title: Space: 1999

text: The seven-minute film features Zienia Merton reprising her role as Sandra Benes delivering a final message to Earth as the only crew member left on Moonbase Alpha while a massive exodus to a habitable planet, Terra Alpha, takes place with the rest of the crew. The evacuation was also necessitated by the degradation and decay of Alpha's life support systems. This basically gave the series the conclusion that it never had in its initial run. Taking place twenty five years after the events of "Breakaway", Commander Koenig and Maya are mentioned during Sandra's message. It concludes with the termination of the message as Sandra closes down Alpha's operational systems and transmits the message- which turns out to be the mysterious signal received shortly before the events of "Breakaway".


title: Space: 1999

text: Modified versions of "Message from Moonbase Alpha" are available on DVD bonus discs in the U.S., Canada, France and Italy. The original version appears as a bonus feature on the "Space: 1999/UFO – The Documentaries" DVD produced by Fanderson.


title: Space: 1999

text: Following the series' cancellation, four feature-length films were compiled from various episodes for syndication and foreign theatrical release: "Destination Moonbase Alpha" (1978), "Alien Attack" (1979), "Journey Through the Black Sun" (1982), and "Cosmic Princess" (1982). "Alien Attack", though the second of these films to be released, was an expansion of the show's pilot episode. Most contained new footage ("Alien Attack", for example, included new scenes set on Earth, though not involving the TV cast). The background of the series was retconned, with the events now stated as having taken place in the year 2100 A.D. rather than 1999.


title: Space: 1999

text: A compilation film was also produced in Italy, titled ""Spazio 1999"" (the series's Italian-language title) to launch the series. It was released on 14 January 1975, a year before the series was broadcast in the country, and compiled scenes from the episodes "Breakaway", "Ring Around the Moon" and "Another Time, Another Place", accompanied by scores from noted soundtrack composer Ennio Morricone.


title: Space: 1999

text: The series premiered in September 1975, on the ITV network but was not broadcast nationally at the same time (this remained the case until a repeat airing on BBC Two in 1998). Most ITV regions (including Yorkshire, Grampian, Ulster, Scottish, Border, ATV, and Tyne Tees) premiered the series on Thursday, 4 September 1975 in a 7.00pm slot. London Weekend Television (LWT) and Anglia screened the first episode two days later on Saturday, 6 September at 5.50pm. The Granada region began showing the series on Friday, 26 September 1975, initially at 7.35pm before moving to 6.35pm a few weeks later. The HTV region did not begin showing the series until October 1975, again in an early Friday evening slot. However, within a few weeks, various stations had moved the series elsewhere in their schedules.


title: Space: 1999

text: The second series premiered on LWT in a non-prime-time slot on Saturday 4 September 1976 at 11.30am, with ATV following on just a few hours later at 5.40pm. Granada, Westward and Ulster started to screen the series in early 1977, Grampian, and Tyne Tees did not screen the series until later in the year. STV started to screen the series on 9 April 1978 on Sunday afternoons. HTV did not pick the series up until 1984 and then only showed nineteen out of the twenty-four episodes from Year Two (the last episodes were not screened in Wales until the series was repeated in the 1990s). Southern Television was the other ITV region known not to have broadcast series two. Even its successor broadcaster, Television South, failed to screen any series two episodes when "Space: 1999" was reshown in other ITV regions between 1982 and 1985.


title: Space: 1999

text: In the United States, efforts to sell the series to one of the three networks for the 1974–75 or 1975–76 television seasons failed. The networks were uninterested in a project over which they had no creative control, being presented with twenty-four completed episodes. Abe Mandell of ITC had secured a handshake agreement with a network executive in 1974, but after the man's termination, all his projects were abandoned. Undaunted, Mandell created what he called his own "Space: 1999 Network" and sold the completed program into first-run syndication directly to local stations. Much of the publicity mentioned the then-staggering three million pound budget: as a part of the American promotion effort, a glossy magazine-sized brochure was produced, touting "Space: 1999" as the "Six-and-a-Half Million Dollar Series" (an allusion to the then-popular American programme "The Six Million Dollar Man") featuring American stars, American writers and American directors.


title: Space: 1999

text: In the months leading to the beginning of the autumn 1975 series, Landau and Bain participated in special preview screenings in select cities. Landau is said to have personally contacted editors of "TV Guide" magazine in some markets to secure coverage of "Space: 1999" in its pages upon learning of ITC's somewhat poor promotional efforts.


title: Space: 1999

text: While most of the U.S. stations that aired "Space: 1999" were independent (such as the Chicago station WGN-TV, Louisville station WDRB-TV, Los Angeles station KHJ-TV, and New York City's WPIX-TV), a handful were affiliated with the major networks (such as Charlotte, North Carolina's WSOC-TV, at the time a strong NBC affiliate, and Fresno's KFSN-TV, at the time a CBS affiliate) and sometimes pre-empted regular network programming to show episodes of the series. Most U.S. stations broadcast episodes in the weekday evening hour just before prime time or on weekends. ABC affiliate WCVB in Boston, as well as NBC affiliate KPRC in Houston both aired the first series in prime time, bumping the network shows to other time slots.


title: Space: 1999

text: Footage of a spacecraft flying over Moonbase Alpha from the series 1 episode "The Last Enemy" was later reused to depict a future civilisation in the "Wonder Woman" episode "Time Bomb," first broadcast on 10 November 1978.


title: Space: 1999

text: In Canada, CBC Television was the broadcaster of "Space: 1999" from 1975 into the 1980s. The first series in 1975–76 was shown regionally on some CBC owned-and-operated stations, the airtime varying. With the start of the second series in September 1976, CBC Television upgraded "Space: 1999" to full-network status, airing it Saturdays on all CBC owned-and-operated stations, with affiliated, privately owned stations also offering the show on Saturdays. Most of the country saw "Space: 1999" at 5 p.m. on Saturdays, a notable exception being the Atlantic Provinces in which it was broadcast at 6 or 6:30 p.m. or – as was the case in the summers – sometime earlier in the afternoon to accommodate live sports coverage, the airing of which crossed into or totally over the usual "Space: 1999" airtime. After the 1976–77 broadcast year (in which second-series episodes were run and rerun), the show's ratings were sufficiently high for CBC Television to give the first series a full-network airing – and with further repeats – from 1977 to 1978. The French-language CBC Television, Radio-Canada, showed "Cosmos: 1999" several times (both series) between 1975 and 1980, first on Mondays (1975–1976), then on Saturdays (1976–1977), then on Mondays (1979), and finally on Wednesdays (1979–1980).


title: Space: 1999

text: The series fared admirably on CBC Television in Canada, airing in English in a family viewing period, late Saturday afternoons before hockey broadcasts, with a mostly un-disrupted run and rerun of all 24 episodes from September 1976 through September 1977. The French version was also broadcast, in early evening on Saturdays. Ratings were sufficient for a full additional year's transmission of Year One in the English CBC Saturday programming slot in 1977 and 1978. Episodes of both Year One and Year Two were repeated regionally in Canada in English and French through the early-to-mid-1980s. YTV Canada broadcast both series with reportedly good ratings from 1990 to 1992, in a late Saturday afternoon airtime closely matching that of the CBC English network in the 1970s.


title: Space: 1999

text: The full-network English CBC airing began with the series opener, "", on 11 September 1976, then "The Metamorph", the Year Two opener, on 18 September. "", "Journey to Where", "The Taybor", and "New Adam, New Eve" followed respectively in the subsequent weeks. Next were "The Mark of Archanon", "Brian the Brain", "The Rules of Luton", "The AB Chrysalis", "Catacombs of the Moon", and "". "Seed of Destruction" aired on 27 November, and then with December there came a month of repeats. And after a pre-emption for New Year's Day sports, new episodes resumed airing on 8 January 1977 with "A Matter of Balance", followed by "The Beta Cloud", "", "The Lambda Factor", "", and "The Seance Spectre". The two-part episode, "The Bringers of Wonder", was shown on 19 and 26 February. And then "Dorzak", "", "Devil's Planet", and "The Dorcons" followed in March. "" would not be shown until 21 May, after many weeks of repeats. By 10 September 1977, except for "The Exiles", all of the second-series episodes had been repeated. And thereafter, a 1977–1978 run of first-series episodes began with "" on 17 September.


title: Space: 1999

text: It was shown in Italy as "Spazio 1999"; Argentina, Uruguay, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, francophone Canada, and France as "Cosmos: 1999"; Denmark as "Månebase Alpha"; Brazil and Portugal as "Espaço: 1999"; Germany as "Mondbasis Alpha 1"; Sweden as "Månbas Alpha"; Poland as "Kosmos 1999" (1977–1979); Finland as "Avaruusasema Alfa"; Greece as "Διάστημα 1999"; Hungary as "Alfa Holdbázis"; Spain, Chile, Venezuela, and Colombia as "Espacio: 1999"; Mexico as "Odisea 1999"; Iran as "1999:فضا"; Turkey as "Uzay 1999", and South Africa as "Alpha 1999" (1976, dubbed into Afrikaans). The series was also broadcast in the Netherlands, Belgium, New Zealand and Australia.


title: Space: 1999

text: In Finland the first series was originally aired by the commercial MTV (Mainostelevisio) channel in 1976, but it was withdrawn after couple of episodes on demand of the national programme board as the show was considered too brutal and horrifying. The same thing happened when MTV tried to air the second series in 1978. The complete show wasn't seen in Finland until 1996–1997 when a small local channel, TV-Tampere, aired it. Since then it aired on TVTV! in 2000 and 2001, and later on MTV3 Scifi in 2008.


title: Space: 1999

text: Fan and critic responses to the new series varied. Some missed the mystical plotlines, feature-film ambiance and the "British-ness" of the first series. Others said they enjoyed the new characters, down-to-earth characterisations and action. Comparisons with "Star Trek" were used by both camps to show how the series had been either saved or destroyed by the format change.


title: Space: 1999

text: Reviewing the show as a whole, science fiction historian John Clute described "Space: 1999" as "visually splendid" but criticised what he regarded as the show's "mediocre acting" and "rotten scripts".


title: Space: 1999

text: Around the same time "Message from Moonbase Alpha" was being filmed, Johnny Byrne and Christopher Penfold attempted to revive the franchise as a movie series, similar to the way "Star Trek" had been revived cinematically in the late 1970s. The first film would have picked up the story several years after the series ended, and would have featured a heavily redesigned Moonbase Alpha. Ultimately, the project failed.


