claimed to be from the original troupe. Victorian society continued to be affronted by the dance, and dancers were sometimes arrested and fined. The dance was nicknamed the "hoochie coochie", or the shimmy and shake. A short film, "Fatima's Dance", was widely distributed in the Nickelodeon theaters. It drew criticism for its "immodest" dancing, and was eventually censored. Belly dance drew men in droves to burlesque theaters, and to carnival and circus lots.


title: Belly dance

text: Thomas Edison made several films of dancers in the 1890s. These included a Turkish dance, and Crissie Sheridan in 1897, and Princess Rajah from 1904, which features a dancer playing zills, doing "floor work", and balancing a chair in her teeth.


title: Belly dance

text: When immigrants from Arab states began to arrive in New York in the 1930s, dancers started to perform in nightclubs and restaurants. In the late 1960s and early 1970s many dancers began teaching. Middle Eastern or Eastern bands took dancers with them on tour, which helped spark interest in the dance.


title: Belly dance

text: Although using Turkish and Egyptian movements and music, American Cabaret ("AmCab") belly dancing has developed its own distinctive style, using props and encouraging audience interaction.


title: Belly dance

text: In 1987, a distinctively American style of group improvisational dance, American Tribal Style Belly Dance, (ATS), was created, representing a major departure from the dance's cultural origins. A unique and wholly modern style, it makes use of steps from existing cultural dance styles, including those from India, the Middle East, and Africa. Many forms of "Tribal Fusion" belly dance have also developed, appropriating elements from many other dance and music styles including flamenco, ballet, burlesque, hula hoop and even hip hop. "Gothic Belly Dance" is a style which incorporates elements from Goth subculture.


title: Belly dance

text: In Spain and the Iberian Peninsula, the idea of exotic dancing existed through out the Islamic era and sometimes included slavery. When the Arab Umayyads conquered Spain, they sent Basque singers and dancers to Damascus and Egypt for training in the Middle Eastern style. These dancers came to be known as Al-Andalusian dancers. It is theorised that the fusion of the Al-Andalus style with the dances of the Spanish Gypsies led to the creation of flamenco.


title: Belly dance

text: The first wave of interest in belly dancing in Australia was during the late 1970s to 1980s with the influx of migrants and refugees escaping troubles in the Middle East, including Lebanese Jamal Zraika. These immigrants created a social scene including numerous Lebanese and Turkish restaurants, providing employment for belly dancers. Rozeta Ahalyea is widely regarded as the "mother" of Australian belly dance, training early dance pioneers such as Amera Eid and Terezka Drnzik. Belly dance has now spread across the country, with belly dance communities in every capital city and many regional centres.


title: Belly dance

text: Estelle Asmodelle was probably the first transgender belly dancer in Australia. She travelled extensively throughout Asia and Japan working as a Belly Dancer during the 1980s through to the late 1990s. She also starred in the Australian-produced and distributed film The Enchanted Dance which sold internationally as well.


title: Belly dance

text: Belly dance has been in evidence in the UK since the early 1960s. During the 1970s and 1980s, there was a thriving Arabic club scene in London, with live Arabic music and belly dancing a regular feature, but the last of these closed in the early 1990s. Several prominent members of the British belly dance community began their dance careers working in these clubs.


title: Belly dance

text: Today, there are fewer traditional venues for Arabic dance in the UK; however, there is a large amateur belly dance community. Several international belly dance festivals are now held in Britain such as The International Bellydance Congress, The London Belly Dance Festival and Majma Dance Festival. In addition, there are a growing number of competitions, which have increased in popularity in recent years.


title: Belly dance

text: The UK belly dance scene leans strongly towards the Egyptian/Arabic style, with little Turkish influence. American Tribal Style and Tribal Fusion belly dance are also popular.


title: Belly dance

text: The costume most commonly associated with belly dance is the 'bedlah' (; literally "suit") style, which typically includes a fitted top or bra, a fitted hip belt, and a full-length skirt or harem pants. The bra and belt may be richly decorated with beads, sequins, crystals, coins, beaded fringe and embroidery. The belt may be a separate piece, or sewn into a skirt.


title: Belly dance

text: The costume or bedlah (referring to the bra, belt and skirt), of Egyptian Oriental dancers has also had the distinction as being the most popular style. However, fashions have changed over the years with the help of some outside influences.


title: Belly dance

text: Earlier costumes were made up of a full skirt, light chemise and tight cropped vest with heavy embellishments and jewelry.


title: Belly dance

text: As well as the two-piece bedlah costume, full-length dresses are sometimes worn, especially when dancing more earthy baladi styles. Dresses range from closely fitting, highly decorated gowns, which often feature heavy embellishments and mesh-covered cutouts, to simpler designs which are often based on traditional clothing.


title: Belly dance

text: In Egypt dancers wear the bedlah. Alternatively; some also wear a traditional striped dress, usually black with vertical gold stripes or red with vertical white stripes, with mesh-filled cutouts and many glittering ornaments, along with a sparkling waist-scarf. Egypt has laws in place, that require respecting religious and worship places, and disallowing any nudity near sacred places. Even though regarding what dancers can and cannot wear, and according to Act No. 430 of the law on the censorship of literary works, dancers must cover their upper bodies (mainly the breasts area), and typically a sheer skin-colored mesh fabric covering the stomach is recommended; many dancers ignore these rules, as they are rarely enforced and performing with much revealing outfits are common mainly in the capital and north coast cities.


title: Belly dance

text: In Turkey costumes are usually in the bedlah style. Distinctive features of many Turkish costumes include a V-shaped or triangular belt which may be shaped or contoured around the top edge, and a great deal of embellishment and beaded fringing on both the bra and the belt. Skirts are often fuller than their Egyptian counterparts, and are likely to be made of chiffon or velvet rather than lycra.


title: Belly dance

text: In the 1980s and '90s a very revealing costume style developed with skirts designed to display both legs up to the hip, and plunging bras or even pasties. Such styles still exist in some venues but there are also many belly dancers who wear more moderate costumes. Even so, many belly dance costumes reflect the playful, flirty style of belly dance.


title: Belly dance

text: Belly dance is a low-impact, weight-bearing exercise and is thus suitable for all ages and levels of fitness. Many of the moves involve isolations, which improves flexibility of the torso. Belly dance moves are beneficial to the spine, as the full-body undulation moves lengthen (decompress) and strengthen the entire column of spinal and abdominal muscles in a gentle way.


title: Belly dance

text: Dancing with a veil can help build strength in the upper body, arm and shoulders. Playing the finger cymbals (sagat / zills) trains fingers to work independently and builds strength. The legs and long muscles of the back are strengthened by hip movements.


title: Belly dance

text: Hollywood films regularly include sexualized belly dancers as part of Orientalized and exotic depictions of the Middle East.


title: Belly dance

text: The titular character of the "Shantae" series of video games developed by Wayforward Technologies is a belly dancing "half-genie", who uses magical belly dances to transform into various animals.


title: Belly dance

text: The Brazilian telenovela "O Clone" (also known as "El Clon" in Spanish-speaking countries and the United States) is set in Brazil and Morocco and featured belly dancing in many episodes. The lead character, Jade (Giovanna Antonelli), used it to entice her lover Lucas (Murilo Benício) and to soothe and seduce her husband Said (Dalton Vigh).


title: Belly dance

text: Several James Bond films (including "From Russia with Love") and music videos have featured belly dancers. In "The Man with the Golden Gun", the belly dancer Saida wears a spent bullet in her navel, which Bond accidentally swallows while trying to retrieve it. In addition, Sinbad and the Minotaur featured characters who belly danced such as Luna and Al-Jibbar's Harem slave girls.


title: Belly dance

text: Documentaries about belly dance include "American Bellydancer", "Journey of Desire: A Foreign Dancer in Cairo", "Belly, Sensual... Scarred... Sacred", and "Bellydancers of Cairo".


title: Belly dance

text: The main heroines from "Gargantia on the Verdurous Planet" put on a public performance as part of the annual festival with a dance that takes influences from several different kinds of dances, with belly dancing being the most prominent source.


title: Belly dance

text: The plot of the 1972 Egyptian film Watch Out for ZouZou focuses on the tribulations of a young woman, Soad Hosny and her belly dancing mother and sisters. In 2002 Hiam Abbas starred in Satin Rouge. Set in Tunisia it is the story of a woman in her thirties who becomes a cabaret dancer.


title: Bursa

text: As of 2019, the Metropolitan Province was home to 3,056,120 inhabitants, 2,161,990 of whom lived in the 3 city urban districts (Osmangazi, Yildirim and Nilufer) plus Gursu and Kestel, largely conurbated.


title: Bursa

text: Bursa was the first major and second overall capital of the Ottoman State between 1335 and 1363. The city was referred to as (, meaning "God's Gift" in Ottoman Turkish, a name of Persian origin) during the Ottoman period, while a more recent nickname is ("") in reference to the parks and gardens located across its urban fabric, as well as to the vast and richly varied forests of the surrounding region. Mount Uludağ, the ancient Mysian Olympus, towers over it, and has a well-known ski resort. Bursa has rather orderly urban growth and borders a fertile plain. The mausoleums of the early Ottoman sultans are located in Bursa, and the city's main landmarks include numerous edifices built throughout the Ottoman period. Bursa also has thermal baths, old Ottoman mansions, palaces, and several museums.


