title: Santa Cruz, California

text: Following the U.S. Conquest of California, Santa Cruz steadily grew with the arrival of immigrants from the eastern United States. Elihu Anthony (1818–1905) arrived in Santa Cruz in 1847 and opened many firsts for the city, including the first Protestant Church, the first blacksmith foundry, he built the first wharf and was the first postmaster. He developed the first commercial blocks in downtown Santa Cruz with his early blacksmith foundry located at the corner of Pacific Street and Mission Street. Anthony with Frederick A. Hihn, built the first private water supply network in the city and serving nearby communities. The establishment of railroad lines in Santa Cruz in 1876 until 1881 with the Santa Cruz Railroad, brought workers to Santa Cruz and provided market access for the city's timber, leather and limestone industries.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: California Powder Works began manufacturing blasting powder for California mining when normal supplies were interrupted by the American Civil War. A powder mill built on the San Lorenzo River upstream of Santa Cruz used charcoal and powder kegs manufactured from local forests. The mill later manufactured smokeless powder used in United States Army Krag-Jørgensen rifles and guns of the United States Navy Pacific and Asiatic fleets.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: Santa Cruz was hard hit by the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake that killed three people. It was also hit by ocean surges caused by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, wherein the Santa Cruz Small Craft Harbor sustained an estimated $10 million of damage, with another $5 million of damage to docked boats there. It was again hit by ocean surges caused by 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai eruption and tsunami, that caused damages to the harbor.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: Santa Cruz became one of the first cities to approve marijuana for medicinal uses. In 1992, residents overwhelmingly approved Measure A, which allowed for the medicinal uses of marijuana. Santa Cruz was home to the second above-ground medical marijuana club in the world when the Santa Cruz Cannabis Buyers Club opened its doors in April 1995. Santa Cruz also became one of the first cities in California to test the state's medical marijuana laws in court after the arrest of Valerie Corral and Mike Corral, founders of the Wo/Men's Alliance for Medical Marijuana, by the DEA. In January 2020, Santa Cruz became the third city in the US and second city in California to decriminalize psilocybin mushrooms in addition to a slew of other entheogenic plants on the Federal Schedule 1 Substance List.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: In 1998, the Santa Cruz community declared itself a nuclear-free zone, and in 2003, the Santa Cruz City Council became the first city council in the U.S. to denounce the Iraq War. The City Council of Santa Cruz also issued a proclamation opposing the USA PATRIOT Act.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: Notable feminist activists Nikki Craft and Ann Simonton resided in Santa Cruz, where they formed the "Praying Mantis Brigade". This collection of activists organized the "Myth California Pageant" in the 1980s protesting the objectification of women. Myth California was staged concurrently with the Miss California pageant held in Santa Cruz since the 1920s. The protests ran for nine years and eventually contributed to the Miss California pageant leaving Santa Cruz.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: Riots occurred on May 1, 2010, sparked when anarchist extremists threw paint at police cars and painted anarchist symbols and anti-capitalist phrases onto buildings, resulting in more than a dozen buildings being vandalized and numerous storefronts being damaged. Property damages are estimated to top roughly $100,000. Prior to the riot, a May Day rally was being held for worker and immigrant rights. According to police, the rally was infiltrated by a local anarchists group, who used the rally as a cover for attacking corporate premises.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: Occupy Santa Cruz formed as an autonomous organization in solidarity with the worldwide Occupy movement, a broad-based protest against economic and social inequality. The organization gained most of its notoriety when members barricaded themselves in an empty bank building owned by Wells Fargo and occupied the building for 72 hours, causing $30,000 in damages. Eleven criminal charges were filed, at least seven of which have since been dropped.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city covers an area of , of which is land, and (19.51%s) is water. To Santa Cruz locals, the area is often discussed in terms of three distinct regions: east side, west side, and midtown.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: Santa Cruz has mild weather throughout the year, experiencing a warm-summer Mediterranean climate characterized by mild, wet winters and warm, mostly dry summers. Due to its proximity to Monterey Bay, fog and low overcast are common during the night and morning hours, especially in the summer. Santa Cruz frequently experiences an Indian summer, with the year's warmest temperatures often occurring in the autumn. Since the city faces south rather than west with mountains to its north, temperatures are usually several degrees warmer than in coastal areas to its northwest.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: Recorded from the census of 2000, there were 54,593 people total with 20,442 households and 10,404 families residing in the city. The population density includes 1,682.2/km (4,356.0/sq mi). There were 21,504 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 78.7% White, 17.4% Hispanic or Latino, 1.7% African American, 0.9% Native American, 4.9% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 9.1% from other races, and 4.5% from two or more races.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: There were 20,442 households, out of which 25.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.0% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 49.1% were non-families. 29.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.98.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 17.3% under the age of 18, 20.5% from 18 to 24, 32.6% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 8.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.9 males age 18 and over.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: The median income for a household in the city was $50,605, and the median income for a family was $62,231 (these figures had risen to $59,172 and $80,496 respectively as of a 2007 estimate). Males had a median income of $44,751 versus $32,699 for females. The per capita income for the city was $25,758. About 6.6% of families and 16.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.5% of those under age 18 and 4.8% of those age 65 or over.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: The 2010 United States Census reported that Santa Cruz had a population of 59,946. The population density was . The racial makeup of Santa Cruz was 44,661 (74.5%) White, 1,071 (1.8%) African American, 440 (0.7%) Native American, 4,591 (7.7%) Asian, 108 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 5,673 (9.5%) from other races, and 3,402 (5.7%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11,624 persons (19.4%).


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: The Census reported that 51,657 people (86.2% of the population) lived in households, 7,910 (13.2%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 379 (0.6%) were institutionalized.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: There were 21,657 households, out of which 4,817 (22.2%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 7,310 (33.8%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 1,833 (8.5%) had a female householder with no husband present, 862 (4.0%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,802 (8.3%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 379 (1.8%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 6,773 households (31.3%) were made up of individuals, and 1,862 (8.6%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39. There were 10,005 families (46.2% of all households); the average family size was 2.92.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: The age distribution of the population shows 8,196 people (13.7%) under the age of 18, 17,449 people (29.1%) aged 18 to 24, 15,033 people (25.1%) aged 25 to 44, 13,983 people (23.3%) aged 45 to 64, and 5,285 people (8.8%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.7 males.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: There were 23,316 housing units at an average density of , of which 9,375 (43.3%) were owner-occupied, and 12,282 (56.7%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.2%; the rental vacancy rate was 3.4%. 22,861 people (38.1% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 28,796 people (48.0%) lived in rental housing units. The median price of a home being $640,000 as of April 2013.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: The principal industries of Santa Cruz are agriculture, tourism, education (UC Santa Cruz) and high technology. Santa Cruz is a center of the organic agriculture movement, and many specialty products as well as housing the headquarters of California Certified Organic Farmers.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: Tourist attractions include the classic Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk on the beach, the redwood forests in the Santa Cruz Mountains above the town, and Monterey Bay, which is protected as a marine sanctuary.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: Technology companies have made Santa Cruz their home since the 1980s. Examples from that era include the Santa Cruz Operation (later Tarantella, Inc.), Plantronics, Parallel Computers, Inc., and a number of others.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: Downtown Santa Cruz houses a variety of storefronts and businesses. It is also stage to many street performers, musicians, and artists, oftentimes creating the presence of background music and miscellaneous street side entertainment when visiting downtown. Consequently, Pacific Avenue serves as an outlet for the artistic and unique culture that Santa Cruz possesses.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: Santa Cruz has a number of cultural institutions and other attractions, including the University of California, Santa Cruz, Arboretum; Mission Santa Cruz; the Santa Cruz Museum of Natural History; the Santa Cruz Museum of Art and History; the Santa Cruz Art League (which includes an art gallery, theater, and classroom); the Santa Cruz Surfing Museum (housed in a lighthouse near Steamer Lane); and the Tannery Arts Center.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: Santa Cruz hosts numerous cultural events and festivals every year. The Cabrillo Festival of Contemporary Music is an annual festival of contemporary music for orchestra that has been called a "new music mecca" by "The New York Times". Santa Cruz Shakespeare is an annual summer festival that performs William Shakespeare plays every summer. Other notable events include the Santa Cruz Film Festival, the Santa Cruz Blues Festival, the Santa Cruz Digital Arts & New Media Festival, and Santa Cruz Pride. The O'Neill Cold Water Classic is annual surfing event that draws crowds at the popular Steamer Lane.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: The Open Studios Art Tour is an art fair has been run for more than three decades and draws artists and patrons from around the area. First Friday Santa Cruz is a monthly event features dozens of art openings in the Santa Cruz area on the first Friday of the month.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: The Santa Cruz County Symphony, founded in 1958, is a fully professional ensemble of 65 members which presents an annual concert series at the Santa Cruz Civic Auditorium and the Mello Center in Watsonville.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: By the 1860s, Pacific Avenue had become the main street of downtown Santa Cruz, and remains so today. Local architect Kermit Darrow and landscape architect Roy Rydell were engaged in 1969 to convert several blocks of Pacific Avenue into a semi-pedestrian street named the Pacific Garden Mall. The Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989 destroyed nearly all of the 19th-century buildings in the downtown area. The Pacific Avenue Historic District had been recognized by the National Register of Historic Places; it was delisted in 1991. After the earthquake, the Pacific Garden Mall theme was eliminated, and an updated downtown design plan by ROMA Design Group was implemented. As of 2016, only one empty lot remains on Pacific Avenue from the destruction of the 1989 earthquake.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: Landmarks on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Santa Cruz County, California include the Branciforte Adobe, the Cowell Lime Works Historic District, the Golden Gate Villa, the Hinds House, Mission Santa Cruz, the Neary-Rodriguez Adobe, the Octagon Building, and the Santa Cruz Looff Carousel and Roller Coaster, among others.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: Landmarks on the California Register of Historical Resources include Mission Santa Cruz, Villa de Branciforte, and the Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: After Huntington Beach, California, trademarked the "Surf City USA" name, Santa Cruz politicians tried to stop the mark from being registered by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office because of a 10-year-old controversy over Santa Cruz's nickname "Surf City." Huntington Beach has obtained a total of seven registrations for the "Surf City USA" trademark. None of these registrations of the trademark are on the principal register, but on the secondary register, which means that Huntington Beach has no exclusive right to assert ownership over the "Surf City USA" trademark. Two Santa Cruz surf shops, Shoreline Surf Shop and Noland's on the Wharf, sued the city of Huntington Beach in order to protect the public use of the term "Surf City." The parties reached a confidential settlement in January 2008, in which neither side admitted liability and all claims and counterclaims were dismissed. The Santa Cruz surf shops continue to print T-shirts, and the Visitor's Bureau retains the right to use the trademark.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: Santa Cruz is home to several state parks and beaches, including Lighthouse Field State Beach, Natural Bridges State Beach, Santa Cruz Mission State Historic Park, Twin Lakes State Beach, and Seabright State Beach.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: Santa Cruz has three greenbelt open space properties along the city limits, including Arana Gulch, Moore Creek, and Pogonip. There are also five community parks and eighteen neighborhood parks.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: Pogonip Open Space is located adjacent to the University of California, Santa Cruz. It includes second-growth oak and redwood forest, meadows and several streams, and is crossed by several hiking trails. Pogonip was the name of the former country club there, which once had a golf course and polo field.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: Natural Bridges State Marine Reserve is a marine protected area off the coast at the northern edge of Santa Cruz. Like underwater parks, marine protected areas help conserve ocean wildlife and marine ecosystems. Most of the rest of the coastline of Santa Cruz lies adjacent to the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: The Santa Cruz Wharf is known for fishing, viewing marine mammals and other recreation. Local parks offer many opportunities for birding and butterfly watching, as well as outdoor sports such as skateboarding, cycling, camping, hiking, and rock climbing. The Santa Cruz Skatepark is open to the public 7 days a week and is free. In addition to its reputation in surfing and skateboarding, Santa Cruz is known for other sports such as disc ultimate and disc golf. The DeLaveaga Disc Golf Course designed by hall of fame and local disc sports promoter Tom Schot, hosts PDGA tournaments, including the annual Masters Cup. DeLaveaga was the disc golf and discathon venue for the WFDF-sanctioned World Disc Games overall event held in Santa Cruz in July 2005.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: Santa Cruz is well known for watersports such as sailing, diving, swimming, stand up paddle boarding, paddling, and is regarded as one of the best spots in the world for surfing. It is the home of O'Neill Wetsuits and Santa Cruz Surfboards, as well as Santa Cruz Skateboards and Santa Cruz Bicycles. The Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk is California's oldest amusement park and a designated State Historic Landmark. It is family-operated, and celebrated its Centennial in 2007. It is home to the iconic Giant Dipper roller coaster, which is currently the fifth oldest coaster in the United States. Home to a National Historic Landmark, a 1911 Charles I. D. Looff Carousel and 1924 Giant Dipper roller coaster, the Boardwalk has been owned and operated by the Santa Cruz Seaside Company since 1915.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: In one of the first published descriptions of surfing in California, three Hawaiian princes, Prince David Kawānanakoa, Prince Edward Abnel Keliʻiahonui and Prince Jonah Kalanianaole, surfed on locally milled redwood boards at the mouth of the San Lorenzo River in July 1885. Santa Cruz has 11 world-class surf breaks, including the point breaks over rock bottoms near Steamer Lane and Pleasure Point, which create some of the best surfing waves in the world. The Santa Cruz Surfing Museum at Steamer Lane is staffed by docents from the Santa Cruz Surfing Club who have surfed Santa Cruz waves since the 1930s. Santa Cruz hosts several surf contests drawing international participants each year, including the O'Neill Cold Water Classic, the International Longboard Association contest, and many others.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: In recent years, Santa Cruz has become home to several minor-league and amateur sports teams. The Santa Cruz Warriors (an NBA G League team), and Santa Cruz Derby Girls (an amateur roller derby league) regularly play games in the Kaiser Permanente Arena.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: In the California State Legislature, Santa Cruz is in , and in . In the United States House of Representatives, Santa Cruz is split between , and .