title: Space: 1999

text: In February 2012, a new series, to be called "Space: 2099", was announced as a reboot of the original series and was planned to be made by ITV Studios America in conjunction with HD Films. On 15 August 2018, Brian Johnson, special effects director for the original series, announced that the reboot was on track for production in the UK, pending "confirmation of the deal".


title: Space: 1999

text: On 12 August 2019, Anderson Entertainment announced that they would collaborate with Big Finish to create an audio drama reboot of "Space: 1999" starring Mark Bonnar as John Koenig, Maria Teresa Creasey as Doctor Helena Russell, Timothy Bentinck as Commissioner Simmons and Clive Hayward as Victor Bergman. Jules de Jongh who previously portrayed Lieutenant Green in New Captain Scarlet portrays Petra Nordstorm. The first story "", was adapted by Nicholas Briggs who previously reimagined "The Prisoner" and also acts as director. The story was released in September 2019.


title: Space: 1999

text: Big Finish revealed that an additional box set would follow, with the full cast to be announced. On 17 July 2020, Big Finish announced a boxset consisting of three stories. Mark Bonnar, Maria Teresa Creasey, Tim Bentinck, Clive Hayward, Glen McCready, Susan Hingley and Amaka Okafor reprise their roles with Anthony Howell, Chris Jarman and Nicholas Asbury joining.


title: Space: 1999

text: In the early 1980s, and due to the booming home video rental market, the four compilation films were released on the VHS format. The series, in its original form, was released on home video in the 1990s, with each cassette (or "volume") featuring two episodes. In 2001, it was released on DVD in the UK by Carlton Media, both in single disc volumes (each volume contained four episodes) and also as two complete series boxed sets (titled as "Year One" and "Year Two") comprising six discs each. Each DVD also contained various extra features, including a variety of archive production material, memorabilia, and interviews with the cast and crew from the time the series was being made.


title: Space: 1999

text: In 2005, Network re-issued Year One in the UK as a Special Edition seven-DVD box set. For this release, to coincide with the series' 30th Anniversary, each episode was digitally restored by creating new 35 mm film elements (a new interpositive made from the original negative which is then used to make further copies). High Definition digital transfers were then made from the interpositives using a state-of-the-art Philips Spirit DataCine. This vastly improved the picture quality in comparison to the previous DVD releases. However, the restoration process has actually made some of the space scenes (that involve special effects and model work) less realistic due to increased brightness and contrast. This box set also included two booklets and a new set of extra features that were not on the Carlton DVD releases, including featurettes on "Concept & Creation" and "Special Effects & Design" (edited from an earlier "Fanderson" documentary made in 1996), textless and alternative opening and closing title sequences, a two-part "Clapperboard" special on Gerry Anderson from 1975, and also a brand new 70-minute documentary entitled "These Episodes" in which Anderson, Christopher Penfold, Johnny Byrne, Zienia Merton and David Lane reflect on the making of key episodes from the first series.


title: Space: 1999

text: Network released Year One on Blu-ray in the UK on 1 November 2010, and simultaneously re-released their Special Edition DVD box set of Year One with new cover artwork at the same time. The Blu-ray set includes all of the extras on the 2005 Network DVD release as well as some of the extras that were on the 2001 Carlton DVD release (including a Lyons Maid ice-lolly commercial, and an SFX segment from the British documentary series "Horizon"). It also includes several new extras including a "Memories of Space" featurette, a Sylvia Anderson interview (in which she frankly discusses the series and her thoughts about Landau and Bain), an expanded version of the "These Episodes" documentary from the DVD set, several PDF files containing scripts and annuals, an extensive set of photo galleries with hundreds of stills, and the first episode of Year Two, "The Metamorph", in digitally restored hi-definition.


title: Space: 1999

text: Network DVD began a similar restoration process for Year Two in 2007. However, progress was slow due to higher production costs in comparison to remastering Year One. (The audio for Year One had already been digitised prior to Network's restoration, but Year Two's had not). In late 2014, Network finally announced that Year Two would be released in 2015. As part of this announcement, Network released a limited edition (of 1999 copies) of a special preview disc of the two-part story "The Bringers of Wonder" on 8 December 2014. This release also contains a restored version of the feature length "Destination: Moonbase Alpha" film. The remastered Year Two was eventually released on Blu-ray and DVD in September 2015, to coincide with the series' 40th Anniversary. Again containing a wealth of extra features, the sets include galleries, vintage interviews, a blooper, behind the scenes footage, original source audio recordings, scripts and annuals PDF files, a stock footage archive, a textless opening title sequence, trailers and promos, "music only" options for all episodes, a stop-motion fan film from 1979, and a specially re-edited/rescored version of the episode "Seed of Destruction" as if it were made for Year One.


title: Space: 1999

text: The first releases on American home video were in the VHS in the mid-1980s and consisted of the theatrical compilation films (see above).


title: Space: 1999

text: A&E Home Video (under licence from Carlton International Media Limited) has released the entire series on DVD in Region 1. It was initially released in 8 sets with 6 episodes each in 2001 and 2002. On 24 September 2002, a 16-disc "Mega Set" box set featuring all 48 complete, uncut, original broadcast episodes of the series was released. On 31 July 2007, A&E released "Space: 1999 – Complete Series, 30th Anniversary Edition". This is essentially the same as the 2002 "mega set" release (and does not use the 2005 hi-def remasters), but does includes a special bonus disc full of extra features. Year One was released on Blu-ray in the U.S. on 2 November 2010 by A&E Home Entertainment, with new High-Definition restored transfers and a newly remastered 5.1 DTS-HD MA surround sound re-mix. In July 2019 Shout Factory released both series of Space:1999 on Blu-ray using restored and remastered HD transfers and remastered 5.1 DTS-HD MA surround sound re-mix.


title: Space: 1999

text: The series has been translated into other media. Originally, all the episodes had been adapted in novelisations, except for "Earthbound" and "The Taybor" (from Year Two). The authors of these works wrote a number of original stories and have since written new stories and novels which were published after 1999. As well, the original authors participated in the revised versions of their original novels.


title: Space: 1999

text: At the time of the series' original run, several comic book series were published and, in the US, a series of audio adaptations were recorded on record albums with the younger audience in mind. After 1999, many of these original comic book stories were revised and reprinted along with new stories. See the list above.


title: Space: 1999

text: Mattel created a line of Space: 1999 toys to tie into the TV series, including the Eagle 1 Spaceship. Released in 1976, the Eagle 1 is over 2.5-feet long and a foot wide. The Eagle 1 is made mostly of moulded plastic and has a number of parts and accessories.


title: Pernicious anemia

text: Pernicious anemia is a type of vitamin B deficiency anemia, a disease in which not enough red blood cells are produced due to the malabsorption of vitamin B. Malabsorption in pernicious anemia results from the lack or loss of intrinsic factor needed for the absorption of vitamin B. Anemia is defined as a condition in which the blood has a lower than normal amount of red blood cells or hemoglobin. There may be larger red blood cells than normal but they are not always present.


title: Pernicious anemia

text: The most common initial symptoms are tiredness, and weakness. Other signs and symptoms of anemia include breathlessness, dizziness, a sore red tongue, lightheadedness, headaches, poor ability to exercise, cold hands and feet, low blood pressure, pale or yellow skin, chest pain, and an irregular heartbeat. The digestive tract may also be disturbed giving symptoms that can include nausea and vomiting, heartburn, upset stomach and loss of appetite. Pernicious anemia can cause osteoporosis and may lead to bone fractures. Symptoms of severe vitamin B deficiency can include tingling or numbness in the hands and feet, memory problems, blurred vision, unsteady walking, poor balance, muscle weakness, impaired sense of taste and smell, poor reflexes, clumsiness, depression, and confusion. Without treatment, some of these problems may become permanent.


title: Pernicious anemia

text: Pernicious anemia occurs due to an autoimmune response that produces antibodies that attack the parietal cells in the stomach lining and prevents them from creating intrinsic factor. Malabsorption may also result from the surgical removal of all or part of the stomach or small intestine; from an inherited disorder or illnesses that damage the stomach lining. Other causes of vitamin B deficiency include celiac disease, tapeworm infection, chronic pancreatitis, certain medications such as long-term use of some heartburn medicines and metformin to treat diabetes, or not enough dietary intake such as strict vegan diet. When suspected, diagnosis is made by blood tests initially a complete blood count, and occasionally, bone marrow tests. Blood tests may show fewer but larger red blood cells, low numbers of young red blood cells, low levels of vitamin B, and antibodies to intrinsic factor.


title: Pernicious anemia

text: Pernicious anemia can be treated with intramuscular injections or pills of vitamin B. Nasal sprays and gels are also available for those who have trouble swallowing pills. Treatment may need to be lifelong.


title: Pernicious anemia

text: Pernicious anemia due to autoimmune problems occurs in about one per 1000 people in the USA. Among those over the age of 60, about 2% have the condition. It more commonly affects people of northern European descent. Women are more commonly affected than men. With proper treatment, most people live normal lives. Due to a higher risk of stomach cancer, those with pernicious anemia should be checked regularly for this. The first clear description was by Thomas Addison in 1849. The term "pernicious" means "deadly", and this term came into use because before the availability of treatment the disease was often fatal.


title: Pernicious anemia

text: Pernicious anemia often presents slowly, and can cause harm insidiously and unnoticeably. Untreated, it can lead to neurological complications, and in serious cases, death. It can take several years for pernicious anemia to appear, and the disease often goes unrecognized, as the body becomes used to feeling unwell.


title: Pernicious anemia

text: The onset may be vague and slow, as the same symptoms are often also present with anemia; in 81.1% of cases of cobalamin deficiency, pernicious anemia is not observed. Pernicious anemia may be present without a person experiencing symptoms at first, over time, feeling tired and weak, lightheadedness, dizziness, headaches, rapid or irregular heartbeat, breathlessness, glossitis (a sore red tongue), poor ability to exercise, low blood pressure, cold hands and feet, pale or yellow skin, easy bruising and bleeding, low-grade fevers, tremor, cold sensitivity, chest pain, upset stomach, nausea, loss of appetite, heartburn, weight loss, diarrhea, constipation, severe joint pain, feeling abnormal sensations including tingling or numbness to the fingers and toes ("pins and needles"), and tinnitus, may occur. Anemia may present with a number of further common symptoms, including hair thinning and loss, early greying of the hair, mouth ulcers, bleeding gums, angular cheilitis, a look of exhaustion with pale and dehydrated or cracked lips and dark circles around the eyes, as well as brittle nails.