title: Bursa

text: The shadow play characters Karagöz and Hacivat are based on historic personalities who lived and died in Bursa in the 14th century.


title: Bursa

text: The earliest known human settlement near Bursa's current location was at Ilıpınar Höyüğü around 5200 BC. It was followed by the ancient Greek city of Cius, which Philip V of Macedon granted to Prusias I, the King of Bithynia, in 202 BC. King Prusias rebuilt the city with the advice of general Hannibal of Carthage, who took refuge with Prusias after losing the war with the Roman Republic and renamed it Prusa (; sometimes rendered as "Prussa"). After 128 years of Bithynian rule, Nicomedes IV, the last King of Bithynia, bequeathed the entire kingdom to the Roman Empire in 74 BC. An early Roman Treasure was found in the vicinity of Bursa in the early 20th century. Composed of a woman's silver toilet articles, it is now in the British Museum.


title: Bursa

text: Under Byzantine rule, the town became a garrison city in 562 AD, where imperial guards were stationed there. Already by the mid-6th century, Bursa was known as a famous silk textile manufacturing centre.


title: Bursa

text: Bursa (from the Greek "Prusa") became the first major capital city of the early Ottoman Empire following its capture from the Byzantines in 1326. As a result, the city witnessed a considerable amount of urban growth such as the building of hospitals, caravanserais and madrasas throughout the 14th century, with the first official Ottoman mint established in the city. After conquering Edirne (Adrianople) in East Thrace, the Ottomans turned it into the new capital city in 1363, but Bursa retained its spiritual and commercial importance in the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman sultan Bayezid I built the Bayezid Külliyesi (Bayezid I theological complex) in Bursa between 1390 and 1395 and the Ulu Cami (Grand Mosque) between 1396 and 1400. After Bayezid was defeated in the Battle of Ankara by the forces Timur in 1402, the latter's grandson, Muhammad Sultan Mirza, had the city pillaged and burned. Despite this, Bursa remained as the most important administrative and commercial centre in the empire until Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453. The population of Bursa was 45,000 in 1487.


title: Bursa

text: During the Ottoman period, Bursa continued to be the source of most royal silk products. Aside from the local silk production, the city imported raw silk from Iran, and occasionally from China, and was the main production centre for the kaftans, pillows, embroidery and other silk products for the Ottoman palaces until the 17th century. Devshirme system was also implemented in Bursa and its surroundings where it was negotiated between the authorities and locals. For example, during the 1603-4 levy, the villagers of a Christian village called Eğerciler, in Bursa, declared that they were responsible for providing sheep to the capital, and the children of the village were very much needed as shepherds. They asserted that even though they were not obliged to give any children for the army, the officers took some anyway, and that they should be returned. The villagers’ claim that it was in tremendous need of future shepherds was taken seriously by the state, and a decree commanded the return of the children. Bursa was also notable for its numerous hammams (bath) built during the reign of Suleiman such as the Yeni Kaplıca. As it was a significant cultural and trade hub, traders, most of whom were Armenians, became very wealthy. However, this legacy of cultural pluralism in Bursa almost entirely ended due to the events that took place from 1895 to 1925, namely the Hamidian massacres, the Armenian genocide, and the population exchange. The most influential study of Bursa's silk trade and economic history is the work of Ottomanist Halil İnalcık.


title: Bursa

text: Following the foundation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, Bursa became one of the industrial centres of the country. The economic development of the city was followed by population growth and Bursa became the 4th most populous city in Turkey.


title: Bursa

text: The city has traditionally been a pole of attraction, and was a major centre for refugees from various ethnic backgrounds who immigrated to Anatolia from the Balkans during the loss of the Ottoman territories in Europe between the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The most recent arrival of Balkan Turks took place between the 1940s and 1990s, when the People's Republic of Bulgaria expelled approximately 150,000 Bulgarian Turks to Turkey. About one-third of these 150,000 Bulgarian Turkish refugees eventually settled in Bursa (especially in the Hürriyet neighborhood). With the construction of new industrial zones in the period between 1980 and 2000, many people from the eastern provinces of Turkey came and settled in Bursa.


title: Bursa

text: Bursa stands on the northwestern slopes of Mount Uludağ (known as the Mysian Olympus in classical antiquity), on the banks of the Nilüfer River, in the southern Marmara Region. It is the capital city of Bursa Province, which borders the Sea of Marmara and Yalova to the north; Kocaeli and Sakarya to the northeast; Bilecik to the east; and Kütahya and Balıkesir to the south.


title: Bursa

text: Bursa has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa) under the Köppen classification, and dry-hot summer subtropical climate (Csa) under the Trewartha classification. The city has hot, dry summers that last from June until September. Winters are cool and damp, also containing the most rainfall. There can be snow on the ground which will last for a week or two. Air pollution is a chronic problem in Bursa.


title: Bursa

text: Bursa is the largest production centre of the Turkish automotive industry. Factories of motor vehicle producers like Fiat, Renault and Karsan, as well as automotive parts producers like Bosch, Mako, Valeo, Johnson Controls, Delphi have been active in the city for decades. The textile and food industries are equally strong, with Coca-Cola, Pepsi Cola and other beverage brands, as well as fresh and canned food industries being present in the city's organized industrial zones.


title: Bursa

text: Apart from its large automotive industry, Bursa also produces a substantial amount of dairy products (by Sütaş), processed food (by ), and beverages (by ).


title: Bursa

text: Traditionally, Bursa was famous for being the largest centre of silk trade in the Byzantine and later the Ottoman empires, during the period of the lucrative Silk Road. The city is still a major centre for textiles in Turkey and is home to the Bursa International Textiles and Trade Centre (, or ). Bursa was also known for its fertile soil and agricultural activities, which have decreased in the recent decades due to the heavy industrialization of the city.


title: Bursa

text: Bursa is a major centre for tourism. One of the most popular skiing resorts of Turkey is located at Mount Uludağ, just next to the city proper. Bursa's thermal baths have been used for therapeutical purposes since Roman times. Apart from the baths that are operated by hotels, Uludağ University has a physical therapy centre which also makes use of thermal water.


title: Bursa

text: Bursa has a metro (Bursaray), trams and bus system for inner-city public transport, while taxi cabs are also available. Bursa's Yenişehir Airport is away from the city centre. The citizens of Bursa also prefer Istanbul's airports such as Istanbul Airport and Sabiha Gökçen International Airport for flights to foreign countries, due to Istanbul's proximity to Bursa. There are numerous daily bus and ferry services between the two cities.The long Bursa Uludağ Gondola () connects Bursa with the ski resort areas high on the mountain Uludağ.


title: Bursa

text: The only railway station in Bursa is the Harmancık station on the Balıkesir-Kütahya railway, which was opened in 1930.


title: Bursa

text: The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Bursa, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 62 min. 12% of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 18 min, while 31% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is , while 17% travel for over in a single direction.


title: Bursa

text: Bursa has two public universities and one private university. Uludağ University, founded in 1975 in Görükle, is the oldest institution of higher education in the city. Founded first as the Bursa University then renamed Uludağ University in 1982, the university has a student body of 47,000, one of the largest in Turkey. Bursa Technical University is the second public university of Bursa and was established in 2010, beginning education in the 2011–2012 academic year.


title: Bursa

text: The first private university of Bursa was the Bursa Orhangazi University, which started education in the 2012–2013 academic year. However, Orhangazi University was shut down by the Turkish government after the failed coup attempt of July 2016.


title: Bursa

text: The city has one professional football club, Bursaspor, which formerly competed in the Süper Lig (Super League), the top-tier of Turkish football, until finishing 16th at the end of the 2018–19 Süper Lig season and being relegated to the TFF First League. A few years earlier, Bursaspor had managed to become the Turkish champions at the end of the 2009–10 Süper Lig season, thereby becoming the second Anatolian club to ever win the Süper Lig championship title after Trabzonspor. Henceforth, Bursaspor was often considered to be one of the five biggest football clubs in Turkey, along with Galatasaray, Fenerbahçe, Beşiktaş and Trabzonspor. The club's relegation to the TFF First League at the end of the 2018–19 season was a major shock for its fans and became a first in the history of Turkish football: Never before a club which had won the Süper Lig championship title was relegated.


title: Bursa

text: Bursaspor plays its home games at the Timsah Arena (meaning "Crocodile Arena", crocodile being the mascot of the team), which has a seating capacity of 45,000.


title: Bursa

text: The city has a professional basketball team in the Turkish Basketball League, Tofaş S.K., which is among the most successful teams. The club plays its games at the Tofaş Nilüfer Sports Hall.


title: Bursa

text: The current Mayor of the Bursa Metropolitan Municipality is Alinur Aktaş from the Justice and Development Party (AKP), in office since 2019, the AKP coalition won 49.6% of the vote against the CHP coalition which got 47% of the vote.


title: Bursa

text: Ulu Cami is the largest mosque in Bursa and a landmark of early Ottoman architecture, which incorporated many elements from Seljuk architecture.


title: Bursa

text: Ordered by Sultan Bayezid I, the mosque was designed and built by architect Ali Neccar in 1396–1400. It is a large and rectangular building, with a total of twenty domes that are arranged in four rows of five, and are supported by 12 columns. Supposedly the twenty domes were built instead of the twenty separate mosques which Sultan Bayezid I had promised for winning the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396. The mosque has two minarets.