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: A 2013 article in the "Santa Cruz Sentinel" noted that according to FBI statistics, Santa Cruz had the highest property crime rates per capita for medium and large-sized cities in the state of California, in addition to some of the highest violent crime rates in the state of California for medium and large-sized cities. The article noted tourism, police staffing concerns, prolific liquor licenses, widespread availability of drugs, and large numbers of transients as potential causes. The 2019 edition of the FBI's Uniform Crime Reports data published by the Santa Cruz Police Department showed that crime rates had decreased for all crimes except arson when measured against a five year rolling average.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: In 1973, after the discovery of four bodies in Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park, Peter Chang, the district attorney for Santa Cruz County referred to the city as "the murder capital of the world" in an interview. The bodies were later determined to be victims of the serial killer Herbert Mullin.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: Santa Cruz has one of the highest rates of homelessness in the US, with 9,041 estimated homeless in Santa Cruz county in 2011, approximately 3.5% of the total county population. with over 52% of homeless experiencing some form of mental illness, including clinical depression or PTSD and over 26% suffering unspecified mental illness. Additionally, 38% of homeless surveyed in Santa Cruz county in 2011 experienced drug and/or alcohol dependency. In recent years, citizen groups such as Take Back Santa Cruz, established in 2009, have lobbied city government and officials to address what they view as a public safety crisis, a situation that has gathered national attention.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: Santa Cruz is home to several educational institutions. The city is served by the Santa Cruz City School District. Notable public schools include Santa Cruz High School and Harbor High School.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: Notable private or charter schools include Georgiana Bruce Kirby Preparatory School (a grade 6–12 private school), Pacific Collegiate School (a grade 7–12 charter school), Cypress Charter High School, and Monterey Coast Preparatory.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: Santa Cruz is notably the home of the University of California, Santa Cruz. The city is also host to Five Branches University and a campus of Cabrillo College (which is located in nearby Aptos and Watsonville and holds some classes within Santa Cruz city).


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: UC Santa Cruz's Long Marine Laboratory is a marine research facility on the western edge of the city.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: The "Santa Cruz Sentinel" is Santa Cruz's only daily newspaper. The area is also served by the weekly newspaper "Good Times", bought in 2014 by the owners of its competitor "Santa Cruz Weekly", who then merged the two, continuing one paper under the "Good Times" name, and the legal paper "Santa Cruz Record". University of California has its own publication, "City on a Hill Press", and an alternative humor publication, "Fish Rap Live!". There is also an online newspaper called "Santa Cruz Wire".


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: State Routes 1 and 17 are the main roads in and out of Santa Cruz, with the latter being the primary route north to San Jose and the rest of the San Francisco Bay Area. Geographically constrained between the Santa Cruz Mountains and the Monterey Bay, the narrow transportation corridor served by SR 1, California's Pacific Coast Highway, suffers excessive congestion. The ramp from SR 1 northbound to SR 17 southbound, onto Ocean Street, is commonly known as the "fish hook" due to its tightening curve. A project to widen the highway and this interchange was begun in 2006 and completed in the fall of 2008.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: The nearest airports served by major commercial airlines are San Jose International Airport, Monterey Regional Airport, San Francisco International Airport, and Oakland International Airport. The nearest public airport of any kind is Watsonville Municipal Airport, about eight miles to the southeast, which serves general aviation users.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: Horsecars offered tram service from 1876, and the Santa Cruz, Garfield Park, and Capitola Electric Railroad began operations in 1881. The Union Traction Company consolidated three electric tram service routes in 1904. One line ran from DeLaveaga Park along Water Street and Pacific Avenue to the beach, another from Ocean Cliffs to downtown along what would become SR 1, and a line through Seabright to Capitola was completed in 1906. Competition from automobiles ended streetcar service in 1926. The Santa Cruz Metropolitan Transit District now provides bus service throughout Santa Cruz County.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: Amtrak serves Santa Cruz via Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach from rail connections at Amtrak San Jose Diridon Train Station operated by the Santa Cruz Metropolitan Transit District by way of a partnership with the Amtrak, "Capitol Corridor", and Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority. Other rail connections such as Altamont Corridor Express and Caltrain are also available at Amtrak's San Jose passenger station.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: Santa Cruz has an extensive network of bike lanes and bike paths. Most major roads have bike lanes, and wide bike lanes were recently installed on Beach Street, near the Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk. Additionally, there are levee bike paths along the San Lorenzo River. A Rail Trail – a bicycle and pedestrian path beside an existing coastal train track—is under consideration.


title: Santa Cruz, California

text: The Santa Cruz, Big Trees and Pacific Railway operates diesel-electric tourist trains between the Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk and Roaring Camp in Felton, through Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park, with its famous Redwood Grove walking trail.


title: Richard Mulligan

text: Richard Mulligan (November 13, 1932 – September 26, 2000) was an American character actor known for his roles in the sitcoms "Soap" (1977–1981) and "Empty Nest" (1988–1995). Mulligan was the winner of two Emmy Awards (1980 and 1989) and one Golden Globe Award (1989). Mulligan was the younger brother of film director Robert Mulligan.


title: Richard Mulligan

text: Mulligan was born on November 13, 1932, in New York City. He served in the Navy in the early 1950s during the Korean War and later studied to become a playwright at Columbia University. After college, he began working in theatre, making his debut as a stage manager and performer on Broadway in "All the Way Home" in 1960. Additional theatre credits included "A Thousand Clowns", "Never Too Late", "Hogan's Goat", and "Thieves".


title: Richard Mulligan

text: Mulligan made a brief, uncredited appearance in the 1963 film "Love with the Proper Stranger", which was directed by his elder brother. He starred with Mariette Hartley in the 1966–67 season comedy series "The Hero", in which he played TV star Sam Garrett. Garrett had starred in a fictional series as Jed Clayton, U.S. Marshal. "The Hero" lasted for 16 episodes. Another notable TV appearance was on the "I Dream of Jeannie" episode "Around the World in 80 Blinks", as a navy commander accompanying Major Nelson (Larry Hagman) on a mission. He also appeared in the season-13 episode "Wonder" of the Western TV show "Gunsmoke".


