title: Sykes–Picot Agreement

text: Following the award of the British Mandate of Mesopotamia at San Remo, the British were faced with an Iraqi revolt against the British from July until February 1921, as well as a Kurdish revolt in Northern Iraq. Following the Cairo Conference it was decided that Faisal should be installed as ruler in Mandatory Iraq.


title: Sykes–Picot Agreement

text: As originally cast, Sykes–Picot allocated part of Northern Kurdistan and a substantial part of the Mosul vilayet including the city of Mosul to France in area B, Russia obtained Bitlis and Van in Northern Kurdistan (the contemplated Arab State included Kurds in its Eastern limit split between A and B areas). Bowman says there were around 2.5 million Kurds in Turkey, mainly in the mountain region called Kurdistan.


title: Sykes–Picot Agreement

text: Şerif Pasha known as Sharif Pasha presented a "Memorandum on the Claims of the Kurd People" to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 and the suppressed report of the King–Crane Commission also recommended a form of autonomy in "the natural geographical area which lies between the proposed Armenia on the north and Mesopotamia on the south, with the divide between the Euphrates and the Tigris as the western boundary, and the Persian frontier as the eastern boundary".


title: Sykes–Picot Agreement

text: The Russians gave up territorial claims following the Bolshevik revolution and at the San Remo conference, the French were awarded the French Mandate of Syria and the English the British Mandate of Mesopotamia. The subsequent Treaty of Sèvres potentially provided for a Kurdish territory subject to a referendum and League of Nations sanction within a year of the treaty. However, the Turkish War of Independence led to the treaty being superseded by the Treaty of Lausanne in which there was no provision for a Kurdish State.


title: Sykes–Picot Agreement

text: The result was that the Kurds, along with their Assyrian neighbors, were divided between Turkey, Iraq, Syria and Iran.


title: Sykes–Picot Agreement

text: Many sources contend that Sykes–Picot conflicted with the Hussein–McMahon Correspondence of 1915–1916 and that the publication of the agreement in November 1917 caused the resignation of Sir Henry McMahon. There were several points of difference, the most obvious being Iraq placed in the British red area and less obviously, the idea that British and French advisors would be in control of the area designated as being for an Arab State. Lastly, while the correspondence made no mention of Palestine, Haifa and Acre were to be British and the brown area (a reduced Palestine) internationalised.


title: Sykes–Picot Agreement

text: Leading up to the centenary of Sykes–Picot in 2016, great interest was generated among the media and academia concerning the long-term effects of the agreement. The agreement is frequently cited as having created "artificial" borders in the Middle East, "without any regard to ethnic or sectarian characteristics, [which] has resulted in endless conflict." The extent to which Sykes–Picot actually shaped the borders of the modern Middle East is disputed.


title: Sykes–Picot Agreement

text: The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) claimed one of the goals of its insurgency is to reverse the effects of the Sykes–Picot Agreement for the purpose of building a united Islamic State. "This is not the first border we will break, we will break other borders," a jihadist from the ISIL warned in a video titled "End of Sykes–Picot". ISIL's former leader, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, in a July 2014 speech at the Great Mosque of al-Nuri in Mosul, vowed that "this blessed advance will not stop until we hit the last nail in the coffin of the Sykes–Picot conspiracy". Former French Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin presented a similar geopolitical analysis in an editorial contribution for the French newspaper "Le Monde".


title: Ibn Arabi

text: Ibn ʿArabī (, ; full name: , ; 1165–1240), nicknamed al-Qushayrī (, ) and Sulṭān al-ʿĀrifīn (, , 'Sultan of the Knowers'), was an Arab Andalusian Muslim scholar, mystic, poet, and philosopher, extremely influential within Islamic thought. Out of the 850 works attributed to him, some 700 are authentic while over 400 are still extant. His cosmological teachings became the dominant worldview in many parts of the Muslim world.


title: Ibn Arabi

text: His traditional titular is "Muḥyīddīn" (; "The Reviver of Religion"). After he passed away, among practitioners of sufism he is renowned by the honorific title "Shaykh al-Akbar" () which the "Akbarian" school derives its name, and make him known as "Doctor Maximus" (The Greatest Teacher) in medieval Europe. Ibn ʿArabī was considered as a saint by some scholars and moslem community.


title: Ibn Arabi

text: Ibn ʿArabī born in Murcia, Al-Andalus on the 17th of Ramaḍān 560 AH (28 July 1165 AD), or other sources suggested 27th of Ramaḍān 560 AH (5 August 1165 AD). His first name is Muhammad, but later called 'Abū 'Abdullāh (mean: "the father of Abdullāh")—according to classical Arabic tradition—after he had a son. In some of his works, Ibn ‘Arabî referred to himself with fuller versions of his name as "Abû ‘Abdullâh Muhammad ibn ‘Alî ibn al-‘Arabî al-Tâ’î al-Hâtimî", where the last three names indicating his noble Arab lineage. Indeed, Hâtim al-Tâ’î was well know as a poet of pre-Islamic Arabia from the South Arabian tribe of Tayy (now Yemen).


title: Ibn Arabi

text: Ibn ʿArabī's maternal ancestry was North African Berber. In his "Futūḥāt al-Makkīyah," he writes of a deceased maternal uncle, Yahya ibn Yughan al-Sanhaji, a prince of Tlemcen who abandoned wealth for an ascetic life after encountering a Sufi mystic. Whereas his paternal ancestry came from Yemen and belongs to one of the oldest Arab strains in Andalusia. His paternal ancestors emigrated very early to Andalusia, probably during the second wave of the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula.


