title: Konkani language

text: However, with the reorganisation of states along linguistic lines, and growing calls from Maharashtra, as well as Marathis in Goa for the merger of Goa into Maharashtra, an intense debate was started in Goa. The main issues discussed were the status of Konkani as an independent language and Goa's future as a part of Maharashtra or as an independent state. The Goa Opinion Poll, a plebiscite, retained Goa as an independent state in 1967. However, English, Hindi, and Marathi continued to be the preferred languages for official communication, while Konkani was sidelined.


title: Konkani language

text: With the continued insistence of some Marathis that Konkani was a dialect of Marathi and not an independent language, the matter was finally placed before the Sahitya Akademi. Suniti Kumar Chatterji, the president of the Akademi appointed a committee of linguistic experts to settle the dispute. On 26 February 1975, the committee came to the conclusion that Konkani was indeed an independent and literary language, classified as an Indo-European language, which in its present state was heavily influenced by the Portuguese language.


title: Konkani language

text: All this did not change anything in Goa. Finally, fed up with the delay, Konkani activists launched an agitation in 1986, demanding official status for Konkani. The agitation turned violent in various places, resulting in the death of six agitators from the Catholic community: Floriano Vaz from Gogal Margao, Aldrin Fernandes, Mathew Faria, C. J. Dias, John Fernandes, and Joaquim Pereira, all from Agaçaim. Finally, on 4 February 1987, the Goa Legislative Assembly passed the Official Language Bill, making Konkani the official language of Goa.


title: Konkani language

text: Konkani was included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India as per the Seventy-First Amendment on 20 August 1992, adding it to the list of official languages.


title: Konkani language

text: The Konkani language originated and is spoken widely in the western coastal region of India known as Konkan. The native lands historically inhabited by Konkani people include the Konkan division of Maharashtra, the state of Goa and the territory of Daman, the Uttara Kannada, Udupi & Dakshina Kannada districts of Karnataka, along with many districts in Kerala such as Kasaragod, Kochi, Alappuzha, Thiruvananthapuram and Kottayam. All of the regions and areas have developed distinct dialects, pronunciation and prose styles, vocabulary, tone and sometimes, significant differences in grammar.


title: Konkani language

text: According to the 2001 estimates of the Census Department of India, there were 2,489,016 Konkani speakers in India. The Census Department of India, 2011 figures put the number of Konkani speakers in India as 2,256,502 making up 0.19% of India's population. Out of these, 788,294 were in Karnataka, 964,305 in Goa, 399,255 in Maharashtra, and 69,449 in Kerala. It ranks 19th on the List of Scheduled Languages by strength. The number of Konkani speakers in India fell by 9.34% in the decade 2001-2011. It is the only scheduled language apart from Urdu to have a negative growth rate in the decade. A very large number of Konkanis live outside India, either as expatriates (NRIs) with work visas or as naturalised citizens and permanent residents of other host countries (immigrants). Determining their numbers is difficult since Konkani is a minority language that is very often not recognised by censuses and surveys of various government agencies and NGOs catering to Indians abroad.


title: Konkani language

text: During the days of Portuguese Goa and British rule in Pre-Partition India many Goans and non-Goan Konkani people went to foreign countries as economic migrants to the Portuguese and British Empires, and to the Pakistan of Pre-Partition India. The migratory trend has continued well into the post-colonial era and a significant number of Konkani people are found in Kenya, Uganda, Pakistan, the Persian Gulf countries, Portugal and the European Union, and the British Isles and the rest of the Anglosphere. Many families still continue to speak different Konkani dialects that their ancestors spoke, which are now highly influenced by the languages of the dominant majority.


title: Konkani language

text: The Konkani language has been in danger of dying out over the years for many of the following reasons:


title: Konkani language

text: Efforts have been made to stop this downward trend of usage of Konkani, starting with Shenoi Goembab's efforts to revive Konkani. The recognition granted by Sahitya Akademi to Konkani and the institution of an annual award for Konkani literature has helped to a certain extent.


title: Konkani language

text: Some organisations, such as the Konkan Daiz Yatra organised by Konkani Bhasha Mandal, World Konkani Centre& the newer Vishwa Konkani Parishad have laid great stress on uniting all factions of Konkanis.


title: Konkani language

text: José Pereira, in his 1971 work "Konkani – A Language: A History of the Konkani Marathi Controversy", pointed to an essay on Indian languages written by John Leyden in 1807, wherein Konkani is called a “dialect of Maharashtra” as an origin of the language controversy.


title: Konkani language

text: Another linguist to whom this theory is attributed is Grierson. Grierson's work on the languages of India, "the Linguistic Survey of India", was regarded as an important reference by other linguists. In his book, Grierson had distinguished between the Konkani spoken in coastal Maharashtra (then, part of Bombay) and the Konkani spoken in Goa as two different languages. He regarded the Konkani spoken in coastal Maharashtra as a dialect of Marathi and not as a dialect of Goan Konkani itself. In his opinion, Goan Konkani was also considered a dialect of Marathi because the religious literature used by the Hindus in Goa was not in Konkani itself, but in Marathi.


title: Konkani language

text: S. M. Katre's 1966 work, "The Formation of Konkani", which utilised the instruments of modern historical and comparative linguistics across six typical Konkani dialects, showed the formation of Konkani to be distinct from that of Marathi. Shenoi Goembab, who played a pivotal role in the Konkani revival movement, rallied against the pre-eminence of Marathi over Konkani amongst Hindus and Portuguese amongst Christians.


title: Konkani language

text: Goa's accession to India in 1961 came at a time when Indian states were being reorganised along linguistic lines. There were demands to merge Goa with Maharashtra. This was because Goa had a sizeable population of Marathi speakers and Konkani was also considered to be a dialect of Marathi by many. Konkani Goans were opposed to the move. The status of Konkani as an independent language or as a dialect of Marathi had a great political bearing on Goa's merger, which was settled by a plebiscite in 1967 (the Goa Opinion Poll).


title: Konkani language

text: The Sahitya Akademi (a prominent literary organisation in India) recognised it as an independent language in 1975, and subsequently Konkani (in Devanagari script) was made the official language of Goa in 1987.


title: Konkani language

text: MLC Ivan D'Souza attempted to speak in Konkani at the Karnataka state's Legislative Council, but was urged not to by the Chairman D H Shankaramurthy as most of the audience did not know Konkani. Even though Mr D'Souza pleaded that Konkani was amongst the 22 official languages recognised by the Indian Constitution, he was not given permission to continue in Konkani.


title: Konkani language

text: Even though there are substantial Konkani Catholics in Bengaluru, efforts to celebrate Holy Mass in Konkani have met with opposition by Kannada "activists". Konkani Holy Masses has been held in the Sabbhavana and Saccidananda chapels of the Carmelite and Capuchin Fathers respectively, in Yeswanthpur and Rajajinagar, Bangalore. These services are under threat from Kannada groups who do not want church services to be held in any other language other than Kannada, even though Kannada Catholics constitute only 30% of the Catholic population in the Archdiocese. Konkani activists and associations have been demanding Konkani language mass and services for a long time. It is still the official language of the Mangalore Archdiocese.


title: Konkani language

text: According to the Census Department of India, Konkani speakers show a very high degree of multilingualism. In the 1991 census, as compared to the national average of 19.44% for bilingualism and 7.26% for trilingualism, Konkani speakers scored 74.20% and 44.68% respectively. This makes Konkanis the most multilingual community of India.


title: Konkani language

text: This has been due to the fact that in most areas where Konkanis have settled, they seldom form a majority of the population and have to interact with others in the local tongue. Another reason for bilingualism has been the lack of schools teaching Konkani as a primary or secondary language.


title: Konkani language

text: The bilingualism of Konkanis with Marathi in Damaon Goa and Maharashtra has been a source of great discontent because it has led to the belief that Konkani is a dialect of Marathi and hence has no bearing on the future of Goa.


title: Konkani language

text: The problems posed by multiple scripts and varying dialects have come as an impediment in the efforts to unite Konkani people. The Goa state's decision to use Devnagari as the official script and the Antruz dialect has been met with opposition both within Goa and outside it. Critics contend that the Antruz dialect is unintelligible to most Goans, let alone other Konkani people outside Goa, and that Devanagari is used very little as compared to Romi Konkani in Goa or Konkani in the Kannada script. Prominent among the critics are Konkani Christians in Goa, who were at the forefront of the Konkani agitation in 1986–87 and have for a long time used the Roman script, including producing literature in Roman script. They demanded Roman script be given equal status to Devanagari.


title: Konkani language

text: In Karnataka, which has the largest number of Konkani speakers after Goa, leading organisations and activists have similarly demanded that Kannada script be made the medium of instruction for Konkani in local schools instead of Devanagari. The government of Karnataka has given its approval for teaching of Konkani as an optional third language from 6th to 10th standard students either in Kannada or Devanagari scripts.


title: Konkani language

text: The Konkani language has 16 basic vowels (excluding an equal number of long vowels), 36 consonants, 5 semi-vowels, 3 sibilants, 1 aspirate, and many diphthongs. Like the other Indo-Aryan languages, it has both long and short vowels and syllables with long vowels may appear to be stressed. Different types of nasal vowels are a special feature of the Konkani language.


title: Konkani language

text: One of the most distinguishing features of Konkani phonology is the use of , the close-mid central vowel, instead of the schwa found in Hindustani and Marathi.


title: Konkani language

text: Whereas many Indian languages use only one of the three front vowels, represented by the Devanagari grapheme ए, Konkani uses three: , and .


title: Konkani language

text: Konkani grammar is similar to other Indo-Aryan languages. Notably, Konkani grammar is also influenced by Dravidian languages. It cannot be described as a stress-timed language, nor as a tonal language.


title: Konkani language

text: Like most of the Indo-Aryan languages, Konkani is an SOV language, meaning among other things that not only is the verb found at the end of the clause but also modifiers and complements tend to precede the head and postpositions are far more common than prepositions. In terms of syntax, Konkani is a "head-last" language, unlike English, which is an SVO language.


title: Konkani language

text: For example, "I eat" and "I am eating" sound similar in Goan Konkani, due to loss of auxiliary in colloquial speech. "Hāv khātā" corresponds to "I am eating". On the other hand, in Karnataka Konkani "hāv khātā" corresponds to "I eat", and "hāv khātoāsā" or "hāv khāter āsā" means "I am eating". However the word "jito" (living) is universal, "to jitoāsā" (he is living).


