title: Centralia mine fire

text: Joan Quigley argues in her 2007 book "The Day the Earth Caved In" that the fire had in fact started the previous day, when a trash hauler dumped hot ash or coal discarded from coal burners into the open trash pit. She noted that borough council minutes from June 4, 1962, referred to two fires at the dump, and that five firefighters had submitted bills for "fighting the fire at the landfill area". The borough, by law, was responsible for installing a fire-resistant clay barrier between each layer of trash in the landfill, but fell behind schedule, leaving the barrier incomplete. This allowed the hot coals to penetrate the vein of coal underneath the pit and light the subsequent subterranean fire. In addition to the council minutes, Quigley cites "interviews with volunteer firemen, the former fire chief, borough officials, and several eyewitnesses" as her sources.


title: Centralia mine fire

text: Another hypothesis is that the fire was burning long before the alleged trash dump fire. According to local legend, the Bast Colliery coal fire of 1932, set alight by an explosion, was never fully extinguished. In 1962, it reached the landfill area. Those who adhere to the Bast Theory believe that the dump fire is a separate fire unrelated to the Centralia mine fire. One man who disagrees is Frank Jurgill Sr., who claims he operated a bootleg mine with his brother in the vicinity of the landfill between 1960 and 1962. He says that if the Bast Colliery fire had never been put out, he and his brother would have been in it and killed by the gases. Based on this and due to contrary evidence, few hold this position, and it is given little credibility.


title: Centralia mine fire

text: Centralia councilman Joseph Tighe proposed a different hypothesis: that Centralia's coal fire was actually started by an adjacent coal-seam fire that had been burning west of Centralia's. His belief is that the adjacent fire was at one time partially excavated, but it nonetheless set alight the landfill on May 27.


title: Centralia mine fire

text: Another hypothesis arose from the letter sent to the Lehigh Valley Coal Company by the Centralia Council in the days after the mine fire was noticed. The letter describes "a fire of unknown origin [starting] on or about June 25, 1962, during a period of unusually hot weather". This may make a reference to the hypothesis of spontaneous combustion being the reason for the start of the landfill fire, a hypothesis accepted for many years by state and federal officials.


title: Centralia mine fire

text: In 1984, Wilkes-Barre Representative Frank Harrison proposed legislation, which was approved by Congress which allocated more than $42 million for relocation efforts (equivalent to $ million in ) Most of the residents accepted buyout offers and dispersed far away from the area. (Data from the 1990 United States Census shows that the nearby towns continued to lose population at the same rate as previous decades, suggesting the Centralians did not locate there.) A few families opted to stay despite urgings from Pennsylvania officials.


title: Centralia mine fire

text: In 1992, Pennsylvania governor Bob Casey invoked eminent domain on all properties in the borough, condemning all the buildings within. A subsequent legal effort by residents to have the decision reversed failed. In 2002, the U.S. Postal Service revoked Centralia's ZIP code, 17927.


title: Centralia mine fire

text: In 2009, Governor Ed Rendell began the formal eviction of Centralia residents. By early 2010, only 5 occupied homes remained, with the residents determined to stay. In lawsuits, the remaining residents alleged that they were victims of "massive fraud", "motivated primarily by interests in what is conservatively estimated at hundreds of millions of dollars of some of the best anthracite coal in the world". In July 2012, the last handful of residents in Centralia lost their appeal of a court decision upholding eminent domain proceedings and was ordered again to leave. State and local officials reached an agreement with the seven remaining residents on October 29, 2013, allowing them to live out their lives there, after which the rights of their properties will be taken through eminent domain.


title: Centralia mine fire

text: The Centralia mine fire also extended beneath the town of Byrnesville, a few miles to the south. The town had to be abandoned and leveled.


title: Centralia mine fire

text: The Centralia area has now grown to be a tourist attraction. Visitors come to see the smoke and/or steam on Centralia's empty streets and the abandoned portion of PA Route 61, popularly referred to as the Graffiti Highway.


title: Centralia mine fire

text: As of April 2020, efforts began to cover up Graffiti Highway by the private owner of the road. The abandoned highway was covered with dirt in April 2020, generally blocking public access to the road.


title: Centralia mine fire

text: Increased air pressure induced by the heat from the mine fires has interacted with heavy rainfalls in the area that rush into the abandoned mines to form Pennsylvania's only geyser, the Big Mine Run Geyser, which erupts on private property in nearby Ashland. The geyser has been kept open as a means of flood control.


title: Centralia mine fire

text: The fire and its effects were featured in 2013 on "America Declassified" on the Travel Channel, and on Radiolab's "Cities" episode.


title: Centralia mine fire

text: The "Silent Hill" video game series draws on these events, although the film is based in West Virginia.


title: Starstruck (2021 TV series)

text: Starstruck is a BBC comedy series created by Rose Matafeo, co-written with Alice Snedden, directed by Karen Maine, and starring Matafeo and Nikesh Patel with Minnie Driver in a special guest starring role. A second series was commissioned before the first series aired. Series one premiered 25 April 2021 and series two was released on 2 February 2022. In June 2022, the series was renewed for a third season.The series received positive critical reception.


title: Starstruck (2021 TV series)

text: A screwball comedy about a 20-something New Zealand woman living in Hackney, London, working jobs in a cinema and as a nanny. After a one-night stand on New Year's Eve, she discovers she slept with a famous movie star.


title: Starstruck (2021 TV series)

text: Sidi and Matafeo are real life flatmates in London. The idea for the plot came in part from a group of Matafeo's Kiwi friends who one night in a London pub ran into a major Hollywood actor and hung out with him all night. Filming was due to begin in March 2020 but was postponed by the COVID-19 pandemic until October 2020.


title: Starstruck (2021 TV series)

text: HBO Max announced that "Starstruck" was renewed for a second series on 10 June 2021, the day it debuted on the streaming network. Russell Tovey was announced as a new cast member for series two.


title: Starstruck (2021 TV series)

text: "Starstruck" series 1 started broadcast in the UK on 26 April 2021 on BBC One, with the whole series available from 25 April 2021 on BBC iPlayer. It screened on TVNZ in New Zealand, ABC TV in Australia. Series 1 was released on HBO Max on 10 June 2021. Series 2 was released online in its entirety on BBC iPlayer on 7 February 2022.


title: Starstruck (2021 TV series)

text: The series received critical acclaim. "The Times" described it as "expertly crafted old-school screwball comedy, crackling with wit and sexual chemistry." Series one holds a 100% on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes.


title: Sam Riley

text: Samuel Peter W. Riley (born 8 January 1980) is an English actor and singer. He is best known for his performance in the 2007 biographical film "Control" about the life of Ian Curtis, as protagonist Sal Paradise in the 2012 adaptation of the Jack Kerouac novel "On the Road", and as Diaval in the 2014 film "Maleficent". Riley received renown for his portrayal of the Fitzwilliam Darcy in the 2016 film "Pride and Prejudice and Zombies".


title: Sam Riley

text: Riley was born in Menston, Bradford, West Yorkshire, the son of Amanda, a nursery school teacher, and Andrew Riley, a textile agent. He was educated at Malsis School, Cross Hills, and at Uppingham School.


title: Sam Riley

text: His breakthrough performance came when he played the role of Ian Curtis in the film "Control", a biopic about the lead singer of the 1970s post-punk band Joy Division. The film received high critical acclaim due in good part to Riley's performance, which won him a selection of awards including the British Independent Film Award for "Most Promising Newcomer" a BAFTA "Rising Star" nomination; and a Mark Kermode nod for Best Actor 2007.


title: Sam Riley

text: Prior to his portrayal of Ian Curtis, Riley played the Fall frontman Mark E. Smith in the Michael Winterbottom film "24 Hour Party People", which details the Factory Records era and featured Sean Harris as Ian Curtis. Riley's scenes, however, were omitted from the final cut.


title: Sam Riley

text: In September 2007, Riley was cast in Gerald McMorrow's British science fiction film "Franklyn". He starred as the lead role in "13", an English language remake of the French thriller "13 Tzameti" that has yet to have an American and European release. He played the role of Pinkie Brown in "Brighton Rock" alongside Helen Mirren, an adaption of Graham Greene's novel, released 4 February 2011. He also starred in Walter Salles' film adaptation of Jack Kerouac's autobiographical "On the Road" playing the narrator and protagonist Sal Paradise. He also has a small role in the 2011 German comedy "", in which his wife Alexandra Maria Lara plays the female lead. His role is listed as "Wagenmeister".


title: Sam Riley

text: In "Byzantium" (2012), a film directed by Neil Jordan, he appears alongside Gemma Arterton and Saoirse Ronan as Darvell.


title: Sam Riley

text: In 2012, Riley was cast as Diaval in Disney's "Maleficent", alongside Angelina Jolie. The film was released May 2014.


title: Sam Riley

text: In 2015, he played Benoit Labarie in Saul Dibb's film adaptation of Irène Némirovsky's novel "Suite Française", opposite Michelle Williams, Matthias Schoenaerts,


title: Sam Riley

text: Riley was also cast as Fitzwilliam Darcy (Mr. Darcy) in the film, "Pride and Prejudice and Zombies", released in February 2016.


title: Sam Riley

text: Riley played the 'not-so welcome' returning prodigal brother David in the 2018 film "Happy New Year, Colin Burstead" by Ben Wheatley.


title: Sam Riley

text: He featured in the autumn/winter 2008 publicity campaign for the British fashion house Burberry, supervised by Christopher Bailey and shot by Mario Testino. He modelled the fall/winter 2014 Stefano Pilati-designed couture collection of Ermenegildo Zegna. He was named one of "GQ"s 50 best dressed British men in 2015.


title: Sam Riley

text: For a few years Riley was the lead singer of the Leeds band 10,000 Things, with whom he achieved moderate success. After their first release on indie label Voltage Records in 2002, they signed to major label Polydor for one self-titled album. They disbanded in 2005.


title: Sam Riley

text: As of 2011, Riley lives in Berlin with his wife, Romanian-German actress Alexandra Maria Lara. They met while filming "Control," married in August 2009 and have a son born in January 2014.


title: Fire ant

text: Fire ants are several species of ants in the genus Solenopsis, which includes over 200 species. "Solenopsis" are stinging ants, and most of their common names reflect this, for example, ginger ants and tropical fire ants. Many of the names shared by this genus are often used interchangeably to refer to other species of ant, such as the term red ant, mostly because of their similar coloration despite not being in the genus Solenopsis. Both "Myrmica rubra" and "Pogonomyrmex barbatus" are common examples of non-Solenopsis ants being termed red ants.


