title: The Natural (film)

text: Darren McGavin was cast late in the process as gambler Gus Sands and was uncredited in the film. Due to a disagreement, he chose not to be credited, though later Levinson wanted to credit him and McGavin said no. Levinson stated on the DVD extras for the 2007 edition that because there had been too little time during post-production to find a professional announcer willing and able to provide voice-over services, Levinson recorded that part of the audio track himself.


title: The Natural (film)

text: Two-thirds of the scenes were filmed in Buffalo, New York, mostly at War Memorial Stadium, built in 1937 and demolished a few years after the film was produced. Buffalo's All-High Stadium, with post-production alterations, stood in for Chicago's Wrigley Field in a key scene in the film. Additional filming took place at the New York and Lake Erie Railroad depot in South Dayton, New York. Cece Carlucci, an umpire from the Pacific Coast League, manufactured the umpiring gear used in the film.


title: The Natural (film)

text: "Variety" called it an "impeccably made ... fable about success and failure in America." James Berardinelli praised "The Natural" as "[a]rguably the best baseball movie ever made". ESPN's Page 2 selected it as the 6th best sports movie of all time. Sports writer Bill Simmons has argued, "Any 'Best Sports Movies' list that doesn't feature either "Hoosiers" or "The Natural" as the No. 1 pick shouldn't even count."


title: The Natural (film)

text: Director Barry Levinson said on MLB Network's "Costas at the Movies" in 2013 that while the film is based in fantasy, "through the years, these things which are outlandish actually [happen] ... like Kirk Gibson hitting the home run and limping around the bases ... Curt Schilling with the blood on the sock in the World Series."


title: The Natural (film)

text: Leonard Maltin's 18th annual "Movie Guide" edition called it "too long and inconsistent." Dan Craft, longtime critic for the Bloomington, Illinois paper, "The Pantagraph", wrote, "The storybook ending is so preposterous you don't know whether to cheer or jeer." In "Sports Illustrated", Frank Deford had faint praise for it: ""The Natural" almost manages to be a John Simon of "National Review" and Richard Schickel of "Time" were disappointed with the adaptation. Simon contrasted Malamud's story about the "failure of American innocence" with Levinson's "fable of success ... [and] the ultimate triumph of semi-doltish purity," declaring "you have, not Malamud's novel, but a sorry illustration of its theme". Schickel lamented that "Malamud's intricate ending (it is a victory that looks like a defeat) is vulgarized (the victory is now an unambiguous triumph, fireworks included)," and that "watching this movie is all too often like reading about "The Natural" in the "College Outline"


title: The Natural (film)

text: Roger Ebert called it "idolatry on behalf of Robert Redford." Ebert's television collaborator Gene Siskel praised it, giving it four stars, also putting down other critics that he suggested might have just recently read the novel for the


title: The Natural (film)

text: In a lengthy article on baseball movies in "The New Yorker", Roger Angell pointed out that Malamud had intentionally treated Hobbs' story as a baseball version of the King Arthur legend, which came across in the film as a bit heavy-handed, "portentous and stuffy," and that the book's ending should have been kept. He also cited several excellent visuals and funny bits, and noted that Robert Redford had prepared so carefully for the role, modeling his swing on that of Ted Williams, that "you want to sign


title: The Natural (film)

text: The film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively compiled reviews from 46 critics to give the film a score of 83%, with an average rating of 7.1/10. The website's consensus reads: "Though heavy with sentiment, "The Natural" is an irresistible classic, and a sincere testament to America's The film received a Metacritic score of 61 based on 19 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: The Natural (film)

text: "The Natural" was nominated for four Academy Awards: Actress in a Supporting Role (Glenn Close), Cinematography (Caleb Deschanel), Art Direction (Mel Bourne, Angelo P. Graham, Bruce Weintraub), and Music (Randy Newman). Kim Basinger was also nominated for Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress.


title: The Natural (film)

text: The initial DVD edition, with copyright year on the box reading "2001", contained the theatrical version of the film, along with a few specials and commentaries.


title: The Natural (film)

text: The "director's cut" was released on April 3, 2007. A two-disc edition, it contains the featurette "The Heart of the Natural," a 44-minute documentary featuring comments from Cal Ripken Jr. and Levinson; it is the only extra released originally with the 2001 DVD. Sony added a number of other extras, however, including: "When Lightning Strikes: Creating "The Natural"," a 50-minute documentary discussing the origins of the original novel and the production of the film; "Knights in Shining Armor," which addresses the mythological parallels between "The Natural", King Arthur and the "Odyssey"; and "A Natural Gunned Down" which tells the story of Eddie Waitkus, a baseball player who was shot by Ruth Ann Steinhagen, a female stalker, in an incident which inspired the fictionalized shooting of Roy Hobbs. The film itself has been re-edited, restoring deleted footage to the early chapters of the story. These scenes expand on the sadness of Hobbs, focusing on his visits to his childhood home as an adult and his childhood memories.


title: The Natural (film)

text: The "gift set" version of the release also included some souvenirs: a baseball "signed" by Roy Hobbs; some baseball cards of Roy Hobbs and teammates; and a New York Knights cap.


title: The Natural (film)

text: The film score of "The Natural" was composed and conducted by Randy Newman. The score has often been compared to the style of Aaron Copland and sometimes Elmer Bernstein. Scott Montgomery, writing for "Goldmine" music magazine, referenced the influence, and David Ansen, reviewing the film for "Newsweek", called the score "Coplandesque." The score also has certain Wagnerian features of orchestration and use of Leitmotif. Adnan Tezer of "Monsters and Critics" noted the theme is often played for film and television previews and in "baseball stadiums when introducing home teams and players."


title: The Natural (film)

text: Levinson also described to Bob Costas in MLB Network's "Costas at the Movies" how he heard Newman develop the movie's iconic theme: "We were racing to try to get this movie out in time and we were in one room and then there was a wall and Randy's in the other room. One of the great thrilling moments is I heard him figuring out that theme...You could hear it through the wall as he was working out that theme and I'll never forget that."


title: The Natural (film)

text: The soundtrack album was released May 11 on the Warner Bros. label, with the logo for Tri-Star Pictures also appearing on the label to commemorate this as their first production.


title: The Natural (film)

text: In Season 4, Episode 8 of "Better Call Saul", Jimmy McGill refers to Kim Wexler's legal strategy as "watching Roy Hobbs smash out stadium light".


title: The Natural (film)

text: In "The Simpsons" episode "Homer at the Bat", the origin story of Homer's "Wonder Bat" parodies this movie. In another episode of "The Simpsons" titled "Hello Gutter, Hello Fadder", the music, slow motion, and other elements of this film's ending sequence are used as a parody when Homer Simpson bowls his last strike for a "Perfect game".


title: The Natural (film)

text: In the Season 4 Episode 6 of "Archer" titled "Once Bitten", Archer's venom-inspired dream sequence is a parody of this film with Archer in the role of Hobbs and substituting lacrosse for baseball.


title: The Natural (film)

text: "The Wonder Years" ended its six season run on ABC with a remixed version of the Randy Newman soundtrack, which was featured in the background of the final moments of the show's 1993 series finale.


title: The Natural (film)

text: The soundtrack "The Final Game / Take Me Out To The Ball Game" was reused for films, such as "Kangaroo Jack" (2003) and "Sonic the Hedgehog 2" (2022).


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) is a form of permanent residency available to people of Indian origin and their spouses which allows them to live and work in India indefinitely. Despite its name, OCI status is not citizenship and does not grant the right to vote in Indian elections or hold public office. The Indian government can revoke OCI status in a wide variety of circumstances. As of 2020, there are 6 million holders of OCI cards among the Indian Overseas diaspora.


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: The OCI scheme was introduced by The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2005 in response to demands for dual citizenship by the Indian diaspora. It provides overseas citizens many of the rights available to resident citizens.


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: OCI status is not available to anyone who has ever been a Pakistani or Bangladeshi citizen, or who is a child, grandchild, or great-grandchild of such a person.


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: The Constitution of India does not permit dual citizenship (under article 9). Indian authorities have interpreted the law to mean that a person cannot have a second country's passport simultaneously with an Indian one — even in the case of a child who is claimed by another country as a citizen of that country, and who may be required by the laws of the other country to use one of its passports for foreign travel (such as a child born in United States or in Canada to Indian parents), and the Indian courts have given the executive branch wide discretion over this matter.


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: On the recommendations of a High-Level Committee on Indian Diaspora, the Government of India decided to register Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs) of a certain category, as has been specified in the Section 7A of the Citizenship Act, 1955, as Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) cardholders, by the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2003.


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: The OCI program was launched during the Pravasi Bharatiya Divas convention held in Hyderabad on 9 January 2006.


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: Before 9 January 2015, travelers holding OCI card were required to carry the passport which contained the lifelong "U" visa stamp while traveling to India. This requirement was done away with that day and OCI card holders no longer require the lifetime visa stamp passport. The OCI card (the blue-grey booklet) in conjunction with a valid foreign passport is sufficient to travel to and from India.


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: In March 2020, visa-free travel granted to OCI holders was put on hold until 15 April due to the coronavirus pandemic.


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: On 4 March 2021, the rights of OCI holders were slightly curtailed. In order to perform certain activities or visit certain areas in India, OCI holders now require a Protected Area Permit, a requirement for PIO holders which OCI never had since its launch in 2006. Also, OCI holders living in India need to register with the Foreigners Regional Registration Officer (FRRO) via email upon every change of their permanent home address or occupation.


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: On 15 April 2021, the number of times OCI needs to be renewed got reduced down to only once, when the passport is renewed for the first time after age 20. However, every time the passport is renewed before age 20 and when the passport is renewed for the first time after age 50, a copy of the current passport along with the current passport-sized photo needs to be uploaded onto the OCI online portal. These relaxed OCI renewal guidelines reduce the administrative burden caused by multiple OCI renewals.