title: Konkani language

text: Metathesis is a characteristic of all the middle and modern Indo-Aryan languages including Konkani. Consider the Sanskrit word "स्नुषा" (daughter-in law). Here, the ष is dropped, and स्नु alone is utilised, स्नु-->स/नु and you get the word सुन (metathesis of "ukar").


title: Konkani language

text: The vocabulary from Konkani comes from a number of sources. The main source is Prakrits. So Sanskrit as a whole has played a very important part in Konkani vocabulary. Konkani vocabulary is made of (Sanskrit loanwords without change), (evolved Sanskrit words), (indigenous words) and (foreign words). Other sources of vocabulary are Arabic, Persian, and Turkish. Finally, Kannada, Marathi, and Portuguese have enriched its lexical content.


title: Konkani language

text: Since Goa was a major trade centre for visiting Arabs and Turks, many Arabic and Persian words infiltrated the Konkani language. A large number of Arabic and Persian words now form an integral part of Konkani vocabulary and are commonly used in day-to-day life; examples are "karz" (debt), "fakt" (only), "dusman" (enemy), and "barik" (thin). Single and compound words are found wherein the original meaning has been changed or distorted. Examples include "mustaiki" (from Arabic "mustaid", meaning "ready"), and "kapan khairo" ("eater of one's own shroud", meaning "a miser").


title: Konkani language

text: Most of the old Konkani Hindu literature does not show any influence from Portuguese. Even the dialects spoken by the majority of Goan Hindus have a very limited Portuguese influence. On the other hand, dialects spoken by the Catholics from Goa (as well as the Canara to some extent) and their religious literature show a strong Portuguese influence. They contain a number of Portuguese lexical items, but these are almost all religious terms. Even in the context of religious terminology, the missionaries adapted native terms associated with Hindu religious concepts. (For example, "krupa" for grace, Y"amakunda" for hell, V"aikuntha" for paradise and so on). The syntax used by Goan Catholics in their literature shows a prominent Portuguese influence. As a result, many Portuguese loanwords are now commonly found in common Konkani speech.


title: Konkani language

text: The Portuguese influence is also evident in the Marathi–Konkani spoken in the former Northern Konkan district, Thane a variant of Konkani used by East Indians Catholic community.


title: Konkani language

text: Konkani is not highly Sanskritised like Marathi, but still retains Prakrit and apabhramsa structures, verbal forms, and vocabulary. Though the Goan Hindu dialect is highly Prakritised, numerous Sanskrit loanwords are found, while the Catholic dialect has historically drawn many terms from Portuguese. The Catholic literary dialect has now adopted Sanskritic vocabulary itself, and the Catholic Church has also adopted a Sanskritisation policy. Despite the relative unfamiliarity of the recently introduced Sanskritic vocabulary to the new Catholic generations, there has not been wide resistance to the change. On the other hand, southern Konkani dialects, having been influenced by Kannada − one of the most Sanskritised languages of Dravidian origin − have undergone re-Sanskritisation over time.


title: Konkani language

text: Konkani has been compelled to become a language using a multiplicity of scripts, and not just one single script used everywhere. This has led to an outward splitting up of the same language, which is spoken and understood by all, despite some inevitable dialectal convergences.


title: Konkani language

text: The Brahmi script for Konkani fell into disuse. Later, some inscriptions were written in old Nagari. However, owing to the Portuguese conquest in 1510 and the restrictions imposed by the inquisition, some early form of Devanagari was disused in Goa. The Portuguese promulgated a law banning the use of Konkani and Nagari scripts.


title: Konkani language

text: Another script, called "Kandevi" or "Goykandi", was used in Goa since the times of the Kadambas, although it lost its popularity after the 17th century. Kandevi/Goykandi is very different from the Halekannada script, with strikingly similar features. Unlike Halekannada, Kandevi/Goykandi letters were usually written with a distinctive horizontal bar, like the Nagari scripts. This script may have been evolved out of the Kadamba script, which was extensively used in Goa and Konkan. The earliest known inscription in Devanagari dates to 1187 AD. The Roman script has the oldest preserved and protected literary tradition, beginning from the 16th century.


title: Konkani language

text: Konkani is written in five scripts: Devanagari, Roman, Kannada, Malayalam, and Perso-Arabic. Because Devanagari is the official script used to write Konkani in Goa and Maharashtra, most Konkanis (especially Hindus) in those two states write the language in Devanagari. However, Konkani is widely written in the Roman script (called Romi Konkani) by many Konkanis, (especially Catholics). This is because for many years, all Konkani literature was in the Latin script, and Catholic liturgy and other religious literature has always been in the Roman script. Most people of Karnataka use the Kannada script; however, the Saraswats of Karnataka use the Devanagari script in the North Kanara district. Malayalam script was used by the Konkani community in Kerala, but there has been a move towards the usage of the Devanagari script in recent years. Konkani Muslims around Bhatkal taluka of Karnataka use Arabic script to write Konkani. There has been to trend towards the usage of the Arabic script among Muslim communities; this coincides with them mixing more Urdu and Arabic words into their Konkani dialects. When the Sahitya Akademi recognised Konkani in 1975 as an independent and literary language, one of the important factors was the literary heritage of Romi Konkani since the year 1556. However, after Konkani in the Devanagari script was made the official language of Goa in 1987, the Sahitya Akademi has supported only writers in the Devanagari script. For a very long time there has been a rising demand for official recognition of Romi Konkani by Catholics in Goa because a sizeable population of the people in Goa use the Roman script. Also a lot of the content on the Internet and the staging of the famed Tiatr is written in Romi Konkani. In January 2013, the Goa Bench of the Bombay High Court issued a notice to the state government on a Public Interest Litigation filed by the Romi Lipi Action Front seeking to amend the Official Language Act to grant official language status to Romi Konkani but has not yet been granted.


title: Konkani language

text: Konkani, despite having a small population, shows a very high number of dialects. The dialect tree structure of Konkani can easily be classified according to the region, religion, caste, and local tongue influence.


title: Konkani language

text: Based on the historical events and cultural ties of the speakers, N. G. Kalelkar has broadly classified the dialects into three main groups:


title: Konkani language

text: Goan Konkani refers to all the central dialects of the Konkani macrolanguage except for those that fall under Maharashtrian Konkani and Canarese Konkani. These dialects are collectively assigned the language code under the ISO 639-3 classification (since it is sometimes called "Goan Marathi").


title: Konkani language

text: In common usage, Goan Konkani refers collectively only to those dialects of Konkani spoken primarily in the state of Goa, e.g. the Antruz, Bardeskari and Saxtti dialects. But in the broader linguistic context, Goanese Konkani also includes dialects spoken outside the official boundaries of Goa, such as Malvani Konkani, Chitpavani Konkani, and Karwari Konkani.


title: Konkani language

text: There are organisations working for Konkani but, primarily, these were restricted to individual communities. The All India Konkani Parishad founded on 8 July 1939, provided a common ground for Konkani people from all regions. A new organisation known as Vishwa Konkani Parishad, which aims to be an all-inclusive and pluralistic umbrella organisation for Konkanis around the world, was founded on 11 September 2005.


title: Konkani language

text: Mandd Sobhann is the premier organisation that is striving hard to preserve, promote, propagate, and enrich the Konkani language and culture. It all began with the experiment called ‘Mandd Sobhann’ – a search for a Konkani identity in Konkani music on 30 November 1986 at Mangalore. What began as a performance titled ‘Mandd Sobhann’, grew into a movement of revival and rejuvenation of Konkani culture; and solidified into an organization called Mandd Sobhann. Today, Mandd Sobhann boasts of all these 3 identities namely - a performance, a movement and an organization.https://www.manddsobhann.org/


title: Konkani language

text: The Konkan Daiz Yatra, started in 1939 in Mumbai, is the oldest Konkani organisation. The Konkani Bhasha Mandal was born in Mumbai on 5 April 1942, during the Third Adhiveshan of All India Konkani Parishad. On 28 December 1984, Goa Konkani Akademi (GKA) was founded by the government of Goa to promote Konkani language, literature, and culture. The Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr (TSKK) is a popular research institute based in the Goan capital Panaji. It works on issues related to the Konkani language, literature, culture, and education. The Dalgado Konkani Academy is a popular Konkani organisation based in Panaji.


title: Konkani language

text: The Konkani Triveni Kala Sangam is one more famed Konkani organisation in Mumbai, which is engaged in the vocation of patronising Konkani language through the theatre movement. The government of Karnataka established the Karnataka Konkani Sahitya Akademy on 20 April 1994. The Konkani Ekvott is an umbrella organisation of the Konkani bodies in Goa.


title: Konkani language

text: The First World Konkani Convention was held in Mangalore in December 1995. The Konkani Language and Cultural Foundation came into being immediately after the World Konkani Convention in 1995.


title: Konkani language

text: The World Konkani Centre built on a three-acre plot called Konkani Gaon (Konkani Village) at Shakti Nagar, Mangalore was inaugurated on 17 January 2009, "to serve as a nodal agency for the preservation and overall development of Konkani language, art, and culture involving all the Konkani people the world over.”


title: Konkani language

text: The North American Konkani Association (NAKA) serves to unite Konkanis across the United States and Canada. It serves as a parent organization for smaller Konkani associations in various states. Furthermore, the Konkani Young Adult Group serves as a platform under NAKA to allow young adults across America (18+) of Konkani descent to meet each other and celebrate their heritage. Every 2-4 years, a Konkani Sammelan, where Konkanis from across the continent attend, is held in a different city in the US. A Konkani Youth Convention is held yearly. Past locations have included NYC and Atlanta; the upcoming youth convention is slated to be held in Chicago, IL in June.


title: Konkani language

text: During the Goa Inquisition which commenced in 1560, all books found in the Konkani language were burnt, and it is possible that old Konkani literature was destroyed as a consequence.


title: Konkani language

text: The earliest writer in the history of Konkani language known today is Krishnadas Shama from Quelossim in Goa. He began writing 25 April 1526, and he authored "Ramayana", "Mahabharata", and "Krishnacharitrakatha" in prose style. The manuscripts have not been found, although transliterations in Roman script are found in Braga in Portugal. The script used by him for his work is not known.


title: Konkani language

text: The first known printed book in Konkani was written by an English Jesuit priest, Fr. Thomas Stephens in 1622, and entitled "Doutrina Christam em Lingoa Bramana Canarim" (Old Portuguese for: "Christian Doctrine in the Canarese Brahman Language"). The first book exclusively on Konkani grammar, "Arte da Lingoa Canarim", was printed in 1640 by Father Stephens in Portuguese.


