title: Scott Pilgrim

text: Meanwhile, Envy and Gideon are preparing for the opening of the Chaos Theatre. Envy is overworked and asks Gideon to take a break. He comments that all the work is necessary, and dressing her up is very fulfilling to him; she retorts that he merely sees her as a doll.


title: Scott Pilgrim

text: Scott arrives in town and reaches the Chaos Theatre on its opening night to look for Ramona. Along the way he meets up with Wallace, passes by Stephen, runs into Julie and her friends, his sister Stacey, Young Neil (finally acknowledging him as "Neil"), and finally Knives and Tamara. The show suddenly begins with Envy as the opening act. The lyrics clue Scott in that Gideon is near him, and the final battle begins. During the fight, Gideon reveals he didn't take Ramona and is surprised that Scott came without her, as the night's events were planned around Ramona. Gideon stuns Scott with a punch and pulls out Scott's sword, the Power of Love, from his body. Upon learning that Ramona has left him, Gideon offers to make Scott the newest member of the League of Evil Exes. Scott refuses, to which Gideon responds by impaling him with his sword, killing Scott. He then buys everyone a round of drinks.


title: Scott Pilgrim

text: Scott finds himself in subspace, lamenting his defeat, when Ramona suddenly tells him he is just having a dream. The two talk, during which Ramona apologizes for leaving Scott so suddenly, and explains she only did so to find herself; not to hurt Scott, though it had the opposite effect. Ramona also reveals that she only came back to apologize to Scott to make herself feel better. Scott stops her mid-sentence with a kiss. Ramona stops him, but Scott tells her that he has already forgiven her, and they might as well make the best of the dream. Ramona reveals that Scott actually is dead; however, the extra life he got back in Volume 3 suddenly appears, and Scott finds himself in the Chaos Theater, revived. Ramona soon arrives by coming out of him through subspace. Seeing this, Gideon falls back on his original plan and reveals seven frozen capsules above the stage. Inside the capsules are six girls dressed in tattered nightgowns, with the seventh capsule empty. Gideon reveals that they are his former girlfriends whom he has kept frozen in order to revive and date at a later time. He wishes for Ramona to join them, to which Ramona declines, thus initiating the final battle.


title: Scott Pilgrim

text: Gideon reveals his ability to use the glow as a sort of projectile, and fires it as a wide spray of light at the crowd before attacking Scott and Ramona with his sword. During the battle, Scott and Ramona begin succumbing to the effects of the glow, which causes them to argue. Scott asks why he is fighting Gideon in the first place since Ramona left him, to which Ramona says she's right here fighting beside him. Scott then asks who started this mess in the first place. Gideon blames Ramona, revealing that after she left him, he got drunk and posted a rant on Craigslist. Much to his surprise, Ramona's exes responded, thus starting the league. Ramona figures they didn't turn evil until after meeting Gideon. She then asks why Gideon wants her back, as he always pushed her away during their relationship. His Memory Cam indeed proves this, but he refuses to acknowledge it.


title: Scott Pilgrim

text: Seeing no way to defeat Gideon, Ramona begins to disappear again, but is stabbed by Gideon mid-teleport and mortally wounded. Gideon then realizes how she left him the first time: using the glow to go into subspace. He exposes how he got so rich, saying that he used the glow as emotional warfare by sealing people inside their heads with their issues. Gideon then vanishes. As Ramona lies dying on the floor, she tells Scott that Gideon can literally get inside people's heads - specifically her head. This inspires Scott to enter subspace too, and so he uses Ramona's bag as a portal into her mind.


title: Scott Pilgrim

text: Once there, he confronts a twisted form of Gideon, which is seen as a god surrounded by his former girlfriends, including a chained Ramona, who seems head over heels for him. He claims that this was her "innermost desire" and he starts growing in size. Fed up with his arrogance, Scott headbutts Gideon with the glow, returning Gideon to his original size. Gideon slashes Scott in half, commenting that not only is he immune to the glow since he has been trapped in his own mind since childhood, but also that Scott has no power in Ramona's head.


title: Scott Pilgrim

text: Suddenly, the enslaved version of Ramona transforms into the real Ramona, who has entered her own mind to set things right. She admits that part of her does belong to Gideon, but the other parts of her, which appear in the form of multiple past Ramona designs, are finished with him. Finally free of Gideon's control, she orders him to get out of her head. Gideon agrees to do so, but not before finishing off Scott. The army of Ramonas surge forth to defend Scott just as Gideon moves to deliver the killing blow.


title: Scott Pilgrim

text: The trio end up back in the real world where Ramona blocks Gideon's strike with her purse, breaking the subspace inside it. The suitcase explodes, sending all manner of junk flying out of the purse, knocking Gideon off his feet. Ramona then takes Scott's Power of Love Sword, which heals her wounds, and officially declares her relationship with Gideon over. Envy asks if Gideon is okay, and he coldly rebuffs her. Scott witnesses this and, upon recalling his own breakups with Envy, Knives, Kim, and Ramona, realizes that he has been no better at relationships than Gideon. He then looks at the crowd and sees his friends, including a vision of Kim, all watching and waiting for him to finish the fight. He realizes that despite his past mistakes, he can still redeem himself and become a better person. With this understanding, Scott levels up and gains a new sword from his body, the Power of Understanding, and stands ready with Ramona to finish the fight.


title: Scott Pilgrim

text: Gideon grabs Envy and pulls out a sword from her dress, and the fight begins again. During the fight, Gideon reveals he was spying on Scott and Ramona through Scott's head via the subspace highway, "spicing up" some of Scott's boring high school memories along the way, which is why Scott was having memory problems throughout the series. This only infuriates Ramona even more, who disarms Gideon. He comments that getting rid of him won't change anything since they're their own worst enemy. Scott and Ramona agree together that he's much worse and finish him off. Gideon bursts into $7,777,777 worth of coins which rain down on the crowd. Envy confronts the duo next, but hugs Scott, which he views as closure for their past relationship. Envy also mentions that she wanted a relationship with Gideon but knew it would never work out. With that, Envy continues the show as Gideon's ex-girlfriends are released from their capsules.


title: Scott Pilgrim

text: Afterwards, Scott and Ramona meet up with the others, who mention the club getting shut down after that night. Scott recalls what happened in the bag, though the others don't believe him, and Ramona reveals where she went after she disappeared: back to her dad's house to try and get herself together. Leaving the club, Scott and Ramona reaffirm their relationship and agree to give it another shot. The next night after work, Scott finds out that Stephen is gay and is currently dating Joseph. Scott and Kim try to start a new band called Shatter Band. The next day, Scott sees Knives off to college. Finally, Scott meets up with Ramona, who is waiting for him at a subspace door, ready to begin their relationship anew. With that, they hold hands and disappear into subspace together.


title: Scott Pilgrim

text: All of these ancillary stories are available to read on the Scott Pilgrim Website. A collector's box containing all six volumes and a fold-in poster was released in North America on November 3, 2010.


title: Scott Pilgrim

text: "Scott Pilgrim's Precious Little Life" was re-released in color in August 2012, with the others being released on an irregular schedule, the last in May 2015. The hardcover color editions contain bonus content such as original sketches and creator notes.


title: Scott Pilgrim

text: The entire series was re-released in color again in July 2019 as the "Scott Pilgrim Color Collection", collected into 3 larger-format paperback volumes. These three books were released individually and as a box set.


title: Scott Pilgrim

text: Publishers Weekly ranked the third volume, "Scott Pilgrim & The Infinite Sadness", as one of the best comic books of 2006 in a critics' poll.


title: Scott Pilgrim

text: Scott Pilgrim was ranked 85th on Wizard magazine's 2008 list of the "200 Greatest Comic Characters of All Time".


title: Scott Pilgrim

text: In 2007, O'Malley was interviewed by The A.V. Club for the fourth volume. Written by Jason Heller, the article states that "Gets It Together" is "his best to date." The article goes on to praise O'Malley's consistent bold stylistic choices, saying that he "has raised the bar, art-wise: His deceptively basic style is suddenly deeper, richer, and more mature, while his eye for dynamics and graphic economy has gotten even keener."


title: Scott Pilgrim

text: Japanese comics author Kentaro Takekuma said in an interview that the structure and style of "Scott Pilgrim" initially did not match the structure and style of Japanese comics, but when he read the battle scenes "it feels very much like a Japanese manga, especially in how you structured the panels. It develops into a very strange, neither American nor Japanese atmosphere." Comics author Koji Aihara added that "I did feel the inspiration from Japanese manga, but it did not strike me as a ripoff of manga style, but a very unique way of expression, I found it a very interesting work. I appreciated you using your own style of expression. Also, I thought your use of solid blacks was very skilled and attractive."


title: Scott Pilgrim

text: In 2005, O'Malley won the Doug Wright Award for Best Emerging Talent for the first volume of "Scott Pilgrim" and was nominated for three Harvey Awards (Best New Talent, Best Cartoonist and Best Graphic Album of Original Work).


title: Scott Pilgrim

text: In 2006, O'Malley was awarded Outstanding Canadian Comic Book Cartoonist (Writer/Artist) in the Joe Shuster Awards. He was previously nominated in the same category in 2005.


title: Scott Pilgrim

text: O'Malley was nominated for a 2006 Eisner Award in the category Best Writer/Artist—Humor, for "Scott Pilgrim Vs. The World", but lost to Kyle Baker. O'Malley and "Scott Pilgrim" were also nominated for two 2006 Eagle Awards, and nominated for a second Wright Award (for "Scott Pilgrim Vs. The World").


title: Scott Pilgrim

text: In 2007, O'Malley won the Harvey Award. The series was also awarded a spot in Entertainment Weekly's 2007 A-List.


title: Scott Pilgrim

text: In 2010, O'Malley won his first Eisner Award in the "Best Humor Publication" category for "Scott Pilgrim Vs. The Universe."


title: Scott Pilgrim

text: The film "Scott Pilgrim vs. the World" was released on August 13, 2010. It is based on all six volumes of the graphic novel series with the final book being released after original filming wrapped; this led to a new ending being filmed to match the books before the film's release. The film is directed by Edgar Wright and stars Michael Cera and Mary Elizabeth Winstead as Scott and Ramona, respectively.


title: Scott Pilgrim

text: The film was a critical success, but did not fare well commercially in cinemas. However, its commercial fortunes improved after being released on Blu-ray and DVD. The DVD includes extras including bloopers, outtakes, deleted scenes, storyboards (which include the ending provided by the comics), and trailers. The 2-disc edition includes soundtracks, animation (when Scott dates Kim), and a making-of.