title: Bursa

text: Inside the mosque there are 192 monumental wall inscriptions written by the famous calligraphers of that period. There is also a fountain (şadırvan) where worshipers can perform ritual ablutions before prayer; the dome over the şadırvan is capped by a skylight which creates a soft, serene light below; thus playing an important role in the illumination of the large building.


title: Bursa

text: The horizontally spacious and dimly lit interior is designed to feel peaceful and contemplative. The subdivisions of space formed by multiple domes and pillars create a sense of privacy and even intimacy. This atmosphere contrasts with the later Ottoman mosques (see for example the works of Suleiman the Magnificent's chief architect Mimar Sinan.) The mosques that were built after the conquest of Constantinople (Istanbul) by the Ottoman Turks in 1453, and influenced by the design of the 6th century Byzantine basilica of Hagia Sophia, had increasingly elevated and large central domes, which create a vertical emphasis that is intended to be more overwhelming; in order to convey the divine power of Allah, the majesty of the Ottoman Sultan, and the governmental authority of the Ottoman State.


title: Bursa

text: A brief list of the places of interest in and around Bursa is presented below. For a longer list, see the places of interest in Bursa.


title: Vikkstar123

text: Vikram Singh Barn (born 2 August 1995), better known as Vikkstar123, is an English YouTuber and Internet personality. He is a member and co-founder of the Sidemen, a British YouTube group.


title: Vikkstar123

text: Barn was born on 2 August 1995 in Guildford, Surrey, England, where he lived until eight years of age. He later lived in Sheffield where he attended Silverdale School. He is the youngest of three children. Barn was offered a place to study natural sciences at University College London, but he ended up declining the offer in order to pursue his YouTube career full-time.


title: Vikkstar123

text: Barn joined YouTube in 2010; having played games with his friends he got into watching YouTubers and making videos of their own. Eventually he decided to launch his own channel, stating:


title: Vikkstar123

text: I got involved thinking I might be able to do a little bit better than they were doing, and get involved and have some fun with it. I started recording myself playing "". I started making tutorial videos that people could watch – some of them were for knives and how you could throw them across the map. I made videos showing places where you could throw a knife or tomahawk and get a kill. I thought it would be cool to show off these ridiculous kills.


title: Vikkstar123

text: In 2013, he joined the Sidemen, which caused his popularity to rise further. He would later move in with three other members, sharing a house with them from 2014 to 2018, when he announced he was moving out of the Sidemen House. He is also part of the Dream SMP server.


title: Vikkstar123

text: In January 2021, he announced on his channel that he was quitting playing "" due to a proliferation of cheating, saying hackers would be "the death of the game" if it went unfixed. Along with criticism from several other high-profile streamers, the resulting uproar caused Activision to update the game's anti-cheat software.


title: Vikkstar123

text: Barn is an investor in esports teams and has spoken about how he has invested in London Royal Ravens, a "Call of Duty" team, speaking of his desire to 'build a blueprint' for the wider popularisation of the sport.


title: Matthew effect

text: The Matthew effect of accumulated advantage, Matthew principle, or Matthew effect, is the tendency of individuals to accrue social or economic success in proportion to their initial level of popularity, friends, wealth, etc. It is sometimes summarized by the adage "the rich get richer and the poor get poorer". The term was coined by sociologists Robert K. Merton and Harriet Zuckerman in 1968 and takes its name from the Parable of the Talents in the biblical Gospel of Matthew.


title: Matthew effect

text: The Matthew effect may largely be explained by preferential attachment, whereby wealth or credit is distributed among individuals according to how much they already have. This has the net effect of making it increasingly difficult for low ranked individuals to increase their totals because they have fewer resources to risk over time, and increasingly easy for high rank individuals to preserve a large total because they have a large amount to risk.


title: Matthew effect

text: The study of Matthew effects were initially focused primarily on the inequality in the way scientists were recognized for their work. However, Norman W. Storer, of Columbia University, led a new wave of research. He believed he discovered that the inequality that existed in the social sciences also existed in other institutions.


title: Matthew effect

text: The concept is named according to two of the parables of Jesus in the synoptic Gospels (Table 2, of the Eusebian Canons).


title: Matthew effect

text: The concept concludes two of the three synoptic versions of the parable of the lamp under a bushel (absent in the version of Matthew):


title: Matthew effect

text: The concept is presented again in Matthew outside of a parable during Christ's explanation to his disciples of the purpose of parables:


title: Matthew effect

text: In the sociology of science, "Matthew effect" was a term coined by Robert K. Merton to describe how, among other things, eminent scientists will often get more credit than a comparatively unknown researcher, even if their work is similar; it also means that credit will usually be given to researchers who are already famous. For example, a prize will almost always be awarded to the most senior researcher involved in a project, even if all the work was done by a graduate student. This was later formulated by Stephen Stigler as Stigler's law of eponymy – "No scientific discovery is named after its original discoverer" – with Stigler explicitly naming Merton as the true discoverer, making his "law" an example of itself.


title: Matthew effect

text: Merton furthermore argued that in the scientific community the Matthew effect reaches beyond simple reputation to influence the wider communication system, playing a part in social selection processes and resulting in a concentration of resources and talent. He gave as an example the disproportionate visibility given to articles from acknowledged authors, at the expense of equally valid or superior articles written by unknown authors. He also noted that the concentration of attention on eminent individuals can lead to an increase in their self-assurance, pushing them to perform research in important but risky problem areas.


title: Matthew effect

text: In education, the term "Matthew effect" has been adopted by psychologist Keith Stanovich and popularised by education theorist Anthony Kelly to describe a phenomenon observed in research on how new readers acquire the skills to read: early success in acquiring reading skills usually leads to later successes in reading as the learner grows, while failing to learn to read before the third or fourth year of schooling may be indicative of lifelong problems in learning new skills.


title: Matthew effect

text: This is because children who fall behind in reading would read less, increasing the gap between them and their peers. Later, when students need to "read to learn" (where before they were learning to read), their reading difficulty creates difficulty in most other subjects. In this way they fall further and further behind in school, dropping out at a much higher rate than their peers.


title: Matthew effect

text: In network science, the Matthew effect is used to describe the preferential attachment of earlier nodes in a network, which explains that these nodes tend to attract more links early on. "Because of preferential attachment, a node that acquires more connections than another one will increase its connectivity at a higher rate, and thus an initial difference in the connectivity between two nodes will increase further as the network grows, while the degree of individual nodes will grow proportional with the square root of time." The Matthew Effect therefore explains the growth of some nodes in vast networks such as the Internet.


title: Matthew effect

text: Social influence often induces a rich-get-richer phenomenon where popular products tend to become even more popular.


title: Matthew effect

text: An example of the Matthew Effect's role on social influence is an experiment by Salganik, Dodds, and Watts in which they created an experimental virtual market named MUSICLAB. In MUSICLAB, people could listen to music and choose to download the songs they enjoyed the most. The song choices were unknown songs produced by unknown bands. There were two groups tested; one group was given zero additional information on the songs and one group was told the popularity of each song and the number of times it had previously been downloaded.


title: Matthew effect

text: As a result, the group that saw which songs were the most popular and were downloaded the most were then biased to choose those songs as well. The songs that were most popular and downloaded the most stayed at the top of the list and consistently received the most plays.


title: Matthew effect

text: To summarize the experiments findings, the performance rankings had the largest effect boosting expected downloads the most. Download rankings had a decent effect; however, not as impactful as the performance rankings.


title: Matthew effect

text: Also, Abeliuk et al. (2016) proved that when utilizing “performance rankings”, a monopoly will be created for the most popular songs.


title: Jacques Pépin

text: Jacques Pépin (; born December 18, 1935) is a French chef, author, culinary educator, television personality, and artist. After having been the personal chef of French President Charles de Gaulle, he moved to the US in 1959 and after working in New York's top French restaurants, refused the same job with President John F. Kennedy in the White House and instead took a culinary development job with Howard Johnson's. During his career, he has served in numerous prestigious restaurants, first, in Paris, and then in America. He has appeared on American television and has written for "The New York Times", "Food & Wine" and other publications. He has authored over 30 cookbooks, some of which have become best sellers. Pépin was a longtime friend of the American chef Julia Child, and their 1999 PBS series "Julia and Jacques Cooking at Home" won a Daytime Emmy Award. He also holds a BA and a MA from Columbia University in French literature.


title: Jacques Pépin

text: He has been honored with 24 James Beard Foundation Awards, five honorary doctoral degrees, the American Public Television's lifetime achievement award, the Emmy Award for Lifetime Achievement in 2019 and the Légion d'honneur, France's highest order of merit, in 2004.


title: Jacques Pépin

text: Since 1989, Pépin has taught in the Culinary Arts Program at Boston University and served as dean of special programs at the International Culinary Center in New York City. In 2016, with his daughter, Claudine Pépin and his son-in-law, Rollie Wesen, Pépin created the Jacques Pépin Foundation to support culinary education for adults with barriers to employment. He has lived in Connecticut since 1975.