title: Fire ant

text: None of these names apply to all species of "Solenopsis" nor only to "Solenopsis" species; for example the colloquial names for several species of weaver ants in the genus "Oecophylla" in Southeast Asia include "fire ants" because of their similar coloration and painful bites; the two genera, however, are not closely related. "Wasmannia auropunctata" is another unrelated ant commonly called the "little fire ant" due to its potent sting.


title: Fire ant

text: The bodies of mature fire ants, like the bodies of all typical mature insects, are divided into three sections: the head, the thorax, and the abdomen, with three pairs of legs and a pair of antennae. Fire ants of those species invasive in the United States can be distinguished from other ants locally present by their copper brown head and thorax with a darker abdomen. The worker ants are blackish to reddish and their size varies from . In an established nest these different sizes of ants are all present at the same time.


title: Fire ant

text: "Solenopsis" spp. ants can be identified by three body features—a pedicel with two nodes, an unarmed propodeum, and antennae with 10 segments plus a two-segmented club. Many ants bite, and formicine ants can cause irritation by spraying formic acid; myrmecine ants like fire ants have a dedicated venom-injecting sting, which injects an alkaloid venom, as well as mandibles for biting.


title: Fire ant

text: A typical fire ant colony produces large mounds in open areas, and feeds mostly on young plants, insects and seeds. Fire ants often attack small animals such as small lizards and can kill them. Unlike many other ants, which bite and then spray acid on the wound, fire ants bite only to get a grip and then sting (from the abdomen) and inject a toxic alkaloid venom called solenopsin, a compound from the class of piperidines. For humans, this is a painful sting, a sensation similar to what one feels when burned by fire (hence the name), and the after-effects of the sting can be deadly to sensitive people. Fire ants are more aggressive than most native species, so have pushed many species away from their local habitat. One such species that "Solenopsis" ants parasitically take advantage of are bees, such as "Euglossa imperialis", a nonsocial orchid bee species, from which the ants enter the cells from below the nest and rob the cell's contents.


title: Fire ant

text: These ants are renowned for their ability to survive extreme conditions. They do not hibernate, but can survive cold conditions, although this is costly to fire ant populations as observed during several winters in Tennessee, where 80 to 90% of colonies died due to several consecutive days of extremely low temperatures.


title: Fire ant

text: Fire ants have been known to form mutualistic relationships with several species of Lycaenidae and Riodinidae butterflies. In "Lycaena rubidus", the larvae secrete a fluid that is high in sugar content. Fire ants bring the larvae back to the nest, and protect them through the pupal stage in exchange for feeding on the fluid. In "Eurybia elvina", fire ants were observed to frequently construct soil shelters over later instars of larvae on inflorescences on which the larvae are found.


title: Fire ant

text: Fire ants nest in the soil, often near moist areas, such as river banks, pond shores, watered lawns, and highway shoulders. Usually, the nest will not be visible, as it will be built under objects such as timber, logs, rocks, or bricks. If no cover for nesting is available, dome-shaped mounds are constructed, but these are usually only found in open spaces, such as fields, parks, and lawns. These mounds can reach heights of , but can be even higher on heavier soils, standing at in height and in diameter. Colonies are founded by small groups of queens or single queens. Even if only one queen survives, within a month or so, the colony can expand to thousands of individuals. Some colonies may be polygynous (having multiple queens per nest).


title: Fire ant

text: Fire ants are resilient and can survive floods. During Hurricane Harvey in Texas in 2017, clumps of fire ants, known as rafts, were seen clumped together on the surface of the water. Each clump had as many as 100,000 individual ants, which formed a temporary structure until finding a new permanent home. Ants so clumped, recognize different fluid flow conditions and adapt their behavior accordingly to preserve the raft's stability.


title: Fire ant

text: Fire ants dig tunnels efficiently using about 30% of the population of the colony, thereby avoiding congestion in tunnels.


title: Fire ant

text: Fire ant queens, the reproductive females in their colony, also are generally the largest. Their primary function is reproduction. Typically, a fire ant queen will seek to establish a new colony following a nuptial flight, wherein it will use its special venom to paralyze offending competitors, in the absence of workers for defense. Fire ant queens may live up to seven years and can produce up to 1,600 eggs per day, and colonies will have as many as 250,000 workers. The estimated potential life span is around 5 years and 10 months to 6 years and 9 months. Young, virgin fire ant queens have wings (as do male fire ants), but they often cut them off after mating. Although, occasionally a queen will keep its wings after mating and through her first year.


title: Fire ant

text: Male fire ants mate with queens during a nuptial flight. After a male has successfully inseminated a queen, he will not get accepted back to the mother colony, and will eventually die outside the nest.


title: Fire ant

text: The other roles in an ant colony are usually undertaken by workers. Fire ant workers are haphazardly divided into different size classes, namely minima, minor, media, and major workers. The major ants are known for their larger size and more powerful mandibles typically used in macerating and storing food items (i.e. as repletes), while smaller workers take care of regular tasks (the main tasks in a colony are caring for the eggs/larvae/pupae, cleaning the nest, and foraging for food). However, "Solenopsis daguerrei" colonies contain no workers, as they are considered social parasites.


title: Fire ant

text: Although most fire ant species do not bother people and are not invasive, "Solenopsis invicta", known in the United States as the red imported fire ant (or RIFA), is an invasive pest in many areas of the world, including the United States, Australia, China and Taiwan. The RIFA was believed to have been accidentally introduced to these countries via shipping crates, particularly with Australia when they were first found in Brisbane in 2001. These ants have now since been spotted in Sydney for the first time. They were believed to be in the Philippines, but they are most likely to be misidentified for "Solenopsis geminata" ants.


title: Fire ant

text: In the US, the FDA estimates that more than US$5 billion is spent annually on medical treatment, damage, and control in RIFA-infested areas. Furthermore, the ants cause approximately $750 million in damage annually to agricultural assets, including veterinarian bills and livestock loss, as well as crop loss. Over 40 million people live in RIFA-infested areas in the southeastern United States. It is estimated that 30–60% of the people living in fire ant-infested areas of the US are stung each year. RIFA are currently found mainly in subtropical southeastern USA states including Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and parts of North Carolina, Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and California.


title: Fire ant

text: Since September 2004, Taiwan has been seriously affected by the red fire ant. The US, Taiwan and Australia all have ongoing national programs to control or eradicate the species, but with the exception of those in Australia, none have been especially effective. In Australia, there is an intensive program costing A$175 million, although the fire ant has remained despite efforts. By July 2013, multiple sites west of Brisbane were confirmed, including the Lockyer Valley, Muirlea and Goodna. According to a study published in 2009, it only took seventy years for the lizards in parts of the United States to adapt to the ant's presence—they now have longer legs and new behaviors that aid them in escaping from the danger.


title: Fire ant

text: The venom of fire ants is mainly (>95%) composed of oily alkaloids structurally derived from piperidine (also known as solenopsins) mixed with a small amount of toxic proteins. Fire ant stings are painful, characterised by a local burning sensation, followed by urticaria. The sting site typically swells into a bump within hours, which can cause further pain and irritation, especially following several stings at the same place. The bump may develop into a white pustule within 24–36 hours which can become infected if scratched, but will spontaneously flatten within a few days if left alone. The pustules are obtrusive and uncomfortable while active and, if they become infected, may cause scarring. Some people may become allergic to the venom, and if untreated, may become increasingly sensitive to the point of experiencing anaphylaxis following fire ant stings, which requires emergency treatment. Management of an emergency visit due to anaphylaxis is recommended with the use of adrenaline. It has been demonstrated that, whilst pustule formation results from the injected venom alkaloids, allergy to fire ant stings is caused solely by venom allergenic proteins.


title: Fire ant

text: First aid for fire ant stings includes external treatments and oral medicines. There are also many home remedies of varying efficacy, including immediate application of a solution of half bleach and half water, or aloe vera gel – the latter of which is also often included in over-the-counter creams that also include medically tested and verified treatments. External, topical treatments include the anesthetic benzocaine, the antihistamine diphenhydramine, and the corticosteroid hydrocortisone. Antihistamines or topical corticosteroids may help reduce the itching and will generally benefit local sting reactions. Oral medicine include antihistamines. Severe allergic reactions to fire ant stings, including severe chest pain, nausea, severe sweating, loss of breath, serious swelling, and slurred speech, can be fatal if not treated.


title: Fire ant

text: Phorid flies, or Phoridae, are a large family of small, hump-backed flies somewhat smaller than vinegar flies; two species in this family ("Pseudacteon tricuspis" and "Pseudacteon curvatus") are parasitoids of the red imported fire ant in its native range in South America. Some 110 species of the genus "Pseudacteon", or ant-decapitating flies, have been described. Members of "Pseudacteon" reproduce by laying eggs in the thorax of the ant. The first instar larvae migrates to the head, then develops by feeding on the hemolymph, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. After about two weeks, they cause the ant's head to fall off by releasing an enzyme that dissolves the membrane attaching the ant's head to its body. The fly pupates in the detached head capsule, emerging two weeks later.


title: Fire ant

text: "Pseudacteon" flies appear to be important ecological constraints on "Solenopsis" species and they have been introduced throughout the southern United States, starting with Travis, Brazos, and Dallas counties in Texas, as well as south central Alabama, where the ants first entered North America.


title: Fire ant

text: The Venus flytrap, a carnivorous plant, is native only to North and South Carolina in the United States. About 33% of the prey of the Venus flytrap are ants of various species. They lure their prey with a sweet sap. Once the prey has entered the trap and within about three seconds of touching two or three "trigger hairs" on the surface of the trap, the leaf closes around the prey and digests it. The majority of ants that are captured include non-native RIFAs, and three other species of ants. Other carnivorous plants, such as sundews ("Drosera") and various kinds of pitcher plants also trap many ants.


title: Fire ant

text: Key natural enemies of fire ants also include other ant species which will attack prospective queens during the nest founding period, when there is an absence of workers to defend the emergent colony. Frequent competitors of fire ant founding queens include other "Solenopsis" thief ant species, and some invasive pest species, such as the tawny crazy ant, and the black crazy ant.


title: Fire ant

text: A number of entomopathogenic fungi are also natural enemies of fire ants, such as "Beauveria bassiana" and "Metarhizium anisopliae""." The latter is commercially available for the biological control (as an alternative to conventional pesticides) of various pest insects, and a new proposed technology has increased its shelf life and efficiency against fire ants.