title: Ibn Arabi

text: His father, ‘Ali ibn Muḥammad, served in the Army of Ibn Mardanīsh, the ruler of Murcia. When Murcia fell to the Almohad Caliphate in 1172, Ibn Mardanīsh did not survive the defeat and was killed in battle, leading to his father pledging allegiance to the Almohad Caliph Abū Ya’qūb Yūsuf I. At that time Ibn ʿArabī was only 7 years old, and his family relocated from Murcia to Seville to serve the new ruler.


title: Ibn Arabi

text: Ibn ʿArabī had three wives. He married Maryam, a woman from an influential family, when he was still a young adult and lived in Andalusia. Maryam also shared his aspiration to follow the Sufi path, as quoted by Austin in "Sufis of Andalusia": "My saintly wife, Maryam bint Muhammad binti Abdun, said, ‘I have seen in my sleep someone whom I have never seen in the flesh, but who appears to me in my moments of (spiritual) ecstaty. He ask me whether I was aspiring to the Way, to which I replied that I was, but that I did not know by what means to arrive at it. He then told me that I would come to it through five things: trust, certainty, patience, resolution and veracity.’ Thus she offered her vision to me (for my consideration) and I told her that was indeed the method of the Folk (Sufis). I myself have never seen one with that degree of mystical experience." When Ibn ʿArabī stayed in Anatolia for several years, according to various Arabic and Persian sources, he married the widow of Majduuddin and took charge of the education of his young son, Sadruddin al-Qunawi. Ibn ʿArabī also mentioned his third wife in his writings, the mother of his son Imāduddin, to whom he bequeathed the first copy of "Futūḥāt al-Makkīyah".


title: Ibn Arabi

text: Ibn ʿArabī grew up at the ruling court and received military training. As he confessed in "Futūḥāt al-Makkīyah", he preferred playing in military camp with his friends rather than reading a book. However, it was when he was a teenager that he experienced his first vision ("fanā"); and later he wrote of this experience as "the differentiation of the universal reality comprised by that look".


title: Ibn Arabi

text: His father, on noticing a change in him, had mentioned this to philosopher and judge, Ibn Rushd (Averroes), who asked to meet Ibn Arabi. Ibn Arabi said that from this first meeting, he had learned to perceive a distinction between formal knowledge of rational thought and the unveiling insights into the nature of things. He then adopted Sufism and dedicated his life to the spiritual path. When he later moved to Fez, in Morocco, where Mohammed ibn Qasim al-Tamimi became his spiritual mentor. In 1200 he took leave from one of his most important teachers, Shaykh Abu Ya'qub Yusuf ibn Yakhlaf al-Kumi, then living in the town of Salé.


title: Ibn Arabi

text: Ibn Arabi left Andalusia for the first time at age 36 and arrived at Tunis in 1193. After a year in Tunisia, he returned to Andalusia in 1194. His father died soon after Ibn Arabi arrived at Seville. When his mother died some months later he left Andalusia for the second time and travelled with his two sisters to Fez, Morocco in 1195. He returned to Córdoba, Andalusia in 1198, and left Andalusia crossing from Gibraltar for the last time in 1200. While there, he received a vision instructing him to journey east. After visiting some places in the Maghreb, he left Tunisia in 1201 and arrived for the Hajj in 1202. He lived in Mecca for three years, and there began writing his work "Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya" (), "The Meccan Illuminations"—which only part of it has been translated into English by various scholars such as Eric Winkel.


title: Ibn Arabi

text: After spending time in Mecca, he traveled throughout Syria, Palestine, Iraq and Anatolia. In 1204, Ibn Arabi met Shaykh Majduddīn Isḥāq ibn Yūsuf (شيخ مجد الدين إسحاق بن يوسف), a native of Malatya and a man of great standing at the Seljuk court. This time Ibn Arabi was travelling north; first they visited Medina and in 1205 they entered Baghdad. This visit offered him a chance to meet the direct disciples of Shaykh ‘Abd al-Qādir Jīlānī. Ibn Arabi stayed there only for 12 days because he wanted to visit Mosul to see his friend ‘Alī ibn ‘Abdallāh ibn Jāmi’, a disciple of the mystic Qaḍīb al-Bān (471-573 AH/1079-1177 AD; قضيب البان). There he spent the month of Ramaḍan and composed "Tanazzulāt al-Mawṣiliyya" (تنزلات الموصلية), "Kitāb al-Jalāl wa’l-Jamāl" (كتاب الجلال والجمال, "The Book of Majesty and Beauty") and "Kunh mā lā Budda lil-MurīdMinhu".


title: Ibn Arabi

text: In the year 1206 Ibn Arabi visited Jerusalem, Mecca and Egypt. It was his first time that he passed through Syria, visiting Aleppo and Damascus.


title: Ibn Arabi

text: Later in 1207 he returned to Mecca where he continued to study and write, spending his time with his friend Abū Shujā bin Rustem and family, including Niẓām.


title: Ibn Arabi

text: The next four to five years of Ibn Arabi's life were spent in these lands and he also kept travelling and holding the reading sessions of his works in his own presence.


title: Ibn Arabi

text: After leaving Andalusia for the last time at the age of 33 (1198 AD) and wandering in Islamic world for about 25 years, at the age of 58 Ibn Arabi chose Damascus as his final home and dedicated his life for teaching and writing. In this city, he composed "Fushūsh Al-Ḥikam" in 1229 and finalized two manuscripts of "Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya" in 1231 and 1234.


title: Ibn Arabi

text: Ibn Arabi died on 22 Rabī‘ al-Thānī 638 AH (16 November 1240) at the age of seventy-five. His was buried in the Banu Zaki cemetery, family cemetery of the nobles of Damascus, on Qasiyun Hill, Salihiyya, Damascus.