title: Pernicious anemia

text: In more severe or prolonged cases of pernicious anemia, nerve cell damage may occur, which can lead to more severe symptoms, including sense loss, difficulty in proprioception, neuropathic pain, difficulty walking, poor balance, loss of sensation in the feet, muscle weakness, blurred vision (either due to retinopathy or optic neuropathy), impaired urination, fertility problems, decreased sense of taste and smell, decreased level of consciousness, changes in reflexes, memory loss, mood swings, depression, irritability, slurred speech, cognitive impairment, confusion, anxiety, clumsiness, psychosis, and, in more severe cases, dementia. Anemia may also lead to cardiac murmurs and/or altered blood pressure (low or high). The deficiency may also present with thyroid disorders. In severe cases, the anemia may cause congestive heart failure. A complication of severe chronic PA is subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord, which leads to distal sensory loss (posterior column), absent ankle reflex, increased knee reflex response, and extensor plantar response. Other than anemia, hematological symptoms may include cytopenias, intramedullary hemolysis, and pseudothrombotic microangiopathy. Vitamin B deficiency, which is reversible, is occasionally confused with acute myeloid leukemia, which is an irreversible autoimmune condition presenting with some of the same hematological symptoms, including hypercellular bone marrow with blastic differentiation and hypersegmented neutrophils. Pernicious anemia can contribute to a delay in physical growth in children, and may also be a cause for delay in puberty for adolescents.


title: Pernicious anemia

text: Vitamin B cannot be produced by the human body, and must be obtained from the diet. When foods containing B are eaten, the vitamin is usually bound to protein and is released by proteases released by the pancreas into the small bowel. Following its release, most B is absorbed by the body in the small bowel (ileum) after binding to a protein known as intrinsic factor. Intrinsic factor is produced by parietal cells of the gastric mucosa (stomach lining) and the intrinsic factor-B-complex is absorbed by enterocytes in the ileum's cubam receptors. PA is characterised by B deficiency caused by the absence of intrinsic factor. Other disorders that can disrupt the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine include celiac disease, surgical removal of crohn's disease, and HIV.


title: Pernicious anemia

text: PA may be considered as an end stage of autoimmune atrophic gastritis, a disease characterised by stomach atrophy and the presence of antibodies to parietal cells and intrinsic factor. Autoimmune atrophic gastritis, is localised to the body of the stomach, where parietal cells are located. Antibodies to intrinsic factor and parietal cells cause the destruction of the oxyntic gastric mucosa, in which the parietal cells are located, leading to the subsequent loss of intrinsic factor synthesis. Without intrinsic factor, the ileum can no longer absorb the B. Atrophic gastritis is often a precursor to gastric cancer.


title: Pernicious anemia

text: Although the exact role of "Helicobacter pylori" infection in PA remains controversial, evidence indicates "H. pylori" is involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. A long-standing "H. pylori" infection may cause gastric autoimmunity by a mechanism known as molecular mimicry. Antibodies produced by the immune system can be cross-reactive and may bind to both "H. pylori" antigens and those found in the gastric mucosa. The antibodies are produced by activated B cells that recognise both pathogen and self-derived peptides. The autoantigens believed to cause the autoreactivity are the alpha and beta subunits of the sodium-potassium pump. In a study, B deficiency caused by "Helicobacter pylori" was positively correlated with CagA positivity and gastric inflammatory activity, rather than gastric atrophy. Less commonly, "H. pylori" and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome may cause a form of nonautoimmune gastritis that can lead to pernicious anemia.


title: Pernicious anemia

text: Impaired B absorption can also occur following gastric removal (gastrectomy) or gastric bypass surgery. In these surgeries, either the parts of the stomach that produce gastric secretions are removed or they are bypassed. This means intrinsic factor, as well as other factors required for B absorption, are not available. However, B deficiency after gastric surgery does not usually become a clinical issue. This is probably because the body stores many years' worth of B in the liver and gastric surgery patients are adequately supplemented with the vitamin.


title: Pernicious anemia

text: Although no specific PA susceptibility genes have been identified, a genetic factor likely is involved in the disease. Pernicious anemia is often found in conjunction with other autoimmune disorders, suggesting common autoimmune susceptibility genes may be a causative factor. In spite of that, previous family studies and case reports focusing on PA have suggested that there is a tendency of genetic heritance of PA in particular, and close relatives of the PA patients seem to have higher incidence of PA and associated PA conditions. Moreover, it was further indicated that the formation of antibodies to gastric cells was autosomal dominant gene determined, and the presence of antibodies to the gastric cells might not be necessarily related to the occurrence of atrophic gastritis related to PA.


title: Pernicious anemia

text: Although the healthy body stores three to five years' worth of B in the liver, the usually undetected autoimmune activity in one's gut over a prolonged period of time leads to B depletion and the resulting anemia; pernicious anemia refers to one of the hematologic manifestations of chronic auto-immune gastritis, in which the immune system targets the parietal cells of the stomach or intrinsic factor itself, leading to decreased absorption of vitamin B.


title: Pernicious anemia

text: B is required by enzymes for two reactions: the conversion of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA, and the conversion of homocysteine to methionine. In the latter reaction, the methyl group of levomefolic acid is transferred to homocysteine to produce tetrahydrofolate and methionine. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme methionine synthase with B as an essential cofactor. During B deficiency, this reaction cannot proceed, which leads to the accumulation of levomefolic acid. This accumulation depletes the other types of folate required for purine and thymidylate synthesis, which are required for the synthesis of DNA. Inhibition of DNA replication in maturing red blood cells results in the formation of large, fragile megaloblastic erythrocytes. The neurological aspects of the disease are thought to arise from the accumulation of methylmalonyl- CoA due to the requirement of B as a cofactor to the enzyme methylmalonyl-CoA mutase.


title: Pernicious anemia

text: Pernicious anemia is thought mainly to be an autoimmune disorder that attacks the gastric parietal cells that produce intrinsic factor resulting in impaired absorption of B. However, pernicious anemia may also have a genetic component, potentially running in families. Pernicious anemia may be suspected when a blood smear shows large, brittle, immature, erythrocytes, known as megaloblasts. To make a diagnosis a full blood count, and blood smear, with the following tests included is needed:


title: Pernicious anemia

text: Elevated gastrin levels can be found in around 80–90% of PA cases, but they may also be found in other forms of gastritis. Decreased pepsinogen I levels or a decreased pepsinogen I to pepsinogen II ratio may also be found, although these findings are less specific to PA and can be found in food-B malabsorption and other forms of gastritis.


title: Pernicious anemia

text: The diagnosis of atrophic gastritis type A should be confirmed by gastroscopy and stepwise biopsy. About 90% of individuals with PA have antibodies for parietal cells; however, only 50% of all individuals in the general population with these antibodies have pernicious anemia.


title: Pernicious anemia

text: Forms of vitamin B deficiency other than PA must be considered in the differential diagnosis of megaloblastic anemia. For example, a B-deficient state which causes megaloblastic anemia and which may be mistaken for classical PA may be caused by infection with the tapeworm "Diphyllobothrium latum", possibly due to the parasite's competition with host for vitamin B.


title: Pernicious anemia

text: The classic test for PA, the Schilling test, is no longer widely used, as more efficient methods are available. This historic test consisted, in its first step, of taking an oral dose of radiolabelled vitamin B, followed by quantitation of the vitamin in the patient's urine over a 24-hour period via measurement of the radioactivity. A second step of the test repeats the regimen and procedure of the first step, with the addition of oral intrinsic factor. A patient with PA presents lower than normal amounts of intrinsic factor; hence, addition of intrinsic factor in the second step results in an increase in vitamin B absorption (over the baseline established in the first). The Schilling test distinguished PA from other forms of B deficiency, specifically, from Imerslund–Gräsbeck syndrome, a B-deficiency caused by mutations in "CUBN" that codes for cubilin the cobalamin receptor.


title: Pernicious anemia

text: Pernicious anemia may not be diagnosed at first. More in-depth diagnosis may be required. Pernicious anemia caused by a loss of intrinsic factor cannot be prevented. If there are other, reversible causes of low vitamin B levels, the cause must be treated. Pernicious anemia is usually easily treated by providing the necessary level of vitamin B supplementation. Severe cases can be treated with intramuscular injections of vitamin B. Less severe cases may be treated with high doses of oral supplemenation of vitamin B. A nasal spray, gel, and sublingual preparation are also available for people who may have difficulty in swallowing. Folate supplementation may affect the course and treatment of pernicious anemia, therefore vitamin B replacement is often recommended initially. In some severe cases of anemia, a blood transfusion may be needed to resolves haematological effects. Often treatment will be needed for life.


title: Pernicious anemia

text: A person with well-treated PA can live a healthy life. Failure to diagnose and treat in time, however, may result in permanent neurological damage, excessive fatigue, depression, memory loss, and other complications. In severe cases, the neurological complications of pernicious anemia can lead to death – hence the name, "pernicious", meaning deadly.


title: Pernicious anemia

text: There is an increased risk of gastric cancer in those with pernicious anemia linked to the common feature of atrophic gastritis.


title: Pernicious anemia

text: PA is estimated to affect 0.1% of the general population and 1.9% of those over 60, accounting for 20–50% of B deficiency in adults. A review of literature shows that the prevalence of PA is higher in Northern Europe, especially in Scandinavian countries, and among people of African descent, and that increased awareness of the disease and better diagnostic tools might play a role in apparently higher rates of incidence.


title: Pernicious anemia

text: A case of anemia with a first recognition of associated atrophic gastritis a feature of pernicious anemia, was first described in 1824 by James Combe. This was fully investigated in 1849, by British physician Thomas Addison, from which it acquired the common name of "Addison's anemia". In 1871, the first accurate description of the disease in Europe was made by Michael Anton Biermer, a German physician who noted the insidious course of the condition. Because it was untreatable and fatal at the time, he first referred to it as "pernicious" anemia. IAnemia , Russell coined the term subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord.


title: Pernicious anemia

text: In 1907, Richard Clarke Cabot reported on a series of 1,200 patients with PA; their average survival was between one and three years. Pernicious anemia was a fatal disease before about the year 1920; until the importance of the liver in hematopoiesis was recognized, the treatment of pernicious anemia was unsuccessful and arbitrary. It may have motivated George Whipple, who had a keen interest in liver diseases, to investigate the liver's role in hematopoiesis. Whipple began evaluating the effects of treatments for anemia caused by chronic blood loss. Whipple, Huber, and Robchett studied the effects on hemoglobin and blood regeneration of a variety of treatments, among which only raw liver showed real promise. Serendipity is said to have played a role in this discovery. Whipple observed that blood regeneration was poor in dogs fed cooked liver after chronic blood loss. Had it not been that a lazy laboratory technician gave the dogs raw liver, the much more dramatic response might not have been discovered then.