title: Fire ant

text: The genus "Solenopsis" contains over 200 species. Not all species included in the genus are known as fire ants, but most are small slow-moving ants which are unable to sting, called thief ants. "True" fire ants are but a group of about 20 species of "Solenopsis" which are larger, and will viciously sting in swarms whenever disturbed. Some of the most studied species include:


title: Wave

text: In physics, mathematics, and related fields, a wave is a propagating dynamic disturbance (change from equilibrium) of one or more quantities. Waves can be periodic, in which case those quantities oscillate repeatedly about an equilibrium (resting) value at some frequency. When the entire waveform moves in one direction, it is said to be a "traveling wave"; by contrast, a pair of superimposed periodic waves traveling in opposite directions makes a "standing wave". In a standing wave, the amplitude of vibration has nulls at some positions where the wave amplitude appears smaller or even zero. Waves are often described by a "wave equation" (standing wave field of two opposite waves) or a one-way wave equation for single wave propagation in a defined direction.


title: Wave

text: Two types of waves are most commonly studied in classical physics. In a "mechanical wave", stress and strain fields oscillate about a mechanical equilibrium. A mechanical wave is a local deformation (strain) in some physical medium that propagates from particle to particle by creating local stresses that cause strain in neighboring particles too. For example, sound waves are variations of the local pressure and particle motion that propagate through the medium. Other examples of mechanical waves are seismic waves, gravity waves, surface waves, string vibrations, and vortices. In an "electromagnetic wave" (such as light), coupling between the electric and magnetic fields which sustains propagation of a wave involving these fields according to Maxwell's equations. Electromagnetic waves can travel through a vacuum and through some dielectric media (at wavelengths where they are considered transparent). Electromagnetic waves, according to their frequencies (or wavelengths) have more specific designations including radio waves, infrared radiation, terahertz waves, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and gamma rays.


title: Wave

text: Other types of waves include gravitational waves, which are disturbances in spacetime that propagate according to general relativity; heat diffusion waves; plasma waves that combine mechanical deformations and electromagnetic fields; reaction–diffusion waves, such as in the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction; and many more. Mechanical and electromagnetic waves transfer energy, momentum, and information, but they do not transfer particles in the medium. In mathematics and electronics waves are studied as signals. On the other hand, some waves have envelopes which do not move at all such as standing waves (which are fundamental to music) and hydraulic jumps. Some, like the probability waves of quantum mechanics, may be completely static.


title: Wave

text: A physical wave field is almost always confined to some finite region of space, called its "domain". For example, the seismic waves generated by earthquakes are significant only in the interior and surface of the planet, so they can be ignored outside it. However, waves with infinite domain, that extend over the whole space, are commonly studied in mathematics, and are very valuable tools for understanding physical waves in finite domains.


title: Wave

text: A "plane wave" is an important mathematical idealization where the disturbance is identical along any (infinite) plane normal to a specific direction of travel. Mathematically, the simplest wave is a "sinusoidal plane wave" in which at any point the field experiences simple harmonic motion at one frequency. In linear media, complicated waves can generally be decomposed as the sum of many sinusoidal plane waves having different directions of propagation and/or different frequencies. A plane wave is classified as a "transverse wave" if the field disturbance at each point is described by a vector perpendicular to the direction of propagation (also the direction of energy transfer); or "longitudinal wave" if those vectors are aligned with the propagation direction. Mechanical waves include both transverse and longitudinal waves; on the other hand electromagnetic plane waves are strictly transverse while sound waves in fluids (such as air) can only be longitudinal. That physical direction of an oscillating field relative to the propagation direction is also referred to as the wave's "polarization", which can be an important attribute.


title: Wave

text: A wave can be described just like a field, namely as a function formula_1 where formula_2 is a position and formula_3 is a time.


title: Wave

text: The value of formula_2 is a point of space, specifically in the region where the wave is defined. In mathematical terms, it is usually a vector in the Cartesian three-dimensional space formula_5. However, in many cases one can ignore one dimension, and let formula_2 be a point of the Cartesian plane formula_7. This is the case, for example, when studying vibrations of a drum skin. One may even restrict formula_2 to a point of the Cartesian line formula_9 — that is, the set of real numbers. This is the case, for example, when studying vibrations in a violin string or recorder. The time formula_3, on the other hand, is always assumed to be a scalar; that is, a real number.


title: Wave

text: The value of formula_1 can be any physical quantity of interest assigned to the point formula_2 that may vary with time. For example, if formula_13 represents the vibrations inside an elastic solid, the value of formula_1 is usually a vector that gives the current displacement from formula_2 of the material particles that would be at the point formula_2 in the absence of vibration. For an electromagnetic wave, the value of formula_13 can be the electric field vector formula_18, or the magnetic field vector formula_19, or any related quantity, such as the Poynting vector formula_20. In fluid dynamics, the value of formula_1 could be the velocity vector of the fluid at the point formula_2, or any scalar property like pressure, temperature, or density. In a chemical reaction, formula_1 could be the concentration of some substance in the neighborhood of point formula_2 of the reaction medium.


title: Wave

text: For any dimension formula_25 (1, 2, or 3), the wave's domain is then a subset formula_26 of formula_27, such that the function value formula_1 is defined for any point formula_2 in formula_26. For example, when describing the motion of a drum skin, one can consider formula_26 to be a disk (circle) on the plane formula_7 with center at the origin formula_33, and let formula_1 be the vertical displacement of the skin at the point formula_2 of formula_26 and at time formula_3.


title: Wave

text: Sometimes one is interested in a single specific wave. More often, however, one needs to understand large set of possible waves; like all the ways that a drum skin can vibrate after being struck once with a drum stick, or all the possible radar echos one could get from an airplane that may be approaching an airport.


title: Wave

text: In some of those situations, one may describe such a family of waves by a function formula_38 that depends on certain parameters formula_39, besides formula_2 and formula_3. Then one can obtain different waves — that is, different functions of formula_2 and formula_3 — by choosing different values for those parameters.


title: Wave

text: For example, the sound pressure inside a recorder that is playing a "pure" note is typically a standing wave, that can be written as


title: Wave

text: The parameter formula_45 defines the amplitude of the wave (that is, the maximum sound pressure in the bore, which is related to the loudness of the note); formula_46 is the speed of sound; formula_47 is the length of the bore; and formula_48 is a positive integer (1,2,3...) that specifies the number of nodes in the standing wave. (The position formula_2 should be measured from the mouthpiece, and the time formula_3 from any moment at which the pressure at the mouthpiece is maximum. The quantity formula_51 is the wavelength of the emitted note, and formula_52 is its frequency.) Many general properties of these waves can be inferred from this general equation, without choosing specific values for the parameters.


title: Wave

text: As another example, it may be that the vibrations of a drum skin after a single strike depend only on the distance formula_53 from the center of the skin to the strike point, and on the strength formula_54 of the strike. Then the vibration for all possible strikes can be described by a function formula_55.


title: Wave

text: Sometimes the family of waves of interest has infinitely many parameters. For example, one may want to describe what happens to the temperature in a metal bar when it is initially heated at various temperatures at different points along its length, and then allowed to cool by itself in vacuum. In that case, instead of a scalar or vector, the parameter would have to be a function formula_56 such that formula_57 is the initial temperature at each point formula_2 of the bar. Then the temperatures at later times can be expressed by a function formula_13 that depends on the function formula_56 (that is, a functional operator), so that the temperature at a later time is formula_61


title: Wave

text: Another way to describe and study a family of waves is to give a mathematical equation that, instead of explicitly giving the value of formula_1, only constrains how those values can change with time. Then the family of waves in question consists of all functions formula_13 that satisfy those constraints — that is, all solutions of the equation.


title: Wave

text: This approach is extremely important in physics, because the constraints usually are a consequence of the physical processes that cause the wave to evolve. For example, if formula_1 is the temperature inside a block of some homogeneous and isotropic solid material, its evolution is constrained by the partial differential equation


title: Wave

text: where formula_66 is the heat that is being generated per unit of volume and time in the neighborhood of formula_2 at time formula_3 (for example, by chemical reactions happening there); formula_69 are the Cartesian coordinates of the point formula_2; formula_71 is the (first) derivative of formula_13 with respect to formula_3; and formula_74 is the second derivative of formula_13 relative to formula_76. (The symbol "formula_77" is meant to signify that, in the derivative with respect to some variable, all other variables must be considered fixed.)


title: Wave

text: This equation can be derived from the laws of physics that govern the diffusion of heat in solid media. For that reason, it is called the heat equation in mathematics, even though it applies to many other physical quantities besides temperatures.


title: Wave

text: For another example, we can describe all possible sounds echoing within a container of gas by a function formula_1 that gives the pressure at a point formula_2 and time formula_3 within that container. If the gas was initially at uniform temperature and composition, the evolution of formula_13 is constrained by the formula


title: Wave

text: Here formula_83 is some extra compression force that is being applied to the gas near formula_2 by some external process, such as a loudspeaker or piston right next to formula_85.


title: Wave

text: This same differential equation describes the behavior of mechanical vibrations and electromagnetic fields in a homogeneous isotropic non-conducting solid. Note that this equation differs from that of heat flow only in that the left-hand side is formula_86, the second derivative of formula_13 with respect to time, rather than the first derivative formula_71. Yet this small change makes a huge difference on the set of solutions formula_13. This differential equation is called "the" wave equation in mathematics, even though it describes only one very special kind of waves.


title: Wave

text: Consider a traveling transverse wave (which may be a pulse) on a string (the medium). Consider the string to have a single spatial dimension. Consider this wave as traveling


title: Wave

text: representing two component waveforms formula_13 and formula_99 traveling through the medium in opposite directions. A generalized representation of this wave can be obtained as the partial differential equation


title: Wave

text: Beside the second order wave equations that are describing a standing wave field, the one-way wave equation describes the propagation of single wave in a defined direction.


title: Wave

text: The form or shape of "F" in d'Alembert's formula involves the argument "x" − "vt". Constant values of this argument correspond to constant values of "F", and these constant values occur if "x" increases at the same rate that "vt" increases. That is, the wave shaped like the function "F" will move in the positive "x"-direction at velocity "v" (and "G" will propagate at the same speed in the negative "x"-direction).