title: Richard Mulligan

text: Mulligan's most notable film role was as General George Armstrong Custer in "Little Big Man", whom he portrayed as a borderline psychotic. He also appeared in the disaster movie spoof, "The Big Bus" (1976), where he was reunited with Larry Hagman from "I Dream of Jeannie", and in the 1966 film "The Group", in which he played Dick Brown, Harold's (Hagman) New York artist friend. In 1975, he starred in a radio adaptation of Edgar Allan Poe's "The Oblong Box" heard on the "CBS Radio Mystery Theater".


title: Richard Mulligan

text: Mulligan's best-known roles in television were as Burt Campbell in the sitcom "Soap" (1977–81), for which he won a Best Actor Emmy Award, and as Dr. Harry Weston in the NBC series "Empty Nest", a spin-off of "The Golden Girls" in which his character had appeared in a couple of episodes. "Empty Nest" ran for seven seasons, and Mulligan won a Best Actor Emmy Award as well as a Golden Globe Award for his performance. He also played Secretary of State William Seward in "Lincoln" (1988), a TV movie based on Gore Vidal's novel.


title: Richard Mulligan

text: Mulligan returned to perform on Broadway and in films, in which he usually played supporting roles. A notable exception was the black comedy "S.O.B." (1981), in which he played a leading character, Felix Farmer, a Hollywood producer-director based upon the film's actual producer-director, Blake Edwards. The film starred Julie Andrews and William Holden, and also featured Larry Hagman.


title: Richard Mulligan

text: Mulligan was cast as Reggie Potter in the television series "Reggie" (1983). Lasting for only six episodes, it was a loose adaptation of the popular BBC series "The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin". In the 1984 film "Teachers", he played an eccentric high-school history teacher (who in one scene teaches the Battle of the Little Bighorn, once more dressed as General Custer).


title: Richard Mulligan

text: In 1985, he guest-appeared "The Twilight Zone" episode "Night of the Meek", where he took on the role of Henry Corwin, an alcoholic department-store Santa Claus who becomes the genuine article, in the remake of the 1959 Christmas episode "The Night of the Meek", the character Art Carney had played in the original version. The next year, he appeared in another episode of the series, "The Toys of Caliban".


title: Richard Mulligan

text: Mulligan lent his voice to Disney's 1988 animated film, "Oliver & Company", as the oafish Great Dane named Einstein. His final performance was a voice-over on "Hey Arnold!" in 2000 as the voice of Jimmy Kafka, the long mentioned, but never seen former friend of Arnold's grandpa.


title: Richard Mulligan

text: Mulligan married four times. He was first married to Patricia Jones from 1955 to 1960, with whom he had a son, James. That was followed by marriages to Joan Hackett from January 3, 1966, to June 1973 and Lenore Stevens from 1978 to 1990. His last marriage was to adult film actress Rachel Ryan on April 27, 1992, which only lasted to early 1993.


title: Richard Mulligan

text: On September 26, 2000, Mulligan died of colorectal cancer at his home in Los Angeles. He was 67 years old. At his own request, his remains were cremated and there was no funeral service. Mulligan was survived by his son James Mulligan from his first marriage, and two brothers, Robert and James.


title: Richard Mulligan

text: In 1989, Mulligan won both the Emmy Award and the Golden Globe Award for Best Lead Actor in a Comedy Series for portraying Dr. Harry Weston in "Empty Nest" (1988–1995). On September 30, 1993, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work in the television industry, located at 6777 Hollywood Boulevard.


title: 2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election

text: The election to the 17th Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly was held from 11 February to 8 March 2017 in 7 phases. This election saw a voter turnout of 61.11% compared to 59.40% in the previous election. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) won the election by an overwhelming three-quarters majority of 325 seats despite not projecting a chief ministerial candidate before the election. As part of its election strategy, BJP contested under a collective leadership and capitalised mostly on the political clout and 'brand' of its leader Narendra Modi.


text: On 18 March 2017, Yogi Adityanath was appointed as the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh. Then Uttar Pradesh BJP chief Keshav Prasad Maurya and Dinesh Sharma were appointed as Deputy Chief Ministers.


text: In January 2016, the Election Commission of India published updated electoral rolls in all 403 assembly segments. In July 2016, Election Commission decided to increase the number of polling booths in Uttar Pradesh for the 2017 Assembly elections. New polling centres will be planned in the constituencies having more than 1,500 registered voters as well as polling booths in six constituencies of Muzaffarnagar, Budhana, Purkazi, Khatoli, Charthawal and Midanpur to be raised from 1,769 to 1,819 booths. Voter assistance booths would be set up and photo slip of voters in a new design would be sent to them. First time, the Form-2B would contain the photograph of the candidates and their nationality.


text: Voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) machines was used along with EVM in 30 assembly constituencies covering 14 districts including Varanasi, Ghaziabad and Bareilly constituency.


text: As per the special summary revision of electoral rolls, there are a total of 14.05 crore voters in Uttar Pradesh as of January 2015.


text: Assembly elections in Uttar Pradesh were held between 11 February and 8 March 2017. The term of the outgoing government ended on 27 May 2017.


text: On 4 January 2017, The Election Commission of India announced the election schedule to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh along with the other four state (Goa, Manipur, Punjab and Uttarakhand) which are due for an election. The entire election is scheduled into 7 phases.


text: Various organisations/agencies have been conducting opinions polls to predict voter intentions in the upcoming legislative assembly elections.


text: Various organisations/agencies have been conducting Exit polls to predict voter intentions in the legislative assembly elections. Hindi newspaper "Dainik Jagran" had published an exit poll promoting BJP, after first phase of the election. This led to its editor being arrested for violating the ban on exit polls during the election.


text: After the BJP emerged as the majority party in the election, Prime Minister Narendra Modi thanked the public in a tweet saying, "Gratitude to the people of India for the continued faith, support and affection for the BJP. This is very humbling & overwhelming." The BJP's UP chief Keshav Prasad Maurya attributed the victory to Modi saying, "It is a Modi wave. The wave which started with 2014 Lok Sabha elections is continuing in 2017 and the momentum will go beyond the 2019 general elections." Congress vice-president Rahul Gandhi sent a tweet to Modi congratulating him for his party's victory, to which Modi replied, "Thank you. Long live democracy!" Modi was congratulated on the victory by U.S. President Donald Trump during a telephone conversation on 27 March 2017.


text: The "BBC" wrote that the BJP "appears to have successfully forged a coalition of upper, middle-ranking and lower castes to be able to manipulate the social arithmetic of Indian elections". It also noted that the party successfully avoided the image of "doling out reckless patronage to a caste or group", which the BBC considered responsible for the SP's defeat. Bhanu Joshi of Delhi-based think tank Centre for Policy Research said, "He [Modi] has managed to go beyond the caste arithmetic. On the ground, the BJP is not perceived as a casteist party."


text: Political scientist Milan Vaishnav felt that the election "represents a referendum on demonetisation". Vaishnav said, "Whether voters were bothered by the implementation of the policy or not, they clearly have decided that the PM is a man of action."


text: BSP Leader and former Chief Minister Mayavati claimed that the BJP tampered with the Electronic Voting Machines (EVM) thereby rigging the election outcome. However, this charge was rejected by the Election Commission as well as other parties as lacking any substance.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: Ingenuity, nicknamed Ginny, is a small robotic helicopter operating on Mars as part of NASA's Mars 2020 mission along with the "Perseverance" rover, which landed with "Ingenuity" attached to its underside on February 18, 2021. The helicopter was deployed to the surface on April 3, 2021, and on April 19 successfully made the first powered controlled extraterrestrial flight by an aircraft, taking off vertically, hovering and landing for a flight duration of 39.1 seconds. As of its 36th flight, on 10 December 2022, the helicopter had remained flightworthy for days after its first flight. The 25th flight, which occurred on April 8, 2022, set new records for highest speed and distance traveled.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: "Ingenuity" was designed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in collaboration with AeroVironment, Inc., NASA's Ames Research Center and Langley Research Center. Other prominent contributors were Lockheed Martin Space and SolAero. Its rotors measure , and its entire body is tall. Its rectangular fuselage measures , with four landing legs of each. It is operated by solar-charged batteries that power dual counter-rotating rotors mounted coaxially one above the other.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: The helicopter was intended to perform a 30-day technology demonstration, making five flights at altitudes ranging for up to 90 seconds each. The expected lateral range was exceeded in the third flight, and the flight duration was exceeded in the fourth. The flights proved the helicopter's ability to fly in the extremely thin atmosphere of Mars, over a hundred million miles from Earth, without direct human control. Because radio signals take 5 to 20 minutes to travel between Earth and Mars depending on planetary positions, "Ingenuity" must operate autonomously, performing maneuvers planned, scripted and transmitted to it by JPL.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: After the brief demonstration phase, JPL began more flights as operational demonstrations, to show how aerial scouting could benefit exploration of Mars and other worlds. In its operational role, "Ingenuity" is observing areas of interest for possible examination by the "Perseverance" rover. The helicopter's performance and resilience greatly exceeded expectations, enabling it to make flights for the remainder of 2021 and into 2022. In March 2022, NASA announced that it would continue to fly "Ingenuity" through at least September.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: The spacecraft arrived on Mars at the Octavia E. Butler Landing site in the wide Jezero crater. Before "Ingenuity's" first flight, "Perseverance" drove approximately away to create a safe flying zone. Flight success was confirmed three hours later by JPL, which livestreamed a view of mission control receiving the data. On its fourth flight, on April 30, 2021, "Ingenuity" became the first interplanetary spacecraft whose sound was recorded by another interplanetary spacecraft, "Perseverance".