title: Scott Pilgrim

text: At the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con, Alison Pill (who plays Kim Pine in the movie), revealed that her character's past relationship with Scott will be explored in other media. "There will be a little something-something that will air on Adult Swim," she said.


title: Scott Pilgrim

text: Creator Bryan Lee O'Malley elaborated by stating "It's gonna be like a series of short animations (to promote the movie). One of them will be the Volume 2 high school stuff with Kim and Lisa Miller. I don't know how long it will be but the rough they showed me was like 5 minutes. The stars of the movie will do the voices for the cartoons." Michael Cera and Alison Pill reprise their roles of Scott Pilgrim and Kim Pine from the movie, whilst Mae Whitman and Jason Schwartzman, who play Roxanne Richter and Gideon Graves in the movie, provide voices for Lisa Miller and Simon Lee respectively. The animated short, entitled "Scott Pilgrim vs. the Animation", was produced by Titmouse Inc. and aired on Adult Swim on August 12, 2010, later being released on their website.


title: Scott Pilgrim

text: The short is based on the flashback from the second graphic novel, elaborating on Scott's adventures in high school. The animation features the songs "Post Acid" and "Beach Demon" by Wavves, though it is replaced with the film's soundtrack in the version included on the DVD/Blu-ray release of the film.


title: Scott Pilgrim

text: A video game based on the series, also titled "Scott Pilgrim vs. The World", was announced during San Diego Comic-Con 2009 and was developed by Ubisoft Montreal, released alongside the film. The game is a four-player side-scroller influenced by 8-bit and 16-bit video games, with players able to play as Scott Pilgrim, Ramona Flowers, Kim Pine and Stephen Stills (Knives Chau and Wallace Wells were added later as downloadable characters; in the base game, they are respectively an assist character and a shopkeeper). After the player completes the game with Scott, Ramona, Stephen Stills, and Kim, they unlock NegaScott. Mr. Chau (Knives Chau's father), is also an unlockable assist character. The game features music by chiptune punk band Anamanaguchi and art direction by Paul Robertson.


title: Scott Pilgrim

text: The game was released on PlayStation Network on August 10, 2010 and Xbox Live Arcade on August 25, 2010.


title: Scott Pilgrim

text: On December 30, 2014, "Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: The Game" was delisted from the Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Network. This follows the earlier delistings of the video games "Uno" and "Marvel vs. Capcom Origins". The game was delisted due to the licenses running out. On September 10, 2020, Ubisoft announced that the game would finally be re-released in honor of its 10th anniversary titled Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: The Game - Complete Edition. The game was released on PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch, PC, and Stadia, on January 14, 2021, with all downloadable content packaged into the game.


title: Scott Pilgrim

text: A mobile adaptation of the comic book was produced by HarperCollins and Robot Comics. The app uses movement, sound and vibration to create an original reading experience and includes extra material hidden in the scenes of the comic. It was available for iPhone, iPod Touch, iPad and Android.


title: Scott Pilgrim

text: An anime series based on the comics was announced to be in development by Universal Content Productions for Netflix on January 7, 2022 with O'Malley writing and executive producing alongside BenDavid Grabinski, Japanese studio Science Saru providing the animation, Eunyoung Choi serving as producer, and Abel Góngora as director. Edgar Wright, Nira Park, Marc Platt, Jared LeBoff, Adam Seigel, and Michael Bacall will also receive executive producer credits for the series.


title: Aleksandar Rakić

text: Aleksandar Rakić (born February 6, 1992) is an Austrian mixed martial artist of Serbian descent. He currently competes in the Light Heavyweight division in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). A professional since 2011, Rakić has also competed for the Final Fight Championship in his native Austria. As of December 6, 2022, he is #5 in the UFC light heavyweight rankings.


title: Aleksandar Rakić

text: Rakić was born and raised in Vienna, Austria, into a Serb family. As a child, he played football. However, he was aggressive up to a point where he was expelled from the team. As a way to unload his excess energy, Rakić started competing in kickboxing and boxing when he was 13 years old. He accumulated over 40 fights prior to transitioning into MMA at the age of 19, as he wanted to incorporate grappling and wrestling into his fighting skills.


title: Aleksandar Rakić

text: Rakić started his professional MMA career in 2011, competing primarily in the European circuit, and amassed a record of 8–1 before being signed by the UFC in March 2017.


title: Aleksandar Rakić

text: Rakić made his UFC debut on September 2, 2017, against Francimar Barroso at UFC Fight Night 115 in Rotterdam, Netherlands. He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Aleksandar Rakić

text: Rakić was expected to face Gadzhimurad Antigulov on February 24, 2018, at UFC on Fox 28. However, it was reported on February 7, 2018, that Antigulov was pulled from the fight, citing injury, as a result, the bout was cancelled.


title: Aleksandar Rakić

text: His next fight came on July 22, 2018, at UFC Fight Night 134 against Justin Ledet. He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Aleksandar Rakić

text: Rakić next faced Jimi Manuwa on June 1, 2019, at UFC Fight Night 153. He won the fight by knockout with a head kick in the opening minute of the fight. The win also earned his first "Performance of the Night" bonus award.


title: Aleksandar Rakić

text: Rakić faced Volkan Oezdemir on December 21, 2019, at UFC Fight Night 165 He lost the fight via split decision. 7 out of 8 media members scored the fight for Rakić.


title: Aleksandar Rakić

text: On February 17, 2020, Rakić announced on his social media that he had signed a new, six-fight contract with the UFC.


title: Aleksandar Rakić

text: Rakić faced Anthony Smith on August 29, 2020, at UFC Fight Night 175. He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Aleksandar Rakić

text: Rakić was scheduled to face former light heavyweight champion Jan Błachowicz on March 26, 2022, at UFC on ESPN 33. However, in late January, Błachowicz withdrew due to an injury and the bout was rescheduled for UFC on ESPN 36 on May 14, 2022. Rakić lost the fight via technical knockout in round three after being rendered unable to continue after tearing his anterior cruciate ligament. He hurt his knee three weeks prior to the fight during sparring.


title: Spy Kids: All the Time in the World

text: Spy Kids: All the Time in the World (also known as Spy Kids 4-D: All the Time in the World) is a 2011 American spy action comedy film written and directed by Robert Rodriguez. It is the fourth and final installment in the "Spy Kids" film series, and is a stand-alone sequel to 2003's "". The film stars Jessica Alba, Joel McHale, Alexa Vega, Daryl Sabara, Rowan Blanchard, Mason Cook, Ricky Gervais, and Jeremy Piven. It is the first film in the series without the participation of Antonio Banderas or Carla Gugino and not to be distributed by Miramax Films.


title: Spy Kids: All the Time in the World

text: The film held its world premiere screening on July 31, 2011, in Los Angeles, California and was then released in the United States on August 19, 2011. It is the only film in the series that uses "Aroma-scope" to allow people to smell odors and aromas from the film via scratch & sniff cards (reminiscent of the 1981 film "Polyester").


title: Spy Kids: All the Time in the World

text: OSS agent Marissa Wilson is attempting to capture a criminal named Tick Tock, who purchases a mini-disk stolen from the OSS. Despite being nine months pregnant, she continues her pursuit against the admonitions of her boss Danger D'Amo. Tick Tock is captured and the mini-disk, which contains information on a weapon of mass destruction called Project: Armageddon, is retrieved.


title: Spy Kids: All the Time in the World

text: At the hospital, Marissa meets her spy-hunting TV host husband, Wilbur, and her two stepchildren, twins Rebecca and Cecil. Marissa gives birth to a daughter, Maria. A year later, Wilbur has created a 5-year plan in which if his show is successful, he will spend more time with the kids. Rebecca does not accept Marissa as a replacement for her deceased mother and delights in playing pranks on her. Attempting to strengthen her rapport with Rebecca, Marissa gives her a red-sapphire necklace. The media reports that time is speeding up at an increasing rate.


title: Spy Kids: All the Time in the World

text: A criminal mastermind called the Time Keeper claims responsibility, saying that he will unleash Project: Armageddon as a punishment upon a society that he believes wastes time with meaningless pursuits instead of treasuring time with their loved ones. The Time Keeper demands that Tick Tock bring him the Chronos Sapphire, which is revealed to be the jewel in the necklace Marissa gave to Rebecca. The OSS calls Marissa out of retirement and instructs her to bring the Sapphire with her. When Marissa asks for it from Rebecca, it further strains their relationship.


title: Spy Kids: All the Time in the World

text: At OSS Headquarters, Marissa discovers that Rebecca has swapped out the Chronos Sapphire for baby food. Tick Tock's henchmen break into Marissa's house, and Rebecca and Cecil are directed to take refuge in a Panic Room, where they view a video of Marissa informing them of her secret career and that their dog Argonaut is a talking, weaponized robot. The twins escape and go to OSS headquarters, where Marissa's niece and their step-cousin, Carmen Cortez, gives the twins a tour of the defunct Spy Kids Division, allowing them to take a gadget as a souvenir each.


title: Spy Kids: All the Time in the World

text: The twins go after the Time Keeper, where their search leads them to a clock shop, which is Tick Tock's headquarters. The twins view a video of the Wells Experiment, which reveals the nature of the Chronos Sapphire in Rebecca's necklace, as it saves a boy frozen in time by the experiment. The twins are captured by Tick Tock but are rescued by Marissa and Carmen, though Tick Tock manages to steal the Sapphire. Wilbur begins an investigation to capture his first spy and unknowingly captures footage of his family fighting off the Time Keeper's henchmen.


title: Spy Kids: All the Time in the World

text: Shocked to learn that Marissa is a spy, he gets fired when he destroys the footage that he and his cameraman filmed of the battle and becomes estranged from Marissa and the children. As time continues to speed up, OSS agents are debriefed on the Wells Experiment. The OSS shut down the experiment and place the device under lockdown. Among the agents assigned to the case is Carmen's estranged brother, Juni Cortez. The twins confront Danger over the fact that his watch is similar to the one worn by the Time Keeper, and his name is an anagram of "Armageddon".


title: Spy Kids: All the Time in the World

text: He reveals that he is the Time Keeper and imprisons them in their room. When a group of OSS agents led by Marissa, Carmen, and Juni return to the clock shop to confront the Time Keeper, he freezes the agents in time using circuitry in their ID badges and does the same to 18 major cities. Juni, who wasn't frozen due to Carmen angrily throwing away his ID badge into the trash, manages to free Marissa and Carmen. Danger reveals the Armageddon Device was created to travel back in time and that his father was head of the Wells Experiment, and he was the boy frozen in time.