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: The Government of India, on application, may register as an Overseas Citizen of India, any person who:


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: A person, who or either of whose parents or grandparents or great grandparents is or had been a citizen of Pakistan or Bangladesh, is ineligible for registration as an Overseas Citizen of India.


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: A person who has served as a member of any foreign military, including that of his home country, is ineligible to receive an OCI card, except when bound by their home country to serve under their local law. For this reason, Israeli citizens of Indian origin are exempt from this rule and are eligible for OCI even if they served in the Israel Defence Forces.


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: Dutch nationals of Surinamese origin up to the sixth generation whose forefathers came from India in the 19th century will be eligible for applying for OCI Card.


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: Previously, the government could cancel OCI status of people who obtained it by fraud, showed acts of unpatriotism, or broke a law punishable with at least two years in jail before five years of having issued OCI. The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 gives the government additional power to strip people of their OCI status if they violate any local law, whether it is a petty misdemeanor or a serious felony. The new act makes the rules much more strict for OCI card holders, however it also has a proviso that gives the person whose OCI status is at stake the right to be heard by the government before they come to a verdict.


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: Applications for OCI can only be made online at ociservices.gov.in. A person making an application is required to submit a photograph and several identification documents to prove they meet the eligibility criteria, and also must pay an application fee. Applications made from outside India are charged a fee of US$275. Applications submitted in India are charged a fee of .


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: The applicant must provide proof of their current citizenship by presenting a copy of their current passport that has a validity of at least 6 months from the time of application. If the applicant is making their application while within Indian jurisdiction, they must submit a copy of any type of Indian visa (other than missionary and mountaineering visa), or a residential permit with at least 3 months' validity. Applicants must provide evidence that either they or their parents or grandparents or great grandparents meet the eligibility criteria described above. This can be done by presenting a copy of an Indian passport, a copy of the Domicile Certificate issued by the competent authority, a copy of Nativity Certificate from the competent authority, or an OCI/PIO card of parents or spouse along with the base papers/documents upon which the OCI/PIO card was issued. Applicants may also submit any other evidence that may substantiate their claim. Usually, applicants are able to submit a certificate of residence or place of birth of self/parents/grandparents from First Class Magistrate/District Magistrate (DM) of the concerned place.


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: If the applicant cites their Indian origin as basis for registration as OCI cardholder, they must provide evidence of their relationship with the person cited as parent/grandparent/great grandparent. The document of relationship could be a birth certificate issued from competent authority mentioning both parents' names. In case the birth certificate is issued by a foreign authority, it must be apostilled or endorsed by the concerned Indian diplomatic mission abroad. In the case of a minor child whose parents are both Indian citizens or who has at least one parent holding Indian citizenship, evidence may comprise a copy of the child's birth certificate that mentions its parents, a copy of Indian passport of at least one of the parents or copy of the Domicile Certificate or Nativity Certificate issued by a Competent Authority supporting the Indian origin of at least one parent or any other proof substantiating the status of at least one parent as being either an Indian citizen or being of Indian origin. If the parents are divorced, a court order of dissolution of marriage which specifically mentions that the legal custody of the child is with the parent who is applying for the OCI card must be submitted.


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: Evidence as spouse of foreign origin of a citizen of India or spouse of foreign origin of an OCI cardholder may be provided in the form of a registered marriage certificate. In the case of spouse of an Indian citizen, a copy of the Indian passport of the spouse or copy of the Domicile Certificate or Nativity Certificate issued by the Competent Authority in respect of the Indian spouse or any other proof substantiating the status of the spouse as being an Indian citizen. In the case of spouse of an OCI cardholder, a copy of the present valid passport of the spouse and copy of the OCI card of the spouse and copies of the documents upon which the OCI card was issued to the spouse.


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: OCI holders are not citizens of India from a constitutional point of view and will not enjoy the following rights even if residing in India:


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: Though not actual dual citizenship, the privileges afforded by acquiring an OCI card are now such that multi-national companies are finding it simpler to hire OCI cardholders, who enjoy a multiple entry, multi-purpose lifelong visa to visit and reside in India, sparing them the need for permits. OCI holders are treated on par with NRIs for most economic, financial, and educational matters and lack only political rights and rights to buy agricultural or plantation properties.


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: Since they are exempted from registration with the Foreigners Regional Registration Officer (FRRO) on their arrival in the country and can stay or live in India for as long as they wish, OCI holders can travel at very short notice and take up assignments in India, while others could get caught up in bureaucratic delays over their employment visa. So many companies are following an active policy of moving PIOs to India for business expansion. Indian missions overseas are witnessing a deluge in OCI applications, the number of OCI cards issued by diplomatic missions around the world has been steadily rising, with several Indian diplomatic missions grappling with a huge backlog of applications. However, starting from 4 March 2021, OCI holders living in India need to register with the FRRO upon every change of their permanent home address or occupation.


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: (c) It eases the transaction process and reduces actual and expected costs and risks through exemptions from formal requirements and by serving as official proof of entitlement.


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: Privileges of OCI holders depends on the government policy of the day, and there are instances where they are denied additional rights and conveniences afforded to full Indian citizens including citizen NRIs:


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: Most overseas countries such as United States of America do not recognize the OCI as citizenship of another country. There are however some exceptions.


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: A stateless person cannot apply for an OCI, however there is an open question if an OCI holder can be considered stateless (if they lose citizenship of the other country), so in countries where citizenship to dual citizens can be revoked, such as Australia or India, an OCI holder may be disadvantaged, however, the lack of precedents in this area means that the issue is uncertain.


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: In specific circumstances, acquiring Overseas Citizenship of India prevents British National (Overseas) and British Overseas citizens from registering as full British citizens under Section 4B of the British Nationality Act 1981 (which requires that they have no other citizenship in order to register). It does not prevent them from acquiring full British citizenship by a different method and it does not revoke their British citizenship if they have already registered under Section 4B. The UK government considers that, for purposes of the British Nationality Act 1981, "OCI is considered to be citizenship of another State". The circumstance where a person can be in this provision is rare, as it means (a) they hold a secondary form of British nationality such as British Overseas citizenship and a passport, (b) they do not hold any other citizenship, and (c) they have been issued an OCI nevertheless.


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: The British Home Office has confirmed that the Foreign and Commonwealth Office's perspective on OCI status is that it is not a


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: The predecessor to the OCI was the Persons of Indian Origin Card (PIO card). The PIO card was less effective than the OCI, and there was some criticism that holders of the more expensive PIO card were disadvantaged when the OCI scheme launched barely four years later, that there was confusion of the differences between the two, and administration of the two independent schemes caused complexity and confusion.


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: Prime minister Narendra Modi announced on 28 September 2014 that PIO and OCI cards would be merged. Ultimately this was implemented as:


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: PIO cardholders must apply to convert their existing cards into OCI cards. The Bureau of Immigration stated that it would continue to accept the old PIO cards as valid travel documents until 31 December 2022.


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: OCI cards issued on or after 15 April 2021 have a blue-grey cover with golden colored printing. The Emblem of India is emblazoned in the centre of the front cover. The words 'भारत गणराज्य' (Hindi) and 'Republic of India' (English) are inscribed above the emblem, and the words 'प्रवासी भारतीय नागरिक कार्ड' (Hindi) and 'Overseas Citizen of India Card' (English) are inscribed below the emblem.


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: OCI cards issued between 9 January 2015 and 14 April 2021 are identical to the 15 April 2021 ones, except that the words 'प्रवासी भारतीय नागरिक कार्ड' (Hindi) and 'Overseas Citizen of India Card' (English) are inscribed above the emblem, and the words 'भारत गणराज्य' (Hindi) and 'Republic of India' (English) are inscribed below the emblem.


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: OCI cards issued before 9 January 2015 bore a similar physical appearance as those issued afterward, except the cover was blue instead of blue-grey, the lines inscribed above the Emblem of India were 'Certificate of Registration' and 'Overseas Citizen of India' instead of just 'Overseas Citizen of India Card', and they were printed with a separate lifelong “U” visa stamp (which was pasted on the applicant's passport). The proof of lifelong visa is now just any valid OCI card, with or without the "U" stamp, in conjunction with any valid overseas passport, with or without the "U" stamp, which will be accepted by airlines and Indian customs and police at airport counters when traveling to and from India.


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: "Persons of Indian Origin Card" ("PIO Card") was a form of identification issued to a Person of Indian Origin who held a passport in a country other than Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Iran, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Accordingly, the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2003, made provision for acquisition of Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) by the Person of Indian Origin (PIOs) of 16 specified countries. It also omitted all provisions recognizing or relating to the commonwealth citizenship from the principle Act. Later, the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2005, expanded the scope of grant of OCI for PIOs of all countries except Pakistan as long as their home country allows dual citizenship under their local law in case it recognizes OCI as a second citizenship of India. The OCI is not actually a dual citizenship as the Indian constitution forbids dual nationality (Article 9).


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: On 9 January 2015, the Person of Indian Origin Card scheme was withdrawn by the Government of India and was merged with the Overseas Citizen of India card scheme. All currently held PIO cards are treated as OCI cards. PIO card holders will get a special stamp in their existing PIO card, saying "lifelong validity" and "registration not required", thus making them equal to existing OCI cards. An extended deadline was given where the card could be converted for free to an OCI until 31 December 2017.


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: PIO card holders can use their PIO card to travel to India until 31 December 2022. Effective 1 January 2023, PIO card holders' entry to India will be refused.


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: Earlier, PIO card holders needed to register with the appropriate FRRO if they were planning to stay in India for more than 180 days. This requirement was not applicable for minors. However, on 30 September 2014, this requirement was removed.


