title: 1984 New York City Subway shooting

text: Goetz was brought back to Manhattan on January 3, 1985, and arraigned on four charges of attempted murder, with bail set at $50,000. He was held in protective custody at the Rikers Island prison hospital. Refusing offers of bail assistance from the public and from his family, he posted bail with his own funds and was released on bond January 8.


title: 1984 New York City Subway shooting

text: Because of the loudness of the shots inside the confined space of the subway car, there were initial witness reports that suggested the gun involved was a .357 Magnum revolver. Goetz alluded to these reports in a December 2004 interview on the "Opie and Anthony" radio show, saying that the first shot he fired that afternoon had been unusually loud in part because it was the first shot fired by the small-frame .38 caliber revolver after the factory tests, which "cleaned the barrel."


title: 1984 New York City Subway shooting

text: After the incident, reports spread that Goetz had been threatened with sharpened screwdrivers. This rumor was published as fact by some media; however, neither Goetz nor the men made any such claim, and Goetz has repeatedly denied he was threatened with screwdrivers. Paramedics and police did find a total of three screwdrivers on two of the men; when Canty testified at Goetz's criminal trial, he said they were to be used to break into video arcade change boxes and not as weapons.


title: 1984 New York City Subway shooting

text: On February 27, 1985, the prosecutors office released evidence that Cabey had been shot twice. This was reported as fact in the media and was not corrected until the criminal trial more than a year later.


title: 1984 New York City Subway shooting

text: Bernhard Hugo Goetz was born in the Kew Gardens neighborhood of New York City's Queens borough on November 7, 1947, the son of Gertrude (née Karlsberg) and Bernhard Willard Goetz, Sr. His parents were German immigrants who met in the U.S. His father was Lutheran; his mother, who was Jewish, converted to Lutheranism. While growing up, Goetz lived with his parents and three older siblings in Upstate New York, where his father ran a dairy farm and a bookbinding business. At the age of 12, he was sent to Switzerland, where he and his sister attended boarding schools. Goetz returned to the United States in 1965 for college, and earned a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering and nuclear engineering from New York University. By this time, the family had relocated to Orlando, Florida; Goetz joined them and worked at his father's residential development business. He was briefly married. After his divorce, he moved back to New York City, where he started an electronics business out of his Greenwich Village apartment.


title: 1984 New York City Subway shooting

text: "The Subway Vigilante", as Goetz was labeled by New York City media, was front-page news for months, partly due to the repressed passions the incident unleashed in New York and other cities. Public opinion tended to fall into one of three camps: those in the first camp tended to believe Goetz's version of the incident, that he was aggressively accosted and surrounded by the four teenagers and feared he was about to be beaten and robbed. Those in the second camp tended to believe the version told by the four teenagers, that they were merely panhandling to get some money to play video games. A third camp believed that Goetz had indeed been threatened, but viewed the shooting as an unjustified overreaction.


title: 1984 New York City Subway shooting

text: Supporters viewed Goetz as a hero for standing up to his attackers and defending himself in an environment where the police were increasingly viewed as ineffective in combating crime. The Guardian Angels, a volunteer patrol group of mostly black and Hispanic teenagers, collected thousands of dollars from subway riders toward a legal defense fund for Goetz. The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), a right-leaning civil rights organization, supported Goetz. CORE's director, Roy Innis, (who would later be elected to the executive board of the NRA) offered to raise defense money. Innis, who lost two of his sons to inner-city gun violence, said Goetz was "the avenger for all of us," and called for a volunteer force of armed civilians to patrol the streets.


title: 1984 New York City Subway shooting

text: The prior criminal convictions of three of the four men (and the published accounts of such) prevented them from gaining much sympathy from many people. A special hotline set up by police to seek information was swamped by calls supporting the shooter and calling him a hero.


title: 1984 New York City Subway shooting

text: Harvard Professor of Government James Q. Wilson explained the broad sentiment by saying, "It may simply indicate that there are no more liberals on the crime and law-and-order issue in New York City, because they've all been mugged."


title: 1984 New York City Subway shooting

text: Some believed the version of the incident as initially told by the four men – that they were merely panhandling with neither intimidation nor threats of violence. This view was later discredited when Darrell Cabey, who had been paralyzed by Goetz's gunshot, admitted during an interview with columnist Jimmy Breslin eleven months after the shooting, that his friends had indeed intended to rob Goetz, who looked like "easy bait". This account was contested in court because Cabey was in the hospital with diminished but improving cognitive capabilities.


title: 1984 New York City Subway shooting

text: Some saw the incident as racial (with Goetz being white and the four young men black), and the jury verdict as a blow to race relations. Benjamin Hooks, director of the NAACP, said "The jury verdict was inexcusable. ... It was proven – according to his own statements – that Goetz did the shooting and went far beyond the realm of self-defense. There was no provocation for what he did." Representative Floyd Flake agreed, saying, "I think that if a black had shot four whites, the cry for the death penalty would have been almost automatic." Co-counsel for Cabey C. Vernon Mason, a candidate for district attorney who was later disbarred, said Goetz's actions were racist, as did Rev. Al Sharpton.


title: 1984 New York City Subway shooting

text: The Los Angeles Times reported that demonstrators outside his courtroom chanted "Bernhard Goetz, you can't hide; we charge you with genocide." Goetz's racial language about criminal activity on 14th Street, allegedly made at a community meeting 18 months before the shooting – "The only way we're going to clean up this street is to get rid of the spics and niggers" – was offered as evidence of racial motivation for the shooting. Black political and religious leaders twice called for Federal civil rights investigations.


title: 1984 New York City Subway shooting

text: An investigation by the office of U.S. Attorney Rudolph Giuliani determined that the impetus for the shooting had been fear, not race. In an interview with Stone Phillips of "Dateline NBC", Goetz later admitted that his fear was enhanced due to the fact that the attempted muggers were black.


title: 1984 New York City Subway shooting

text: Manhattan District Attorney Robert Morgenthau asked a grand jury to indict Goetz on four counts of attempted murder, four of assault, four of reckless endangerment, and one of criminal possession of a weapon. Because they would have to be granted immunity from prosecution, neither Goetz nor the four men he shot were called to testify. The 23 jurors heard witnesses, considered the police report of the shooting, and studied transcripts and tapes of the sometimes conflicting statements Goetz made to police in New Hampshire. On January 25, the grand jury refused to indict Goetz on the more serious charges, voting indictments only for unlawful gun possession – one count of criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree, for carrying in public the loaded unlicensed gun used in the subway shooting, and two counts of possession in the fourth degree, for keeping two other unlicensed handguns in his home. The case was assigned to Judge Stephen Crane.


title: 1984 New York City Subway shooting

text: The shootings initially drew wide support from a public fearful and frustrated with rising crime rates and the state of the criminal justice system. A month after the grand jury's decision, a report summarizing statements Goetz made to Concord police department was released by the prosecution, in which Goetz said he shot each of the four men, then checked their condition, and seeing no blood on the fourth, said "You don't look so bad, here's another", and shot the fourth again. Contradictory evidence that all four were shot only once was withheld from the public. The media now wrote of a change in the public mood and demanded that Goetz be tried on the attempted murder and assault charges while suggesting approaches that would allow Morgenthau to convene a new grand jury. New York State Governor Mario Cuomo stated "Everyone knows Goetz was wrong." Senator Arlen Specter of Pennsylvania called for a special prosecutor.


title: 1984 New York City Subway shooting

text: Announcing there was a new unnamed witness (actually Troy Canty), DA Morgenthau obtained in March 1985 Judge Crane's sealed authorization to convene a second grand jury, which heard testimony by Canty and Ramseur and indicted Goetz on charges of attempted murder, assault, reckless endangerment and weapons possession.


title: 1984 New York City Subway shooting

text: In January 1986, Judge Crane granted a motion by Goetz to dismiss these new indictments, but gave the prosecutor the option of re-submitting these charges to a third grand jury. The judge's decision was based on alleged errors in the prosecutor's instructions to the jury regarding Goetz's defense of justification for the use of deadly force and the judge's opinion that Canty and Ramseur "strongly appeared" to have perjured themselves, based on later public statements that they had intended to rob Goetz, and on a newspaper interview where Cabey stated that the other members of the group planned to frighten and rob Goetz because he "looked like easy bait". The judge allowed the weapons possession and reckless endangerment charges to stand. The option of a third grand jury was unwelcomed by the prosecution as a principal witness at the second grand jury, James Ramseur, had since been convicted of a brutal rape and also was discovered to have staged his own kidnapping, and this and Cabey's devastating newspaper interview about a robbery could not be withheld from a reasonably well informed third grand jury. Subsequently, the prosecution appealed Judge Crane's decision.


title: 1984 New York City Subway shooting

text: In July 1986, the New York Court of Appeals, in "People v. Goetz", reversed Judge Crane's dismissal and revised the New York law on self-defense using the "reasonable man" standard. The court affirmed that the prosecutor's charge to the grand jury that a defendant's subjective belief that he is in imminent danger does not by itself justify the use of deadly force. The court agreed with the prosecutor that an objective belief, one that would be shared by a hypothetical reasonable person, is required; shots can be judged separately and must be reasonable. The appeals court further held that Judge Crane's opinion that the testimony of Canty and Ramseur was perjurious was speculative and inappropriate. All charges were reinstated, and the case was sent to trial. The author of the Court of Appeals decision, Chief Judge Sol Wachtler, was indicted in 1992 for extortion, racketeering, and $20,000 blackmail of Joy Silverman, beneficiary of an estate from which Wachtler as executor had already been paid an $805,000 estate fee. Subsequently, Wachtler resigned as a judge and from the bar.


title: 1984 New York City Subway shooting

text: The case was defended by Barry Slotnick and Mark M. Baker. Slotnick argued that Goetz's actions fell within the New York State's self-defense statute. Under Section 35.15, "A person may not use deadly physical force upon another person ... unless ... He reasonably believes that such other person is committing or attempting to commit [one of certain enumerated predicate offenses, including robbery]."


title: 1984 New York City Subway shooting

text: In December, 1986, jury selection began and in April, 1987, the trial commenced before a Manhattan jury of 10 whites and 2 blacks, of whom 6 had been victims of street crime. Goetz was acquitted of the attempted murder and first-degree assault charges and convicted of criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree – carrying a loaded, unlicensed weapon in a public place. He was sentenced to six months in jail, one year's psychiatric treatment, five years' probation, 200 hours community service, and a $5,000 fine. An appellate court affirmed the conviction and changed the sentence to one year in jail without probation. The order of the appellate court was affirmed because the trial court had not erred in instructing the jury that, if it found the People had proved each of the elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt, it "must" find the defendant guilty. This was not a directed verdict. Goetz served eight months.