title: Wave

text: In the case of a periodic function "F" with period "λ", that is, "F"("x" + "λ" − "vt") = "F"("x" − "vt"), the periodicity of "F" in space means that a snapshot of the wave at a given time "t" finds the wave varying periodically in space with period "λ" (the wavelength of the wave). In a similar fashion, this periodicity of "F" implies a periodicity in time as well: "F"("x" − "v"("t" + "T")) = "F"("x" − "vt") provided "vT" = "λ", so an observation of the wave at a fixed location "x" finds the wave undulating periodically in time with period "T = λ"/"v".


title: Wave

text: The amplitude of a wave may be constant (in which case the wave is a "c.w." or "continuous wave"), or may be "modulated" so as to vary with time and/or position. The outline of the variation in amplitude is called the "envelope" of the wave. Mathematically, the modulated wave can be written in the form:


title: Wave

text: where formula_105 is the amplitude envelope of the wave, formula_106 is the "wavenumber" and formula_107 is the "phase". If the group velocity formula_108 (see below) is wavelength-independent, this equation can be simplified as:


title: Wave

text: showing that the envelope moves with the group velocity and retains its shape. Otherwise, in cases where the group velocity varies with wavelength, the pulse shape changes in a manner often described using an "envelope equation".


title: Wave

text: Phase velocity is the rate at which the phase of the wave propagates in space: any given phase of the wave (for example, the crest) will appear to travel at the phase velocity. The phase velocity is given in terms of the wavelength (lambda) and period as


title: Wave

text: Group velocity is a property of waves that have a defined envelope, measuring propagation through space (that is, phase velocity) of the overall shape of the waves' amplitudes – modulation or envelope of the wave.


title: Wave

text: A plane wave is a kind of wave whose value varies only in one spatial direction. That is, its value is constant on a plane that is perpendicular to that direction. Plane waves can be specified by a vector of unit length formula_111 indicating the direction that the wave varies in, and a wave profile describing how the wave varies as a function of the displacement along that direction (formula_112) and time (formula_3). Since the wave profile only depends on the position formula_114 in the combination formula_112, any displacement in directions perpendicular to formula_111 cannot affect the value of the field.


title: Wave

text: Plane waves are often used to model electromagnetic waves far from a source. For electromagnetic plane waves, the electric and magnetic fields themselves are transverse to the direction of propagation, and also perpendicular to each other.


title: Wave

text: A standing wave, also known as a "stationary wave", is a wave whose envelope remains in a constant position. This phenomenon arises as a result of interference between two waves traveling in opposite directions.


title: Wave

text: The "sum" of two counter-propagating waves (of equal amplitude and frequency) creates a "standing wave". Standing waves commonly arise when a boundary blocks further propagation of the wave, thus causing wave reflection, and therefore introducing a counter-propagating wave. For example, when a violin string is displaced, transverse waves propagate out to where the string is held in place at the bridge and the nut, where the waves are reflected back. At the bridge and nut, the two opposed waves are in antiphase and cancel each other, producing a node. Halfway between two nodes there is an antinode, where the two counter-propagating waves "enhance" each other maximally. There is no net propagation of energy over time.


title: Wave

text: Waves normally move in a straight line (that is, rectilinearly) through a "transmission medium". Such media can be classified into one or more of the following categories:


title: Wave

text: Waves are usually defined in media which allow most or all of a wave's energy to propagate without loss. However materials may be characterized as "lossy" if they remove energy from a wave, usually converting it into heat. This is termed "absorption." A material which absorbs a wave's energy, either in transmission or reflection, is characterized by a refractive index which is complex. The amount of absorption will generally depend on the frequency (wavelength) of the wave, which, for instance, explains why objects may appear colored.


title: Wave

text: When a wave strikes a reflective surface, it changes direction, such that the angle made by the incident wave and line normal to the surface equals the angle made by the reflected wave and the same normal line.


title: Wave

text: Refraction is the phenomenon of a wave changing its speed. Mathematically, this means that the size of the phase velocity changes. Typically, refraction occurs when a wave passes from one medium into another. The amount by which a wave is refracted by a material is given by the refractive index of the material. The directions of incidence and refraction are related to the refractive indices of the two materials by Snell's law.


title: Wave

text: A wave exhibits diffraction when it encounters an obstacle that bends the wave or when it spreads after emerging from an opening. Diffraction effects are more pronounced when the size of the obstacle or opening is comparable to the wavelength of the wave.


title: Wave

text: When waves in a linear medium (the usual case) cross each other in a region of space, they do not actually interact with each other, but continue on as if the other one weren't present. However at any point "in" that region the "field quantities" describing those waves add according to the superposition principle. If the waves are of the same frequency in a fixed phase relationship, then there will generally be positions at which the two waves are "in phase" and their amplitudes "add", and other positions where they are "out of phase" and their amplitudes (partially or fully) "cancel". This is called an interference pattern.


title: Wave

text: The phenomenon of polarization arises when wave motion can occur simultaneously in two orthogonal directions. Transverse waves can be polarized, for instance. When polarization is used as a descriptor without qualification, it usually refers to the special, simple case of linear polarization. A transverse wave is linearly polarized if it oscillates in only one direction or plane. In the case of linear polarization, it is often useful to add the relative orientation of that plane, perpendicular to the direction of travel, in which the oscillation occurs, such as "horizontal" for instance, if the plane of polarization is parallel to the ground. Electromagnetic waves propagating in free space, for instance, are transverse; they can be polarized by the use of a polarizing filter.


title: Wave

text: Longitudinal waves, such as sound waves, do not exhibit polarization. For these waves there is only one direction of oscillation, that is, along the direction of travel.


title: Wave

text: A wave undergoes dispersion when either the phase velocity or the group velocity depends on the wave frequency.


title: Wave

text: Dispersion is most easily seen by letting white light pass through a prism, the result of which is to produce the spectrum of colors of the rainbow. Isaac Newton performed experiments with light and prisms, presenting his findings in the "Opticks" (1704) that white light consists of several colors and that these colors cannot be decomposed any further.


title: Wave

text: The speed of a transverse wave traveling along a vibrating string ("v") is directly proportional to the square root of the tension of the string ("T") over the linear mass density ("μ"):


title: Wave

text: or the square root of the adiabatic bulk modulus divided by the ambient fluid density (see speed of sound).


title: Wave

text: Seismic waves are waves of energy that travel through the Earth's layers, and are a result of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, magma movement, large landslides and large man-made explosions that give out low-frequency acoustic energy.


title: Wave

text: The Doppler effect (or the Doppler shift) is the change in frequency of a wave in relation to an observer who is moving relative to the wave source. It is named after the Austrian physicist Christian Doppler, who described the phenomenon in 1842.


title: Wave

text: A shock wave is a type of propagating disturbance. When a wave moves faster than the local speed of sound in a fluid, it is a shock wave. Like an ordinary wave, a shock wave carries energy and can propagate through a medium; however, it is characterized by an abrupt, nearly discontinuous change in pressure, temperature and density of the medium.


title: Wave

text: An electromagnetic wave consists of two waves that are oscillations of the electric and magnetic fields. An electromagnetic wave travels in a direction that is at right angles to the oscillation direction of both fields. In the 19th century, James Clerk Maxwell showed that, in vacuum, the electric and magnetic fields satisfy the wave equation both with speed equal to that of the speed of light. From this emerged the idea that light is an electromagnetic wave. Electromagnetic waves can have different frequencies (and thus wavelengths), giving rise to various types of radiation such as radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and Gamma rays.


title: Wave

text: The Schrödinger equation describes the wave-like behavior of particles in quantum mechanics. Solutions of this equation are wave functions which can be used to describe the probability density of a particle.


title: Wave

text: The Dirac equation is a relativistic wave equation detailing electromagnetic interactions. Dirac waves accounted for the fine details of the hydrogen spectrum in a completely rigorous way. The wave equation also implied the existence of a new form of matter, antimatter, previously unsuspected and unobserved and which was experimentally confirmed. In the context of quantum field theory, the Dirac equation is reinterpreted to describe quantum fields corresponding to spin- particles.


title: Wave

text: where "h" is Planck's constant, and "p" is the magnitude of the momentum of the particle. This hypothesis was at the basis of quantum mechanics. Nowadays, this wavelength is called the de Broglie wavelength. For example, the electrons in a CRT display have a de Broglie wavelength of about 10 m.


title: Wave

text: A wave representing such a particle traveling in the "k"-direction is expressed by the wave function as follows:


title: Wave

text: However, a wave like this with definite wavelength is not localized in space, and so cannot represent a particle localized in space. To localize a particle, de Broglie proposed a superposition of different wavelengths ranging around a central value in a wave packet, a waveform often used in quantum mechanics to describe the wave function of a particle. In a wave packet, the wavelength of the particle is not precise, and the local wavelength deviates on either side of the main wavelength value.


title: Wave

text: In representing the wave function of a localized particle, the wave packet is often taken to have a Gaussian shape and is called a "Gaussian wave packet". Gaussian wave packets also are used to analyze water waves.


title: Wave

text: at some initial time "t" = 0, where the central wavelength is related to the central wave vector "k" as λ = 2π / "k". It is well known from the theory of Fourier analysis, or from the Heisenberg uncertainty principle (in the case of quantum mechanics) that a narrow range of wavelengths is necessary to produce a localized wave packet, and the more localized the envelope, the larger the spread in required wavelengths. The Fourier transform of a Gaussian is itself a Gaussian. Given the Gaussian:


title: Wave

text: The parameter σ decides the spatial spread of the Gaussian along the "x"-axis, while the Fourier transform shows a spread in wave vector "k" determined by 1/"σ". That is, the smaller the extent in space, the larger the extent in "k", and hence in λ = 2π/"k".


title: Wave

text: Gravity waves are waves generated in a fluid medium or at the interface between two media when the force of gravity or buoyancy tries to restore equilibrium. A ripple on a pond is one example.


title: Wave

text: Gravitational waves also travel through space. The first observation of gravitational waves was announced on 11 February 2016.


title: Wave

text: Gravitational waves are disturbances in the curvature of spacetime, predicted by Einstein's theory of general relativity.


title: Fabrizio Romano

text: Fabrizio Romano (born 21 February 1993) is an Italian football journalist. He has worked for Sky Sport Italy, and is regarded as one of the most well-informed and reliable sources for football transfer news.


title: Fabrizio Romano

text: Romano was born in Naples on 21 February 1993. He attended Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore in Milan. Romano is a supporter of English club Watford. He is multilingual, and can speak English, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese.