title: Konkani language

text: All India Radio started broadcasting Konkani news and other services. Radio Goa Pangim started a Konkani broadcast in 1945. AIR Mumbai and Dharwad later started Konkani broadcasts in the years 1952 and 1965 respectively. Portuguese Radio, Lisbon started services in 1955 for India, East Africa, and Portugal. Similarly Trivandrum, Alleppey, Trichur, and Calicut AIR centres started Konkani broadcasts.


title: Konkani language

text: In Manglore and Udupi, many weekly news magazines are published in Konkani. "Rakno", "Daize", and a few others are very famous among the Christian community. Every Roman Catholic parish will publish three or four magazines in a year.


title: Konkani language

text: "Udentichem Sallok" was the first Konkani periodical published in 1888, from Poona, by Eduardo Bruno de Souza. It started as a monthly and then as a fortnightly. It closed down in 1894.


title: Konkani language

text: "Sanjechem Nokhetr" was started in 1907 by B. F. Cabral in Bombay, and is the first Concanim newspaper. It contained detailed news of Bombay, as it was published from there.


title: Konkani language

text: In 1982, "Novem Goem" was a daily edited by Gurunath Kelekar, Dr. F. M. Rebello and Felisio Cardozo. It was started due to people's initiative. In 1989, Fr. Freddy J. da Costa, began a Konkani daily "Goencho Avaz". It became a monthly after one and a half year.


title: Konkani language

text: Presently there is just a single Konkani daily newspaper, called "Bhaangar Bhuin". For a long time, there was another Konkani daily, "Sunaparant", which was published in Panjim.


title: Konkani language

text: "O Luzo-Concanim" was a Concanim (Konkani)- Portuguese bilingual weekly, begun in 1891, by Aleixo Caitano José Francisco. From 1892 to 1897, "A Luz, O Bombaim Esse, A Lua, "O Intra Jijent" and "O Opinião Nacional" were bilingual Concanim- Portuguese weeklies published. In 1907, "O Goano" was putblished from Bombay by Honorato Furtado and Francis Xavier Furtado. It was a trilingual weekly in Portuguese, Konkani and English.


title: Konkani language

text: The Society of the Missionaries of Saint Francis Xavier, publish the Konkani weekly (satollem) named "Vauraddeancho Ixtt". from Pilar. It was started in 1933 by Fr. Arsencio Fernandes and Fr. Graciano Moraes.


title: Konkani language

text: There is a fortnightly published newspaper since 2007 called "Kodial Khaber', edited by Venkatesh Baliga Mavinakurve and published by Baliga Publications, Mangalore.


title: Konkani language

text: "Katolik Sovostkai" was started in 1907 by Roldão Noronha. It later became a fortnightly before ceasing publication.


title: Konkani language

text: "Dor Mhoineachi Rotti" is the oldest running Konkani periodical. It is dedicated to the spreading of the devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus, and was initially named Dor Muineachi Rotti Povitra Jesucha Calzachem Devoçãõ Vaddounchi. Note that the til (tilde mark) over ãõ in Devoçãõ is one single til. Fr. Vincent Lobo, from Sangolda in Goa, who was then curator at the St. Patrick's Church in Karachi, began it in 1915, to feed the spiritual thirst and hunger of the large number of Konkani speaking people there, on noticing the absence of Konkani spiritual literature. The name was changed subsequently to "Dor Muiniachi Rotti, Concanim Messenger of the Sacred Heart". On Fr. Vincent Lobo's passing away on 11 November 1922, Fr. António Ludovico Pereira, also from Sangolda, took over the responsibility. Dor Mhoineachi Rotti had an estimated readership of around 12,000 people then. After the passing away of Fr. António Ludovico Pereira on 26 July 1936, Fr. Antanasio Moniz, from Verna, took over. On his passing away in 1953, Fr. Elias D'Souza, from Bodiem, Tivim in Goa became the fourth editor of Dor Mhoineachi Rotti. After shifting to Velha Goa in Goa around 1964, Fr. Moreno de Souza was editor for around 42 years. Presently the Dor Mhuineachi Rotti is owned by the Jesuits in Goa, edited by Fr. Vasco do Rego, S. J. and printed and published by Fr. Jose Silveira, S.J. on behalf of the Provincial Superior of the Jesuits in Goa. Dor Mhoineachi Rotti will complete 100 years on 1 January 2015.


title: Konkani language

text: "Gulab" is a monthly from Goa. It was started by late Fr. Freddy J. da Costa in 1983, and was printed in colour, then uncommon.


title: Konkani language

text: Konkani periodicals published in Goa include "Vauraddeancho Ixtt" (Roman script, weekly), "Gulab" (Roman script, monthly), "Bimb" (Devanagari script, monthly), "Panchkadayi" (Kannada script, monthly) and "Poddbimb" (Roman script, monthly).


title: Konkani language

text: Konkani periodicals published in Mangalore include "Raknno" (Kannada script, weekly), "DIVO" (Kannada Script, weekly from Mumbai), "Kutmacho Sevak" (Kannada script, monthly), "Dirvem" (Kannada script, monthly),"Amcho Sandesh" (Kannada script, monthly) and "Kajulo" (Kannda script, children's magazine, monthly).


title: Konkani language

text: Konkani periodical published in Udupi include "Uzwad" (Kannada script, monthly) and Naman Ballok Jezu (Kannada script, monthly).


title: Konkani language

text: Ekvottavorvim Uzvadd (Devanagari Script, monthly) is published from Belgaum since 1998. Panchkadayi Konkani Monthly magazine from Manipal since 1967.


title: Konkani language

text: The first complete literary website in Konkani started in 2001 using Kannada script was www.maaibhaas.com by Naveen Sequeira of Brahmavara. In 2003 www.daaiz.com started by Valley Quadros Ajekar from Kuwait, this literary portal was instrumental in creating a wider range of readers across the globe, apart from various columns, literary contests, through Ashawadi Prakashan, he published several books in Konkani, including the first e-book 'Sagorachea Vattecheo Zori' released by Gerry DMello Bendur in 2005 at Karkala.


title: Konkani language

text: www.poinnari.com is the first literaryyy webportal in Konkani using three scripts (Kannada, Nagari and Romi), started in 2015, is also conducted the first National level literary contest in dual scripts in Konkani in 2017.


title: Konkani language

text: 'Sagorachea Vattecheo Zori' is the first e-book in Konkani, a compilation of 100 poems digitally published by www.daaiz.com and digitally published in 2005 by Ashawadi Prakashan in Karkala.


title: Konkani language

text: 'Kathadaaiz' is the first digital audio book digitally published in 2018 by www.poinnari.com. This audio book is also available in the YouTube channel of Ashawari Prakashan.


title: Konkani language

text: 'Pattim Gamvak' is the first e-Novel written in Kannada script Konkani in 2002 by Valley Quadros Ajekar from Kuwait, published in www.maaibhaas.com in 2002-3.


title: Konkani language

text: 'Veez' is the first digital weekly in Konkani, started in 2018 by Dr.Austine D'Souza Prabhu in Chicago, USA. Veez is the only magazine publishing Konkani in 4 scripts; Kannada, Nagari, Romi and Malayalam.


title: Konkani language

text: The Doordarshan centre in Panjim produces Konkani programs, which are broadcast in the evening. Many local Goan channels also broadcast Konkani television programs. These include: Prudent Media, Goa 365, HCN, RDX Goa, and others.


title: Konkani language

text: Many Konkani songs of the Goan fisher-folk appear recurrently in a number of Hindi films. Many Hindi movies feature characters with a Goan Catholic accent. A famous song from the 1957 movie "Aasha", contains the Konkani words "mhaka naka" and became extremely popular. Children were chanting "Eeny, meeny, miny, moe", which inspired C Ramchandra and his assistant John Gomes to create the first line of the song, "Eena Meena Deeka, De Dai Damanika". Gomes, who was a Goan, added the words "maka naka" (Konkani for "I don't want"). They kept on adding more nonsense rhymes until they ended with "Rum pum po!".


title: Konkani language

text: An international ad campaign by Nike for the 2007 Cricket World Cup featured a Konkani song "Rav Patrao Rav" as the background theme. It was based on the tune of an older song "Bebdo", composed by Chris Perry and sung by Lorna Cordeiro. The new lyrics were written by Agnello Dias (who worked in the ad agency that made the ad), recomposed by Ram Sampat, and sung by Ella Castellino.


title: Konkani language

text: A Konkani cultural event, Konkani Nirantari, organised by Mandd Sobhann, was held in Mangalore on 26 and 27 January 2008, and entered the Guinness Book of World Records for holding a 40-hour-long non-stop musical singing marathon, beating a Brazilian musical troupe who had previously held the record of singing non-stop for 36 hours.


title: Rec (film)

text: Rec (stylized as [•REC]; short for "record") is a 2007 Spanish found footage horror film co-written and directed by Jaume Balagueró and Paco Plaza. The film stars Manuela Velasco as a reporter who, with her cameraman, accompany a group of firefighters on an emergency call to an apartment building to discover an infection spreading inside, with the building being sealed up and all occupants ordered to follow a strict quarantine.


title: Rec (film)

text: "Rec" was released on November 23rd, 2007 to critical and commercial success, and is considered one of the best films in both the found footage and horror genres. "Rec" placed at number 60 on "Time Out"s list of the Top 100 Best Horror Films. The film was remade in the United States under the name "Quarantine" in 2008.


title: Rec (film)

text: The film spawned the "Rec" film series, which includes three sequels: "Rec 2" directed by Balagueró and Plaza in 2009, "" directed by Plaza in 2012, and "" directed by Balagueró in 2014 as the final installment in the franchise.


title: Rec (film)

text: Reporter Ángela Vidal and her cameraman Pablo are covering the night shift in one of Barcelona's local fire stations for the television series "While You're Sleeping". While they are recording, the firehouse receives a call about an old woman, Mrs. Izquierdo, who is trapped in her apartment and screaming. Ángela and Pablo accompany two of the firefighters, Álex and Manu, to the apartment building on Rambla de Catalunya, where two police officers are waiting. As they approach, the old woman becomes aggressive and attacks one of the officers, biting his neck. As they carry the injured officer downstairs, they find the building residents gathered in the lobby. The police and military have sealed off the building and trapped them inside.