title: Jacques Pépin

text: Pépin was born in 1935 in Bourg-en-Bresse, France. Pépin was the second of three sons born to Jeannette and Jean-Victor Pépin. After World War II, his parents opened a restaurant called Le Pélican, where Pépin worked as a child, and later became known for his love for food. At the age of thirteen, he started his apprenticeship at Le Grand Hôtel de l'Europe in Bourg-en-Bresse. At age sixteen, he went on to work in Paris, training under Lucien Diat at the Plaza Athénée. From 1956 to 1958, during his military service, Pépin was recognized for his culinary training and skill and was ordered to work in the Office of the Treasury, where he met his long-time cooking partner, Jean-Claude Szurdak, and eventually became the personal chef to three French heads of state, including Charles de Gaulle.


title: Jacques Pépin

text: In 1959, Pépin went to the United States to work at the restaurant Le Pavillon. Wanting to complete his education, he enrolled in English for foreign students, a GED equivalent and eventually General Studies classes toward a Bachelor of Arts degree at Columbia University. Soon after his arrival, "The New York Times" food editor Craig Claiborne introduced Pépin to James Beard and Helen McCully. McCully introduced Pépin to Julia Child, who became a lifelong friend and collaborator. In 1961, after Pépin had declined an offer from John F. Kennedy and Jacqueline Kennedy to serve as chef at the White House, Howard Johnson, a regular Le Pavillon customer, hired him to work alongside fellow Frenchman Pierre Franey to develop food lines for his chain of Howard Johnson's restaurants, where Pépin served as the director of research and development for a decade. In 1970, Pépin earned his Bachelor of Arts from Columbia University's School of General Studies, and in 1972, his Masters of Arts in French literature from the Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. Pépin entered into a doctoral program at Columbia, but his proposed thesis on French food in literature was rejected for being "too frivolous for serious academic pursuit" (Pépin, para. 3).


title: Jacques Pépin

text: In 1970, Pépin opened a specialty soup restaurant and lunch counter on Manhattan's 5th Avenue called La Potagerie, and began to enjoy popular success with appearances on talk shows such as "What's My Line?" and "To Tell the Truth". Pépin's career as a restaurant chef ended abruptly with a near fatal car accident in 1974.


title: Jacques Pépin

text: Beginning in the mid-1970s, Pépin reinvented himself as an educator, author and eventually a television personality. Pépin worked as a consultant for restaurateur Joe Baum on his Windows on the World project, and offered classes at small cooking schools and cookware shops around the United States. In 1976, Pépin authored his cookbook "La Technique", followed by "La Methode" in 1979. The use of thousands of photographs, illustrating the techniques and methods required to achieve certain culinary results, provided a window into the art of cooking. The books are credited by chef Tom Colicchio and others as helping them to learn the craft of cooking.


title: Jacques Pépin

text: In 1982, along with Alain Saihlac and André Soltner, Pépin was invited by Dorothy Cann Hamilton to become one of the deans at the newly formed culinary school, the French Culinary Institute, in New York City, now known as the International Culinary Center (ICC). Also in 1982, he filmed his first television series, with PBS local station WJCT-TV in Jacksonville, Florida, and published a companion cookbook entitled "Everyday Cooking with Jacques Pépin". Through the 1980s and into the 1990s, Pépin was published as a columnist for "The New York Times", and a guest author for "Gourmet", "Food & Wine" and many others. He authored several more cookbooks, including "The Art of Cooking", volumes 1 and 2, and "The Short-Cut Cook".


title: Jacques Pépin

text: In 1989, Pépin partnered with Julia Child and Rebecca Alssid to create a culinary certificate program within the Metropolitan College at Boston University (BU). This effort eventually led to the first, and still one of the few, Master's degrees in Gastronomy. Pépin's 1991 television series "Today’s Gourmet", filmed at KQED studios in San Francisco was created from recipes from several books, brought together in the companion cookbook "Jacques Pépin's Table". In 1994 and 1996, Pepin and Julia Child appeared in 90 minute PBS specials, "Cooking In Concert" and "More Cooking In Concert", filmed live before a Boston audience as part of the PBS annual fund drives for those years. In 1996, Pépin introduced his then 27-year-old daughter Claudine, in three television series and companion books: "Cooking with Claudine", "Encore with Claudine" and "Jacques Pépin Celebrates". The father to daughter relationship, combined with an instructor to culinary novice relationship, demonstrated Pépin's work as a chef and teacher. Each of the three series earned the pair James Beard Foundation Awards. In 1999, Pépin teamed up with Julia Child for the series and companion book "Jacques and Julia Cooking at Home". The TV series, produced by Susie Heller, won a Daytime Emmy Award and a James Beard Foundation Award. In 2003, Pépin published his autobiography, "The Apprentice: My Life in the Kitchen".


title: Jacques Pépin

text: In the 21st century, Pépin continues to cook, write, publish, film for television, paint and take on new projects. Throughout his career, he has toured and taught on cruise ships including the "Queen Elizabeth 2", and the Crystal Cruises and Princess Cruises lines. In 2003, he was named the executive culinary director of Oceania Cruises, and "is credited with helping it achieve its reputation for culinary excellence and style". Pépin continues to teach at the ICC and at BU, and offers book signings, culinary demonstrations and classes on Oceania cruises and at various locations across the US, several times per year.


title: Jacques Pépin

text: Since his time as a student at Columbia University, Pépin has dabbled in and enjoyed drawing and painting. In recent years, he has committed more time to his art, and enjoyed some success with commercial sales on his website, Jacques Pépin Art, and juried shows. In the first decade of the 2000s, Pépin published several more cookbooks including "Fast Food My Way" and "More Fast Food My Way", which were paired with television series of the same name, produced by Tina Salter, and "Chez Jacques: Traditions and Rituals of a Cook", that significantly featured Pépin's art. In 2011, Pépin filmed the series "Essential Pépin" at KQED studios and published a companion cookbook with over 700 recipes and a set of technique-oriented videos. In 2012, he published "New Complete Techniques", which combined and updated his important earlier works "La Technique" and "La Methode".


title: Jacques Pépin

text: In 2015 Pépin, 79, recovered at his home in Connecticut after suffering a minor stroke. He canceled his appearance at the annual International Association of Culinary Professionals conference in Washington D.C., but otherwise insisted on returning to his normal schedule, according to the Associated Press. "Oh my god, he made soup this morning", Pépin's daughter Claudine told the Associated Press. "I will do my best to lighten the load, but he's not of the mind to cancel anything. Honestly, he wanted to go to IACP. He's like, 'I'm talking. I can walk. Let's go.


title: Jacques Pépin

text: In 2016, with his daughter Claudine Pépin and son-in-law Rollie Wesen, Jacques created his eponymous, non-profit, organization the Jacques Pépin Foundation (JPF). The mission of the foundation is to support organizations that provide culinary training to adults and youths with barriers to employment such as low-income, low-skills, homelessness, issues with substance abuse and previous incarceration. The JPF provides grants, independent research, source and curricular materials, equipment, direct teaching and video instruction to community-based culinary training programs around the USA.


title: Jacques Pépin

text: In 2017, Pépin published a cookbook with his granddaughter Shorey Wesen, entitled "A Grandfather's Lessons". In the same year, Pépin received an honorary doctorate from the Columbia University School of General Studies. Pépin resided in Connecticut with his wife Gloria, until her death in 2020.


title: Jacques Pépin

text: The success of Pépin's book "La Technique", used as a textbook for teaching the fundamentals of French cuisine, prompted him to launch a televised version resulting in a 1997 PBS series, "The Complete Pépin". Relaunched on PBS ten years after its initial run, the series included a new introduction by Pépin where he stressed that the secret to being a successful chef and not a mere line cook lies in knowing and using the proper technique.


title: Jacques Pépin

text: In 1999, Pépin co-starred in the PBS series "Julia and Jacques Cooking at Home" alongside Julia Child. The program was awarded a Daytime Emmy in 2001.


title: Jacques Pépin

text: His show "" (based on his 2004 book of the same name) ran on PBS, and "" was broadcast on PBS' Create. In "Essential Pépin" (2011), Pépin brings modern touches to some of his favorite recipes from his career. In the 26-part public television series, Pépin demonstrates more than 125 dishes while the companion book, published by Houghton-Mifflin, contains more than 700 recipes. In this series, Pépin cooks with his daughter, Claudine, wife of chef Rolland Wesen. All of his programs have been produced by KQED-TV in San Francisco.


title: Jacques Pépin

text: Pépin was a guest judge on season five of the Bravo television show "Top Chef", which aired in 2008. He stated that his ideal "final meal" would be roast squab and fresh peas.


title: Jacques Pépin

text: Pépin was a guest on the television show "Wahlburgers" episode called "Pauli Day". Donnie Wahlberg arranged for Pépin to surprise his brother Paul Wahlberg for his birthday.


title: Jacques Pépin

text: In 2015, his television series "Jacques Pépin Heart & Soul" began airing. According to its producer, Tina Salter KQED-TV, the series would be his "most personal and special, revealing a man – a legend – whose lust for life, love of food, family and friends continues". The series premiered on KQED on September 12, 2015, and nationally on September 19.


title: Jacques Pépin

text: A documentary about his life, "Jacques Pépin: The Art of Craft", aired as part of the PBS series "American Masters", premiering May 26, 2017. The film, narrated by Stanley Tucci, was produced and directed by Peter L. Stein, who had produced several of Pépin's early television cooking series at KQED in the 1990s.