title: Pernicious anemia

text: Around 1926, George Minot and William P. Murphy, who learned of Whipple's discovery, sought raw liver as a treatment for pernicious anemia. They later suggested a high-protein diet with high amounts of raw liver. This caused a rapid improvement in symptoms and a simultaneous rise in red blood cell counts. Fruit and iron were also part of the diet, and it appears that at this point, Minot and Murphy were not quite sure that the liver was a very important factor. It was thought that iron in liver tissue, not liver juice-soluble factor, cured hemorrhagic anemia in dogs. Thus, the discovery of liver juice as a treatment for pernicious anemia had been by coincidence. However, Minot, Murphy, and Whipple received the joint Nobel Prize for discovering a cure for a previously fatal disease of unknown cause in 1934, becoming the first Americans to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine.


title: Pernicious anemia

text: It is not easy to eat uncooked liver, and extracts were developed as a concentrate of liver juice for intramuscular injection. In 1928, chemist Edwin Cohn prepared an extract that was 50 to 100 times stronger than obtained from raw liver. This became part of the standard management of pernicious anemia until the 1950s. The active ingredient in the liver remained unknown until 1948. The anti-perni oppcious anemia factor was only isolated from the liver by Smith, Rex, and others. The substance was cobalamin, which the discoverers called "vitamin B". They showed that giving a few micrograms could prevent relapse in the disease. Dorothy Hodgkin and co-workers went on to use X-ray crystallography to elucidate the structure of cobalamin for which she, too, was awarded a Nobel Prize.


title: Pernicious anemia

text: Understanding of the pathogenesis of pernicious anaemia increased over subsequent decades. It had long been known that the disease was associated with defects in the gastrointestinal tract: patients had chronic gastritis and lack of acid secretion (achlorhydria). It is known that transport of physiological amounts of vitamin B depends on the combined actions of gastric, ileal and pancreatic components. The gastric moiety was discovered and named 'intrinsic factor' by William Castle in 1930. A further important advance was made in the early 1960s by Doniach with the recognition that pernicious anemia is an autoimmune disease. Pernicious anemia is eventually treated with either injections or large oral doses of B, typically between 1 and 4 mg daily.


title: Pernicious anemia

text: A medical author takes the view that Mary Todd Lincoln, the wife of American President Abraham Lincoln, had pernicious anemia for decades and died from it in 1882.


title: Pernicious anemia

text: Treatment using oral drugs is an easier option in management but the bioavailabity of B12 is low. This is due to low absorption in the intestine, and breakdown by enzyme activity. Research continues to focus on the use of permeation enhancers or permeation absorbers in combination with the treatment. One of the better performing enhancers studied is "salcoprozate sodium" (SNAC). SNAC is able to form a noncovalent complex with cobalamin while preserving its chemical integrity and protect B12 from gastric acidity. This complex is much more lipophilic than the water-soluble vitamin B, so is able to pass through cellular membranes with greater ease. Molecular dynamics are used in experiments to gain an understanding of the molecular interactions involved in the different molecules used and the degree of ease achieved in absorption across the gastric epithelium.


title: Surinder Kapoor

text: Surinder Kapoor (23 December 1925 – 24 September 2011) was an Indian film producer. He produced Bollywood films and also served as President of the Film & Television Producers Guild of India from 1995 to 2001. He was born in Peshawar, British India (in present-day Pakistan). Surinder Kapoor belonged to a Punjabi Hindu family from Peshawar. He is a distant relative of the Kapoor family.


title: Surinder Kapoor

text: Prithviraj Kapoor, his cousin, is the one who invited him to Bombay to join the Hindi Film Industry. He started his film career as a secretary to Hindi film star of the 1950s Geeta Bali. The Dada Saheb Phalke Academy honoured him with the Shri L V Prasad Phalke award in 2009. When asked in an interview, how he established S.K.International Films, he quoted in an interview "Rajesh Khanna who played the title-role in Shehzada was truly of a princely disposition. He started shooting for me without ever discussing the price, saying that we could settle that once the film is made, he said and made banner S. K. International Films became an acknowledged company." His first successful film in Hindi as a producer was Shehzada directed by K. Shankar which was a remake of Tamil film Idhu Sathiyam (1963). However, Surinder's subsequent release Phool Khile Hain Gulshan Gulshan (film) and Bikash Rao were flops, due to which he went into huge debts. Later as a producer in the 1980s he made good money with his productions, which were remakes of Kannada, Tamil or Telugu films like Hum Paanch, Woh Saat Din, Loafer, "Judaai", "Sirf Tum", Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai, "Pukar", No Entry - all of them starring his son Anil Kapoor in the lead. His younger son, Sanjay Kapoor was lead actor in Sirf Tum.


title: Surinder Kapoor

text: His three sons, Boney, Anil and Sanjay, are also involved in the film industry. Anil Kapoor is a successful Bollywood actor. His daughter-in-law Sridevi married to his eldest son Boney was a famous Bollywood actress. His daughter, Reena, is married to Sandeep Marwah of Marwah Films and Video Studios. Boney is a well known and a famous Producer and Sanjay acted in several movies.


title: Silvio Dante

text: Silvio Manfred Dante is a fictional character on the HBO TV series "The Sopranos", played by Steven Van Zandt. He is the consigliere and right-hand man to Tony Soprano in the DiMeo crime family. John Magaro portrays a young Silvio Dante in the 2021 prequel film, "The Many Saints of Newark".


title: Silvio Dante

text: According to "The Sopranos, A Family History", Silvio was born in June 1957 in West Orange, New Jersey. His father was Joseph "Beppo" Dante, of Calabrian origin, a soldier who was gunned down in 1959. Silvio was a childhood friend of Tony Soprano. His early criminal activity often involved Tony and Jackie Aprile, Sr. His original career plan was to be a professional singer, but this dream never materialized.


title: Silvio Dante

text: Despite this, Silvio has maintained a connection to show business through ownership of numerous clubs in North Jersey over the years, and in backing aspiring young starlets who come up through his clubs. Silvio's support was instrumental in ensuring Tony took over as capo following the death of his father. Through his association with the Soprano crew, Silvio formed friendships with Salvatore "Big Pussy" Bonpensiero and Paulie "Walnuts" Gualtieri.


title: Silvio Dante

text: Silvio is one of Tony's more level-headed associates. Where many of Tony's men immediately become hot-headed and readily resort to violence, Silvio generally helps to mediate situations and gets along with everyone. He accompanies Tony to most of his "sit-downs" – formal meetings within the organization to resolve disputes. Because of this, Tony relies on Silvio to be a clear-headed thinker and someone he can trust.


title: Silvio Dante

text: It was Silvio who reported to Tony that Uncle Junior planned to murder Pussy Malanga in Artie Bucco's restaurant and who was later entrusted with starting the fire which would ensure the original Vesuvio's burnt down, therefore not ruining its reputation. In the short and bloody war of 1999 with the Junior Soprano crew, Silvio helped Tony to plan hits on Chucky Signore and Mikey Palmice and remained supportive when Tony revealed that he had been seeing a therapist.


title: Silvio Dante

text: Silvio is most often the one to quote Mafia rules and norms when a tough decision is to be made, even if he ends up disagreeing with Tony. Silvio's move to consigliere once Tony becomes acting boss seems completely natural. Silvio remains Tony's most reliable adviser and enforcer, only displaying his aggression in a small number of incidents. One such is when Fat Dom Gamiello makes a remark about the late Vito Spatafore, which implied that Carlo Gervasi was gay.


title: Silvio Dante

text: An enraged Silvio attacked Fat Dom by hitting him in the back of the head with a handheld vacuum and then holding his arms behind his back, which allowed Carlo to stab Dom repeatedly in the abdomen with a large kitchen knife. In poker, Silvio often becomes foul-mouthed and paranoid. Silvio likes to do an impression of Al Pacino, specifically a scene from The Godfather Part III, which his friends find amusing.


title: Silvio Dante

text: Silvio's criminal interests include loan sharking and bookmaking but his day-to-day role is that of managing the Bada Bing, the most recent in a string of strip clubs that he has operated. "The Bing", as it is often referred to, is one of the crime family's major meeting spots, and doubles as a brothel. Silvio loves and cares about, and is a strong father to his teenage daughter Heather, whom he calls "The Principessa". Silvio says that Heather disapproves of his profession, calling it "degrading to women". Tony has said to him, "You're a good father."


title: Silvio Dante

text: When his daughter's soccer coach was found to be involved with one of his young players, Silvio looked for vengeance but followed Tony's decision to let the authorities deal with him. Apart from periodic instances of adultery — Christopher says during his intervention in "The Strong, Silent Type" that Silvio was "fucking every slut you got working in the place" — it can be said that he loves his wife, Gabriella Dante (played by Steven Van Zandt's real-life wife Maureen Van Zandt), very much.


title: Silvio Dante

text: Silvio has a long record of executing traitors throughout the show. He killed Jimmy Altieri at the end of season one. Later, along with Tony and Paulie Walnuts, he executes Pussy Bonpensiero in season two. In season five, he executes Adriana La Cerva. All were killed when they were discovered to have been cooperating — or, in the case of Altieri, thought to have been cooperating — with the FBI in their ongoing investigation of the Soprano crime family. Like Tony and Paulie, Bonpensiero's killing haunted Silvio. In Season 6, Silvio executed Burt Gervasi, garroting him after he discovered that he had been working with the Lupertazzi crime family.


title: Silvio Dante

text: Silvio's judgment wavered when he realized Tony was positioning Christopher Moltisanti as an intermediary between himself and the rest of the organization because of Christopher's and Tony's blood ties. This was made most apparent when Paulie was arrested on a gun charge and Tony made Christopher acting capo of his crew in Paulie's absence. Silvio responded by encouraging Gualtieri crew soldier Patsy Parisi to steal from the Esplanade construction site against Tony's and Christopher's orders.


title: Silvio Dante

text: Silvio also became embroiled in a conflict with Native American protesters over a Columbus Day celebration – something Tony saw as a distraction – and went so far as to get many of the family's associates involved in a violent altercation with the protesters. Silvio found it hard to let the conflict die even once Tony had exhausted all avenues of winning the dispute. Silvio did not take this uncharacteristic behavior any further and although Tony noticed it, nothing became of it. Silvio got a chance to vent his frustration with Christopher at an intervention for his drug problems that ended with Christopher being violently put in his place by Paulie and Silvio. Since Christopher returned from rehab, his relationship with Silvio seems to have returned to their previous friendly association.