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: "Ingenuity" carries a piece of fabric from the wing of the 1903 "Wright Flyer", the Wright Brothers' airplane used in the first controlled powered heavier-than-air flight on Earth. "Ingenuity"'s initial take-off and landing area is named Wright Brothers Field as a tribute. Before "Ingenuity", the first flight of any kind on a planet beyond Earth was an unpowered balloon flight on Venus by the Soviet Vega 1 spacecraft in 1985.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: The lower gravity of Mars (about a third of Earth's) only partially offsets the thinness of the 95% carbon dioxide atmosphere of Mars, making it much harder for an aircraft to generate adequate lift. The planet's atmospheric density is about that of Earth's at sea level, or about the same as , an altitude never reached by existing helicopters. This density reduces even more in Martian winters. To keep "Ingenuity" aloft, its specially shaped blades of enlarged size must rotate between 2400 and 2900 rpm, or about 10 times faster than what is needed on Earth. The helicopter uses contra-rotating coaxial rotors about in diameter, each controlled by a separate swashplate that can affect both collective and cyclic pitch.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: "Ingenuity" has two cameras: a downward-looking black-and-white navigation camera (NAV), and a color camera, for terrain images for return to Earth (RTE). Although it is an aircraft, it was constructed to spacecraft specifications to endure the acceleration and vibrations during launch. It also includes radiation-resistant systems capable of operating in Mars's environment. Mars's magnetic field precludes the use of a compass for navigation, so "Ingenuity" relies on different sensors grouped in two assemblies. All sensors are commercial off-the-shelf units.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: The "Upper Sensor Assembly," with associated vibration isolation elements, is mounted on the mast close to the vehicle's center-of-mass to minimize the effects of angular rates and accelerations. It consists of a cellphone-grade Bosch BMI-160 Inertial measurement unit ("IMU"); and an inclinometer (Murata SCA100T-D02), which is used only on the ground prior to flight to calibrate the IMU accelerometers biases. The "Lower Sensor Assembly" consists of an altimeter (Garmin LIDAR Lite v3), both cameras, and a secondary IMU, all mounted directly on the Electronics Core Module (not on the mast). The down-facing Omnivision OV7251 camera supports visual odometry, where images are processed to produce navigation solutions that calculate the helicopter's position, velocity, attitude, and other variables.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: "Ingenuity" uses a 425×165 mm solar panel to recharge its batteries, which are six Sony Li-ion cells with of energy capacity (nameplate capacity of 2 Ah). Flight duration is not constrained by the available power, but by the motors heating up 1 °C every second.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: The helicopter uses a Qualcomm Snapdragon 801 processor with a Linux operating system. Among other functions, it controls the visual navigation algorithm via a velocity estimate derived from terrain features tracked with the navigation camera. The Qualcomm processor is connected to two flight-control microcontroller units (MCUs) to perform necessary flight-control functions.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: The telecommunication system consists of two identical radios with monopole antennae for data exchange between the helicopter and rover. The radio link utilizes the low-power Zigbee communication protocols, implemented via 914 MHz SiFlex 02 chipsets mounted in both vehicles. The communication system is designed to relay data at 250 kbit/s over distances of up to . The antenna on the helicopter's solar panel weighs 4 grams and can communicate equally in all directions.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: NASA's JPL and AeroVironment published the conceptual design in 2014 for a scout helicopter to accompany a rover. By mid-2016, $15 million was being requested to continue development of the helicopter. By December 2017, engineering models of the vehicle had been tested in a simulated martian atmosphere and models were undergoing testing in the Arctic, but its inclusion in the mission had not yet been approved or funded. The United States federal budget, announced in March 2018, provided $23 million for the helicopter for one year, and it was announced on May 11, 2018, that the helicopter could be developed and tested in time to be included in the Mars 2020 mission. The helicopter underwent extensive flight-dynamics and environment testing, and was mounted on the underside of the "Perseverance" rover in August 2019. NASA spent about $80 million to build "Ingenuity" and about $5 million to operate the helicopter.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: In April 2020, the vehicle was named "Ingenuity" by Vaneeza Rupani, a girl in the 11th grade at Tuscaloosa County High School in Northport, Alabama, who submitted an essay into NASA's "Name the Rover" contest. Known in planning stages as the Mars Helicopter Scout, or simply the Mars Helicopter, the nickname Ginny later entered use in parallel to the parent rover "Perseverance" being affectionately referred to as "Percy". Its full-scale engineering model for testing on Earth - Earth Copter and unofficially Terry.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: "Ingenuity" was designed to be a technology demonstrator by JPL to assess whether such a vehicle could fly safely. Before it was built, launched and landed, scientists and managers expressed hope that helicopters could provide better mapping and guidance that would give future mission controllers more information to help with travel routes, planning and hazard avoidance. Based on the performance of previous rovers through "Curiosity", it was assumed that such aerial scouting might enable future rovers to safely drive up to three times as far per sol. However, the new AutoNav capability of "Perseverance" significantly reduced this advantage, allowing the rover to cover more than 100 meters per sol.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: In 2019, preliminary designs of "Ingenuity" were tested on Earth in simulated Mars atmospheric and gravity conditions. For flight testing, a large vacuum chamber was used to simulate the very low pressure of the atmosphere of Mars – filled with carbon dioxide to approximately 0.60% (about ) of standard atmospheric pressure at sea level on Earth – which is roughly equivalent to a helicopter flying at altitude in the atmosphere of Earth. In order to simulate the much reduced gravity field of Mars (38% of Earth's), 62% of Earth's gravity was offset by a line pulling upwards during flight tests. A "wind-wall" consisting of almost 900 computer fans was used to provide wind in the chamber.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: At the time of the approval of the "Mars 2020" program in July 2014, a helicopter flight demonstration was neither scoped nor budgeted. It was not until May 11, 2018 that "Ingenuity" was approved to be included in the mission. At the time of launch, the cost for designing and building this additional mission element was US$85 million.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: Just prior to the final demonstration flight, on April 30, 2021, NASA allocated funding to continue the operation of "Ingenuity" for an “operational demonstration phase” to explore using a helicopter as supplementary reconnaissance for ground assets like "Perseverance". Funding for "Ingenuity" is regularly renewed on a monthly basis.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: After deployment, the rover drove approximately away from the drone to allow a safe flying zone. The "Ingenuity" helicopter was expected to fly up to five times during a 30-day test campaign, early in the rover's mission.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: Each flight was planned for altitudes ranging above the ground, though "Ingenuity" soon exceeded that planned height. The first flight was a hover at an altitude of , lasting about 40 seconds and including taking a picture of the rover. The first flight succeeded, and subsequent flights were increasingly ambitious as allotted time for operating the helicopter dwindled. JPL said the mission might even stop before the 30-day period ended, in the likely event that the helicopter crashed, an outcome which did not occur. In up to 90 seconds per flight, "Ingenuity" could travel as far as downrange and then back to the starting area, though that goal was also soon exceeded with the fourth flight. The helicopter uses autonomous control during its flights, which are telerobotically planned and scripted by operators at Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). It communicates with the "Perseverance" rover directly before and after each landing.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: After the successful first three flights, the objective was changed from technology demonstration to operational demonstration. Ingenuity flew through a transitional phase of two flights, flight 4 and 5 before transitioning to its operations demonstration phase. In the operations demonstration phase that started from the 6th flight, the mission goal shifted towards supporting the rover science mission by mapping and scouting the terrain. While "Ingenuity" would do more to help "Perseverance", the rover would pay less attention to the helicopter and stop taking pictures of it in flight. JPL managers said the photo procedure took an "enormous" amount of time, slowing the project's main mission of looking for signs of ancient life. On 30 April 2021, the fourth flight successfully captured numerous color photos and explored the surface with its black-and-white navigation camera. On May 7, "Ingenuity" successfully flew to a new landing site.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: In September 2021 after 12 flights, the mission was extended indefinitely. In March 2022 after 21 flights, NASA said it would continue flying "Ingenuity" until at least the coming September. The area of the helicopter's next goal is more rugged than the relatively flat terrain it flew over in its first year of operation. The ancient fan-shaped river delta has jagged cliffs, angled surfaces and projecting boulders. "Ingenuity" will help the mission team decide which route "Perseverance" should take to the top of the delta and may aid in analyzing potential science targets. Software updates will eliminate the helicopter's 50-foot altitude limit, allow it to change speed in flight, and improve its understanding of terrain texture below it. NASA associate administrator Thomas Zurbuchen said less than a year earlier "we didn’t even know if powered, controlled flight of an aircraft at Mars was possible." He said the transformation in understanding what the aircraft can do is "one of the most historic in the annals of air and space exploration."


