title: Ōkami

text: The Wii version of "Ōkami" has received generally similar praise to the PlayStation 2 version, with GameSpot stating that the support for widescreen and the Wii controls "make it even more relevant today than it was in 2006". The use of the Wii Remote for the Celestial Brush was well received; in GameSpots review, they noted that the Wii functionality with the Brush "improves the pace of the game". Other aspects to the controls were found to be weaker, particularly in combat. In their review, "Nintendo Power" recommended the PlayStation 2 version of the game over the Wii, stating that "though you can overcome the drawing and attacking issues with practice (and by sticking to whip-style weapons), it's a hurdle you shouldn't have to leap". The Wii version was given the Game of the Month award from IGN for April 2008. It was a nominee for multiple awards from IGN in its 2008 video game awards, including Best Artistic Design and Best Use of the Wii-Mote. In 2009, "Official Nintendo Magazine" ranked the game 33rd in a list of greatest Nintendo games.


title: Ōkami

text: The high-definition release on the PlayStation 3 was praised for being the "definitive" version of the game, with the rendering in 1080p helping to make the graphics style of the game stand out. Cam Shae of IGN did express some disappointment that the PlayStation 3 version does not attempt to address the "pop up" of far-off objects due to draw distance, a limitation of the PlayStation 2 version. Oli Welsh of Eurogamer considered that the game remains as relevant as it was when it was first released in 2006, being one of the few video games of the "Zelda" style.


title: Ōkami

text: The release of "Ōkami HD" for Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One in 2017 was critically praised, establishing that the decade-old game still remained relevant. Julie Muncy for "Wired" said that while the game is somewhat long for a single-player experience, the game is "an underrated masterpiece, the kind of beautiful work that's critically acclaimed but forgotten all too quickly". Chris Schilling for "PC Gamer" also acknowledged that the game could be "languid to the point of lethargy" at times, but that "Ōkami" remained a "gorgeous and unforgettable adventure". Katherine Byrne for "Rock Paper Shotgun" similarly said that some aspects of the game were plodding, but the game still remains beautiful with the improved graphics support, and that using a computer mouse for the Celestial Brush powers helps to make the game feel "reborn", giving the player more options to consider in combat. "Polygon"s Jeff Ramos considered this release the best example of a remaster, praising how well the game's art style and detail are rendered at the higher 4k resolutions.


title: Ōkami

text: "Ōkami"s initial showing at the 2005 E3 Convention garnered severals awards and recognition, including 1UP's "Best PS2 Game", "Best Game of Show" (second place), and "Best Action Game" (third place); IGN's "Best PS2 Game of Show", and runner-up for "Best of Show" and "Most Innovative Design"; and "X-Play's" "Most Original Game". GameSpy recognized it as the fifth best game showing for the convention.


title: Ōkami

text: Upon release, "Ōkami" appeared as the "Game of the Month" for IGN, "Electronic Gaming Monthly", and "Game Informer". IGN, "Edge Magazine" and Game Revolution rated it as the best overall game of 2006, while GameTrailers and "" named it best PS2 game for 2006. IGN further awarded the game the "Best Overall" and "PS2 Adventure Game", the "Best Overall" and "PS2 Artistic Design", the "Overall" and "PS2 Most Innovative Design", and the "Best Overall Story". GameSpot awarded the game for the "Best Artistic Graphics" for 2006. IGN named "Ōkami" 90th game of all time as of 2017. In 2010, "GamePro" ranked it as the fifth best game for the PlayStation 2.


title: Ōkami

text: "Ōkami" has won awards outside the mainstream gaming press. The game earned the "Best Character Design" and only one of three Innovation Awards at the 2007 Game Developers Choice Awards. "Ōkami" won the Grand Prize in the Entertainment Division of the 2006 Japan Media Arts Festival. On 13 August 2007, it was also awarded the best "Animation in a Game Engine", "Art Direction in a Game Engine", "Outstanding Original Adventure Game", and "Game of the Year" in the 2006 awards by the National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers (NAViGaTR). "Ōkami" was given an "Award for Excellence" from the Japanese Computer Entertainment Supplier's Association (CESA) at the Japan Game Awards 2007 and was later given 2009 CESA Developers Conference (CEDEC) award for "Visual Arts". The game was awarded the "Best Anthropomorphic Video Game" in the 2006 Ursa Major awards. It also won the 2007 BAFTA awards for "Artistic Achievement" and "Original Score". "Ōkami" also received Outstanding Platform Action/Adventure Game nominations At the 11th Satellite Awards.


title: Ōkami

text: More than 200,000 copies of "Ōkami" were sold in North America in 2006, grossing approximately US$8 million and ranking as the 100th best selling game of the year in the region. By March 2007, the total sales of the PlayStation 2 version were near 270,000. By comparison, 66,000 copies were sold in Japan for 2006. Though it was initially thought that poor sales of "Ōkami" and "God Hand" (another Clover game released in the same time frame) were the cause of the closure of Clover Studio, it was later revealed that three key developers within Capcom and Clover Studio, Shinji Mikami ("Resident Evil" series), Hideki Kamiya ("Devil May Cry" series), and Inaba, had left the company, and the studio was dissolved, such that "now all the resources should be used more effectively and more efficiently since they are centralized". The trio formed the video game development company "Seeds Inc", later merging with a company called "ODD" to become "PlatinumGames".


title: Ōkami

text: On 30 July 2008, Capcom revealed that approximately 280,000 copies of the Wii version of "Ōkami" had been sold in North America and Europe since its release date. The Wii version debuted in Japan with a modest 24,000 copies sold in its first week in the region. It was recognized as the sixth-bestselling game in Japan on 23 October 2009. Total sales for the game remained under 600,000 total units by March 2009, and was named the "least commercially successful winner of a game of the year award" in the 2010 version of the "Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition". Subsequently, in 2018, the game was awarded the Guinness World Record for "Most critically acclaimed video game starring an animal character".


title: Ōkami

text: "Ōkami HD" on PlayStation 4 yielded 16,536 unit sales within its first week on sale in Japan, placing it at number 18 on the all format sales chart.


title: Ōkami

text: As of June 30, 2022 "Ōkami HD" has sold 1.90 million units on the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Nintendo Switch, while the PC and PlayStation 3 versions had sold units , for a combined 2.965 million units sold as of June 2022. The "Ōkami" series has sold 3.8 million units worldwide, as of September 30, 2022.


title: Ōkami

text: Ben Mattes, producer for the 2008 "Prince of Persia" video game, cited "Ōkami", "Ico", and "Shadow of the Colossus" as influences on the gameplay and artwork for the game. Capcom's "Street Fighter IV" is stated to have character designs influenced by Ōkami with hand-drawn images and brushstroke-like effects. The Disney video game, "Epic Mickey", uses similar drawing aspects as "Ōkami", allowing the player to draw and modify parts of levels to proceed. The final boss, Yami, appears as the main antagonist and final boss in the crossover fighting game, "". Amaterasu appears as a playable character in "", "Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3" and "Teppen". After Clover's dissolution and most of its staff's subsequent reformation as PlatinumGames, one of their next games, "Bayonetta", contains several references to "Ōkami"; the most notable of these is when Bayonetta transforms into a panther and, like Amaterasu, a trail of flowers and plant life follows her. For the 2010 San Diego Comic Con, Capcom raffled a limited run of T-shirts designed by Gerald de Jesus and iam8bit that placed Amaterasu, Shiranui, and Chibiterasu (from "Ōkamiden") into a homage to the Three Wolf Moon t-shirt.


title: Ōkami

text: In 2009, GamesRadar included "Ōkami" among the games "with untapped franchise potential", commenting: "Seriously, if Nintendo can make the same "Zelda" game every few years, then why can't Capcom release "Ōkami 2"?". In 2015, Amaterasu was featured in Archie Comics' "Worlds Unite" crossover between its "Sonic the Hedgehog" comic lines and "Mega Man" series. An "Ōkami" costume was included in "Monster Hunter Generations". Capcom submitted and got approval to publish an Amaterasu "courier" for "Dota 2" just prior to the December 2017 release of "Ōkami HD" on Steam, with players that had pre-ordered or purchased "Ōkami HD" within the release period receiving the courier for free.


title: Mr. Big (Sex and the City)

text: John James Preston, commonly known as "Mr. Big", is a recurring character in the HBO series "Sex and the City", the follow-up film of the same name and its sequel, and epilogue series "And Just Like That...", portrayed by Chris Noth. He is the primary on-and-off love interest of the series' protagonist, Carrie Bradshaw, who usually refers to him as "Big".


title: Mr. Big (Sex and the City)

text: Mr. Big first appeared as a recurring character and love interest of Carrie in Candace Bushnell's column "Sex and the City" in "The New York Observer". Bushnell based Mr. Big on Ron Galotti, the former publisher of "GQ" and "Talk," whom she had dated. Bushnell told "New York Magazine" in 2004, "He was one of those New York guys with a big personality—you just notice him as soon as he walks in the room," and "I called him Mr. Big because he was like a big man on campus."


title: Mr. Big (Sex and the City)

text: "Big" appears in the first episode of "Sex and the City" as a very attractive stranger who helps Carrie pick up the contents of her purse (notably cosmetics and condoms) after she is accidentally bumped by a stranger on the streets of Manhattan. The nickname "Big" refers to his status as a "major tycoon, major dreamboat, and majorly out of [Carrie's] league," according to the show's dialogue. (His real name is not revealed to viewers until the final episode of the series; in a running joke, whenever Carrie is about to introduce Mr. Big to another character onscreen, she is interrupted before she can say his name.) When Carrie and her friend Samantha bump into Big at a nightclub, Samantha tries to hit on him, but he tactfully declines. In the first few episodes, he and Carrie frequently bump into one another, until finally Big suggests the two of them should "bump into one another on purpose". Carrie agrees and thus begins their on-again-off-again relationship. Big calls Carrie by the nickname "Kid". When Carrie asks Big if he has ever been in love, he replies, "Ab-so-fucking-lutely".