title: Fabrizio Romano

text: Romano started writing about football at 16 while still studying in high school. His career as a football transfer journalist began when he was 18, after receiving inside information from an Italian agent in Barcelona regarding then FC Barcelona player Mauro Icardi.


title: Fabrizio Romano

text: Since joining Sky Sport Italy at age 19, he has created and built contacts with clubs, agents and intermediaries all over Europe. Romano also works as a reporter for "The Guardian," CBS Sports and caughtoffside. He is based in Milan.


title: Fabrizio Romano

text: Romano is known for his use of the tagline "Here we go!", used when announcing a transfer deal. According to "90min", he is one of the "most trusted" transfer-related pundits in the sport. Because of his reputation and social media following, several football clubs have asked him to participate in player announcement videos.


title: Purple Rain (film)

text: Purple Rain is a 1984 American rock musical drama film scored by and starring Prince in his acting debut. Developed to showcase his talents, it contains several concert sequences, featuring Prince and his band The Revolution. The film is directed by Albert Magnoli, who later became Prince's manager, from a screenplay by Magnoli and William Blinn. The cast also features Apollonia Kotero, Morris Day, Olga Karlatos and Clarence Williams III.


title: Purple Rain (film)

text: Principal photography took place almost entirely in Minneapolis: the film features many local landmarks, including the Crystal Court of the IDS Center and the First Avenue nightclub, which was paid $100,000 for the club being used during filming; it was closed for 25 days. Also some of the scenes of First Avenue were shot at The Wiltern in Los Angeles.


title: Purple Rain (film)

text: "Purple Rain" grossed over $72 million worldwide, against its $7.2 million budget. The film won an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score. Publications and critics have regarded "Purple Rain" as one of the greatest musical films. In 2019, the film was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".


title: Purple Rain (film)

text: "Purple Rain" was supported with its soundtrack album of the same name, which featured two US chart-topping singles, "When Doves Cry" and "Let's Go Crazy", as well as the number-two hit "Purple Rain". The soundtrack is certified 13× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and has sold over 25 million copies worldwide.


title: Purple Rain (film)

text: The Kid is the talented but troubled frontman of his Minneapolis-based band, The Revolution. To escape his difficult home life—his father verbally and physically abuses him and his mother—he spends his days rehearsing and his nights performing at the First Avenue nightclub. The Revolution, the flashy Morris Day and his group The Time, and Dez Dickerson and his group The Modernaires hold the nightclub's three house band slots. Morris, aware that The Revolution's guitarist Wendy and keyboardist Lisa are frustrated that The Kid is unwilling to play their compositions, lobbies Billy Sparks, the club's owner, to replace The Revolution with a girl group which Morris is already forming.


title: Purple Rain (film)

text: He targets the Kid's girlfriend Apollonia—an aspiring singer and new arrival in Minneapolis—to lead his group, and tries to persuade her that The Kid is too self-centered to help her. She eventually joins Morris's group, which Morris names Apollonia 6. When she reveals her newfound partnership to the Kid, he becomes furious and slaps her, as his father had struck him earlier.


title: Purple Rain (film)

text: At the club, The Kid responds to the internal band strife, the pressure to draw more crowds, and his strained private life with the uncomfortably personal "Darling Nikki". His performance publicly humiliates Apollonia, who runs off in tears, and angers both Morris and Billy, worsening his situation. Billy confronts the Kid, castigating him for bringing his personal life onto the stage and warning him that he is wasting his musical talent as his father did. Apollonia 6 successfully debuts, and Billy warns the Kid that his First Avenue slot is at risk.


title: Purple Rain (film)

text: The Kid seizes Apollonia from a drunken Morris and the two argue and fight; Apollonia then abandons him. Returning home, he finds the house in tatters, with his mother nowhere to be found. When he turns on the basement light, his father—who had been lurking in the basement with a loaded handgun—shoots himself in the head. Frenzied after a night of torment, the Kid tears apart the basement to release his frustration, only to find a large box of his father's musical compositions. The next morning, the Kid picks up a cassette tape of one of Wendy and Lisa's compositions, a rhythm track named "Slow Groove", and begins to compose.


title: Purple Rain (film)

text: That night at First Avenue, all is quiet in The Revolution's dressing room until The Time stops by to taunt the Kid about his family life. Once on stage, the Kid announces that he will be playing "a song the girls in the band wrote", dedicated to his father—revealed to be "Purple Rain". As the emotional song ends, the Kid rushes from the stage and out the back door of the club, intending to ride away on his motorcycle. However, before he can mount it, he realizes that his new song has thrilled the crowd.


title: Purple Rain (film)

text: The Kid returns to the club, with his fellow musicians greeting him with approval and a teary-eyed Apollonia embracing him. The Kid returns to the stage for two encores with The Revolution, to the wild approval of the crowd (even Morris); overlaid scenes show the Kid visiting his father and mother in the hospital and sorting his father's compositions in the basement, accompanied by Apollonia. A montage of all the songs plays as the credits roll.


title: Purple Rain (film)

text: After the success of his album "1999", Prince confronted his then-manager Robert Cavallo and told him he would not renew his contract with him unless he got to star in a studio film. Every studio they had met with rejected the premise of a musician-led film, leading Cavallo to produce the film himself. David Geffen and Richard Pryor were among those who passed on the film. Prince spent months writing down the basic plot points of the film. Impressed with his work on "Fame", Cavallo commissioned William Blinn to write the script. Blinn's original script, titled "Dreams", was much darker.


title: Purple Rain (film)

text: "Reckless" director James Foley was offered to direct the film, but was not interested and instead passed it on to his editor Albert Magnoli, who disliked Blinn's script for lacking "truth", and was then hired to direct and edit after delivering a pitch on the spot to Cavallo. Allegedly during the first meeting with Warner Bros., the studio executives asked Cavallo if John Travolta could replace Prince as the film's lead.


title: Purple Rain (film)

text: Prince intended to cast Vanity, leader of the girl group Vanity 6, but she left the group before filming began. Her role was initially offered to Jennifer Beals (who turned it down because she wanted to concentrate on college) before going to Apollonia Kotero, who was then virtually unknown. Prince had seen her appearance on the February 1983 episode of "Tales of the Gold Monkey", in which she played a saucy island girl (inspired by Jamie Muller, the only person who Prince trusted to cut the grass of his Minnesota home at the time of filming) who was sleeping with a German man of the cloth. Excluding Prince and his onscreen parents, almost every character in the movie is named after the actor who plays him or her. Kotero was the last to audition and caught the eye of Magnoli. Kotero had no background in singing and was doubled by Lisa Coleman in her vocals on "Take Me With U".


title: Purple Rain (film)

text: After the character change from Vanity to Apollonia, the script was drastically revised, and many dark scenes were cut. Some of these scenes include Prince and Apollonia having sex in a barn (a concept which was the story behind the 1985 song "Raspberry Beret"); Prince going to Apollonia 6's rehearsal and physically fighting with the members of The Time; and a scene which featured Prince's mother talking to him about her shaky relationship with his father. In addition, many scenes such as the "Lake Minnetonka" scene, Apollonia first meeting Morris, and the railyard scene were cut down because of time constraints. Many clips from these scenes were featured, however, in the trailer for the movie as well as the "When Doves Cry" and "Let's Go Crazy" montage. Prince required the other musicians in the film to take acting classes prior to filming. Morris Day was supposedly kicked out of the classes for "clowning around".


title: Purple Rain (film)

text: Principal photography began on October 31, 1983, in Minneapolis, Minnesota and spanned 42 days. The film features many local landmarks, including the Crystal Court of the IDS Center (also shown in segments of the opening credits to "The Mary Tyler Moore Show") and the First Avenue nightclub, which was paid $100,000 for usage during filming and was closed for 25 days. According to Alan Leeds, several days of shooting were altered due to Day refusing to show up to set due to a rivalry with Prince.


title: Purple Rain (film)

text: The Huntington Hotel, where Apollonia stayed, is located on Main Street in downtown Los Angeles. In the film, it is supposed to be across the street from First Avenue. In the film, Prince rides a customized Hondamatic Honda CM400A motorcycle. The road north from Henderson Station, Minnesota along the Minnesota River was the setting for the motorcycle ride scenes.


title: Purple Rain (film)

text: During production, Magnoli asked Prince to write one more song that touched on the themes of the film. The following day, Prince already had the song, "When Doves Cry", fully produced.


title: Purple Rain (film)

text: Although Warner Bros. considered the film "outrageous" at the time, it was accepted for distribution after an internal debate. Music industry publicist Howard Bloom had advocated for the film to be released and said that "killing "Purple Rain" would be a sin against art!".


title: Purple Rain (film)

text: The film is tied into the album of the same name, which spawned two chart-topping singles, "When Doves Cry" and the opening number "Let's Go Crazy", as well as "Purple Rain", which reached number two. The film won an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score. The soundtrack sold over 15 million copies in America alone, and 25 million worldwide. The film also coincided with spin-off albums by The Time ("Ice Cream Castle") and Apollonia 6 (their self-titled album).


title: Purple Rain (film)

text: Warner Home Video first released "Purple Rain" on video in 1984 while the film was still in theaters. At the time it was one of the first major releases to be sold at the lower listed price of $29.95 in the United States. It shipped 435,000 units. It was released on DVD in 1999. The film was first released on Blu-ray on July 24, 2007 and was released on Blu-ray again with a new remaster on October 4, 2016, as part of the Prince Movie Collection.


title: Purple Rain (film)

text: "Purple Rain" received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 70% rating based on 56 reviews, with an average rating of 6.39/10. The website's critical consensus reads: ""Purple Rain" makes for undeniably uneven cinema, but it's held together by its star's singular charisma – not to mention a slew of classic songs." On Metacritic, it has a score of 55 out of 100 based on 14 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Prince famously said after the movie opened that he had a nightmare that Roger Ebert and Gene Siskel hated the movie and tore it apart on their TV show; in fact, both critics loved "Purple Rain" and put it on their Top 10 lists of the best films in 1984. Roger Ebert would go on to call it "one of the greatest rock movies of all time".


title: Purple Rain (film)

text: "Purple Rain" is the only feature film that Prince starred in but did not direct. A standalone sequel, "Graffiti Bridge", was released in 1990.


title: Purple Rain (film)

text: After Prince's death on April 21, 2016, MTV aired the film following a music video marathon. VH1 also showed the movie the same night, as well as throughout the next couple of days.