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: "Ingenuity" has two commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) cameras on board. The Sony IMX 214 with 4208 x 3120 pixel resolution is a color camera with a global shutter to make terrain images for return to Earth (RTE). The Omnivision OV7251 (640 × 480) VGA is the downward-looking black and white rolling shutter navigation camera (NAV), which supplies the onboard computer of the helicopter with the raw data essential for flight control.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: While the RTE color camera is not necessary for flight and may be switched off (as in flights 7 and 8), the NAV camera works throughout each flight, catching the first frame before takeoff and the last frame after landing. Its frame rate is synchronized with blade rotation to ease online image processing.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: During flight, all NAV frames must be carefully stored in the onboard helicopter computer, with each frame assigned the unique timestamp of its creation. Loss of a single NAV image timestamp was an anomaly that caused the helicopter to move erratically during flight 6.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: The longer a flight lasts, the more NAV photos must be stored. Each new record flight duration automatically means a record number of images taken by the NAV camera. The frequency and timing of the camera's operations are predetermined not for the sake of records, but due to the technical necessity. A huge number of NAV files does not overload the local storage of the helicopter. Less than 200 NAV files are uploaded to NASA storage after each flight (starting with the eighth flight), and the total volume is only about five megabytes. The limitations are imposed by weakness of local telecommunications: when landed, the helicopter relays data to the rover in a slow mode of 20 kbit/s. Another significant limitation is caused by the location of the antenna on the side of the rover. If turned wrong side to the helicopter, the rover body may impede signal reception.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: The navigation camera has been programmed to deactivate whenever the rotorcraft is within of the surface. This helps ensure any dust kicked up during takeoff and landing won’t interfere with the navigation system as it tracks features on the ground.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: Most of the NAV files are not transmitted to the rover base station for return to Earth. JPL explained that navigation images are used by "Ingenuity's" flight computer and then discarded unless controllers tell the helicopter to store them for later use. "Ingenuity" captures navigation images at 30 frames per second and saves one image approximately every 700 milliseconds to be transmitted later to Earth and released to the public. From more than 4000 NAV files acquired on flight four, only 62 were stored.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: With the end of the flight technology demonstration, "Perseverance" project manager Jennifer Trosper relinquished her team's responsibilities for photographing "Ingenuity" to concentrate exclusively on the rover science mission of searching for signs of ancient Martian life. Without pictures from the rover, the flight team relied more heavily on photos taken by the helicopter NAV camera to confirm "Ingenuity's" location. The helicopter, however, does not create or refine the maps, but rather, depends upon work coordinated by the U.S. Geological Survey's Astrogeology Science Center and performed by the NASA Mars and Lunar Cartography Working Groups.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: To support the Mars-2020 mission, USGS used photos by the High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) to produce Context Camera (CTX) and Digital Terrain Models (DTM) and orthoimage mosaics. Those images were used by the Terrain Relative Navigation (TRN) feature on the "Perseverance" descent vehicle and helped determine the safest landing location. Using maps created from photos and radar elevation data previously acquired by the MRO and other NASA missions, planetary cartographers manually correlate them with terrain features seen by "Ingenuity's" small and lens-distorted NAV images. After each NAV frame is assigned a georeference, the resulting flight maps are shown at NASA's Mars-2020 tracking service. NAV frames from "Ingenuity" are also used to produce moving images that show the Martian terrain passing under "Ingenuity" during its flights.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: In November 2021 the "Ingenuity" team started to supply scientists a new kind of photographic materials — the color photos taken on the ground during the inter-flight periods. By December, 3 two such photos were received on Earth, the first one acquired on November 15 (sol 263) and another on November 27 (sol 274).


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: Unlike "Perseverance", "Ingenuity" does not have a special stereo camera for taking twin photos for 3D pictures simultaneously. However, the helicopter has made such images by taking duplicate color photos of the same terrain while hovering in slightly offset positions, as in flight 11, or by taking an offset picture on the return leg of a roundtrip flight, as in flight 12.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: As of December 16, 2021, 2091 black-and-white images from the navigation camera and 104 color images from the terrain camera (RTE) have been published.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: Before flight 34, the operations team has been at work installing a major 4th software update aboard the helicopter. This update provides "Ingenuity" two major new capabilities: hazard avoidance when landing and the use of digital elevation maps to help navigate.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: "Ingenuity" was developed as a technology demonstration and designed to operate on Mars in flat, smooth terrain like that at Wright Brothers Field. As "Ingenuity" moved on to exploring Jezero Crater alongside the "Perseverance" rover, it traveled through more challenging terrain than the team had ever anticipated.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: In prior flights, "Ingenuity"’s pilots have needed to find airfields free of any rocks or other obstacles that could potentially damage the vehicle when landing. Jezero Crater is a rocky place, so safe airfields have been tough to find. Using "Ingenuity"’s downward-facing navigation camera, this software update adds hazard avoidance on landing to work like Hazard Avoidance Cameras on the rover. While in flight, "Ingenuity" will identify the safest visible landing site. When preparing to land, "Ingenuity" will then divert over to this selected site. This capability allows "Ingenuity" to safely land in rockier terrain than before, providing pilots with many more potential landing sites.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: "Ingenuity"’s navigation software was designed to assume the vehicle was flying over flat terrain. When the helicopter is flying over terrain like hills, this flat-ground assumption causes "Ingenuity"’s navigation software to think the vehicle is veering, causing it to start actually veering in an attempt to counter the error. Over long flights, navigation errors caused by rough terrain must be accounted for, requiring the team to select large airfields. This new software update corrects this flat-ground assumption by using digital elevation maps of Jezero Crater to help the navigation software distinguish between changes in terrain and vehicle movement. This increases "Ingenuity"’s accuracy, allowing the pilots to target smaller airfields going forward.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: "Perseverance" dropped the debris shield protecting "Ingenuity" on March 21, 2021, and the helicopter deployed from the underside of the rover to the martian surface on April 3, 2021. That day both cameras of the helicopter were tested taking their first b/w and color photos of the floor of Jezero Crater in the shadow of the rover.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: "Ingenuity" rotor blades were successfully unlocked on April 8, 2021 (mission sol 48), and the helicopter performed a low-speed rotor spin test at 50 rpm.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: A high-speed spin test was attempted on April 9, but failed due to the expiration of a watchdog timer, a software measure to protect the helicopter from incorrect operation in unforeseen conditions. On April 12, JPL said it identified a software fix to correct the problem. To save time, however, JPL decided to use a workaround procedure, which managers said had an 85% chance of succeeding and would be "the least disruptive" to the helicopter.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: On April 16, 2021, "Ingenuity" successfully passed the full-speed 2400 rpm rotor spin test while remaining on the surface. Three days later, April 19, JPL flew the helicopter for the first time. The watchdog timer problem occurred again when the fourth flight was attempted. The team rescheduled the flight, which succeeded on April 30. On June 25, JPL said it had uploaded a software update the previous week to permanently fix the watchdog problem, and that a rotor spin test and the eighth flight confirmed that the update worked.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: The "Ingenuity" team plans to fly the helicopter every two to three weeks during its indefinitely extended mission. The helicopter's longer-than-expected flying career lasted into a seasonal change on Mars, when the atmospheric density at its location became even lower. The flight team prepared by commanding "Ingenuity" to ground-test a faster rotor blade rotation, needed for sufficient lift. JPL said the higher planned flight speed of 2700 rpm would pose new risks, including vibration, power consumption and aerodynamic drag if the blade tips approach the speed of sound. The test speed was 2800 rpm, giving a margin for increase if the intended flight speed of 2700 is not enough. "Ingenuity" faced another challenge to remain functional during the Martian winter and solar conjunction, when Mars moves behind the Sun, blocking communications with Earth and forcing the rover and helicopter to halt operations. The shutdown happened in mid-October 2021, for which preparations started in mid-September. The helicopter remained stationary at its location 575 feet (175 meters) away from "Perseverance" and communicated its status weekly to the rover for health checks. JPL intended to continue flying "Ingenuity" since it survived solar conjunction. NASA leadership has acknowledged that extending the mission adds to the original Ingenuity budget of $80 million but has stated that any increase would be minimal compared to what NASA is learning.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: The start time of a flight is chosen depending on temperature management of the batteries, which need to warm up after the night. During Martian summer lower air density imposed a higher load on the motors, so flights were shifted from noon (LMST 12:30) to morning (LMST 9:30) and limited to 130 seconds to not overheat the motors.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: On May 3 and 4, 2022, for the first time in the mission, the helicopter unexpectedly failed to communicate with the rover, following the 28th flight on April 29. JPL determined that "Ingenuity"'s rechargeable batteries suffered a power drop or insufficient battery state-of-charge (SOC) while going into the night, most likely because of a seasonal increase in atmospheric dust reducing sunshine on its solar panel and due to lower temperatures as winter approached. When the battery pack’s state of charge dropped below a lower limit, the helicopter’s field-programmable gate array (FPGA) powered down, resetting the mission clock, which lost sync with the base station on the rover. Contact was re-established on May 5. Controllers decided to turn off the helicopter's heaters at night to conserve power, accepting the risk of exposing components to nighttime's extreme cold. This daily SOC deficit is likely to persist for the duration of Martian winter (at least until September/October). Each sol could be Ingenuity’s last.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: In a June 6, 2022 update, JPL reported "Ingenuity's" inclination sensor had stopped working. Its purpose was to determine the helicopter's orientation at the start of each flight. Mission controllers developed a workaround using the craft's inertial measurement unit (IMU) to provide equivalent data to the onboard navigation computer.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: NASA and JPL officials described the first Mars "Ingenuity" helicopter flight as their "Wright Brothers moment", by analogy to the first successful airplane flight on Earth. A small piece of the wing cloth from the Wright brothers' 1903 "Wright Flyer" is attached to a cable underneath "Ingenuity"s solar panel. In 1969, Apollo 11's Neil Armstrong carried a similar "Wright Flyer" artifact to the Moon in the Lunar Module "Eagle".


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: NASA named "Ingenuity" first take-off and landing airstrip Wright Brothers Field, which the UN agency ICAO gave an airport code of JZRO for Jezero Crater, and the drone itself a type designator of IGY, call-sign INGENUITY.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: The history of the Mars Helicopter team dates back to 2012, when MiMi Aung was leading then JPL director Charles Elachi on a tour of the Autonomous Systems Division. Looking at the drones demonstrating onboard navigation algorithms in one of the labs, Elachi asked, "Hey, why don't we do that on Mars?" Engineer Bob Balaram briefed Elachi about feasibility, and a week later Elachi told him, "Okay, I've got some study money for you". By January 2015 NASA agreed to fund the development of a full-size model, which came to be known as the "risk reduction" vehicle. As project manager, Aung assembled a multidisciplinary team of scientists, engineers, and technicians leveraging all of NASA's expertise.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: The JPL team was never larger than 65 full-time-equivalent employees, but program workers at AeroVironment and NASA AMES and Langley research centers brought the total to 150. Team members include:


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: On June 15, 2021, the team behind "Ingenuity" was named the 2021 winner of the John L. "Jack" Swigert, Jr. Award for Space Exploration from the Space Foundation.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: On April 5, 2022, the National Aeronautic Association awarded "Ingenuity" and its group in JPL the 2021 Collier Trophy. A reception in honor of the awardees was held in Washington on June 9.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: Recalling in late 2021 the ups and downs of "Ingenuity" history and flight, IEEE Spectrum Senior Editor Evan Ackerman joked: “" Perseverance have been the name of this little Martian helicopter?"”. The helicopter team had to show perseverance even at the stage of the struggle for a place on board the spacecraft. Up until the end of the 2010s, quite a few NASA leaders, scientists and JPL employees actively put forward counterarguments against the integration of a helicopter into the next expedition. For three years, the future "Ingenuity" has been developed outside the Mars 2020 project and its budget. When NASA management accepted assurances in the spring of 2018 that the addition of a helicopter would not harm the goals of the expedition, the chief scientist of this project Kenneth Farley stated that it does not follow from the fact that Ingenuity was taken on board that the team supported this decision even with guarantees of no risk:


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: ... “I am not an advocate for the helicopter, and I don’t believe the Mars 2020 project has been an advocate for the helicopter,”.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: Convinced that the helicopter was a distraction of a group of scientists from a priority scientific task, unacceptable even for a short time, Farley concluded:


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: …This comes right out of science time… I have personally been opposed to it because we are working very hard for efficiencies and spending 30 days working on a technology demonstration does not further those goals directly from the science point of view.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: The skepticism on the part of NASA leadership was not unfounded. Scientists, engineers and managers proceeded from a pragmatic comparison of the benefits of additional aerial reconnaissance with the costs that inevitably fall on the schedule for the rover to complete all the tasks assigned to it. Back on April 30, arguing with MiMi Aung on the air of a joint conference, Jennifer Trosper warned that thanks to auto-navigation, the rover ultimately outpaces the helicopter. These calculations were first confirmed in the spring of 2022, when by the beginning of Sol 400 the helicopter did not take a leading position on the track along the slopes of the delta, although it covered a distance several times less than the rover. Due to the increased loss of time for recharging and transmitting telemetry, the attempt to bring the helicopter to the position of the route plotter, planned during the ascent to the delta, also failed.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: At the end of the "test window", NASA extended support for "Ingenuity" for another 30 sols, limiting the frequency of departures to 1 flight every few weeks. Later on, some of NASA's senior leaders seized the opportunity to dampen their enthusiasm for the Martian helicopter. Thus, addressing directly all the staff of the Mars 2020 project, the director of the Mars exploration program E. Janson and the principal Mars explorer M. Meyer urged the staff to “be highly disciplined and concentrate on collecting samples”. At the same time, in their report to the "Planetary Advisory Committee" (PAC) on June 14, 2021, the helicopter was mentioned only in the past tense: “placed Ingenuity and completed the technology demonstration phase”.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: The name "operations demo" (demonstration of operations), which appeared after the completion of the technology demonstration stage ("technology demo"), was a bureaucratic compromise that allowed to justify the funding of "Ingenuity's" "extra" flights after the previous stage was completed. Operations here refers to the joint work of two teams, "Perseverance" and "Ingenuity", proving the viability of the entire concept of the research complex, in which the planetary rover is a multifunctional self-propelled "scientific combine", and the aircraft is its auxiliary operational unit. In practice, already from the 6th flight, the work went beyond the demonstration of the interaction of vehicles. Engineers continued to identify "weak spots", not all of which could be identified in tests on Earth. In this work, the "Ingenuity" team has demonstrated the ability "to improve beyond what has been achieved". By the end of 2021, it turned out that the already distant deadlines for the possible implementation of improvements are pushed back by at least another 10 years. In the new 10-year concept of space exploration for the period up to 2032, the emphasis is on cheaper or low-cost projects. There are no plans to send "Curiosity/Perseverance"-class scientific laboratories to Mars, and funding for Martian projects is frozen to the level necessary to complete the Mars sample-return campaign.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: However, the idea of Martian helicopters was not shelved, but was further developed. In March 2022, AeroVironment engineers, who previously created "Ingenuity", presented the concept of a new helicopter with a payload of 280 g. A 90 g small manipulator arm with a two-fingered gripper and a self-propelled landing gear make it possible to use vehicles of this type instead of a fetch rover to select sample tubes cases with samples collected by "Perseverance". At a briefing on September 15, 2022, NASA Planetary Science Division Director Laurie Gleizes confirmed her intention to use two of these helicopters. Thus, the experience of creating "Ingenuity" will find practical application sooner than might be expected.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: Among the challenges posed by extreme conditions on Mars that "Ingenuity" engineers and programmers worked to overcome, inertial navigation ranked first. "Ingenuity" needs to show the ability to accurately follow the track it has already "mapped" on previously collected NAV frame sets and land at the takeoff point. In a future sample return mission, each cartridge case would require a pair of flights ending at the point of departure. Landing accuracy was an assigned task of "Ingenuity's" 31st flight. The very thin atmosphere of Mars does not allow repeating the maneuvers and landing techniques of terrestrial helicopters.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: The special selection of a "flat even surface", which was discussed from the first flights, was due not only to the desire to simplify the demonstration. This is predetermined by the very technology of orientation on two-dimensional images of the navigation camera, where the accuracy and the very possibility of obtaining a third dimension rests on the technical limitations of the lidar. On Earth, a mechanical gyroscope helps keep the drone horizontal. On Mars, the role of a gyroscope is performed by inertial sensors, and the physical altitude hold is carried out by changing the parameters of the blades to process the results of regular measurements from these sensors. "Garmin" lidar height limit (up to 40 m) turned out to be redundant: in practice, the helicopter was not raised above 15 meters. But the restrictions on the type of surface turned out to be insurmountable: due to the abundance of bright spots, it was necessary to abandon the option of flying over the wreckage of the “sky crane”.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: The Mastcam stereo pairs film from a 2-meter height, compete with the RTE camera. In addition, at the time of shooting, the coordinates of the NAV / RTE frames are unknown. The use of detailed aerial photography of the 9th flight " "E" " → " "F" " when choosing the points of intermediate landings " "J" ", " "K" " and " "L" " when flying along the same route in the opposite direction was not mentioned in the reports on flights 16-19. Meanwhile, it was on this segment that an emergency occurred when, in the last seconds of the 17th flight, communication with the rover was temporarily lost due to the overlap of the line of sight with an unsuccessful location of the antenna of the base radio station of the rover.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: The communication range, established empirically on Earth, was blocked by 1.3 times. The restrictions on the volume of traffic via the Zigbee protocol are insurmountable, and they had to be circumvented by splitting the 700 MB post-flight telemetry into several communication sessions. The rover, as an intermediary between the helicopter and the Earth, spent about 6 hours on the initial loading of data and photographic materials. Color photography remains relevant for "cargo" helicopters; in particular, they will have to film the launch of the ship, on which soil samples will be loaded.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: Data collected by "Ingenuity" is supporting planning of a future helicopter design by engineers at JPL, NASA's Ames Research Center and AeroVironment. The Mars Science Helicopter, a proposed successor to "Ingenuity", would be a hexacopter, or six-rotor helicopter, with a mass of about compared to of "Ingenuity". Mars Science Helicopter could carry as much as of science payloads and fly up to per flight. Future helicopters could be used to explore special regions with exposed water ice or brines, where Mars microbial life could potentially survive.


title: Ingenuity (helicopter)

text: The choice of "Ingenuity" as the prototype for the intended pair of assembler helicopters was based on the impressive safety margin built into it by AeroVironment designers. In principle, even the limit of 100 landings for the high-wear shock absorbers of the chassis is sufficient to transfer all 43 sleeves. Multiple small payloads can be carried by these types of helicopters, deployed and re-deployed to various locations, to perform a variety of distributed and networked operations - leading to new ways of doing science and technology demonstrations on Mars and facilitating eventual human exploration. A group of "helicopter pilots" from the very beginning had reason to keep in mind the possibility of extending flights.


title: Halloween H20: 20 Years Later

text: Halloween H20: Twenty Years Later (also known as simply Halloween H20) is a 1998 American slasher film directed by Steve Miner, and starring Jamie Lee Curtis, Adam Arkin, Michelle Williams, Janet Leigh and Josh Hartnett in his film debut. It is the seventh installment in the "Halloween" franchise. Ignoring the Jamie Lloyd story arc of the previous three installments, "H20" is a direct sequel to the second film. It follows a post-traumatic Laurie Strode, who has faked her death in order to go into hiding from her murderous brother, Michael Myers, who finds her working at a private boarding school in California.


title: Halloween H20: 20 Years Later

text: "Halloween H20" was released in the United States on August 5, 1998. The film received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics and grossed $75 million worldwide against a budget of $17 million. A sequel, "", was released four years later in 2002.


title: Halloween H20: 20 Years Later

text: On October 29, 1998, Michael Myers burgles Dr. Sam Loomis' retirement house in Langdon, Illinois. Loomis' former colleague, Marion Chambers, who took care of Dr. Loomis until he died, arrives and discovers that the file on Laurie Strode (who is presumed dead in an automobile accident) is missing. Michael murders her, her teenage neighbor Jimmy, and his friend Tony before leaving the house in Jimmy’s car with Laurie's file.


title: Halloween H20: 20 Years Later

text: In Summer Glen, California, Laurie (having faked her death to avoid Michael) lives under an assumed name, "Keri Tate." She is the headmistress of Hillcrest Academy, a private boarding school. Her career is supported by her secretary Norma Watson and the Hillcrest guidance counselor Will Brennan, who she is also in a relationship with. However, Laurie is far from happy, as the tragic events from 1978 still haunt her; she lives in fear that Michael may return for her. While a woman and her daughter are at a rest stop, Michael steals their car. At the academy campus, the students leave to attend a school trip to Yosemite, leaving only Laurie; Will; security guard Ronny Jones; Laurie's son John; his girlfriend Molly Cartwell; and their classmate Charlie Deveraux plus his girlfriend Sarah Wainthrope, who are having a Halloween party in the school basement.


title: Halloween H20: 20 Years Later

text: Laurie receives some maternal advice from Norma before she leaves work for the weekend and later that night reveals her true identity to Will while Michael arrives at the school. He quickly murders Charlie and Sarah before attacking John and Molly, who are rescued by Laurie and Will, and Michael and Laurie come face to face for the first time in 20 years. Will accidentally shoots Ronny (who had been patrolling the hallway) when he mistakes Ronny's shadow for Michael, and Michael kills Will while Will and Laurie are examining Ronny's body.