title: Rec (film)

text: As people begin to panic, Álex, who remained upstairs with the old woman, is thrown over the staircase railings and critically injured. Mrs. Izquierdo then kills a girl, and the remaining officer, Sergio, is forced to shoot her. Ángela and Pablo begin interviewing the residents. One of the interviewees is a sick little girl named Jennifer. Her mother Mari Carmen claims she has tonsillitis, and says her dog, Max, is at the vet because he is sick as well. A health inspector in a hazmat suit arrives and attempts to treat the injured until they suddenly become extremely aggressive. After the injured are locked in the building's textile warehouse, the health inspector explains that they are infected with a virus similar to rabies, and that the disease was traced back to a dog in the apartment building, and Ángela realizes it must be Max. When the residents confront Mari Carmen, Jennifer turns, bites her mother's face and flees upstairs. Sergio handcuffs Mari Carmen to the stairs and proceeds upstairs with Manu and Pablo. They find Jennifer but she bites Sergio, who tells the others to leave him. Manu and Pablo find the remaining residents running upstairs as the infected in the warehouse have broken down the door. Gradually, the rest of the apartment's residents are bitten and infected.


title: Rec (film)

text: Ángela, Pablo, and Manu, the three survivors, set out to find a key that will allow them to escape from the building via a large drain in the basement that is connected to the sewers. The apartment's infected residents start rushing them and Manu is bitten outside the apartment with the key, forcing Ángela and Pablo to take refuge in the penthouse. They discover a tape recorder which explains that the penthouse owner, an agent of the Vatican, was charged with the task of isolating an enzyme carried by a young Portuguese girl named Tristana Medeiros, whose symptoms suggest a demonic possession. As the agent attempted to treat Medeiros, the enzyme mutated and became contagious. The agent then sealed Tristana in the house to die of starvation. An infected boy within the attic damages the light on Pablo's camera, requiring Pablo to activate the camera's night vision. A now-ghoulish Tristana emerges and searches the penthouse for food. Ángela and Pablo try to escape, but Pablo is killed by Tristana and drops the camera. Ángela then picks it up and looks through the screen. Seeing Tristana eating Pablo, she panics, trips, and drops the camera. The camera continues to record as Ángela is dragged into the darkness screaming.


title: Rec (film)

text: The film premiered in August 2007 at the 64th Venice International Film Festival, out of competition, in the opening and closing films sessions. It was also shown in October 2007 at the Sitges Film Festival and the Málaga International Week of Fantastic Cinema in November 2007, before going on general release in Spain later that month.


title: Rec (film)

text: The film was also shown in February 2008 at the Glasgow Film Festival and the co-directors participated in a corresponding interview in which they revealed their influences during the creation of the cinema work: "Our main reference was TV; was not other films, or a tradition of previous features. I think the main influence for us was TV. What we wanted was to build a classic horror story, but, ahh, telling it in the way of a TV show." "REC" was then released in the United Kingdom in April 2008 and a North American DVD release occurred in 2009.


title: Rec (film)

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 90% approval rating based on 40 reviews, with an average rating of 7.6/10. The site's consensus states: "Plunging viewers into the nightmarish hellscape of an apartment complex under siege, "[Rec]" proves that found footage can still be used as an effective delivery mechanism for sparse, economic horror."


title: Rec (film)

text: Reviewing the film for the BBC, Jamie Russell called it "A runaway rollercoaster of a fright flick", praising the "faux-docu handheld style", and the sense of claustrophobia and confusion, claiming that ""[Rec]" will definitely jangle the nerves"; however, Russell criticised the lack of substance and a "one-dimensional" supporting cast. Bloody Disgusting awarded the film four-and-a-half stars out of five, with the reviewer writing, ""[REC]" has it all and is probably one of the best Spanish horror films in recent memory." Bloody Disgusting later ranked the film eleventh in their list of the 'Top 20 Horror Films of the Decade', with the article stating: "Out of all the 'shaky-cam' films... this one is arguably the best." In the early 2010s, "Time Out" conducted a poll with several authors, directors, actors, and critics who have worked within the horror genre to vote for their top horror films. "Rec" placed at number 54 on their top 100 list.


title: Rec (film)

text: The sequel "Rec 2" premiered in September 2009 at the 66th Venice International Film Festival, and was commercially released in Spain in October of the same year. The second installment portrays the events that immediately follow the end of the first film. Actress Manuela Velasco's role of Ángela Vidal returned in the sequels "Rec 2" and "".


title: Rec (film)

text: "" is the third installment of the series and was released in Spanish theaters on 30 March 2012. The conclusion of the franchise, "", was released in 2014, first being screened at the Toronto Film Festival and later in Spain at the Sitges Film Festival on 3 October before being released in cinemas on 31 October.


title: Sulfonamide (medicine)

text: Sulfonamide is a functional group (a part of a molecule) that is the basis of several groups of drugs, which are called sulphonamides, sulfa drugs or sulpha drugs. The original antibacterial sulfonamides are synthetic (nonantibiotic) antimicrobial agents that contain the sulfonamide group. Some sulfonamides are also devoid of antibacterial activity, e.g., the anticonvulsant sultiame. The sulfonylureas and thiazide diuretics are newer drug groups based upon the antibacterial sulfonamides.


title: Sulfonamide (medicine)

text: Allergies to sulfonamides are common. The overall incidence of adverse drug reactions to sulfa antibiotics is approximately 3%, close to penicillin; hence medications containing sulfonamides are prescribed carefully.


title: Sulfonamide (medicine)

text: Sulfonamide drugs were the first broadly effective antibacterials to be used systemically, and paved the way for the antibiotic revolution in medicine.


title: Sulfonamide (medicine)

text: In bacteria, antibacterial sulfonamides act as competitive inhibitors of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS), an enzyme involved in folate synthesis. Sulfonamides are therefore bacteriostatic and inhibit growth and multiplication of bacteria, but do not kill them. Humans, in contrast to bacteria, acquire folate (vitamin B) through the diet.


title: Sulfonamide (medicine)

text: Sulfonamides are used to treat allergies and coughs, as well as having antifungal and antimalarial functions. The moiety is also present in other medications that are not antimicrobials, including thiazide diuretics (including hydrochlorothiazide, metolazone, and indapamide, among others), loop diuretics (including furosemide, bumetanide, and torsemide), acetazolamide, sulfonylureas (including glipizide, glyburide, among others), and some COX-2 inhibitors (e.g., celecoxib).


title: Sulfonamide (medicine)

text: Sulfasalazine, in addition to its use as an antibiotic, is also used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.


title: Sulfonamide (medicine)

text: Sulfonamide drugs were the first broadly effective antibacterials to be used systemically, and paved the way for the antibiotic revolution in medicine. The first sulfonamide, trade-named Prontosil, was a prodrug. Experiments with Prontosil began in 1932 in the laboratories of Bayer AG, at that time a component of the huge German chemical trust IG Farben. The Bayer team believed that coal-tar dyes which are able to bind preferentially to bacteria and parasites might be used to attack harmful organisms in the body. After years of fruitless trial-and-error work on hundreds of dyes, a team led by physician/researcher Gerhard Domagk (working under the general direction of IG Farben executive Heinrich Hörlein) finally found one that worked: a red dye synthesized by Bayer chemist Josef Klarer that had remarkable effects on stopping some bacterial infections in mice. The first official communication about the breakthrough discovery was not published until 1935, more than two years after the drug was patented by Klarer and his research partner Fritz Mietzsch.


title: Sulfonamide (medicine)

text: Prontosil, as Bayer named the new drug, was the first medicine ever discovered that could effectively treat a range of bacterial infections inside the body. It had a strong protective action against infections caused by streptococci, including blood infections, childbed fever, and erysipelas, and a lesser effect on infections caused by other cocci. However, it had no effect at all in the test tube, exerting its antibacterial action only in live animals. Later, it was discovered by Daniel Bovet, Federico Nitti, and Jacques and Thérèse Tréfouël, a French research team led by Ernest Fourneau at the Pasteur Institute, that the drug was metabolized into two parts inside the body, releasing from the inactive dye portion a smaller, colorless, active compound called sulfanilamide. The discovery helped establish the concept of "bioactivation" and dashed the German corporation's dreams of enormous profit; the active molecule sulfanilamide (or sulfa) had first been synthesized in 1906 and was widely used in the dye-making industry; its patent had since expired and the drug was available to anyone.


title: Sulfonamide (medicine)

text: The result was a sulfa craze. For several years in the late 1930s, hundreds of manufacturers produced myriad forms of sulfa. This and the lack of testing requirements led to the elixir sulfanilamide disaster in the fall of 1937, during which at least 100 people were poisoned with diethylene glycol. This led to the passage of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act in 1938 in the United States. As the first and only effective broad-spectrum antibiotic available in the years before penicillin, heavy use of sulfa drugs continued into the early years of World War II. They are credited with saving the lives of tens of thousands of patients, including Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr. (son of US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt) and Winston Churchill. Sulfa had a central role in preventing wound infections during the war. American soldiers were issued a first-aid kit containing sulfa pills and powder and were told to sprinkle it on any open wound.


title: Sulfonamide (medicine)

text: The sulfanilamide compound is more active in the protonated form. The drug has very low solubility and sometimes can crystallize in the kidneys, due to its first pK of around 10. This is a very painful experience, so patients are told to take the medication with copious amounts of water. Newer analogous compounds prevent this complication because they have a lower pK, around 5–6, making them more likely to remain in a soluble form.


title: Sulfonamide (medicine)

text: Many thousands of molecules containing the sulfanilamide structure have been created since its discovery (by one account, over 5,400 permutations by 1945), yielding improved formulations with greater effectiveness and less toxicity. Sulfa drugs are still widely used for conditions such as acne and urinary tract infections, and are receiving renewed interest for the treatment of infections caused by bacteria resistant to other antibiotics.


title: Sulfonamide (medicine)

text: Sulfonamides are prepared by the reaction of a sulfonyl chloride with ammonia or an amine. Certain sulfonamides (sulfadiazine or sulfamethoxazole) are sometimes mixed with the drug trimethoprim, which acts against dihydrofolate reductase. As of 2013, the Republic of Ireland is the largest exporter worldwide of sulfonamides, accounting for approximately 32% of total exports.


title: Sulfonamide (medicine)

text: Sulfonamides have the potential to cause a variety of adverse effects, including urinary tract disorders, haemopoietic disorders, porphyria and hypersensitivity reactions. When used in large doses, they may cause a strong allergic reaction. The most serious of these are classified as severe cutaneous adverse reactions (i.e. SCARs) and include the Stevens–Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis (also known as Lyell syndrome), the DRESS syndrome, and a not quite as serious SCARs reaction, acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis. Any one of these SCARs may be triggered by certain sulfonamides.