title: Jacques Pépin

text: In addition to the Daytime Emmy Award won with Julia Child, Pépin has received three of the French government's honors: He is a Chevalier de L'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (1997) and a Chevalier de L'Ordre du Mérite Agricole (1992). In October 2004, he received France's Légion d'honneur. He has also received 24 James Beard Foundation awards.


title: Jacques Pépin

text: On May 13, 2010, Pépin, along with other chefs from the French Culinary Institute (known as the International Culinary Center), Alain Sailhac, Jacques Torres and André Soltner, prepared a $30,000-per-couple dinner for President Barack Obama's fund-raiser for the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee at Manhattan's St. Regis Hotel.


title: Jacques Pépin

text: On February 5, 2010, during the christening of MS "Marina", Pépin was named an honorary commodore of the Oceania Cruises fleet, for which he serves as Executive Culinary Director.


title: Jacques Pépin

text: He received an honorary doctorate of Humane Letters from Boston University on May 22, 2011. In October 2011, Pépin was the recipient of the first-ever tribute dinner at the New York Food and Wine Festival. Cooking for Pépin at the event, hosted by Martha Stewart, were French chefs Alain Ducasse, Daniel Boulud, and others. In 2015, Pépin was the first recipient of the Julia Child Award from The Julia Child Foundation for Gastronomy and the Culinary Arts.


title: Jacques Pépin

text: Pépin married Gloria Evelyn Augier in 1966, whom he met while working as a ski instructor. She died on December 5, 2020. They had one daughter, Claudine (b. 1967).


title: Jacques Pépin

text: In 1974, Pépin was badly injured while driving on a country road when a deer leapt in front of his car and he swerved to avoid it. His car hit the deer, veered off the road, struck a telephone pole, then crashed into a ravine and landed upside-down and on fire. He fractured 14 bones in his back, pelvis, and arms. His left arm was so badly injured that physicians initially wanted to amputate it. Pépin recovered, but his left shoulder remained limited in mobility and his left arm is several inches shorter than his right. In his autobiography, "The Apprentice: My Life in the Kitchen" Pepin notes that his accident caused him to realize that he would not be able to continue working full-time as a chef/restaurateur; this realization motivated his reinvention as a teacher and author.


title: Shamna Kasim

text: Shamna Kasim better known by the stage name Poorna, is an Indian actress, dancer and model who appears in Telugu, Malayalam and Tamil films. She made her acting debut in the 2004 "Manju Poloru Penkutty".


title: Shamna Kasim

text: Shamna Kasim completed her Bachelor of Arts in English by correspondence. She resides in Kochi, Kerala.


title: Shamna Kasim

text: In the mid-2010s, Kasim appeared in a series of films where she portrayed a ghost, with "The Hindu" labelling her as "the ghost queen of Telugu films". She appeared in "Avunu" (2012) and the sequel "Avunu 2" (2015). She turned down several similar scripts, before acting as a ghost in "Raju Gari Gadhi" (2015), which became a surprise hit at the box office. She shaved her head completely bald for her role in the "Kodiveeran" (2017), but the movie did not receive a good response from the audience.


title: Shamna Kasim

text: In June 2020, police arrested members of a gang on a complaint lodged by Kasim's mother that they blackmailed her daughter. Police revealed that the gang locked film actresses in hotel rooms and forced them to accompany as escorts for transporting black money.


title: Farah (actress)

text: Farah Naaz Hashmi, commonly credited as Farah, is a leading Bollywood actress of the mid 1980s and early 1990s. She is the elder sister of Tabu.


title: Farah (actress)

text: Farah made her debut in "Faasle" in 1985 under the Yash Chopra films banner. She was one of the prominent actresses in Bollywood in the late eighties and early nineties. She was paired with Prosenjit Chatterjee in 1989 Bengali movie "Aamar Tumi". Farha's landmark films were "Naseeb Apna Apna" (1986), "Imaandaar" (1987), "Woh Phir Aayegi", "Naqab" (1989), "Yateem" (1988), "Baap Numbri Beta Dus Numbri" (1990), "Begunaah" (1991), "Bhai Ho To Aisa" (1995) and "Sautela Bhai" (1996). She is today remembered for her three films with Rajesh Khanna.


title: Farah (actress)

text: She retired from acting in 1996 after her first marriage, though she later did a few television serials. She worked with almost all of the top actors of her time, including Rajesh Khanna, Rishi Kapoor, Sanjay Dutt, Sunny Deol, Anil Kapoor, Jackie Shroff, Aamir Khan, Mithun Chakraborty, Govinda and Aditya Pancholi.


title: Farah (actress)

text: Farah was born to Jamal Ali Hashmi and Rizwana in a Hyderabadi Muslim family. Her parents divorced soon after. Her mother was a school-teacher and her maternal grandparents were retired professors who ran a school. Her grandfather, Mohammed Ahsan, was a professor of Mathematics, and her grandmother was a professor of English Literature.


title: Farah (actress)

text: Farah made her debut in 1985 with Yash Chopra's "Faasle" opposite Mahendra Kapoor's son Rohan Kapoor Although "Faasle" was a disaster, Farah got many other big offers such as Shakti Samanta's "Palay Khan", K.C. Bokadia's "Naseeb Apna Apna" and Pran Lal Mehta's "Love 86".


title: Farah (actress)

text: She was part of hits such as "Marte Dam Tak", "Naseeb Apna Apna", "Love 86", "Imaandaar", "Ghar Ghar Ki Kahani", "Diljalaa", "Rakhwala", "Woh Phir Aayegi", "Veeru Dada", "Baap Numbri Beta Dus Numbri" and "Begunaah"


title: Farah (actress)

text: J.P. Dutta's "Yateem" got her critical acclaim, and it was one of her performance-oriented roles, along with films such as "Hamara Khandaan", "Kaarnama", "Naqaab", "Khatarnaak" and "Pati Patni Aur Tawaif", although they were commercial failures. Her performance in the hit films – "Woh Phir Aayegi" and "Begunaah" were critically acclaimed.


title: Farah (actress)

text: In the 1990s, she worked with Aamir Khan in two films; "Jawani Zindabad" and "Isi Ka Naam Zindagi", but both flopped at the box office. She was signed for "Khuda Gawah" and she shot for a few scenes, but due to delays in production, she was later replaced with Shilpa Shirodkar. However, till date, her role in "Woh Phir Aayegi" and "Begunaah"


title: Farah (actress)

text: with Rajesh Khanna are considered her best performances. By the same time, she married Dara Singh's son Vindu Dara Singh.


title: Farah (actress)

text: Farah then started playing supporting roles in films such as "Muqabla", "Dhartiputra" and "Izzat Ki Roti". "Muqabla" was very successful, but later, her other films between 1993 and 1996 were not successful, though "Sautela Bhai" was a commercial hit and critically acclaimed.


title: Farah (actress)

text: She later switched to television and did serials such as "Amar Prem", "Andaz", "Ahaa" (all three produced by Himesh Reshammiya), "Vailayiti Babu" , Angan , Ardhangini , Aurat Teri Yehi Kahani and "Papa". Farah was also planning a mega serial called "Taqdeer", but she shelved the project. She then acted in 2004 in "Hulchul".


title: Farah (actress)

text: Farah married actor Vindu Dara Singh in 1996, with whom she has a son Fateh Randhawa (b.1997). The couple divorced in 2002. She later remarried fellow Bollywood and television actor Sumeet Saigal in 2003.


title: Electric power

text: Electric power is the rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit. The SI unit of power is the watt, one joule per second. Standard prefixes apply to watts as with other SI units: thousands, millions and billions of watts are called kilowatts, megawatts and gigawatts respectively.


title: Electric power

text: A common misconception is that electric power is bought and sold, but actually electrical energy is bought and sold. For example, electricity is sold to consumers in kilowatt-hours (kilowatts multiplied by hours), because energy is power multiplied by time.


title: Electric power

text: Electric power is usually produced by electric generators, but can also be supplied by sources such as electric batteries. It is usually supplied to businesses and homes (as domestic mains electricity) by the electric power industry through an electrical grid.


title: Electric power

text: Electric power can be delivered over long distances by transmission lines and used for applications such as motion, light or heat with high efficiency.


title: Electric power

text: Electric power, like mechanical power, is the rate of doing work, measured in watts, and represented by the letter "P". The term "wattage" is used colloquially to mean "electric power in watts." The electric power in watts produced by an electric current "I" consisting of a charge of "Q" coulombs every "t" seconds passing through an electric potential (voltage) difference of "V" is


title: Electric power

text: Electric power is transformed to other forms of energy when electric charges move through an electric potential difference (voltage), which occurs in electrical components in electric circuits. From the standpoint of electric power, components in an electric circuit can be divided into two categories:


title: Electric power

text: If the charges are moved by an 'exterior force' through the device in the direction from the lower electric potential to the higher, (so positive charge moves from the negative to the positive terminal), work will be done "on" the charges, and energy is being converted to electric potential energy from some other type of energy, such as mechanical energy or chemical energy. Devices in which this occurs are called "active" devices or "power sources"; such as electric generators and batteries.


title: Electric power

text: Some devices can be either a source or a load, depending on the voltage and current through them. For example, a rechargeable battery acts as a source when it provides power to a circuit, but as a load when it is connected to a battery charger and is being recharged.