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: The FRRO used to issue a "Residential Permit For PIO" which was typically valid till the expiry of the PIO card holder's passport. On 28 September 2014, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced at Madison Square Garden (New York) that PIO card holders would be granted lifelong visas.


title: Overseas Citizenship of India

text: It is important to note that while an Indian citizen can enjoy unlimited visa free visits to Nepal and Bhutan, this is not possible for a PIO/OCI card holder.


title: Wolfenstein: Youngblood

text: Wolfenstein: Youngblood is a 2019 first-person shooter developed by MachineGames and Arkane Studios and published by Bethesda Softworks. A spin-off of the "Wolfenstein" series, the game was released for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in July 2019 and Stadia in November 2019 as a launch title. The game received mixed reviews from critics who felt it was a step down from previous installments, although some reviewers praised the combat.


title: Wolfenstein: Youngblood

text: The player assumes control of either Jessie or Zofia Blazkowicz from a first-person perspective; an optional cooperative multiplayer mode is included. Players can complete the game with another player or with an artificial intelligence substitute. Missions can be completed in a non-linear order, and players can unlock new gear and abilities as they progress in the game.


title: Wolfenstein: Youngblood

text: Twenty years after "", America and much of the world is liberated from Nazi control and B.J. Blazkowicz and his wife Anya have raised their twin daughters Jessie and Zofia, teaching them how to defend themselves. In 1980, Blazkowicz mysteriously disappears without a trace. Jessie, Zofia, and their friend Abby, Grace Walker's daughter, discover a hidden room in the attic with a map indicating Blazkowicz traveled to Nazi-occupied Neu-Paris to meet the French Resistance. Believing that American authorities will not follow Blazkowicz to Nazi France, the girls steal an FBI helicopter and a pair of powered armor suits and head for France.


title: Wolfenstein: Youngblood

text: In France, the girls meet Juju, the leader of the Resistance, who confirms that she had met Blazkowicz, but she has no knowledge of his current location. They discover that he is trying to find a way into a secret Nazi installation called Lab X. In order to gain access to Lab X, the girls decide to help the Resistance hack the main computers of the "Brothers", a trio of security towers that hold the keys to Lab X. Upon reviewing the data in the Brothers' computers, Abby realizes that Juju is a Nazi agent and her partner is General Lothar, the disgraced commander of the Nazi forces in Neu-Paris. The girls pretend to drink Juju's drugged wine, and Lothar gloats that with the Brothers under his control, he can commence his plans to start a Fourth Reich without interference from his superiors in Berlin. A struggle ensues, with Lothar and Juju managing to escape while Abby is stabbed in her left eye.


title: Wolfenstein: Youngblood

text: Abby directs Jessie and Zofia to find Lab X. She explains that the Nazi leadership attempted to kill Lothar for disobeying their orders, forcing him into hiding where he eventually infiltrated the French Resistance with Juju. Jessie and Zofia breach Lab X and proceed to its deepest level, where they find Blazkowicz. He tells them that after he killed Hitler in the 1960s, he accidentally activated a doomsday device that will eventually render the Earth uninhabitable. He traveled to Lab X to find a way to stop the doomsday device, where he learned about the existence of multiple alternate dimensions, and glimpsed one where the Nazis lost World War II. He then uses a Da'at Yichud artifact to upgrade Jessie and Zofia's powered armor suits and directs them to go after Lothar. Meanwhile, Lothar retakes his old headquarters and orders his allies in Berlin to stage a coup against the government. Jessie and Zofia confront Juju and Lothar and kill them both.


title: Wolfenstein: Youngblood

text: Afterwards, Anya and Grace arrive. Realizing the threat the Fourth Reich poses, Blazkowicz, Anya, and Grace decide to call upon all their allies around the world to fight the Fourth Reich. Jessie, Zofia, and Abby decide to stay in Paris to defend it against the Fourth Reich's inevitable counterattack.


title: Wolfenstein: Youngblood

text: Bethesda announced the game at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2018. The title was developed by MachineGames, which led the development of the rebooted "Wolfenstein" series, and Arkane Studios' office in Lyon, which previously handled the development of the "Dishonored" series. Initially the game was a narrative adventure focusing on only one of the twins. However, during internal testing and feedback phase, the team expanded the scope of the story to include both twins as the game's duo protagonists and added a cooperative multiplayer mode so that two players can complete the game as the twin sisters together. The game's Deluxe Edition includes a Buddy Pass, which can be gifted to a player who does not own a copy of the game. The Buddy Pass enables that player to download and play the game without buying it, on the condition that they play it in the same game session with the player who grants them the pass. "Wolfenstein: Youngblood" was released for Microsoft Windows (via Steam and Bethesda Store), Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on July 26, 2019. The development of the Switch version was outsourced to Panic Button. Although the Nintendo Switch version will have a standard and a Deluxe Edition retail release, no actual physical game card will be included, and a download code will be offered instead.


title: Wolfenstein: Youngblood

text: "Wolfenstein: Youngblood" and the simultaneously released "" were the first games to make use of the "social adequacy clause" introduced by Unterhaltungssoftware Selbstkontrolle (USK; the German software ratings board) in August 2018, which allowed the use of Nazi imagery in video games in relevant scenarios, reviewed on a case-by-case basis. Despite being officially rated by USK, major German retailers, such as MediaMarkt, Saturn, and GameStop, refused to sell the uncensored version, offering only the separately sold German version, which lacks all Nazi imagery and references and features German as the only language option.


title: Wolfenstein: Youngblood

text: "Wolfenstein: Youngblood" received "mixed or average" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. IGN gave a score of 6.5/10, saying it "doesn’t come close to recapturing the joy of its predecessor", while "GameSpot" gave a score of 8/10 for "challenging combat encounters" and "light RPG elements that spice up the solid gunplay" better than its previous installment. "PC Gamer" rated the game favorably with a 79/100 score.


title: Wolfenstein: Youngblood

text: "Wolfenstein: Youngblood" became the second-best-selling retail game in the United Kingdom three days after its release behind "". In Japan, approximately 2,740 physical units for PS4 were sold during its launch week, becoming the number 20 selling game of any format.


title: Dota

text: Dota is a series of strategy video games by Valve. The series began in 2003 with the release of "Defense of the Ancients" ("DotA"), a fan-developed multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) mod for the video game "" and its expansion, "The Frozen Throne". The original mod features gameplay centered around two teams of up to five players who assume control of individual characters called "heroes", which must coordinate to destroy the enemy's central base structure called an "Ancient", to win the game. Ownership and development of "DotA" were passed on multiple times since its initial release until Valve hired the mod's lead designer IceFrog and after an ongoing legal dispute with Blizzard Entertainment, the developer of "Warcraft III", brokered a deal that allowed for Valve to inherit the trademark to the "Dota" name.


title: Dota

text: The first standalone installment in the series, "Dota 2", was released by Valve in July 2013. A sequel to "DotA", the game retains the same gameplay elements as its predecessor, while introducing new support and mechanics, as well as a setting separate from the "Warcraft" universe. "Artifact", a digital collectible card game with mechanics inspired by "Dota 2", was released in 2018. "Dota Underlords", an auto battler based on the community-created "Dota 2" mod "Dota Auto Chess", was released in 2020.


title: Dota

text: The original "DotA" mod is considered one of the most popular mods of all time, with tens of millions of players and a consistent presence at esports tournaments throughout the 2000s. "DotA" is considered a catalyst for the MOBA genre, inspiring developers to create other games similar to it. Likewise, "Dota 2" is cited as one of the greatest video games of all time, with an esports presence hallmarked by record-breaking prize pools that culminate in the annual championship known as The International. The spinoff games by Valve have been positively received, although "Artifact" was considered a failure as a large majority of its initial player base was lost within weeks with Valve stopping development on it shortly after its release.


title: Dota

text: The "Dota" series includes four games that are centered around competitive, online multiplayer gameplay. The original mod, "Defense of the Ancients", is a community-created "Warcraft III" game mode developed with the "Warcraft III World Editor" that was first released in 2003. The franchise name, ""Dota"", is derived from the original mod's acronym, "DotA". "Dota 2", its standalone installment, was released as a free-to-play sequel in July 2013. The first spin-off, a digital collectible card game called "Artifact", was released in November 2018. The second spin-off, an auto battler called "Dota Underlords", was released in February 2020.


title: Dota

text: The main installments in the series are multiplayer online battle arena games, where the player assumes control over a single character - a "hero" - from a large roster of characters and coordinates with their teammates to destroy their opponents' large structure called an Ancient, while defending their own. Unlike the original mod, which is largely derived from the setting of the "Warcraft" series, the standalone games share their own continuity. Likewise, the standalone games utilize the Source game engine and Steam distribution platform - both developed by Valve.


title: Dota

text: The installment which established the "Dota" intellectual property was the "" custom mod "Defense of the Ancients" ("DotA"). Independently developed and released by the pseudonymous designer Eul in 2003, it was inspired by "Aeon of Strife", a multiplayer "StarCraft" map. Before every "DotA" match, up to ten players are organized into two teams called the Scourge and the Sentinel - inspired by the factions from "Warcraft" lore - with the former in the northeast corner and the latter in the southwest corner of a nearly-symmetrical map. Using one of several game modes, the players each choose a single powerful unit called a "hero", who they are granted control of throughout the match. Heroes maintain special tactical advantages, in the way of their statistics, attack, and damage types, as well as abilities that can be learned and enhanced through leveling up from combat. Team coordination and roster composition are considered crucial for a successful match. The currency of the game is gold, which may be used for purchasing items that may enhance a hero's statistics and provide special abilities. Gold is awarded to players for destroying enemies and in increments on a rolling basis, while also being deducted for the death of one's hero. Heroes battle alongside weaker computer-controlled infantry units periodically dispatched in waves, who traverse three paths called "lanes", which connect the Scourge and Sentinel bases. Each lane is lined with defensive towers, which are not only more powerful the closer they are to their respective bases, but invulnerable until their predecessors are destroyed. At the center of each base is a central structure called an "Ancient", which is either the World Tree for the Sentinel or the Frozen Throne for the Scourge. To win a match, the enemy's Ancient must be destroyed.