title: Spy Kids: All the Time in the World

text: His father spent the rest of his life trying unsuccessfully to set him free. The OSS managed to shut down the experiment with a solution that "literally fell from the sky", the Chronos Sapphire. Now, Danger plans to use the Armageddon Device to go back in time to spend more time with his father. Cecil deduces that Danger has already tried this before multiple times, but he comes back worse each time and reveals that Tick Tock and his minions are all versions of himself. Rebecca tells Danger that he should use what time he has wisely instead of trying to acquire more.


title: Spy Kids: All the Time in the World

text: Danger enters the finally open time vortex and goes to finally meets his father, then he returns as an elderly form of himself and realizes that Cecil was right. He shuts down the device, and Tick Tock is apprehended by Wilbur, who is reunited with Marissa and the children, promising he won't wait to have time for them, instead he will make time for them. Carmen and Juni announce they will co-lead a revived Spy Kids program, while Rebecca and Cecil become recruiters of new agents, including the kids watching the movie.


title: Spy Kids: All the Time in the World

text: Additionally, Belle and Genny Solorzano portray Maria Wilson/Spy Baby, Marissa and Wilbur's daughter, and Rebecca and Cecil's half-sister. Danny Trejo portrays Isador "Machete" Cortez, Carmen and Juni's uncle and Marissa's brother and Angela Lanza portrays Female Spy OSS Agent.


title: Spy Kids: All the Time in the World

text: Robert Rodriguez was prompted by an incident on the set of "Machete" (a stand-alone film focusing on the "Spy Kids" supporting character of the same name) to start envisioning a fourth main film in the "Spy Kids" series. Star Jessica Alba had her then-one year old baby Honor Marie and was dressed to appear on camera when her baby's diaper "exploded". Watching Alba change the diaper while trying not to get anything on her clothes prompted Rodriguez to think "What about a spy mom?" Production on the film was officially announced on September 25, 2009, six years after the release of "", by Dimension Films. The script for the film was completed by Robert Rodriguez in December 2009. The title for the film was officially revealed as "Spy Kids: All the Time in the World" on March 24, 2010 as well as an August 2011 release window, which was later updated to an August 19, 2011 release date.


title: Spy Kids: All the Time in the World

text: The film was released on DVD, Blu-ray, 3D Blu-ray and on DVD + Blu-ray + Digital Copy combo packs on November 22, 2011.


title: Spy Kids: All the Time in the World

text: The film took in $4 million on its opening day and $11 million over the three-day weekend, debuting in third place behind "The Help" and "Rise of the Planet of the Apes". That was on the low end of expectations, but an executive of The Weinstein Company said, "We're okay with this number. We're going to be in good shape with this film, and it will play for the rest of the summer". The following weekend, it dropped 48% to $6 million, and took sixth place, and on the following weekend, it earned an additional $6.8 million over the four-day Labor Day Weekend. As of November 2011, the film earned $38 million in the U.S and $47 million in other countries for a worldwide gross of $85 million, becoming the poorest performing film in the series.


title: Spy Kids: All the Time in the World

text: "Spy Kids: All the Time in the World" received generally negative reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 23% based on reviews from 61 critics, with an average rating of 3.9 out of 10. The websites consensus states "Burdened by a rote plot and unfunny scatological humor, "All the Time in the World" suggests that the "Spy Kids" franchise has run its course." On Metacritic it has a score of 37 out of 100 based on 14 reviews, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was a “B+“ on an A+ to F scale. Common Sense Media gave the film 1 out of 5 stars. The website reads, "Positive messages can't save worst film in action series."


title: Spy Kids: All the Time in the World

text: Dimension Films had announced the fifth installment in the "Spy Kids" film series following "Spy Kids: All the Time in the World". It was under talks to have the original cast expected to return. However, the film was permanently delayed from its intended 2012 production, as the film's stars Rowan Blanchard and Mason Cook, who are no longer kids, were both committed to other projects ("Girl Meets World" and "Speechless" respectively), and the planned sequel got cancelled as a result.


title: Spy Kids: All the Time in the World

text: On June 16, 2016, Netflix and The Weinstein Company announced an animated CGI reboot of the "Spy Kids" film series titled "Spy Kids: Mission Critical", which was released in 2018.


title: Spy Kids: All the Time in the World

text: A reboot of the film series was announced in January 2021, with Robert Rodriguez serving as the director and writer of the film and it will be a joint-venture production between Skydance Media and Spyglass Media Group. In March 2022, Netflix acquired the distribution rights for the film. The reboot will be called "Spy Kids: Armageddon", which was the original title for "Spy Kids: All the Time in the World". In June 2022, it was announced that Gina Rodriguez, Zachary Levi, Everly Carganilla, and Connor Esterson were set to star in the film. In July 2022, it was also announced that Billy Magnussen is set to star in the film.


title: Elba

text: Elba (, ; ) is a Mediterranean island in Tuscany, Italy, from the coastal town of Piombino on the Italian mainland, and the largest island of the Tuscan Archipelago. It is also part of the Arcipelago Toscano National Park, and the third largest island in Italy, after Sicily and Sardinia. It is located in the Tyrrhenian Sea about east of the French island of Corsica.


title: Elba

text: The island is part of the province of Livorno and is divided into seven municipalities, with a total population of about 30,000 inhabitants which increases considerably during the summer. The municipalities are Portoferraio (which is also the island's principal town), Campo nell'Elba, Capoliveri, Marciana, Marciana Marina, Porto Azzurro, and Rio.


title: Elba

text: Elba is the largest remaining stretch of land from the ancient tract that once connected the Italian peninsula to Corsica. The northern coast faces the Ligurian Sea, the eastern coast the Piombino Channel, the southern coast the Tyrrhenian Sea, and the Corsica Channel divides the western tip of the island from neighbouring Corsica.


title: Elba

text: The island itself is made up of slices of rocks which once formed part of the ancient Tethyan seafloor. These rocks have been through at least two orogenies, the Alpine orogeny and the Apennine orogeny. The second of these two events was associated with subduction of the Tethyan oceanic crust underneath Italy and the obduction of parts of the ancient seafloor onto the continents. Later extension within the stretched inner part of the Apennine mountains caused adiabatic melting and the intrusion of the Mount Capanne and the La Serra-Porto Azzuro granitoids. These igneous bodies brought with them skarn fluids which dissolved and replaced some of the carbonate units, precipitating iron-rich minerals in their place. One of the iron-rich minerals, ilvaite, was first identified on the island and takes its name from the Latin word for Elba. More recently, high-angle faults formed within the tectonic pile, allowing for the migration of iron-rich fluids through the crust. The deposits left behind by these fluids formed the island's rich seams of iron ore.


title: Elba

text: The terrain is quite varied and is thus divided into several areas based on geomorphology. The mountainous and most recent part of the island can be found to the west, the centre of which is dominated by Mount Capanne (at a height of 1,018 metres, or 3,340 feet), also called the "roof of the Tuscan Archipelago". The mountain is home to many animal species including the mouflon and wild boar, two species that flourish despite the continuous influx of tourists. The central part of the island is a mostly flat section with the width being reduced to just four kilometres (). It is where the major centres can be found: Portoferraio, Campo nell'Elba. To the east is the oldest part of the island, formed over 3 million years ago. In the hilly area, dominated by Monte Calamita, are the deposits of iron that made Elba famous.


title: Elba

text: Rivers rarely exceed in length, and it is common for the shorter ones to dry up during the summer. The largest rivers, sorted by length, are:


title: Elba

text: Between Poggio and Marciana, at the foot of Mount Capanne, is a spring called Fonte Napoleone, known for its quality.


title: Elba

text: The climate of the island is predominantly Mediterranean, except for Mount Capanne, where winters tend to be moderately cold. Precipitation is concentrated in autumn and comprises a normal rainfall. The island lies in the rain shadow of the large and mountainous island of Corsica, so precipitation totals are somewhat reduced from the mainland (most of the island receives less than 750 mm (30 inches) annually). Snowfall in winter is rare in the lowlands and melts quickly. The table below shows the average temperatures for the islands by month.


title: Elba

text: The island was originally inhabited by Ligures Ilvates, who gave it the ancient name Ilva. It was well known from very ancient times for its iron resources and valued mines. The Greeks called it Aethalia (Αἰθαλία, "smoky"), after the fumes of the metal producing furnaces.


title: Elba

text: Apollonius of Rhodes mentions it in his epic poem "Argonautica", describing that the Argonauts rested here during their travels. He writes that signs of their visit were still visible in his day, including skin-coloured pebbles that they dried their hands on and large stones which they used at discus. Strabo (5.2.6) presents a slightly different account: "because the scrapings, which the Argonauts formed when they used their strigils, became congealed, the pebbles on the shore remain variegated still to this day."


title: Elba

text: The island was then settled by the Etruscans, who started mining iron at Elba, and later (after 480 BC) by the Romans, who called the island Ilva.


title: Elba

text: In the early medieval period, Elba was invaded by the Ostrogoths and the Lombards, and then it became a possession of the Republic of Pisa. After the battle of Meloria, the Republic of Genova took possession of Elba, but it was regained by Pisa in 1292. The island was retained for two centuries by the Appiani family, Lords of Piombino, when they sold Pisa to the house of Visconti of Milan in 1399.


title: Elba

text: In 1544, the Barbary pirates from North Africa devastated Elba and the coasts of Tuscany. In 1546, part of the island was handed over to Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, who fortified Portoferraio and renamed it "Cosmopoli", while the rest of the island was returned to the Appiani in 1577. In 1596, Philip II of Spain captured Porto Longone and had two fortresses built there. This part of Elba came into the direct power of Spain through the State of the Presidi, including Porto Longone. In 1736, the sovereignty of this part of Elba was claimed by the Kingdom of Naples but remained abandoned.


title: Elba

text: The British landed on the Island of Elba in 1796, after the occupation of Livorno by the French Republican troops, to protect the 4,000 French royalists who had found asylum in Portoferraio two years earlier. In 1801, the Peace of Luneville gave Elba to the Kingdom of Etruria, and it was transferred to France in 1802 by the Peace of Amiens.