title: Ibn Arabi

text: After his death, Ibn Arabi's teachings quickly spread throughout the Islamic world. His writings were not limited to the Muslim elites, but made their way into other ranks of society through the widespread reach of the Sufi orders. Arabi's work also popularly spread through works in Persian, Turkish, and Urdu. Many popular poets were trained in the Sufi orders and were inspired by Arabi's concepts.


title: Ibn Arabi

text: Others scholars in his time like al-Munawi, Ibn 'Imad al-Hanbali and al-Fayruzabadi all praised Ibn Arabi as <nowiki>"A righteous friend of Allah and faithful scholar of knowledge", "the absolute mujtahid without doubt" and "</nowiki>the imam of the people of shari'a both in knowledge and in legacy, the educator of the people of the way in practice and in knowledge, and the shaykh of the shaykhs of the people of truth though spiritual experience ("dhawq") and understanding<nowiki>"</nowiki>.


title: Ibn Arabi

text: Although Ibn Arabi stated on more than one occasion that he did not blindly follow any one of the schools of Islamic jurisprudence, he was responsible for copying and preserving books of the Zahirite or literalist school, to which there is fierce debate whether or not Ibn Arabi followed that school. Ignaz Goldziher held that Ibn Arabi did in fact belong to the Zahirite or Hanbali school of Islamic jurisprudence. Hamza Dudgeon claims that Addas, Chodkiewizc, Gril, Winkel and Al-Gorab mistakenly attribute to Ibn ʿArabī non-madhhabism.


title: Ibn Arabi

text: On an extant manuscript of Ibn Ḥazm, as transmitted by Ibn ʿArabī, Ibn ʿArabī gives an introduction to the work where he describes a vision he had:


title: Ibn Arabi

text: Goldziher says, “The period between the sixth (hijri) and the seventh century seems also to have been the prime of the Ẓāhirite school in Andalusia.”


title: Ibn Arabi

text: Ibn Arabi did delve into specific details at times, and was known for his view that religiously binding consensus could only serve as a source of sacred law if it was the consensus of the first generation of Muslims who had witnessed revelation directly.


title: Ibn Arabi

text: Ibn Arabi also expounded on Sufi Allegories of the Sharia building upon previous work by Al-Ghazali and al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi.


title: Ibn Arabi

text: The doctrine of perfect man ("Al-Insān al-Kāmil") is popularly considered an honorific title attributed to Muhammad having its origins in Islamic mysticism, although the concept's origin is controversial and disputed. Arabi may have first coined this term in referring to Adam as found in his work "Fusus al-hikam", explained as an individual who binds himself with the Divine and creation.


title: Ibn Arabi

text: Taking an idea already common within Sufi culture, Ibn Arabi applied deep analysis and reflection on the concept of a perfect human and one's pursuit in fulfilling this goal. In developing his explanation of the perfect being, Ibn Arabi first discusses the issue of oneness through the metaphor of the mirror.


title: Ibn Arabi

text: In this philosophical metaphor, Ibn Arabi compares an object being reflected in countless mirrors to the relationship between God and his creatures. God's essence is seen in the existent human being, as God is the object and human beings the mirrors. Meaning two things; that since humans are mere reflections of God there can be no distinction or separation between the two and, without God the creatures would be non-existent. When an individual understands that there is no separation between human and God they begin on the path of ultimate oneness. The one who decides to walk in this oneness pursues the true reality and responds to God's longing to be known. The search within for this reality of oneness causes one to be reunited with God, as well as, improve self-consciousness.


title: Ibn Arabi

text: The perfect human, through this developed self-consciousness and self-realization, prompts divine self-manifestation. This causes the perfect human to be of both divine and earthly origin. Ibn Arabi metaphorically calls him an Isthmus. Being an Isthmus between heaven and Earth, the perfect human fulfills God's desire to be known. God's presence can be realized through him by others. Ibn Arabi expressed that through self manifestation one acquires divine knowledge, which he called the primordial spirit of Muhammad and all its perfection. Ibn Arabi details that the perfect human is of the cosmos to the divine and conveys the divine spirit to the cosmos.


title: Ibn Arabi

text: Ibn Arabi further explained the perfect man concept using at least twenty-two different descriptions and various aspects when considering the Logos. He contemplated the Logos, or "Universal Man", as a mediation between the individual human and the divine essence.


title: Ibn Arabi

text: Ibn Arabi believed Muhammad to be the primary perfect man who exemplifies the morality of God. Ibn Arabi regarded the first entity brought into existence was the reality or essence of Muhammad ("al-ḥaqīqa al-Muhammadiyya"), master of all creatures, and a primary role-model for human beings to emulate. Ibn Arabi believed that God's attributes and names are manifested in this world, with the most complete and perfect display of these divine attributes and names seen in Muhammad. Ibn Arabi believed that one may see God in the mirror of Muhammad. He maintained that Muhammad was the best proof of God and, by knowing Muhammad, one knows God.


title: Ibn Arabi

text: Ibn Arabi also described Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and all other prophets and various "Anbiya' Allah" (Muslim messengers) as perfect men, but never tires of attributing lordship, inspirational source, and highest rank to Muhammad. Ibn Arabi compares his own status as a perfect man as being but a single dimension to the comprehensive nature of Muhammad. Ibn 'Arabi makes extraordinary assertions regarding his own spiritual rank, but qualifying this rather audacious correlation by asserting his "inherited" perfection is only a single dimension of the comprehensive perfection of Muhammad.