title: Dota

text: Valve's interest in the "Dota" intellectual property began when several veteran employees, including "Team Fortress 2" designer Robin Walker and executive Erik Johnson, became fans of the mod and wanted to build a modern sequel. The company corresponded with IceFrog by email about his long-term plans for the project, and he was subsequently hired to direct a sequel. IceFrog first announced his new position through his blog in October 2009, with "Dota 2" being officially announced a year later. Shortly after, Valve filed a trademark claim to the "Dota" name. At Gamescom 2011, company president Gabe Newell explained that the trademark was needed to develop a sequel with the already-identifiable brand. Holding the "Dota" name to be a community asset, Feak and Mescon filed an opposing trademark for "Dota" on behalf of DotA-Allstars, LLC (then a subsidiary of Riot Games) in August 2010. Rob Pardo, the executive vice president of Blizzard Entertainment at the time, similarly stated that the "Dota" name belonged to the mod's community. Blizzard acquired DotA-Allstars, LLC from Riot Games and filed an opposition against Valve in November 2011, citing Blizzard's ownership of both the "Warcraft III World Editor" and DotA-Allstars, LLC as proper claims to the franchise name. The dispute was settled in May 2012, with Valve retaining commercial rights to the "Dota" trademark, while allowing non-commercial use of the name by third-parties.


title: Dota

text: An early goal of the "Dota 2" team was the adaptation of "Defense of the Ancients" aesthetic style for the Source engine. The Radiant and Dire factions replaced the Sentinel and Scourge from the mod, respectively. Character names, abilities, items, and map design from the mod were largely retained, with some changes due to trademarks owned by Blizzard. In the first Q&A session regarding "Dota 2", IceFrog explained that the game would build upon the mod without making significant changes to its core. Valve contracted major contributors from the "Defense of the Ancients" community, including Eul and artist Kendrick Lim, to assist with the sequel. Following nearly two years of beta testing, "Dota 2" was officially released on Steam for Windows on July 9, 2013, and for OS X and Linux on July 18, 2013. The game did not launch with every hero from "Defense of the Ancients". Instead, the missing ones were added in various post-release updates, with the final one, as well as the first "Dota 2" original hero, being added in 2016. Since its release, "Dota 2" has been cited as one of the greatest video games of all time. It is also the most lucrative esports game of all time, earning teams and players a total of over 100 million by June 2017.


title: Dota

text: "Artifact" is a digital collectible card game based on "Dota 2", developed and published by Valve. The game focuses on online player versus player battles across three boards called lanes. Development of it began in late 2014, with lead designer Richard Garfield being brought in to help make a digital card game due to his experience with creating the "" franchise. The game was then announced via a teaser trailer played at The International 2017, a large "Dota 2"-specific esports tournament organized by Valve. "Artifact" was released for Windows, macOS, and Linux in November 2018, with versions planned for Android and iOS. While its gameplay and drafting mechanics received praise, it was criticized for its high learning curve and monetization model, which some likened to being pay-to-win. The game saw a 95% decline in players within two months of its release, and had fewer than 100 concurrent players by mid 2019.


title: Dota

text: "Dota Underlords" is a free-to-play auto battler, a type of chess-like competitive multiplayer strategy video game, developed and published by Valve. The game is based on a "Dota 2" community-created game mode called "Dota Auto Chess", with journalists noting the parallel modding origins that "DotA" had from "Warcraft III". It was released in early access in June 2019 for Android, iOS, macOS, Windows, and Linux, with it planned to be officially released in February 2020. One of the many auto battler games that released following the popularity of "Dota Auto Chess", critics considered it one of the easiest to get into for newer players of the genre. In "Dota Underlords", where players place characters, known as heroes, on an 8x8 grid-shaped battlefield. After a preparation phase, a team's heroes then automatically fight the opposing team without any further direct input from the player. A match features up to eight players online who take turns playing against each other in a one-on-one format, with the winner being the final player standing after eliminating all of the opposing players.


title: Dota

text: An anime television series based on the franchise, "", premiered on Netflix in March 2021. It is produced by Studio Mir and Kaiju Boulevard.


title: Dota

text: IceFrog (born ) is the pseudonymous lead designer of "Defense of the Ancients" and "Dota 2". His involvement with the series began in 2005, when he inherited the reins of "DotA Allstars" from "Neichus", who himself inherited it from Steve "Guinsoo" Feak. IceFrog is also noted for his anonymity, having never publicly disclosed his identity. In February 2009, IceFrog revealed on his blog that he was 25 years old at the time.


title: Dota

text: In 2010, an anonymous person who claimed to be a Valve employee wrote a blog post titled "The Truth About IceFrog", in which he claims that IceFrog had previously worked secretly on "Heroes of Newerth" for S2 Games before joining Valve in 2009, as well as stating his identity as Abdul Ismail. A court document regarding the ownership of the "Dota" intellectual property from April 2017 confirmed Ismail as the identity of IceFrog, as well as his pre-Valve contributions in "Heroes of Newerth".


title: Memories of the Alhambra

text: Memories of the Alhambra () is a 2018 South Korean television series, starring Hyun Bin and Park Shin-hye. Primarily set in Spain (and in South Korea in later episodes), the series centers on a company CEO and a hostel owner who get entangled in a series of mysterious incidents surrounding a new and intricate augmented reality game inspired by the stories of the Alhambra Palace. It aired on cable network tvN from December 1, 2018, to January 20, 2019, every Saturday and Sunday at 21:00 (KST). It is also available for online streaming on Netflix.


title: Memories of the Alhambra

text: The drama is one of the highest-rated Korean dramas in cable television history, and was praised for its creative plot and its unexpected twists. Its title also alludes to Francisco Tárrega's eponymous classical guitar piece "Recuerdos de la Alhambra", which is also a part of the series' soundtrack.


title: Memories of the Alhambra

text: After receiving an email regarding a groundbreaking AR game about medieval battles in the Alhambra, Yoo Jin-woo (Hyun Bin), CEO of an investment company that specializes in optical devices, travels to Granada, Spain to meet the creator of the game, Jung Se-joo (Park Chan-yeol). However, Se-joo has gone missing and there, Jin-woo meets Se-joo’s older sister, Jung Hee-joo (Park Shin-hye), who is the owner of the hostel he stays in and a former guitarist. Both get entangled in mysterious incidents, as the border between the real world and the AR world built by Se-joo begins to blur.


title: Memories of the Alhambra

text: The series is helmed by director Ahn Gil-ho, who directed "Stranger" and writer Song Jae-jung whose previous works include "W" and "Queen In-hyun's Man".


title: Memories of the Alhambra

text: Touted as Korea's first augmented reality-gaming drama, "Memories of the Alhambra" was revealed to be inspired by tech mogul Elon Musk and the "Pokémon Go" game.


title: Memories of the Alhambra

text: Overseas filming took place in several cities in Andalucía and Catalonia, such as Granada (Andalucía), and Barcelona and Girona (some interiors and exteriors) and Terrassa (exteriors and film studios) in Catalonia from late May to June. In early August, the cast started filming in Budapest, Hungary and Slovenia. The script for the last episode was completed on December 19, 2018 and filming wrapped up on December 29, 2018 in South Korea.


title: Memories of the Alhambra

text: A preview screening event was held at CGV theaters on November 28, 2018 prior to the airing of the first episode.


title: Memories of the Alhambra

text: "Memories of the Alhambra" was a commercial success, consistently topping the cable television viewership ratings in its timeslot. Its 14th episode recorded a 10.025% nationwide audience share according to Nielsen paid platform, making it as one of the highest rated in Korean cable television history.


title: Memories of the Alhambra

text: The drama has attracted attention for its unique theme of augmented reality; and earned praise for its high-end computer graphics, cinematography and fast-paced storytelling. Critic Jeong Seok-hee praised the drama for its mysterious and captivating plot that held viewers' attention until the very end, and that it "has the potential to become one of the very best TV dramas we have seen in years". However, later on it received criticism for its confusing development and slow development of plot, and its excessive product placement.


title: Memories of the Alhambra

text: According to the Korean Foundation for International Cultural Exchange, the series is receiving favorable reviews and popularity in China for its actors' performance, cinematography and fresh story.


title: Dog whistle (politics)

text: In politics, a dog whistle is the use of coded or suggestive language in political messaging to garner support from a particular group without provoking opposition. The concept is named after ultrasonic dog whistles, which are audible to dogs but not humans. Dog whistles use language that appears normal to the majority but communicates specific things to intended audiences. They are generally used to convey messages on issues likely to provoke controversy without attracting negative attention.


title: Dog whistle (politics)

text: One example is the use of the phrase "family values" in the United States to signal to Christians that a candidate would support policies promoting Christian values without alienating non-Christian supporters.


title: Dog whistle (politics)

text: According to William Safire, the term "dog whistle" in reference to politics may have been derived from its use in the field of opinion polling. Safire quotes Richard Morin, director of polling for "The Washington Post", as writing in 1988:


title: Dog whistle (politics)

text: subtle changes in question-wording sometimes produce remarkably different results ... researchers call this the "Dog Whistle Effect": Respondents hear something in the question that researchers do not.


title: Dog whistle (politics)

text: In her 2006 book, "Voting for Jesus: Christianity and Politics in Australia", academic Amanda Lohrey writes that the goal of the dog-whistle is to appeal to the greatest possible number of electors while alienating the smallest possible number. She uses as an example politicians choosing broadly appealing words such as "family values", which have extra resonance for Christians, while avoiding overt Christian moralizing that might be a turn-off for non-Christian voters.


title: Dog whistle (politics)

text: Australian political theorist Robert E. Goodin argues that the problem with dog-whistling is that it undermines democracy, because if voters have different understandings of what they were supporting during a campaign, the fact that they were seeming to support the same thing is "democratically meaningless" and does not give the dog-whistler a policy mandate.


title: Dog whistle (politics)

text: The term was first picked up in Australian politics in the mid-1990s, and was frequently applied to the political campaigning of John Howard. Throughout his 11 years as Australian prime minister and particularly in his fourth term, Howard was accused of communicating messages appealing to anxious Australian voters using code words such as "un-Australian", "mainstream", and "illegals".