title: Silvio Dante

text: Silvio maintains a realistic relationship with Paulie Gualtieri, well aware of Paulie's tight-fisted attitude towards money and dangerous tendencies. Silvio has remarked to Tony that they know that Paulie does not kick up his full amount. Silvio also tried to warn Paulie that his distractedness had been noticed when Paulie let his loyalties to the Soprano family waver, not long after Silvio's own crisis of faith in Tony. Paulie and Silvio argued about this – Paulie had been harboring resentment toward Silvio since his illness got Paulie into the Pine Barrens fiasco. However, it was not long before Paulie returned his attention to staying in Tony's good graces.


title: Silvio Dante

text: Silvio counseled Tony through difficult decisions about Richie Aprile, and his disputes with Ralph Cifaretto, Feech La Manna and Tony Blundetto. He is often forced to convince Tony to go against his impulses – something that he usually manages without setting off Tony's hair-trigger temper. More often than not, when Silvio has something on his mind but will not speak about it, Tony often senses this and gets him to speak up.


title: Silvio Dante

text: When Tony ends up in a coma after being shot by his uncle in a fit of dementia, it falls upon Silvio to take the reins as acting boss of the Soprano family. At first, Silvio seemingly enjoys the job, and even feels a degree of regret that he did not accept an offer from the late Jackie Aprile, Sr. to become the boss back in the late 1990s. His wife Gabriella prompts him to consider the possibilities of a permanent change.


title: Silvio Dante

text: His ambitions quickly subside when he feels the immense pressure of being boss and begins to have asthma attacks brought on by anxiety, as later alluded to by Tony when he says, "All due respect, you got no fucking idea what it's like being #1". As boss, Silvio dealt effectively with Paulie in a dispute over the split of profits from a heist Paulie had undertaken following a tip from Vito Spatafore. However, Silvio was indecisive in his handling of a dispute between Vito and Bobby Baccalieri over a collection route.


title: Silvio Dante

text: After his return to the more comfortable role of consigliere, Silvio again counseled Tony about contentious issues. When Vito Spatafore was outed to the organization, Silvio convinced Tony of the need to restrain his desire to "give him a pass" because of the effect it would have on the other captains' view of his leadership. When Tony responded with distasteful jokes about Bobby's serious injury, a look from Silvio was enough to tell him he was being unfair.


title: Silvio Dante

text: When Vito came back from New Hampshire, Silvio said that there would be popular sentiment to get rid of him, but Tony initially decided to let Vito run a prostitution ring in Atlantic City. However, when Phil Leotardo confronted Tony about Vito being in New Jersey, Silvio and Tony both knew that they could not keep fighting with Phil over the issue and that if they wanted to keep the "no show" jobs, Vito would have to go. Silvio had always pushed for Vito to be taken care of and told Tony that it was the right move and not to beat himself up over the issue.


title: Silvio Dante

text: When Phil Leotardo and his men killed Vito (without permission from Tony), Tony told Silvio that it was not about Vito, it was about him. Silvio initially told Tony that they should go after one of Phil's men but Tony was trying to avoid a war and instead decided to blow up Phil's wire room in Sheepshead Bay.


title: Silvio Dante

text: Silvio and Carlo were at Satriale's Pork Store later that day when "Fat Dom" Gamiello came by. Dom started making jokes about Vito's homosexuality and implied that Carlo was homosexual. Silvio told Dom to leave, but when Dom continued his ridicule, anger got the best of the usually calm consigliere as he smashed his hand-held vacuum over Dom's head and held him while Carlo stabbed him to death. A short time afterward, Tony came by the shop to see them. Silvio advised Tony not to enter, but he couldn't stop Tony from finding Dom. Tony stormed out of the shop with Silvio right behind him telling Tony that "When you kill a made guy, this is what happens."


title: Silvio Dante

text: In the episode "Stage 5" Silvio was out at lunch with Gerry Torciano, the man Phil Leotardo wanted to take over as boss of the Lupertazzi family, when one of Doc Santoro's assassins killed Torciano. This outraged Tony, as Silvio could have been hurt during the altercation.


title: Silvio Dante

text: In the episode "The Blue Comet", it is revealed that the Lupertazzi family has recruited Burt Gervasi to begin a rebellion against Tony. Burt goes to Silvio to join in a coup d'état against the boss, but Silvio responds by strangling him to death at his home a short time later. Eventually, contracts are put out on Silvio, Bobby Bacala, and Tony in order to incapacitate the leadership of the family. Shortly after Bobby is killed, while Patsy Parisi drives Silvio outside of the Bada Bing club, a car moves in front of them, with two men coming out shooting multiple times.


title: Silvio Dante

text: Silvio tries taking a pistol off of the back seat, only to be shot in the back. Silvio manages to grab his pistol in time while Parisi holds them off. Parisi manages to defend them, but soon the two men begin to target Silvio more. He is shot once more in the chest, while Patsy runs into the woods, fleeing for his life. Afterward, Silvio is rushed to the hospital and placed in an intensive care unit.


title: Silvio Dante

text: Paulie later tells Tony that Silvio survived the assassination attempt but is in a coma. The doctors say that he is unlikely to regain consciousness. In the final episode, an emotional Tony visits the still comatose Silvio, whose fate is not mentioned further.


title: Silvio Dante

text: "Sopranos" creator David Chase was impressed with Van Zandt's humorous appearance and presence after seeing him induct The Rascals into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997, and invited him to audition. Van Zandt, a guitarist best known for playing in Bruce Springsteen's E Street Band, had never acted before. He auditioned for the role of Tony Soprano, but HBO felt that the role should go to an experienced actor, so Chase wrote a new part for Van Zandt. Van Zandt eventually agreed to star on the show as consigliere Silvio Dante. His real-life spouse Maureen was cast as his on-screen wife Gabriella.


title: Detroit (film)

text: Detroit is a 2017 American period crime drama film directed by Kathryn Bigelow and written by Mark Boal. Based on the Algiers Motel incident during Detroit's 1967 12th Street Riot, the film's release commemorated the 50th anniversary of the event. The film stars an ensemble cast that includes John Boyega, Will Poulter, Algee Smith, Jacob Latimore, Jason Mitchell, Hannah Murray, Kaitlyn Dever, Jack Reynor, Ben O'Toole, Nathan Davis, Jr., Peyton Alex Smith, Malcolm David Kelley, Joseph David-Jones, with John Krasinski and Anthony Mackie.


title: Detroit (film)

text: "Detroit" premiered at the Fox Theatre, Detroit, on July 26, 2017, and began a limited theatrical release on July 28, 2017, while the wide expansion starting on August 4. The film received positive reviews from critics, with particular praise towards Bigelow's direction, Boal's screenplay and the performances of Boyega, Poulter, and Smith, but was a box office failure, only grossing $26 million against its $34 million budget.


title: Detroit (film)

text: On July 23, 1967, the Detroit Police Department stage a raid on an unlicensed club. While suspects are being arrested, a crowd forms and starts throwing rocks at the officers before looting nearby stores and starting fires, beginning the 12th Street Riot. With state authorities, elected representatives and emergency services unable to maintain any semblance of order, the Michigan Army National Guard and Army paratroopers enter Detroit to provide assistance. On the second day of rioting, two cops pursue a fleeing looter. One of them, Philip Krauss, kills the man with a shotgun against orders but is allowed to remain on duty until his superiors can decide whether to file murder charges.


title: Detroit (film)

text: The Dramatics, a professional black R&B group, prepares for their scheduled performance at a music hall but the police shut down the venue and order them to leave the city. En route, their bus is attacked by rioters and the group splits up, with lead singer Larry Reed and his bodyguard Fred Temple renting a room at the local Algiers Motel for the night. They meet two white girls, Julie Ann Hysell and Karen Malloy, who introduce them to their friends Carl Cooper, Aubrey Pollard, Jr., Michael Clark and Lee Forsythe. Carl Cooper and another friend stage a prank using a starter pistol, upsetting Hysell and Malloy, who move to the room of Karl Greene, a Vietnam War veteran, while Reed and Temple return to their own room.


title: Detroit (film)

text: Melvin Dismukes, a private security guard, is assigned to protect a grocery store from looters. Cooper fires several blanks from his pistol in the direction of the troops to frighten them, but they mistake it for a sniper attack and pinpoint it coming from the Algiers. Led by Krauss, the Michigan State Police, National Guard and Detroit Police arrive at the motel to investigate. Entering the building, Krauss kills Cooper when he tries to escape and plants a knife next to his body.


title: Detroit (film)

text: The police round up everyone in the hotel and line them against the wall, demanding to know who the sniper was. Despite not finding any weapon during a search of the room, Krauss terrorizes and interrogates the occupants of the hotel. Dismukes arrives to try to help. Unwilling to get involved, most of the state police and National Guard leave without informing anyone of Krauss's abuse.


title: Detroit (film)

text: Krauss orders several suspects to be moved to different rooms and subjected to mock executions to terrify the others into confessing. One officer-Demens actually kills Pollard, as he did not understand that the executions were supposed to be faked. Hysell and Malloy are taken to an upstairs room. Disgusted, a Guardsman manages to get them released from custody. Fearing arrest, Krauss permits the remaining three men to leave but only if they swear to keep silent. Greene and Reed agree but Temple is shot twice in the chest by Krauss after he refuses.


title: Detroit (film)

text: As the riots die down, Dismukes is arrested and charged with murder after Hysell identifies him as being present at the Algiers that night. His fellow officers are questioned as well and when everyone except Krauss confesses, they are also charged. Reed, whose music career has stalled due to trauma, is summoned as a witness. The judge ultimately refuses to accept any of the confessions as evidence and without a solid case, the all-white jury acquits Dismukes and the co-defendants of all charges. Dismukes confronts the three officers but finds himself powerless to get any justice for the victims.


title: Detroit (film)

text: The film ends by explaining what became of the participants: Dismukes moved to the suburbs to escape death threats and resumed work as a security guard. Although Senak, August and Paille were found not guilty of criminal charges, they never returned to active duty. Paille died on September 9, 2011, while Senak and August were arrested and remain in prison. Years later, a civil court ruled against one of the officers and he was ordered to pay a fine to Pollard's family of $5,000. Temple's family sued the city of Detroit for wrongful death, but the city would not admit guilt. Cooper's starter pistol was never found. Hysell left Detroit, raised four children and now works as a hairdresser. The Dramatics broke out in the 1970s with several hits and continue to perform to this day. Reed never rejoined the band; he lives in Detroit and sings in a church choir.