title: Elba

text: The French Emperor Napoleon was exiled to Elba, after his forced abdication following the Treaty of Fontainebleau, and conveyed to the island on HMS "Undaunted" by Captain Thomas Ussher; he arrived at Portoferraio on 4 May 1814. He was allowed to keep a personal guard of 600 men and was nominally sovereign of Elba, although the nearby sea was patrolled by the French and British navies. During the months that he stayed on the island, Napoleon carried out a series of economic and social reforms to improve the quality of life. After staying for almost ten months, he escaped to France on 26 February 1815. At the Congress of Vienna, Elba was restored to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. In 1860, it became part of the new unified Kingdom of Italy.


title: Elba

text: During the Second World War, the island was liberated from German occupation by the French "1 Corps d'Armée" supported by British forces including Royal Naval Commandos on 17 June 1944, in "Opération Brassard". Faulty intelligence and strong defences made the battle more difficult than expected.


title: Elba

text: In recent decades, thanks to its rich cultural heritage, cuisine and nature, the island has become an important international tourist destination.


title: Elba

text: The island is connected to the mainland via the four ferry companies, Toremar, Moby Lines, Blunavy and Sardinia Ferries, all offering routes between Piombino and Portoferraio, the capital located in the north, Cavo, Rio Marina and Porto Azzurro, on the east coast of the island.


title: Elba

text: There is an airport on the island, Marina di Campo Airport. It is served by Silver Air with flights to the Italian mainland.


title: Elba

text: The island has a network of trails for road racers looking for more technical routes for their training, trails and dirt roads for bikers to have fun on, and accessible routes for families with children who need safe and relaxing routes. On the road from Rio nell'Elba going to Porto Azzurro is the "Fonte di Coppi". Towards the end of his career Fausto Coppi, the "campionissimo", came here to train on the roads of Elba. He still retained a celebrity status but was no longer at the peak of his career that ended with his death a few years later. The plaque on the fountain reads: "1960–2010, here the champion quenched his thirst, after fifty years on the run".


title: Elba

text: There is the Elba Football Team that represents the Island. They became approved as ConIFA member at the Annual General Meeting 2020. It is not affiliated with FIFA or UEFA, and therefore cannot compete for the FIFA World Cup or in the UEFA European Championship. It is, however, affiliated to ConIFA, and play in the ConIFA European Football Cup.


title: Elba

text: Elba Island played their first game as a ConIFA member on September 11th 2021 against the Sicily Football Team scoring a 4–4 tie against them.


title: Larry Graham

text: Larry Graham Jr. (born August 14, 1946) is an American bassist and baritone singer, both with the psychedelic soul/funk band Sly and the Family Stone and as the founder and frontman of Graham Central Station. In 1980, he released the single "One in a Million You", which reached the top ten on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. He is credited with the invention of the slapping technique on the electric bass guitar, which radically expanded the tonal palette of the bass, although he himself refers to the technique as "thumpin' and pluckin' ". In 1993, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Sly and the Family Stone. He is also the uncle of rapper Drake.


title: Larry Graham

text: Born in Beaumont, Texas to successful musicians, Graham played bass in the funk band Sly and the Family Stone from 1967 to 1972. It is said that he pioneered the art of slap-pop playing on the electric bass, in part to provide percussive and rhythmic elements in addition to the notes of the bass line when his mother decided to no longer have a drummer in her band, while Graham also admits in a BBC documentary on funk music that he is unsure if it was done on economical grounds; the slap of the thumb being used to emulate a bass drum and the pop of the index or middle finger as a snare drum. This style has become archetypal of modern funk. Slap-pop playing couples a percussive thumb-slapping technique of the lower strings with an aggressive finger-snap of the higher strings, often in rhythmic alternation. The slap and pop technique incorporates a large ratio of muted or "dead" notes to normal notes, which adds to the rhythmic effect.


title: Larry Graham

text: This "slap" bass style was later used by such artists as Bootsy Collins (P-Funk), Les Claypool (Primus), Bernard Edwards (Chic), Louis Johnson, Mark King, Keni Burke, Victor Wooten, Kim Clarke of Defunkt, Marcus Miller, and Stanley Clarke.


title: Larry Graham

text: After Sly and the Family Stone, Graham formed his own band, Graham Central Station. The name is a pun on Grand Central Station, the train station located in Manhattan, New York City. Graham Central Station had several hits in the 1970s, including "Hair".


title: Larry Graham

text: In the mid-1970s, Larry Graham worked with Betty Davis, the second ex-wife of jazz musician Miles Davis. Betty Davis' band included members of the Tower of Power horns and the Pointer Sisters, and she recorded three albums to critical acclaim but limited commercial success.


title: Larry Graham

text: In 1975, Graham became one of Jehovah's Witnesses. Eventually, he was credited with introducing Prince to the faith. In the early 1980s, Graham recorded five solo albums and had several solo hits on the R&B chart. His biggest hit was "One in a Million You", a crossover hit, which reached No. 9 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart in 1980.


title: Larry Graham

text: He reformed Graham Central Station in the early 1990s and performed with the band for several years during which they released two live albums. One was recorded in Japan in 1992, and the other, recorded in London in 1996, had only 1000 copies printed and was exclusively sold at concerts.


title: Larry Graham

text: In 1998, he recorded a solo album under the name Graham Central Station "GCS 2000". It was a collaboration between Larry Graham and Prince. While Graham wrote all the songs, except one co-written by Prince, the album was co-arranged and co-produced by Prince, and most of the instruments and vocals were recorded by both Graham and Prince. Graham also played bass on tours with Prince from 1997 to 2000. He appeared in Prince's 1998 VHS "Beautiful Strange" and 1999 DVD "Rave Un2 the Year 2000". He has since appeared with Prince at various international venues.


title: Larry Graham

text: Graham and Graham Central Station performed internationally with a world tour in 2010 and the "Funk Around the World" international tour in 2011. He appeared with Andre Beeka as a special guest at Jim James' "Rock N' Soul Dance Party Superjam" at the 2013 Bonnaroo Music Festival.


title: Larry Graham

text: Graham is the father of singer-songwriter and producer Darric Graham. He is also brothers with Dennis Graham, making Larry Graham the uncle of Canadian rapper and actor Drake.


title: Orgone

text: Orgone () is a pseudoscientific concept variously described as an esoteric energy or hypothetical universal life force. Originally proposed in the 1930s by Wilhelm Reich, and developed by Reich's student Charles Kelley after Reich's death in 1957, orgone was conceived as the anti-entropic principle of the universe, a creative substratum in all of nature comparable to Mesmer's animal magnetism (1779), to the Odic force (1845) of Carl Reichenbach and to Henri Bergson's "élan vital" (1907). Orgone was seen as a massless, omnipresent substance, similar to luminiferous aether, but more closely associated with living energy than with inert matter. It could allegedly coalesce to create organization on all scales, from the smallest microscopic units—called "bions" in orgone theory—to macroscopic structures like organisms, clouds, or even galaxies.


title: Orgone

text: Reich argued that deficits or constrictions in bodily orgone were at the root of many diseases, most prominently cancer, much as deficits or constrictions in the libido could produce neuroses in Freudian theory. Reich founded the Orgone Institute ca. 1942


title: Orgone

text: to pursue research into orgone energy after he immigrated to the US in 1939, and used it to publish literature and distribute material relating to the topic for more than a decade. Reich designed special "orgone energy accumulators"—devices ostensibly collecting orgone energy from the environment—to enable the study of orgone energy and to be applied medically to improve general health and vitality. Ultimately, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) obtained a federal injunction barring the interstate distribution of orgone-related materials, on the grounds that Reich and his associates were making false and misleading claims. A judge later ruled to jail Reich and ordered the banning and destruction of all orgone-related materials at the institute after an associate of Reich violated the injunction. Reich denied the assertion that orgone accumulators could improve sexual health by providing orgastic potency.


title: Orgone

text: The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health lists orgone as a type of "putative energy". After Reich's death, research into the concept of orgone passed to some of his students such as Kelley and later to a new generation of scientists in Germany keen to discover an empirical basis for the orgone hypothesis (the first positive results of which were provided in 1989 by Stefan Muschenich).


title: Orgone

text: There is no empirical support for the concept of orgone in medicine or the physical sciences, and research into the concept concluded with the end of the Institute. Founded in 1982, the "Institute for Orgonomic Science" in New York is dedicated to the continuation of Reich's work; it both publishes a digital journal on it and collects corresponding works.


title: Orgone

text: The concept of orgone belongs to Reich's later work, after he immigrated to the US. Reich's early work was based on the Freudian concept of the libido, though influenced by sociological understandings with which Freud disagreed but which were to some degree followed by other prominent theorists such as Herbert Marcuse and Carl Jung. While Freud had focused on a solipsistic conception of mind in which unconscious and inherently selfish primal drives (primarily the sexual drive, or libido) were suppressed or sublimated by internal representations (cathexes) of parental figures (the superego), for Reich libido was a life-affirming force repressed by society directly. For example, in one of his better known analyses Reich observes a workers' political rally, noting that participants were careful not to violate signs that prohibited walking on the grass; Reich saw this as the state co-opting unconscious responses to parental authority as a means of controlling behavior. He was expelled from the Institute of Psycho-analysis because of these disagreements over the nature of the libido and his increasingly political stance. He was forced to leave Germany very soon after Hitler came to power.


title: Orgone

text: Reich took an increasingly bioenergetic view of libido, perhaps influenced by his tutor Paul Kammerer and another biologist, Otto Heinrich Warburg. In the early 20th century, when molecular biology was in its infancy, developmental biology in particular still presented mysteries that made the idea of a specific life energy respectable, as was articulated by theorists such as Hans Driesch. As a psycho-analyst Reich aligned such theories with the Freudian libido, while as a materialist he believed such a life-force must be susceptible to physical experiment.


title: Orgone

text: He wrote in his best known book, "The Function of the Orgasm": "Between 1919 and 1921, I became familiar with Driesch's 'Philosophie des Organischen' and his 'Ordnungslehre'... Driesch's contention seemed incontestable to me. He argued that, in the sphere of the life function, the whole could be developed from a part, whereas a machine could not be made from a screw... However, I couldn't quite accept the transcendentalism of the life principle. Seventeen years later I was able to resolve the contradiction on the basis of a formula pertaining to the function of energy. Driesch's theory was always present in my mind when I thought about vitalism. The vague feeling I had about the irrational nature of his assumption turned out to be justified in the end. He landed among the spiritualists."