title: 1984 New York City Subway shooting

text: A month after the shootings, Cabey's lawyers William Kunstler and Ron Kuby filed a civil suit against Goetz. The civil case was tried in 1996, over eleven years later, in the Bronx, with race as the dominant theme. During jury selection, Kuby asked the mostly non-white prospective jurors whether they had ever been discriminated against. Goetz admitted to previous use of racial language and to smoking PCP-laced marijuana during the 1980s. Kuby portrayed Goetz as a racist aggressor; Goetz's defense was that when surrounded he reacted in fear of being again robbed and beaten. Newspaper columnist Jimmy Breslin testified that in a 1985 interview, Cabey denied his involvement in an attempted robbery, but said that Canty, Allen, and Ramseur intended to rob Goetz. William Kunstler died prior to the trial.


title: 1984 New York City Subway shooting

text: The jury found that Goetz had acted recklessly and had deliberately inflicted emotional distress on Cabey. Jurors stated that Goetz shooting Cabey twice was a key factor in their decision. The jury awarded Cabey $43 million – $18 million for pain and suffering and $25 million in punitive damages.


title: 1984 New York City Subway shooting

text: Goetz subsequently filed for bankruptcy, saying that legal expenses had left him almost penniless. A judge of the United States Bankruptcy Court ruled that the $43 million jury award could not be discharged by the bankruptcy. Asked in 2004 whether he was making payments on the judgment, Goetz responded "I don't think I've paid a penny on that", and referred any questions on the subject to his attorney.


title: 1984 New York City Subway shooting

text: The New York State legal standard for the self-defense justification use of deadly force shifted after rulings in the case. New York State jurors are now told to consider a defendant's background and to consider whether a hypothetical reasonable person would feel imperiled if that reasonable person were the defendant.


title: 1984 New York City Subway shooting

text: After reaching an all-time peak in 1990, crime in New York City dropped dramatically through the rest of the 1990s, with Rudy Giuliani emphasizing reduction in crime as mayor. , New York City had statistically become one of the safest large cities in the U.S., with its crime rate being ranked 194th of the 210 American cities with populations over 100,000. New York City crime rates were comparable to those of the early 1960s.


title: 1984 New York City Subway shooting

text: Goetz and others have interpreted the significance of his actions in the subway incident as a contributing factor precipitating the groundswell movement against crime in subsequent years. While that claim is impossible to verify, Goetz achieved celebrity status as a popular cultural symbol of a public disgusted with urban crime and disorder.


title: 1984 New York City Subway shooting

text: Goetz occasionally gives media interviews about the 1984 subway incident that brought him into the public eye. In 2001 he ran unsuccessfully for mayor of New York City. In 2004, Goetz was interviewed by Nancy Grace on "Larry King Live", where he stated his actions were good for New York City and forced the city to address crime. In 2010 he was interviewed and did a dry fire shooting demonstration on the inaugural episode of The Biography Channel's documentary show "Aftermath with William Shatner".


title: 1984 New York City Subway shooting

text: In March 1985, James Ramseur reported to police that two men apparently hired by Goetz kidnapped and attempted to murder him. The following day, after detectives played back to Ramseur the emergency 911 recording reporting the kidnapping, Ramseur admitted it was his voice on the call and to fabricating the report. Ramseur explained it was merely to test police response when a black person was a crime victim, and was not prosecuted for this hoax. Ramseur was convicted in 1986 of the 1985 rape, sodomizing, and robbery of a young pregnant woman and hence was incarcerated at the time of the Goetz trial. Ramseur was conditionally released in 2002, but was returned to prison for a parole violation in 2005. He finished his sentence in July 2010. In 2011, on the 27th anniversary of the shooting, James Ramseur died of a drug overdose in a possible suicide at age 45.


title: 1984 New York City Subway shooting

text: In November 2013 Goetz was arrested for allegedly selling marijuana. These charges were dismissed in September 2014 and 60 days later New York City effectively decriminalized marijuana possession under 25 grams.


title: Hugh Capet

text: Hugh Capet (; ; c. 939 – 14 October 996) was the King of the Franks from 987 to 996. He is the founder and first king from the House of Capet. The son of the powerful duke Hugh the Great and his wife Hedwige of Saxony, he was elected as the successor of the last Carolingian king, Louis V. Hugh was descended from Charlemagne's sons Louis the Pious and Pepin of Italy through his mother and paternal grandmother, respectively, and was also a nephew of Otto the Great.


title: Hugh Capet

text: The dynasty he founded ruled France for nearly three and a half centuries from 987 to 1328 in the senior line, and until 1848 via cadet branches (with an interruption from 1792 to 1814).


title: Hugh Capet

text: The son of Hugh the Great, Duke of the Franks, and Hedwige of Saxony, daughter of the German king Henry the Fowler, Hugh was born sometime between 938 and 941. He was born into a well-connected and powerful family with many ties to the royal houses of France and Germany.


title: Hugh Capet

text: Through his mother, Hugh was the nephew of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor; Henry I, Duke of Bavaria; Bruno the Great, Archbishop of Cologne; and finally, Gerberga of Saxony, Queen of France. Gerberga was the wife of Louis IV, King of France and mother of Lothair of France and Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine.


title: Hugh Capet

text: His paternal family, the Robertians, were powerful landowners in the Île-de-France. His grandfather had been King Robert I. King Odo was his granduncle and Emma of France, the wife of King Rudolph, was his aunt. Hugh's paternal grandmother Beatrice of Vermandois was a patrilineal descendant of Charlemagne.


title: Hugh Capet

text: After the end of the ninth century, the descendants of Robert the Strong became indispensable in carrying out royal policies. As Carolingian power failed, the great nobles of West Francia began to assert that the monarchy was elective, not hereditary, and twice chose Robertians (Odo I (888–898) and Robert I (922–923)) as kings, instead of Carolingians.


title: Hugh Capet

text: Robert I, Hugh the Great's father, was succeeded as King of the Franks by his son-in-law, Rudolph of Burgundy. When Rudolph died in 936, Hugh the Great had to decide whether he ought to claim the throne for himself. To claim the throne would require him to risk an election, which he would have to contest with the powerful Herbert II, Count of Vermandois, father of Hugh, Archbishop of Reims, and allied to Henry the Fowler, King of Germany; and with Hugh the Black, Duke of Burgundy, brother of the late king. To block his rivals, Hugh the Great brought Louis d'Outremer, the dispossessed son of Charles the Simple, from his exile at the court of Athelstan of England to become king as Louis IV.


title: Hugh Capet

text: This maneuver allowed Hugh to become the most powerful person in France in the first half of the tenth century. Once in power, Louis IV granted him the title of "dux Francorum" ("Duke of the Franks"). Louis also (perhaps under pressure) officially declared Hugh "the second after us in all our kingdoms". Hugh also gained power when Herbert II of Vermandois died in 943, because Herbert's powerful principality was then divided among his four sons.


title: Hugh Capet

text: Hugh the Great came to dominate a wide swath of central France, from Orléans and Senlis to Auxerre and Sens, while the king was rather confined to the area northeast of Paris (Compiègne, Laon, Soissons).


title: Hugh Capet

text: The realm in which Hugh grew up, and of which he would one day be king, bore little resemblance to modern France. Hugh's predecessors did not call themselves kings of France, and that title was not used by his successors until the time of his descendant Philip II. Kings ruled as "rex Francorum" ("King of the Franks"), the title remaining in use until 1190 (but note the use of "FRANCORUM REX" by Louis XII in 1499, by Francis I in 1515, and by Henry II about 1550, and on French coins up to the eighteenth century.) The lands they ruled comprised only a small part of the former Carolingian Empire. The eastern Frankish lands, the Holy Roman Empire, were ruled by the Ottonian dynasty, represented by Hugh's first cousin Otto II and then by Otto's son, Otto III. The lands south of the river Loire had largely ceased to be part of the West Francia kingdom in the years after Charles the Simple was deposed in 922. Both the Duchy of Normandy and the Duchy of Burgundy were largely independent, and Brittany entirely soalthough from 956 Burgundy was ruled by Hugh's brothers Otto and Henry.


title: Hugh Capet

text: In 956, when his father Hugh the Great died, Hugh, the eldest son, was then about fifteen years old and had two younger brothers. Otto I, King of Germany, intended to bring western Francia under his control, which was possible since he was the maternal uncle of Hugh Capet and Lothair of France, the new king of the Franks, who succeeded Louis IV in 954, at the age of 13.


title: Hugh Capet

text: In 954, Otto I appointed his brother Bruno, Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lorraine, as guardian of Lothair and regent of the kingdom of France. In 956, Otto gave him the same role over Hugh and the Robertian principality. With these young princes under his control, Otto aimed to maintain the balance between Robertians, Carolingians, and Ottonians. In 960, Lothair agreed to grant to Hugh the legacy of his father, the margraviate of Neustria and the title of Duke of the Franks. But in return, Hugh had to accept the new independence gained by the counts of Neustria during Hugh's minority. Hugh's brother, Otto received only the duchy of Burgundy (by marriage). Andrew W. Lewis has sought to show that Hugh the Great had prepared a succession policy to ensure his eldest son much of his legacy, as did all the great families of that time.


title: Hugh Capet

text: The West was dominated by Otto I, who had defeated the Magyars in 955, and in 962 assumed the restored imperial title. The new emperor increased his power over Western Francia with special attention to certain bishoprics on his border; although elected by Lothair, Adalberon, Archbishop of Reims, had imperial sympathies. Disappointed, King Lothair relied on other dioceses (Langres, Chalons, Noyon) and on Arnulf I, Count of Flanders.


title: Hugh Capet

text: In 956, Hugh inherited his father's estates, in theory making him one of the most powerful nobles in the much-reduced kingdom of West Francia. As he was not yet an adult, his mother acted as his guardian, and young Hugh's neighbours took advantage. Theobald I of Blois, a former vassal of Hugh's father, took the counties of Chartres and Châteaudun. Farther south, on the border of the kingdom, Fulk II of Anjou, another former client of Hugh the Great, carved out a principality at Hugh's expense and that of the Bretons.