title: Detroit (film)

text: On January 28, 2016, it was announced that Kathryn Bigelow and Mark Boal would reteam to make a film about the 1967 Detroit riots, with Bigelow directing from a script by Boal. Both would also produce the film, along with Annapurna Pictures' Megan Ellison and Matthew Budman. "Game of Thrones" actress Hannah Murray was cast in a "key role" in the film, although her character was then being kept under wraps.


title: Detroit (film)

text: The film was scheduled to shoot in the summer of 2016, in order to be released in 2017 for the 50th anniversary of the riots. On June 21, 2016, John Boyega joined the cast. On August 3, 2016, Jack Reynor, Will Poulter, and Ben O'Toole were cast in lead roles. On August 4, 2016, Anthony Mackie joined the cast, and on August 5, 2016, Jacob Latimore and Algee Smith also joined.


title: Detroit (film)

text: On August 8, 2016, Joseph David-Jones joined the cast, followed by Kaitlyn Dever on August 30, 2016. On September 9, 2016, Jason Mitchell joined the cast, and on September 13, 2016, John Krasinski was also added. In October 2016, Jeremy Strong, Chris Chalk, Austin Hébert, Ephraim Sykes, Laz Alonso, Nathan Davis Jr., Malcolm David Kelley, Peyton Alex Smith, and Leon Thomas III all joined the cast of the film.


title: Detroit (film)

text: It was reported at the end of July 2016 that the film had commenced principal photography in Boston during the previous week. Scenes were filmed inside Dedham District Court, in Dorchester, Massachusetts and in Brockton, Massachusetts. In addition, the movie filmed in Detroit during October 2016. The elimination of Michigan's film incentives in 2015 affected the filming locations.


title: Detroit (film)

text: Bigelow fired Strong after the first day of shooting, believing his character did not work as expected. He was later recast as Lang.


title: Detroit (film)

text: In May 2017, James Newton Howard was hired as the film's composer. In July 2017, Detroit rapper Tee Grizzley released a song called "Teetroit" for the soundtrack. The Roots and Bilal released a song named "It Ain't Fair" for the soundtrack.


title: Detroit (film)

text: "Detroit" began a limited release in 10 markets on July 28, 2017, opening in New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Dallas, Washington D.C., Detroit, San Francisco, Houston, Atlanta, and Baltimore. Annapurna Pictures then released the film nationally, its first as a distributor, on August 4, 2017. Annapurna handled the film's North American distribution, while Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Entertainment One handled distribution for its international release. On November 3, 2017, it was announced the film would get a ten city, 20 screen re-release on December 1, 2017, in an effort to push its award campaign.


title: Detroit (film)

text: "Detroit" grossed $16.8 million in the United States and Canada and $7.3 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $24.1 million, against a production budget of $34 million.


title: Detroit (film)

text: In North America, "Detroit" grossed $350,190 in its limited opening from 20 theaters (an average of $17,510), finishing 16th at the box office. The film then had its wide expansion alongside "Kidnap" and "The Dark Tower", and was initially projected to gross $10–15 million from 3,007 theaters over the weekend. The film made $525,000 from Thursday previews, which was more than the $515,482 it made in its entire week of limited release. It then made $2.6 million on its first day, lowering weekend projections to $7.5 million.


title: Detroit (film)

text: It went on to open to $7.1 million, finishing eighth at the box office; 40% of its opening weekend audience were African American. "Deadline Hollywood" wrote that the film could have done better had it been released in the fall during festivals and awards season. In its second weekend the film grossed $2.9 million, dropping 59.5% (above average for an adult drama) and finishing in 13th. In its third week of wide release the film was pulled from 1,579 theaters and grossed $850,000 (a drop of 70.9%).


title: Detroit (film)

text: "Detroit" received praise for its direction, screenplay, and acting, especially Boyega, Poulter, and Smith's performances. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 82% based on 306 reviews, and an average rating of 7.60/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Detroit" delivers a gut-wrenching – and essential – dramatisation of a tragic chapter from America's past that draws distressing parallels to the present." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 77 out of 100, based on 49 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale, and PostTrak reported film goers gave it an 86% overall positive score and a 63% "definite recommend".


title: Detroit (film)

text: Richard Roeper of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film four out of four stars and called it one of 2017's best, saying: "Journalist-screenwriter Mark Boal (Bigelow's collaborator on "The Hurt Locker" and "Zero Dark Thirty") does a magnificent job of juggling the multiple storylines and creating fully authentic characters—some flawed, some basically decent, some evil." Writing for "Rolling Stone", Peter Travers praised the cast and script, giving the film three and a half out of four stars and saying, "... "Detroit" is far more than a liberal howl against the escalating toxicity of racism in America. Bigelow, with the same immersive intensity that Christopher Nolan brings to "Dunkirk", smacks us down in the middle of a brutal historical event so we can see it – and feel it – for ourselves."


title: Detroit (film)

text: Conversely, Alexander Nazaryan of "Newsweek" wrote "[Bigelow's] characters never come alive, moving through the film less as people than entries in a sociology textbook ... If Bigelow could get inside the minds of soldiers suffocated by post-traumatic stress disorder, as she did so capably in "The Hurt Locker", she can get into the mind of anyone. In "Zero Dark Thirty", she made even CIA interrogators likeable. The characters in "Detroit", though, black and white, are as flat as the plains of the Upper Midwest."


title: Detroit (film)

text: Several critics noted the film's questionable take on a predominantly African American-based story. A. O. Scott in "The New York Times" wrote "It is curious that a movie set against a backdrop of black resistance and rebellion—however inchoate and self-destructive its expression may have been—should become a tale of black helplessness and passivity. The white men, the decent ones as much as the brutes, have the answers, the power, the agency." K. Austin Collins of "The Ringer" wrote "This movie isn't really about black people as people, nor history as a lived experience, but is instead invested in a dutiful, 'just the facts, ma'am' reenactment that pretends those other things are already a given. Boal, and Bigelow beside him, refuse to speculate about — or imagine — the rest."


title: Detroit (film)

text: "The New Yorker"s Richard Brody called the film "a moral failure", saying: "[Bigelow's] intentions come through clearly: to depict an incident—and a climate—of racism, to show that the cruelty of these deeds was multiplied by their ultimate impunity, and to suggest that, in the intervening half-century since the events depicted in the film took place, little has changed. Movies aren’t made with intentions, though; they’re made with people and with equipment, and what Bigelow has her actors do for the benefit of the camera is repellent to imagine."


title: Detroit (film)

text: According to Melvin Dismukes, who is depicted prominently in the film, "Detroit" "is 99.5% accurate as to what happened at the Algiers and in the city at the time." However, the "Los Angeles Times" wrote that "Bigelow does say there are moments of fiction, and Boal notes instances of 'pure screenwriting.' Some facts are contested within accounts; others were changed for the screen" and then raised the question "Does a disclaimer at the end sufficiently cover fictional manipulations in an ostensibly true story?"


title: Detroit (film)

text: Bigelow and Boal "changed names [of characters] so as to enjoy other creative liberties in the storytelling." One such subject whose name was dropped in favor of a fictional one is lawyer Norman Lippitt (played in the film by actor John Krasinski under the name Auerbach).


title: Detroit (film)

text: In response to the historical criticism, Boal said, "I employed poetic license, under a self-imposed rule to never stray from what I understood to be the underlying truth of a scene or an event. This script is built on a sturdy base of journalism and history, but it is not the same as journalism or history, nor does it aspire to be. As a screenwriter, I take the responsibility of being the creator of a tale, of transforming these raw materials into a drama."


title: Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece

text: Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece (; born 20 May 1967) is the eldest son and second child of Constantine II, the last King of Greece from 1964 to 1973 and his wife, Anne-Marie of Denmark. He was heir apparent to the throne of Greece and was its crown prince from birth, remaining so during his father's reign until the monarchy's abolition. As a male-line descendant of Christian IX of Denmark, he is also a Danish prince although not in succession to the Danish throne.


title: Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece

text: Pavlos was born on 20 May 1967 at the Tatoi Palace north of Athens, used at the time as the second residence of the Greek royal family. He was the second child and first son of the then King Constantine II and Queen Anne Marie of the Hellenes. In traditional Greek naming practices, first sons are named after their paternal grandfathers. His mother is the youngest sister of Queen Margrethe II of Denmark and his father is the brother of Queen Sophia of Spain. His maternal grandparents were King Frederick IX of Denmark and his wife Princess Ingrid of Sweden.


title: Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece

text: He displaced his older sister, Alexia, born in 1965, as heir to the throne, Greece's order of succession adhering to male-preference primogeniture.


title: Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece

text: Pavlos was born into a turbulent era in Greek politics. His father, King Constantine II, ascended to the throne on 6 March 1964, aged 23, following the death of his father, King Paul. Pavlos was born barely a month after the "coup d'état" which ended democratic rule in Greece over the King's objections on 21 April 1967, ushering in the "Regime of the Colonels", led by Georgios Papadopoulos. In December of that year, King Constantine attempted a counter-coup, but could not rally sufficient military support. Pursued by supporters of the "junta", the King fled with his wife, children, mother and sister to Rome. From Rome they went to Copenhagen, and lived with Queen Anne-Marie's mother, Queen Ingrid.


title: Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece

text: During the years 1967–1973, Greece remained officially a monarchy, with a regency appointed while the King lived in exile. On 1 June 1973, Constantine II was declared deposed and Georgios Papadopoulos became the self-appointed President of Greece.


title: Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece

text: On 17 November 1974, the 1974 Greek legislative election was held, resulting in a victory for Constantine Karamanlis and his New Democracy party. Less than a month later, on 8 December, the Greek plebiscite of 1974 confirmed a referendum of the previous year: the majority of Greek voters preferred a republican constitution (69%) to restoration of the monarchy (31%).


title: Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece

text: Constantine II accepted that his reign was at an end. He and Anne Marie had been living with their family in London for several years. Pavlos's youngest siblings were born in London, Theodora in 1983 and Philippos in 1986.


title: Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece

text: Pavlos was educated in London at the Hellenic College of London, founded by his parents. He attended the Armand Hammer United World College of the American West, Montezuma, New Mexico, in the U.S., from 1984 to 1986. After training at the British Army's Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, he was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards in 1987 on a three-year short service commission. He was promoted to lieutenant in April 1989, and relinquished his commission in April 1990. In 1993 he completed a bachelor's degree at the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service and later while sharing a house in Washington, DC, he and his cousin, Felipe VI of Spain, then Prince of Asturias, attended Georgetown University where both obtained a Master of Science in Foreign Service in 1995.