title: Mr. Big (Sex and the City)

text: Carrie eventually falls in love with Big, despite his fear of commitment. His reserved communication on relationship issues and Carrie's coping with the ambiguity are frequent plot devices. Carrie repeatedly returns to the relationship even though he is clearly emotionally unavailable to her and unable to meet her needs. It appears Mr. Big was emotionally crippled by a series of failed relationships. He has a tendency to take major emotional steps in the relationship more slowly than Carrie, which is depicted as a result of emotional unavailability. Carrie's interpretation of Mr. Big's inner turmoil as unreachable distance often creates larger issues because of her misplaced feelings of unworthiness, and due to her propensity for not communicating truthfully until too late, results in a lot of painful misunderstandings. Carrie can be un-empathetic and often issues ultimatums (i.e. first break-up), and Big can't shed his ingrained emotional pessimism to fully embrace Carrie as a partner. They break up repeatedly, over the course of two years for those reasons, before Big marries a twenty-six-year-old socialite and Ralph Lauren employee named Natasha (Bridget Moynahan) after dating her for only five months. This hurts Carrie, as she wonders why he could take steps with Natasha that he refused to take with Carrie. It becomes obvious later that Mr. Big had simply skipped many of the important emotional steps before marriage, many of which he had definitely, if slowly, taken with Carrie. Ironically this creates the problems of distance and unavailability between Big and Natasha, which Carrie had so feared in their own relationship.


title: Mr. Big (Sex and the City)

text: Within seven months of his marriage, he begins to chafe at his matrimonial bonds and pines for Carrie; he initiates an affair with her. Carrie, who is in a committed relationship (with Aidan Shaw) at the time, feels guilty but continues to see Big. The affair continues until Natasha comes home unexpectedly and discovers Carrie fleeing—half dressed—from the marital apartment. Natasha trips and breaks her tooth while chasing after Carrie, who ends up taking Natasha to the emergency room. As a result, Carrie ends the affair. Carrie later finds out that Big and Natasha have divorced.


title: Mr. Big (Sex and the City)

text: Big and Carrie eventually become close friends. He relocates to Napa Valley, and they are able to discuss their other ongoing relationships with each other. But their sexual chemistry always remains just below the surface, and their friendship never remains strictly platonic. After reading Carrie's book, Big begins to understand how much he has hurt her, and he empathizes further when a famous actress he is dating treats him in a fashion similar to the way Big has treated Carrie: at arm's length, eschewing true intimacy. The relationship between Big and the celebrity is certainly a parallel between Carrie/Big, except that the celebrity refuses physical intimacy one-sidedly, ignoring Big's overtures except when it suits her, whereas Carrie/Big's problems were almost completely emotional and arguably two-sided. The experience ends up allowing Big to finally get past his inner pain. Big grows as an emotional being, changing and evolving as the series progresses, moving past innate pain to suit Carrie's needs better, ostensibly becoming a "better man."


title: Mr. Big (Sex and the City)

text: Big seems to have no real friends, at least in New York. He is rarely shown with other males, and when he is, they are usually credited as colleagues or acquaintances. In one scene he is shown at a New Year's Eve party alone, eating while the celebration goes on around him, but seems to feel comfortable with the situation.


title: Mr. Big (Sex and the City)

text: The series finale, "An American Girl in Paris", ties together the loose ends of Carrie and Big's relationship and concludes their long, unconventional courtship. Absent for most of season six, Big suddenly reappears in Carrie's life near the end of the season, once again at the wrong time. At this point, Carrie has grown tired and frustrated with Big's inconsistency and angrily rebuffs him, but also realizes her behavior towards him has often pushed him away. However, Big is desperate to win Carrie back. The season finale depicts his attempt to reunite with her.


title: Mr. Big (Sex and the City)

text: The series finale takes place over two episodes in which Carrie moves to Paris with her current boyfriend, Russian artist Aleksandr Petrovsky (played by Mikhail Baryshnikov). In the first half of the finale, "An American Girl in Paris Part Une", Big shows up outside Carrie's apartment in New York after she fails to return his phone calls. She is on her way to her last dinner with the girls before departing for Paris. Big attempts to invite Carrie to dinner and drinks in order to apologize for the way he treated her, only to be turned down. Carrie explains that she is moving to Paris with a man she's in a relationship with. Big asks Carrie when she was going to tell him that she was moving to Paris, a reference to the time earlier in their relationship when Big moved to Napa and almost didn't tell Carrie. Big teases her about moving to Paris with a Russian and then tries to tell her that she's "The One". Carrie loses her temper and tells Big that she is tired of having him interrupt her life and ruin her happiness for the past six years. Then she rushes off to meet her friends for dinner, leaving Big alone and confused on the street.


title: Mr. Big (Sex and the City)

text: When Charlotte stops by Carrie's apartment one day, she hears Big leaving a message on Carrie's answering machine, asking her for one last chance. Charlotte picks up and invites him to meet with her, Miranda, and Samantha. At a restaurant, he asks them if they think Carrie really is happy and if he has any shot of winning her back. After much deliberation, with Carrie's current situation and her history with Big in the forefront of their minds, Miranda tells him to "go get our girl". Mr. Big then does not appear again until the second installment of the finale, "An American Girl in Paris Part Deux".


title: Mr. Big (Sex and the City)

text: Meanwhile, Carrie is distraught and unhappy in her relationship with Aleksandr. She passes Big in his limo on the street in Paris while looking for a cab, but neither of them see each other. Big appears to be searching for Carrie, but the limo rides on and Carrie continues on her way.


title: Mr. Big (Sex and the City)

text: Big reappears in Carrie's hotel lobby at just the right moment, as Carrie is squatting down, tearfully gathering up stray diamonds from her broken necklace. She is waiting for a new hotel room, as she just walked out on Aleksandr after a big fight. Big comes through the door and as Carrie looks up and sees him, she begins to cry. She explains that everything is a mess and Paris isn't what she thought it would be. Then she tells Big that Alexandr slapped her during an argument (though it was an accident when he turned around too fast and she was standing behind him). Big becomes protective and immediately begins climbing the stairs to Aleksandr's room to reprimand him (or as he puts it, "kick some Russian ass"). In a desperate attempt to stop him, Carrie trips him and they both fall to the floor, laughing hysterically. They give up seeking out Petrovsky and take a romantic stroll in Paris. He finally tells her she's the one and she asks him to take her home to New York. They arrive at Carrie's apartment late at night and she asks him if he wants to come up. He answers with a line he used in the first episode, "abso-fucking-lutely".


title: Mr. Big (Sex and the City)

text: His real name, John, is finally revealed on Carrie's cell phone caller ID after she returns to the city and he calls to tell her he is closing the sale of his Napa estate and returning to New York. Executive producer Michael Patrick King has stated that by never revealing his real name, Big remained "always slightly out of reach" for Carrie, and this plot device is maintained throughout the entire run of the series. Although his name is seen in that final shot, King makes a point in the DVD commentary that it is never spoken in the series.


title: Mr. Big (Sex and the City)

text: Three years later, Carrie and Big decide to marry, after Carrie brings it up when she starts to feel anxious about her relationship's status. She has just returned from an auction of jewelry from the collection of a woman (who was the long-time girlfriend of a wealthy man) who was abruptly dumped and thrown out of the apartment she'd shared with him for many years. The cautionary tale worries Carrie, so Big proposes in order for Carrie to have legal rights to the fabulous penthouse they are purchasing together. However, their plans for a simple wedding balloon out of control after "Vogue" decides to feature her in a wedding gown in the magazine. The twice-divorced Big feels it has degenerated into a "circus", with hundreds of guests, unwanted publicity, and a tremendous designer wedding gown taking over the original plan for a small, private ceremony. An ill-thought comment from the just-separated and upset Miranda rattles him further. Just before the ceremony Big gives in to cold feet and takes off, but rethinks the decision minutes later and rushes back. He intercepts Carrie as she is leaving the ceremony. A broken-hearted and humiliated Carrie attacks him with her bouquet, shrieking "I knew you would do this!" He repeatedly attempts to apologize and explain then and after, but Carrie ignores his letters and emails, and they spend months apart (close to a year) with no contact whatsoever.


title: Mr. Big (Sex and the City)

text: When Carrie hires an assistant, Louise, she instructs her to "put Big in a place where she never has to hear from him again." So Louise creates a folder in Carrie's e-mail that is password protected and Big's many e-mails are saved in the secret folder. Charlotte later gives birth to a baby—her water breaking while she is yelling at Big for breaking Carrie's heart. Big takes her to the hospital and stays until the baby is born, hoping to run into Carrie. When Carrie arrives at the hospital, they tell her the tale. Harry reveals that Big begged her to call him, and that he's written her many letters. Puzzled, Carrie goes home and scours her mail, realizing that his e-mails are in Louise's secret folder. She guesses the password and finds that Big has re-written numerous love letters by poets, and one from himself promising to love her forever. Carrie's assistant reminds her that she left a pair of never-worn Manolo Blahnik shoes in the penthouse that she and Big owned, and that the locks will be changed for the new owners that day. Carrie rushes over to the penthouse to find Big there, holding her shoes. She runs into his arms as she can no longer deny her still very strong love for him. Carrie narrates, "It wasn't logic; it was love," and the two quietly marry at New York City Hall, celebrating afterward at a diner with their friends.


title: Mr. Big (Sex and the City)

text: Carrie always wants to go out, while Mr. Big would prefer to stay home and watch television some evenings. After Carrie returns to her old apartment to work on an assignment and their reunion is particularly sweet, Big proposes to be separated for two days in the week, with one of them staying in Carrie's old apartment, which she has always kept. Carrie agrees, despite misgivings and questioning by Charlotte.


title: Mr. Big (Sex and the City)

text: In Abu Dhabi, Carrie runs into her former love Aidan. Carrie and Aidan dated twice. They broke up the first time because Carrie and Big had an affair. They broke up a second time because Aidan still couldn't trust her after all that time due to her affair with Big, and after Aidan proposes, marriage doesn't sit well with Carrie, so the two break off their engagement. Aidan is now married with three boys and is in Abu Dhabi on business. The two agree to meet for dinner, despite warnings from Charlotte, who feels that Carrie is "playing with fire". Aidan and Carrie kiss before Carrie breaks away and runs to her hotel. Distraught about what to do, she eventually calls Big to confess to the kiss. He becomes distant and won't return her phone calls.