title: Hugh Capet

text: The royal diplomas of the 960s show that the nobles were faithful not only to the Duke of the Franks, as in the days of Hugh the Great, but also to King Lothair. Indeed, some in the royal armies fought against the Duchy of Normandy on behalf of Lothair. Finally, even Hugh's position as second man in the kingdom seemed to slip. Two charters of the Montier-en-Der Abbey (968 and 980) refer to Herbert III, Count of Vermandois, while Count of Chateau-Thierry, Vitry and lay abbot of Saint-Médard of Soissons, bearing the title of "Count of the Franks" and even "count of the palace" in a charter of Lothair.


title: Hugh Capet

text: For his part, Lothair also lost power with the ascendance of the Ottonian monarchy. It waned by participating in the gathering of relatives and vassals of Otto I in 965. However, from the death of the emperor in 973, Lothair wanted to revive the policy of his grandfather to recover Lorraine. Otto's son and successor, Otto II, appointed his cousin, Charles, brother of Lothair, as Duke of Lower Lorraine. This infuriated both Lothair and Hugh, whose sister, Beatrice was the regent for the young Duke Theodoric I of Upper Lorraine. In 978, Hugh thus supported Lothair in opening a war against Otto.


title: Hugh Capet

text: In August 978, accompanied by the nobles of the kingdom, Lothair surprised and plundered Aachen, residence of Otto II, forcing the imperial family to flee. After occupying Aachen for five days, Lothair returned to France after symbolically disgracing the city. In September 978, Otto II retaliated against Lothair by invading France with the aid of Charles. He met with little resistance on French territory, devastating the land around Rheims, Soissons, and Laon. Otto II then had Charles crowned as King of France by Theodoric I, Bishop of Metz. Lothair then fled to the French capital of Paris where he was besieged by Otto II and Charles. Sickness among his troops brought on by winter, and a French relief army under Hugh Capet, forced Otto II and Charles to lift the siege on 30 November and return to Germany. On the journey back to Germany, Otto's rearguard, unable to cross the Aisne in flood at Soissons, was completely wiped out, "and more died by that wave than by the sword." This victory allowed Hugh Capet to regain his position as the first noble of the Frankish kingdom.


title: Hugh Capet

text: Until the end of the tenth century, Reims was the most important of the archiepiscopal seats of France. Situated in Carolingian lands, the archbishop claimed the primacy of Gaul and the privilege to crown kings and direct their chancery. Therefore, the Archbishop of Reims traditionally had supported the ruling family and had long been central to the royal policy. But the episcopal city was headed by Adalberon of Rheims, nephew of Adalberon of Metz (a faithful prelate to the Carolingians), elected by the King Lothair in 969, but who had family ties to the Ottonians. The Archbishop was assisted by one of the most advanced minds of his time, the schoolmaster and future Pope Sylvester II Gerbert of Aurillac. Adalberon and Gerbert worked for the restoration of a single dominant empire in Europe. King Lothair, 13 years old, was under the tutelage of his uncle Otto I. But upon reaching his majority, he became independent, which defeated their plans to bring the whole of Europe under a single crown. Therefore, they turned their support from Lothair to Hugh Capet.


title: Hugh Capet

text: Indeed, for the Ottonian to make France a vassal state of the empire, it was imperative that the Frankish king was not of the Carolingian race, and not powerful enough to break the Ottonian tutelage. Hugh Capet was for them the ideal candidate, especially since he actively supported monastic reform in the abbeys while other contenders continued to distribute church revenues to their own partisans. Such conduct could only appeal to Reims, who was very close to the Cluniac movement.


title: Hugh Capet

text: With the support of Adalberon of Reims, Hugh became the new leader of the kingdom. In a letter Gerbert of Aurillac wrote to Archbishop Adalberon that "Lothair is king of France in name alone; Hugh is, however, not in name but in effect and deed."


title: Hugh Capet

text: In 979, Lothair sought to ensure his succession by associating his eldest son with the throne. Hugh Capet supported him and summoned the great nobles of the kingdom. The ceremony took place at Compiègne, in the presence of the king, of Arnulf (an illegitimate son of the king), and of Archbishop Adalberon, under Hugh's blessing. The congregation acclaimed Louis V, following the Carolingian custom, and the archbishop anointed the new king of the Franks.


title: Hugh Capet

text: The following year, Lothair, seeing the growing power of Hugh, decided to reconcile with the Emperor Otto II by agreeing to renounce Lorraine. But Hugh did not want the king and the emperor reconciled, so he quickly took the fortress of Montreuil, and then went to Rome. There he met the emperor and the pope, with his confidants Burchard I of Vendôme and Arnulf of Orléans. Tension mounted between Lothair and Hugh. The king married his 15-year-old son Louis to Adelaide of Anjou, who was then more than 40 years old. She brought with her Auvergne and the county of Toulouse, enough to pincer the Robertian territories from the south. However, the marriage failed and the couple separated two years later.


title: Hugh Capet

text: At the death of Otto II in 983, Lothair took advantage of the minority of Otto III and, after making an alliance with the Duke of Bavaria, decided to attack Lorraine. Hugh was careful not to join this expedition.


title: Hugh Capet

text: When the king took Verdun and imprisoned Godfrey (brother of the Archbishop of Reims), Adalberon and Gerbert sought the aid of the duke of the Franks. But Lothair's enterprises came to naught when he died in March 986.


title: Hugh Capet

text: Louis V, following Louis IV and Lothair, declared that he would take the counsels of the duke of the Franks for his policies. It seems the new king wished to launch an offensive against Reims and Laon because of their rapprochement with the empire. Sources are vague on Hugh's role at this time, but it would be his interest to limit the king's excessive pretensions. Louis summoned the archbishop of Reims at his palace at Compiègne to answer for his actions. But while hunting in the forest of Senlis, Louis was killed in a riding accident on 21 or 22 May 987.


title: Hugh Capet

text: In May 987, chroniclers, including Richerus and Gerbert of Aurillac, wrote that in Senlis "died the race of Charles". However, even if Louis died childless, there remained a Carolingian who could ascend the throne: Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine, brother of Lothair, uncle of Louis V, first cousin of Hugh Capet through their mothers.


title: Hugh Capet

text: This was nothing extraordinary; it was not the first time that a Robertian would be competing with a Carolingian. In the time of Hugh the Great, the Robertians found it expedient to support the claim of a Carolingian. By 987, however, times had changed. For ten years, Hugh Capet had been openly competing against his king, and appeared to have subjected the great vassals. And his opponent Charles of Lorraine was accused of all evils: he wanted to usurp the crown (978), had allied himself with the emperor against his brother, and had defamed Queen Emma of Italy, his brother's wife. The archbishop of Reims convened the greatest lords of France at Senlis and denounced Charles of Lorraine for not maintaining his dignity, having made himself a vassal of the emperor Otto II and marrying a woman from a lower class of nobility. Then he promoted the candidacy of Hugh Capet:


title: Hugh Capet

text: Crown the Duke. He is most illustrious by his exploits, his nobility, his forces. The throne is not acquired by hereditary right; no one should be raised to it unless distinguished not only for nobility of birth, but for the goodness of his soul.


title: Hugh Capet

text: Hugh was elected and crowned "rex Francorum" at Noyon in Picardy on 3 July 987, by the prelate of Reims, the first of the Capetian house. Immediately after his coronation, Hugh began to push for the coronation of his son Robert. The archbishop, wary of establishing hereditary kingship in the Capetian line, answered that two kings cannot be created in the same year. Hugh claimed, however, that he was planning an expedition against the Moorish armies harassing Borrel II, Count of Barcelona (a vassal of the French crown), and that the stability of the country necessitated two kings should he die while on expedition. Ralph Glaber, however, attributes Hugh's request to his old age and inability to control the nobility. Modern scholarship has largely imputed to Hugh the motive of establishing a dynasty against the pretension of electoral power on the part of the aristocracy, but this is not the typical view of contemporaries and even some modern scholars have been less skeptical of Hugh's "plan" to campaign in Spain. Robert was eventually crowned on 25 December that same year.


title: Hugh Capet

text: Charles of Lorraine, the Carolingian heir, contested the succession. He drew support from the Count of Vermandois, a cadet of the Carolingian dynasty; and from the Count of Flanders, loyal to the Carolingian cause. Charles took Laon, the seat of Carolingian royalty. Hugh Capet and his son Robert besieged the city twice, but were compelled to withdraw each time. Hugh decided to make an alliance with Theophano (regent for her son Otto III), but she never replied.


title: Hugh Capet

text: When Adalberon, Archbishop of Reims, died, the archbishopric was contested by his right-hand man, Gerbert of Aurillac, and Arnulf, illegitimate son of King Lothair of France (and nephew of Charles of Lorraine). Choosing Arnulf to replace Adalberon seemed a great gamble, but Hugh made it anyway, and chose him as archbishop instead of Gerbert, in order to appease Carolingian sympathizers and the local populace. Following the customs of those times, he was made to invoke a curse upon himself if he should break his oath of fidelity to Hugh. Arnulf was duly installed, and was confirmed by the pope.


title: Hugh Capet

text: Yet to Arnulf the ties of blood with his uncle Charles was the stronger than the oath he had given Hugh. Gathering the nobles in his castle, Arnulf sent one of his agents and opened the gates of the city to Charles. Arnulf acted as if terrified, and took the nobles with him to a tower, which he had emptied out of supplies beforehand. Thus was the city of Reims compelled to surrender; to keep up appearances, Arnulf and Charles denounced each other, until Arnulf swore fealty to Charles.


title: Hugh Capet

text: Great was the predicament of Hugh, and he began doubting whether he could win the contest by force. Adalberon, bishop of Laon, whom Charles expelled when he took the city, had sought the protection of Hugh Capet. The bishop made overtures to Arnulf and Charles, to mediate a peace between them and Hugh Capet. Adalberon was received by Charles favorably, but was made to swear oaths that would bring curses upon himself if broken. Adalberon swore to them all, "I will observe my oaths, and if not, may I die the death of Judas." That night the bishop seized Charles and Arnulf in their sleep, and delivered them to Hugh. Charles was imprisoned in Orléans until his death. His sons, born in prison, were released.


title: Hugh Capet

text: The betrayal of Charles and Arnulf by Adalberon, which occurs in the very moment of the council of Charroux (989), strongly strikes the imagination in the southern half of the kingdom: Adalberon is totally discredited in these provinces and the image of Hugh Capet is tarnished. The ruthless war against Charles of Lorraine in Laon and Reims (988–991), known by the story of Richerus of Reims and the letters of Gerbert, made the king hostile in the eyes of some of the churchmen.