title: Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece

text: As an adult he has lived in New York City and London, working as an investment consultant. He is the co-founder of Ortelius Advisors, an activist hedge fund. He is an experienced bluewater yachtsman and crews on the multi-record-breaking monohull "Mari-Cha IV" owned by businessman and father-in-law, Robert W. Miller.


title: Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece

text: Pavlos married American heiress Marie-Chantal Miller, whom he had met at a party three years earlier in New Orleans, on 1 July 1995. The Greek Orthodox rite wedding at St Sophia's Cathedral, London drew a rare modern panoply of royalty, but the ceremony proved to be legally invalid and had eventually to be repeated civilly (not normally required in the UK) in Chelsea because of a law requiring that marriages in England be conducted in English.


title: Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece

text: After their marriage, the couple took up residence in Greenwich, Connecticut, the job that Pavlos obtained with the Charles R. Weber ship-broking company being headquartered there. Later, he went to work at a New York City firm as an investment portfolio manager, before relocation to London for their children's education in 2004.


title: Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece

text: The couple has five children: Maria-Olympia (b. 1996), Constantine-Alexios (b. 1998), Achileas-Andreas (b. 2000), Odysseas-Kimon (b. 2004), and Aristidis-Stavros (b. 2008).


title: Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece

text: From birth, Pavlos was the heir apparent to the throne of Greece and as such he was referred to as the Crown Prince of Greece with the style of "Royal Highness". Following the deposition of the Greek monarchy in 1973, these titles and styles are no longer legally recognised by the government of the Hellenic Republic. Through his male-line descent from Christian IX of Denmark, he is also a Danish prince with the style of "Highness".


title: Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece

text: Pavlos was a direct descendant of three reigning sovereign monarchs at birth. He was the eldest son of the King of Greece, grandson of the King of Denmark and great-grandson of the King of Sweden, all living and enthroned when he was born. His paternal aunt, Sofía, was Queen consort of Spain. His maternal aunt, Margrethe II, is the reigning Queen of Denmark.


title: Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece

text: By male-line descent, he is a member of the Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg branch of the House of Oldenburg.


title: Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece

text: Pavlos is a scion multiple times of the "Grandparents of Europe", due to royal intermarriage. As a result, he descends from Christian IX of Denmark through three of his children; in the male line through George I of Greece, in the female line through Frederick VIII of Denmark and through King Christian's daughter Princess Thyra, Duchess of Cumberland. He also descends thrice from Queen Victoria: once through her third son Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, and twice through her eldest daughter Victoria, Princess Royal.


title: DeCavalcante crime family

text: The DeCavalcante crime family, also known as the North Jersey Mafia, is an Italian-American Mafia organized crime family that operates mainly in northern New Jersey, particularly in Elizabeth, Newark, West New York, and various other North Jersey cities and the surrounding areas in North Jersey. It is part of the nationwide criminal network known as the American Mafia. It operates on the opposite side of the Hudson River from the Five Families of New York. It maintains strong relations with many of them, as well as with the Philadelphia crime family and the Patriarca crime family of New England. The Decavalcantes are considered by some to be the "Sixth Family".


title: DeCavalcante crime family

text: Its illicit activities include bookmaking, cement and construction violations, bootlegging, corruption, drug trafficking, extortion, fencing, fraud, hijacking, illegal gambling, loan-sharking, money laundering, murder, pier thefts, pornography, prostitution, racketeering, and waste management violations.


title: DeCavalcante crime family

text: The Commission did not recognize the DeCavalcantes as an autonomous crime family until the regime of Sam DeCavalcante. There were several bosses in North Jersey during the Prohibition era controlling transportation of alcohol and whiskey into New York City, and there were two Mafia families based in New Jersey: the "Newark family" headed by Gaspare D'Amico, and the Elizabeth family headed by Stefano Badami. The New York City families had crews operating in New Jersey: the Masseria family's New Jersey faction, and the Reina family's Jersey crew. There was also Abner Zwillman, a Jewish gangster operating in Newark, and the Philadelphia crime family operating in South Jersey.


title: DeCavalcante crime family

text: In 1935, Vincenzo Troia conspired to take over the "Newark family" and was murdered. D'Amico fled the United States in 1937 after a failed assassination attempt ordered by Joseph Profaci. The Commission decided to divide up his territory among the Five Families and Badami's Elizabeth family.


title: DeCavalcante crime family

text: Stefano "Steve" Badami became the boss of the Elizabeth-Newark family. His reign proved to be very disruptive, as members of the Newark and the Elizabeth factions began fighting for total control of New Jersey. Badami kept controlling the crew up to the 1950s, but he was murdered in 1955 in what appears to have been another power struggle between the two factions. Badami's underboss Filippo Amari began to run the illegal operations.


title: DeCavalcante crime family

text: Amari was recognized by US law enforcement as being heavily involved with extortion, labor racketeering, loansharking, and narcotics activities in Newark and New York City. He was considered the new head of the New Jersey organization, but his reign proved to be very short, as there were multiple factions operating underneath who all conspired to take over. He relocated to Sicily and was replaced by Nicholas "Nick" Delmore. Delmore attended the infamous 1957 Apalachin Convention to represent the small New Jersey crime family, with underbosses of Elizabeth and Newark Frank Majuri and Louis "Fat Lou" LaRasso.


title: DeCavalcante crime family

text: Delmore kept running the organization until he became ill in the early 1960s. He died in 1964, and his nephew Simone DeCavalcante was installed as new boss of the officially recognized "DeCavalcante crime family" of North Jersey.


title: DeCavalcante crime family

text: The official criminal organization began with Simone DeCavalcante, known as "Sam the Plumber" and "The Count". He was born in 1913 and was involved in illegal gambling, murder, and racketeering for most of his life. He died of a heart attack in 1997 at age 84. He rose to power in 1964, and he was incarcerated in 1969. He doubled the number of made men within his family during the 60s.


title: DeCavalcante crime family

text: He owned Kenilworth Heating and Air Conditioning in Kenilworth, New Jersey as a legal front and source of taxable income, for which he gained the nickname "Sam the Plumber". He also claimed to be of Italian royal lineage, earning him the nickname "The Count". He gained much respect because he held a place on the infamous Commission, a governing body for the American Mafia which included the Five Families of New York, the Chicago Outfit, and Miami.


title: DeCavalcante crime family

text: DeCavalcante and 54 associates were charged and tried in 1969. He plead guilty to operating a gambling racket turning over $20 million a year. At the same time, a New York State report indicated that he and another Mafia family controlled 90-percent of the pornography stores in New York City. DeCavalcante was sentenced to five years in prison. He retired to a high-rise condo in Florida when he was released and largely stayed out of Mafia business, although the FBI believed that he was still advising the family into the early 1990s.


title: DeCavalcante crime family

text: After DeCavalcante left prison in the mid-1970s, he appointed Giovanni "John the Eagle" Riggi as acting boss of the family while he stayed semi-retired in Florida. DeCavalcante stepped down as boss officially in 1980, passing leadership to Riggi, who had been a business agent of the International Association of Laborers and Hod Carriers in New Jersey for years. Riggi was promoted to the position of official boss, and he reaped the enormous benefits of large labor and construction racketeering, loansharking, illegal gambling, and extortion activities. Riggi also had the family maintain their old traditions, which Sam DeCavalcante saw as unnecessary.


title: DeCavalcante crime family

text: Riggi used his power and influence to place subcontractors and workers at various construction projects around the state, and the DeCavalcantes were able to steal from union welfare and pension funds. Riggi continued to run the family throughout the 1980s, with underboss Girolamo "Jimmy" Palermo and Stefano Vitabile as consigliere, after Frank Majuri died of health problems. It was around the mid-1980s that Riggi fell increasingly under the influence of Gambino crime family boss John Gotti.


title: DeCavalcante crime family

text: After Riggi's conviction for racketeering, he appointed John D'Amato as acting boss of the family in 1990. D'Amato was later revealed to have participated in homosexual acts and was murdered in 1992. Riggi continued to run the family from his jail cell, but he appointed Giacomo "Jake" Amari as his new acting boss. All was seemingly settled until Amari became ill and died slowly of stomach cancer in 1997. This caused a massive power vacuum within the family, with high-ranking members pushing to become the next boss of the DeCavalcante crime family.


title: DeCavalcante crime family

text: After acting boss Amari's death, Riggi organized a three-man ruling panel in 1998 to run the day-to-day business of the crime family, consisting of Girolamo Palermo, Vincent Palermo (no relation), and Charles Majuri, with Stefano Vitabile as the reputed consigliere and adviser to the three.


title: DeCavalcante crime family

text: The Panel infuriated longtime captain Charles Majuri, who had been a hardworking member of the family since his teens and felt that he was wronged when he was not selected as the only acting boss. To gain complete control of the DeCavalcante family, Majuri decided that he should murder Vincent Palermo, leaving himself in charge of the family. Majuri contracted soldier James Gallo to murder Vincent Palermo. Gallo was a strong ally and friend of Vincent Palermo's, and told him about Majuri's plans. In retaliation, Vincent Palermo decided to have Majuri murdered. After one plot fell through, the murder was eventually called off.


title: DeCavalcante crime family

text: Toward the late 1990s, the Ruling Panel kept running the DeCavalcante crime family with Giovanni Riggi still behind bars as the boss. The downfall of the DeCavalcante family was precipitated in 1998, when an associate named Ralph Guarino became an FBI informant, in an effort to avoid a long prison sentence in connection with taking part with two others in a heist of $1.6 million from the World Trade Center. Guarino spent ten years undercover working for the FBI. He wore a listening device and recorded conversations that mobsters would have about criminal business. During Guarino's time as an informant, fellow mobster Joseph Masella was gunned down on the orders of Vincent Palermo.


title: DeCavalcante crime family

text: Using information provided by Guarino, US law enforcement launched a large scale arrest on December 2, 1999 of over 30 members and associates of the DeCavalcante crime family. Palermo realized they would likely spend the rest of their lives behind bars and decided to cooperate with the FBI in exchange for a lenient sentence. This resulted in the arrest of 12 more men less than a year later, decimating the crime family's hierarchy and putting it on the brink of extinction. Other top members, like Anthony Rotondo and Anthony Capo, also agreed to become government witnesses.


title: DeCavalcante crime family

text: In 2001, 20 mobsters were charged with racketeering, seven murders, 14 murder conspiracies, attempted murder, extortion in the construction industry, and stock fraud. This was the fourth indictment of the family since 1999. Since then, several other top mobsters agreed to become government witnesses in exchange for being given lenient or no sentences at all. US law enforcement even put Giovanni Riggi on trial, who was hoping to be released in 2003, and he was sentenced to 10 additional years in prison.