title: Ibn Arabi

text: The reaction of Ibn 'Abd as-Salam, a Muslim scholar respected by both Ibn Arabi's supporters and detractors, has been of note due to disputes over whether he himself was a supporter or detractor. He was known by the title of Sultan al-'Ulama, the Sultan of scholars, was a famous mujtahid, Ash'ari theologian, jurist and the leading Shafi'i authority of his generation. As such, the figure of Ibn 'Abd al-Salam was claimed by each faction of the Ibn-'Arabi controversy due to his impeccable record as a staunch champion of the shari'a.


title: Ibn Arabi

text: Ibn Taymiyyah's report was based on the authority of two reliable transmitters, Abu Bakr b. Salar and Ibn Daqiq al-'Id. According to it, Ibn 'Abd al-Salam declared Ibn 'Arabi "a master of evil" and "a disgusting man", who "professed the eternity of the world and did not proscribe fornication." This severe verdict, whose authenticity Ibn Taymiyyah considered to be beyond doubt, was pronounced by Ibn 'Abd al-Salam upon his arrival in Egypt in 639/1241- that is, one year after the death of the Greatest Master. The versions of the story furnished by al-Safadi, a cautious supporter of Ibn 'Arabi, and al-Dhahabi, his bitter critic, and teacher of al-Safadi, are especially helpful in placing Ibn 'Abd al-Salam's censure into a meaningful historical framework. Both al-Safadi and al-Dhahabi insisted that they read the story recorded in Ibn Sayyid al-Nas's own hand. And yet, their versions vary. Both variants describe Ibn Daqiq al-'Id's astonishment at his teacher's sharp critique of the acclaimed wali, which caused him to ask for proof of Ibn 'Arabi's lies. Ibn 'Abd al-Salam obliged by the following reply (in al-Safadi's recension): "He used to deny [the possibility] of marriage between human beings and the jinn, since, according to him, the jinn are subtle spirits, whereas human beings are solid bodies, hence the two cannot unite. Later on, however, he claimed that he had married a woman from the jinnfolk, who stayed with him for a while, then hit him with a camel's bone and injured him. He used to show us the scar on his face which, by that time, had closed." In al-Dhahabi's rendition: "He [Ibn 'Arabi] said: I married a she-jinni, and she blessed me with three children. Then it so happened that I made her angry and she hit me with a bone that caused this scar, whereupon she departed and I have never seen her again since." The authenticity of Ibn 'Abd al-Salam's disparagement of Ibn 'Arabi seems to find support in his "Epistle on the [Saintly] Substitutes and the [Supreme] Succor" (Risala fil-'abdal wal-ghawth)


title: Ibn Arabi

text: On the other hand, another narration in praise of Ibn 'Arabi by al-Izz is reported by 'Abd al-Ghaffar al-Qusi, al-Fayruzabadi, , al-Suyuti, al-Sha'rani, al-Maqqari, Ibn al-'Imad, and some other supporters of the Greatest Master. Despite minor variations in their accounts, all of them cite the same source: lbn 'Abd al-Salam's unnamed servant or student. In al-Qusi's redaction, Ibn 'Abd al Salam and his servant were passing by Ibn 'Arabi, who instructed his disciples in the Great Umayyad Mosque of Damuscus. Suddenly, the servant recalled that Ibn 'Abd al-Salam had promised to reveal to him the identity of the supreme saint of the epoch, the "Pole of the Age". The question caught Ibn 'Abd al-Salam off guard. He paused hesitantly for a moment, then pointed in the direction of Ibn 'Arabi, saying: "He is the Pole!" "And this in spite of what you have said against him?" asked the servant. Ibn 'Abd al-Salam ignored this remark and simply repeated his reply. In al-Fayruzabadi's version of the story, Ibn 'Abd al-Salam is presented as a secret admirer of the Greatest Master who was fully aware of the latter's exalted status in the Sufi hierarchy. However, as a public figure, Ibn 'Abd al-Salam was careful to conceal his genuine opinion of the controversial Sufi in order to "preserve the outward aspect of the religious law". In so doing, he, according to al-Fayruzabadi, shrewdly avoided an inevitable confrontation with the "jurists," who viewed Ibn 'Arabi as a heretic.


title: Ibn Arabi

text: The importance of Ibn 'Abd al-Salam's ambiguous evaluation of the Greatest Master for the subsequent polemic is further attested by the detailed treatment of this story in al-Fasi's massive biographical dictionary, "The Precious Necklace" (al-'lqd al-thamin). A bitter critic of Ibn 'Arabi's monistic views, al-Fasi rejected the Sufi version of the story as sheer fabrication. Yet, as a scrupulous muhaddith, he tried to justify his position through the methods current in hadith criticism: "I have a strong suspicion that this story was invented by the extremist Sufis who were infatuated with Ibn 'Arabi. Thereupon the story gained wide diffusion until it reached some trustworthy people, who accepted it in good faith ... My suspicion regarding the authenticity of this story has grown stronger because of the unfounded supposition that Ibn 'Abd al-Salam's praise of Ibn 'Arabi had occurred simultaneously with his censure of him. Ibn 'Abd al-Salam's statement that he censured Ibn 'Arabi out of concern for the shari'a inescapably implies that Ibn 'Arabi enjoyed a high rank in the same moment as Ibn 'Abd al-Salam was censuring him. Such a blunder could not have happened to any reliable religious scholar, let alone to someone as knowledgeable and righteous as Ibn 'Abd al-Salam. Anyone who suspects him of this makes a mistake and commits a sin [by holding him responsible for] mutually contradictory statements ... One may try to explain Ibn 'Abd al-Salam's praise of Ibn 'Arabi, if it indeed took place, by the fact that [Ibn 'Abd al-Salam] was hesitating between praise and censure, because at the time he spoke Ibn 'Arabi's state had changed for the better. If so, there is no contradiction in Ibn 'Abd al-Salam's words. Were we to admit that the praise really occurred, it was nevertheless abrogated by Ibn Daqiq al-'Id's report concerning lbn 'Abd al-Salam's [later] condemnation of lbn 'Arabi. For Ibn Daqiq al-'Id could only hear Ibn 'Abd al-Salam in Egypt, that is, a few years after Ibn 'Arabi's death. This cannot be otherwise because he ... was educated at Qus, where he had studied the Maliki madhhab, until he mastered it completely. Only then he came to Cairo to study the Shafi'i madhhab and other sciences under Ibn 'Abd al-Salam's guidance. ... His departure could only take place after 640, by which time Ibn 'Arabi had already been dead. ... Now, Ibn 'Abd al-Salam's praise, as the story itself testifies, occurred when Ibn 'Arabi was still alive. For did he not point to [Ibn 'Arabi], when that individual [the servant] asked him about the Pole or the [greatest] saint of the age?"