title: Hugh Capet

text: For a long time it was stated that the southern subjects had consistently rejected the first Capetian. Recently, studies have issued nuances. It seems that the rejection is political (the capture of Charles of Lorraine) rather than dynastic. The Duke of Aquitaine refuses to submit to his king, "condemning the crime of the Franks [the capture of Charles]" and the Bishop of Laon is compared to Judas the "traitor". Finally, they make peace on the banks of the Loire. This remark is even more explicit in the city of Limoges. Acts say that until 988, Hugh and his son Robert were recognized by the date of their reign ""regnante Ugo rege anno II et Rotberto filio suo anno primo"" ("signed the second year of the reign of King Hugh and the first of his son Robert"). But a few months later, the charters are not dated by their reigns: it seems that the change is due to the knowledge of the capture of Charles of Lorraine and the betrayal of Adalberon, bishop of Laon. Once made aware, the southern cities would have rejected the legitimacy of Hugh and Robert.


title: Hugh Capet

text: After the loss of Reims by the betrayal of Arnulf, Hugh demanded his deposition by Pope John XV. But the pope was then embroiled in a conflict with the Roman aristocracy. After the capture of Charles and Arnulf, Hugh resorted to a domestic tribunal, and convoked a synod at Reims in June 991. There, Gerbert testified against Arnulf, which led to the archbishop's deposition and Gerbert being chosen as replacement.


title: Hugh Capet

text: Pope John XV rejected this procedure and wished to convene a new council in Aachen, but the French bishops refused and confirmed their decision in Chelles (winter 993–994). The pope then called them to Rome, but they protested that the unsettled conditions en route and in Rome made that impossible. The Pope then sent a legate with instructions to call a council of French and German bishops at Mousson, where only the German bishops appeared, the French being stopped on the way by Hugh and Robert.


title: Hugh Capet

text: Gerbert, supported by other bishops, advocates for the independence of the churches vis-à-vis Rome (which is controlled by the German emperors). Through the exertions of the legate, the deposition of Arnulf was finally pronounced illegal. To avoid excommunication of the bishops who sat in the council of St. Basle, and thus a schism, Gerbert decided to let go. He abandoned the archdiocese and went to Italy. After Hugh's death, Arnulf was released from his imprisonment and soon restored to all his dignities. Under the auspices of the emperor, Gerbert eventually succeeded to the papacy as Pope Sylvester II, the first French pope.


title: Hugh Capet

text: Hugh Capet possessed minor properties near Chartres and Angers. Between Paris and Orléans he possessed towns and estates amounting to approximately . His authority ended there, and if he dared travel outside his small area, he risked being captured and held for ransom, though his life would be largely safe. Indeed, there was a plot in 993, masterminded by Adalberon, Bishop of Laon and Odo I of Blois, to deliver Hugh Capet into the custody of Otto III. The plot failed, but the fact that no one was punished illustrates how tenuous was his hold on power. Beyond his power base, in the rest of France, there were still as many codes of law as there were fiefdoms. The "country" operated with 150 different forms of currency and at least a dozen languages. Uniting all this into one cohesive unit was a formidable task and a constant struggle between those who wore the crown of France and its feudal lords. Therefore, Hugh Capet's reign was marked by numerous power struggles with the vassals on the borders of the Seine and the Loire.


title: Hugh Capet

text: While Hugh Capet's military power was limited and he had to seek military aid from Richard I of Normandy, his unanimous election as king gave him great moral authority and influence. Adémar de Chabannes records, probably apocryphally, that during an argument with the Count of Auvergne, Hugh demanded of him: "Who made you count?" The count riposted: "Who made you king?".


title: Hugh Capet

text: Hugh Capet died on 14 October 996 in Paris, and was interred in the Saint Denis Basilica. His son Robert continued to reign.


title: Hugh Capet

text: Most historians regard the beginnings of modern France as having initiated with the coronation of Hugh Capet. This is because, as Count of Paris, he made the city his power centre. The monarch began a long process of exerting control of the rest of the country from there.


title: Hugh Capet

text: He is regarded as the founder of the Capetian dynasty. The direct Capetians, or the House of Capet, ruled France from 987 to 1328; thereafter, the Kingdom was ruled by cadet branches of the dynasty. All French kings through Louis Philippe, and all royals since then, have belonged to the dynasty. Furthermore, cadet branches of the House continue to reign in Spain and Luxembourg.


title: Hugh Capet

text: All monarchs of the Kingdom of France from Hugh Capet to Philip II of France were titled 'King of the Franks'. Philip II was the first to use the title 'King of France'.


title: Hugh Capet

text: Hugh Capet married Adelaide, daughter of William Towhead, Count of Poitou. Their children are as follows:


title: Hugh Capet

text: According to tradition, sometime in 981, Hugh Capet recovered the relics of St. Valery, which had been stolen by the Flemings, and restored them to their proper resting place. The saint appeared to the duke in a dream, and said: "For what you have done, you and your descendants shall be kings unto the seventh generation". When he became king, Hugh refused to wear the insignia of royalty, hoping that it would extend his descendants' reign by one generation.


title: Hugh Capet

text: By the literal interpretation, Capetian kingship would thus have ended with Philip Augustus, the seventh king of his line. Figuratively, seven meant completeness, and would mean that the Capetians would be kings for ever. In fact, Capetian kingship lasted until 1848 in France, although the current King of Spain and the Grand Duke of Luxembourg are Capetians.


title: Hugh Capet

text: Italian poet Dante Alighieri features Hugh Capet as a character in "Purgatorio", the second canticle of the "Divine Comedy". The pilgrim meets Capet on the fifth terrace of Mount Purgatory among souls performing penitence for avarice ("Purgatorio" 20). In this portrayal, Capet acknowledges himself as the "root of the obnoxious plant / that shadows all the Christian lands" ("Purg." 20.43-44). The metaphor of the root of the plant is reminiscent of a family tree. Dante thus condemns Hugh as a main source of the evil that has pervaded and corrupted the French monarchy. Dante's personal resentment towards Hugh's legacy likely stemmed from the fact that his exile had been caused by interference in Florentine politics by the French crown and Pope Boniface VIII in the early fourteenth century. In this way, the "obnoxious plant" of the Capetians casts a shadow over both the papacy and the chance for an emperor that might bring order to Italy, Dante's "two suns."


title: Hugh Capet

text: The myth of Capet's humble origins is another crucial component of Dante's representation of this historical figure in "Purgatorio". Though the notion that Capet was the son of a butcher is rightfully reported by critics to be untrue—he was the son of a duke—situating Capet in a lower social position is vital for Dante. This framing draws the Frankish king closer to Dante's own experience as a member of the lower aristocracy, and makes Capet's rise to power feel more extreme. In penance for grasping so high above himself in life, Capet and the other avaricious souls of this terrace must lie face down into the rock. The souls inch slowly up the mountain where they lay, acting in moderation in purgatory, when on earth they moved through life guided by greed.


title: Asian Doll

text: Misharron Jermeisha Allen (born December 7, 1996), better known as Asian Doll, Asian Da Brat, or simply Asian, is an American rapper. A Dallas native, she was the first female artist signed to Gucci Mane's 1017 Eskimo Records.


title: Asian Doll

text: Allen was born on December 7, 1996, to LaKeithia Lewis and Michael Allen, and was the second daughter of four children. Raised in the south side of Dallas in an area known as Park Row, Allen's early life was dealt with instability; from poverty and her father being in and out of prison. Allen had her first run-in with the law when she was 12 years old. Allen attended Skyline High School and dropped out in the 12th grade.


title: Asian Doll

text: Her music career began with the release of "Da Rise of Barbie Doll Gang Empire" on December 16, 2015 and media-influenced social "beefs" have contributed to greater attention. Other projects include "Drippin in Glo" (2016), "Project Princess Vol. 1" (2016), "OuttaSpace" (2017), "Kill Bill, Vol. 1" (2017) "Doll SZN, So Icy Princess (2018)" her eighth mixtape release "UNFUCCWITABLE" (May 3, 2019). She released Doll SZN Reloaded on April 8, 2020. Allen is a company owner.


title: Asian Doll

text: In an attempt to distance herself from a group of female rappers using the stage name Doll, Allen changed her name to Asian Da Brat in 2019. The name Asian Da Brat was supposedly a reference to the veteran female rapper from Chicago, Da Brat, whose debut studio album "Funkdafied" was the first platinum-certified record by a female rapper. In an April 2019 interview on Hot97, Allen stated that Da Brat was a reference to the brand of girls' toys known as Bratz Dolls.


title: Asian Doll

text: In January 2021, Allen opened up about suffering depression due to the death of King Von, whom she was in an on-and-off relationship with before his passing. A few days later, she appeared on an episode of Taraji P. Henson's show "Peace of Mind with Taraji" to discuss his death. Allen has six tattoos dedicated to Von.


title: Asian Doll

text: In June 2018, Allen was arrested in New York City after getting into a fight. She was released a few hours later.


title: Asian Doll

text: On September 4, 2020, Allen was arrested in Georgia, U.S., on drug charges. She was released on bond four days later.


title: Asian Doll

text: In October, 2022, Allen was once again arrested in Douglas County, Georgia, due to failing to appear for the charges stemming from her September 2020 arrest as well as driving 20 miles per hour over the posted speed limit and not having a valid Texas driver's license.


title: Chilaquiles

text: Chilaquiles () are a traditional Mexican breakfast dish consisting of corn tortillas cut into quarters and lightly fried.


title: Chilaquiles

text: Typically, corn tortillas cut into quarters and lightly fried or baked for a lighter version are the basis of the dish. Green or red salsa is poured over the crisp tortilla triangles. The mixture is simmered until the tortilla starts softening. Pulled chicken is sometimes added to the mix. It is commonly garnished with crema, crumbled "queso fresco", sliced onion, and avocado slices. Chilaquiles can be served with refried beans, eggs (scrambled or fried) and guacamole as side dishes.


title: Chilaquiles

text: As with many Mexican dishes, regional and family variations are quite common. Usually, chilaquiles are eaten at breakfast or brunch. This makes them a popular recipe to use leftover tortillas and salsas.


title: Chilaquiles

text: In central Mexico, it is common for the tortilla chips to remain crisp. To achieve this, all ingredients except the salsa are placed on a plate and the salsa is poured at the last moment before serving. In Guadalajara, "cazuelas" are kept simmering filled with chilaquiles that become thick in texture, similar to "polenta". In the state of Sinaloa, chilaquiles are sometimes prepared with cream. In the state of Tamaulipas, on the northeast side of the country, red tomato sauce is commonly used.