title: Electric power

text: When electric charges move through a potential difference from a higher to a lower voltage, that is when conventional current (positive charge) moves from the positive (+) terminal to the negative (−) terminal, work is done by the charges on the device. The potential energy of the charges due to the voltage between the terminals is converted to kinetic energy in the device. These devices are called "passive" components or "loads"; they 'consume' electric power from the circuit, converting it to other forms of energy such as mechanical work, heat, light, etc. Examples are electrical appliances, such as light bulbs, electric motors, and electric heaters. In alternating current (AC) circuits the direction of the voltage periodically reverses, but the current always flows from the higher potential to the lower potential side.


title: Electric power

text: Since electric power can flow either into or out of a component, a convention is needed for which direction represents positive power flow. Electric power flowing "out" of a circuit "into" a component is arbitrarily defined to have a positive sign, while power flowing "into" a circuit from a component is defined to have a negative sign. Thus passive components have positive power consumption, while power sources have negative power consumption. This is called the "passive sign convention".


title: Electric power

text: In the case of resistive (Ohmic, or linear) loads, Joule's law can be combined with Ohm's law ("V" = "I·R") to produce alternative expressions for the amount of power that is dissipated:


title: Electric power

text: In alternating current circuits, energy storage elements such as inductance and capacitance may result in periodic reversals of the direction of energy flow. The portion of energy flow (power) that, averaged over a complete cycle of the AC waveform, results in net transfer of energy in one direction is known as real power (also referred to as active power). The amplitude of that portion of energy flow (power) that results in no net transfer of energy but instead oscillates between the source and load in each cycle due to stored energy, is known as the absolute value of reactive power. The product of the RMS value of the voltage wave and the RMS value of the current wave is known as apparent power. The real power P in watts consumed by a device is given by


title: Electric power

text: The relationship between real power, reactive power and apparent power can be expressed by representing the quantities as vectors. Real power is represented as a horizontal vector and reactive power is represented as a vertical vector. The apparent power vector is the hypotenuse of a right triangle formed by connecting the real and reactive power vectors. This representation is often called the "power triangle". Using the Pythagorean Theorem, the relationship among real, reactive and apparent power is:


title: Electric power

text: Real and reactive powers can also be calculated directly from the apparent power, when the current and voltage are both sinusoids with a known phase angle θ between them:


title: Electric power

text: The ratio of real power to apparent power is called power factor and is a number always between −1 and 1. Where the currents and voltages have non-sinusoidal forms, power factor is generalized to include the effects of distortion.


title: Electric power

text: Electrical energy flows wherever electric and magnetic fields exist together and fluctuate in the same place. The simplest example of this is in electrical circuits, as the preceding section showed. In the general case, however, the simple equation "P" = "IV" may be replaced by a more complex calculation. The closed surface integral of the cross-product of the electric field intensity and magnetic field intensity vectors gives the total instantaneous power (in watts) "out of" the volume:


title: Electric power

text: The fundamental principles of much electricity generation were discovered during the 1820s and early 1830s by the British scientist Michael Faraday. His basic method is still used today: electric current is generated by the movement of a loop of wire, or disc of copper between the poles of a magnet.


title: Electric power

text: For electric utilities, it is the first process in the delivery of electricity to consumers. The other processes, electricity transmission, distribution, and electrical energy storage and recovery using pumped-storage methods are normally carried out by the electric power industry.


title: Electric power

text: Electricity is mostly generated at a power station by electromechanical generators, driven by heat engines heated by combustion, geothermal power or nuclear fission. Other generators are driven by the kinetic energy of flowing water and wind. There are many other technologies that are used to generate electricity such as photovoltaic solar panels.


title: Electric power

text: A battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Since the invention of the first battery (or "voltaic pile") in 1800 by Alessandro Volta and especially since the technically improved Daniell cell in 1836, batteries have become a common power source for many household and industrial applications. According to a 2005 estimate, the worldwide battery industry generates US$48 billion in sales each year, with 6% annual growth. There are two types of batteries: primary batteries (disposable batteries), which are designed to be used once and discarded, and secondary batteries (rechargeable batteries), which are designed to be recharged and used multiple times. Batteries are available in many sizes; from miniature button cells used to power hearing aids and wristwatches to battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby power for telephone exchanges and computer data centers.


title: Electric power

text: The electric power industry provides the production and delivery of power, in sufficient quantities to areas that need electricity, through a grid connection. The grid distributes electrical energy to customers. Electric power is generated by central power stations or by distributed generation. The electric power industry has gradually been trending towards deregulation – with emerging players offering consumers competition to the traditional public utility companies.


title: Electric power

text: Electric power, produced from central generating stations and distributed over an electrical transmission grid, is widely used in industrial, commercial and consumer applications. The per capita electric power consumption of a country correlates with its industrial development. Electric motors power manufacturing machinery and propel subways and railway trains. Electric lighting is the most important form of artificial light. Electrical energy is used directly in processes such as extraction of aluminum from its ores and in production of steel in electric arc furnaces. Reliable electric power is essential to telecommunications and broadcasting. Electric power is used to provide air conditioning in hot climates, and in some places electric power is an economically competitive source of energy for building space heating. Use of electric power for pumping water ranges from individual household wells to irrigation projects and energy storage projects.


title: LANY

text: LANY (, an acronym for "Los Angeles New York") are an American pop rock band from Los Angeles. Formed in Nashville in 2014, the band consists of Paul Jason Klein and Jake Clifford Goss.


title: LANY

text: Signed to Polydor and Interscope Records, the band have released three top 40 albums: "LANY" (2017), "Malibu Nights" (2018), and "Mama's Boy" (2020). Additionally, they have released a slew of singles, their most successful being the RIAA-certified "ILYSB" (2015), the Julia Michaels collaboration "Okay" (2019), and "Mean It" (2019) with Lauv. In 2020, they released their third studio album, "Mama's Boy", which was followed by their fourth album, "gg bb xx", in September 2021.


title: LANY

text: LANY were formed in March 2014 when Paul Jason Klein, who had a small solo career, flew to Nashville to meet up with friends Jake Goss and Les Priest. Previously, Goss and Priest had a separate project by the name of WRLDS, but this was discontinued after the formation of LANY. The following month they anonymously uploaded two songs, "Hot Lights" and "Walk Away", to their SoundCloud account with zero followers in order to differentiate between their old and new projects. In an interview, Klein explains that after the release of these singles, they began receiving emails from record labels within six days, of which he still does not know how they found the music. Their debut EP, "Acronyms", followed later that year, with the song "ILYSB" generating significant interest online. Singles "Made in Hollywood" and "Bad, Bad, Bad" soon followed, along with the reveal of their identities.


title: LANY

text: LANY is an acronym for "Los Angeles New York". Klein explained the name in an interview:"We knew we wanted a four-letter word because of design and aesthetic purposes, but as you can imagine, all the four-letter words in the entire world are taken. We moved to acronyms and for a while we thought we would be TTYL, but then we decided we didn’t want to be 13 for the rest of our lives. I eventually thought of the span across the country from L.A. to New York, and at first I was thinking it would be L-A-N-Y, but people kept getting confused on how to pronounce it when I told them, saying things like 'L-A-and-Y?' So then we’re like forget it—let's call ourselves LANY, pronounced Lay-Nee."


title: LANY

text: In 2015, LANY embarked on American tours supporting Twin Shadow, Tove Styrke, X Ambassadors, Troye Sivan and Halsey. A second EP titled "I Loved You." followed, as did festival appearances including Lollapalooza.


title: LANY

text: In December 2015, after signing to Polydor Records, a re-release EP titled "Make Out" was released consisting of all songs (not including "Hot Lights" and "OMG") released prior to "I Loved You." Shortly after this, a UK support tour with Ellie Goulding was announced for March 2016 and a live stripped back version of "ILYSB" was released on YouTube. A US support tour with Troye Sivan ran through February, followed by the announcement of their first US headline tour, The Make Out Tour, in May. On March 11, 2016, LANY released a single titled "Where the Hell Are My Friends". The track debuted on Beats 1 with Zane Lowe. One month later, they released their first music video for the song.


title: LANY

text: After their headline tour in May, LANY played a series of festivals in mid-2016, including Bonnaroo, Firefly, and Outside Lands.


title: LANY

text: LANY began their second headline tour in the fall of 2016, called the Kinda Tour, in support of their EP by the same name. It included 14 European dates and 37 US dates.


title: LANY

text: On February 15, 2017, LANY announced they would be opening up for seven shows of John Mayer's The Search for Everything Tour. It included five U.S. dates and two dates in Canada.


title: LANY

text: Through their official Instagram and Twitter, the band announced that they would be releasing their debut album, "LANY", on June 30, 2017, to be preceded by the singles "Good Girls" on March 3, as well as "It Was Love", "The Breakup", and "13".


title: LANY

text: On June 30, 2017, LANY released their debut self-titled album. The single "Super Far" debuted on Zane Lowe's Beats 1 on Apple Music preceding the release of the full-length album. The band held pop-up shops in Los Angeles and New York to promote the album. They have released music videos for "Good Girls", "ILYSB", and "Super Far". The band announced a US headline tour that occurred from September through November 2017. LANY spent the summer of 2017 playing festivals and touring Australia and Asia. They toured Europe in the winter of 2017.


title: LANY

text: LANY announced their second album, "Malibu Nights", on March 8, 2018, via an Instagram post. Klein stated that the album was written from January 4 to February 14, 2018.