title: Mr. Big (Sex and the City)

text: When Carrie returns to New York, the apartment is empty and she sits all day waiting for Big to come home. He finally returns that evening with her "punishment": Carrie must wear a black diamond ring to remind herself that she is married. The two reconcile and kiss. The film concludes with a montage of scenes from the girls' lives - Big and Carrie have successfully combined their desires and interests, and the two are content as their married life has grown past the "Terrible Twos".


title: Mr. Big (Sex and the City)

text: In "Hello It's Me", the first episode of "And Just Like That...", Big suffers a fatal heart attack after a vigorous workout on his Peloton bike. Carrie finds him collapsed in the shower after she returns home from Lily's piano recital. She finds him under the running water and he dies in her arms.


title: Mr. Big (Sex and the City)

text: Despite Big dying in the first episode, Noth was set to appear as Big in a fantasy sequence in the season finale, but after sexual assault allegations were brought against him, he was edited out.


title: Mr. Big (Sex and the City)

text: In response to the first episode of "And Just Like That..." featuring Big's death after using his Peloton bike, the company contacted Noth, Peloton instructor Jess King (who appeared as "Allegra" on "And Just Like That...") and Ryan Reynolds to film a sequel commercial for Peloton over the following 48 hours. In the commercial, titled "He's Alive", Noth mentions faking his death in order to run away with King, a reference to the plot of the episode, before inviting her for a duel Peloton workout, as Reynolds narrates, confirming that "He's Alive." The ad was later removed due to sexual assault allegations against Noth.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport () , abbreviated SHIA or Soetta, formerly legally called Jakarta Cengkareng Airport () (hence the IATA designator "CGK"), is the primary airport serving the Jakarta metropolitan area on the island of Java in Indonesia. Named after the first president and vice-president of Indonesia, Sukarno (1901–1970) and Mohammad Hatta (1902–1980), the airport is located at Benda, Tangerang and Cengkareng, West Jakarta, which is about 20 km northwest of Central Jakarta. Together with Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport, they served over 80 million passengers in 2019.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: The airport commenced domestic operations on 1 May 1985 replacing the old over-capacity Kemayoran Airport. The airport was expanded in 1991 to replace Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport for international flights, which still serves domestic charter, VIP, private flights, and re-opened as a second commercial airport for domestic flights to relieve pressure over Soekarno-Hatta airport that is currently running overcapacity. The airport served 66.9 million passengers in 2018, ranked as 18th busiest airport in the world by Airports Council International, and the busiest in Southeast Asia. In recent years, the airport has received numerous awards and recognitions.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: The airport often struggles to accommodate all flights at its current limit of 81 aircraft movements per hour. Although over capacity, a 2012 ACI survey declared that the airport is being operated safely. The two original runways suffer from pavement and strength issues, which limited the airport's capacity to serve large aircraft. To reduce congestion and to achieve a target to handle 100 flights per hour, a third runway opened in August 2019. Upgrades of the original two runways for safety and to accommodate wide-bodied aircraft are almost complete. The airport will be able to serve 100 million passengers annually by 2025 after completion of ongoing development work.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: Used between 1928 and 1985, Kemayoran Airfield was considered inadequate for further expansion because it was too close to the major Halim Perdanakusuma military airport. The civil airspace in the area became increasingly restricted, while air traffic increased rapidly, posing problems for international air traffic. In 1969, a senior communication officers meeting in Bangkok expressed these concerns.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: In the early 1970s, with the help of USAID, eight potential locations were analyzed for a new international airport, namely Kemayoran, Malaka, Babakan, Jonggol, Halim, Curug, South Tangerang and North Tangerang. Finally, the North Tangerang site was chosen; it was also noted that Jonggol could be used as an alternative airfield. Meanwhile, as an interim step, the Indonesian government upgraded the Halim Perdanakusuma airfield for use for passenger services. The old Kemayoran site was closed in 1985, and the land was later used for commercial and housing purposes.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: Between 1974 and 1975, a Canadian consortium, consisting of Aviation Planning Services Ltd., ACRESS International Ltd., and Searle Wilbee Rowland (SWR), won a bid for the new airport feasibility project. The feasibility study started on 20 February 1974, with a total cost of 1 million Canadian dollars. The one-year project proceeded with an Indonesian partner represented by PT Konavi. By the end of March 1975, the study revealed a plan to build three inline runways, three international terminal buildings, three domestic buildings, and one building for Hajj flights. Three stores for the domestic terminals would be built between 1975 and 1981 at a cost of US$465 million and one domestic terminal including an apron from 1982 to 1985 at a cost of US$126 million. A new terminal project, named the Jakarta International Airport Cengkareng, began.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: The airport's terminal 1 and 2 were designed by Paul Andreu, a French architect who also designed Paris–Charles de Gaulle Airport. One of the characteristics of the airport is the incorporation of the local architecture into the design and the presence of tropical gardens between the waiting lounges. These unique characteristics earned the airport the 1995 Aga Khan Award for Architecture. The runways run northeast–southwest. There are three parallel runways, two on the north side and one on the south side. The airport terminal took the plan of spanning fan, with the main entrances of terminals connected to a series of waiting and boarding pavilions via corridors. These waiting and boarding pavilions are connected to the airplanes through boarding bridges. Terminal 1 is on the southern side of the airport, while Terminal 2 and 3 are on the north side.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: The airport concept is described as "garden within the airport" or "airport in the garden", as tropical decorative and flower plants fill the spaces between corridors, waiting and boarding pavilions. The boarding pavilions demonstrate local Indonesian vernacular architecture, particularly the roof, in the Javanese stepped-roof "pendopo" and "joglo" style. The interior design displays the diversity of Indonesian art and culture, with ethnic decorative elements taken from wooden carvings of Java, Bali, Sumatra, Dayak, Toraja to Papua. Another example is the railings of stairs, doors, and gates, which show the kala-makara (giant head and mythical fish-elephant creature) theme typical in ancient Indonesian temples such as Borobudur. Terminal 3, however, has a different architectural style—unlike the ethnic-inspired Indonesian vernacular architecture of terminals 1 and 2, terminal 3 uses the contemporary modern style of large glass windows with metal frames and columns.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: Time was needed to allocate land and also determine the provincial border. Authorities at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol were consulted about the airport plans, and concluded that the proposal was rather expensive and over-designed. The cost rose because of using a decentralized system. The centralized system was seen as a more suitable option. The team, however, chose the latter, similar to Orly Airport, Lyon Satolas, Hannover Airport and Kansas City Airport due to its simplicity and effectiveness.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: On 12 November 1976, the building project tender was won by the French Aeroport de Paris. 6 months later, the final design was agreed on by the Indonesian government and Aeroport de Paris with a fixed cost of about 22,323,203 French francs and Rp. 177,156,000 equivalent to 2,100,000 francs. The work was scheduled to take 18 months. The government-appointed PT. Konavi as the local partner. The plan included 2 runways with taxiways, one access road in the east and one in the west (closed to public use) for airport services, 3 terminals capable of accommodating 3 million passengers per year, and 1 module for international flights and 2 for domestic. "An airport inside a garden" was chosen as the design idea.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: On 20 May 1980, a four-year contract was signed. Sainraptet Brice, SAE, Colas together with PT. Waskita Karya were chosen to be the developers. Ir. Karno Barkah was appointed the project director, responsible for the airport's construction. On 1 December 1980, the Indonesian government signed a contract for Rp. 384.8 billion with developers. The cost structure was: Rp140,450,513,000 from the state budget, 1,223,457 francs donated by France and US$15,898,251 from the United States. The airport structure was completed exactly four years later. It was finally opened on 1 May 1985 for domestic flights, and the second circular terminal was opened exactly six years later for international operations.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: The capacity of the airport has increased from 22 million in 2014 to 62 million in 2017, but the airport handled more than 63 million passengers in 2017. Therefore, plans to build the fourth passenger terminal is already underway. Angkasa Pura II, as the operator, designed Soekarno–Hatta Airport to have 3 passenger terminals, 1 new freight terminal (cargo village) and an 'Integrated Building', that will be built in between Terminal 1 and 2. Also, there will be an increase in apron capacity from 125 airplanes to 174 airplanes.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: An airport train to Manggarai Station and a people mover for ground transportation to, from and inside the airport were also planned. The free Skytrain began operations in September 2017 while the airport train started commercial service in December 2017.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: In the first stage, Terminal 3 will be expanded. Terminal 1 and Terminal 2 will be integrated with green walls and the airport will have a convention hall, shopping center, hotel, playground, recreational facilities and parking area for 20,000 vehicles.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: To anticipate a surge in passenger numbers, at least a ten percent increase each year, the government made plans to build a third runway. By May 2019 the construction progress reached 70 percent. 2500 meters of the runway began operational on 15 August 2019. The third runway will be expanded to 3000 metres by the end of 2019. With the opening of the third runway, capacity was increased to 114 flights per hour, up from 81 flights per hour.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: Initially, Angkasa Pura II planned for an expansion that will use about from 10 villages in the Teluk Naga and Kosambi subdistricts. The expansion plan was rejected by the Tangerang Municipal Government because the residents living around the airport would lose their jobs. The local government offered another location such as in Balaraja, but Angkasa Pura II corporate secretary said that building a new airport would not be an easy task, as it requires a thorough study. Finally, Angkasa Pura II only used 134 hectares of land and appraisal will be used to buy the land. It can be done due to a new design for the third runway.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: To accommodate 86 aircraft movements per hour from the current 72 movements per hour, since 2016 the airport authority has been developing an east cross taxiway costing Rp 1.15 trillion ($86.1 million) to connect the existing Runway 1 and Runway 2. The east cross taxiway was finished and opened in December 2019.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: There are three main terminal buildings; Terminal 1, Terminal 2 and Terminal 3. The airport also has a dedicated freight terminal for domestic and international cargo.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: After renovations and expansions of Terminal 3, the current capacity of Soekarno–Hatta is 51 million, but the airport served 54 million passengers in 2015, making it the 18th busiest airport in the world, and the busiest airport in the Southern Hemisphere. There are non-stop flights to a large number of destinations in Asia and Australia, and several flights to Europe daily, ranking as the 17th most connected airport in the world, and the largest megahub in Asia according to OAG.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: Terminal 1 and Terminal 2 are currently under renovation. The renovation works is targeted to be completed by 2021. The revitalization project is expected to double the number of passengers of the two terminals up to 36 million a year. Terminal 1 caters to domestic Low cost carrier, while Terminal 2 caters to international Low cost carriers. Terminal 3 will become a full-service terminal for both domestic and international flights. The airport operator AP II has undertaken plan to build a fourth terminal at Soekarno-Hatta, which is expected to be completed by 2024.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: Terminal 1 is the first terminal built and was opened in 1985. It is located on the southern side of the airport, opposite Terminal 2. Terminal 1 has 3 sub-terminals, each equipped with 25 check-in counters, 23 aerobridges, 5 baggage carousels, and 7 gates. It has the capacity to handle 9 million passengers per annum.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: The gates in Terminal 1 have a prefix of A, B or C. The gates are A1–A7, B1–B7 and C1–C7. In the latest masterplan, Terminal 1 will have its capacity increased to 18 million passengers per annum. Terminal 1 is used for domestic flights except for those operated by Garuda Indonesia, Sriwijaya Air, NAM Air, Indonesia AirAsia. Terminal 1A is home to Lion Air domestic flights (except to Sumatra & Bali). Terminal 1B is home to Lion Air domestic flights (only to Sumatra and Bali). Terminal 1C initially was a home to Citilink (domestic flights) and Trigana Air Service. The terminal was converted into a domestic low-cost carrier terminal (LCCT) in 2019. During the COVID-19 Pandemic, all flights in Terminal 1 were temporarily served at Terminal 2D and 2E to facilitate the renovation of Terminal 1, while Citilink moved all of its operation to Terminal 3.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: Terminal 2 is the second terminal built, and was opened in 1991. It is located on the north-western side of the airport, opposite Terminal 1. Like Terminal 1, it has three sub-terminals, labeled as D, E and F, each of which has seven gates, 40 aerobridges and 25 check-in counters. Terminal 2 caters to umrah (minor hajj) flights and was converted into an international low-cost carrier terminal (LCCT) in 2019. Currently, Terminal 2 Domestic (2D & 2E) is home to Sriwijaya Air, Nam Air, Indonesia AirAsia, Super Air Jet and Batik Air's domestic flights, while Terminal 2 International (2F) is an international LCCT for AirAsia, Indonesia AirAsia, Thai AirAsia, Sriwijaya Air, Lion Air, Batik Air, Malindo Air, Thai Lion Air, Citilink, Jetstar Asia Airways, Cebu Pacific and Scoot international flights. During the COVID-19 Pandemic, all international flights served on Terminal 2F were temporarily served at Terminal 3 to facilitate the renovation of Terminal 2F.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: Terminal 3 is the airport's newest and largest terminal. It is used as a base for Garuda Indonesia and Citilink Indonesia and serves as a full-service terminal for both international and domestic flights.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: The original Terminal 3 was officially opened for international flights on 15 November 2011, when all Indonesia AirAsia flights started using Terminal 3 as its new base for international, as well as domestic flights. It was built to cater to low-cost carriers. The terminal was located on the north-eastern side of the airport.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: On 9 August 2016, a new passenger terminal named 'Terminal 3 Ultimate', was officially opened. The original Terminal 3 was revamped and integrated into the new Terminal 3 Ultimate. It has a floor area of and was built to handle 25 million passengers per annum. Unlike Terminal 1 and 2, the Terminal 3 Ultimate architectural style is vastly different, using an eco-friendly contemporary modern design. It is equipped with 10 international gates, 18 domestic gates, 112 check-in counters, 59 aerobridges and 10 bus gates.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: In 2018, the terminal's west pier (Pier 1) was extended. 8 new aerobridges were added, with 7 catering to wide-body aircraft and 1 catering to narrow-body aircraft.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: Terminal 3 is equipped with BHS level 5 to detect bombs, an Airport Security System (ASS) which can control up to 600 CCTVs to detect faces who are available in the security register, an Intelligence Building Management System (IBMS) which can control uses of water and electricity (eco-green), rainwater system to produce clean water from rain, a recycled water system to produce toilet water from used toilet water, and illumination technology control to illuminate the terminal depending on the weather surrounding the terminal. Terminal 3 will be able to serve 60 airplanes from the current 40 airplanes.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: Angkasa Pura II has undertaken a plan to build Terminal 4, which will be located on the north side of runway 1, south of Terminal 3, and east of Terminal 1. Terminal 4 will be built at the 4th stage as part of the development of the airport. The terminal will be built on 130 hectares of land, which will be able to serve 45 million passengers annually. The terminal will be designed in the form of an 'H' and use eco-friendly and modern design, similar to the design of Terminal 3. The terminal is expected to be operational by 2024.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: The freight terminal is located on the east side of terminal 1. This terminal was used to handle cargo at the Soekarno–Hatta International Airport, both domestic and international cargo. In the latest master plan, the freight terminal will move to the west side of terminal 2 and have a larger capacity.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: Runway 07L/25R and 07R/25L are equipped with Instrument Landing System (ILS). The runways are also equipped with VOR/DME.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: Jakarta–Singapore is one of the world's busiest international air routes; passenger numbers of this route is growing fast. It was the second busiest international route in Asia after Hong Kong–Taipei in 2015. Singapore Airlines alone operates more than 70 weekly flights between Jakarta & Singapore. Jakarta Soekarno-Hatta–Surabaya route is ranked ninth busiest in the world by IATA in 2016. Jakarta–Singapore, and Jakarta–Kuala Lumpur routes are ranked within the top ten of world's busiest international air routes in 2018.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: To ease congestion, the airport authority implemented a new traffic procedure, the 72 Improved Runway Capacity (IRC 72), to handle 72 planes per hour. This limited a plane to 30–45 minutes only for arrival and unloading of passengers, to allow other planes to use the parking space. Gradually it has been implemented and on 26 June 2014 IRC 72 has been implemented fully for the period of 00:00 am to 01:30 am, 02:00 am to 10:00 am and 11:30 pm to 00:00 am with occupancy periods for aircraft are reduced from 110 seconds to 90 seconds of takeoff and from 65 seconds to 50 seconds for landing. The low time is from 04:00pm to 10:00pm with only maximum 32 flights/hour. By 2015, IRC 72 will become IRC 86 with the opening of the new terminal. As a comparison, London Heathrow Airport, which has 2 runways like SHIA, can handle 100 flights per hour, so the target for SHIA has been revised to 92 flights per hour by 2015. As of July 2017, maximum flight frequency at Soekarno–Hatta International Airport had been increased to 81 take-offs and landings per hour to accommodate increasing demand from aviation companies.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: Terminals 1 and 2 were designed to resemble a traditional "joglo" Javanese construction. The approach has been emphasized by the inclusion of well-maintained gardens located near all boarding areas. Terminal 3 and other new airport buildings use an eco-friendly and modern design.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: Maintenance facilities for aircraft in Soekarno–Hatta International Airport are supported by GMF AeroAsia (Garuda Maintenance Facility).