title: Sulfonamide (medicine)

text: Approximately 3% of the general population have adverse reactions when treated with sulfonamide antimicrobials. Of note is the observation that patients with HIV have a much higher prevalence, at about 60%.


title: Sulfonamide (medicine)

text: Hypersensitivity reactions are less common in nonantibiotic sulfonamides, and, though controversial, the available evidence suggests those with hypersensitivity to sulfonamide antibiotics do not have an increased risk of hypersensitivity reaction to the nonantibiotic agents. A key component to the allergic response to sulfonamide antibiotics is the arylamine group at N4, found in sulfamethoxazole, sulfasalazine, sulfadiazine, and the anti-retrovirals amprenavir and fosamprenavir. Other sulfonamide drugs do not contain this arylamine group; available evidence suggests that patients who are allergic to arylamine sulfonamides do not cross-react to sulfonamides that lack the arylamine group, and may therefore safely take non-arylamine sulfonamides. It has therefore been argued that the terms "sulfonamide allergy" or "sulfa allergy" are misleading and should be replaced by a reference to a specific drug (e.g., "cotrimoxazole allergy").


title: Sulfonamide (medicine)

text: Two regions of the sulfonamide antibiotic chemical structure are implicated in the hypersensitivity reactions associated with the class.


title: Sulfonamide (medicine)

text: The most common manifestations of a hypersensitivity reaction to sulfa drugs are rash and hives. However, there are several life-threatening manifestations of hypersensitivity to sulfa drugs, including Stevens–Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, agranulocytosis, hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, fulminant hepatic necrosis, and acute pancreatitis, among others.


title: Dreamcatcher (group)

text: Dreamcatcher (; formerly known as MINX; also stylized as Dream Catcher) is a South Korean girl group formed by Happyface Entertainment (now Dreamcatcher Company). The group consists of seven members: JiU, SuA, Siyeon, Handong, Yoohyeon, Dami and Gahyeon. They made their official debut on January 13, 2017, with the single album "Nightmare".


title: Dreamcatcher (group)

text: Dreamcatcher originally debuted under the name MINX, releasing the single "Why Did You Come to My Home" on September 18, 2014 with a five-member lineup of JiU, SuA, Siyeon, Yoohyeon, and Dami. That December, they released the holiday single "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree" with girl group Dal Shabet. They released the EP "Love Shake", their last release as MINX, in July 2015. In November 2016, the group announced that they would re-debut in 2017 under the new name Dreamcatcher with two new members, Handong and Gahyeon.


title: Dreamcatcher (group)

text: The group has come to be recognized as "The face of rock in K-pop" by "Rolling Stone India" magazine.


title: Dreamcatcher (group)

text: Under the name Minx, the group held their first live performance at the Oak Valley Summertime Festival on August 9, 2014, where they performed two original songs: "Action" and "Why Did You Come To My Home". On September 15, Happyface Entertainment officially announced their new girl group, and Minx released their debut digital single "Why Did You Come to My Home" on September 18. The song was described as a "new take on the children's rhyme" of the same name.


title: Dreamcatcher (group)

text: Minx made their official debut on M Countdown on September 18 and ended promotions on October 26 with a final performance on "Inkigayo".


title: Dreamcatcher (group)

text: In July 2015, Minx released their first EP, "Love Shake", with a lead single of the same name. The single was promoted as a "joyous song" that "goes well with summer", a remake of the song "Love Shake" from labelmate Dal Shabet's "Bang Bang" album. On the same day, Minx held a press showcase at Ellui, a club in Seoul. They performed their first comeback stage on "The Show" on June 30 and "Show Champion" on July 1.


title: Dreamcatcher (group)

text: In November 2016, Happyface Entertainment revealed that Minx would re-debut under the name Dreamcatcher with two additional members, Handong and Gahyeon. The group re-debuted with the release of their single album "Nightmare" and its lead single "Chase Me" on January 13, 2017. On January 19, they held an official debut stage at M Countdown with "Chase Me".


title: Dreamcatcher (group)

text: Dreamcatcher released their first EP under their new name, "Prequel", on July 27. The album contained six tracks, including lead single "Fly High". The album debuted at number five on the "Billboard" World Albums Chart and peaked at number one on the US iTunes K-Pop Top 100 Chart. On August 1, Happyface Entertainment announced that Dreamcatcher would hold their first world tour after wrapping up promotions for "Prequel".


title: Dreamcatcher (group)

text: On October 3, Happyface Entertainment announced that Dreamcatcher would join the show "MixNine". By December 10, 2017, however, Happyface Entertainment announced that JiU, Siyeon, Yoohyeon and Dami would leave due to a schedule conflict with their tour in Brazil. On December 8, Happyface Entertainment announced that in collaboration with MyMusicTaste, Dreamcatcher would tour seven countries in Europe in February 2018 as part of their "Fly High" World Tour. Happyface Entertainment announced on December 28 that Dreamcatcher would hold a fan meeting on January 13, 2018 to celebrate the first anniversary of their debut with fans. All tickets to the fan meeting sold out in under one minute after sales opened to public on January 2.


title: Dreamcatcher (group)

text: Towards the end of the year, Dreamcatcher received critical acclaim from music critics worldwide for their unique sound that incorporated influences of rock and metal music. "Chase Me" placed at number 19 on "Billboard"s Best K-Pop Songs of 2017: Critics' Picks, and Dreamcatcher was listed number three on "Billboard"'s Best New K-Pop Acts in 2017.


title: Dreamcatcher (group)

text: On January 4, 2018, Happyface Entertainment revealed that Dreamcatcher would release a new digital single dedicated to fans in celebration of their first anniversary on January 12, composed by Ollounder (오종훈) and Leez (이수민), who also composed Dreamcatcher's previous lead singles "Chase Me" and "Good Night". Individual teaser photos were subsequently released every day until January 12, when Dreamcatcher officially released their first anniversary digital single "Full Moon" alongside a promotional video.


title: Dreamcatcher (group)

text: The single immediately charted highly on the iTunes Top 100 K-Pop charts in many countries worldwide and ranked number 16 on the "Billboard" World Digital Song Sales chart. On January 13, Dreamcatcher held their first anniversary fan meeting at the Mary Hall Grand Theatre at Sogang University, where they performed "Full Moon" for the first time. In February 2018, Dreamcatcher became the first K-pop girl group to complete a tour of major European cities. Cities visited on the "Fly High" World Tour included London (February 14), Lisbon (February 16), Madrid (February 18), Amsterdam (February 21), Berlin (February 22), Warsaw (February 23), and Paris (February 25). In March 2018, the group announced their official fandom name to be "InSomnia".


title: Dreamcatcher (group)

text: On April 28, Dreamcatcher were appointed public relations ambassador for copyright protection for Microsoft's latest Blockchain Security Technology commercialization and copyright protection campaign.


title: Dreamcatcher (group)

text: Their third EP, "Alone in the City", was released on September 20, 2018. On October 5, it was announced that Dreamcatcher would be debut in Japan in November with a Japanese version of their single "What", scheduled for release on November 21.


title: Dreamcatcher (group)

text: On February 13, Dreamcatcher released their fourth EP, "The End of Nightmare". The album culminated in their new single "PIRI", which showcased Dreamcatcher's signature rock acoustics and incorporation of music from its namesake musical instrument. On the same day, Dreamcatcher's agency, Happyface Entertainment announced that they had changed their name to DreamCatcher Company. After promotions of "PIRI", Dreamcatcher went on their Asia Tour "Invitation from Nightmare City", which was announced to be held in numerous cities—Jakarta, Manila, Singapore, Seoul, and Japanese cities Tokyo and Kobe—from March to May 2019. However, due to undisclosed reasons, the concert stop in Jakarta was later canceled; instead, a short fan meeting was held. On July, 3 more shows were announced as part of the "Invitation From Nightmare City" tour, including Australian cities Melbourne and Sydney and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Concerts were to take place from late August to early September. Unfortunately, due to a fire occurring at the theater on August 31, Dreamcatcher canceled their Melbourne stop. On August 31, Dreamcatcher announced the official first-generation membership for their fanclub "InSomnia". Both Korean and Japanese fanclub applications opened on September 2 for one month.


title: Dreamcatcher (group)

text: In early September, Dreamcatcher released a series of photos teasing a new release. A comeback scheduler was unveiled later, confirming the release of a new special EP, "Raid of Dream." On September 11, the group released their first Japanese studio album titled "The Beginning of The End", which includes Japanese versions of most of their lead singles and two new Japanese singles. The music video for the track "Breaking Out" was released two days prior to the album release, and Dreamcatcher held a showcase to promote and perform the new Japanese songs broadcast on LINE Live. Together with the release of Dreamcatcher's Korean comeback album "Raid of Dream", the music video of their new Korean song "Deja Vu" was unveiled on September 18. A Japanese version of the song was also uploaded simultaneously. The song was a collaboration with the mobile game 'King's Raid'.


title: Dreamcatcher (group)

text: After "Deja Vu" promotions, Dreamcatcher embarked on their second European tour in London (October 24), Milan (October 27), Berlin (October 30), Warsaw (November 1), Paris (November 3), Amsterdam (November 5), and Helsinki (November 7). Thereafter, the group also held their first ever tour in the United States, where they performed in Los Angeles (December 6), Chicago (December 8), Dallas (December 11), Orlando (December 13), and Jersey City (December 15). Handong was absent from both Europe and America tours due to at the time unspecified reasons, later revealed to be her participation in "Idol Producer".


title: Dreamcatcher (group)

text: On February 3, Dreamcatcher revealed their teaser schedule for their first Korean studio album. The album—"Dystopia: The Tree of Language"—was released on February 18 with the music video for the uptempo EDM-rock song "Scream". The album featured eight new songs, packaged with Dreamcatcher's previous two fan songs "Full Moon" and "Over the Sky", as well as Siyeon's solo debut song "Paradise". The album was the first part of the "Dystopia" series and the group's first album since 2017. Dreamcatcher's third Japanese single, "Endless Night", was released on March 11, after its official music video was released a week earlier via Pony Canyon's YouTube channel. On March 12, Dreamcatcher announced support for Handong's participation in the Chinese Idol-producing show "Youth With You". From March 20, Dreamcatcher held a two-week-long follow-up promotion on "Black or White", a song from their first studio album, days after promotions for "Red Sun" and "Scream" ended in the second week of March.