title: Ibn Arabi

text: His best-known book, entitled 'al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya' (The Meccan Victories or Illuminations) which begins with a statement of doctrine (belief) about which al-Safadi (d. 764/1363) said: "I saw (read) that (al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya) from beginning to end. It consists of the doctrine of Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari without any difference (deviation) whatsoever."


title: Ibn Arabi

text: Some 800 works are attributed to Ibn Arabi, although only some have been authenticated. Recent research suggests that over 100 of his works have survived in manuscript form, although most printed versions have not yet been critically edited and include many errors. A specialist of Ibn 'Arabi, William Chittick, referring to Osman Yahya's definitive bibliography of the Andalusian's works, says that, out of the 850 works attributed to him, some 700 are authentic while over 400 are still extant.


title: Ibn Arabi

text: According to Claude Addas, Ibn Arabi began writing "Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya" after he arrived in Mecca in 1202. After almost thirty years, the first draft of "Futūḥāt" was completed in December 1231 (629 AH), and Ibn Arabi bequeathed it to his son. Two years before his death, Ibn ‘Arabī embarked on a second draft of the "Futūḥāt" in 1238 (636 AH), of which included a number of additions and deletions as compared with the previous draft, that contains 560 chapters. The second draft, the more widely circulated version, was bequeathed to his disciple, Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi. There are many scholars attempt to translate this book from Arabic into other languages, but there is no complete translation of "Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya" to this day.


title: Ibn Arabi

text: There have been many commentaries on Ibn 'Arabī's "Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam": Osman Yahya named more than 100 while Michel Chodkiewicz precises that "this list is far from exhaustive." The first one was "Kitab al-Fukūk" written by Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Qunawī who had studied the book with Ibn 'Arabī; the second by Qunawī's student, Mu'ayyad al-Dīn al-Jandi, which was the first line-by-line commentary; the third by Jandī's student, Dawūd al-Qaysarī, which became very influential in the Persian-speaking world. A recent English translation of Ibn 'Arabī's own summary of the "Fuṣūṣ, Naqsh al-Fuṣūṣ" (The Imprint or Pattern of the Fusus) as well a commentary on this work by 'Abd al-Raḥmān Jāmī, "Naqd al-Nuṣūṣ fī Sharḥ Naqsh al-Fuṣūṣ" (1459), by William Chittick was published in Volume 1 of the "Journal of the Muhyiddin Ibn 'Arabi Society" (1982).


title: Ibn Arabi

text: The "Fuṣūṣ" was first critically edited in Arabic by 'Afīfī (1946) that become the standard in scholarly works. Later in 2015, Ibn al-Arabi Foundation in Pakistan published the Urdu translation, including the new critical of Arabic edition.


title: Ibn Arabi

text: The first English translation was done in partial form by Angela Culme-Seymour from the French translation of Titus Burckhardt as "Wisdom of the Prophets" (1975), and the first full translation was by Ralph Austin as "Bezels of Wisdom" (1980). There is also a complete French translation by Charles-Andre Gilis, entitled "Le livre des chatons des sagesses" (1997). The only major commentary to have been translated into English so far is entitled "Ismail Hakki Bursevi's translation and commentary on Fusus al-hikam by Muhyiddin Ibn 'Arabi", translated from Ottoman Turkish by Bulent Rauf in 4 volumes (1985–1991).


title: Ibn Arabi

text: In Urdu, the most widespread and authentic translation was made by Shams Ul Mufasireen Bahr-ul-uloom Hazrat (Muhammad Abdul Qadeer Siddiqi Qadri -Hasrat), the former Dean and Professor of Theology of the Osmania University, Hyderabad. It is due to this reason that his translation is in the curriculum of Punjab University. Maulvi Abdul Qadeer Siddiqui has made an interpretive translation and explained the terms and grammar while clarifying the Shaikh's opinions. A new edition of the translation was published in 2014 with brief annotations throughout the book for the benefit of contemporary Urdu reader.


title: Ibn Arabi

text: In the Turkish television series "", Ibn Arabi was portrayed by Ozman Sirgood. In 2017, Saudi Arabian novelist Mohammed Hasan Alwan won the International Prize for Arabic Fiction for his novel "A Small Death", a fictionalized account of Ibn Arabi's life.


title: Team SoloMid

text: Team SoloMid (TSM) is a professional esports organization based in the United States. It was founded in September 2009 by Andy "Reginald" Dinh. TSM currently fields players in "League of Legends", "Dota 2", "Apex Legends", "Valorant", "Hearthstone", "Super Smash Bros.", "Fortnite", "PUBG Mobile", "Battlegrounds Mobile India", "Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege", "", and chess. The organization previously had a "" team based in Denmark that later became Astralis and also briefly owned an "Overwatch" team.