title: Halloween H20: 20 Years Later

text: Laurie manages to get John and Molly to safety, and realizing that she'll never be safe from Michael as long as he's alive, decides to confront Michael head-on. Laurie stabs Michael numerous times and pushes him over a balcony. She prepares to stab him again, but Ronny (who survived the shooting) stops her. The authorities arrive at the scene and load Michael into a coroner's van, but Laurie, knowing that Michael is still alive, steals the van to kill him for good. Michael awakens and attacks Laurie, who slams on her brakes, sending Michael crashing through the windshield. As Michael rises again, Laurie hits him with the van before sending them both tumbling down a steep embankment. Laurie, having fallen out of the van, discovers Michael pinned between the van and a tree. Michael reaches for Laurie, who feels a moment of pity for her brother, before she finally decapitates him with an axe.


title: Halloween H20: 20 Years Later

text: The original idea for the seventh Halloween film began as the second half of the treatment written by Daniel Farrands during pre-production of "Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers", which he later submitted as a new treatment entitled "Michael Myers: Lord of the Dead". The story would have opened immediately after the events of the previous film and involved Tommy Doyle discovering that the entire town of Haddonfield was involved in a conspiracy to control Michael Myers. Farrands compared the story to "The Wicker Man", "The Hitcher", "Rosemary's Baby", Shirley Jackson's "The Lottery," and Dennis Etchison's rejected screenplay for "". Farrands later decided not to continue with the series "since I honestly could not bear to watch another one of my scripts turned into a debacle – especially another "Halloween"."


title: Halloween H20: 20 Years Later

text: Another idea pitched after the Farrands treatment was "Halloween 7: Two Faces of Evil", written by Robert Zappia. Originally intended to be a direct-to-video film, this would have involved Michael Myers stalking an all women's boarding school. The plot eventually also revealed a copycat killer, causing many fans to compare such a twist to "The Silence of the Lambs". The pitch itself was changed a couple of times, changing the title to "Halloween: Blood Ties" as they involved Laurie Strode into the storyline, before scrapping the idea entirely.


title: Halloween H20: 20 Years Later

text: The screenplay was based on a story by Kevin Williamson, with the original working title for the film being "Halloween 7: The Revenge of Laurie Strode". Williamson was initially hired to write a script, and the story was situated as a sequel to the previous six films, thereby keeping the timeline's continuity. When Williamson first outlined "Halloween H20", he created the storyline in which Laurie Strode has faked her own death and taken on a new identity as a specific way of retconning the character's death in "Halloween 4". In Williamson's original treatment, there are scenes in which a Hillcrest student does a report on Michael Myers' killing spree, mentioning the death of Jamie, complete with flashbacks to 4–6 mentioned in the text. "Keri"/Laurie responds to hearing the student's report on the death of her daughter by going into a restroom and throwing up.


title: Halloween H20: 20 Years Later

text: In the film, the voice of Dr. Loomis is heard giving the same speech that he gave to Sheriff Brackett when they were inside Michael's abandoned childhood home in the original film. Audio clips from "Halloween" were initially considered when playing his monologue. However, instead of the voice of Donald Pleasence himself, sound-alike voice actor Tom Kane provides this voice-over.


title: Halloween H20: 20 Years Later

text: John Carpenter was originally in consideration to be the director for this particular follow-up since Curtis wanted to reunite the cast and crew of the original to have active involvement in it. It was believed that Carpenter opted out because he wanted no active part in the sequel; however, this is not the case. Carpenter agreed to direct the film, but his starting fee as director was $10 million, so he demanded a three-picture deal with Dimension Films. Carpenter's bargain was denied by the Weinsteins, and therefore no deal took place. Carpenter rationalized this by believing the hefty fee was compensation for revenue he had never received from the original "Halloween", a matter that was still a contention between Carpenter and "Halloween" producer Moustapha Akkad even after twenty years. When Akkad balked at Carpenter's fee, Carpenter quit the project. Steve Miner assumed directing.


title: Halloween H20: 20 Years Later

text: "Scream" writer/producer Kevin Williamson was involved in various areas of production. Although not directly credited, he provided rewrites in character dialogue and helped make alterations and sketches of the script. He also came up with the paramedic storyline that explained how Michael survived the ending, which was partially filmed the day after principal photography ended and later utilized in the film's sequel. The writers of "Halloween H20" were left with a dilemma when Curtis wanted to end the series, but Moustapha Akkad had a clause that legally wouldn't allow the writers to kill Michael Myers off. According to the Blu-ray released by Scream Factory, Curtis almost left the project just weeks before filming, until Kevin Williamson came up with the paramedic storyline and presented it to Akkad. Curtis finally agreed to be a part of the film under the condition that no footage hinting toward a sequel would be presented by the film, and that the audience would believe that Michael was dead until the inevitable sequel was announced. ""s first shot of Michael in the paramedic uniform was filmed the day after "H20"s principal photography ended, according to "H20"s editor, Patrick Lussier.


title: Halloween H20: 20 Years Later

text: The film features an in memoriam tribute to Donald Pleasence in the closing credits, but misspells his last name as "Pleasance."


title: Halloween H20: 20 Years Later

text: Filming began on February 18, 1998 and ended on April 20, 1998. The filming location of the Hillcrest Academy private school was filmed at the Canfield-Moreno Estate located at 1923 Micheltorena St. in Silver Lake, Los Angeles. Marion Chambers's house along with Jimmy Howell's house was filmed in Melrose Hill, Los Angeles. The town of Summer Glen was filmed in La Puente, California. The Hillcrest Academy entrance was filmed in Chatsworth, Los Angeles. The ending of the film was filmed in Canoga Park, Los Angeles.


title: Halloween H20: 20 Years Later

text: The original music score was composed by John Ottman, but some music from "Scream" was added to the chase scenes later on during post-production. Ottman expressed some displeasure about this action in an interview featured on the "Halloween: 25 Years of Terror" DVD released in 2006. Ottman's score was supplemented with Marco Beltrami's scores from "Scream", "Scream 2", and "Mimic" by a team of music editors as well as new cues written by Beltrami during the final days of sound mixing on the film. Dimension Films chief Bob Weinstein demanded musical changes after being dissatisfied with Ottman's score, instating the song "What's This Life For" by rock music group Creed, which is featured in the film during a party sequence and also during the end credits.


title: Halloween H20: 20 Years Later

text: In addition, a small tribute to Bernard Herrmann's score from "Psycho" can be heard as Janet Leigh's character Norma Watson walks to her car (the same model car her character in "Psycho" drove) before leaving work for the day.


title: Halloween H20: 20 Years Later

text: No official soundtrack was ever released for the film, but a compilation album by Ottman was released in the United States and Germany under the Varèse Sarabande label and includes the original score by Ottman and numerous other cuts.


title: Halloween H20: 20 Years Later

text: In February 2003, the FX network premiered an alternate version of the film, adding and extending footage not seen in the original release. It has yet to be released anywhere else, but the deleted scenes can be found on YouTube.


title: Halloween H20: 20 Years Later

text: Until the release of the 2018 film "Halloween", "Halloween H20" was the highest-grossing film in the "Halloween" franchise. It was released on August 5, 1998 in the US and later in many other countries. "H20" cost $17 million to produce and returned $55,041,738 in domestic box office sales with an opening weekend of $16,187,724, and $24,753,129 since its Wednesday debut. The film also had an gross of €3,247,003 in Germany equivalent to $3,548,860. Internationally it grossed $20 million for a worldwide total of $75 million.


title: Halloween H20: 20 Years Later

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 52% based on 63 reviews, with an average rating of 5.6/10. The website's critical consensus reads: ""Halloween: H20" is the best of the many sequels, yet still pales in comparison to the original "Halloween"." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 52 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Halloween H20: 20 Years Later

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" awarded the film two out of four stars, while Lawrence Van Gelder of "The New York Times" wrote that "the throwaway jokes are few and far between, and after a pre-title sequence reintroduces Michael and shows just how far up suspense and thrills can be ratcheted, "Halloween H20" declines into the routine," adding: "Nobody is going to be surprised by who lives and who dies." Bob Graham of the "San Francisco Chronicle" praised the film's referentiality, as well as Curtis's performance, writing: "Slasher films often seem merely a joke, and with good reason, but in this case that's too bad. Curtis, with her plain, unglamorous appearance, rises to the occasion and delivers as compelling a performance as any this summer." Writing for the "Austin Chronicle", Marc Savlov said of the film: "Miner strives to imbue the film with the requisite autumnal haze of the original but then gives up midway through and instead resorts to the standard stalk 'n' slash formulas. It's heartening to see a beloved character revived like this (at one point during the screening I attended, audience members actually stood up and cheered), but "H20"—for all its good, gory intentions—is barely a shadow of the original."


title: Halloween H20: 20 Years Later

text: "Halloween H20" was released on VHS and LaserDisc by Buena Vista Home Video. In the United Kingdom, the film was released on VHS on December 15, 1998.


title: Halloween H20: 20 Years Later

text: The film was first released on DVD by Dimension Films on October 19, 1999 as part of the "Dimension Collector's Series". It was released in the UK on October 22, 2001 and re-released on April 25, 2011. It was also released in the UK in 2004 as part of the complete collection consisting of the first eight films, a set that is now out of print. It was re-released in the US by Echo Bridge Home Entertainment on April 26, 2011, although, it does not contain its original aspect ratio of 2.35:1, but rather a 1.66:1 widescreen transfer. Echo Bridge later re-released the film in a triple feature set with "" and "".


title: Halloween H20: 20 Years Later

text: "Halloween H20" was released in Canada on Blu-ray by Alliance along with "Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers" and "" on January 12, 2010. On May 3, 2011 it was released by Echo Bridge Home Entertainment in the US but with an open matte transfer, rather than the theatrical aspect ratio of 2.35:1. Its sound was downmixed to stereo, rather than the 5.1 theatrical mix. The Blu-ray received negative reviews, with Blu-ray.com calling it "a mess on every level". It was also released along with "" in one Blu-ray collection.