title: Dreamcatcher (group)

text: On May 1, Millenasia Project announced that Dreamcatcher, alongside Korean boy group In2It and female soloist AleXa, would feature in their song "Be The Future". The project, supported by UNESCO's Global Education Coalition, emphasized the importance of maintaining good hygiene practices and expressed gratitude to teaching staff worldwide for their continued efforts in educating students during the COVID-19 pandemic. The music video of the song was released on May 6.


title: Dreamcatcher (group)

text: On June 16, Dreamcatcher released a teaser for their new song "R.o.S.E BLUE", an O.S.T collaboration for the mobile game Girl Cafe Gun.


title: Dreamcatcher (group)

text: The song was released on July 15. Following "Deja Vu" in 2019, it was the second soundtrack that Dreamcatcher released for a game.


title: Dreamcatcher (group)

text: As part of an ongoing collaboration with MyMusicTaste, Dreamcatcher performed a six-member concert, called "Global Streaming Into The Night & Dystopia", on July 4, the group's first online concert for a global audience.


title: Dreamcatcher (group)

text: On July 8, Siyeon released the OST track "Good Sera" for the drama "Memorials", her second after her "Love & Secret" OST collaboration "Two of Us" in 2014.


title: Dreamcatcher (group)

text: On July 30, the group revealed a teaser schedule for their fifth EP, the second installment of the "Dystopia" series. The EP "Dystopia: Lose Myself" was released on August 17 and became their best selling album to date. The music video for the track "BOCA" from the EP was released on August 18. On October 16, Handong officially returned to the group and released her solo debut song, "First Light of Dawn", on October 19. On November 9, Dreamcatcher officially joined the social media platform Weverse.


title: Dreamcatcher (group)

text: On November 20, Dreamcatcher released their fourth Japanese single "No More". On November 21, Siyeon released her third OST track "No Mind" for the drama "Get Revenge".


title: Dreamcatcher (group)

text: On November 27, Dreamcatcher announced that they would be performing the opening theme song for anime television series "", titled "Eclipse". The song was released on December 25, and a full version was released in March 2021.


title: Dreamcatcher (group)

text: With the third installment of the "Dystopia" series, the group announced their new comeback with their sixth EP, "" and its lead single "Odd Eye", which was released on January 26, 2021. Dami and Siyeon released an OST for the drama "Black Hole" in two versions; the original debuted at number one on K-OSTs chart and number five on the rock genre charts.


title: Dreamcatcher (group)

text: On July 1, 2021, Dreamcatcher announced their management contract with Pony Canyon would end on August 31.


title: Dreamcatcher (group)

text: On July 30, 2021, Dreamcatcher made their comeback with the song "BEcause" and the special EP "Summer Holiday".


title: Dreamcatcher (group)

text: On April 12, 2022, Dreamcatcher released their second Korean studio album "" and its lead single "Maison". On April 20, the group earned their first music show win of their career with "Maison" on MBC M's "Show Champion". On April 26, Dreamcatcher wrapped up their promotions with their goodbye stage performance on SBS MTV's "The Show", where they earned their second music show win.


title: Dreamcatcher (group)

text: On June 4, 2022, Dreamcatcher traveled to Barcelona, Spain to perform at the 2022 Primavera Sound Festival.


title: Dreamcatcher (group)

text: On June 16, 2022, it was announced that Dreamcatcher will host the in America, which will host a world tour through nine regions, including Pennsylvania, Louisville, Chicago, Minneapolis, Denver, San Francisco, Los Angeles and Mexico City.


title: Dreamcatcher (group)

text: In September 2022, Dreamcatcher released an image of an unknown code word, signaling a comeback in October.


title: Dreamcatcher (group)

text: In October 2022, it was announced Dreamcatcher would hold a European tour for the first time since November 2019. The tour starts on November 14 and will cover five countries: Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, the United Kingdom, and France.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: Jaws: The Revenge is a 1987 American horror film produced and directed by Joseph Sargent. It is a direct sequel to "Jaws 2", ignoring the events of "Jaws 3-D", and is the fourth and final film in the franchise. Lorraine Gary reprised her role from the first two films while new cast members include Lance Guest, Mario Van Peebles, Karen Young and Michael Caine.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: The film focuses on a now-widowed Ellen Brody (Lorraine Gary) after Chief Brody died from a heart attack, her conviction that a great white shark is seeking revenge on her family, particularly when it kills her son, and follows her to the Bahamas. "Jaws: The Revenge" was shot on location in New England and in the Bahamas, and completed on the Universal lot. As with the first two films, Martha's Vineyard was the location of the fictional Amity Island for the opening scenes.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: While production of the other three films in the series took around two years each, "Jaws: The Revenge" was made in less than nine months. According to associate producer and production manager Frank Baur during the sequel's filming, "This ("Revenge") will be the fastest I have ever seen a major film planned and executed in all of my 35 years as a production manager." The lowest grossing film of the franchise with only $51.9 million, it was widely panned by critics. The film introduced the infamous tagline "This time, it's personal."


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: On Amity Island, Martin Brody, famous for his role as the police chief and his heroism, has died from a heart attack. Martin's widow, Ellen, still lives in Amity, close to her younger son, Sean, and his fiancée, Tiffany. Sean works as a police deputy. When he is dispatched to clear a log from a buoy a few days before Christmas, a great white shark appears and tears off his arm. He screams for help, but the singing on land drowns out his cries. The shark sinks his boat and drags him underwater to his death.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: Martin's older son, Michael, his wife, Carla, and their five-year-old daughter, Thea, come to Amity for the funeral. Michael is working in the Bahamas as a marine biologist and on his arrival, Ellen demands that he stop his work. Having just received his first grant, Michael is reluctant. Thea convinces Ellen to return to the Bahamas with them.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: The pilot of their small plane, Hoagie, takes an interest in Ellen when he flies them back. Wanting to take her mind off her recent losses and finding herself attracted, she begins spending time with him. Michael introduces his mother to his colleague Jake and his wife Louisa, and they spend Christmas and New Year's together.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: A few days later, Michael, Jake, and their crew encounter the shark, which followed the family from Amity. Jake is eager to research it because great white sharks have never been seen in the Bahamas due to the warm water. Michael asks him not to mention the shark to his family. During the day, Ellen can keep her mind off the shark, but at night she has nightmares of being attacked by it. She is also able to feel when the shark is about to attack one of her loved ones.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: Jake decides to attach a device to the shark that can track it through its heartbeat. Using chum to attract it, Jake stabs the device's tracking pole into the shark's side. The next day, the shark ambushes and chases Michael through a sunken ship, and he narrowly escapes.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: Thea goes on an inflatable banana boat with her friend Margaret and her mother. While Carla presents her new art sculpture, the shark attacks the back of the boat, killing Margaret's mother. After Thea is safe, Ellen boards Jake's boat to track down the shark, intending to kill it to save her family. After hearing about what happened, Michael confesses he knew about the shark, infuriating Carla.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: Michael and Jake are flown by Hoagie to search for Ellen, and find the shark in pursuit of their boat. During the search, Hoagie explains to Michael about Ellen's belief that the shark that killed Sean is hunting her family. When they find her, Hoagie lands the plane on the water, ordering Michael and Jake to swim to the boat as the shark drags the plane and Hoagie underwater.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: Hoagie escapes from the shark, and Jake and Michael hastily put together a device that emits electrical impulses. As Jake moves to the front of the boat, the shark lunges up and mauls him. Jake manages to get the device into the shark's mouth before being dragged underwater. Michael begins blasting the shark with the impulses, which drive it mad; it repeatedly jumps out of the water, roaring in pain.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: Michael continues blasting the shark with the impulses, causing it to leap out of the water again. Ellen steers the sailboat towards the shark, while thinking back to the shark's attack on Thea and also imagining Sean's death - and Martin defeating the first shark. As the shark is rearing up, she rams the broken bowsprit of the boat into it.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: In the original version of the film that was screened in the U.S., the shark bleeds out heavily and dies after being impaled. In the revised ending (for international theaters and DVD release), the impaling causes the shark to immediately explode and its corpse sinks to the bottom of the ocean (with re-used footage from the first film). Also in the revised ending, Michael hears Jake calling for help, seriously injured but still alive (Jake died in the original cut). A short time later, Hoagie flies Ellen back to Amity Island.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: As MCA Universal was going through a difficult period, its CEO Sidney Sheinberg saw that a third sequel to "Jaws" was likely to make a good profit, following the commercial success of "Jaws 3-D", despite generally attracting negative reviews. Sheinberg also saw an opportunity to promote the "Jaws" ride at Universal Studios.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: Joseph Sargent produced and directed the film. He had worked with Lorraine Gary in 1973's "The Marcus-Nelson Murders", for which he won his first Directors Guild of America Award. Indeed, Steven Spielberg cites this television film, which later spawned "Kojak", as motivation for casting Gary as Ellen Brody in the original "Jaws" film, besides the fact she was the wife of the studio's chief executive Sidney Sheinberg at that time. In regards to "Revenge", Gary remarked in an interview: "I made a good deal on this film, but I didn't make as good a deal as I would have if I weren't married to Sid."


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: In an interview with the "Boston Herald", Sargent called "Revenge" "a ticking bomb waiting to go off. ... Sid Sheinberg (president of MCA Inc., parent company of Universal Pictures) expects a miracle – and we're going to make it happen." Sargent got a call from Sheinberg in late September 1986, asking him to direct the fourth "Jaws" movie with no script yet written. Said Sargent, "I didn't have time to laugh because Sid explained he wanted to do a quality picture about human beings. When he told me, 'It's your baby, you produce and direct,' I accepted." According to Sargent, Sheinberg "cut through all the slow lanes and got "Jaws: The Revenge" off and running." In a 2006 interview, Sargent stated that the premise was born "out of a little bit of desperation to find something fresh to do with the shark. We thought that maybe if we take a mystical point of view, and go for a little bit of ... magic, we might be able to find something interesting enough to sit through."


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: The studio fast-tracked "Jaws: The Revenge" into production in September 1986 so that it could be released the following summer. The principal script by Michael Guzman, known for his TV work, was written in five weeks; however, the final shooting script had not been completed when filming began. Actors from the original film, Roy Scheider, who had been proposed as the shark’s first victim, and Richard Dreyfuss refused to participate. The film has no continuity from "Jaws 3-D". In its predecessor, Mike is an engineer for SeaWorld, whereas in "Jaws: The Revenge", he is a marine research scientist. One of the Universal press releases for "Jaws: The Revenge" refers to "Jaws: The Revenge" as the "third film of the remarkable "Jaws" trilogy." The underwater chase scene between Mike and the shark in "Revenge" was lifted from an early screenplay draft of "Jaws 3-D".