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: They include of built-up structures, including four hangars, a spares warehouse, workshops, utility buildings, a ground support equipment building, chemical stores, an engine test cell, and management offices. In addition, GMF AeroAsia has an apron capable of handling up to 50 aircraft, taxiways, a run-up bay, and a waste treatment area, taking up .


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: Hangar 1 was built in 1991 and was designed for Boeing 747s. It has two full docks and is . Hangar 2 is and has 3 aircraft bays. It can perform minor A and B checks. It can hold up to one narrow body and one wide-body jet. Hangar 3 is also . It normally holds up to 3 narrow-body aircraft but can be configured to hold up to one wide-body and one narrow body. It has 7 bays with 4 full docks, 6 roof-mounted cranes and one bay designed for McDonnell Douglas MD-11s, McDonnell Douglas DC-10s, and wide-body Airbus A330s aircraft. Hangar 4 is . The Hangar 4 was opened in 2015 and was designed for narrow-body aircraft like B737s and A320s. It can handle 16 narrow-body aircraft at one time.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: There is a golf course at the Soekarno–Hatta International Airport supported by the Cengkareng Golf Club. The golf course has been open since 1999. It is located on the left side of the airport main gate by the Sheraton Bandara Hotel. The Cengkareng Golf Club is in the Soewarna Business Park at Soekarno–Hatta International Airport. In 2005 and 2008, this golf course was used for Indonesia Open, a part of the PGA European Tour. There are 18 holes in the golf course.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport has a hotel, the Bandara International Hotel, managed by AccorHotels. The Bandara International Hotel, which is located on the left side of the main exit road from the airport, has 4 floors with 220 guest rooms. The airport now has other hotels, including budget such as Ibis Styles, Pop! Hotels, Swiss-Belhotel, Orchard Hotel, Swiss-Belinn, Ibis Budget, and Amaris as an alternative. Terminal 3 of the airport has a Digital Airport Hotel or Capsule hotel with 120 rooms, which has Alpha-type and Beta-type rooms.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: There are five airport lounges in the departure area. The Jasa Angkasa Semesta (JAS) Lounge is available for first and business class passengers of Cathay Pacific, Qantas, EVA Air, Saudia, and Singapore Airlines. The Pura Indah Lounge is available for first and business class passengers of Singapore Airlines, KLM, Malaysia Airlines, Emirates, Cathay Pacific, and China Airlines. The new Garuda Indonesia lounge is available for their business class and first-class passengers only, as well as GECC and GarudaMiles gold and above cardholders. The BNI Executive Lounge is located next to the Garuda Indonesia Lounge, the lounge serves passengers from all airlines. Other lounges are available outside of the departures area, operated by companies such as Indosat, Sapphire, PT Mandara Jasindo Sena, Telkomsel, and XL Axiata. As of 2020, the only airline lounge in Terminal 2 was opened named Batik Air Business Class Lounge inside the waiting room C7. The Garuda Indonesia lounge has been moved to Terminal 3 Ultimate.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: The airport contains the head office of Garuda Indonesia, Garuda Indonesia Management Building, located within the Garuda Indonesia City Center. Angkasa Pura II's head office is on the airport property. Sriwijaya Air has its head office at Sriwijaya Air Tower.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: There are 21 reading corners located in the waiting rooms of Terminal 2D, 2E and 2F. Shopping areas are also available in all terminals. Duty-free shops, souvenir shops, restaurants, and a cafeteria can be found there. There is a new "Shopping Arcade" located in terminal 1C. There are no shops in the arrival zones of the terminals, except for Terminal 3, where several cafes and fast-food restaurant chains are located.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: To handle the overcrowding of smoking rooms being used, airport authorities have drawn up plans to build a smoking area in a garden near the rest area in Terminal 1A. It was opened in January 2015 and it will be developed to other terminals, if necessary.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: There are several transportation options available for access to the airport: local airport terminal shuttles, trains, buses, taxi services of various kinds, and cars. There is a free shuttle bus service and people maneuver system "Skytrain" to connect the terminals of the airport.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: Several bus companies, including the state-owned Perum DAMRI and private company Primajasa, provide services to various destinations from the airport. "Jabodetabek Airport Connexion" which consist of Perum DAMRI, Perum PPD, Big Bird dan Sinar Jaya Megah Langgeng serve routes from the airport to certain malls and hotels in Greater Jakarta. The buses operate from 06.00 to 23.00 with routes:


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: Travel time to and from the center of Jakarta (at the Gambir Station) takes around 70 minutes, depending on traffic. Buses to the airport leave from the various terminals in central Jakarta (Gambir) and surrounding areas.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: The airport is connected to Jakarta's city center via the Prof. Dr. Ir. Soedijatmo Toll Road. There is extensive car parking, including long-stay facilities, at the airport.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: The plan to build an airport automated people mover system to connect Terminals 1, 2, and 3, and the Airport Rail Link Station, was announced in 2013. Starting on 17 September 2017, the people mover, named Skytrain, is officially opened to connect Terminal 3 and Terminal 2 vice versa, with a headway of 5 minutes. One set of Skytrain can serve 2x88 passengers. It temporarily operates from 07.00 to 10.00, 13.00 to 14.00 and 17.00 to 19.00.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: Soekarno–Hatta Airport Rail Link connects Jakarta city center with the airport. The train takes 45–55 minutes from station at South Jakarta to station. Each train accommodates up to 272 passengers and will serve about 35,000 passengers with 122 trips a day, when fully operational. There is a 30 minutes interval between the train departures. As Manggarai station is under renovation, station is being temporary as the terminus for the city center. The airport train currently makes 42 trips daily between 3.51 a.m. and 9.51 p.m., departing from station in to , with a stop at station. Trips from Soekarno-Hatta to BNI City runs from 6.10 a.m. to 11.10 p.m., departing every hour.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: An express line between Halim Perdanakusuma Airport and the airport is under planning stage, to be built by an investor as a public–private partnership. The express train will take 30 minutes to connect the airports. In early 2015, the government changed the fund from participation to not funding at all, so the contract for Rp 28 billion will be revised, including new rail express tariff. The construction of this line has been delayed and completion is now projected to be in 2019 at the earliest.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: In 1995, the landscaping of Soekarno–Hatta airport was awarded by Aga Khan Award for Architecture as one of the best examples of integrating the terminal building pavilions with lush tropical garden harmoniously.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport was ranked fourth on the Skytrax World's Most Improved Airport 2014 list based on surveys of 12.85 million passengers from 110 countries. Skytrax also ranked Soekarno–Hatta International Airport as a 3-star airport.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: In 2017, Soekarno–Hatta International Airport was ranked first on the Skytrax World's Most Improved Airport 2017.


title: Soekarno–Hatta International Airport

text: According to air travel intelligence company OAG, the airport ranked as the 7th most connected airport in the world, and ranked first as 'megahub' airport in Asia-Pacific region as per connectivity index, ahead of Japan's Tokyo Haneda Airport and Australia's Sydney Airport. The airport ranked as the 7th most connected airport as 'megahub' in the world in 2017 again by air travel intelligence company OAG. The airport ranked as the 2nd most connected Low-Cost Megahub airport as 'megahub' in the world in 2018 by air travel intelligence company OAG. The airport was named the best airport by hygiene measures in Asia-Pacific in 2020 by Airports Council International.


title: Vampire Academy (film)

text: Vampire Academy is a 2014 fantasy comedy horror based on the first book of the novels series of the same name by Richelle Mead. It was directed by Mark Waters, with a script written by Daniel Waters. The film stars an ensemble cast led by Zoey Deutch as Rose Hathaway, a Dhampir, and Lucy Fry as Lissa Dragomir, her Moroi best friend, and follows their return to the St Vladimir's Academy boarding school, after being on the run for one year.


title: Vampire Academy (film)

text: Preger Entertainment announced the film's development in 2010, with Don Murphy as producer. In 2012, the Waters brothers joined the project with Mark serving as director and Daniel as screenwriter. Casting began in February 2013 with Deutch, Fry, and Danila Kozlovsky announced to play their respective roles. Principal photography took place at Pinewood Studios in England between May and July 2013.


title: Vampire Academy (film)

text: "Vampire Academy" was released theatrically in the United States on February 7, 2014 by The Weinstein Company. The film received generally negative reviews from critics, who criticized the plot, screenplay and tone and regarded it as inferior to the source material. It was a commercial failure, grossing only $15.4 million worldwide against a $30 million budget, making it a box-office bomb. Due to the film's poor box-office performance, its theatrical release in the United Kingdom was postponed and the film was later released as a direct-to-video on July 14, 2014 by Entertainment One.


title: Vampire Academy (film)

text: Following the film's failure, Preger Entertainment launched an Indiegogo campaign to help fund the production for a sequel based on the second novel, "Frostbite", with Piers Ashworth hired to write a script. However, the campaign failed to reach its goal. A reboot television series premiered in 2022 on Peacock.


title: Vampire Academy (film)

text: Rose Hathaway, a seventeen-year-old Dhampir guardian-in-training, and her best friend, Moroi Princess Vasilisa "Lissa" Dragomir, are living discreetly, having escaped from the St. Vladimir's Academy boarding school one year prior. Dhampirs are vampire-human hybrids who are trained to protect the Moroi, mortal vampires with a normal lifespan and death who tend to have magical powers and belong to royal bloodlines. They are soon found and forced to return to St. Vladimir's Academy where they encounter the Strigoi, the undead vampires of legend, which Moroi become if they completely drain their victims of blood, or are turned. Lissa is ostracised by her peers as Rose starts to form an attraction to her Russian Dhampir mentor and fellow Guardian, Dimitri Belikov.


title: Vampire Academy (film)

text: Mysterious messages threatening Lissa start to appear, written on the wall in blood and an exploding memorial to her family in the school church. They suspect that it is the work of classmate Mia Rinaldi, who once dated Lissa's now-deceased brother Andre that engaged in non-committal relationships and focused her hatred towards Lissa as the only surviving member of the Dragomir line. Manipulating two other students using sex, she persuaded them to help her spread rumors about Rose. A Moroi named Christian Ozera, who is viewed poorly by his peers because his parents became Strigoi, tries to romance Lissa but Rose manages to keep him away by lying to both Lissa and Christian. Christian and Lissa begin to bond, but Rose tries to sabotage their relationship.


title: Vampire Academy (film)

text: Later, Rose investigate the disappearance of Sonya Karp, a teacher who helped her and Lissa escape, and finds video footage of Karp mentally unstable from using Spirit Magic. She also discovers that Lissa has the same rare power that the founder of their school St. Vladimir had, that of Spirit, a power which enables the caster to heal ailments, and saves the dying; however, using Spirit drains the user's life energy gradually with each use. Rose demands Ellen Kirova, the headmistress, to show her classified information on Karp and reveals that Karp became Strigoi and escaped before her disappearance. At the same time, dead animals begin to appear wherever Lissa goes. At the Equinox Dance, Rose discovers Mia is not responsible for all the dead animals. Soon, Lissa is kidnapped and Rose, Dimitri, and Christian rush to save her.


title: Vampire Academy (film)

text: The Moroi responsible for Lissa's kidnapping and the threats against her is Victor Dashkov, a previous candidate for the throne, who has contracted Sandovsky's Syndrome, a chronic disease. He wants to use Lissa to cure himself, knowing that the cure would cost Lissa's life as continued healing would eventually take its toll on her. Once captured and placed in the secure cells beneath the school, Victor explains to Rose that the reason she bonded to Lissa is that she was "shadow-kissed", having been brought back to life by Lissa's magic. While they are talking, Victor's daughter Natalie, who befriended both Lissa and Rose and was a very insecure student at the school, is enacting the tools of his escape having turned Strigoi by draining her crush to death. Dimitri comes and kills Natalie and detains Victor.


title: Vampire Academy (film)

text: During a speech by vampire Queen Tatiana Ivashkov, Lissa steps in and gives a speech of her own, announcing that Spirit is her type of magic, and that it is thanks to Rose that she can master it. Rose then goes outside to meet Dimitri and ask about his feelings for her. He states that he can't love her because if there was any danger between Rose and Lissa, he would save her instead of Lissa. Rose gives Dimitri a kiss on the cheek and walks back to the academy. In a mountain cave close to the academy, Karp leads a horde of Strigoi.


title: Vampire Academy (film)

text: Additionally, Dominique Tipper appears as Gabriela, a Dhampir Guardian, while Nick Gillard portrays Kenneth, a Moroi who works for Victor. Bronté Norman-Terrell appears as Camilla Conta, and Harry Bradshaw as Bruno, two students at St. Vladimir's Academy. Ramon Tikaram portrays Mr. Meisner, a teacher at the academy. Lissa's family is portrayed by Rory Fleck-Byrne as Andre, Alexander Abadzis as Eric, and Elizabeth Conboy as Rhea Dragomir


title: Vampire Academy (film)

text: In June 2010, Preger Entertainment optioned the film rights to the "Vampire Academy" series. On July 6, 2010, they announced that producer Don Murphy had joined them to help bring the series to the big screen. On December 17, 2012, it was announced that Daniel Waters was writing the script and subsequently, it was announced that his brother, Mark Waters, would direct.


title: Vampire Academy (film)

text: On February 1, 2013, it was announced that Zoey Deutch, Australian actress Lucy Fry, and Russian actor Danila Kozlovsky were cast as Rose Hathaway, Lissa Dragomir, and Dimitri Belikov, respectively. On April 29, 2013, it was announced that Olga Kurylenko had been cast as Headmistress Ellen Kirova. On May 10, additional cast members were announced to be Cameron Monaghan, Sami Gayle, Claire Foy, and Ashley Charles for the roles of Mason Ashford, Mia Rinaldi, Sonya Karp and Jesse Zeklos respectively.