title: Orgone

text: The concept of orgone was the result of this work in the psycho-physiology of libido. After his migration to the US, Reich began to speculate about biological development and evolution, and then branched out into much broader speculations about the nature of the universe. This led him to the conception of "bions," self-luminescent sub-cellular vesicles that he believed were observable in decaying materials, and presumably present universally. Initially he thought of bions as electrodynamic or radioactive entities, as had the Ukrainian biologist Alexander Gurwitsch, but later came to the conclusion that he had discovered an entirely unknown but measurable force, which he then named "orgone", a pseudo-Greek formation probably from "org-" "impulse, excitement" as in "org-asm", plus "-one" as in "ozone" (the Greek neutral participle, virtually , "gen".: ).


title: Orgone

text: For Reich, neurosis became a physical manifestation he called "body armor"—deeply seated tensions and inhibitions in the physical body that were not separated from any mental effects that might be observed. He developed a therapeutic approach he called vegetotherapy that was aimed at opening and releasing this body armor so that free instinctive reflexes—which he considered a token of psychic well-being—could take over.


title: Orgone

text: Orgone was closely associated with sexuality: Reich, following Freud, saw nascent sexuality as the primary energetic force of life. The term itself was chosen to share a root with the word "orgasm", which both Reich and Freud took to be a fundamental expression of psychological health. This focus on sexuality, while acceptable in the clinical perspective of Viennese psychoanalytic circles, scandalized the conservative American public even as it appealed to countercultural figures like William S. Burroughs and Jack Kerouac.


title: Orgone

text: In at least some cases, Reich's experimental techniques do not appear to have been very careful, or to have taken precautions to remove experimental bias. Reich was concerned with experimental verification from other scientists. Albert Einstein agreed to participate, but thought Reich's research lacked scientific detachment and experimental rigor; and concluded that the effect was simply due to the temperature gradient inside the room. "Through these experiments I regard the matter as completely solved," he wrote to Reich on 7 February 1941. Upon further correspondence from Reich, Einstein replied that he could not devote any further time to the matter and asked that his name not be misused for advertising purposes.


title: Orgone

text: Orgone and its related concepts were quickly denounced in the post-World War II American press. Reich and his students were seen as a "cult of sex and anarchy," at least in part because orgone was linked with the title of his book "The Function of the Orgasm", and this led to numerous investigations as a communist and denunciation under a wide variety of other pretexts. The psychoanalytical community of the time saw his approach to healing diseases as quackery of the worst sort. In 1954, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration obtained an injunction to prevent Reich from making medical claims relating to orgone, which prevented him from shipping "orgone devices" across state lines, among other stipulations. Reich resisted the order to cease interstate distribution of orgone and was jailed, and the FDA destroyed Reich's books, research materials, and devices at his institute relating to orgone.


title: Orgone

text: Some psychotherapists and psychologists practicing various kinds of Body Psychotherapy and Somatic Psychology have continued to use Reich's proposed emotional-release methods and character-analysis ideas.


title: Orgone

text: Orgone was used in the writings of several prominent beat generation authors, who were fascinated by both its purported curative and sexual aspects. To that extent, it is heavily associated with the 1950s counterculture movement, though it did not carry over into the more extensive movements of the 1960s.


title: New People's Army

text: The New People's Army (), abbreviated NPA or BHB, is the armed wing of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP), based primarily in the Philippine countryside. It acts as the CPP's principal organization, aiming to consolidate political power from what it sees as the present "bourgeois reactionary puppet government" and to aid in the "people's democratic revolution". Founded on March 29, 1969, by the collaboration of Jose Maria Sison and former members of the Hukbalahap led by Bernabe Buscayno, the NPA has since waged a guerrilla war based on the Maoist strategy of protracted people's war. The NPA is one of the key figures in the ongoing Communist rebellion in the Philippines, the longest ongoing conflict in the country.


title: New People's Army

text: The NPA operates in the Philippine countryside, where the CPP alleges it has established itself in 73 out of the country's 81 provinces, across over 110 guerrilla fronts. In guerrilla zones where the NPA has entrenched itself, the CPP–NPA has established a People's Democratic Government ("Gobyernong Bayan"), which operates independently of the Philippine government. Within these zones, income taxes which would nominally go to the government treasury instead go to the NPA, which they use to fund community services.


title: New People's Army

text: The NPA, as represented by the National Democratic Front of the Philippines, is a party to ongoing peace talks between the People's Democratic Government and the Government of the Republic of the Philippines. Peace negotiations have reached an impasse, with the Rodrigo Duterte administration unilaterally announcing the termination of peace talks in 2019. Negotiations between the GRP and the NDFP stalled on signing of the Comprehensive Agreement on Socio-Economic Reforms (CASER), and the issue of localized peace talks between individual units of the NPA.


title: New People's Army

text: The Office of the President of the Philippines designated the NPA as a terrorist group, along with the CPP. The United States and the European Union have designated the CPP–NPA as "foreign terrorist organizations" in 2002 and 2005, respectively.


title: New People's Army

text: The New People's Army was established on March 23, 1969, following the splinter of the Communist Party of the Philippines' Lava and Guerrero factions. Mistakes during the previous decades have led to the virtual dissolution of the PKP-1930 as an organization. The 1960s saw a resurgence in radical ideology, following the establishment of Kabataang Makabayan and the emerging popularity of Mao Tse Tsung Thought as an advancement of ideological Marxism-Leninism. In 1966, Jose Maria Sison, under the nom de guerre "Amado Guerrero", wrote "Rectify Errors and Rebuild the Party!", a treatise which criticized the old Lavaite leadership and emphasized the need to follow Mao Tse Tung Thought to foster re-establishment. The conflict continued until December 26, 1968, when the Communist Party of the Philippines was formally re-established along Maoist lines, and the entire issue was termed the First Great Rectification Movement.


title: New People's Army

text: After re-establishing the CPP, Guerrero set about to establishing the People's Army. KM cadres in Tarlac had contacted Guerrero and linked him with Bernabe Buscayno, a former member of the older Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan. Relations were established and the New People's Army was formally founded on March 29, in continuity with the previous Hukbalahap. At the time the NPA only had 60 armed fighters.


title: New People's Army

text: The NPA was immediately tasked with the role of implementing the CPP's program for a People's Democratic Revolution. In the "Declaration of the New People's Army", Amado Guerrero outlined the following as its main tasks:


title: New People's Army

text: The NPA quickly spread alongside organizational work of the CPP. By 1972, it had established 735 barrio organizing committees and 60 barrio organizing committees, governing an estimated 400,000 people all over the country. The CPP used the NPA to establish barrio organizing and revolutionary committees, which served as instruments in administering the people's revolutionary government. Barrio organizing committees were established to lower land rent, eliminate usury, and ensure the "annihilation of enemy troops and the elimination of landlord despots, enemy spies, and such bad elements as cattle rustlers, extortionists, robbers, murderers, arsonists, and the like." Once established, barrio revolutionary committees replaced the BOC to formally establish the area as a stronghold of the revolutionary government. The NPA at the time had 72 squads of 800 regulars armed with weapons.


title: New People's Army

text: Over the next decade, the NPA expanded in response to Ferdinand Marcos and the declaration of martial law in the Philippines. The CPP and the NPA were successfully able to establish themselves in the countryside, reaching a mass base of over one million people, with 1,000 fighters armed with high-powered rifles by 1977 By 1981, the NPA began engaging in tactical offensives involving company-sized units emerged, particularly in the Southern Mindanao region. By 1983, the NPA fielded 5,000 high-powered rifles. By 1988, it had 10,000 high-powered rifles, with 7,000 inferior firearms. It operated in 60 guerrilla fronts across 63 provinces of the Philippines.


title: New People's Army

text: The momentum gained in the 1980s was also given to multiple setbacks. Changes in strategy and internal conflicts within the CPP resulted in ideological, political, and organizational losses for the CPP–NPA–NDF. The CPP devised a plan called a "strategic counteroffensive" (SCO) with the aim of "leaping over" to a higher stage of armed revolution and quickly win the revolution. The SCO program led to "regularization" of units, urban partisan actions, peasant uprisings, and an insurrectionist concept of "seizing opportunities".


title: New People's Army

text: From 1981, the NPA enjoyed strategic gains in Mindanao and was able to consolidate its forces there. However, the Mindanao Commission adopted a strategy of designating areas as Red (where military struggle was applicable) or White (where political struggle and insurrection was applicable) along with the SCO program.


title: New People's Army

text: Problems in discipline also emerged during this time, as well as deterioration of the NPA's ability to conduct mass work. These ideological and organizational shortcomings, coupled with the Corazon Aquino administration's counter-insurgency program, "Oplan Lambat Bitag", managed to severely harm the NPA and the CPP as a whole.


title: New People's Army

text: In 1989, the NPA assassinated U.S. Army Colonel James "Nick" Rowe, founder of the U.S. Army Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (SERE) course. Colonel Rowe was part of a military assistance program to the Philippine Army. The NPA asserts that this made him a legitimate military target.


title: New People's Army

text: By 1991, the CPP central committee had assessed the mistakes of the previous decade and carried out the Second Great Rectification Movement from 1992 until declaring a success in 1998. The Second Great Rectification Movement, however, saw splits in the CPP ranks, with rejectionists such as Filemon Lagman, Romulo Kintanar, Etta Rosales, and others leaving the CPP and forming their own groups based on ideological differences. The Alex Boncayao Brigade, notorious for its partisan activities, left the CPP with Lagman and formed the Revolutionary Proletarian Army.


title: New People's Army

text: In 1998, the GRP and NDFP signed the Comprehensive Agreement on Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law (CAHRIHL), which establishes rules of engagement for both parties in accordance to international rules of war. The NPA, as a signatory to CAHIRHL, is bound to international agreements stated in the Geneva Convention and thus follows rules set for prisoners of war, command-detonated explosives, and similar rules of engagement.


title: New People's Army

text: Since then, rejectionists have been met with reprisals. Lagman was ambushed in the University of the Philippines in 2001 by armed gunmen and slain. The NPA has admitted to killing Kintanar in 2003. Other rejectionists, like Rosales and Walden Bello continue as members of the social-democratic Akbayan party. Ricardo Reyes is active in local politics, having last attempted to secure the mayoralty of Pasig in 2010.


title: New People's Army

text: The CPP declared the Second Great Rectification Movement as having been "conclusively won" in 1998. Since then, it has re-affirmed that the CPP is in absolute command of the NPA, outlining that its most pressing task is to "defeat and destroy the US-created and US-supported reactionary Armed Forces of the Philippines.