title: Team SoloMid

text: TSM's "League of Legends" team has won seven of the total sixteen splits of North America's League of Legends Championship Series (LCS).


title: Team SoloMid

text: The name SoloMid refers to a strategy in "League of Legends" where a single player (solo) would attack the middle lane (mid).


title: Team SoloMid

text: Team SoloMid was founded by Andy "Reginald" Dinh in September 2009 as a "League of Legends" community website and playing guide resource. In 2011, the organization began fielding a team in professional LoL competitions. The original roster consisted of Reginald, SaintVicious, Chaox, TheOddOne, and Locodoco. Reginald retired from competitive play at the end of 2013, opting to run the business full-time.


title: Team SoloMid

text: On December 21, 2014, a group of gray hat hackers known as Null Consolidated claimed to have hacked into the SoloMid.net servers. The hackers vandalized the community website by replacing it with obscene imagery. They also claimed to have obtained thousands of user account data, but said they would not be releasing any of it.


title: Team SoloMid

text: On January 24, 2015, TSM acquired the "" roster of Team Dignitas. "The Daily Dot" reported that following their signing, the players became the highest paid "CS:GO" players in the world at the time.


title: Team SoloMid

text: On March 14, 2015, TSM's "League of Legends" team won their first Intel Extreme Masters World Championship in Katowice, Poland.


title: Team SoloMid

text: On April 12 2015, TSM signed "Super Smash Bros. Melee" player Leffen as their first fighting game player.


title: Team SoloMid

text: On August 1, 2015, TSM announced the signing of ZeRo to their Super Smash Bros. division. ZeRo would go on to achieve 56 straight tournament wins in "Super Smash Bros. for Wii U", a feat recorded in the "Guinness World Records". On January 12, 2018, ZeRo announced his retirement from the Super Smash Bros. competitive scene due to his lack of motivation to go further with his career, and on November 8, 2018, TSM announced that ZeRo had departed from the team.


title: Team SoloMid

text: On June 16, 2019, TSM acquired the former roster of the Rainbow Six Siege Pro League team Excelerate Gaming along with popular streamer, Jason "Beaulo" Doty. They started competition in the Pro League in Season 10 the same day.


title: Team SoloMid

text: On May 22, 2020, TSM announced their move into the Valorant scene, with their first official roster consisting of Hazed, Drone, Wardell, Cutler, and Subroza. According to Subroza, the transition for most players on the team was easy coming from a CSGO background.


title: Team SoloMid

text: On August 27, 2020, TSM announced their signing of chess Grandmaster Hikaru Nakamura. Nakamura is the second chess player to be sponsored by an esports organization.


title: Team SoloMid

text: In December 2020, Team SoloMid was worth $410 million. The same month the revenue of Team SoloMid was estimated $45 million.


title: Team SoloMid

text: On June 4, 2021, TSM announced a 10-year $210 million naming rights deal with Bahamas-based cryptocurrency exchange FTX, officially changing their name to Team SoloMid FTX. Also in June 2021, Erik Marino, co-founder of the brand Rocksmith, joined TSM as vice president of apparel.


title: Team SoloMid

text: On January 26, 2022, TSM announced on their Twitter page that they will acquire Team Undying's roster and will venture into the "DotA 2" scene. Team Undying consisted of Timado, Bryle, SabeRLight-, MoonMeander and DuBu, and currently competing in the NA region. They won the Dota Pro Circuit NA 2021/2022 Tour 1 Regional finals against Evil Geniuses.


title: Team SoloMid

text: In late 2021, several employees and players of TSM publicly accused Reginald of workplace bullying, including verbal abuse; similar accusations had arisen as early as 2011. TSM and Riot Games, the game developer of "League of Legends", both launched their own investigations into the accusations as a result. Following the investigations, Riot Games found Dinh guilty of disparaging and bullying behavior and TSM was fined $75,000, with Dinh being ordered to complete sensitivity and executive training. TSM meanwhile found that their CEO had committed "no unlawful conduct".


title: Team SoloMid

text: On November 16, 2022, TSM announced they had dropped the "FTX" branding and ended their agreement with FTX early after FTX declared bankruptcy amid scandal.


title: Team SoloMid

text: Team SoloMid first began competing in early 2011 with a lineup of Saintvicious, Reginald, Chaox, TheOddOne, and Locodoco. The team was founded after Reginald's previous team, All or Nothing (AoN), had disbanded. On February 23 Saintvicious left TSM for Counter Logic Gaming. In April, Xpecial and The Rain Man joined TSM.


title: Team SoloMid

text: The final roster for Season 1 included the players, Reginald, TheOddOne, The Rain Man, Xpecial and Chaox. TSM attended the Season 1 World Championship on June 20, 2011. TSM took first place in their group, finishing 2–1, and was the only team to lose to the Singaporean team Xan. Team SoloMid then met the French team, against All authority, in the semifinals of the double elimination playoffs. TSM was defeated by aAa 1–2 and knocked down to the loser's bracket. TSM defeated Epik Gamer 2–0 and advanced to the loser bracket finals, where they faced against All authority for a second time. aAa started the best-of-three series with a one-game advantage due to their previous win against TSM in the winner's bracket, and they defeated TSM in a close match. Team SoloMid finished in 3rd place, and winning 10,000.