title: Chilaquiles

text: Recipes for chilaquiles have been found in a U.S. cookbook published in 1898, Encarnación Pinedo's "El cocinero español" ("The Spanish Cook"). She included three recipes—one for "chilaquiles tapatios a la mexicana", one for "chilaquiles a la mexicana", and one for "chilaquiles con camarones secos" (chilaquiles with dry shrimp).


title: Clifton Collins Jr.

text: Clifton Craig Collins Jr. is an American actor. After starting in 1990, with small roles in film and on television, Collins gained attention for his performance as Cpl. Ramon Aguilar, a prisoner "serving" under an imprisoned general played by Robert Redford in the 2001 film "The Last Castle". His extensive work includes featured roles in films such as "One Eight Seven" (1997), "Traffic" (2000), "Capote" (2005), "Star Trek" (2009) and "Pacific Rim" (2013). Collins extensive work on television series includes "Crisis Center" (1997), "Thief" (2006), which earned him a Primetime Emmy Award nomination, "The Event" (2010–2011), and "Westworld" (2016–2020).


title: Clifton Collins Jr.

text: Collins was born in Los Angeles, California. He is the grandson of actor Pedro Gonzalez Gonzalez. He is sometimes credited as Clifton Gonzalez-Gonzalez in honor of his grandfather. His father is of German descent and his mother is of Mexican ancestry.


title: Clifton Collins Jr.

text: He first broke through the mainstream in 1997 with a performance as tagger César Sánchez in the film "One Eight Seven". In 1998, he was in Ray Bradbury's cult film "The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit". He next portrayed a gay hitman named Francisco "Frankie Flowers" Flores for the Mexican drug cartels in Steven Soderbergh's 2000 ensemble drama "Traffic".


title: Clifton Collins Jr.

text: For his portrayal of a USMC prisoner in the 2001 film "The Last Castle" Collins was nominated for the 2002 American Latino Media Arts (ALMA) Award for Best Supporting Actor in a motion picture. In 2002, he played the role of Buddy in the film "American Girl".


title: Clifton Collins Jr.

text: In 2005, Collins won rave reviews for his subtle portrayal of killer Perry Smith in the fact-based film "Capote", which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture in 2006.


title: Clifton Collins Jr.

text: He starred in the 2005 film "Dirty" alongside Oscar winner Cuba Gooding Jr. Collins starred on FX Networks' series "Thief" and received an Emmy nomination. Collins also played a supporting role on FX Networks' series "The Shield" as undercover ICE agent Hernan. He also has a small role in 2006's "Babel", directed by Alejandro González Iñárritu.


title: Clifton Collins Jr.

text: In 2007, Collins took the lead role in the indie feature "The Perfect Game", playing former baseball player Cesar Faz, who coaches a local Mexican youth league team, leading them all the way to the Little League World Series.


title: Clifton Collins Jr.

text: In 2008, Collins directed two music videos for the country music group Zac Brown Band: "Chicken Fried" and "Whatever It Is". Chicken Fried won the 2009 CMT breakthrough music video of the year award.


title: Clifton Collins Jr.

text: Collins starred in the comedy "Sunshine Cleaning" with Amy Adams, Emily Blunt and Alan Arkin. He played Winston, the owner of a cleaning supply shop who builds meticulously detailed model airplanes with only one arm. Collins played the role with one arm bound tightly behind his back. In 2009's "Star Trek", Collins plays Ayel, a Romulan, second in command to the villain Nero.


title: Clifton Collins Jr.

text: In 2009, Collins joined Adrien Brody and Forest Whitaker in the psychological thriller "The Experiment". Collins starred in "Extract", a 2009 film by director Mike Judge. He co-produced the film "" in which he played Officer Sanchez alongside Jacob Vargas. He also voiced the fictional video game character Cesar Vialpando in "". In 2009, he played Romeo in the film "".


title: Clifton Collins Jr.

text: In 2010, Collins joined the cast of NBC's drama "The Event" as Thomas. The following year, he guests on two episodes of "" as a man named Raymond Harris, an ex-convict who seeks revenge against Mac Taylor and his partner to get some answers regarding a 17-year grudge against them. The episodes also guest-starred the now late Peter Fonda, who Collins previously worked with in "San Andreas", as Taylor's ex-partner, who ends up getting killed by Harris. In 2014, Collins portrayed a law enforcement official, Franco Rodriguez, alongside Casey Affleck, Anthony Mackie, Norman Reedus, Woody Harrelson, Kate Winslet in "Triple 9".


title: Clifton Collins Jr.

text: In 2015, HBO's science fiction drama "Westworld" added Collins as Lawrence / El Lazo, a charming but lethal outlaw, with a knack for maneuvering and negotiating the various criminal elements.


title: Clifton Collins Jr.

text: In 2019, Collins Jr. filmed "Jockey", which won the Sundance Film Festival U.S. Dramatic Special Jury Award for best acting.


title: Clifton Collins Jr.

text: In 2019, Collins was awarded an Impact Award by the National Hispanic Media Coalition for his "Outstanding Performance in Film and Television". On October 29, 2021, he will receive the Distinguished Performance Award at the SCAD Savannah Film Festival.


title: Clifton Collins Jr.

text: He wrote his first book, "Prison Ramen: Recipes and Stories from Behind Bars" with Gustavo "Goose" Alvarez, in 2015.


title: The Hill (newspaper)

text: The Hill is an American newspaper and digital media company based in Washington, D.C. that was founded in 1994.


title: The Hill (newspaper)

text: Focusing on politics, policy, business and international relations, "The Hill"s coverage includes the U.S. Congress, the presidency and executive branch, and election campaigns. "The Hill" describes its output as "nonpartisan reporting on the inner workings of Government and the nexus of politics and business".


title: The Hill (newspaper)

text: The company's primary outlet is TheHill.com. "The Hill" is additionally distributed in print for free around Washington, D.C. and distributed to all congressional offices. It is owned by Nexstar Media Group.


title: The Hill (newspaper)

text: The company was founded as a newspaper in 1994 by Democratic power broker and New York businessman Jerry Finkelstein, and Martin Tolchin, a former correspondent for "The New York Times". New York Representative Gary L. Ackerman was also a major shareholder. The name of the publication alludes to "Capitol Hill" as a synecdoche for the United States Congress and government generally.


title: The Hill (newspaper)

text: "The Hill" has grown to become the second most-viewed US political news website and the third-most tweeted U.S. news source.


title: The Hill (newspaper)

text: In 2016, "The New York Times" reported that The Hill was "proceeding with ambitious expansion plans" to become a national brand publication, and its website traffic increased 126% over the prior year, and was above Politico's traffic for the period.


title: The Hill (newspaper)

text: Following the 2016 US presidential election, "The Street" reported that "The Hill" saw the largest increase in online political readership among political news sites, with an increase of 780%. CNN and Politico saw smaller increases over the period, making "The Hill" "the fastest-growing political news site". In 2017, "The Hill" was also cited by Twitter as one of the top 10 "most-tweeted" news sources. A 2017 study by the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University found that "The Hill" was the second most-shared source among supporters of Donald Trump on Twitter during the election, behind "Breitbart News".


title: The Hill (newspaper)

text: In 2019, "The Hill" was ranked second among all US news sites for political readership, second to CNN, and ahead of Capitol Hill competitors such as Politico.


title: The Hill (newspaper)

text: In 2020, it was again ranked second for online politics readership across all news sites, behind only CNN. It remained ahead of Politico, Fox News, NBCNews.com and MSNBC TV.


title: The Hill (newspaper)

text: As of 2020, the newspaper claims to have more than 22,000 print readers. "The Hill" is distributed for free in newspaper boxes around the U.S. Capitol building, and mailed directly to all congressional offices.


title: The Hill (newspaper)

text: As of 2020, "The Hill"s YouTube channel had 1,100,000 subscribers, ahead of Politico, Axios, and Bloomberg Politics. In October 2020, "The Hill"s YouTube channel averaged over 1.5 million daily video views and more than 10 million per week; in September 2020 it received over 340 million video views.


title: The Hill (newspaper)

text: In June 2018, "The Hill" launched Hill.TV, a digital news channel. The channel features "Rising", a daily morning news program first hosted by Krystal Ball and Buck Sexton. In May 2021, Ball and Saagar Enjeti announced they were departing in order to release their own independent project, "Breaking Points with Krystal and Saagar". Since then, Robby Soave, Ryan Grim, Kim Iversen, Emily Jashinsky, Batya Ungar-Sargon, and Briahna Joy Gray have hosted the program, along with guests including Colin Rogero, Jamal Simmons, Emily Miller, Alyssa Farah, and Rachel Bovard.


title: The Hill (newspaper)

text: The National Press Club's annual Sandy Hume Memorial Award is named after staffer Sandy Hume, in recognition of his 1997 reporting in "The Hill" of an attempted Republican coup against then-speaker Newt Gingrich.


title: The Hill (newspaper)

text: In 2019, "The Hill" won the Society of Professional Journalists' First Prizes for Features ("Celebrities dive into midterms, hoping to thwart Trump") and Series ("How The Trump Tax Law Passed").


title: The Hill (newspaper)

text: In 2020, "The Hill" won the Society of Professional Journalists' First Prize for Features, for the story "Inside the Secret World of the CIA's Social Media Team".


title: The Hill (newspaper)

text: In 2017, "The Hill" hired John Solomon. Solomon inserted material from advertisers into journalistic copy, leading to protests from "The Hill"s publisher. Solomon's role was changed to opinion contributor. In March 2018, he conspired to publish a report about the challenged Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory. In September 2019, Solomon left "The Hill".


title: The Hill (newspaper)

text: In January 2019, CNN claimed Finkelstein interfered in the editorial independence of the paper by "keeping a watchful eye on the newspaper’s coverage to ensure it is not too critical" of U.S. President Donald Trump.


title: The Hill (newspaper)

text: Kim Iversen was a host on "Rising". She was a critic of Anthony Fauci. According to the "Daily Beast", Iversen left the show in July 2022 after being excluded from participating in an interview with Fauci. Katie Halper, a former free-lancer with "Rising", was terminated on September 28, 2022. "The Intercept" reported that she recorded a "Radar" monologue that described Israel as an "apartheid" state.


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: OBD-II PIDs (On-board diagnostics Parameter IDs) are codes used to request data from a vehicle, used as a diagnostic tool.


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: SAE standard J1979 defines many OBD-II PIDs. All on-road vehicles and trucks sold in North America are required to support a subset of these codes, primarily for state mandated emissions inspections. Manufacturers also define additional PIDs specific to their vehicles. Though not mandated, many motorcycles also support OBD-II PIDs.