title: New People's Army

text: Since then, it has continued to wage a protracted people's war through the use of guerrilla tactics, while steadily expanding. In 2002, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo requested for the United States Department of State to declare the CPP-NPA as a foreign terrorist group, which was granted on August 2. This was in line with her counter-insurgency program, "Oplan Bantay Laya", which aimed to end the conflict between the AFP and the NPA. In 2005, the European Union Common Foreign and Security Policy included the NPA as a terrorist group. Despite these efforts, the NPA has declared "Oplan Bantay Laya I" a "failure", citing that it did not lose a single guerrilla front despite the AFP's efforts of concentrating its forces in 300 to 600 barrios at any given time.


title: New People's Army

text: In 2005, the NPA reported that its strength had surpassed its previous peak in 2005. Arroyo, at this time, had replaced OBL1 with "Oplan Bantay Laya 2", which aimed at "ending the revolutionary movement by 2010". OBL2, along with what the CPP identified as "conservatism" in the ranks, led to a decline in NPA strength until 2009.


title: New People's Army

text: During the administration of Benigno Aquino III, OBL2 was replaced by "Oplan Bayanihan", which had a more "people-centered" approach compared to OBL's military-heavy tactics. NPA membership, at this time, steadily rose. By 2017, NPA strength had surpassed the previous 2005 peak by 3%.


title: New People's Army

text: As of 2018, its strength is tallied at greater than the 5,600 rifles recorded in the CPP's 1985 plenum. The Central Committee has stated in its 2017 Congress that it has a five-year plan with aims to "carry forward the antifascist, antifeudal and anti-imperialist movement and overthrow the tyrannical US-Duterte regime, and bring the protracted people's war to the advanced phase of the strategic defensive, in order to reach the threshold of the strategic stalemate". The five-year plan:


title: New People's Army

text: The CPP five-year plan emphasizes the need to combat conservatism in the NPA ranks, the importance of mass-work in building and strengthening Party groups, and the intensification of guerrilla warfare against enemy targets.


title: New People's Army

text: The NPA has a long record of attacking mining corporations and logging companies which they accuse of harming the forests of the Philippines. In 2011 in revenge for the murder of anti-mining activist Rabenio Sungit, the NPA attacked three mines in Mindanao, causing 190 million dollars in damages. Some corporations willing to pay NPA taxes for local social programs are allowed to continue operating within NPA territory, those who do not are often attacked by the NPA who burn their equipment.


title: New People's Army

text: The NPA, being the primary organization of the CPP, follows a theoretical ideology of Marxism-Leninism-Maoism. It regards the Philippines as a semi-colonial, semi-feudal state where political and economic power is concentrated on a local class of landlords and comprador bourgeoisie, aided by foreign imperialists, chief of which is United States imperialism. The CPP regards a two-stage revolution of People's Democratic Revolution followed by socialist reconstruction as the path to achieve socialism and wrest control away from the bourgeois.


title: New People's Army

text: The CPP-NPA regards three things as central to waging revolution: armed struggle, agrarian revolution, and the building of mass-bases in the countryside. The NPA, aside from being a military force, also puts emphasis in carrying out land reform and organizational work to ensure that villages become bases of the people's democratic government.


title: New People's Army

text: The CPP regards armed struggle as a necessary component of revolution coinciding with the Party's organizational work. The NPA, as the central agent of armed struggle, serves to achieve its central task of "destroying and dismantling the rule of the enemy and taking their political power". In waging armed revolution, the NPA follows the strategic line of protracted people's war by "encircling the cities from the countryside until conditions are ripe for seizing the cities through a strategic offensive".


title: New People's Army

text: The NPA identifies three stages in waging armed struggle: strategic defensive, strategic stalemate, and strategic offensive. It regards itself as yet unable to conduct symmetric warfare in the urban centers and thus regards the people's war as being in a stage of strategic defensive moving to a stage of strategic stalemate. During the stage of strategic defensive, the NPA "maintains the initiative in tactical offensives against the strategic military advantage of the enemy", making use of guerrilla tactics to attack targets and defend guerrilla zones, while armed partisans perform special roles in the cities. The second stage is strategic stalemate, where fighting force is more or less equal, while the last stage is that of strategic offensive, where the NPA has developed its strength capable of assaulting military camps and cities.


title: New People's Army

text: The NPA regards itself as waging a revolution ultimately stemming from the "unfinished" revolution of the Katipunan, calling itself a revolution of the "new type"; whereas the Katipunan waged a "bourgeois democratic revolution of the old type, the NPA is waging a "proletarian socialist revolution" in the same vein as the October Revolution in Russia.


title: New People's Army

text: In 2005, the NPA conducted the first recorded gay marriage in the history of the Philippines. In contrast to the deeply religious nature of mainstream Filipino society, the NPA leadership openly accepts gay and lesbian people into their ranks. However, members' attitudes within the various and largely isolated guerrilla branches can vary.


title: New People's Army

text: The former Filipino president Duterte mocked the NPA's acceptance of LGBT members, erroneously claiming that '40 percent' of NPA members are gay. Duterte also claimed that NPA guerrillas once attempted to sexually seduce his son. NPA co-founder Jose Maria Sison confirmed that the NPA openly accepted LGBT people and called Duterte's claims "unbelievable".


title: New People's Army

text: The Philippine Army had apprehended Eduardo Quitoriano in 1994, who was a NPA liaison officer to the Japanese Red Army and involved in a money laundering case in Switzerland.


title: New People's Army

text: It is reported that the NPA had supported the Naxalites (of India) during the Naxalite–Maoist insurgency by providing training and technical support.


title: New People's Army

text: The CPP-NPA received large-scale support, in the form of arms, $7 million and logistical support, from the Gaddafi government in Libya.


title: New People's Army

text: The Government of the Philippines has outlawed the NPA along with the CPP as through the Anti-Subversion Act of 1957 which branded the Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930 and the Hukbalahap as an "organized conspiracy". As splinter groups which had roots to the two organization, the ban extended to the CPP-NPA. The law was repealed by President Fidel Ramos in October 1992, decriminalizing membership in the NPA and CPP.


title: New People's Army

text: In December 2017, President Rodrigo Duterte declared the NPA along with the CPP as terrorist organizations. The NPA is also designated as a Foreign Terrorist Organization by the U.S. State Department and as a terrorist group by the EU, and New Zealand.


title: New People's Army

text: The Anti-Terror Council of the Philippines designated CPP-NPA as a terrorist organization in the Philippines on December 9, 2020.


title: New People's Army

text: The Manila Regional Trial Court has junked a proscription case by the Department of Justice seeking to designate the CPP-NPA as a terrorist organization on September 22, 2022. The court concluded that the constitution and program of the CPP-NPA, including its justification for armed struggle, fall under "rebellion" and do not constitute the legal definition of "terrorism".


title: Noel Gugliemi

text: Noel Albert Gugliemi (also known as Noel G.) is an American actor best known for his portrayals of Southern Californian gangsters. Gugliemi has received some notoriety for having played characters named "Hector" in several movies and TV shows.


title: Noel Gugliemi

text: Gugliemi is of Italian and Mexican descent. He was abandoned by his parents, so he became homeless and entered into a criminal life.


title: Noel Gugliemi

text: In 2001, Noel played Hector in "The Fast and the Furious", which boosted his career. He reprised his role in "Furious 7" and in the "Fast & Furious" music video, the latter alongside Chingy, iRome, Neil Brown Jr., Ray Lavender, Sarayah Love "Empire", & Chloe Riley.


title: Noel Gugliemi

text: Gugliemi is a Christian and regularly delivers motivational speeches at churches, schools and businesses. Although he often plays gangsters, Gugliemi speaks with young people to tell them not to get involved with gangs.


title: Conan the Destroyer

text: Conan the Destroyer is a 1984 American epic sword and sorcery film directed by Richard Fleischer from a screenplay by Stanley Mann and a story by Roy Thomas and Gerry Conway. Based on the character Conan the Barbarian created by Robert E. Howard, it is the sequel to "Conan the Barbarian" (1982). The film stars Arnold Schwarzenegger and Mako reprising their roles as Conan and Akiro, the Wizard of the Mounds, respectively. The cast also includes Grace Jones, Wilt Chamberlain, Tracey Walter, and Olivia d'Abo.


title: Conan the Destroyer

text: "Conan the Destroyer" was theatrically released in the United States on June 29, 1984, by Universal Pictures. Upon release, the film received generally mixed reviews from critics. It grossed between $26.4 million and $31 million in the United States.


title: Conan the Destroyer

text: Conan and his companion, the thief Malak, are confronted by Queen Taramis of Shadizar, who tests their combat ability with several of her guards. Satisfied, she tells Conan that she has a quest for him. He refuses her, but when she promises to resurrect his lost love, Valeria, Conan agrees to the quest. He is to escort the Queen's niece, Princess Jehnna, a virgin, who is destined to restore the jeweled horn of the dreaming god Dagoth. The magic gem Heart of Ahriman must first be retrieved, in order to locate the horn. Conan and Malak are joined by Bombaata, the captain of Taramis's guard. Bombaata has secret orders to kill Conan once the gem is obtained.


title: Conan the Destroyer

text: The gem is secured in the fortress of a powerful wizard, so Conan seeks the help of his friend Akiro, the Wizard of the Mounds, who must first be rescued from a tribe of cannibals who have captured him. The adventurers encounter Zula, a powerful bandit warrior being tortured by vengeful villagers. Freeing Zula at Jehnna's request, Conan accepts the indebted warrior's offer to join their quest.


title: Conan the Destroyer

text: The adventurers travel to the castle of Thoth-Amon, where the gem is located. As they sleep by the lake surrounding the castle, the wizard takes the form of a giant bird and kidnaps Jehnna. In the morning Akiro divines this and also divines a hidden entrance to the castle through a water gate. As they search for Jehnna, Conan is separated from the group, and the others are forced to watch him battle a fierce man-beast in a hall of mirrors. By breaking the mirrors Conan mortally wounds the creature which is revealed as a polymorphed Thoth-Amon. With the wizard's death, the castle begins to disintegrate, forcing the group's hasty retreat. They are ambushed by Taramis's guards, but drive them off. Bombaata feigns ignorance about the attack. The gem reveals where the jeweled horn is. Jehnna expresses romantic interest in Conan, but he rebuffs her and declares his devotion to Valeria.


title: Conan the Destroyer

text: They reach an ancient temple, where the horn is secured. Jehnna obtains it while Akiro deciphers engravings. He learns that Jehnna will be ritually sacrificed to awaken Dagoth. They are attacked by the priests guarding the horn. A secret exit is revealed, but Bombaata blocks the others' escape and seizes Jehnna. Despite this treachery, Conan and his allies escape from the priests and trek to Shadizar to rescue Jehnna.