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: Lorraine Gary portrayed Ellen Brody in the first two films. In a press release, Gary says "Jaws: The Revenge"' is "also about relationships which ... makes it much more like the first "Jaws"." This was Gary's first film role since she had appeared in Spielberg's "1941" eight years earlier, as well as being her final film role.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: The press release proposes that the character "had much more depth and texture than either of the other films was able to explore. The promise of further developing this multi-dimensional woman under the extraordinary circumstances ... intrigued Gary enough to lure her back to the screen after a lengthy hiatus." Although the film was always going to be centered on Gary, Roy Scheider was offered a cameo. If he had accepted it, it was his Martin Brody character, rather than Sean Brody, who would have been killed by the shark at the film's beginning.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: Gary is the only principal cast member from the original film who returned, although Lee Fierro made a brief cameo as Mrs. Kintner (the mother of Alex M. Kintner who was killed in "Jaws"), as did Fritzi Jane Courtney, who played Mrs. Taft, one of the Amity town council members in both "Jaws" and "Jaws 2". Cyprian R. Dube, who played Amity Selectman Mr. Posner in both "Jaws" and "Jaws 2", is upgraded to mayor following the death of Murray Hamilton, who played Larry Vaughan, the mayor in the first two "Jaws" films.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: Gary states that one of the reasons she was attracted to the film was the idea of an on-screen romance with Oscar winner Michael Caine. Caine had previously starred in another Peter Benchley-adapted flop, "The Island".


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: The first day we were to work together I was nervous as a school girl. We were shooting a Junkanoo Festival with noisy drums and hundreds of extras. But he never faltered in his concentration and he put me completely at ease. It was all so natural. He's an extraordinary actor – and just a nice human being.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: Caine had mixed feelings about both the production and the final version. He thinks that it was a first for him to be involved with someone his own age in a film. He compares the relationship between two middle-aged people to the romance between two teenagers. Although disappointed not to be able to collect an Academy Award because of filming in the Bahamas, he was glad to be involved in the film. In the press release, he explains that "it is part of movie history ... the original was one of the great all-time thrillers. I thought it might be nice to be mixed up with that. I liked the script very much." However, Caine later claimed: "I have never seen it [the film], but by all accounts it is terrible. However, I have seen the house that it built, and it is terrific!" In his 1992 autobiography "What's it All About?", he says that the film "will go down in my memory as the time when I won an Oscar, paid for a house and had a great holiday. Not bad for a flop movie."


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: Lance Guest played Ellen's eldest son Mike. Guest had dropped out of his sophomore year at UCLA (1981) to appear in another sequel to a horror classic; "Halloween II". Karen Young played his wife Carla. She commended the director's emphasis upon characterization.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: Mario Van Peebles played Jake, Michael's colleague. His father, Melvin Van Peebles, has a cameo in the film as Nassau's mayor. Mitchell Anderson appeared as Ellen's youngest son, Sean. Lynn Whitfield played Louisa, and stunt performer Diane Hetfield was the victim of the banana boat attack.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: Principal photography for "Jaws: The Revenge" took place on location in New England and in the Bahamas, and completed on the Universal lot. Like the first two films of the series, Martha's Vineyard was the location of the fictional Amity Island for the film's opening scenes. Production commenced on February 2, 1987, by which time "snowstorms had blanketed" the island for almost a month, "providing a frosty backdrop for the opening scenes." Because the sequel had to be ready for release by July of the same year and the mechanical shark had to be filmed in warmer temperatures, Martha's Vineyard only makes a cameo appearance in "Revenge".


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: In addition to the 124 cast and crew members, 250 local extras were also hired. The majority of the extras were used as members of the local high school band, chorus and dramatic society that can be seen as the Brodys walk through the town, and during Sean's attack. A local gravestone maker produced 51 slabs for the mock graveyard used for Sean's funeral.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: The cast and crew moved to Nassau in the Bahamas on February 9, beginning principal photography there the next day. Like the production of the first two films, they encountered many problems with varying weather conditions. The location did not offer the "perfect world" that the 38-day shoot required. Cover shots were filmed on shore and in interior sets. The film was shot in the Super 35 format.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: The special effects team, headed by Henry Millar, had arrived at South Beach, Nassau on January 12, 1987, almost a month before principal photography commenced there. In the official press release, Millar says that when he became involved "we didn't even have a script ... but as the story developed and they started telling us all what they wanted ... I knew this wasn't going to be like any other shark anyone had ever seen."


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: The shark was to be launched from atop an long platform, made from the trussed turret of a crane, and floated out into Clifton Bay. Seven sharks, or segments, were produced.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: Two models were fully articulated, two were made for jumping, one for ramming, one was a half shark (the top half) and one was just a fin. The two fully articulated models each had 22 sectioned ribs and movable jaws covered by a flexible water-based latex skin, measured in length and weighed 2500 pounds. Each tooth was half-a-foot long and as sharp as it looked. All models were housed under cover ... in a secret location on the island.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: The film company returned to Universal to finish shooting on April 2. Principal photography was completed in Los Angeles on May 26. Millar's special effects team, however, remained in Nassau, completing second unit photography on June 4.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: Cinematographer John McPherson also supervised the underwater unit, which was headed by Pete Romano. Whereas underwater photography was normally filmed with an anamorphic lens, requiring overhead lighting, Romano filmed these "sequences with Zeiss, a 35 mm super-speed lens, which allows the natural ambiance to come through on film." Additional underwater photography was completed in a water tank, measuring by across, and in depth, in Universal Studio's Stage 27. Also, a replica of Nassau's Clifton Bay and its skyline was created on the man-made Falls Lake on the studio backlot.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: A television documentary, "Behind the Scenes with "Jaws: The Revenge"", was broadcast in the U.S. on July 10, 1987. Twenty-two minutes in length, it was written and directed by William Rus for Zaloom Mayfield Productions.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: In the original theatrical version's ending, Ellen rammed the shark with Mike's boat, mortally wounding it. The shark then causes the boat to break apart with its death contortions, forcing the people on the boat to jump off to avoid going down with it. American audiences disapproved of this ending. Following this, a different ending was ordered to be shot for foreign distribution in which the shark gets stabbed with the bow sprit and then inexplicably explodes, with Jake being found wounded but alive. Universal used this ending on home media releases.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: A rumor persisted that the re-shooting of the ending prevented Michael Caine from collecting his Academy Award for "Hannah and Her Sisters" in person. The re-shot ending reportedly began filming only five days after the film was released in the United States. The new ending was the version released in other Western countries. The original ending can only be seen on cable broadcasts and has not been released on any home video format. In his review of the film, Roger Ebert said that he could not believe "[t]hat the director, Joseph Sargent, would film this final climactic scene so incompetently that there is not even an establishing shot, so we have to figure out what happened on the basis of empirical evidence."


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: The score was composed and conducted by Michael Small, who had previously provided music for "Klute", "Marathon Man" (both of which featured "Jaws" star Roy Scheider) and "The Parallax View". John Williams' original shark motif is integrated into the score, although Small removed the Orca theme. Soundtrack.net says that "Small's score is generally tense, and he comes up with a few new themes of his own." The film also contained the songs "Nail it to the Wall", performed by Stacy Lattisaw, and the 1986 hit "You Got It All", performed by The Jets.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: A soundtrack album was announced when the film opened; however, the release was cancelled following the film's disappointing performance at the box office. A promotional version of the album was released in 2000 on Audio CD and Compact Cassette. Reviews for the soundtrack album were more favorable than for the film. Indeed, writing for "Film Score Monthly", AK Benjamin says that "on a CD, Small's material fares better since it's not accompanied by the film." Dismissing the film as "engagingly unwatchable", he says that "Small certainly gave "Revenge" a lot more than it deserved – and this a much better score than "Deep Blue Sea" ... whatever that means." Benjamin portrays Small as 'knowing' and his work as being superior to the film.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: The hysterical coda tacked onto the end of "Revenge and Finale" is almost worth the price of the disc, as it no doubt sums up Small's opinion of the film. It's sad that the great Michael Small was delegated utter crap like "Jaws the Revenge" in the late '80s – and even worse that he never found his way back to the material that he deserves.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: Upon Small's death in 2003, "The Independent" wrote that the "composer of some distinction ... had the indignity of working on one of the worst films of all time". Like most reviews of the soundtrack, the article criticizes the film whilst saying "Small produced a fine score in the circumstances, as if anyone noticed."


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: In 2015, Intrada Records, which previously reissued "Jaws 3-D" on compact disc, released the complete score. Intrada was given access to the complete session mixes, meaning that the disc included every cue recorded, including alternate print takes of several cues.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: The film opened at the height of summer on July 17, 1987, in 1,606 theaters, where it debuted in third place, behind "RoboCop" and a re-screening of "Snow White and The Seven Dwarfs". In its opening weekend, the film grossed $7,154,890, almost half of what "Jaws 3-D" had grossed in its first weekend. "Jaws: The Revenge" was only in the top 10 for two weeks, before dropping to No. 12 in its third week. By the end of its theatrical run, "Jaws: The Revenge" had grossed a worldwide total of $51,881,013. Although this made it a financial success on its $23 million budget, "Jaws: The Revenge" grossed by far the lowest of the entire "Jaws" franchise: the original film grossed nine times more in 1975 on only 675 theaters.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: "Jaws: The Revenge" was originally screened on AMC in the United States and on BBC in the United Kingdom. The AMC version includes a number of deleted and extended scenes that were removed from the original theatrical release. These include spoken narration prior to the opening credits explaining that some circumstances can be due to fate, and more dialogue between Ellen and Hoagie as well as between Michael and Jake. There are additional shots of the shark diving towards the submersible and slightly different angles showing Jake's death.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: Some airings of "Jaws: The Revenge", most notably on the BBC, have not cropped the frames shown, meaning that most of the shark's internal machinery on its underside is visible during attack sequences.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: "Jaws: The Revenge" was the first film of the series to be released on DVD. It was released on Region 1 as a 'vanilla' disc by Goodtimes, featuring Spanish and French subtitles. The feature is presented in a non-anamorphic 2.35:1 widescreen transfer. The soundtrack was presented in Dolby Digital 4.1, with one reviewer saying that the "stereo separation is great with ocean waves swirling around you, the bubbles going by during the scuba scenes, and Hoagie's airplane flying around behind you." The same reviewer praised the image transfer of McPherson's "extremely well photographed" cinematography. The film was re-released on DVD by Universal on June 3, 2003, in an anamorphic transfer. In 2015, "Jaws: The Revenge" was re-released on DVD as part of a three movie multi-pack, along with "Jaws 2" and "Jaws 3-D".