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: In 1996, light duty vehicles (less than ) were the first to be mandated followed by medium duty vehicles () in 2005. They are both required to be accessed through a standardized data link connector defined by SAE J1962.


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: Heavy duty vehicles (greater than ) made after 2010, for sale in the US are allowed to support OBD-II diagnostics through SAE standard J1939-13 (a round diagnostic connector) according to CARB in title 13 CCR 1971.1. Some heavy duty trucks in North America use the SAE J1962 OBD-II diagnostic connector that is common with passenger cars, notably Mack and Volvo Trucks, however they use 29 bit CAN identifiers (unlike 11 bit headers used by passenger cars).


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: There are 10 diagnostic services described in the latest OBD-II standard SAE J1979. Before 2002, J1979 referred to these services as "modes". They are as follows:


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: Vehicle manufacturers are not required to support all services. Each manufacturer may define additional services above #9 (e.g.: service 22 as defined by SAE J2190 for Ford/GM, service 21 for Toyota) for other information e.g. the voltage of the traction battery in a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV).


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: The table below shows the standard OBD-II PIDs as defined by SAE J1979. The expected response for each PID is given, along with information on how to translate the response into meaningful data. Again, not all vehicles will support all PIDs and there can be manufacturer-defined custom PIDs that are not defined in the OBD-II standard.


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: Note that services 01 and 02 are basically identical, except that service 01 provides current information, whereas service 02 provides a snapshot of the same data taken at the point when the last diagnostic trouble code was set. The exceptions are PID 01, which is only available in service 01, and PID 02, which is only available in service 02. If service 02 PID 02 returns zero, then there is no snapshot and all other service 02 data is meaningless.


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: When using Bit-Encoded-Notation, quantities like C4 means bit 4 from data byte C. Each bit is numbered from 0 to 7, so 7 is the most significant bit and 0 is the least significant bit (See below).


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: Service accepts the same PIDs as service , with the same meaning, but information given is from when the freeze frame was created.


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: Some of the PIDs in the above table cannot be explained with a simple formula. A more elaborate explanation of these data is provided here:


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: A request for this PID returns 4 bytes of data (Big-endian). Each bit, from MSB to LSB, represents one of the next 32 PIDs and specifies whether that PID is supported.


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: The first byte(A) contains two pieces of information. Bit (MSB of byte A, the first byte) indicates whether or not the MIL (check engine light) is illuminated. Bits through represent the number of diagnostic trouble codes currently flagged in the ECU.


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: The second, third, and fourth bytes(B, C and D) give information about the availability and completeness of certain on-board tests ("OBD readiness checks"). Note that test availability is indicated by set () bit and completeness is indicated by reset () bit.


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: The third and fourth bytes are to be interpreted differently depending on if the engine is spark ignition (e.g. Otto or Wankel engines) or compression ignition (e.g. Diesel engines). In the second (B) byte, bit 3 indicates how to interpret the C and D bytes, with being spark (Otto or Wankel) and (set) being compression (Diesel).


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: The first byte is always zero. The second, third, and fourth bytes give information about the availability and completeness of certain on-board tests. As with PID 01, the third and fourth bytes are to be interpreted differently depending on the ignition type (B3) – with being spark and (set) being compression. Note again that test availability is represented by a set () bit and completeness is represented by a reset () bit.


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: The remaining bytes are 16 bit integers indicating the temperature in degrees Celsius in the range -40 to 6513.5 (scale 0.1), using the usual formula_1 formula (MSB is A, LSB is B). Only values for which the corresponding sensor is supported are meaningful.


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: A request for this service returns a list of the DTCs that have been set. The list is encapsulated using the ISO 15765-2 protocol.


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: If there are two or fewer DTCs (4 bytes) they are returned in an ISO-TP Single Frame (SF). Three or more DTCs in the list are reported in multiple frames, with the exact count of frames dependent on the communication type and addressing details.


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: Each trouble code requires 2 bytes to describe. The five-character code of a trouble code (like "") may be decoded as follows from bits. The first character in the trouble code is determined by the first two bits in the first byte:


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: The two following digits are encoded as 2 bits. The second character in the DTC is a number defined by the following table:


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: The fourth and fifth characters are defined in the same way as the third, but using bits - and -. The resulting five-character code should look something like "" and can be looked up in a table of OBD-II DTCs to get an actual DTC text. Hexadecimal characters (0-9, A-F), while relatively rare, are allowed in the last 3 positions of the code itself.


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: It provides information about track in-use performance for catalyst banks, oxygen sensor banks, evaporative leak detection systems, EGR systems and secondary air system.


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: The numerator for each component or system tracks the number of times that all conditions necessary for a specific monitor to detect a malfunction have been encountered.


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: The denominator for each component or system tracks the number of times that the vehicle has been operated in the specified conditions.


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: All data items of the In-use Performance Tracking record consist of two bytes and are reported in this order (each message contains two items, hence the message length is 4).


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: It provides information about track in-use performance for NMHC catalyst, NOx catalyst monitor, NOx adsorber monitor, PM filter monitor, exhaust gas sensor monitor, EGR/ VVT monitor, boost pressure monitor and fuel system monitor.


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: All data items consist of two bytes and are reported in this order (each message contains two items, hence message length is 4):


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: Some PIDs are to be interpreted specially, and aren't necessarily exactly bitwise encoded, or in any scale.


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: The second byte describes fuel system #2 (if it exists) and is encoded identically to the first byte.


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: A request for this PID returns a single byte of data which describes which OBD standards this ECU was designed to comply with. The different values the data byte can hold are shown below, next to what they mean:


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: Service 01 PID returns a value from an enumerated list giving the fuel type of the vehicle. The fuel type is returned as a single byte, and the value is given by the following table:


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: Any other value is reserved by ISO/SAE. There are currently no definitions for flexible-fuel vehicle.


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: The majority of all OBD-II PIDs in use are non-standard. For most modern vehicles, there are many more functions supported on the OBD-II interface than are covered by the standard PIDs, and there is relatively minor overlap between vehicle manufacturers for these non-standard PIDs.


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: There is very limited information available in the public domain for non-standard PIDs. The primary source of information on non-standard PIDs across different manufacturers is maintained by the US-based Equipment and Tool Institute and only available to members. The price of ETI membership for access to scan codes varies based on company size defined by annual sales of automotive tools and equipment in North America:


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: Some OEMs refuse to use ETI as a one-stop source of scan tool information. They prefer to do business with each tool company separately. These companies also require that you enter into a contract with them. The charges vary but here is a snapshot as of April 13th, 2015 of the per year charges:


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: The PID query and response occurs on the vehicle's CAN bus. Standard OBD requests and responses use functional addresses. The diagnostic reader initiates a query using CAN ID 7DFh, which acts as a broadcast address, and accepts responses from any ID in the range 7E8h to 7EFh. ECUs that can respond to OBD queries listen both to the functional broadcast ID of 7DFh and one assigned ID in the range 7E0h to 7E7h. Their response has an ID of their assigned ID plus 8 e.g. 7E8h through 7EFh.


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: This approach allows up to eight ECUs, each independently responding to OBD queries. The diagnostic reader can use the ID in the ECU response frame to continue communication with a specific ECU. In particular, multi-frame communication requires a response to the specific ECU ID rather than to ID 7DFh.


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: CAN bus may also be used for communication beyond the standard OBD messages. Physical addressing uses particular CAN IDs for specific modules (e.g., 720h for the instrument cluster in Fords) with proprietary frame payloads.


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: The functional PID query is sent to the vehicle on the CAN bus at ID 7DFh, using 8 data bytes. The bytes are:


title: OBD-II PIDs

text: The vehicle responds to the PID query on the CAN bus with message IDs that depend on which module responded. Typically the engine or main ECU responds at ID 7E8h. Other modules, like the hybrid controller or battery controller in a Prius, respond at 07E9h, 07EAh, 07EBh, etc. These are 8h higher than the physical address the module responds to. Even though the number of bytes in the returned value is variable, the message uses 8 data bytes regardless (CAN bus protocol form Frameformat with 8 data bytes).


title: Homefront (2013 film)

text: Homefront is a 2013 American action thriller film directed by Gary Fleder, screenplay written by Sylvester Stallone and released nationwide in theaters on November 27. Based on the 2005 novel "Homefront" by Chuck Logan, the film stars Jason Statham, James Franco, Winona Ryder, and Kate Bosworth. Filming began on October 1, 2012 in New Orleans.


title: Homefront (2013 film)

text: Two years after raiding a methamphetamine laboratory owned by biker gang boss Danny T, Phil Broker retires from the DEA and moves to a small Louisiana town with his daughter Maddy. One day, Maddy gets into a schoolyard fight with a bully named Teddy Klum, and Broker is called to her school. As they prepare to return home, Teddy's mother, Cassie, instigates a fight between her husband and Broker, which Broker wins easily. Enraged, Cassie later asks her brother Gator, a drug manufacturer, to intimidate Broker. Broker's friend Teedo warns him that the locals might engage in an old-school feud.


title: Homefront (2013 film)

text: While Broker and Maddy go horseback riding, Gator breaks into their house where he finds old DEA personnel files; he discovers that Broker was responsible for Danny T's arrest, which resulted in the death of Danny T's son. Hoping to expand his influence, Gator tips off Danny T, who sends members of his gang to kill Broker. Meanwhile, Broker attempts to smooth over the situation with Teddy's family, and Maddy invites Teddy to her birthday party. As tensions between the two families slowly ease, with Teddy and Maddy even becoming friends. Gator warns Cassie to stay away from Broker.


title: Homefront (2013 film)

text: Broker's DEA contacts warn him that Gator may be involved with Danny T. Broker then heads to Gator's meth lab and sabotages it, but he is subdued and tortured by Gator's thugs. Broker manages to escape and defeat his captors, but before he and Maddy can leave town, the gang members arrive. Though Broker ambushes and kills most of the gang members, Teedo is critically injured while helping Broker and Maddy escape. Meanwhile, Gator’s girlfriend Sheryl forces Maddy to leave with her; Maddy uses her cell phone to call Broker and from her descriptions, Broker realizes that she has been taken to Gator's meth lab.