title: Team SoloMid

text: Team SoloMid attended the National ESL Premier League Season 1 playoffs on July 16, 2011. In the group stage, Team SoloMid took first place, winning 10–1 and defeating Counter Logic Gaming, compLexity, unRestricted, Team Liquid, HKEGG, and friends, Defy All Odds, OGODBEARS, Disciples of Da Gr8 Whale Lord, and LowELO, while dropping their only set against Rock Solid. In the playoffs of NESL Season 1, Team SoloMid lost to unRestricted in the semifinals 0–2, sending them to the third place match to play against Rock Solid, where Team SoloMid won 2–0.


title: Team SoloMid

text: The team participated in the ESL Major Series – Season VIII and defeated LowLandLions 2–1 in the semifinals, but lost to SK Gaming 0–2 in the finals, achieving second place.


title: Team SoloMid

text: On August 21, 2011, Team SoloMid attended the IEM Season VI – Global Challenge Cologne. They won 3–0 in the group stage, defeating Millenium, Team ALTERNATE and MyRevenge. During the playoffs, they defeated FnaticRC 2–1. At the grand finals, TSM played against Counter Logic Gaming, but lost 1–2 against them and taking second place at IEM Cologne.


title: Team SoloMid

text: Team SoloMid attended the 2011 MLG Pro Circuit – Raleigh on August 26, 2011. At the event, Team SoloMid finished third place in the group stage, with a final standing of 1–2, defeating Curse Gaming but losing to Counter Logic Gaming and Epik Gamer.


title: Team SoloMid

text: On October 9, 2011, the team participated in the IGN ProLeague Season 3 in Atlantic City. TSM won against compLexity 2–0 in the first round, but lost to Epik Gamer 1–2 in the semifinals, sending them to play for third place. In the third place match, Team SoloMid faced Counter Logic Gaming and lost 0–2, ending with fourth place.


title: Team SoloMid

text: Four days later, Team SoloMid participated in the offline IEM Season VI – Global Challenge New York. Team SoloMid finished in 7th–8th place and with a final standing of 0–3 in the group stages, losing to FnaticRC, Counter Logic Gaming and Team Dignitas.


title: Team SoloMid

text: Team SoloMid took part in the 2011 MLG Providence tournament, which was held from 19th to the 20th if November. TSM won the first round against RFLX Gaming 2–0 and advanced to the second round, where they lost 1–2, to Epik Gamer. TSM advanced through the Loser's Bracket with a 2–0 victory over Dignitas and played against Epik Gamer in the grand finals. Due to Major League Gaming's extended series rule, Epik Gamer started off with a 2–1 lead against TSM. Team SoloMid won 4–2 over Epik Gamer and achieved first place.


title: Team SoloMid

text: On December 18, 2011, Team SoloMid attended the National ESL Premier League Season 2. In the playoffs and won against RFLX 2–1, compLexity 2–1, and v8 Esports 2–1, placing them in the winner's bracket final, where they lost to Counter Logic Gaming 0–2. Team SoloMid then lost to Curse Gaming 0–2, placing TSM in third overall in the tournament.


title: Team SoloMid

text: The first tournament in 2012 that Team SoloMid attended was the IEM Season VI – Global Challenge Kiev, held on January 19. In the group stage, Team SoloMid won 3–0 and took first, winning against SK Gaming, Curse Gaming, and White Lotus. At the playoffs, Team SoloMid defeated team Dignitas 2–0, qualifying for the finals where they faced Moscow Five. In the grand finals, Team SoloMid lost to Moscow Five 1–2 and placed second place.


title: Team SoloMid

text: Two months after Kiev, on March 13, 2012, TheRainMan resigned from Team SoloMid, citing differences in training regimen plans, as TheRainMan wanted to focus more on solo queue while the rest of Team SoloMid wanted to focus on full team scrims. On the same day TSM announced that, Epik Gamer's Dyrus was picked to replace TheRainMan. The main reason for the acquisition of Dyrus was due to him living in the TSM house and also being a top lane player.


title: Team SoloMid

text: After the roster reformation, Team SoloMid played in the Leaguecraft tournament, which ran from March 17 to April 1. At the event, Team SoloMid went undefeated with wins over Raise Your Weapon, Curse Gaming, Jpak and Friends and 4Not.Fire, resulting in them placing first place.


title: Team SoloMid

text: On April 6, 2012, Team SoloMid attended IPL 4 in Las Vegas. During the playoffs they defeated v8 Esports 2–0 in the first round, Curse Gaming 2–0 in the second round and team Dignitas 2–1 in the third round, advancing to the grand finals. In the finals against Counter Logic Gaming, Team SoloMid lost the first set 0–2 but won the second set, defeating Counter Logic Gaming 2–0 and achieving first place in the tournament.


title: Team SoloMid

text: On June 3, 2012, Team SoloMid placed 1st in the Reign of Gaming International Invitational. During the online playoffs, TSM defeated Ordinance Gaming 2–0 in the first round, Orbit Gaming 2–0 in the second round and Team Legion 2–0 in the third round and qualified for the finals. In the round robin offline finals event, Team SoloMid won all the matches, against Team SoloMid Evo, Teamless, and Curse Gaming EU 2–0. In the grand finals, Team SoloMid took on Team SoloMid Evo, whom TSM defeated 2–1.


title: Team SoloMid

text: They participated in the 2012 MLG Pro Circuit – Spring and placed first. Team SoloMid won the entire set of matches in the playoffs of the tournament, winning against MRN 2–0, Counter Logic Gaming EU 2–1, FnaticRC 2–0 and Dignitas 2–0. In the grand finals, Team SoloMid played against Counter Logic Gaming and lost, with Counter Logic Gaming picking up the first set 2–1. Team SoloMid recovered in the second set and won against Counter Logic Gaming 2–1.