title: Purple Rain (film)

text: Theater chains AMC and Carmike held tribute screenings of the film at a limited number of theaters the following week, from April 27 to May 1, 2016.


title: Purple Rain (film)

text: A Tuareg-language homage to the film, entitled "Akounak Tedalat Taha Tazoughai", which translates as "Rain the Color of Blue with a Little Red In It", was released in 2015 and stars the Nigerien guitarist Mdou Moctar. Eminem's feature film, "8 Mile", which is loosely based on his life, also is often compared to "Purple Rain".


title: Purple Rain (film)

text: Eight months before his death, Prince purchased the house of “The Kid” in Minneapolis. Located on Snelling Avenue in the Longfellow community, it was used for exterior scenes in the movie. The house, which the Prince estate owns, is a popular tourist destination for fans of the film.


title: JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Diamond Is Unbreakable

text: The anime adaptation of "Diamond is Unbreakable" was announced at the end of "The Last Crusaders" event for the "" anime in Tokyo on October 24, 2015; a teaser trailer was uploaded to Warner Bros. Japan's YouTube channel shortly after. The series was directed by Naokatsu Tsuda and Toshiyuki Kato, with the screenplay by Yasuko Kobayashi, character designs by Terumi Nishii, and the score composed once again by Yugo Kanno. "Diamond Is Unbreakable" aired in Japan between April 2, and December 24, 2016, and was simulcast by Crunchyroll. The opening theme for the first 14 episodes is "Crazy Noisy Bizarre Town" performed by The DU, (Jun Shirota, Daisuke Wada, and Jeity), the theme for episodes 15–26 is "Chase" performed by pop rock band Batta, and the theme for episode 27 onwards is "Great Days" by Daisuke Hasegawa and Karen Aoki. The ending theme is the 1996 single "I Want You" by Australian pop group Savage Garden. The ending theme for episode 39 is "Great Days Units ver." by JO☆UNITED (Hiroaki "Tommy" Tominaga, Coda, Jin Hashimoto, Jun Shirota, Daisuke Wada, Jeity, Tatsu Hoshino, Daisuke Hasegawa, and Karen Aoki).


text: An original video animation (OVA) episode based on the "Thus Spoke Kishibe Rohan" spin-off manga was distributed in 2017 to those who purchased every DVD or Blu-ray release of the series. A second OVA was released with a special edition of the manga's second volume on July 19, 2018.


text: On July 6, 2018, Viz Media announced that the series would air on Adult Swim's Toonami; episodes began broadcasting on August 19, 2018.


text: Set around mid 1999 in Japan, Jotaro Kujo tracks down Josuke Higashikata, the illegitimate son of Joseph Joestar, to help him find a magical bow and arrow which grants people Stand powers. Along the way, Josuke and his friends discover that a Stand-using serial killer is on the loose in their hometown of Morioh and they set out to stop him.


title: USS Johnston (DD-557)

text: USS "Johnston" (DD-557) was a built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was named after Lieutenant John V. Johnston, an officer of the US Navy during the American Civil War. "Johnston" was laid down in May 1942 and was launched on 25 March 1943. She entered active duty in October 1943 under the command of Lieutenant Commander Ernest E. Evans and was assigned to the US Pacific Fleet. "Johnston" provided naval gunfire support for American ground forces during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign in January and February 1944 and again, after three months of patrol and escort duty in the Solomon Islands, during the recapture of Guam in July. Thereafter, "Johnston" was tasked with escorting escort carriers during the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign and the liberation of the Philippines.


title: USS Johnston (DD-557)

text: On 25 October 1944, while assigned as part of the escort to six escort carriers, "Johnston", two other "Fletcher"-class destroyers, and four destroyer escorts were engaged by a large Imperial Japanese Navy flotilla. In what became known as the Battle off Samar, "Johnston" and the other escort ships charged the Japanese ships to protect nearby US carriers and transport craft. After engaging several Japanese capital ships and a destroyer squadron, "Johnston" was sunk with 187 dead, including Evans. "Johnston"s wreck was discovered on 30 October 2019 but was not properly identified until March 2021. Lying more than below the surface of the ocean, it was the deepest shipwreck ever surveyed until the discovery of on 22 June 2022.


title: USS Johnston (DD-557)

text: To rectify the top-heaviness and stability problems of the preceding and es, the "Fletcher" class was greatly increased in size over the older designs. This allowed them to accept additional anti-aircraft (AA) guns and electronic equipment as well as their operators without sacrificing guns or torpedoes as the older ships were forced to do during the war. The "Fletcher"s displaced at standard load and at deep load, roughly 30 percent more than the "Benson"s and "Gleaves".


title: USS Johnston (DD-557)

text: In early 1942, the design of the "Fletcher"s was modified to reduce topweight and to simplify the construction of the bridge by squaring off the curves at its front. One deck was removed from the aft superstructure and the base of the fire-control director above the bridge was shortened by . The splinter plating protecting the bridge and the director was also reduced in thickness. In addition, visibility from the bridge was improved by the addition of an open platform connected to the bridge wings.


title: USS Johnston (DD-557)

text: They had an overall length of , with a draft of and beam of . The ships were powered by two General Electric geared steam turbines that each drove one propeller shaft using steam provided by four Babcock & Wilcox boilers. The turbines produced which was intended to give the ships a top speed of . The destroyers carried enough fuel oil to give them a range of at . They were crewed by 9 officers and 264 enlisted men.


title: USS Johnston (DD-557)

text: The main battery of the "Fletcher"-class destroyers consisted of five dual-purpose /38 caliber guns in single mounts which were grouped in superfiring pairs fore and after of the superstructure. The fifth mount was positioned on the aft superstructure forward of the aft pair. The guns were controlled by the Mark 37 director. Their anti-aircraft battery depended on the availability of the weapons, but "Johnston" was built with ten Bofors guns in five powered twin-gun mounts and seven manually operated Oerlikon cannons. The forward pair of Bofors mounts were located forward of the bridge and the second pair were on platforms abreast the aft funnel with one mount on each broadside; the last mount was positioned between the aft superfiring pair of guns and the single mounts forward of them. Each mount was controlled by a nearby Mark 51 director. Four Oerlikons were located amidships, two on each broadside, and three were grouped in a triangle at the stern, next to the depth charge racks.


title: USS Johnston (DD-557)

text: The ships were fitted with two racks, each holding eight depth charges and adjacent to them were two storage racks with five depth charges each. Abreast the aft superstructure were six "K-gun" throwers, three on each side, with five depth charges. The destroyers were equipped with two quintuple rotating torpedo tube mounts for Mark 15 torpedoes.


title: USS Johnston (DD-557)

text: The "Fletcher"s had only minimal armor that was intended to protect against shell splinters and fragments. The sides of the propulsion machinery compartments consisted of plates of special treatment steel (STS) while the deck above them consisted of STS. The "square bridge" ships like "Johnston" had the splinter armor of the bridge reduced from the 0.75-inch armor of the earlier "round bridge" ships to . Furthermore, the protective plating of the Mark 37 director was reduced from the earlier 0.75 inches to 0.5 inches.


title: USS Johnston (DD-557)

text: The "Fletcher"-class destroyers were equipped with a Mark 4 or Mark 12 fire-control radar on the roof of the Mark 37 director. A SC-2 early-warning radar and a SG surface-search radar were fitted on the foremast. For anti-submarine work, the ships used a QC series sonar.


title: USS Johnston (DD-557)

text: Construction of "Johnston", named after Lieutenant John V. Johnston, an officer of the US Navy during the American Civil War, began with the laying of her keel at the Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation's yard on 6 May 1942. Her launch, sponsored by Marie S. Klinger, Lt. Johnston's grandniece, took place on 25 March 1943. "Johnston" was finally commissioned into the United States Navy and placed under the command of Lieutenant Commander Ernest E. Evans on 27 October 1943. She then sailed to the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard and fitted out into early November. On 15 November, "Johnston" sailed for San Diego, California. From 19 November to 1 January 1944, "Johnston" put out to sea for her shakedown cruise and her crew trained with fleet units near San Diego.


title: USS Johnston (DD-557)

text: On 13 January 1944 "Johnston" set sail for Hawaii with a US Navy squadron led by Rear Admiral Jesse B. Oldendorf and arrived 21 January. From there, "Johnston" sailed to join the ongoing campaign against the Japanese Empire in the Gilbert and Marshall Islands. She arrived by 29 January and was assigned to Fire Support Group 53.5 under Oldendorf. On 30 January, she screened for the cruisers , , , and the battleship as they provided naval gunfire support for American forces in the Wotje Atoll. "Johnston" sailed for the Kwajalein Atoll, where from 31 January to 3 February she provided gunfire support for American forces attacking Roi-Namur Island.


title: USS Johnston (DD-557)

text: "Johnston" was reassigned on 5 February 1944 to escort transport ships to the Ellice Islands with destroyers and , and the destroyer-minesweeper . The convoy set sail on 6 February but en route "Johnston" was ordered to return to the Marshalls for resupply. She arrived on 8 February, refueled, and then set sail for Kwajalein on 10 February. Her arrival was delayed until the next day after jellyfish clogged and overheated her condensers.


title: USS Johnston (DD-557)

text: Almost as soon "Johnston" arrived, she was tasked with investigating a sighting of a Japanese submarine. No such vessel was detected. Early on 12 February, Japanese bombers attacked Roi-Namur, inflicting heavy casualties to the occupying Americans. In response to their detection on radar, "Johnston" and the other present American ships laid smoke to obscure their positions. They were not attacked. Over the next three days, "Johnston" resupplied, took on supplies from , 5 in shells from , and fuel oil from . "Johnston" was then attached to Operation Catchpole, the American attack on Enewetak Atoll. From 16 February to 18 February, "Johnston" screened for , , , "Indianapolis", and cruisers and as they bombarded Engebi Island. Then, from 19 February to 25 February, "Johnston" provided gunfire support for American troops herself and patrolled for submarines.