title: Vampire Academy (film)

text: On May 18, it was announced that Gabriel Byrne would play Victor Dashkov, Lissa's uncle, while Sarah Hyland would play Natalie Dashkov, Victor's daughter and fellow student at the academy. Joely Richardson played Queen Tatiana Ivashkov, leader of the Moroi Vampires and Dominic Sherwood played Christian Ozera, Lissa's love interest. Two days later, the producers posted a behind the scenes photograph revealing the names of a few more cast members.


title: Vampire Academy (film)

text: The title was initially changed from "Vampire Academy" to "Vampire Academy: Blood Sisters". This was the name of the first book in many foreign languages and a different name for each film was wanted. The title was later changed back to simply "Vampire Academy". The project was officially greenlit on April 1, 2013. The producers announced on their official Facebook page that principal photography would take place in the United Kingdom with additional photography planned in and around Montana, and that director Mark Waters had started pre-production work in London.


title: Vampire Academy (film)

text: The Academy exterior shots were filmed at Chaterhouse School in Surrey. Director Mark Waters said that "as soon as I saw that courtyard I had that exhilarating feeling of everything locking into place. This school was not just my mental image of St. Vladimir's...it was better." The school allowed the production to shoot at the location during the school holidays. Waters believed the location really defined the look of the film.


title: Vampire Academy (film)

text: To prepare for their roles as Dhampir novices and guardians, Deutch, Monaghan and Kozlovsky underwent rigorous training sessions and workouts.


title: Vampire Academy (film)

text: Principal photography commenced on May 28, 2013, in London, at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire, England. Filming officially ended on July 20.


title: Vampire Academy (film)

text: On January 14, 2014, the track listing of the official soundtrack was unveiled. The album itself was released on February 4, 2014, including tracks by artists such as Katy Perry, Iggy Azalea, Sky Ferreira, Natalia Kills, and Au Revoir Simone. It also contains Chvrches' cover of Bauhaus' 1979 song "Bela Lugosi's Dead", featured during the film's end credits.


title: Vampire Academy (film)

text: The Weinstein Company, the North American distributors for the film, held a competition where the winner would be able to visit the set in London and meet the cast. The official motion poster was also revealed on July 22, 2013 by Yahoo!. On August 13, three official stills were released by "USA Today" and later in the day The Weinstein Company released a sneak peek of the teaser trailer. On August 14, The Weinstein Company released the full official teaser trailer on Yahoo! Movies. On September 12, The Weinstein Company started releasing stills and character profile photos on the film's Twitter account. Sherwood, Gayle, Fry and Deutch attended the New York Comic Con for the movie, where a new sizzle reel was previewed by those in attendance. On November 21, the official theatrical trailer was released by Yahoo! Movies.


title: Vampire Academy (film)

text: The film was originally set to be released on Valentine's Day, but was moved up a week to February 7, 2014, in the United States. The UK had been set for a February 19 release by the film's British distributor Entertainment One, but was pushed back to April 24. However, due to the film's poor box office incomes and critical response, the film was again postponed. The film was released straight-to-DVD on July 14.


title: Vampire Academy (film)

text: The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on May 20, 2014, in the United States, on July 3, 2014, in Australia, and on July 14, 2014, in the United Kingdom. Special features include an alternate opening, deleted scenes and a conversation with the author of the "Vampire Academy" book series, Richelle Mead.


title: Vampire Academy (film)

text: The film underperformed and made $3,921,742 in its opening weekend, ranking number 7 in the US box office. The film later opened in a further 12 countries, but did not pass the $1 million mark, grossing just $619,381.


title: Vampire Academy (film)

text: As of February 16, 2014, the film had grossed $6,663,650, with many suggesting that poor box office returns will effectively end any plans for a sequel. After a month of theatrical release in the US, "Vampire Academy" grossed just $7,742,311 at the box office. The film was expected to be a big hit in both Australia and Russia, but only made $1.6 million in each country. As of April 10, 2014, the film had earned $7,791,979 domestically and $7,600,000 overseas for a worldwide total of $15,391,979, therefore failing to recoup its $30 million budget making the film a box office bomb.


title: Vampire Academy (film)

text: Poor international box office takings led to the cancelation of the film's theatrical release in Brazil and the United Kingdom.


title: Vampire Academy (film)

text: "Vampire Academy" was not screened for critics, and received overwhelmingly negative reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 17% based on 60 reviews, with an average rating of 3.6/10. The consensus site's states: "Though it may appeal to its built-in fanbase, "Vampire Academy"s "Twilight"-meets-"Mean Girls" conceit borrows lazily from its predecessors and offers few laughs or thrills to complement its overstuffed backstory." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 30 out of 100, based on reviews from 14 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews" from critics. Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "B−" on scale of A to F.


title: Vampire Academy (film)

text: The film was mostly criticized for its script, action sequences, and CGI effects. Peter Travers from "Rolling Stone" gave the film zero stars out of four and wrote, "One idea, mixed with lame jokes, and stretched beyond coherence. "Vampire Academy" doesn't need a review. It needs a stake in the heart." Dennis Harvey from "Variety" also gave the movie a negative review, stating it "Not only plays like the crassest possible mashup of "Harry Potter" and "Twilight" elements, but seems designed to make those franchises look like eternal monuments of world culture by comparison." Manohla Dargis from "The New York Times" said "[Mr. Waters] doesn't seem especially interested in the supernatural parts of "Vampire Academy", and he clearly didn't have the budget to make what little hocus pocus there is, magical."


title: Vampire Academy (film)

text: The performances received a mixed response, with Harvey and RogerEbert.com's Susan Wloszczyna negatively comparing Deutch's performance to that of Elliot Page as the titular character in "Juno", while Jordan Hoffman of the "New York Daily News" called her work the film's "breakout" performance while positively comparing her to Page. However, Hoffman criticized Byrne's performance as "obligatory slumming". Harvey described Kozlovsky's acting as "so expressionless that he can in all honesty now say that he never acted in anything called "Vampire Academy"", while also criticizing Byrne, Richardson, and Kurylenko; Travers also panned the latter three, saying they were "bringing shame on all their reputations". Dargis praised Waters for providing "a conspicuous sympathetic touch" to the performances of Deutch, Fry, Hyland, and Sherwood.


title: Vampire Academy (film)

text: The film garnered nominations at the 2014 Teen Choice Awards for Choice Movie: Comedy and Choice Movie Actress: Comedy for Deutch, but lost both awards to "The Other Woman" and Emma Roberts for "We're the Millers", respectively.


title: Vampire Academy (film)

text: Following the movie financial failure, no adaptation of the second novel, "Frostbite", was announced. On August 4, 2014, Preger Entertainment announced on MTV website that they had found investors for a sequel. However to convince them that there's enough demand, they launched a fundraising campaign on Indiegogo to help fund the rest of the production cost. The campaign was launched on August 6, 2014 and Piers Ashworth was hired to write a script. The campaign failed to reach its goal, resulting in the project cancellation.


title: Vampire Academy (film)

text: On May 19, 2021, it was announced that Peacock had given a series order for a "Vampire Academy" reboot television series by Julie Plec.


title: FBI Most Wanted Terrorists

text: The FBI Most Wanted Terrorists is a list created and first released on October 10, 2001, with the authority of United States President George W. Bush, following the September 11 attacks on the United States. Initially, the list contained 22 of the top suspected terrorists chosen by the FBI, all of whom had earlier been indicted for acts of terrorism between 1985 and 1998. None of the 22 had been captured by US or other authorities by that date. Of the 22, only Osama Bin Laden was by then already listed on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list.


title: FBI Most Wanted Terrorists

text: No particular legal consequences flowed from the creation of and inclusion on the list. On January 17, 2002, the FBI released a third major FBI wanted list, which has now become known as the FBI Seeking Information – War on Terrorism list, to enlist the public's help in reporting information which may prevent future terrorist attacks. The information sought to be reported is not necessarily relating to any person on any of the FBI wanted lists.


title: FBI Most Wanted Terrorists

text: On the fugitive group wanted poster, the FBI did not list the persons in any particular stated order, except perhaps for the consistent placing of bin Laden in the number one position of the top row. However, the 22 can easily fit into distinct categories over the two decades, based on the terrorist attacks in which they were, according to US authorities, involved.


title: FBI Most Wanted Terrorists

text: For organization and ease of reference here, the relevant major terrorist attacks are listed by date below, with a brief summary for each, identifying the terror cells most directly responsible for the attack. The 22 on the list are then grouped beneath the attack for which each person was first accused of involvement.


title: FBI Most Wanted Terrorists

text: Whereas the Most Wanted Terrorists list is reserved for terrorist fugitives who have been indicted by federal grand juries, the FBI recognized a further need to achieve a much quicker response time in order to prevent any future attacks which may be in the current planning stages. To enlist the public's help in this effort, the FBI sought a way to deliver the early known suspected terror attack information, often very limited, out to the public as quickly as possible. So, on January 17, 2002, the third major FBI wanted list was first released, which has now become known as the FBI Seeking Information – Terrorism list.


title: FBI Most Wanted Terrorists

text: As the name of this list implies, the FBI's intent is to acquire any critical information from the public, as soon as possible, about the suspected terrorists, who may be in the planning stages of terror attacks against United States nationals at home and abroad. The first such list profiled five persons about whom little was known, but who were suspected of plotting terrorist attacks in martyrdom operations. The main evidence against the five was five videos they had produced, found in the rubble of Mohammed Atef's destroyed home outside Kabul, Afghanistan.


title: FBI Most Wanted Terrorists

text: By 2006, more than four years had passed since the FBI had listed the original 22 alleged terrorists on the Most Wanted Terrorist list. Of those 22, by then four had been qualified for removal from the list, due to death or capture. Also by then, the FBI determined that new persons qualified to be listed as Most Wanted Terrorists. Some of these persons were indicted for attacks and plots that had taken place since the original list had been compiled. The original indictments had been for incidents only through 1998. Since then, the U.S. had become victim to at least two major terror attacks, which would generate some of the new indictments for the Most Wanted Terrorists, notably:


title: FBI Most Wanted Terrorists

text: In addition, after the original 2001 list had been compiled and released to the public, the U.S. had foiled and issued indictments for numerous other plots, involving some new listed Most Wanted Terrorists. Those notable other plots involved:


title: FBI Most Wanted Terrorists

text: In February 2006, the FBI completed two groups of additions to the Most Wanted Terrorists list, the first such additions in over four years. On February 24, 2006, the day after adding two name to the list, the FBI added an additional six fugitive terrorists, for various plots and attacks. One of the entries was for an indictment dating back to the June 14, 1985, hijacking of TWA flight 847 by Hezbollah (see above).