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: Universal Pictures released "Jaws: The Revenge" on Blu-ray on June 14, 2016. The bonus features on the disc are the film's theatrical trailer and the restored original theatrical ending in high definition.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: "Jaws: The Revenge" was universally panned by critics and audiences alike. On Rotten Tomatoes, with 41 reviews, the film has an approval rating of 0%, with an average rating of 2.7/10. The critical consensus reads, "Illogical, tension-free and filled with cut-rate special effects, "Jaws: The Revenge" is a sorry chapter in a once-proud franchise." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 15 out of 100, based on 15 critics, indicating "overwhelming dislike". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: For her performance, Gary was nominated for both a Saturn Award for Best Actress and a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress; she lost to Jessica Tandy for "*batteries not included" and Madonna for "Who's That Girl", respectively. It was rated by "Entertainment Weekly" as one of "The 25 Worst Sequels Ever Made". It was voted number 22 by readers of "Empire" magazine in their list of "The 50 Worst Movies Ever".


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film zero stars, writing in his review that it "is not simply a bad movie, but also a stupid and incompetent one." He lists several elements that he finds unbelievable, including that Ellen is "haunted by flashbacks to events where she was not present". Ebert joked that Caine could not attend the ceremony to accept his Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor earned for "Hannah and Her Sisters" because of his shooting commitments on this film, because he may not have wanted to return to the shoot if he had left it. On their review show, both Ebert and his colleague Gene Siskel slated the film, also pointing out a number of "logical errors amongst many logical errors" including a scene near the end where Michael Caine's shirt is dry despite having just hauled himself out of the water. Siskel concluded his review by saying "let's hope this is the end of the Jaws saga".


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: Many scenes are considered implausible, such as the shark swimming from a Massachusetts island to the Bahamas (approx. ) in less than three days, somehow knowing that the Brody family went to the Bahamas, or following Michael through an underwater labyrinth, as well as the implication of such a creature seeking revenge. "The Independent" pointed out that "the film was riddled with inconsistencies [and] errors (sharks cannot float or roar like lions)". The special effects were criticized, especially some frames of the shark being speared by the boat's prow, and the mechanisms propelling the shark can be plainly seen in some shots.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: Derek Winnert ends his otherwise lukewarm review by stating, "the Bahamas backdrops are pretty and the shark looks as toothsome as ever". Richard Scheib also praises the "beautiful above and below water photography" and the "realistic mechanical shark," although he considers "the melodrama back on dry land ... a bore." Critics commented upon the sepia-toned flashbacks to the first film. A scene with Michael and Thea imitating each other is interspersed with shots from a similar scene in "Jaws" of Sean (Jay Mello) and Martin Brody. Similarly, the shark's destruction contains footage of Martin Brody aiming at the compressed air tank, saying "Smile, you son of a ... ". "The New York Times" comments "nothing kills a sequel faster than reverence ... Joseph Sargent, the director, has turned this into a color-by-numbers version of Steven Spielberg's original "Jaws"."


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: In a 2019 scholarly article, I.Q. Hunter argues that the film "is valuable as a case study because it is not a ‘standard’ SoBIG ["so bad it's good"] failure. It is neither a weird anomaly with a passionate and visible fan-base, nor the product of an archaic cash-strapped production context. Nor was it a massive flop, redolent of budgetary overkill and artistic vanity. "Jaws: The Revenge" is simply, by universal consensus, a very bad film."


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: The increasing number of sequels in the "Jaws" series was spoofed in the 1989 film "Back to the Future Part II" (which was produced by Steven Spielberg and featured "Jaws 3" star Lea Thompson), when Marty McFly travels to the year 2015 and sees a theater showing "Jaws 19" (fictionally directed by Max Spielberg), with the tagline ""This time it's REALLY REALLY personal!"". This alludes to the tagline of "Jaws: The Revenge": "This time it's personal." After being "attacked" by a promotional volumetric image of the shark outside the theatre, Marty says "the shark "still" looks fake." In celebration of "Back to the Future Day" in 2015, Universal released a parody trailer for "Jaws 19", where the sequels after "The Revenge" would have included sharks in various environments, prequels, and even a love story titled "Jaws 17: Fifty Scales of Grey".


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: The film is listed in Golden Raspberry Award founder John Wilson's book "The Official Razzie Movie Guide" as one of The 100 Most Enjoyably Bad Movies Ever Made.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: The novelization was written by Hank Searls, who also adapted "Jaws 2". While Searls' "Jaws 2" novelization was based on an earlier draft of that film and was significantly different from the finished film, his "Jaws: The Revenge" novelization sticks fairly close to the final film, although it does contain some extra subplots. The novel contains a subplot in which Hoagie is a government agent and he transports laundered money. The only reference to this in the film is when Michael Brody asks "What do you do when you're not flying people?" to which Hoagie replies, "I deliver laundry." In Searls' novel, the character of Jake is ultimately killed by the shark; Jake was originally supposed to die in the film, but the script was changed to allow him to survive.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: The novelization suggests that the shark may be acting under the influence of a vengeful voodoo witch doctor (who has a feud with the Brody family), and the shark's apparent revenge has magical implications. Taken from the earlier drafts of the screenplay, the shark is directed by a voodoo curse laid by Papa Jacques, a Haitian witch doctor. Film scholar I.Q. Hunter explains, "The revenge of the title is, therefore, Papa Jacques’ and not the shark’s, which entirely changes the story’s meaning: the shark, impelled by ‘stranger forces man could never understand,’ is an instrument of postcolonial revenge." This also explains the strange psychic connection Ellen and the shark have with each other. The plot was deleted as it strayed too far away from the plot of the killer shark. However, at one point in the theatrical version, Michael Brody says, "Come on, sharks don't commit murder. Tell me you don't believe in that voodoo."


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: The novelization includes additional scenes that were not included in the final cut of the film, including chapters from the shark's point of view where it is explained that it doesn't understand why it is acting the way it is, as well as an attack on a preppy windsurfer, a drunken newscaster seeing the shark off the side of his yacht, and a relationship between Ellen Brody and a gangster who later meets his demise in the sea with the shark.


title: Jaws: The Revenge

text: In July 2018, Steven Spielberg expressed interest in a "Jaws" prequel film focusing on the 1945 sinking of the USS "Indianapolis", featuring a younger version of Robert Shaw's Quint in a supporting capacity. In May 2020, Shaw's grandson Ferdia Shaw expressed interest in potentially portraying the young Quint in the future, should the film ever be produced.


title: Mike Dirnt

text: Michael Ryan Pritchard (born May 4, 1972), better known by his stage name Mike Dirnt, is an American rock musician who is the co-founder, bassist, backing and occasional lead vocalist, and former guitarist of Green Day. He has also played in several other bands, including the Frustrators. His stage name Dirnt was originally a nickname that his friends from grade school gave him, as he constantly played "air bass/guitar" and made a "dirnt, dirnt, dirnt" noise while pretending to pluck the strings.


title: Mike Dirnt

text: As a child, his father was often away obtaining a degree, while his mother stayed at home to care for him and his sister Myla. Pritchard excelled in school, despite often missing classes as a result of various illnesses attributed to his biological mother's drug use.


title: Mike Dirnt

text: After an argument between his parents led to a call to the police, the couple divorced. His mother and sister moved to Rodeo, California, while he stayed in El Sobrante, California, with his father. However, missing his mother, he eventually moved in with her and Myla. Having been previously described as bright and fearless, Dirnt became sullen and withdrawn after the divorce.


title: Mike Dirnt

text: In the cafeteria in Carquinez Middle School, ten-year-old Dirnt met Billie Joe Armstrong, with whom he bonded instantly. Armstrong began to play guitar with Mike, and the two spent much time together at Armstrong's house learning songs by artists such as the Ramones, Ozzy Osbourne, Def Leppard, Hüsker Dü, AC/DC, Lynyrd Skynyrd, the Replacements, the Who and Van Halen. At the age of 14, they formed a group named "Sweet Children" with Billie Joe singing and playing lead guitar, Mike playing rhythm guitar, Sean Hughes on bass, and Raj Punjabi on drums.


title: Mike Dirnt

text: After attending Salesian High School, an all-boys Catholic school for his first year, Dirnt transferred to Pinole Valley High School, where Armstrong had also recently transferred from John Swett High School. Dirnt's family struggled with financial troubles; in an effort to help out, he worked as a chef at Nantucket, a seafood restaurant in Crockett. He eventually saved up enough money to purchase a used pickup truck that he and Armstrong often drove to Berkeley to attend shows at 924 Gilman Street, an influential DIY punk club. The pair got jobs at the club as security guards, despite their small physiques. Dirnt recalled, "We lived and died for that place. At that time, it meant everything."


title: Mike Dirnt

text: While at Pinole Valley High School, Dirnt and classmate Armstrong formed a band called Sweet Children. Dirnt's mother struggled to provide for him and his sister as a single parent and eventually had to leave Rodeo in 1987 to look for work. Unwilling to leave Sweet Children, Armstrong and Dirnt convinced each other's parents to allow Dirnt to move into Armstrong's garage.


title: Mike Dirnt

text: After drummer John Kiffmeyer, who was also known as Al Sobrante, joined the group and replaced original drummer Raj Punjabi, Sweet Children began performing at 924 Gilman Street. The band performed several well-received sets, which encouraged Armstrong to drop out of high school to focus his energy on music. Dirnt, however, worried that he needed a backup plan and continued his studies.


title: Mike Dirnt

text: Bass player Sean Hughes, who was not as dedicated to the group as the other members, left Sweet Children, leaving Dirnt to play bass. Dirnt often brought his bass to school, and the plucking noise of the unamplified strings led classmates to jokingly call him by the onomatopoeia "Dirnt". After changing its name to Green Day, the band recorded its debut album "39/Smooth" over the 1989 Christmas holiday break and went on its first van tour in June 1990, leaving the day that Dirnt graduated from high school.


title: Mike Dirnt

text: At Woodstock '94, Green Day started an infamous mud fight, during which several fans invaded the stage. Overwhelmed by the chaotic situation, concert security mistook the mud-soaked Dirnt for a fan and tackled him, knocking out one of his teeth. Dirnt required emergency orthodontia due to this incident.