title: Dog whistle (politics)

text: One notable example was the Howard government's message on refugee arrivals. His government's tough stance on immigration was popular with voters, but was accused of using the issue to additionally send veiled messages of support to voters with racist leanings, while maintaining plausible deniability by avoiding overtly racist language. Another example was the publicity of the Australian citizenship test in 2007. It has been argued that the test may appear reasonable at face value, but is really intended to appeal to those opposing immigration from particular geographic regions.


title: Dog whistle (politics)

text: During the 2015 Canadian federal election, the Conservative party led by incumbent Prime Minister Stephen Harper was accused of communicating "code" words in a debate to appeal to his party's base supporters. Midway through the election campaign the Conservative Party hired Australian political strategist Lynton Crosby as a political adviser when they fell to third place in the polls behind the Liberal Party and the New Democratic Party. During a televised election debate Stephen Harper, while discussing the government's controversial decision to remove certain immigrants and refugee claimants from accessing Canada's health care system made reference to "Old Stock Canadians" as being in support of the government's position. Opposition leaders, including former Quebec Liberal MP Marlene Jennings, called his words racist and divisive, as they are used to exclude Canadians of colour.


title: Dog whistle (politics)

text: Lynton Crosby, who had previously managed John Howard's four election campaigns in Australia, worked as a Conservative Party adviser during the 2005 UK general election, and the term was introduced to British political discussion at this time. In what Goodin calls "the classic case" of dog-whistling, Crosby created a campaign for the Conservatives with the slogan "Are you thinking what we're thinking?": a series of posters, billboards, TV commercials and direct mail pieces with messages like "It's not racist to impose limits on immigration" and "how would you feel if a bloke on early release attacked your daughter?" focused on controversial issues like insanitary hospitals, land grabs by squatters and restraints on police behaviour.


title: Dog whistle (politics)

text: Labour MP Diane Abbott described the 2013 "Go Home" vans advertising campaign by the British Home Office as an example of dog-whistle politics.


title: Dog whistle (politics)

text: In April 2016, Mayor of London and Conservative MP Boris Johnson was accused of "dog whistle racism" by Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer and Labour MP John McDonnell when Johnson suggested U.S. President Barack Obama held a grudge against the United Kingdom due to his "ancestral dislike of the British Empire" as a result of his "part-Kenyan" heritage, after Obama expressed his support for the UK to vote to remain in the European Union ahead of the UK's referendum on EU membership.


title: Dog whistle (politics)

text: In the 2016 London Mayoral Election, Conservative candidate Zac Goldsmith was accused of running a dog-whistle campaign against Labour's Sadiq Khan, playing on Khan's Muslim faith by suggesting he would target Hindus and Sikhs with a "jewellery tax" and attempting to link him to extremists.


title: Dog whistle (politics)

text: Theresa May was accused of dog-whistle politics during the run up to the UK leaving the European Union, after claiming EU citizens were "jumping the queue".


title: Dog whistle (politics)

text: The Labour Party under Jeremy Corbyn was accused of tolerating "dog-whistle" antisemitism in the party during his time as leader of the party. The 28 Conservative MPs who signed a letter to the National Trust accusing them of "Cultural Marxism" have also been accused of dog-whistling of anti-semitism, as this term is a revival of a Nazi-era term "Cultural Bolshevism" used often by the hard-right.


title: Dog whistle (politics)

text: The phrase "states' rights", literally referring to powers of individual state governments in the United States, was described in 2007 by David Greenberg in "Slate" as "code words" for institutionalized segregation and racism. "States' rights" was the banner under which groups like the Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberties argued in 1955 against school desegregation. In 1981, former Republican Party strategist Lee Atwater, when giving an anonymous interview discussing former president Richard Nixon's Southern strategy, speculated that terms like "states' rights" were used for dog-whistling:


title: Dog whistle (politics)

text: Atwater was contrasting this with then-President Ronald Reagan's campaign, which he felt "was devoid of any kind of racism, any kind of reference". However, Ian Haney López, an American law professor and author of the 2014 book "Dog Whistle Politics", described Reagan as "blowing a dog whistle" when the candidate told stories about "Cadillac-driving 'welfare queens' and 'strapping young bucks' buying T-bone steaks with food stamps" while he was campaigning for the presidency. He argues that such rhetoric pushes middle-class white Americans to vote against their economic self-interest in order to punish "undeserving minorities" who, they believe, are receiving too much public assistance at their expense. According to López, conservative middle-class whites, convinced by powerful economic interests that minorities are the enemy, supported politicians who promised to curb illegal immigration and crack down on crime but inadvertently also voted for policies that favor the extremely rich, such as slashing taxes for top income brackets, giving corporations more regulatory control over industry and financial markets, union busting, cutting pensions for future public employees, reducing funding for public schools, and retrenching the social welfare state. He argues that these same voters cannot link rising inequality which has affected their lives to the policy agendas they support, which resulted in a massive transfer of wealth to the top 1% of the population since the 1980s.


title: Dog whistle (politics)

text: In the US the phrase "international bankers" is a well-known dog whistle code for Jews. Its use as such is derived from the anti-Semitic forgery "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion". It was frequently used by the fascist-supporting radio personality Charles Coughlin on his national show. His repeated use of the term was a factor in the distributor CBS opting not to renew his contract.


title: Dog whistle (politics)

text: Journalist Craig Unger wrote that President George W. Bush and Karl Rove used coded "dog-whistle" language in political campaigning, delivering one message to the overall electorate while at the same time delivering quite a different message to a targeted evangelical Christian political base. William Safire, in "Safire's Political Dictionary", offered the example of Bush's criticism during the 2004 presidential campaign of the U.S. Supreme Court's 1857 "Dred Scott" decision denying the U.S. citizenship of any African American. To most listeners the criticism seemed innocuous, Safire wrote, but "sharp-eared observers" understood the remark to be a pointed reminder that Supreme Court decisions can be reversed, and a signal that, if re-elected, Bush might nominate to the Supreme Court a justice who would overturn "Roe v. Wade". This view is echoed in a 2004 "Los Angeles Times" article by Peter Wallsten.


title: Dog whistle (politics)

text: During Obama's campaign and presidency, a number of left-wing commentators described various statements about Obama as racist dog-whistles. During the 2008 Democratic primaries, writer Enid Lynette Logan criticized Hillary Clinton's campaign's reliance on code words and innuendo seemingly designed to frame Barack Obama's race as problematic, saying Obama was characterized by the Clinton campaign and its prominent supporters as anti-white due to his association with Rev. Jeremiah Wright, as able to attract only black votes, as anti-patriotic, a drug user, possibly a drug seller, and married to an angry, ungrateful black woman. A light-hearted 2008 article by Amy Chozick in "The Wall Street Journal" questioned whether Obama was too thin to be elected president, given the average weight of Americans; commentator Timothy Noah wrote that this was a racist dog-whistle, because "When white people are invited to think about Obama's physical appearance, the principal attribute they're likely to dwell on is his dark skin." In a 2010 speech, Sarah Palin criticized Obama, saying "we need a commander in chief, not a professor of law standing at the lectern". Harvard professor (and Obama ally) Charles Ogletree called this attack racist, because the true idea being communicated was "that he's not one of us". MSNBC commentator Lawrence O'Donnell called a 2012 speech by Mitch McConnell, in which McConnell criticized Obama for playing too much golf, a racist dog-whistle because O'Donnell felt it was meant to remind listeners of black golfer Tiger Woods, who at the time was going through an infidelity scandal.


title: Dog whistle (politics)

text: In 2012, Obama's campaign ran an ad in Ohio that said Mitt Romney was "not one of us". "The Washington Post" journalist Karen Tumulty wrote: "ironically, it echoes a slogan that has been used as a racial code over at least the past half-century".


title: Dog whistle (politics)

text: During the 2016 presidential election campaign and on a number of occasions throughout his presidency, Donald Trump was accused of using racial and antisemitic "dog whistling" techniques by politicians and major news outlets.


title: Dog whistle (politics)

text: During the 2018 gubernatorial race in Florida, Ron DeSantis came under criticism for comments that were allegedly racist, saying: "The last thing we need to do is to monkey this up by trying to embrace a socialist agenda with huge tax increases and bankrupting the state. That is not going to work. That's not going to be good for Florida." DeSantis was accused of using the verb "monkey" as a racist dog whistle; his opponent, Andrew Gillum, was African-American. DeSantis denied that his comment was meant to be racially charged.


title: Dog whistle (politics)

text: Roberto Saviano of "The Guardian" claimed that Italian right-wing politician Giorgia Meloni used the Mussolini-era slogan "God, homeland, family" as a dog-whistle to signal her anti-immigration stance, and in 2019, she used her identity as a dog whistle, proclaiming at a rally: "I am Giorgia, I am a woman, I am a mother, I am Italian, I am a Christian." "The Washington Post" claimed that Meloni has used the term "financial speculators" as a dog-whistle to conceal antisemitism.


title: Dog whistle (politics)

text: Some have argued that it is difficult to tell whether purported dog whistles are in fact dog whistles. Robert Henderson and Elin McCready argue that plausible deniability is a key characteristic of dog whistles. Mark Liberman has argued that it is common for speech and writing to convey messages that will only be picked up on by part of the audience, but that this does not usually mean that the speaker is deliberately conveying a double message. Steven Pinker has argued that the concept of dog whistling allows people to "claim that anyone says anything because you can easily hear the alleged dogwhistles that aren't in the actual literal contents of what the person says".


title: Blood Simple

text: Blood Simple is a 1984 American independent neo-noir crime film written, edited, produced, and directed by Joel and Ethan Coen, and starring John Getz, Frances McDormand, Dan Hedaya, and M. Emmet Walsh. Its plot follows a Texas bartender who finds himself in the midst of a murder plot when his boss discovers that he is having a love affair with his wife. It was the directorial debut of the Coens and the first major film of cinematographer Barry Sonnenfeld, who later became a director, as well as the feature-film debut of McDormand.