title: Conan the Destroyer

text: Malak shows them a secret route to the throne room. Conan confronts Bombaata and kills him in combat. Zula impales the Grand Vizier before he can sacrifice Jehnna. The rising Dagoth becomes distorted from a human statue into a monstrous entity. He kills Taramis, then attacks Conan. Zula and Malak join the fight, but Dagoth effortlessly sweeps them aside. Akiro tells Conan that the horn is the Monster's life, so he rips it out, then finishes him off.


title: Conan the Destroyer

text: The newly crowned Queen Jehnna offers each of her companions a place in her new court: Zula will be the new captain of the guard, Akiro the queen's advisor, and Malak the court jester. Jehnna offers Conan marriage and the opportunity to rule the kingdom with her as her King, but he declines and departs to find further adventures and his own place in the world... but that is another story.


title: Conan the Destroyer

text: When John Milius, director of "Conan the Barbarian", was unavailable, Dino De Laurentiis suggested Richard Fleischer to his daughter Raffaella De Laurentiis, who was producing "Conan the Destroyer". Fleischer had already made "Barabbas" (1961) and "Mandingo" (1975) for Dino De Laurentiis.


title: Conan the Destroyer

text: "Conan the Barbarian" made about $40 million at the U.S. box office when it was released in 1982 with an R-rating, and an additional $50 million in other markets. Because Universal Pictures and producer Dino De Laurentiis thought it would have been even more successful if it had been less violent, they wanted to tone down the violence in the sequel. "Conan the Destroyer" originally received an R-rating like its predecessor, but the film was recut to secure a PG-rating. Fleischer delivered a movie that was less violent (and somewhat more humorous) than the first, although some scenes of violence have bloody results (the PG-13 rating did not exist until July 1 of that same year). Carlo Rambaldi created the Dagoth monster.


title: Conan the Destroyer

text: Arnold Schwarzenegger and Mako Iwamatsu, who played the Wizard of the Mound and narrator in the first film, return for the second film, while Mako's character is now named Akiro. Sven-Ole Thorsen, who played Thorgrim in the first film, also returned, but this time he had to partially cover his face with a mask, as he was playing a different character. Singer Grace Jones played the warrior Zula, the last of her tribe. This was the basketball player Wilt Chamberlain's only film role and the debut of Olivia d'Abo, who played the petulant teenaged princess. David Lander was originally cast to play the foolish thief Malak, but due to his deteriorating health from the onset of multiple sclerosis, he was forced to quit the project, and the part was recast with Tracey Walter. Professional wrestler Pat Roach, who memorably played the German Mechanic in "Raiders of the Lost Ark" and the Thuggee Overseer in "Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom", was cast as crystal palace Man Ape/sorcerer Toth-Amon. André the Giant had an uncredited role as the Dagoth monster.


title: Conan the Destroyer

text: "Conan the Destroyer" was the fourth film on which British director of photography Jack Cardiff worked with Fleischer. Cardiff had already photographed "The Vikings" (1958), "Crossed Swords" (1977), and "Amityville 3-D" (1983) for the director. They worked together twice more on "Million Dollar Mystery" (1987), and Fleischer's last film, the short "Call from Space" (1989), which was shot in the 65-mm Showscan process. Cardiff's other notable films include John Huston's "The African Queen" (1951), King Vidor's "War and Peace" (1956), and "" (1985).


title: Conan the Destroyer

text: In the film, a camel is knocked to the ground, and after struggling to get back up, its hind legs are drawn forward with wires so that it is forced to sit down before falling to the ground. This sequence is cut from the U.K. version, although a later scene in which Conan apologizes to the camel is left in. Also cut is a double horse-fall in the opening battle. To secure a PG rating, Sarah Douglas said several scenes involving her character were cut, including a sex scene with Schwarzenegger, slapping Chamberlain, a virgin sacrifice, and the seduction of a statue.


title: Conan the Destroyer

text: The musical score of "Conan The Destroyer" was composed, conducted, and produced by Basil Poledouris, and it was performed by the orchestra Unione Musicisti Di Roma.


title: Conan the Destroyer

text: "Conan the Destroyer" grossed $31 million in the U.S. Schwarzenegger, Fleischer, and De Laurentiis subsequently teamed up again to make "Red Sonja" a year later. The film, jointly with "Bolero", was nominated for two Razzie Awards, including Worst Supporting Actress and won Worst New Star for D'Abo during the 5th Golden Raspberry Awards.


title: Conan the Destroyer

text: Roger Ebert rated the film 3 out of 4 stars and wrote that "Conan the Destroyer" is "sillier, funnier, and more entertaining" than the first film. In praising the film's use of character actors, Ebert singled out Jones, who he said brings rock star charisma to her role. "Variety" called it "the ideal sword and sorcery picture" and also praised Jones. Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" wrote that Schwarzenegger struggles with the film's more comedic tone.


title: Conan the Destroyer

text: Colin Greenland reviewed "Conan the Destroyer" for "Imagine" magazine, and stated that "Apart from the fact that it is acted by real people, "Conan the Destroyer" is pure comicbook, which has the odd effect of making the actual animated comicbook largely superfluous."


title: Conan the Destroyer

text: Rotten Tomatoes, which collects both contemporary and modern reviews, reports that 27% of 26 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 4.4/10. The site's consensus states: ""Conan the Destroyer" softens the edges that gave its predecessor gravitas, resulting in a campy sequel without the comparative thrills." At Metacritic the film received a score of 53 out of 100, based on 12 reviews, indicating "mixed or average" reviews.


title: Conan the Destroyer

text: Marvel Comics published a comic-book adaptation of the film by writer Michael Fleisher and artist John Buscema in "Marvel Super Special" #35 (Dec. 1984). The adaptation was also available as a two-issue limited series.


title: Conan the Destroyer

text: Roy Thomas and Gerry Conway wrote the original story treatment but were dissastified with the final screenplay by Stanley Mann and the finished film. They made their story into the graphic novel "Conan the Barbarian: The Horn of Azoth", published in 1990, with art by Mike Docherty. The names of the characters were changed to distance the graphic novel from the movie: Dagoth became Azoth, Jehnna became Natari, Zula became Shumballa, Bombaata became Strabo, Thoth-Amon became Rammon, and the characters of Queen Taramis and The Leader were combined into sorcerer Karanthes, father of Natari.


title: Conan the Destroyer

text: The third film in the "Conan" trilogy had been planned for a 1987 release with the title "Conan the Conqueror". The director was to have been either Guy Hamilton or John Guillermin. Arnold Schwarzenegger was committed to the film "Predator", and De Laurentiis's contract with the star had expired after his obligation to "Red Sonja" (his role in which was originally intended to be Conan) and "Raw Deal", and he was not keen to negotiate a new one. The third "Conan" film fell into development hell, the script eventually being turned into "Kull the Conqueror".


title: Conan the Destroyer

text: In October 2012, Universal Pictures announced plans for Schwarzenegger to return to the role of Conan for the film "The Legend of Conan". The planned story was a direct sequel to the original film, "bypassing" "Conan the Destroyer" and the 2011 film starring Jason Momoa. In the years following the announcement, Will Beall, Andrea Berloff, and producer Chris Morgan worked on the script, and Schwarzenegger expressed enthusiasm for the project, affirming plans to star in the film. However, in April 2017, Morgan stated that Universal had dropped the project, but that there remains a possibility of a television series. In October 2019, Arnold Schwarzenegger confirmed that the film was still in active development, now called "Conan the King".


title: Conan the Destroyer

text: Kim Wayans' spoof portrayals of Grace Jones on the show "In Living Color" are based on Grace's performance of Zula in "Conan the Destroyer". In 1985, Australian heavy metal music group "Prowler" changed its name to Taramis after the character from the film.


title: Taser

text: A taser is an electroshock weapon used to incapacitate people allowing them to be approached and handled in an unresisting and thus safe manner. It is sold by Axon, formerly TASER International. It fires two small barbed darts intended to puncture the skin and remain attached to the target, at . Their range extends from for non-Law Enforcement Tasers to for LE Tasers. The darts are connected to the main unit by thin insulated copper wire and deliver a modulated electric current designed to disrupt voluntary control of muscles, causing "neuromuscular incapacitation". The effects of a taser may only be localised pain or strong involuntary long muscle contractions, based on the mode of use and connectivity of the darts.


title: Taser

text: Tasers are marketed as less-lethal, since the possibility of serious injury or death exists whenever the weapon is deployed. At least 49 people died in the US in 2018 after being shocked by police with a Taser.


title: Taser

text: The first taser conducted energy weapon was introduced in 1993 as a less-lethal force option for police to use to subdue fleeing, belligerent, or potentially dangerous people, who would have otherwise been subjected to more lethal force options such as firearms. , according to one study, over 15,000 law enforcement and military agencies around the world used tasers as part of their use of force continuum.


title: Taser

text: A 2009 report by the Police Executive Research Forum in the United States found that police officer injuries dropped by 76% in large law enforcement agencies that deployed taser devices in the first decade of the 21st century compared with those that did not use them at all. Axon and its CEO Rick Smith have claimed that unspecified "police surveys" show that the device has "saved 75,000 lives through 2011". A more recent academic study suggested police use of conducted electrical weapons in the United States was less risky to police officers than hands-on tactics, and showed officer injury rates equal to use of chemical sprays such as oleoresin capsicum.


title: Taser

text: Jack Cover, a NASA researcher, began developing the first Taser in 1969. By 1974, Cover had completed the device, which he named TASER, using a loose acronym of the title of the book "Tom Swift and His Electric Rifle", a book written by the Stratemeyer Syndicate under the pseudonym Victor Appleton and featuring Cover's childhood hero, Tom Swift.


title: Taser

text: The first Taser model that was offered for sale, called the TASER Public Defender used gunpowder as its propellant, which led the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms to classify it as a firearm in 1976.


title: Taser

text: Former TASER International CEO Patrick Smith testified in a TASER-related lawsuit that the catalyst for the development of the device was the "shooting death of two of his high school acquaintances" by a "guy with a legally licensed gun who lost his temper". In 1993, Rick Smith and his brother Thomas founded the original company, TASER, and began to investigate what they called "safer use of force option[s] for citizens and law enforcement". At their Scottsdale, Arizona, facilities, the brothers worked with Cover to develop a "non-firearm TASER electronic control device". The 1994 Air TASER Model 34000 conducted energy device had an "anti-felon identification (AFID) system" to prevent the likelihood that the device would be used by criminals; upon use, it released many small pieces of paper containing the serial number of the TASER device. The U.S. firearms regulator, the ATF, stated that the Air TASER conducted energy device was not a firearm.