title: Homefront (2013 film)

text: Cassie arrives at Gator's warehouse after hearing news of the gunfight and is horrified to find Maddy there. She angrily confronts Gator and demands he give her Maddy, before accidentally setting off Broker's booby trap and causing the lab to explode. Disgusted with her brother, Cassie attempts to flee with Maddy during the chaos, leading to a struggle in which Gator accidentally shoots Cassie. Gator then flees with Maddy in his truck, with Broker in hot pursuit. When Broker crashes his car, Gator prepares to shoot him but is distracted by Maddy whom he then attempts to force back into his truck. Taking advantage of the distraction, Broker frees himself, and savagely beats Gator before reuniting with Maddy. Gator and Sheryl are arrested, while Teedo and Cassie are taken to the hospital. Broker later visits Danny T in prison, letting him know that he will be around when Danny T is eventually released.


title: Homefront (2013 film)

text: The screenplay was written by Sylvester Stallone based on the novel of the same name by writer Chuck Logan.


title: Homefront (2013 film)

text: It was originally intended as a starring role for Stallone but he passed on the role to Statham staying on as producer.


title: Homefront (2013 film)

text: "Homefront" grossed $6.9 million in its opening weekend, finishing in 5th place. It finished its theatrical run with a total gross of $51.7 million, against its $22 million production budget.


title: Homefront (2013 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 42% based on 118 reviews, with an average rating of 4.97/10. The site's critical consensus states: "While it boasts a capable cast, the disappointingly dull "Homefront" hearkens back to classic action thrillers without adding anything to the genre." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 40 out of 100, based on 35 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Homefront (2013 film)

text: Scott Foundas of Variety magazine notes the reliable presence of Statham, but blames director Gary Fleder for "making an incoherent jumble of most of the action scenes". He calls Bosworth's performance the film's "greatest surprise", and Franco's performance as its "biggest disappointment". Foundas calls the film "surprisingly joyless" and "less than the sum of its parts."


title: Fólkvangr

text: In Norse mythology, Fólkvangr (Old Norse: , "field of the host" or "people-field" or "army-field") is a meadow or field ruled over by the goddess Freyja where half of those that die in combat go upon death, whilst the other half go to the god Odin in Valhalla. Others were also brought to Fólkvangr after their death; "Egils Saga", for example, has a world-weary female character declare that she will never taste food again until she dines with Freya.


title: Fólkvangr

text: Fólkvangr is attested in the "Poetic Edda", compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the "Prose Edda", written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson. According to the "Prose Edda", within Fólkvangr is Freyja's hall Sessrúmnir. Scholarly theories have been proposed about the implications of the location.


title: Fólkvangr

text: In the poem "Grímnismál" collected in the "Poetic Edda", Odin (disguised, or "Grímnir") tells the young Agnar that Freyja allots seats in her hall Fólkvangr to half of those that die, while Odin receives the other half ("Fólkvangr" is here anglicized to "Fôlkvang" and "Folkvang"):


title: Fólkvangr

text: In chapter 24 of the "Prose Edda" book "Gylfaginning", High tells Gangleri (described as king Gylfi in disguise) that Freyja is "the most glorious of the ásynjur", that Freyja has a dwelling in the heavens called Fólkvangr, and that "whenever she rides to battle she gets half of the slain, and the other half Odin, as it says here: [the stanza above from "Grímnismál" is then quoted]". High then continues with a description of Freyja's hall Sessrúmnir.


title: Fólkvangr

text: In "Egils saga", when Egill Skallagrímsson refuses to eat, his daughter Þorgerðr (here anglicized as "Thorgerd") says she will go without food and thus starve to death, and in doing so will meet the goddess Freyja:


title: Fólkvangr

text: Britt-Mari Näsström says that "as a receiver of the dead her [Freyja's] abode is also open for women who have suffered a noble death." Näsström cites the above passage from "Egils saga" as an example, and points to a potential additional connection in the saga "Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks", where the queen hangs herself in the dísarsalr (Old Norse "the Hall of the Dís") after discovering that her husband has betrayed both her father and brother. Näsström comments that "this Dís could hardly be anyone but Freyja herself, the natural leader of the collective female deities called dísir, and the place of the queen's suicide seems thus to be connected with Freyja."


title: Fólkvangr

text: John Lindow says that if the "Fólk-" element of "Fólkvangr" is to be understood as "army", then Fólkvangr appears as an alternative to Valhalla. Lindow adds that, like Odin, Freyja has an association with warriors in that she presides over the eternal combat of Hjaðningavíg.


title: Fólkvangr

text: Rudolf Simek theorizes that the name "Fólkvangr" is "surely not much older than "Grímnismál" itself", and adds that the "Gylfaginning" description keeps close to the "Grímnismál" description, yet that the "Gylfaginning" descriptions adds that Sessrúmnir is located within Fólkvangr. According to Hilda Ellis Davidson, Valhalla "is well known because it plays so large a part in images of warfare and death," yet the significance of other halls in Norse mythology such as Ýdalir, where the god Ullr dwells, and Freyja's Fólkvangr have been lost.


title: Fólkvangr

text: Britt-Mari Näsström places emphasis on that "Gylfaginning" relates that "whenever she rides into battle she takes half of the slain," and interprets "Fólkvangr" as "the field of the Warriors." Näsström comments that:


title: Fólkvangr

text: Freyja receives the slain heroes of the battlefield quite respectfully as Óðinn does. Her house is called Sessrumnir, 'filled with many seats', and it probably fills the same function as Valhöll, 'the hall of the slain', where the warriors eat and drink beer after the fighting. Still, we must ask why there are two heroic paradises in the Old Norse View of afterlife. It might possibly be a consequence of different forms of initiation of warriors, where one part seemed to have belonged to Óðinn and the other to Freyja. These examples indicate that Freyja was a war-goddess, and she even appears as a valkyrie, literally 'the one who chooses the slain'.


title: Fólkvangr

text: Siegfried Andres Dobat comments that "in her mythological role as the chooser of half the fallen warriors for her death realm Fólkvangr, the goddess Freyja, however, emerges as the mythological role model for the Valkyrjar and the dísir."


title: Fólkvangr

text: In a 2012 paper, Joseph S. Hopkins and Haukur Þorgeirsson propose a connection between Fólkvangr, Sessrúmnir, and numerous stone ships found throughout Scandinavia. According to Hopkins and Haukur, Fólkvangr and Sessrumir together paint an image of a ship and a field, which has broader implications and may connect Freyja to the "Isis" of the Suebi:


title: Fólkvangr

text: Perhaps each source has preserved a part of the same truth and Sessrúmnir was conceived of as both a ship and an afterlife location in Fólkvangr. 'A ship in a field' is a somewhat unexpected idea, but it is strongly reminiscent of the stone ships in Scandinavian burial sites. 'A ship in the field' in the mythical realm may have been conceived as a reflection of actual burial customs and vice versa. It is possible that the symbolic ship was thought of as providing some sort of beneficial property to the land, such as good seasons and peace brought on by Freyr’s mound burial in "Ynglinga saga".


title: Fólkvangr

text: Evidence involving ships from the pre-Christian period and from folklore may be similarly re-examined with this potential in mind. For example, if Freyja is taken as a possessor of a ship, then this ship iconography may lend support to positions arguing for a connection between a Vanir goddess and the "Isis" of the Suebi, who is associated with ship symbolism in Tacitus’s "Germania". Afterlife beliefs involving strong nautical elements, and, separately, afterlife fields, have been identified in numerous Indo-European cultures …"


title: Fólkvangr

text: Hopkins and Haukur additionally propose a connection between Fólkvangr and a variety of other Germanic words referring to the afterlife that contain extensions of Proto-Germanic *"wangaz", including Old English "Neorxnawang", potentially pointing to an early Germanic "'*wangaz" of the dead'.


title: Fólkvangr

text: Early in the 20th century, Karl Ernst Osthaus developed the "Folkwang-Gedanke" or "Folkwang-Konzept", that art and life can be reconciled. Several cultural institutions bearing the name "Folkwang" (the German spelling of Fólkvangr) were founded on this concept. These institutions include the Museum Folkwang in Essen (opened 1902), the publishing house Folkwang-Verlag (founded 1919), Folkwang Kammerorchester Essen (founded 1958), Folkwang-Musikschule in Essen (founded 1974), and Folkwang University of the Arts, focusing on music, theater, dance, design and academic studies.


title: Madden NFL

text: Madden NFL (known as John Madden Football until 1993) is an American football video game series developed by EA Tiburon for EA Sports. It is named after Pro Football Hall of Fame coach and commentator John Madden and sold more than 130 million copies by 2018. It is also the only officially licensed National Football League (NFL) video game series, and it has influenced many players and coaches of the physical sport. Among the series' features are detailed playbooks and player statistics and voice commentary in the style of a real NFL television broadcast. the franchise has generated over $4 billion in sales.


title: Madden NFL

text: Electronic Arts (EA) founder Trip Hawkins conceived the series and approached Madden in 1984 for his endorsement and expertise. Because of Madden's insistence that the game be as realistic as possible, the first version of "John Madden Football" did not appear until 1988. EA has released annual versions since 1990, and the series' name changed to "Madden NFL" in 1993 after EA acquired the rights to use NFL teams and players.


title: Madden NFL

text: Trip Hawkins created a clone of the Strat-o-Matic paper and dice-based football simulation game as a teenager. The game was unsuccessful due to its complexity, and he hoped to one day delegate its rules to a computer. At Harvard College, where Hawkins played football for the Crimson, he wrote a football simulation for the PDP-11 minicomputer which, he later said, predicted that the Miami Dolphins would defeat the Minnesota Vikings 23–6 (actually 24–7) in the 1974 Super Bowl. After founding Electronic Arts in 1982—"The real reason that I founded [it] was because I wanted to make computerized versions of games like Strat-O-Matic", Hawkins later said—the company began designing a microcomputer football game. Hawkins first approached his favorite player Joe Montana to endorse the proposed game but the quarterback already had an endorsement deal with Atari Inc., and his second choice, Cal coach Joe Kapp, demanded royalties.


title: Madden NFL

text: In 1984, Hawkins approached Madden. He and game producer Joe Ybarra arranged a follow-up meeting with the broadcaster during an Amtrak train trip over two days because of Madden's fear of flying. The EA executives promised that the proposed game would be a sophisticated football simulation and they asked the retired Oakland Raiders coach for his endorsement and expertise. Madden knew nothing about computers beyond his telestrator but agreed; he had taught a class at the University of California, Berkeley, called "Football for Fans", and envisioned the program as a tool for teaching and testing plays. (Madden would continue to see the game as an educational tool. When asked in 2012 to describe "Madden NFL", he called it "a way for people to learn the game and participate in the game at a pretty sophisticated level".) Hawkins and Ybarra during the train trip learned football plays and strategies from Madden from sunrise to midnight.