title: DeCavalcante crime family

text: Between 1999-2005, about 45 men were imprisoned, including the family's consigliere and seven capos. With the decline of the DeCavalcante family, New York's Five Families have taken over many of the rackets in northern New Jersey. Riggi was in jail until November 27, 2012, and he died in 2015. Longtime acting boss Francesco Guarraci died of cancer in 2016.


title: DeCavalcante crime family

text: In March 2015, the FBI arrested 10 members and associates of the crime family on charges of conspiracy to commit murder and distribution of drugs, including 71 year-old captain Charles "Beeps" Stango and 72 year-old consigliere Frank Nigro. Associates Rosario Pali and Nicholas DeGidio were convicted on April 4, 2017, after pleading guilty to distributing more than 500 grams of cocaine. DeGidio was sentenced to 1½ years in prison, and Pali was sentenced to over 6 years. Luigi Oliveri was charged with the possession of contraband cigarettes.


title: DeCavalcante crime family

text: In March 2017, Stango was sentenced to 10 years in federal prison for conspiracy to commit murder. Stango reportedly wanted Nigro and associate Paul Colella to get permission from the New Jersey hierarchy to kill Luigi Oliveri, but the murder was not committed because Stango did not get an answer. Prosecutors claimed that Stango and his son had plans to open a high-end escort service in Toms River, New Jersey.


title: DeCavalcante crime family

text: In 2016, Anthony Stango Jr. was sentenced to 6 years in prison after pleading guilty to using a telephone in interstate commerce to conduct a prostitution operation, conspiring to distribute five grams or more of cocaine, distributing more than $70,000 worth of cocaine, and possessing a shotgun as a convicted felon.


title: DeCavalcante crime family

text: In July 2022, capo Charlie Stango was released from federal prison and went into a New York halfway house.


title: DeCavalcante crime family

text: The DeCavalcante crime family is partly the inspiration for the fictional DiMeo crime family of the HBO television series "The Sopranos". The family was the subject of the CNBC program "Mob Money", which aired on June 23, 2010, and "The Real Sopranos" TV documentary directed by Thomas Viner for the UK production company Class Films.


title: Leo Wu

text: Wu Lei (, born December 26, 1999), also known as Leo Wu, is a Chinese actor. He is known as the "China's Little Brother" () in China.


title: Leo Wu

text: He made his first appearance in commercials at the age of three. In 2007, officially made his debut in acting as Nezha for the series, "The Legend and the Hero". Additionally, he is known for his supporting roles in "Nirvana in Fire" and "The Whirlwind Girl" (2015) and his starring roles in "Fight Breaks Sphere" (2018) and "The Long Ballad" (2021) and" Love like The Galaxy" (2022).


title: Leo Wu

text: In 2011, he won Best Young Actor at the 28th Flying Apsaras Awards for his role in "Mo's Mischief. "In 2016, he was nominated for Best Newcomer at the 19th Huading Awards for his role "Nirvana in Fire". In 2018, he ranked first place in the country on the entrance examination to the Beijing Film Academy.


title: Leo Wu

text: In 2018, Wu entered Beijing Film Academy, the largest film institution in Asia, placing first on the entrance examination with an impressive score of 92.85 and a total score of 456.


title: Leo Wu

text: Wu Lei was first scouted when he was 3. Thereafter, Wu appeared in the commercial of Chinese dietary supplement brand Huang Jin Da Dang in 2002. His adorable grin became a beloved trademark, further launching him in the showbiz industry. Subsequently, he was featured in more than fifty commercials and made minor appearances in numerous shows for the next two years.


title: Leo Wu

text: He took on his first scripted role in the Chinese television drama, "The Young Warriors" (2006), as the young Yang Yanzhao. That same year, he began his first professional training into acting. During one of the classes, a director came to scout for young actors/actresses. Coincidentally, Wu was in the restroom and almost missed the scouting. Determined to not miss this opportunity, he raced after the leaving crew, after which his photo was finally taken. To his surprise, he was chosen, and subsequently made his official debut in the "The Legend and the Hero" (2007) where he portrayed Nezha.


title: Leo Wu

text: Wu first gained attention for his roles in the children television dramas "Home with Aliens" (2009) and "Naughty boy Xiaotiao Ma" (2010), for which he won the Outstanding Child Actor award at the Flying Apsaras Awards. He further raised his profile with his role in wuxia drama "Little Heroes" (2012).


title: Leo Wu

text: Despite his young age, he established his talent for acting through his unprecedented gregariousness and versatility. By the age of 10, he has already appeared in twenty to thirty shows.


title: Leo Wu

text: In 2014, Wu featured in "Romance of the Condor Heroes" produced by Yu Zheng, a wuxia drama remake of Jin Yong's novel, "The Return of the Condor Heroes", and received acclaim for his portrayal of young Yang Guo.


title: Leo Wu

text: In 2015, Wu starred as Li Xiaoyao in the web drama "Pal Inn" and endorsed the video game of the same name. The series gained over 300 million views, and became a popular topic online. This was followed by well-received supporting role in youth sports drama "The Whirlwind Girl" and historical drama "Nirvana in Fire", which led to increased recognition for Wu. Additionally, he displayed his charisma and quick-thinking during a press conference for "The Whirlwind Girl" by making a joke to deescalate an awkward question regarding him and his co-actress, Tan Songyun.


title: Leo Wu

text: In 2017, Wu took on his first small screen leading role in the fantasy web drama, "Magic Star". He also co-starred in the British-Chinese action thriller "S.M.A.R.T. Chase" directed by Charles Martin; as well as Chinese-New Zealand production "Into the Rainbow".


title: Leo Wu

text: In 2018, Wu starred in the fantasy epic "Asura". Then he was also starred in the fantasy adventure series "The Tomb of Sea", written by the author of "Daomu Biji"; and "Battle Through the Heavens", a fantasy action drama based on the popular xianxia novel of the same name. The same year, he was featured in historical film "Shadow" by acclaimed director Zhang Yimou. "Forbes China" listed Wu under their 30 Under 30 Asia 2017 list which consisted of 30 influential people under 30 years old who have had a substantial effect in their fields. In 2019, Wu starred in the romance film "Adoring".


title: Leo Wu

text: In 2020, Wu starred in the historical fantasy drama "Guardians of the Ancient Oath", and esports drama "Cross Fire".


title: Leo Wu

text: In 2021, Wu starred in the acclaimed historical drama, "The Long Ballad," alongside Dilraba Dilmurat and was highly praised for his portrayal, which further boosted his popularity. The same year, he was featured in coming-of-age film "Upcoming Summer" by Leste Chen, drama "Our Times" which depicts China in early 1990s and war film "Windriders" by Wu Jing (actor) in "My Country, My Parents".


title: Leo Wu

text: In 2022, he starred in the historical romance drama " Love like The Galaxy" alongside Zhao Lusi, based on the novel, "Xing Han Can Lan, Xing Shen Zhi Zai" by Guan Xin Ze Luan. Wu was cast in the film "Dwelling by the West Lake" by Gu Xiaogang, the film "All Ears" by Liu Jiayin, and the metropolitan romance drama "Nothing but You."


title: Leo Wu

text: While filming a scene on set in August of 2021, a prop malfunctioned and exploded in Wu's face. He insisted that the injuries were minor and continued after a brief treatment. Only after filming that day did he head to the hospital. There, it was revealed the numerous wounds left on his face from the shrapnel, some of which almost ending up in his eyes. He has made a recovery since then.


title: Break-up of the Beatles

text: From August 1962 to September 1969, the Beatles had a lineup that consisted of John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. Their break-up was a cumulative process attributed to numerous factors. These include the strain of the Beatlemania phenomenon, the death of manager Brian Epstein in 1967, resentment towards McCartney from his bandmates for his perceived domineering, Lennon's heroin use and his relationship with Yoko Ono, Harrison's increasingly prolific songwriting output, the floundering of Apple Corps and the "Get Back" project (later renamed "Let It Be" in 1970) as well as managerial disputes.


title: Break-up of the Beatles

text: During the latter half of the 1960s, the members began to assert individual artistic agendas. Their disunity became most evident on "The Beatles" (also known as "the White Album", 1968), and quarrels and disharmony over musical matters soon permeated their business discussions. Starr left the group for two weeks during the White Album sessions, and Harrison quit for five days during the "Get Back" rehearsals. Starting in 1969, the group split into two camps regarding who should handle their business affairs. McCartney lobbied for entertainment lawyers Lee and John Eastman, but was outvoted by his bandmates in favour of businessman Allen Klein.


title: Break-up of the Beatles

text: The final time that the four members recorded together collectively was the session for "Abbey Road"s closing track "The End" on 18 August 1969. Lennon privately informed his bandmates that he was leaving the Beatles on 20 September, although it was unclear to the other members whether his departure was permanent. On 10 April 1970, McCartney issued a press release that stated he was no longer working with the group, which sparked a widespread media reaction and worsened the tensions between him and his bandmates. Legal disputes continued long after his announcement, and the dissolution was not formalised until 29 December 1974.


title: Break-up of the Beatles

text: Rumours of a full-fledged reunion persisted throughout the 1970s, as the members occasionally reunited for collaboration, but never with all four simultaneously. Starr's "I'm the Greatest" (1973) and Harrison's "All Those Years Ago" (1981) are the only tracks that feature three ex-Beatles. After Lennon's murder in 1980, the surviving members reunited for the "Anthology" project in 1994, using the unfinished Lennon demos "Free as a Bird" and "Real Love" as the basis for new songs recorded and released as the Beatles.


title: Break-up of the Beatles

text: By late 1965, the Beatles had grown weary of live performance. George Harrison was the first to tire of Beatlemania, while Paul McCartney supported the idea of maintaining regular touring schedules and live shows. McCartney finally ceded to his bandmates' insistence that the group stop touring towards the end of their August 1966 tour of the United States. Afterwards, Harrison informed manager Brian Epstein that he was leaving the band, but was persuaded to stay on the assurance that there would be no more tours.


title: Break-up of the Beatles

text: When the group convened to record "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" in November 1966, there was still a camaraderie and desire to collaborate as musicians; however, their individual differences were becoming more apparent. To a greater extent than the others, McCartney maintained a deep interest in the pop musical trends and styles emerging both in the United Kingdom and the United States, whereas Harrison developed an interest in Indian music and religion, and John Lennon's compositions became more introspective and experimental. In Beatles historian Mark Lewisohn's opinion, "Sgt. Pepper" represented the group's last unified effort, displaying a cohesion that deteriorated immediately after the album's completion and entirely disappeared by 1968.