title: Blood Simple

text: The film's title derives from the Dashiell Hammett novel "Red Harvest" (1929), in which the term "blood simple" describes the addled, fearful mind-set of people after prolonged immersion in violent situations. Stylistically, the film has been noted for its blending elements of neo-noir, pulp crime stories, and low-budget horror films. In 2001, a director's cut was released, the same year that it was ranked number 98 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills.


title: Blood Simple

text: Bartender Ray and housewife Abby are driving through a heavy downpour at night, discussing Abby's bad marriage to Ray's boss Julian Marty. After gradually admitting they are attracted to each other, they stop at a motel and have sex. Lorren Visser, a private detective, takes photos of the tryst and delivers them to Marty.


title: Blood Simple

text: Abby grabs some belongings from home, including a small pistol Marty gifted to her, and warns Ray to stay away from the bar. Instead, Ray goes and asks Marty for his unpaid wages. Marty mocks Ray, predicting that Abby will betray him the way she did Marty and when confronted will say, "I haven't done anything funny."


title: Blood Simple

text: The next morning Marty attempts to kidnap Abby from Ray's home, but she beats him up. Humiliated, he offers Visser $10,000 to kill the couple. Visser agrees and tells him to "go fishing" and establish an alibi. Visser breaks into Ray's home and steals Abby's gun. He presents photos of the couple's corpses to Marty as evidence. Marty goes to the bathroom to vomit and then opens the safe to give Visser his fee, surreptitiously placing one of the photos inside. Visser suddenly shoots Marty with Abby's gun, leaving it and taking the money. However, Visser doesn't realize his cigarette lighter is underneath the fish Marty caught on his trip.


title: Blood Simple

text: It is then revealed that Visser doctored photos of the couple asleep to look as if he shot them. Ray, deciding to confront Marty about his wages again, returns to the bar and discovers his body, accidentally discharging Abby's gun when he steps on it. Assuming the worst, he puts the gun in Marty's coat pocket and the body in the backseat of his car. While driving, he is shocked to discover that Marty is still alive, albeit barely. Ray drives into a field and begins to bury Marty in a shallow grave. Finding the gun, Marty takes aim and pulls the trigger three times, falling on an empty chamber each time. Ray gingerly takes the gun and finishes burying Marty as he screams in terror.


title: Blood Simple

text: A distraught Ray goes to Abby's new apartment and tries to explain that he "cleaned up your mess." She, unnerved by the blood on his clothes, says "I haven't done anything funny," which disturbs him further and leads to an argument. Visser calls the apartment but does not speak when Abby picks up; she assumes and tells Ray that it was Marty. Horrified, he drops the gun as he leaves. Later, he is confronted by Meurice, the other bartender, who tells him about a phone message Marty left regarding money stolen from the safe (Marty's cover story for the $10,000 he paid Visser).


title: Blood Simple

text: While burning the doctored photos, Visser realizes that Marty kept one and that he cannot find his lighter. Knowing these can implicate him, he returns to the bar and attempts to break into the safe, but is thwarted by the arrival of Abby, who thinks the damage to the safe was caused by Ray and starts to realize Marty might be dead. Later, she has a nightmare of Marty, warning her that Ray will kill her as well. She goes to confront Ray who, now thoroughly confused, tells her Marty was still alive when Ray buried him.


title: Blood Simple

text: While Abby tells Meurice about her suspicions, Ray goes to the bar himself and, opening the safe, discovers the doctored photo. Believing Abby is in danger, he realizes someone is following him on the way to her apartment. When Abby arrives and discovers Ray sitting in the dark, she turns the lights on, thinking it will protect her from him. Visser, who is on a rooftop across the street with a rifle, shoots and kills Ray. Abby manages to smash the lightbulb with her shoes and hides in the bathroom.


title: Blood Simple

text: Entering the apartment, Visser searches Ray for the lighter (which was overlooked by everyone) and goes into the bathroom, only to find Abby has climbed out the window into the next apartment. When he reaches around to open the window she stabs him with Ray's knife, pinning his hand to the sill. As she backs away in shock, Visser empties his gun into the wall, then punches through it to remove the knife. Returning to the apartment, Abby picks up her gun and shoots Visser through the bathroom door. Abby says, "I'm not afraid of you, Marty." Visser, lying mortally wounded on the floor, bursts into laughter and responds, "Well, ma'am, if I see him, I'll sure give him the message."


title: Blood Simple

text: After writing the screenplay, the Coen brothers—neither of whom had any prior experience in filmmaking—shot a preemptive dummy theatrical trailer for the film, which showed "a man dragging a shovel alongside a car stopped in the middle of the road, back towards another man he was going to kill" and "a shot of backlit gun holes in a wall." The trailer featured actor Bruce Campbell, playing the Julian Marty role, and was shot by recent film school graduate Barry Sonnenfeld.


title: Blood Simple

text: After completing the trailer, the Coens began exhibiting it with the hope of convincing investors to help fund the full-length feature film. Daniel Bacaner was one of the first people to invest money in the project. He also became its executive producer and introduced the Coens to other potential backers. The entire process of raising the necessary $1.5 million took a year.


title: Blood Simple

text: The film was shot in several locations in the towns of Austin and Hutto, Texas over a period of 8 weeks in the fall of 1982. The film spent a year in postproduction and was completed by 1983.


title: Blood Simple

text: "Blood Simple" was Frances McDormand's screen debut. All Coen brothers films are co-produced and co-directed by Joel and Ethan Coen, although Ethan was credited as the sole producer and Joel the sole director until 2004. The Coens share editing credit under the pseudonym Roderick Jaynes.


title: Blood Simple

text: While the film was only a modest box-office success, it was a huge critical success. It holds a 93% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 105 reviews, with an average rating of 8.3/10. The critical consensus reads: "Brutally violent and shockingly funny in equal measure, "Blood Simple" offers early evidence of the Coen Brothers' twisted sensibilities and filmmaking ingenuity."


title: Blood Simple

text: Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert (the latter putting the film at #10 on his Top Ten list of 1985 and reviewed again on its 15th anniversary) each gave it a thumbs up on the movie review show "At the Movies".


title: Blood Simple

text: The film grossed $2.7 million worldwide. Its first big public viewing was the USA Film Festival in Dallas, followed by the Sundance Film Festival, where it received the Grand Jury Prize. The brothers took the film to the Toronto Film Festival, Cannes, and the New York Film Festival. They were very proud of their film, particularly in light of having raised the funds using their self-made trailer.


title: Blood Simple

text: The original MCA Home Video VHS tape and LaserDisc was released on October 10, 1985, with a 96-minute running time. The film was released on Universal Pictures Home Entertainment VHS tape for a second time in 1995 with a 99-minute run time. Unusual for such an exercise, the "Director's Cut" is some 3 minutes shorter than the original 1985 theatrical release. The Coens reduced the run time with tighter editing, shortening some shots and removing others altogether. Additionally, they resolved long-standing rights issues with the music; the original theatrical version of the film made prominent use of The Four Tops' "It's the Same Old Song" (1965); the Coens had replaced it with Neil Diamond's "I'm a Believer" (1966) for the 1995 U.S. home video edition on VHS. The Director's Cut reinstated the Four Tops track.


title: Blood Simple

text: Universal Home Video released a DVD version of the film in 2001, and again in 2005 as part of a DVD box set titled "The Coen Brothers Collection". A Blu-ray edition was released in 2011 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.


title: Blood Simple

text: In 2016, The Criterion Collection released the film on Blu-ray and DVD, featuring a new 4K digital transfer supervised and approved by Barry Sonnenfeld and the Coens, along with various new special features.


title: Blood Simple

text: The film was referenced in a 1992 episode ("Master Ninja II") of the cult satirical sci-fi TV series "Mystery Science Theater 3000".


title: Blood Simple

text: Carter Burwell wrote the "Blood Simple" score, the first of his collaborations with the Coen brothers. "Blood Simple" was also the first feature-film score for Burwell, and after his work on this film, he became a much-in-demand composer in Hollywood. By 2016, he had scored 16 of the Coen brothers' films.


title: Blood Simple

text: The score for "Blood Simple" is a mix of solo piano and electronic ambient sounds. One track, "Monkey Chant", is based on kecak, the ""Ramayana" Monkey Chant" of Bali.


title: Blood Simple

text: In 1987, seven selections from Burwell's "Blood Simple" score were released on a 17-track album that also features selections from the soundtrack of the Coens' next film, "Raising Arizona" (1987).


title: Hindu–Arabic numeral system

text: The Hindu–Arabic numeral system or Indo-Arabic numeral system (also called the Arabic numeral system or Hindu numeral system) is a positional decimal numeral system, and is the most common system for the symbolic representation of numbers in the world.


title: Hindu–Arabic numeral system

text: It was invented between the 1st and 4th centuries by Indian mathematicians. The system was adopted in Arabic mathematics by the 9th century. It became more widely known through the writings of the Persian mathematician Al-Khwārizmī ("On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals", ) and Arab mathematician Al-Kindi ("On the Use of the Hindu Numerals", ). The system had spread to medieval Europe by the High Middle Ages.


title: Hindu–Arabic numeral system

text: The system is based upon ten (originally nine) glyphs. The symbols (glyphs) used to represent the system are in principle independent of the system itself. The glyphs in actual use are descended from Brahmi numerals and have split into various typographical variants since the Middle Ages.


title: Hindu–Arabic numeral system

text: These symbol sets can be divided into three main families: Western Arabic numerals used in the Greater Maghreb and in Europe; Eastern Arabic numerals used in the Middle East; and the Indian numerals in various scripts used in the Indian subcontinent.


title: Hindu–Arabic numeral system

text: The Hindu-Arabic or Indo-Arabic numerals were invented by mathematicians in India. Persian and Arabic mathematicians called them "Hindu numerals". Later they came to be called "Arabic numerals" in Europe because they were introduced to the West by Arab merchants. According to various sources this number system has its origin in Chinese Shang numerals (1200 BC), which was also a decimal positional value system of base 10.