title: Halloween H20: 20 Years Later

text: It was released again on Blu-ray on September 23, 2014 in its original theatrical 2.35:1 aspect ratio and with 5.1 DTS-HD Master Audio in the "Halloween: The Complete Collection" box set from Anchor Bay Entertainment, with a disc produced by Scream Factory, featuring a new commentary with Jamie Lee Curtis and Steve Miner and extra features including behind the scenes footage and archival interviews not seen on any other release.


title: Halloween H20: 20 Years Later

text: On October 4, 2022, "Halloween H20" was released by Scream Factory on 4K UHD as part of a 4K/Blu-ray box set along with "" and "".


title: Sumanth

text: Sumanth Kumar Yarlagadda (born 9 February 1975), known mononymously as Sumanth, is an Indian actor who works predominantly in Telugu cinema. He is the eldest grandson of Telugu actor Akkineni Nageswara Rao. He is also a partner in Annapurna Studios.


title: Sumanth

text: Sumanth's most notable films are "Prema Katha" (1999), "Yuvakudu" (2000), "Satyam"(2003),"Gowri" (2004), "Godavari" (2006), "Madhumasam" (2008), "Golconda High School" (2011), "Malli Raava" (2017), and "Sita Ramam" (2022).


title: Sumanth

text: Sumanth was born in Hyderabad, India, on 9 February 1975. He is the only son of Surendra Yarlagadda and Satyavathi Akkineni. He is the eldest grandchild of the Telugu film actor Akkineni Nageswara Rao. A few months after his birth, Sumanth's parents returned to the US where they were residing. Sumanth, however, remained in India on the request of his grandfather Akkineni Nageswara Rao, who was then on a hiatus from films after a major heart surgery. The latter had often said that his busy acting career prevented him from fully experiencing fatherhood with his own children, so he wished to raise his first grandchild himself. Subsequently, Sumanth was adopted by his maternal grandparents.


title: Sumanth

text: Sumanth's father, Surendra Yarlagadda, is a former film producer, noted for several hit films such as "Muchataga Mugguru" (1985), "Collector Gari Abbayi" (1987), "Rao Gari Illu" (1988), "Siva" (1989), and "Gaayam" (1993). Sumanth has one younger sister Supriya Yarlagadda , who is the executive director of Annapurna Studios. Actor Nagarjuna Akkineni is his maternal uncle and producer D. Ramanaidu is his uncle from his paternal side. Producer Daggubati Suresh Babu and actors Venkatesh Daggubati, Rana Daggubati, Naga Chaitanya, Akhil Akkineni, and Sushanth are his cousins.


title: Sumanth

text: In August 2004, Sumanth married former actress Keerthi Reddy. They, however, were divorced amicably in 2006.


title: Sumanth

text: Sumanth studied at the Hyderabad Public School, graduating in 1991. For his undergraduate studies, he enrolled in an engineering course in Michigan. Realising after two years that it wasn't in his best interest, he transferred to Columbia College Chicago, from where he graduated with a B. A. in Film Studies in 1997.


title: Sumanth

text: Sumanth debuted in Ram Gopal Varma's "Prema Katha", which released on 15 April 1999. Despite the film's commercial failure, Sumanth's performance was well appreciated, and it won critical acclaim and several Nandi Awards. His next film "Yuvakudu" (2000), directed by Karunakaran and co-starring debutant Bhumika Chawla, did positive business at the box office and was critically hailed as well. His third film "Pelli Sambandham" (2000) gave him the opportunity to act beside his grandfather Akkineni Nageswara Rao under the direction of K. Raghavendra Rao. The film however managed only average business at the box office. The same was the case with "Snehamante Idera" (2001), where he was cast alongside his uncle Nagarjuna.


title: Sumanth

text: In 2003, he starred in his first blockbuster "Satyam". It also was Genelia D'Souza's debut Telugu film. Produced by his uncle Nagarjuna, it was one of the highest grossing films of 2003–2004. Sumanth revealed later that he was actively involved in the production and creative input for this film besides acting. Shifting genres, he followed it up with another hit film "Gowri" (2004), which gave him an action image.


title: Sumanth

text: After the flop "Dhana 51" (2005), and the above average running "Mahanandi" (2005) alongside Anushka Shetty, Sumanth changed his path in 2006, starring in Sekhar Kammula's romantic comedy drama "Godavari". It remains one of the most acclaimed films in his career. In addition to receiving rave reviews and box office success, it went on to win multiple Nandi and Filmfare awards. "Godavari" was responsible in giving Sumanth an urban and NRI following, and is widely considered a modern-day classic.


title: Sumanth

text: Sumanth's next film was the average running action drama "Chinnodu" (2006). In 2007, he starred in two movies: "Madhumasam" and "Classmates". The former, a romantic drama alongside Sneha, produced by D. Ramanaidu and directed by Chandra Siddhartha, was a hit, whereas the latter did not fare too well despite good reviews. In early 2008, Sumanth's home production, the action drama "Pourudu" co-starring Kajal Aggarwal turned out to be a moderate success. It was especially lauded for its action sequences. His next film, the action/romance "Boni" alongside Kriti Kharbanda released in mid 2009, and failed at the box office.


title: Sumanth

text: In 2011, after a gap of almost a year, Sumanth took a rather bold turn by starring in "Golconda High School". Directed by the national award-winning Indraganti Mohan Krishna, and based on the English novel "The Men Within" written by ex-cricketer Harimohan Paruvu, it is regarded to be one of the first sports dramas in Telugu cinema. Released on 15 January 2011, it garnered excellent critical acclaim and was declared a commercial hit as well. The critics as well as audience praised Sumanth's portrayal of a cricket coach, calling it one of his finest roles.


title: Sumanth

text: Sumanth's next was the romantic drama "Raaj", which released in March 2011, and failed miserably at the box office. Sumanth candidly admitted later that he wasn't expecting much from this film as it was plagued with several problems during production. Following this, he starred in "Daggaraga Dooranga" (2011), a romance/ thriller that was another failure. Later, Sumanth teamed up again with director Chandra Siddhartha for the romantic comedy "Emo Gurram Egaravachu". It released on 25 January 2014 to a lukewarm response from the audience. Sumanth's foray into the comedy genre however received fairly positive reviews from the critics. Next came the romantic comedy "Naruda Donoruda", the remake of the Hindi hit "Vicky Donor". It released in November 2016, but this too did not fare well. Economic demonetization, which came into effect a few days after its release, was deemed one of the reasons for its box office failure.


title: Sumanth

text: After a series of disappointments, Sumanth made a strong comeback with the romantic drama "Malli Raava", under the direction of Gowtam Tinnanuri. Released on 8 December 2017, it received positive reviews, and was a box office hit. Some critics even went to the extent of calling it his best film to date. Sumanth's performance too was praised, and he won the best actor award from the Telugu Chamber of Film/Commerce. The film also won in the best film and best director categories.


title: Sumanth

text: Sumanth's next was a supernatural mystery/thriller "Subrahmanyapuram", directed by debutant Santhossh Jagarlapudi. Released on 7 December 2018, it received mixed reviews and turned out to be an above par grosser. This was followed by the drama/thriller "Idam Jagath" (2018), which didn't fare too well. He was then seen donning the role of his grandfather Akkineni Nageswara Rao in the N. T. Rama Rao biopic "", directed by Krish Jagarlamudi. This film opened on 9 January 2019 to critical acclaim but was deemed a box office failure. Sumanth's portrayal in his first supporting role however drew unanimous appreciation from all quarters. He next starred in the mystery drama "Kapatadhaari", which released on 19 February 2021 to some positive critical acclaim. Sumanth's performance as a traffic cop in this film was generally applauded.


title: Sumanth

text: His most recent film as a lead was "Malli Modalaindi," a romantic comedy directed by Keerthi Kumar TG and produced by ED Entertainments released in February 2022 directly on the Zee5 streaming service. Despite receiving mostly unfavorable critical reviews, it was surprisingly declared a hit.


title: Sumanth

text: Sumanth was most recently seen in a key supporting role in "Sita Ramam" (2022), a war romance drama starring Dulquer Salmaan. Directed by Hanu Raghavapudi and produced by Swapna Dutt, this film was a critical success and a commercial blockbuster, and Sumanth's performance drew a lot of praise.


title: Sumanth

text: Switching modes, Sumanth has completed shoot for an action comedy titled Anaganaga Oka Rowdy in which he is playing the lead. Directed by Manu Yagnaa, it is due for release soon. He is also starring in a drama thriller titled "Aham Reboot" that is written and directed by Prashant Sagar Atluri.


title: Sumanth

text: Sumanth has expressed an interest to diversify into playing author backed supporting and negative roles in the future, while parallelly doing lead roles.


title: Roman province

text: The Roman provinces (Latin: "provincia", pl. "provinciae") were the administrative regions of Ancient Rome outside Roman Italy that were controlled by the Romans under the Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire. Each province was ruled by a Roman appointed as governor.


title: Roman province

text: For centuries it was the largest administrative unit of the foreign possessions of ancient Rome. With the administrative reform initiated by Diocletian, it became a third level administrative subdivision of the Roman Empire, or rather a subdivision of the imperial dioceses (in turn subdivisions of the imperial prefectures).


title: Roman province

text: The English word "province" comes from the Latin word "provincia". In early Republican times, the term was used as a common designation for any task or set of responsibilities assigned by the Roman Senate to an individual who held "imperium" (right of command), which was often a military command within a specified theatre of operations. In time, the term became the main designation for a territorial jurisdiction in newly acquired regions of the Roman Republic.


title: Roman province

text: The Latin term "provincia" had an equivalent in eastern, Greek-speaking parts of the Greco-Roman world. In the Greek language, province was called "eparchy" (, "eparchia"). That term was used both colloquially and officially, in Roman legal acts that were issued in the Greek language. In the same time, provincial governor was called "eparch" (, "eparchos").