title: USS Johnston (DD-557)

text: On 25 February 1944, "Johnston" was relieved of patrol duty and was assigned to screen the escort carrier with . The trio was ordered back to the Marshall Islands on 28 February and arrived on 1 March. "Johnston" resupplied over the next five days. On 7 March the flotilla, joined by , sailed for Espiritu Santo and arrived on 13 March. "Johnston" docked in the auxiliary floating drydock for minor repairs from 18 to 19 March, then set out for the Solomon Islands on 20 March. She arrived at Purvis Bay, near Guadalcanal, the following day and was subsequently assigned to patrol duties around New Ireland. On 27–28 March, "Johnston" and her sister ships , , and were dispatched to bombard Kapingamarangi Atoll, in the Caroline Islands. Upon their return to the Solomons on 29 March, the destroyers were assigned additional patrol duties. For the rest of March and all of April, they patrolled the northern Solomons, escorted Allied shipping to and from them, and occasionally provided gunfire support for the US Army's XIV Corps on Bougainville Island.


title: USS Johnston (DD-557)

text: "Johnston" began May 1944 moored in Purvis Bay undergoing minor repairs. On 6 May, she sailed to New Georgia with "Franks", "Haggard", "Hailey", and "Hoel" to screen for and and then for a minelaying operation between Bougainville and Buka Island on 10 May. Two days later, "Haggard", "Franks" and "Johnston" were alerted by an American scout plane to the presence of the off Buka. The destroyers immediately began searching for the vessel and, late on 16 May, discovered it. "Haggard", then "Johnston", and then "Franks" attacked the submarine with depth charges and sank it after midnight on 17 May. The destroyers resumed their anti-submarine patrols on 18 May, then screened for "Montpelier", "Cleveland", and as they shelled Japanese coastal guns on the Shortland Islands two days later. "Johnston" thereafter resumed patrol and escort duty, then docked with the destroyer tender for minor repairs from 27 May to 2 June.


title: USS Johnston (DD-557)

text: On 3 June 1944, "Johnston" joined a convoy of US warships headed to Kwajalein to join a fleet gathering to recapture Guam. The convoy arrived on 8 June, then made for Guam four days later with the invasion force and arrived by 18 June. The ongoing Battle of Saipan, however, delayed the invasion. On 30 June, the fleet was ordered to return to Kwajalein; "Johnston" arrived on 3 July and returned to patrol duty. When the invasion force was ordered back to Guam on 14 July, "Johnston" again sailed as part of its screen. The fleet arrived four days later. From 21 July to 1 August, "Johnston" joined several battleships, cruisers, and destroyers to furnish gunfire support for the 1st Marine Brigade and the 77th Infantry Division. Afterwards, from 2 August to 9 August, she screened for American ships. On 9 August, "Johnston" was ordered, with "Franks", "Haggard", "Haily", , , , "Cleveland", and to return to the Marshalls.


title: USS Johnston (DD-557)

text: The flotilla arrived on 12 August, resupplied, and then sailed for Espiritu Santo from 19 August to 24 August. Three days later, after undergoing minor repairs, "Johnston" set sail for Purvis Bay with "Pennsylvania", , "Louisville", "Minneapolis", and seven other destroyers. The flotilla arrived on 29 August and joined escort carriers , , , , with whom "Johnston" trained for carrier escort duty. On 4 September, "Johnston", "Haggard", "Hailey", and , escorting "Petrof Bay", "Kalinan Bay", and , set sail for the Palau Islands and the invasions of Peleliu and of Angaur. "Johnston" escorted these escort carriers until 18 September, when "Johnston" was reassigned to escort , , and . "Johnston" and her charges received orders on 21 September to proceed to Ulithi, an atoll in the Caroline Islands, where they arrived on 23 September.


title: USS Johnston (DD-557)

text: The flotilla departed Ulithi on 25 September 1944 and arrived in Seeadler Harbor, in the Admiralty Islands on 1 October 1944. There, on 12 October, "Johnston" was assigned to the US 7th Fleet, which was preparing to invade the Philippines. "Johnston" was attached, with "Hoel", , and the destroyer escorts , , , and , to the escort carriers , , "White Plains", "Gambier Bay", "Kalinin Bay", and "Kitkun Bay". These ships formed TU 77.4.3 (call sign "Taffy 3"), a sub-unit of the 7th Fleet's Escort Carrier Group (TG 77.4) commanded by Rear Admiral Clifton Sprague, aboard "Fanshaw Bay", and sailed into Leyte Gulf on 17 October. In response, on 18 October, the Imperial Japanese Navy dispatched three fleets to cut off and destroy the American ground forces. The largest fleet was placed under the command of Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita and took a path that, on 25 October, led it to TG 77.4.


title: USS Johnston (DD-557)

text: Though Kurita's fleet – by 25 October numbering four battleships, eight cruisers, and 11 destroyers – had been attacked by US submarines and aircraft over the previous two days, TG 77.4 was not made aware of the Japanese force until Taffy 3's surface radar detected it at 0646. "Johnston", south-east from the Japanese, was informed of its presence at 0650; eight minutes later, the Japanese opened fire, beginning the Battle off Samar.


title: USS Johnston (DD-557)

text: At 0657, Sprague ordered Taffy 3 to head east at top speed and lay smoke. Finding "Johnston" at the rear of the formation, however, Commander Evans ordered a turn to the northeast so that "Johnston" could charge the Japanese for a torpedo attack and lay smoke to cover the flotilla's escape. At 0710, "Johnston" began firing on the heavy cruiser , leading a column of cruisers, as she sailed into the range of "Johnston"s 5 in main battery. "Johnston" fired more than 200 main battery shells at the "Kumano" over the next five minutes, striking the cruiser at least 40 times and setting her superstructure on fire. Then, having closed to , "Johnston" fired all 10 of her torpedoes at "Kumano" and then turned to hide in her own smoke.


title: USS Johnston (DD-557)

text: At least one of "Johnston"s torpedoes struck "Kumano", blowing the bow off the latter. This damage forced "Kumano" and the cruiser , which pulled alongside "Kumano", to retire from the battle. But as "Johnston" charged and engaged "Kumano", she was in turn engaged by battleships and , and cruisers and "Suzuya". At 0730, "Johnston" sustained three 14 in and three 6 in shell hits. This resulted in numerous casualties and immense damage to her bridge and engineering spaces, the loss of her gyrocompass, aft 5 in guns, and steering engine, which reduced her speed to . Hidden in her smoke and a rain squall for the next ten minutes, "Johnston"s crew restored power to two of the aft main guns. The third was permanently disconnected from fire control and had to be operated manually.


title: USS Johnston (DD-557)

text: After turning south to rejoin Taffy 3, "Johnston" encountered "Hoel", "Heermann", and "Samuel B. Roberts", en route to make their own torpedo attacks. Evans turned "Johnston" around to follow and support them, in the process exchanging gunfire with the heavy cruiser . By 0820, the escorts had launched their torpedoes and turned south, making smoke and still exchanging fire with the Japanese, to rejoin Taffy 3. This was accomplished by 0840, when "Heermann" and "Johnston", enveloped in smoke, nearly collided. At that time, "Johnston" spotted the battleship , distant, fired 30 shells at her, and then evaded returned fire from "Kongō". "Johnston" next sighted "Gambier Bay", immobile, listing to port, and under fire from a heavy cruiser, and briefly fired on the cruiser. "Johnston" ceased fire as four Japanese destroyers led by light cruiser approached the other carriers.


title: USS Johnston (DD-557)

text: "Johnston" engaged the entire squadron, opening fire on "Yahagi" at 0850 from 10,000 yards and closed to . She hit the cruiser 12 times and was in turn struck by several 5 in shells. In response, "Yahagi", also being strafed by US aircraft, turned to starboard and disengaged. "Johnston" turned her fire on the Japanese destroyers, which soon also banked starboard and, with "Yahagi", discharged their torpedoes at the carriers without effect. The squadron, joined by two more cruisers, then focused on "Johnston", and, in short order, denuded her of her main mast, last engine, and guns, rendered the bridge uninhabitable, and set much of the ship ablaze. Evans moved his command to the fantail, where, at 0945, he ordered the crew to abandon ship. At 1010, "Johnston" rolled over and sank. Of her complement of 327 men, 186 men and officers, including Evans, died. The remaining 141 men were rescued by American vessels after 50 hours at sea. "Johnston" was struck from the Navy Register on 27 November 1944.


title: USS Johnston (DD-557)

text: "Johnston" received six battle stars and, for the action at Samar, a Presidential Unit Citation. For the same action, Commander Evans was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor.


title: USS Johnston (DD-557)

text: On 30 October 2019, the , a research vessel (RV) belonging to Vulcan Inc., discovered the remains of what was believed to be "Johnston" at the bottom of the Philippine Trench. The remains consisted of a deck gun, a propeller shaft, and some miscellaneous debris that could not be used to identify the wreck, but additional debris was observed lying deeper than the RV could go. On 31 March 2021, the research vessel DSV "Limiting Factor" of Caladan Oceanic, financed and piloted by Victor Vescovo, surveyed and photographed the deeper wreck and definitively identified it as "Johnston". She sits upright and is well preserved at a depth of . Until "Samuel B. Roberts" was discovered on 22 June 2022, "Johnston" was the deepest discovered shipwreck in the world.


title: Mystique (character)

text: Mystique (Raven Darkhölme) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with the X-Men. Created by artist David Cockrum and writer Chris Claremont, she first appeared in the comic book "Ms. Marvel" #16 (April 1978).


title: Mystique (character)

text: A member of a subspecies of humanity known as mutants who are born with superhuman abilities, she is a shapeshifter who can mimic the appearance and voice of any person with exquisite precision; her natural appearance includes blue skin, red hair and yellow eyes. Typically portrayed as a foe of the X-Men, Mystique has been both a supervillain and an antiheroine, founding her own Brotherhood of Mutants and assassinating several important people involved in mutant affairs; she has been stated to be over 100 years old. Mystique is the mother of the X-Men hero Nightcrawler and the villain Graydon Creed, and the adoptive mother of the X-Men heroine Rogue.


title: Mystique (character)

text: Mystique appears in seven of the 20th Century Fox "X-Men" films: the character was portrayed by Rebecca Romijn in "X-Men" (2000), "X2" (2003) and "" (2006), while Jennifer Lawrence portrayed a younger version in "" (2011), "" (2014), "" (2016) and "Dark Phoenix" (2019).


title: Mystique (character)

text: Mystique was created by David Cockrum. Chris Claremont saw Cockrum's design, dubbed the character "Mystique", and, with Cockrum's permission, set her in "Ms. Marvel" #16 (May 1978). The character's true appearance was revealed in "Ms. Marvel" #18 (June 1978) and first cover appearance in "The Avengers" Annual #10 (1981).