title: Hindu–Arabic numeral system

text: The Hindu–Arabic system is designed for positional notation in a decimal system. In a more developed form, positional notation also uses a decimal marker (at first a mark over the ones digit but now more commonly a decimal point or a decimal comma which separates the ones place from the tenths place), and also a symbol for "these digits recur "ad infinitum"". In modern usage, this latter symbol is usually a vinculum (a horizontal line placed over the repeating digits). In this more developed form, the numeral system can symbolize any rational number using only 13 symbols (the ten digits, decimal marker, vinculum, and a prepended minus sign to indicate a negative number).


title: Hindu–Arabic numeral system

text: Although generally found in text written with the Arabic abjad ("alphabet"), numbers written with these numerals also place the most-significant digit to the left, so they read from left to right (though digits are not always said in order from most to least significant). The requisite changes in reading direction are found in text that mixes left-to-right writing systems with right-to-left systems.


title: Hindu–Arabic numeral system

text: Various symbol sets are used to represent numbers in the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, most of which developed from the Brahmi numerals.


title: Hindu–Arabic numeral system

text: The symbols used to represent the system have split into various typographical variants since the Middle Ages, arranged in three main groups:


title: Hindu–Arabic numeral system

text: The Brahmi numerals at the basis of the system predate the Common Era. They replaced the earlier Kharosthi numerals used since the 4th century BC. Brahmi and Kharosthi numerals were used alongside one another in the Maurya Empire period, both appearing on the 3rd century BC edicts of Ashoka.


title: Hindu–Arabic numeral system

text: Buddhist inscriptions from around 300 BC use the symbols that became 1, 4, and 6. One century later, their use of the symbols that became 2, 4, 6, 7, and 9 was recorded. These Brahmi numerals are the ancestors of the Hindu–Arabic glyphs 1 to 9, but they were not used as a positional system with a zero, and there were rather separate numerals for each of the tens (10, 20, 30, etc.).


title: Hindu–Arabic numeral system

text: The actual numeral system, including positional notation and use of zero, is in principle independent of the glyphs used, and significantly younger than the Brahmi numerals.


title: Hindu–Arabic numeral system

text: The place-value system is used in the Bakhshali manuscript; the earliest leaves being radio carbon dated to the period 224–383 AD. The development of the positional decimal system takes its origins in Indian mathematics during the Gupta period. Around 500, the astronomer Aryabhata uses the word "kha" ("emptiness") to mark "zero" in tabular arrangements of digits. The 7th century "Brahmasphuta Siddhanta" contains a comparatively advanced understanding of the mathematical role of zero. The Sanskrit translation of the lost 5th century Prakrit Jaina cosmological text "Lokavibhaga"


title: Hindu–Arabic numeral system

text: These Indian developments were taken up in Islamic mathematics in the 8th century, as recorded in al-Qifti's "Chronology of the scholars" (early 13th century).


title: Hindu–Arabic numeral system

text: The numeral system came to be known to both the Persian mathematician Khwarizmi, who wrote a book, "On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals" in about 825, and the Arab mathematician Al-Kindi, who wrote a book, "On the Use of the Hindu Numerals" ( ["kitāb fī isti'māl al-'adād al-hindī"]) around 830. Persian scientist Kushyar Gilani who wrote "Kitab fi usul hisab al-hind (Principles of Hindu Reckoning)" is one of the oldest surviving manuscripts using the Hindu numerals. These books are principally responsible for the diffusion of the Hindu system of numeration throughout the Islamic world and ultimately also to Europe.


title: Hindu–Arabic numeral system

text: The first dated and undisputed inscription showing the use of a symbol for zero appears on a stone inscription found at the Chaturbhuja Temple at Gwalior in India, dated 876.


title: Hindu–Arabic numeral system

text: In 10th century Islamic mathematics, the system was extended to include fractions, as recorded in a treatise by Abbasid Caliphate mathematician Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi in 952–953.


title: Hindu–Arabic numeral system

text: In Christian Europe, the first mention and representation of Hindu–Arabic numerals (from one to nine, without zero), is in the "" (aka "Albeldensis"), an illuminated compilation of various historical documents from the Visigothic period in Spain, written in the year 976 by three monks of the Riojan monastery of San Martín de Albelda.


title: Hindu–Arabic numeral system

text: Between 967 and 969, Gerbert of Aurillac discovered and studied Arab science in the Catalan abbeys. Later he obtained from these places the book "" ("On multiplication and division"). After becoming Pope Sylvester II in the year 999, he introduced a new model of abacus, the so-called Abacus of Gerbert, by adopting tokens representing Hindu–Arabic numerals, from one to nine.


title: Hindu–Arabic numeral system

text: Leonardo Fibonacci brought this system to Europe. His book " introduced Arabic numerals, the use of zero, and the decimal place system to the Latin world. The numeral system came to be called "Arabic" by the Europeans. It was used in European mathematics from the 12th century, and entered common use from the 15th century to replace Roman numerals.


title: Hindu–Arabic numeral system

text: The familiar shape of the Western Arabic glyphs as now used with the Latin alphabet (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) are the product of the late 15th to early 16th century, when they entered early typesetting.


title: Hindu–Arabic numeral system

text: Muslim scientists used the Babylonian numeral system, and merchants used the Abjad numerals, a system similar to the Greek numeral system and the Hebrew numeral system. Similarly, Fibonacci's introduction of the system to Europe was restricted to learned circles.


title: Hindu–Arabic numeral system

text: The credit for first establishing widespread understanding and usage of the decimal positional notation among the general population goes to Adam Ries, an author of the German Renaissance, whose 1522 " (Calculating on the Lines and with a Quill) was targeted at the apprentices of businessmen and craftsmen.


title: Hindu–Arabic numeral system

text: In 690 AD, Empress Wu promulgated Zetian characters, one of which was "〇". The word is now used as a synonym for the number zero.


title: Hindu–Arabic numeral system

text: In China, Gautama Siddha introduced Hindu numerals with zero in 718, but Chinese mathematicians did not find them useful, as they had already had the decimal positional counting rods.


title: Hindu–Arabic numeral system

text: In Chinese numerals, a circle (〇) is used to write zero in Suzhou numerals. Many historians think it was imported from Indian numerals by Gautama Siddha in 718, but some Chinese scholars think it was created from the Chinese text space filler "□".


title: Hindu–Arabic numeral system

text: Chinese and Japanese finally adopted the Hindu–Arabic numerals in the 19th century, abandoning counting rods.


title: Hindu–Arabic numeral system

text: The "Western Arabic" numerals as they were in common use in Europe since the Baroque period have secondarily found worldwide use together with the Latin alphabet, and even significantly beyond the contemporary spread of the Latin alphabet, intruding into the writing systems in regions where other variants of the Hindu–Arabic numerals had been in use, but also in conjunction with Chinese and Japanese writing (see Chinese numerals, Japanese numerals).


title: Euler method

text: In mathematics and computational science, the Euler method (also called forward Euler method) is a first-order numerical procedure for solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with a given initial value. It is the most basic explicit method for numerical integration of ordinary differential equations and is the simplest Runge–Kutta method. The Euler method is named after Leonhard Euler, who treated it in his book "Institutionum calculi integralis" (published 1768–1870).


title: Euler method

text: The Euler method is a first-order method, which means that the local error (error per step) is proportional to the square of the step size, and the global error (error at a given time) is proportional to the step size.


title: Euler method

text: The Euler method often serves as the basis to construct more complex methods, e.g., predictor–corrector method.


title: Euler method

text: Consider the problem of calculating the shape of an unknown curve which starts at a given point and satisfies a given differential equation. Here, a differential equation can be thought of as a formula by which the slope of the tangent line to the curve can be computed at any point on the curve, once the position of that point has been calculated.


title: Euler method

text: The idea is that while the curve is initially unknown, its starting point, which we denote by formula_1 is known (see the picture on top right). Then, from the differential equation, the slope to the curve at formula_2 can be computed, and so, the tangent line.


title: Euler method

text: Take a small step along that tangent line up to a point formula_3 Along this small step, the slope does not change too much, so formula_4 will be close to the curve. If we pretend that formula_4 is still on the curve, the same reasoning as for the point formula_2 above can be used. After several steps, a polygonal curve formula_7 is computed. In general, this curve does not diverge too far from the original unknown curve, and the error between the two curves can be made small if the step size is small enough and the interval of computation is finite:


title: Euler method

text: Choose a value formula_9 for the size of every step and set formula_10. Now, one step of the Euler method from formula_11 to formula_12 is:


title: Euler method

text: The value of formula_14 is an approximation of the solution to the ODE at time formula_11: formula_16. The Euler method is explicit, i.e. the solution formula_17 is an explicit function of formula_18 for formula_19.


title: Euler method

text: While the Euler method integrates a first-order ODE, any ODE of order formula_20 can be represented as a system of first-order ODEs:


title: Euler method

text: This is a first-order system in the variable formula_24 and can be handled by Euler's method or, in fact, by any other scheme for first-order systems.


title: Euler method

text: so first we must compute formula_28. In this simple differential equation, the function formula_29 is defined by formula_30. We have


title: Euler method

text: By doing the above step, we have found the slope of the line that is tangent to the solution curve at the point formula_32. Recall that the slope is defined as the change in formula_33 divided by the change in formula_34, or formula_35.


title: Euler method

text: The next step is to multiply the above value by the step size formula_9, which we take equal to one here:


title: Euler method

text: Since the step size is the change in formula_34, when we multiply the step size and the slope of the tangent, we get a change in formula_33 value. This value is then added to the initial formula_33 value to obtain the next value to be used for computations.


title: Euler method

text: Due to the repetitive nature of this algorithm, it can be helpful to organize computations in a chart form, as seen below, to avoid making errors.