title: Taser

text: In 1999, TASER International developed an "ergonomically handgun-shaped device called the Advanced TASER M-series systems", which used a "patented neuromuscular incapacitation (NMI) technology". In May 2003, TASER International released a new weapon called the TASER X26 conducted energy device, which used "shaped pulse technology". On July 27, 2009, TASER International released a new type of TASER device called the X3, which can fire three shots before reloading. It holds three new type cartridges, which are much thinner than the previous model. On April 5, 2017, TASER announced that it was rebranding itself as Axon to reflect its expanded business into body cameras and software. In 2018, TASER 7 conducted energy device was released, the seventh generation of TASER devices from Axon.


title: Taser

text: A TASER device fires two small dart-like electrodes, which stay connected to the main unit by thin insulated copper wire as they are propelled by small compressed nitrogen charges. The cartridge contains a pair of electrodes and propellant for a single shot and is replaced after each use. Once fired the probes travel at per second, spread apart for every they travel, and must land at least apart from each other to complete the circuit and channel an electric pulse into the target person's body. They deliver a modulated electric current designed to disrupt voluntary control of muscles, causing "neuromuscular incapacitation". The effects of a TASER device may only be localized pain or strong involuntary long muscle contractions, based on the mode of use and connectivity of the darts. The TASER device is marketed as "less-lethal", since the possibility of serious injury or death exists whenever the weapon is deployed.


title: Taser

text: There are a number of cartridges designated by range, with the maximum at . Cartridges available to non-law enforcement consumers are limited to . Practically speaking, police officers must generally be within in order to use a Taser, though the X26's probes can travel as far as 35feet.


title: Taser

text: The electrodes are pointed to penetrate clothing, and barbed to prevent removal once in place. The original TASER device probes unspool the wire from the cartridge that causes a yaw effect before the dart stabilizes, which made it difficult to penetrate thick clothing, but newer versions (X26, C2) use a "shaped pulse" that increases effectiveness in the presence of barriers.


title: Taser

text: The TASER 7 conducted energy device is a two-shot device with increased reliability over legacy products. The conductive wires spool from the dart when the TASER 7 conducted energy device is fired, instead of spooling from the TASER cartridge which increases stability while in flight and therefore increases accuracy. The spiral darts fly straighter and faster with nearly twice the kinetic energy for better connection to the target and penetration through thicker clothing. The body of the dart breaks away to allow for containment at tough angles. TASER 7 has a 93% increased probe spread at close range, where 85% of deployments occur, according to agency reports. Rapid arc technology with adaptive cross-connection helps enable full incapacitation even at close range. TASER 7 wirelessly connects to the Axon network, allowing for easier updates and inventory management.


title: Taser

text: A TASER device may provide a safety benefit to police officers. The use of a TASER device has a greater deployment range than batons, pepper spray, or empty hand techniques. This allows police to maintain a greater distance. A 2008 study of use-of-force incidents by the Calgary Police Service conducted by the Canadian Police Research Centre found that the use of the TASER device resulted in fewer injuries than the use of batons or empty hand techniques. The study found that only pepper spray was a safer intervention option.


title: Taser

text: Axon currently has three models of TASER conducted electrical weapons (CEWs) available for law enforcement use.


title: Taser

text: The TASER X26P device is a single-shot TASER CEW that is the smallest, most compact SMART WEAPON of all three AXON models.


title: Taser

text: The TASER 7 device is the newest of all three CEWs. It is a two-shot device with spiral darts that spool from the dart allowing the probes to fly straighter. The TASER 7 device's rapid arc technology with adaptive cross connections allows for full incapacitation. The TASER 7 CEW connects wirelessly to the Axon network of software that includes inventory management capabilities using Axon Evidence.


title: Taser

text: As with all less-lethal weapons, use of the TASER system is never risk free. Sharp metal projectiles and electricity are in use, so misuse or abuse of the weapon increases the likelihood that serious injury or death may occur. In addition, the manufacturer has identified other risk factors that may increase the risks of use. Children, pregnant women, the elderly, and very thin individuals are considered at higher risk. Persons with known medical problems, such as heart disease, history of seizure, or have a pacemaker are also at greater risk. Axon also warns that repeated, extended, or continuous exposure to the weapon is not safe. Because of this, the Police Executive Research Forum says that total exposure should not exceed 15 seconds.


title: Taser

text: There are other circumstances that pose higher secondary risks of serious injury or death, including:


title: Taser

text: Fulton County, Georgia District Attorney Paul Howard Jr. said in 2020 that "under Georgia law, a taser is considered as a deadly weapon." A 2012 study published in the American Heart Association's journal "Circulation" found that Tasers can cause "ventricular arrhythmias, sudden cardiac arrest and even death." In 2014, NAACP State Conference President Scot X. Esdaile and the Connecticut NAACP argued that Tasers cause lethal results. Reuters reported that more than 1,000 people shocked with a Taser by police died through the end of 2018, nearly all of them since the early 2000s. At least 49 people died in the US in 2018 after being shocked by police with a Taser.


title: Taser

text: Some TASER device models, particularly those used by police departments, also have a "Drive Stun" capability, where the TASER device is held against the target without firing the projectiles, and is intended to cause pain without incapacitating the target. "Drive Stun" is "the process of using the EMD (Electro Muscular Disruption) weapon as a pain compliance technique. This is done by activating the TASER [device] and placing it against an individual's body. This can be done without an air cartridge in place or after an air cartridge has been deployed."


title: Taser

text: Guidelines released in 2011 by the U.S. Department of Justice recommend that use of Drive Stun as a pain compliance technique be avoided. The guidelines were issued by a joint committee of the Police Executive Research Forum and the U.S. Department of Justice Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. The guidelines state "Using the CEW to achieve pain compliance may have limited effectiveness and, when used repeatedly, may even exacerbate the situation by inducing rage in the subject".


title: Taser

text: A study of U.S. police and sheriff departments found that 29.6% of the jurisdictions allowed the use of Drive Stun for gaining compliance in a passive resistance arrest scenario, with no physical contact between the officer and the subject. For a scenario that also includes non-violent physical contact, this number is 65.2%.


title: Taser

text: A Las Vegas police document says "The Drive Stun causes significant localized pain in the area touched by the TASER [CEW], but does not have a significant effect on the central nervous system. The Drive Stun does not incapacitate a subject but may assist in taking a subject into custody." The UCLA TASER device incident and the University of Florida TASER device incident involved university police officers using their TASER device's "Drive Stun" capability (referred to as a "contact tase" in the University of Florida Offense Report).


title: Taser

text: Amnesty International has expressed particular concern about Drive Stun, noting that "the potential to use TASERs in drive-stun mode—where they are used as 'pain compliance' tools when individuals are already effectively in custody—and the capacity to inflict multiple and prolonged shocks, renders the weapons inherently open to abuse".


title: Taser

text: According to a 2011 study by the United States Department of Justice's National Institute of Justice entitled "Police Use of Force, TASERs and Other Less-Lethal Weapons", over 15,000 law enforcement and military agencies around the world used TASER devices as part of their use of force continuum. Just as the number of agencies deploying TASER conducted energy weapons has continued to increase each year, so too the number of TASER device related "incidents" between law enforcement officers and suspects has been on the rise.


title: Taser

text: Some of the deaths associated with TASER devices have been given a diagnosis of excited delirium, a term for a phenomenon that manifests as a combination of delirium, psychomotor agitation, anxiety, hallucinations, speech disturbances, disorientation, violent and bizarre behavior, insensitivity to pain, elevated body temperature, and increased strength. Excited delirium is associated with sudden death (usually via cardiac or respiratory arrest), particularly following the use of physical control measures, including police restraint and TASER devices. Excited delirium most commonly arises in male subjects with a history of serious mental illness or acute or chronic drug abuse, particularly stimulant drugs such as cocaine. Alcohol withdrawal or head trauma may also contribute to the condition.


title: Taser

text: The diagnosis of excited delirium has been controversial. Excited delirium has been listed as a cause of death by some medical examiners for several years, mainly as a diagnosis of exclusion established on autopsy. Additionally, academic discussion of excited delirium has been largely confined to forensic science literature, providing limited documentation about patients that survive the condition. These circumstances have led some civil liberties groups to question the cause of death diagnosis, claiming that excited delirium has been used to "excuse and exonerate" law enforcement authorities following the death of detained subjects, a possible "conspiracy or cover-up for brutality" when restraining agitated individuals. Also contributing to the controversy is the role of TASER device use in excited delirium deaths.


title: Taser

text: Excited delirium is not found in the current version of the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders"; however. the term "excited delirium" has been accepted by the National Association of Medical Examiners and the American College of Emergency Physicians, who argued in a 2009 white paper that "excited delirium" may be described by several codes within the ICD-9. The American College of Emergency Physicians "rejects the theory" that excited delirium is an "invented syndrome" used to excuse or cover-up the use of excessive force by law enforcement.


title: Taser

text: Tasers are prohibited for civilian ownership in Australia in every state and territory. A weapons permit is required to purchase and own a taser.


title: Taser

text: As with the UK and Ireland, only members of law enforcement are allowed to legally own a taser. However, according to an article by The Globe and Mail, many Canadians illegally purchase tasers from the US, where they are legal.


title: Taser

text: Since April 2008, tasers can be legally purchased by persons 18 and older, but can only be carried by persons with a firearm carry permit (), which is only issued under very restricted conditions.


title: Taser

text: In 2001, Germany approved a pilot project allowing individual states to issue tasers to their SEK teams (police tactical units); by 2018, 13 out of 16 states had done so. A number of states have also provided a limited number of tasers to their general police forces. Some states, such as Berlin, have use of force guidelines that only permit taser use where firearm use would also be justified.


title: Taser

text: Under the Firearms Act of 1925, tasers, pepper spray and stun guns are illegal to possess or purchase in Ireland, even with a valid firearms certificate.


title: Taser

text: Tasers are legal for civilians to own, provided they possess a valid permit under the Customs Act. Police in Jamaica do not currently have access to tasers, but in February 2021 Corporal James Rohan, Chairman of the Police Federation, requested access to non-lethal weaponry in order to more effectively deal with encounters with mentally ill individuals.