title: LANY

text: On April 5, 2018, LANY had their first arena concert at the Smart Araneta Coliseum in the Philippines. Tickets for the show were sold out in 24 hours, leading to a second show the next night.


title: LANY

text: The first single, "Thru These Tears", was released on July 17. The album's second single, "I Don't Wanna Love You Anymore", was released on August 22, 2018. Their highly anticipated second studio album, "Malibu Nights", was released on October 5, 2018, consisting of nine songs. In 2018, LANY embarked on their Malibu Nights World Tour beginning on October and lasting until October 2019. The band released "Okay", a single with singer Julia Michaels, on April 23, 2019. This was their first song to include a featured artist. On November 14, 2019, LANY collaborated with American singer-songwriter Lauv for the song “Mean It”, which ultimately was listed on Lauv's debut album, "How I'm Feeling". On December 17, 2019, the music video was released, featuring both artists in the deserts of Los Angeles.


title: LANY

text: On April 30, 2020, LANY announced the title of their third album, "Mama's Boy", via social media. The album was released on October 2, 2020. On May 13, they released the album's lead single, "Good Guys". On July 1, their second single "If This Is the Last Time" was released. The album's third single, "You!", was released on August 13, 2020.


title: LANY

text: Two months later on October 2, 2020, they released their third studio album titled "Mama's Boy." To promote the album, the band has announced 5 dates in the United Kingdom and Ireland for 2021. Pre-sale began on September 30 while the general sale began on October 2. The band has announced more dates to come on a later date.


title: LANY

text: On February 4, 2021, LANY released the deluxe edition of "Mama's Boy". This included the release of three new versions of songs—"Heart Won't Let Me" (stripped), "Sad" (stripped), and "I Still Talk to Jesus" (live). "I wanted the outer to sound and feel like I was playing this song alone in a Sunday school room with the door slightly cracked, and you were listening down the hall," Klein said of the original recording. The live rendition of the track draws listeners even closer and into the room alongside LANY. On July 12, LANY announced that their fourth album, "gg bb xx", would be released on September 3. The single rollout began with the release of "dancing in the kitchen" on June 25.


title: LANY

text: The deluxe version of "gg bb xx" was released on November 5, adding 5 additional songs to the record, along with the demo version of "dna" that was released as a single simultaneously with "up to me". Also included were previous collaborations, "I Quit Drinking" with Kelsea Ballerini, and "Stupid Feelings" with 220 Kid.


title: LANY

text: Klein was accused of sexual misconduct in 2021, causing Princeton University to remove LANY as the headliner for its annual Lawnparties concert after students expressed concern.


title: LANY

text: On April 7, 2022, the band announced the departure of keyboardist Les Priest, who had left "to focus on life as a writer/producer in Nashville."


title: The Shadows

text: The Shadows (originally known as the Drifters) were an English instrumental rock group, who dominated the British popular music charts in the late 1950s and early 1960s, in the pre-Beatles era. They served as the backing band for Cliff Richard from 1958 to 1968, and have joined him for several reunion tours.


title: The Shadows

text: The Shadows have had 69 UK chart singles from the 1950s to the 2000s, 35 credited to the Shadows and 34 to Cliff Richard and the Shadows. The group, who were in the forefront of the UK beat-group boom, were the first backing band to emerge as stars. As pioneers of the four-member instrumental format, the band consisted of lead guitar, rhythm guitar, bass guitar and drums. Their range covers pop, rock, surf rock and ballads with a jazz influence.


title: The Shadows

text: The core members from 1958 to present are guitarists Hank Marvin and Bruce Welch and drummer Brian Bennett (who has been with the group since 1961) with various bassists and occasionally keyboardists through the years. Along with the Fender and the Burns guitars, another cornerstone of the Shadows sound was the Vox amplifier.


title: The Shadows

text: Around 1964, The Shadows replaced the Fender with the Burns, Bruce Welch citing tuning issues as the main reason.


title: The Shadows

text: The Shadows' number one hits included "Apache", "Kon-Tiki", "Wonderful Land", "Foot Tapper" and "Dance On!". Although these and most of their best-remembered hits were instrumentals, the group also recorded occasional vocal numbers, and hit the UK top ten with the group-sung "Don't Make My Baby Blue" in 1965. Four other vocal songs by the Shadows also made the UK charts. They disbanded in 1968, but reunited in the 1970s for further commercial success.


title: The Shadows

text: The Shadows are the fifth most successful act in the UK singles chart, behind Elvis Presley, the Beatles, Cliff Richard and Madonna. The Shadows and Cliff Richard & the Shadows each have had four No. 1 selling EPs.


title: The Shadows

text: The Shadows formed as a backing band for Cliff Richard under the name The Drifters, the original members were founder Ken Pavey (born 1932), Terry Smart on drums (1942), Norman Mitham on guitar (1941), Ian Samwell on guitar and Harry Webb (before he became Cliff Richard) on guitar and vocals. They had no bass player.


title: The Shadows

text: Samwell wrote their debut single, "Move It", often mistakenly attributed to "Cliff Richard and the Shadows" and not the Drifters . Initially their producer and manager Norrie Paramor wanted to record using only studio musicians but after persuasion he allowed Smart and Samwell to play as well. Two session players, guitarist Ernie Shear and bassist Frank Clark, played on the "Move It/Schoolboy Crush" single on Paramor's insistence to ensure a strong sound. In his memoirs, Welch regrets that he and Marvin could not be at the start of making history with "Move It".


title: The Shadows

text: The Drifters signed for Jack Good's "Oh Boy!" television series. Paramor of EMI signed Richard, and asked Johnny Foster to recruit a better guitarist. Foster went to Soho's 2i's coffee bar, known for musical talent performing there, particularly in skiffle, in search of guitarist Tony Sheridan. Sheridan was not there but Foster's attention was caught by Hank Marvin, who played guitar well and wore Buddy Holly-style glasses.


title: The Shadows

text: In spring the same year, the owner of the United States vocal group The Drifters threatened legal action over naming rights after the release and immediate withdrawal of "Feelin Fine" in the US. The second single, "Jet Black", was released in the States under the name of The Four Jets to avoid further legal aggravation, but a new band name was urgently needed. The name "The Shadows" was thought up by bass guitarist Jet Harris (unaware of Bobby Vee's backing group) while he and Marvin were at the Six Bells pub in Ruislip in July 1959.


title: The Shadows

text: With a combination of the American situation, Cliff Richard's first number 1 hit, the runaway success "Living Doll" had by now sold over a million copies in Britain alone and after a bit of nudging from Norrie Paramor, they set about finding a permanent name, which arrived out of the blue one summer's day in July 1959 (maybe the 19th). When Hank Marvin and Jet Harris took off on their scooters up to the Six Bells pub at Ruislip, Jet hit upon a name straight away. 'What about the Shadows?' The lad was a genius! So we became the Shadows for the first time on Cliff's sixth single "Travellin' Light".


title: The Shadows

text: The Shadows were also becoming a popular band in their own right and in 1960, "Apache", an instrumental by Jerry Lordan, topped the UK charts for five weeks. Further hits followed, including the number ones "Kon Tiki" and "Wonderful Land", another Lordan composition with orchestral backing and even for eight weeks at number 1. The Shadows played on further hits as Richard's band.


title: The Shadows

text: In October 1961, drummer Tony Meehan left to be a music producer at Decca records. He was replaced by Brian Bennett. In April 1962, Jet Harris was replaced by Brian "Licorice" Locking. Bennett and Locking were friends from the 2I's who had been in Marty Wilde's backing group, the Wildcats, who recorded instrumentals as the Krew Kats. This Shadows line-up released seven hit singles, two of which, "Dance On!" and "Foot Tapper", topped the charts. In October 1963, Locking left to spend more time as a Jehovah's Witness.


title: The Shadows

text: Meanwhile, Harris and Meehan teamed up at Decca as an eponymous duo to record another Lordan instrumental, "Diamonds". It rose to UK no. 1 in January 1963. Two further hits, "Scarlett O'Hara" (also by Lordan) and "Applejack", followed in the same year. On the Lordan tunes, Harris played lead using a six-stringed Fender Bass VI. During 1963, ironically the ex-Shadows were competing in the charts with their former bandmates. It is perhaps also worth noting that Jet Harris also acquired himself a Burns guitar, only this time it was a Barracuda Bass. Jet Harris


title: The Shadows

text: The Shadows, meanwhile, had issued a run of 13 consecutive top 10 UK hits from 1960 through 1963. The Shadows had met John Rostill on tour with other bands and had been impressed by his playing, so they invited him to join. This final and longest-lasting line-up was the most innovative as they tried different guitars and developed a wider range of styles and higher musicianship. They produced albums but the chart positions of singles began to ease. The line-up still had ten hits, the first and most successful of which was "The Rise and Fall of Flingel Bunt". Beginning in 1965, the group also started issuing vocal numbers as singles, usually alternating a vocal A-side with an instrumental A-side. The vocal songs "Mary Anne", "Don't Make My Baby Blue", and "I Met A Girl" all made the UK top 30, and "The Dreams I Dream" peaked at #42. Instrumental numbers also continued to chart, including "Genie With The Light Brown Lamp", "Stingray", "The War Lord", "A Place In The Sun" and "Maroc 7", all top 30 hits.