title: Euler method

text: The conclusion of this computation is that formula_46. The exact solution of the differential equation is formula_47, so formula_48. Although the approximation of the Euler method was not very precise in this specific case, particularly due to a large value step size formula_9, its behaviour is qualitatively correct as the figure shows.


title: Euler method

text: As suggested in the introduction, the Euler method is more accurate if the step size formula_9 is smaller. The table below shows the result with different step sizes. The top row corresponds to the example in the previous section, and the second row is illustrated in the figure.


title: Euler method

text: The error recorded in the last column of the table is the difference between the exact solution at formula_51 and the Euler approximation. In the bottom of the table, the step size is half the step size in the previous row, and the error is also approximately half the error in the previous row. This suggests that the error is roughly proportional to the step size, at least for fairly small values of the step size. This is true in general, also for other equations; see the section "Global truncation error" for more details.


title: Euler method

text: Other methods, such as the midpoint method also illustrated in the figures, behave more favourably: the global error of the midpoint method is roughly proportional to the "square" of the step size. For this reason, the Euler method is said to be a first-order method, while the midpoint method is second order.


title: Euler method

text: We can extrapolate from the above table that the step size needed to get an answer that is correct to three decimal places is approximately 0.00001, meaning that we need 400,000 steps. This large number of steps entails a high computational cost. For this reason, higher-order methods are employed such as Runge–Kutta methods or linear multistep methods, especially if a high accuracy is desired.


title: Euler method

text: The Euler method can be derived in a number of ways. Firstly, there is the geometrical description above.


title: Euler method

text: Another possibility is to consider the Taylor expansion of the function formula_33 around formula_53:


title: Euler method

text: The differential equation states that formula_55. If this is substituted in the Taylor expansion and the quadratic and higher-order terms are ignored, the Euler method arises. The Taylor expansion is used below to analyze the error committed by the Euler method, and it can be extended to produce Runge–Kutta methods.


title: Euler method

text: A closely related derivation is to substitute the forward finite difference formula for the derivative,


title: Euler method

text: in the differential equation formula_57. Again, this yields the Euler method. A similar computation leads to the midpoint method and the backward Euler method.


title: Euler method

text: Finally, one can integrate the differential equation from formula_53 to formula_59 and apply the fundamental theorem of calculus to get:


title: Euler method

text: Combining both equations, one finds again the Euler method. This line of thought can be continued to arrive at various linear multistep methods.


title: Euler method

text: The local truncation error of the Euler method is the error made in a single step. It is the difference between the numerical solution after one step, formula_62, and the exact solution at time formula_63. The numerical solution is given by


title: Euler method

text: The local truncation error (LTE) introduced by the Euler method is given by the difference between these equations:


title: Euler method

text: This shows that for small formula_9, the local truncation error is approximately proportional to formula_69. This makes the Euler method less accurate (for small formula_9) than other higher-order techniques such as Runge-Kutta methods and linear multistep methods, for which the local truncation error is proportional to a higher power of the step size.


title: Euler method

text: A slightly different formulation for the local truncation error can be obtained by using the Lagrange form for the remainder term in Taylor's theorem. If formula_33 has a continuous second derivative, then there exists a formula_72 such that


title: Euler method

text: In the above expressions for the error, the second derivative of the unknown exact solution formula_33 can be replaced by an expression involving the right-hand side of the differential equation. Indeed, it follows from the equation formula_55 that


title: Euler method

text: The global truncation error is the error at a fixed time formula_34, after however many steps the method needs to take to reach that time from the initial time. The global truncation error is the cumulative effect of the local truncation errors committed in each step. The number of steps is easily determined to be formula_78, which is proportional to formula_79, and the error committed in each step is proportional to formula_69 (see the previous section). Thus, it is to be expected that the global truncation error will be proportional to formula_9.


title: Euler method

text: This intuitive reasoning can be made precise. If the solution formula_33 has a bounded second derivative and formula_29 is Lipschitz continuous in its second argument, then the global truncation error (GTE) is bounded by


title: Euler method

text: where formula_85 is an upper bound on the second derivative of formula_33 on the given interval and formula_87 is the Lipschitz constant of formula_29.


title: Euler method

text: The precise form of this bound is of little practical importance, as in most cases the bound vastly overestimates the actual error committed by the Euler method. What is important is that it shows that the global truncation error is (approximately) proportional to formula_9. For this reason, the Euler method is said to be first order.


title: Euler method

text: The Euler method can also be numerically unstable, especially for stiff equations, meaning that the numerical solution grows very large for equations where the exact solution does not. This can be illustrated using the linear equation


title: Euler method

text: The exact solution is formula_91, which decays to zero as formula_92. However, if the Euler method is applied to this equation with step size formula_93, then the numerical solution is qualitatively wrong: It oscillates and grows (see the figure). This is what it means to be unstable. If a smaller step size is used, for instance formula_94, then the numerical solution does decay to zero.


title: Euler method

text: If the Euler method is applied to the linear equation formula_95, then the numerical solution is unstable if the product formula_96 is outside the region


title: Euler method

text: illustrated on the right. This region is called the (linear) "stability region". In the example, formula_98, so if formula_99 then formula_100 which is outside the stability region, and thus the numerical solution is unstable.


title: Euler method

text: This limitation — along with its slow convergence of error with formula_9 — means that the Euler method is not often used, except as a simple example of numerical integration.


title: Euler method

text: In step formula_102 of the Euler method, the rounding error is roughly of the magnitude formula_103 where formula_104 is the machine epsilon. Assuming that the rounding errors are independent random variables, the expected total rounding error is proportional to formula_105. Thus, for extremely small values of the step size the truncation error will be small but the effect of rounding error may be big. Most of the effect of rounding error can be easily avoided if compensated summation is used in the formula for the Euler method.


title: Euler method

text: A simple modification of the Euler method which eliminates the stability problems noted above is the backward Euler method:


title: Euler method

text: This differs from the (standard, or forward) Euler method in that the function formula_29 is evaluated at the end point of the step, instead of the starting point. The backward Euler method is an implicit method, meaning that the formula for the backward Euler method has formula_108 on both sides, so when applying the backward Euler method we have to solve an equation. This makes the implementation more costly.


title: Euler method

text: Other modifications of the Euler method that help with stability yield the exponential Euler method or the semi-implicit Euler method.


title: Euler method

text: More complicated methods can achieve a higher order (and more accuracy). One possibility is to use more function evaluations. This is illustrated by the midpoint method which is already mentioned in this article:


title: Euler method

text: The other possibility is to use more past values, as illustrated by the two-step Adams–Bashforth method:


title: Euler method

text: This leads to the family of linear multistep methods. There are other modifications which uses techniques from compressive sensing to minimize memory usage


title: Euler method

text: In the film "Hidden Figures", Katherine Goble resorts to the Euler method in calculating the re-entry of astronaut John Glenn from Earth orbit.


title: Bloop

text: Bloop was an ultra-low-frequency, high amplitude underwater sound detected by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in 1997. By 2012, earlier speculation that the sound originated from a marine animal was replaced by NOAA's description of the sound as being consistent with noises generated via non-tectonic cryoseisms originating from glacial movements such as ice calving, or through seabed gouging by ice.


title: Bloop

text: The sound's source was roughly triangulated to , a remote point in the south Pacific Ocean west of the southern tip of South America. The sound was detected by the Equatorial Pacific Ocean autonomous hydrophone array, a system of hydrophones primarily used to monitor undersea seismicity, ice noise, and marine mammal population and migration. This is a stand-alone system designed and built by NOAA's Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) to augment NOAA's use of the U.S. Navy Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS), which was equipment originally designed to detect Soviet submarines.


title: Bloop

text: The NOAA Vents Program has attributed the sound to that of a large cryoseism (also known as an ice quake). Numerous ice quakes share similar spectrograms with Bloop, as well as the amplitude necessary to detect them despite ranges exceeding 5000 km. This was found during the tracking of iceberg A53a as it disintegrated near South Georgia Island in early 2008. The iceberg(s) involved in generating the sound were most likely between Bransfield Straits and the Ross Sea; or possibly at Cape Adare, a well-known source of cryogenic signals. Sounds generated by ice quakes are easily determined through the use of hydrophones since sea water, an excellent sound channel, allows the ambient sounds generated through ice activities to travel great distances.


title: Bloop

text: In ice calving, variations result from a sound source's own motion. As oceanographer Yunbo Xie explains, the alteration of waveforms from a detected sound "can also be caused by so-called angular frequency dependent radiation patterns associated with antisymmetric mode motion of the ice cover."


title: Bloop

text: Two processes known as rubbing and ridging are responsible for acoustical emissions similar to those from ice calving. Rubbing involves two or more areas of compacted glacial ice floes which are being forced together, inducing shear deformation at its edges and triggering horizontally-polarized shear waves, i. e. "SH waves". Ridging occurs when that ice bends or slides at the ridges. According to Xie, both events will produce sound in the failure sequence (breakup) of an ice floe:


title: Bloop

text: NOAA's Christopher Fox, interviewed by David Wolman for an article in "New Scientist", did not believe its origin was man-made, such as a submarine or bomb, nor a familiar geological event such as a volcano or an earthquake. Fox stated that while the audio profile of Bloop does resemble that of a living creature, the source was a mystery because it would be "far more powerful than the calls made by any animal on Earth." Wolman states in the article that Fox initially speculated Bloop to be ice calving in Antarctica, but later came to believe the sound to be like that of an animal in origin:


title: Bloop

text: According to author Philip Hayward, Wolman's speculations "amplified Fox's 'hunch' and—through the use of the word 'likely'—opened the door for subsequent speculation as to what such an 'efficient' noise-making entity might be. Over the last decade consensus has, in fact, supported the argument that the noise is produced by ice fracturing processes."


title: Lola Glaudini

text: Lola Glaudini (born November 24, 1971) is an American actress. She is best known for her portrayal of Elle Greenaway on CBS's "Criminal Minds" and for her role as Deborah Ciccerone-Waldrup on HBO's "The Sopranos".