title: FBI Most Wanted Terrorists

text: Additionally, the FBI also added to the Seeking Information – War on Terrorism list an additional three persons, most notably, Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, the notorious leader of Al-Qaeda in Iraq. This marked the first time that al-Zarqawi had appeared on any of the three major FBI wanted lists. On June 8, 2006, ABC News reported that Abu Musab al-Zarqawi was confirmed to have been killed in Baghdad in a bombing raid by a United States task force. His death was confirmed by multiple sources in Iraq, including the United States government.


title: FBI Most Wanted Terrorists

text: Since 1984, the United States government has also used the Rewards for Justice Program, which pays monetary rewards of up to $25 million, or now, in some cases more, upon special authorization by the United States Secretary of State, to individuals who provide information which substantially leads to countering of terrorist attacks against United States persons. More than $100 million had been paid to over 60 people through this program.


title: FBI Most Wanted Terrorists

text: The Rewards for Justice Program was established by the 1984 Act to Combat International Terrorism, Public Law 98-533, and is administered by the Bureau of Diplomatic Security, within the U.S. Department of State.


title: Arthashastra

text: The Arthashastra (, ) is an Ancient Indian Sanskrit treatise on statecraft, political science, economic policy and military strategy. Kautilya, also identified as Vishnugupta and Chanakya, is traditionally credited as the author of the text. The latter was a scholar at Takshashila, the teacher and guardian of Emperor Chandragupta Maurya. Some scholars believe them to be the same person, while a few have questioned this identification. The text is likely to be the work of several authors over centuries. Composed, expanded and redacted between the 2nd century BCE and 3rd century CE, the "Arthashastra" was influential until the 12th century, when it disappeared. It was rediscovered in 1905 by R. Shamasastry, who published it in 1909. The first English translation, also by Shamasastry, was published in 1915. After a dormant reception, primarily confined to the acedemic cirlces, the conversation around Arthashastra in 21st century has generated sudden global interest specially amingst global power-predictors, who are trying to decipher what would a rising India mean for the world. The indigenous model of Shakti or Power as defined by Kautilya Arthashastra. It has a unique approach to the power problem of the nation-states.


title: Arthashastra

text: The Sanskrit title, "Arthashastra", can be translated as "political science" or "economic science" or simply "statecraft", as the word artha (अर्थ) is polysemous in Sanskrit; the work has a broad scope. It includes books on the nature of government, law, civil and criminal court systems, ethics, economics, markets and trade, the methods for screening ministers, diplomacy, theories on war, nature of peace, and the duties and obligations of a king. The text incorporates Hindu philosophy, includes ancient economic and cultural details on agriculture, mineralogy, mining and metals, animal husbandry, medicine, forests and wildlife.


title: Arthashastra

text: The "Arthashastra" explores issues of social welfare, the collective ethics that hold a society together, advising the king that in times and in areas devastated by famine, epidemic and such acts of nature, or by war, he should initiate public projects such as creating irrigation waterways and building forts around major strategic holdings and towns and exempt taxes on those affected. The text was influenced by Hindu texts that such as the sections on kings, governance and legal procedures included in "Manusmriti".


title: Arthashastra

text: The text was considered lost by colonial era scholars, until a manuscript was discovered in 1905. A copy of the Arthashastra in Sanskrit, written on palm leaves, was presented by a Tamil Brahmin from Tanjore to the newly opened Mysore Oriental Library headed by Benjamin Lewis Rice. The text was identified by the librarian Rudrapatna Shamasastry as the "Arthashastra". During 1905–1909, Shamasastry published English translations of the text in installments, in journals "Indian Antiquary" and "Mysore Review".


title: Arthashastra

text: During 1923–1924, Julius Jolly and published a new edition of the text, which was based on a Malayalam script manuscript in the Bavarian State Library. In the 1950s, fragmented sections of a north Indian version of "Arthashastra" were discovered in form of a Devanagari manuscript in a Jain library in Patan, Gujarat. A new edition based on this manuscript was published by Muni Jina Vijay in 1959. In 1960, R. P. Kangle published a critical edition of the text, based on all the available manuscripts. Numerous translations and interpretations of the text have been published since then.


title: Arthashastra

text: The text written in Sanskrit of the 1st millennium BCE Sanskrit, which is coded, dense and capable of many interpretations, especially as English and Sanskrit are very different languages, both grammatically and syntactically. Patrick Olivelle, whose translation was published in 2013 by Oxford University Press, said it was the "most difficult translation project I have ever undertaken." Parts of the text are still opaque after a century of modern scholarship.


title: Arthashastra

text: The authorship and date of writing are unknown, and there is evidence that the surviving manuscripts are not original and have been modified in their history but were most likely completed in the available form between 2nd-century BCE to 3rd-century CE. Olivelle states that the surviving manuscripts of the Arthashastra are the product of a transmission that has involved at least three major overlapping divisions or layers, which together consist of 15 books, 150 chapters and 180 topics. The first chapter of the first book is an ancient table of contents, while the last chapter of the last book is a short 73 verse epilogue asserting that all thirty-two "Yukti"–elements of correct reasoning methods–were deployed to create the text.


title: Arthashastra

text: A notable structure of the treatise is that while all chapters are primarily prose, each transitions into a poetic verse towards its end, as a marker, a style that is found in many ancient Hindu Sanskrit texts where the changing poetic meter or style of writing is used as a syntax code to silently signal that the chapter or section is ending. All 150 chapters of the text also end with a colophon stating the title of the book it belongs in, the topics contained in that book (like an index), the total number of titles in the book and the books in the text. Finally, the "Arthashastra" text numbers it 180 topics consecutively, and does not restart from one when a new chapter or a new book starts.


title: Arthashastra

text: The division into 15, 150, and 180 of books, chapters and topics respectively was probably not accidental, states Olivelle, because ancient authors of major Hindu texts favor certain numbers, such as 18 Parvas in the epic Mahabharata. The largest book is the second, with 1,285 sentences, while the smallest is eleventh, with 56 sentences. The entire book has about 5,300 sentences on politics, governance, welfare, economics, protecting key officials and king, gathering intelligence about hostile states, forming strategic alliances, and conduct of war, exclusive of its table of contents and the last epilogue-style book.


title: Arthashastra

text: Stylistic differences within some sections of the surviving manuscripts suggest that it likely includes the work of several authors over the centuries. There is no doubt, states Olivelle, that "revisions, errors, additions and perhaps even subtractions have occurred" in Arthashastra since its final redaction in 300 CE or earlier.


title: Arthashastra

text: Olivelle states that the oldest layer of text, the "sources of the Kauṭilya", dates from the period 150 BCE–50 CE. The next phase of the work's evolution, the "Kauṭilya Recension", can be dated to the period 50–125 CE. Finally, the "Śāstric Redaction" (i.e., the text as we have it today) is dated period 175–300 CE.


title: Arthashastra

text: The "Arthasastra" is mentioned and dozens of its verses have been found on fragments of manuscript treatises buried in ancient Buddhist monasteries of northwest China, Afghanistan and northwest Pakistan. This includes the Spitzer Manuscript (c. 200 CE) discovered near Kizil in China and the birch bark scrolls now a part of the Bajaur Collection (1st to 2nd century CE) discovered in the ruins of a Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Buddhist site in 1999, state Harry Falk and Ingo Strauch.


title: Arthashastra

text: The author of "Arthashastra" uses the term "gramakuta" to describe a village official or chief, which, according to Thomas Burrow, suggests that he was a native of the region that encompasses present-day Gujarat and northern Maharashtra. Other evidences also support this theory: the text mentions that the shadow of a sundial disappears at noon during the month of Ashadha (June-July), and that the day and night are equal during the months of Chaitra (March-April) and Ashvayuja (September-October). This is possible only in the areas lying along the Tropic of Cancer, which passes through central India, from Gujarat in the west to Bengal in the east.


title: Arthashastra

text: The author of the text appears to be most familiar with the historical regions of Avanti and Ashmaka, which included parts of present-day Gujarat and Maharashtra. He provides precise annual rainfall figures for these historical regions in the text. Plus, he shows familiarity with sea-trade, which can be explained by the existence of ancient sea ports such as Sopara in the Gujarat-Maharashtra region. Lastly, the gotra name Kauṭilya is still found in Maharashtra.


title: Arthashastra

text: Artha (prosperity, wealth, purpose, meaning, economic security) is one of the four aims of human life in Hinduism (Puruṣārtha), the others being dharma (laws, duties, rights, virtues, right way of living), kama (pleasure, emotions, sex) and moksha (spiritual liberation). is the Sanskrit word for "rules" or "science".


title: Arthashastra

text: The ancient Sanskrit text opens, in chapter 2 of Book 1 (the first chapter is table of contents), by acknowledging that there are a number of extant schools with different theories on proper and necessary number of fields of knowledge, and asserts they all agree that the science of government is one of those fields. It lists the school of "Brihaspati", the school of "Usanas", the school of "Manu" and itself as the school of "Kautilya" as examples.


title: Arthashastra

text: The school of "Usanas" asserts, states the text, that there is only one necessary knowledge, the science of government because no other science can start or survive without it. The school of "Brihaspati" asserts, according to Arthashastra, that there are only two fields of knowledge, the science of government and the science of economics ("Varta" of agriculture, cattle and trade) because all other sciences are intellectual and mere flowering of the temporal life of man. The school of "Manu" asserts, states Arthashastra, that there are three fields of knowledge, the Vedas, the science of government and the science of economics ("Varta" of agriculture, cattle and trade) because these three support each other, and all other sciences are special branch of the Vedas.