title: Mystique (character)

text: Claremont, a former "X-Men" writer, has said that he originally intended Mystique and Destiny to be Nightcrawler's biological parents (with Mystique having morphed into a male body for the act of conception), but Marvel didn't agree, because at that time the Comics Code Authority prohibited the explicit portrayal of gay or bisexual characters.


title: Mystique (character)

text: Mystique's origins remain unknown - her shapeshifting powers mean that her true age remains enigmatic, and her gender identity may be equally fluid. Her earliest attested appearance dates back to the years around 1900, when she lived in a male guise as a "consulting detective" who established a romantic relationship with the her reality's version of Irene Adler - biographical details which imply she is in fact Sherlock Holmes.


title: Mystique (character)

text: While in her Raven persona, Mystique adopts the identity of deceased German secret agent Leni Zauber. Both Leni and Victor Creed, a.k.a. Sabretooth, had been assigned with the assassination of a scientist in East Berlin. Mystique completes the mission in place of Leni, and then she and Victor have to hide in a safe location for a while. They become lovers, but she soon fakes her death in order to leave him.


title: Mystique (character)

text: The result of this short-lived affair is reportedly the birth of Graydon Creed. A number of stories report that soon after his birth, Mystique gives him up for adoption. Others depict Mystique making arrangements for him from a distance. Raven keeps track of his activities until he reaches adolescence. Despite being the child of two mutants, Graydon is not a mutant himself. Mystique is disappointed and soon abandons him. Graydon grows to hate his parents, and eventually extends his hatred to all mutants. He becomes leader of the mutant-hating organization Friends of Humanity, and then a politician. At the height of his political ascension, Graydon is assassinated by an unknown shooter. The shooter is later revealed to be a time traveling version of Mystique as part of a convoluted time paradox involving Jean Grey, Iceman, Toad, and Juggernaut.


title: Mystique (character)

text: Still masquerading as Raven, Mystique is married to Baron Christian Wagner; older sources give his name as Count Eric Wagner, an affluent member of the German nobility. He proves to be a loving husband, but disappointing as a lover. His infertility adds to their marital problems. Mystique starts using her shapeshifting powers in order to secretly have sexual encounters with others. She is eventually seduced by fellow mutant Azazel. Azazel states that he is ruler of "an island nation off the coast of Bermuda: La Isla des Demonas", The Island of Demons. He is later revealed to also have the power of immortality and to be the father of an ancient race of mutants known as the Neyaphem, active since at least 2000 BC.


title: Mystique (character)

text: Mystique becomes pregnant, but her husband becomes suspicious and his own father suggests a blood test to verify whether the child is his. Mystique uses a dagger to murder him and then buries him. She gives birth to a baby with black hair, yellow eyes, blue skin, and a pointed tail. The locals consider the mother and child to be demons and attempt to kill them. Mystique escapes but abandons her son. He is found and raised by Roma sorceress Margali Szardos and named Kurt Wagner.


title: Mystique (character)

text: Mystique becomes the adoptive mother of the fourteen-year-old girl Rogue. Rogue had run away from her home in rural Caldecott County, Mississippi. The girl was living alone in a wooded area, brandishing a shotgun and trusting no one, when Mystique found her. Destiny foresees that Rogue will be important to them and Mystique seeks her out, gains her trust, and takes her in. She and Destiny raise the girl, and Mystique grows to be very protective of her.


title: Mystique (character)

text: Mystique, as Raven Darkhölme, rises rapidly through the United States Civil Service to the trusted position of Deputy Director of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in the United States Department of Defense. This position gives her access to military secrets and advanced weaponry, both of which she uses for her own criminal and subversive purposes. In this position, she attempts the theft of the Centurion weaponry from S.H.I.E.L.D. As Destiny had predicted that Ms. Marvel was a danger to Rogue, she spied on Carol Danvers and Ms. Marvel for some time prior to beating her lover Michael Barnett to death, and sought to kill Ms. Marvel.


title: Mystique (character)

text: To help her in her criminal activities, Mystique organizes her own incarnation of the Brotherhood of Evil Mutants, consisting of herself, Avalanche, the Blob, Destiny, and Pyro. The Brotherhood attempts to assassinate Senator Robert Kelly, a notoriously anti-mutant politician. The X-Men thwart the assassination attempt, and all of the Brotherhood except Mystique herself are incarcerated.


title: Mystique (character)

text: Rogue is trained by Mystique and eventually joins the Brotherhood of Evil Mutants. Her mutant power is the ability to absorb the memories, personality, and skills or powers of whomever she touches. To free the other members of the Brotherhood, Mystique concocts a plan involving Rogue absorbing the powers of Ms. Marvel and the Avengers. Though the plan is successful, the Avengers ultimately defeat the Brotherhood of Evil Mutants, capturing all of them except Rogue and Mystique. Moreover, Rogue finds that she has absorbed Ms. Marvel's memories, personality, and powers permanently. In a further humiliation, a confrontation at the Pentagon ends with Mystique being defeated and turned over to the authorities by a powerless Ms. Marvel.


title: Mystique (character)

text: The Brotherhood of Evil Mutants eventually escape, and battle against Dazzler. In an act of revenge against Mystique, Mastermind unbalances Rogue's psyche with the one she absorbed from Ms. Marvel, which prompts her to defect to the X-Men. Because Rogue left without a word, Mystique assumes that Professor X, the X-Men's mentor, brainwashed her. The Brotherhood of Evil Mutants accordingly launches an attempt to kill Professor X. Rogue stops Mystique, and explains that she joined the X-Men because Professor X, as the world's most powerful telepath, is her best hope of healing for her fragmented psyche. Mystique reluctantly relinquishes her guardianship of Rogue.


title: Mystique (character)

text: Anti-mutant sentiment rises and the federal government launches its own covert anti-mutant program, Project Wideawake. Believing that the times have become too dangerous for the Brotherhood of Evil Mutants to continue, Mystique goes to Doctor Valerie Cooper, special assistant to the head of the National Security Council, and offers the Brotherhood's services to the government. In return for entering government service, Mystique and her team receive a presidential pardon for all criminal charges, to be revoked if any member of Freedom Force is found committing a crime. Cooper agrees to convey the offer to the President on the condition that the Brotherhood arrests their founder, Magneto. The Brotherhood, now reincarnated as Freedom Force, are defeated by Magneto and the X-Men. When Magneto learns that Freedom Force are official federal agents, he voluntarily surrenders to them.


title: Mystique (character)

text: Mystique leads Freedom Force in capturing the Avengers on behalf of the federal government. She clashes with X-Factor in seeking to arrest Rusty Collins. With Freedom Force, she fights the X-Men in Dallas, and witnesses her foster daughter's apparent demise. With Freedom Force, she battles Cyclops and Marvel Girl. With Freedom Force she seeks to arrest Rusty Collins again, and battles the New Mutants. She finally succeeds in capturing Collins as well as Skids. She leads Freedom Force against the Reavers on Muir Island. On this particularly disastrous mission, Freedom Force loses two of its members, Stonewall and Mystique's lover Destiny. The death of her lover leaves Mystique psychologically scarred.


title: Mystique (character)

text: Mystique is later nearly killed by Dr. Valerie Cooper, who is under the Shadow King's mental control. She then impersonates Dr. Valerie Cooper. Mystique is eventually discovered impersonating Dr. Cooper, and saves Xavier's life by killing the Shadow King's human host, Jacob Reisz. She finally reconciles with Rogue. In time, she comes to terms with Destiny's death. She teams with Spiral and Wolverine in thwarting Mojo's near-destruction of the universe. Mystique later briefly stays as a guest at Xavier's mansion. She begins going insane, and leaves the mansion under the care of Forge.


title: Mystique (character)

text: Mystique resurfaces several months later, in a failed attempt to kill Legion for his murdering of Destiny. Mystique has an implant put in her skull by Forge in order for the government to be able to keep track of her. She is then forced to become a member of the government-sponsored team X-Factor after being arrested for trying to blow up a dam. In truth, Mystique had been trying to save the dam, which the U.S. Government wanted to destroy so that they could blame it on mutants. Her membership leads to tension with her teammates when Sabretooth is added to the team months later as a sleeper agent, for the main purpose of killing Mystique before she can uncover the truth about the conspiracy. She slowly develops a romantic relationship with team-leader Forge (though he later thought that she was just using him).


title: Mystique (character)

text: Part of the conspiracy involves Mystique's son Graydon Creed running for President, under an anti-mutant platform.


title: Mystique (character)

text: At the same time, both Graydon and Mystique learn that Destiny married and had children during one of the couple's separations. Destiny/Irene's children are now adults with their own children, one of which is a mutant. Graydon has the mutant teen savagely beaten by members of the Friends of Humanity, as a warning towards his mother. Mystique is furious and wants to kill her son, but stops when she is given a message that Graydon's backers want her to kill him and turn her son into a martyr.


title: Mystique (character)

text: Mystique then seeks to save her son from being betrayed by his backers, but fails. Graydon's death ushers in a new wave of anti-mutant violence. Sabretooth acts on his orders to kill the members of X-Factor as "Operation Zero Tolerance" is activated. Mystique distracts Sabretooth long enough to keep him from finishing off the team. Mystique then flees the scene after arranging for X-Factor to receive medical treatment for the wounds Sabretooth inflicted.


title: Mystique (character)

text: Mystique goes into hiding, taking the identity of the senator's wife Mallory Brickman, using her husband's influence to set the FBI on Sabretooth. She prevents Rogue from giving up her mutant powers and continues her investigation of the U.S. Government over her son's death, leading to her aiding Toad and his most recent incarnation of the Brotherhood of Mutants on a mission to raid a government base. The mission fails thanks to Machine Man, who fights the Brotherhood and forces the team to flee. Mystique flees to Europe. While taking the form of a blonde haired woman, Mystique is confronted by a famous photographer who proposes to make her a big fashion model.


title: Mystique (character)

text: Amused, Mystique accepts and quickly becomes the fashion industry's newest top model. Using her money, Mystique moves back to New York and into an expensive penthouse apartment. There, Skrulls staying in a nearby building frame Mystique for the murder of a Japanese diplomat. With help from Shadowcat and Rogue, Mystique is cleared and leaves town. Before she leaves, Shadowcat finds one of Destiny's diaries, left there by Destiny herself before she died.


title: Mystique (character)

text: While gaining critical intelligence on the identity of those who were involved in her son's death and the attempt to kill her using Sabretooth, Mystique suddenly loses her powers while pretending to be a man in a busy office workplace.