title: Madden NFL

text: EA likely expected Madden to endorse the game without participating in its design. Early plans envisioned six or seven players per team because of technical limitations but Madden insisted on having 11 players, stating "I'm not putting my name on it if it's not real". Ybarra, who had played chess, not football, in high school, became an expert on the subject through his work, but found that 11 players overwhelmed contemporary home computers. Most projects that are as delayed as "Madden" are canceled; Ybarra and developer Robin Antonick needed three years, more than twice the length of the average development process. The project became known within the company as "Trip's Folly", and Madden—who had received $100,000 advance against royalties that EA's outside auditors advised to write off because it would never be recouped—believed at times that EA had given up.


title: Madden NFL

text: The company hired Bethesda Softworks to finish the game, but this only got them partway to their goal. While EA used many of its designs, including contributions to their physics engine, within a year Bethesda stopped working on "Madden" and sued EA over EA's failure to publish new versions of Bethesda's "Gridiron!" football game. This added to the delay. After a final development push, "John Madden Football" debuted in 1988 for the Apple II series of computers. Hawkins and an exhausted Ybarra ("All my memories are of pain") could move on to other projects.


title: Madden NFL

text: Contracted to provide plays, Madden gave EA the 1980 Raiders playbook, and EA hired "San Francisco Chronicle" writer Frank Cooney, who had designed his own figurine football game with numerical skill ratings. Although the company could not yet legally use NFL teams' or players' names, Cooney obtained real plays from NFL teams. The back of the box called the game "The First Real Football Simulation" and quoted Madden: "Hey, if there aren't 11 players, it isn't real football." Documentation included diagrams of dozens of offensive and defensive plays with Madden's commentary on coaching strategies and philosophy. The game sold moderately well but given the sophisticated playbook its interface was complex, and Madden's insistence on 11 players caused the game to run slowly.


title: Madden NFL

text: During this period, Madden turned down the opportunity to buy an "unlimited" number of options for EA stock in its initial public offering, a decision he later called "the dumbest thing I ever did in my life".


title: Madden NFL

text: In early 1990, EA hired Park Place Productions to develop "Madden" for the Sega Genesis video game console. Park Place had developed "ABC Monday Night Football" with "arcade-style, action-heavy" game play, and its "Madden" also emphasized hyperreality compared to the computer version's focus on exact simulation. Impressed with Park Place's work, EA chose it for the Genesis "Madden" instead of completing an in-house version by Antonick.


title: Madden NFL

text: EA reverse engineered the console to sell the game without paying the standard $8 to $10 license fee per cartridge to Sega, then proposed a compromise of $2 per cartridge and a $2 million cap on the fee. The console maker agreed, afraid that EA would sell its reverse-engineered knowledge to other companies; the agreement saved EA $35 million over the next three years. As its own Joe Montana-endorsed football game would miss the 1990 Christmas shopping season, Sega asked EA to let it sell "Madden" with the Montana name. EA refused, but offered an inferior alternative that lacked "Madden"'s 3D graphics and most of its 113 plays. "Joe Montana Football" sold well despite shipping after Christmas 1990, and it remained popular after BlueSky Software took over development. "John Madden Football" for the Genesis, however, became both the first hugely successful "Madden" game—selling 400,000 copies when the company expected 75,000—and the first killer app for EA and Sega, helping the console gain market share against the Super NES. From 1992 to 1994, "Mega" placed the game at #1 in their monthly Top 100 Mega Drive Games of All Time.


title: Madden NFL

text: In 1990, EA producer Richard Hilleman brought in veteran sports game designer Scott Orr, who had founded the mid-1980s Commodore 64 game publisher GameStar and led the design of their best-selling sports games. The team of Orr and Hilleman designed and led the development of what is today still recognizable as the modern "Madden". Early versions of "Madden" were created by external development studios such as Bethesda, Visual Concepts, and Stormfront Studios. "John Madden Football '92" also featured the ambulance which would run over any players in its path.


title: Madden NFL

text: After Visual Concepts failed to deliver "Madden NFL '96" for the new PlayStation in 1995, EA hired Tiburon Entertainment for "Madden NFL '97" and later acquired the company, centralizing development in-house. It planned to release "John Madden Football" as its first sports-based arcade game, but the game was cancelled due to unenthusiastic reactions from play testers. EA's refusal to release "Madden" and other sports titles for the Dreamcast in 1999 contributed to the console's lack of success and Sega's exit from the hardware market.


title: Madden NFL

text: By 1996, "Madden" was the best-selling sports video game franchise, with more than eight million units sold up until then.


title: Madden NFL

text: In 1998 Electronic Arts added "Franchise Mode" to "Madden", giving players the ability to play multiple seasons, make off-season draft picks, and trade players.


title: Madden NFL

text: Within Franchise Mode, players take on the role of General Manager and manage all personnel matters, including contracts, free agency, draft picks, and hiring and firing coaches. The player also acts as a head coach-like character (although there is a head coach figure in-game), choosing which players to play, making substitutions, running practices, practicing gameplans, etc.


title: Madden NFL

text: Players may play with any of the NFL's 32 franchises; they can choose whether or not to have trade deadlines and salary caps and if they want to start their Franchise with a 49-round fantasy draft of all active NFL players. Players can also upload created teams for use in the game.


title: Madden NFL

text: Once in game, players run training camp (individual drills for improving players' attributes), play in preseason games and compete in a regular 16-game NFL season, including playoffs and the Super Bowl. The player has the option to play any game in the simulation, including those involving other teams if they so desire, or may simulate through the games as they choose. Most versions of "Madden" give a player 30 years with their franchise, sometimes with an opportunity to apply for the Hall of Fame at the end of the simulation.


title: Madden NFL

text: "Madden NFL 2000" was the first Madden to have a play editor, arcade mode, and the Madden Challenge. The game was released on August 31, 1999, for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation, Game Boy, Nintendo 64, and Classic Mac OS. The cover athletes were former Raiders Coach John Madden and the Detroit Lions running back Barry Sanders in the background. This was the second Madden to have someone besides John Madden on the cover.


title: Madden NFL

text: "Madden NFL 2001" featured a segment called "Great Games" where one would be put in a situation where they control one team and would have to win the game with a set amount of time. If the player wins, they unlock either a new team or a stadium. Overall, there were more than 60 teams and over 80 stadiums in "Madden NFL 2001". Tennessee Titans running back Eddie George is the cover athlete.


title: Madden NFL

text: "Madden NFL 2002" featured for the first time Create-A-Team where one would make a team and play with that team in either Play Now or Franchise mode. It also featured Create-A-League mode but it never caught on. Create-A-Team was not featured in "Madden NFL 13" and moving teams was first featured in "Madden NFL 2004" called "Stadium" in the Franchise mode of the game. "Madden NFL 2002" was the 2nd highest selling game in 2002. Minnesota Vikings quarterback Daunte Culpepper is the cover athlete.


title: Madden NFL

text: There are multiple modes of game play, from a quick head-to-head game to running a team for a whole season or even multiple seasons. Online play, which was a new feature for "Madden NFL 2003" (in this version there are also mini-camp challenges) was only available for users of the PlayStation 2 console, Xbox console, or a Microsoft Windows PC until early 2004. St. Louis Rams running back Marshall Faulk is the cover athlete.


title: Madden NFL

text: Also, starting with "Madden NFL 2004", EA Sports created the new "Playmaker" tool, using the right analog joystick found on each of the adjustments previously unavailable in prior installments of the franchise. One such adjustment includes the ability to switch which direction a running play was going without changing the formation. Prior to the Playmaker tool, the Player could only call one of four available "hot routes." With Playmaker and the use of the right thumb stick, the player is given 4 additional Hot Route options. When the quarterback has the ball the Playmaker Tool can be used to make receivers alter their routes mid-play. When running the ball on offense, the runner can control the direction in which the blocker is going. Defensive alignment adjustments, however, were not available leading to obvious imbalance in favor of the Offensive player. Atlanta Falcons quarterback Michael Vick is the cover athlete.


title: Madden NFL

text: In "Madden NFL 2005", EA Sports ran a campaign with the Theme "Fear the D" emphasising their improvements on the "other side of the ball." In an attempt to re-balance the players experience, EA gave a Playmaker Tool to the defense. Similar to the offensive Playmaker Tool, the defensive Playmaker allows the player to make pre-snap defensive adjustments. EA Sports further utilized the right analog joystick on defense by creating the "Hit Stick", an option on defense that allows the controlled player to make big hits, with a simple flick, that increases the chances the ball carrier will fumble. Also introduced for the first time is the "Formation Shift." This new feature allowed players to shift their formation in the pre-snap audible menu without actually changing the play. For example, if you call a run play up the middle out of a goal line formation, you could then call a formation shift and make your players spread out into a four wide receiver formation while still in the same running play. The problem with this new function was that EA also added a fatigue penalty for the defense causing defensive players to get more tired each time there was a formation shift. This led to players on offense calling multiple formation shifts each play making the defensive players too exhausted to keep up and force them to substitute out of the game until they are fully rested. This led to more imbalance that could only be fixed by turning off fatigue. Baltimore Ravens linebacker Ray Lewis is the cover athlete.


title: Madden NFL

text: "2005" also added "EA Sports Radio", a fictional show that plays during the menu screen of Franchise mode to provide a greater sense of a storyline during gameplay. It features Tony Bruno as the host, who often interviews players and coaches about how the season is going and also has quiz questions in which fake listeners call in to make attempts at answering football-related questions. It included mock interviews of famous NFL players and coaches throughout the in-game season. Some fans have criticized EA Sports for not including new features to the 'programming' as the radio became stale after only two seasons in franchise mode, but the feature drew acclaim for adding content to the Franchise menu. Also added was the Newspaper where the player could look at National News from licensed USA Today and Licensed Local papers for almost each of the 32 NFL teams. Lastly, 2005 also saw the introduction of multiple progressions during franchise mode. Previously NFL players in Madden would only progress or regress at the end of each season. Now at the end of Week 5, 11, and 17 the game would use a program to "progress" players based on their performance in addition to end of season progression.


title: Madden NFL

text: In "Madden NFL 06", the "Truck Stick" was introduced. This feature allows the offensive player to lower his shoulder and break a tackle, or back juke to avoid one. Another new feature is the "Superstar Mode", which allows the player to take control of a rookie and progress through his career. This includes an IQ test, interviews, workouts, the NFL Draft, hiring an agent, and other aspects of a superstar's life. Philadelphia Eagles quarterback Donovan McNabb is the cover athlete.