title: Arthashastra

text: The Arthashastra then posits its own theory that there are four necessary fields of knowledge, the Vedas, the "Anvikshaki" (science of reasoning), the science of government and the science of economics ("Varta" of agriculture, cattle and trade). It is from these four that all other knowledge, wealth and human prosperity is derived. The Kautilya text thereafter asserts that it is the Vedas that discuss what is Dharma (right, moral, ethical) and what is Adharma (wrong, immoral, unethical), it is the "Varta" that explain what creates wealth and what destroys wealth, it is the science of government that illuminates what is "Nyaya" (justice, expedient, proper) and "Anyaya" (unjust, inexpedient, improper), and that it is "Anvishaki" (philosophy) that is the light of these sciences, as well as the source of all knowledge, the guide to virtues, and the means to all kinds of acts. He says of government in general:


title: Arthashastra

text: The "Raja-rishi" has self-control and does not fall for the temptations of the senses, he learns continuously and cultivates his thoughts, he avoids false and flattering advisors and instead associates with the true and accomplished elders, he is genuinely promoting the security and welfare of his people, he enriches and empowers his people, he lives a simple life and avoids harmful people or activities, he keeps away from another's wife nor craves for other people's property. The greatest enemies of a king are not others, but are these six: lust, anger, greed, conceit, arrogance and foolhardiness. A just king gains the loyalty of his people not because he is king, but because he is just.


title: Arthashastra

text: Book 1 and Book 2 of the text discusses how the crown prince should be trained and how the king himself should continue learning, selecting his key "Mantri" (ministers), officials, administration, staffing of the court personnel, magistrates and judges.


title: Arthashastra

text: Topic 2 of the Arthashastra, or chapter 5 of Book 1, is dedicated to the continuous training and development of the king, where the text advises that he maintain a counsel of elders, from each field of various sciences, whose accomplishments he knows and respects. Topic 4 of the text describes the process of selecting the ministers and key officials, which it states must be based on king's personal knowledge of their honesty and capacity. Kautilya first lists various different opinions among extant scholars on how key government officials should be selected, with "Bharadvaja" suggesting honesty and knowledge be the screen for selection, "Kaunapadanta" suggesting that heredity be favored, "Visalaksha" suggesting that king should hire those whose weaknesses he can exploit, "Parasara" cautioning against hiring vulnerable people because they will try to find king's vulnerability to exploit him instead, and yet another who insists that experience and not theoretical qualification be primary selection criterion.


title: Arthashastra

text: Kautilya, after describing the conflicting views on how to select officials, asserts that a king should select his "Amatyah" (ministers and high officials) based on the capacity to perform that they have shown in their past work, the character and their values that is accordance with the role. The "Amatyah", states Arthashastra, must be those with following "Amatya-sampat": well trained, with foresight, with strong memory, bold, well spoken, enthusiastic, excellence in their field of expertise, learned in theoretical and practical knowledge, pure of character, of good health, kind and philanthropic, free from procrastination, free from ficklemindedness, free from hate, free from enmity, free from anger, and dedicated to dharma. Those who lack one or a few of these characteristics must be considered for middle or lower positions in the administration, working under the supervision of more senior officials. The text describes tests to screen for the various "Amatya-sampat".


title: Arthashastra

text: The Arthashastra, in Topic 6, describes checks and continuous measurement, in secret, of the integrity and lack of integrity of all ministers and high officials in the kingdom. Those officials who lack integrity must be arrested. Those who are unrighteous, should not work in civil and criminal courts. Those who lack integrity in financial matters or fall for the lure of money must not be in revenue collection or treasury, states the text, and those who lack integrity in sexual relationships must not be appointed to "Vihara" services (pleasure grounds). The highest level ministers must have been tested and have successfully demonstrated integrity in all situations and all types of allurements.


title: Arthashastra

text: Chapter 9 of Book 1 suggests that the king maintain a council and a "Purohit" (chaplain, spiritual guide) for his personal counsel. The "Purohit", claims the text, must be one who is well educated in the Vedas and its six "Angas".


title: Arthashastra

text: The Arthashastra, in Topic 109, Book 7 lists the causes of disaffection, lack of motivation and increase in economic distress among people. It opens by stating that wherever "good people are snubbed, and evil people are embraced" distress increases. Wherever officials or people initiate unprecedented violence in acts or words, wherever there is unrighteous acts of violence, disaffection grows. When the king rejects the Dharma, that is "does what ought not to be done, does not do what ought to be done, does not give what ought to be given, and gives what ought not to be given", the king causes people to worry and dislike him.


title: Arthashastra

text: Anywhere, states "Arthashastra" in verse 7.5.22, where people are fined or punished or harassed when they ought not to be harassed, where those that should be punished are not punished, where those people are apprehended when they ought not be, where those who are not apprehended when they ought to, the king and his officials cause distress and disaffection. When officials engage in thievery, instead of providing protection against robbers, the people are impoverished, they lose respect and become disaffected.


title: Arthashastra

text: A state, asserts "Arthashastra" text in verses 7.5.24 - 7.5.25, where courageous activity is denigrated, quality of accomplishments are disparaged, pioneers are harmed, honorable men are dishonored, where deserving people are not rewarded but instead favoritism and falsehood is, that is where people lack motivation, are distressed, become upset and disloyal.


title: Arthashastra

text: In verse 7.5.33, the ancient text remarks that general impoverishment relating to food and survival money destroys everything, while other types of impoverishment can be addressed with grants of grain and money.


title: Arthashastra

text: Book 3 of the Arthashastra, according to Trautmann, is dedicated to civil law, including sections relating to economic relations of employer and employee, partnerships, sellers and buyers. Book 4 is a treatise on criminal law, where the king or officials acting on his behalf, take the initiative and start the judicial process against acts of crime, because the crime is felt to be a wrong against the people of the state. This system, as Trautmann points out, is similar to European system of criminal law, rather than other historic legal system, because in the European (and Arthashastra) system it is the state that initiates judicial process in cases that fall under criminal statutes, while in the latter systems the aggrieved party initiates a claim in the case of murder, rape, bodily injury among others.


title: Arthashastra

text: The ancient text stipulates that the courts have a panel of three "pradeshtri" (magistrates) for handling criminal cases, and this panel is different, separate and independent of the panel of judges of civil court system it specifies for a Hindu kingdom. The text lays out that just punishment is one that is in proportion to the crime in many sections starting with chapter 4 of Book 1, and repeatedly uses this principle in specifying punishments, for example in Topic 79, that is chapter 2 of Book 4. Economic crimes such as conspiracy by a group of traders or artisans is to be, states the Arthashastra, punished with much larger and punitive collective fine than those individually, as conspiracy causes systematic damage to the well-being of the people.


title: Arthashastra

text: The text discusses marriage and consent laws in Books 3 and 4. It asserts, in chapter 4.2, that a girl may marry any man she wishes, three years after her first menstruation, provided that she does not take her parents' property or ornaments received by her before the marriage. However, if she marries a man her father arranges or approves of, she has the right to take the ornaments with her.


title: Arthashastra

text: In chapter 3.4, the text gives the right to a woman that she may remarry anyone if she wants to, if she has been abandoned by the man she was betrothed to, if she does not hear back from him for three menstrual periods, or if she does hear back and has waited for seven menses.


title: Arthashastra

text: The chapter 2 of Book 3 of Arthashastra legally recognizes eight types of marriage. The bride is given the maximum property inheritance rights when the parents select the groom and the girl consents to the selection (Brahma marriage), and minimal if bride and groom marry secretly as lovers (Gandharva marriage) without the approval of her father and her mother. However, in cases of Gandharva marriage (love), she is given more rights than she has in Brahma marriage (arranged), if the husband uses the property she owns or has created, with husband required to repay her with interest when she demands.


title: Arthashastra

text: Arthashastra states that forests be protected and recommends that the state treasury be used to feed animals such as horses and elephants that are too old for work, sick or injured. However, Kautilya also recommends that wildlife that is damaging crops should be restrained with state resources. In Topic 19, chapter 2, the text suggests:


title: Arthashastra

text: In topic 35, the text recommends that the "Superintendent of Forest Produce" appointed by the state for each forest zone be responsible for maintaining the health of the forest, protecting forests to assist wildlife such as elephants ("hastivana"), but also producing forest products to satisfy economic needs, products such as Teak, Palmyra, Mimosa, Sissu, Kauki, Sirisha, Catechu, Latifolia, Arjuna, Tilaka, Tinisa, Sal, Robesta, Pinus, Somavalka, Dhava, Birch, bamboo, hemp, Balbaja (used for ropes), Munja, fodder, firewood, bulbous roots and fruits for medicine, flowers. The "Arthashastra" also reveals that the Mauryas designated specific forests to protect supplies of timber, as well as lions and tigers, for skins.


title: Arthashastra

text: The Arthashastra dedicates Topics 30 through 47 discussing the role of government in setting up mines and factories, gold and precious stone workshops, commodities, forest produce, armory, standards for balances and weight measures, standards for length and time measures, customs, agriculture, liquor, abattoirs and courtesans, shipping, domesticated animals such as cattle, horses and elephants along with animal welfare when they are injured or too old, pasture land, military preparedness and intelligence gathering operations of the state.


title: Arthashastra

text: The Arthashastra dedicates many chapters on the need, methods and goals of secret service, and how to build then use a network of spies that work for the state. The spies should be trained to adopt roles and guises, to use coded language to transmit information, and be rewarded by their performance and the results they achieve, states the text.


title: Arthashastra

text: The roles and guises recommended for "Vyanjana" (appearance) agents by the Arthashastra include ascetics, forest hermits, mendicants, cooks, merchants, doctors, astrologers, householders, entertainers, dancers, female agents and others. It suggests that members from these professions should be sought to serve for the secret service. A prudent state, states the text, must expect that its enemies seek information and are spying inside its territory and spreading propaganda, and therefore it must train and reward double agents to gain identity about such hostile intelligence operations.


title: Arthashastra

text: The goals of the secret service, in Arthashastra, was to test the integrity of government officials, spy on cartels and population for conspiracy, to monitor hostile kingdoms suspected of preparing for war or in war against the state, to check spying and propaganda wars by hostile states, to destabilize enemy states, to get rid of troublesome powerful people who could not be challenged openly. The spy operations and its targets, states verse 5.2.69 of Arthashastra, should be pursued "with respect to traitors and unrighteous people, not with respect to others".