title: The Shadows

text: During the 1960s, the group appeared with Cliff Richard in the films "The Young Ones", "Summer Holiday", "Wonderful Life", and "Finders Keepers". They also appeared as marionettes in the Gerry Anderson film "Thunderbirds Are GO", and starred in a short B-film called "Rhythm 'n Greens" which became the basis of a music book and an EP.


title: The Shadows

text: They appeared in pantomime: "Aladdin and his Wonderful Lamp" in 1964 at the London Palladium with Arthur Askey as Widow Twankey, Richard as Aladdin, and the Shadows as Wishee, Washee, Noshee and Poshee; "Cinderella" at the Palladium in 1966 featured Richard as Buttons and the Shadows as the Broker's Men. Their film and stage roles allowed the group to develop as songwriters. They wrote only a few songs for the earliest film, 1961's "The Young Ones", but by "Finders Keepers" in 1966 almost the entire soundtrack was credited to Marvin-Welch-Bennett-Rostill. In 1967, the Shadows used Olivia Newton-John on the track "The Day I Met Marie" on their album "From Hank Bruce Brian and John".


title: The Shadows

text: In October 1968, Marvin and Welch decided to disband the group following a concert at the London Palladium. In the event, only Welch left, but the Shadows had disbanded by the end of the year.


title: The Shadows

text: The group began 1970 by appearing on the BBC's review of the '60s music scene, "Pop Go The Sixties", performing "Apache" and backing Richard on "Bachelor Boy", broadcast across Europe and BBC1, on 31 December 1969. This was followed by Marvin and a reconstituted Shadows becoming resident guests on Richard's debut TV series for the BBC, "It's Cliff Richard!"


title: The Shadows

text: The group were chosen by BBC Head of Light Entertainment Bill Cotton to perform the Song for Europe in the 1975 Eurovision Song Contest. The Shadows recorded six songs, seen each week on a weekly television show "It's Lulu", on BBC1 and hosted by Lulu, a former Eurovision winner. The group taped all six performances in the TV studio before the series itself began, with the video cut into the weekly show. For the presentation of the songs on week seven and the announcement of the result on week eight, the pre-recorded performances were run again.


title: The Shadows

text: Two of the songs ("No, No Nina" and "This House Runs on Sunshine") were co-written by members of the group. The public voted for "Let Me Be the One", composed by Paul Curtis, to go to the Eurovision final in Stockholm, Sweden in 1975. There, the group came second to the Dutch entry, Teach-In's "Ding-A-Dong". Having long stepped out of Richard's shadow, this was a rare excursion into vocals for a band known for instrumentals (although they had cut vocal tracks on most albums, plus some singles 'B' sides, and had four charting vocal singles in the '60s). Welch sang lead and let the world know when, forgetting a couple of words, he turned to colleagues and said "I knew it" in range of his microphone. Author and historian John Kennedy O'Connor notes in "The Eurovision Song Contest – The Official History" that they were not a popular choice to represent the UK and the viewers' postal vote was the lowest in 'Song For Europe' history.


title: The Shadows

text: EMI however released a compilation album in 1976, spanning 1962 to 1970: "Rarities" with sleeve notes by John Friesen. The first half of the album was from Marvin's solo career and the second was by the Shadows. Following the rare vocal single "It'll Be Me, Babe", written and sung by Marvin & Farrar, John Farrar amicably left the band that year, moving to the US to become the music producer for Olivia Newton-John. Among her hits, Farrar wrote "You're the One That I Want" from the film "Grease" which was covered by the Shadows in 1979.


title: The Shadows

text: The packaging of hits in "Twenty Golden Greats" by EMI in 1977, which led to a number one album prompted the group to re-form once more for a 'Twenty Golden Dates' tour around the UK, featuring Francis Monkman (formerly of Curved Air and soon to be in Sky) on keyboards and Alan Jones on bass guitar. Francis left after that tour and the line-up settled as Marvin, Welch and Bennett, supplemented on records and gigs by Cliff Hall (keyboards) and Alan Jones (bass). It was this line-up that reunited with Cliff Richard for two concerts at the London Palladium in March 1978. Highlights of the concert, including four solo Shadows tracks, were released the following year on the top ten charting album "Thank You Very Much". On the back of this The Shadows recorded an instrumental version of "Don't cry for me Argentina" from the West End production "Evita", released as a single at the tail end of 1978. The record eventually reached number 5 in the singles chart thereby giving the group their first top ten single since the 1960s.


title: The Shadows

text: In 1979, their version of "Cavatina" also became a top ten hit, and they recorded ten more tracks with bassist Jones and keyboardists Dave Lawson and Alan Hawkshaw for the album "String of Hits" on EMI which topped the British album charts. The success of this led to EMI issuing a follow-up album with 13 old tracks (including a Marvin solo track) and one unreleased track from the 'String of Hits' sessions. These tracks came from albums released earlier in the group's career of cover versions of hit singles; this was eventually released as "Another String of Hot Hits" in 1980.


title: The Shadows

text: After 20 successful years together the Shadows parted ways with their record company EMI and the group signed a 10-year contract to Polydor Records. The first album released under the Polydor banner was the aptly titled "Change of Address" in September 1980. With the influential arrival of keyboardist Cliff Hall, the musical style shifted from the traditional sound, becoming more electronic-based with prominent keyboards and synthesizers burying Welch's contributions.


title: The Shadows

text: For the group's 25th anniversary in 1983, the Shadows released a double album on the Tellydisc label entitled "Shadows silver Album" which contained previously released recent material along with new recently recorded tracks. In July 1984 the Shadows reunited with Cliff Richard for a series of celebratory concerts at Wembley Arena and Birmingham NEC.


title: The Shadows

text: In 1986, the Shadows had a top ten hit on the LP chart with 'Moonlight Shadows' a cover album in the same vein as early Polydor releases with singles "Moonlight Shadow" and Bruce Springsteen's, "Dancing in the Dark" both failing to make a dent in the singles chart. Due to Alan Jones involvement with the Dave Clark's musical "Time", the bassist was not available to contribute to the album and Paul Westwood temporarily sat in. "Moonlight Shadows" was released on LP and CD simultaneously as the group's third CD release. This top ten album consisted entirely of cover songs. The album spent 16 weeks on chart peaking at number 6.


title: The Shadows

text: In June 1989 the Shadows once more reunited with Cliff to celebrate 30 years in show business where the singer filled London's Wembley Stadium for two nights with a spectacular titled "The Event" in front of a combined audience of 144,000 people. As a special surprise for the fans Cliff invited onto the stage original and founding members of the group Jet Harris and Tony Meehan to perform "Move It" with him and his band.


title: The Shadows

text: On 30 June 1990, Cliff and the Shadows performed to an estimated 120,000 people at Knebworth Park as part of an all-star concert line-up that also included Paul McCartney, Phil Collins, Elton John and Tears for Fears. The concert in aid of charity was televised around the world and helped to raise $10.5 million for disabled children and young musicians. Brian Bennett resigned from the group just before the group were to embark on what would be their final tour for 14 years with Marvin, Welch and Bennett going their separate ways on 1 December following the final concert in Southampton. The last studio album the Shadows recorded before they disbanded, "Reflection", was released in September.


title: The Shadows

text: In December 2004, each of the then-current members of the Shadows was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE), but Marvin declined.


title: The Shadows

text: The group reformed in 2004 for a farewell tour, and recorded "Life Story" (written by Lordan) to accompany a hits package of the same name which featured 1980s re-recordings of all their 1960s and 1970s hits. This opportunity to see Marvin, Welch and Bennett, joined on keyboards by Cliff Hall and on bass by Mark Griffiths, was successful enough that they extended the tour to continental Europe in 2005. The line-up was almost the same, except that Warren Bennett, son of Brian played the keyboards instead of Hall.


title: The Shadows

text: Marvin, Welch and Bennett appeared together as special guests at Marty Wilde's 50th anniversary concert at the London Palladium on 27 May 2007, performing "Move It" with Wilde on vocals. The concert also featured former Shadows Jet Harris and Brian Locking.


title: The Shadows

text: On 11 December 2008, Richard and the Shadows performed at the Royal Variety Performance, at the same time announcing their forthcoming 50th anniversary tour. The tour began in September 2009 with 36 shows throughout the UK and continental Europe, extending in 2010 to Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. A 'final reunion' of Cliff and the Shadows was performed in the O2 Arena in London in November 2009. This performance is now available in the DVD "The Final Reunion". A new studio based album, "Reunited", featuring mostly rerecorded versions of their own hits, reached number four in the UK Albums Chart in 2009. "Singing the Blues", the first "Cliff Richard and the Shadows" single for 40 years, reached number 40 in the UK Singles Chart, and is Richard's most recent top 40 hit. The Final Tour was put on Blu-ray format by Eagle Records in 2010.


title: The Shadows

text: Welch, Bennett, Mark Griffiths and Warren Bennett performed two Shadows hits ("Apache" and "Wonderful Land") at Albert Lee's 70th birthday concerts at Cadogan Hall, London, on 1 and 2 March 2014, Lee playing with them on lead guitar. The Shadows recorded an interpretation of John Barry's "The Appointment" for the 2015 Brian Bennett album "Shadowing John Barry". Rumours circled in late 2016 about a reunion and a tour with Richard, but this did not occur.