title: Team SoloMid

text: Team SoloMid participated in the GIGABYTE Esports LAN on June 15, 2012. In the group stage, TSM won 3–0 against, Counter Logic Gaming Black, Curse Gaming, and Team Green Forest. During the playoffs, Team SoloMid won against 2–0 and Counter Logic Gaming Prime 2–1. In the grand finals of the GESL, Team SoloMid faced off against and defeated Counter Logic Gaming Black 2–0 achieving first place.


title: Team SoloMid

text: From August 3 to 5, 2012, Team SoloMid participated in the first MLG 2012 Summer Arena for "League of Legends", held in New York City. They would play against three teams: Curse Gaming, Azubu Blaze, and Team BLACK. Team SoloMid lost all three games against the Korean team Azubu Blaze. They won their next two matches against Curse Gaming and Team BLACK with 3–0. After Qualifying for the Grand Finals, they matched against Azubu Blaze and lost 0–2. They finished the MLG Summer Arena Championship in second place.


title: Team SoloMid

text: The team participated in the IPL Face Off: San Francisco Showdown. Where they won the tournament without a loss to any team, defeating Orbit Gaming, Singapore Sentinels, Team Legion and Curse Gaming.


title: Team SoloMid

text: On August 30, 2012, Team SoloMid played a tournament in Seattle, Washington and competed in the Season 2 North American Regional Finals. During the quarterfinals of the playoffs, Team SoloMid won against Monomaniac Ferus 2–0 and advanced to the next round of the tournament. At the semifinals, Team SoloMid won 2–1 over Curse Gaming and 2–0 against Team Dignitas in the grand finals, allowing them to take first place and qualify for the Season 2 World Championship.


title: Team SoloMid

text: At the Season 2 World Championship in Los Angeles, Team SoloMid passed through the group stage through securing a regional first place. They lost 2–0 to Azubu Frost in the quarterfinals and finished in 5th–8th place, acquiring a prize of $75,000.


title: Team SoloMid

text: Team Solo Mid attended IPL 5 in Las Vegas on November 29. Placing in group C, TSM advanced 2–1 with wins over Meat Playground and Singapore Sentinels while losing a game against Curse Gaming EU. During the group stages, TSM was eliminated after losing 2–0 to both CLG EU and Azubu Blaze. TSM ranked 9th–12th at the event and received $1,500.


title: Team SoloMid

text: On February 7, 2013, it was announced that Team SoloMid would compete under the name Team SoloMid Snapdragon on behalf of the mobile processor brand of their sponsor, Qualcomm. Also announced was a partnership with Qualcomm and CBS to produce a web reality series, GameCrib, showing the daily lives of TSM players.


title: Team SoloMid

text: On March 25, 2013, it was officially announced that WildTurtle had replaced Chaox as Team SoloMid's AD Carry.


title: Team SoloMid

text: TSM managed to place in first during the NA LCS Spring Season, securing their spot in the Summer Season. The team also won the NA LCS Spring Playoffs.


title: Team SoloMid

text: At the NA LCS Summer Season TSM placed 3rd and ended the season with a .500 record of 14–14. At the PAX 2013 playoffs, TSM played against Cloud9 and lost 0–3 in the finals.


title: Team SoloMid

text: At the Season 3 World Championship, TSM was paired with GamingGear.eu of the CIS, Lemondogs of Europe, and OMG of China in the group stage. Team SoloMid won only two matches out of eight, against Lemondogs and GamingGear.eu, placing TSM 11th–12th overall.


title: Team SoloMid

text: On October 20, 2013, it was announced that Ninjaken would join Team SoloMid as substitute. The next day TSM announced that Dan Dinh and wingsofdeathx would no longer be substitutes for the team.


title: Team SoloMid

text: On November 1, 2013, Team SoloMid announced Altec as a substitute. The following day, Reginald stepped down from his role as mid laner to become coach and was replaced by Ninjas in Pyjamas's Bjergsen.


title: Team SoloMid

text: Team SoloMid's first competition after the World Championship was the Battle of the Atlantic, in which North American teams competed against European teams. As the second seed of North America, TSM faced the second seed of Europe, Lemondogs, and handily won 2–0 against their new roster, which had recently been completely replaced.


title: Team SoloMid

text: TSM placed in second during the Spring season, and in playoffs, TSM advanced to the finals but were again defeated by Cloud9 (C9), losing 0–3.


title: Team SoloMid

text: In early May, between the Spring and Summer splits of the LCS, TheOddOne stepped down from the starting roster, but remained with TSM as a coach. Amazing, from the Copenhagen Wolves, joined the team as their new jungler, while support player Xpecial was benched and then subsequently released. Xpecial moved to Team Curse and was replaced by Gleebglarbu from the challenger team Cloud9 Tempest.


title: Team SoloMid

text: On May 27, four days after the start of the Summer Split, TSM announced the addition of Lustboy to the starting roster to replace Gleebglarbu., TSM finished the split in third place with a 16–12 record.


title: Team SoloMid

text: During the summer playoffs at Pax Prime 2014, TSM lost their first match against Dignitas, but the team was able to win the series 3–1. TSM then faced LMQ and won 3–2, thus making it through to the finals against Cloud9 and this time, winning the series 3–2, and also breaking C9's streak of 11 consecutive playoff wins.


title: Team SoloMid

text: At the 2014 League of Legends World Championship, Team SoloMid was drawn into Group B, alongside China's Starhorn Royal Club, Europe's SK Gaming, and Taiwan's Taipei Assassins. TSM finished second in their group with a 4–2 record, and advanced to the knockout stage, for the first and last time in their organization's history. In the playoffs, TSM faced Samsung White in their first match and lost 3–1, placing 5–8th in the tournament.


title: Team SoloMid

text: On October 11, 2014, it was announced that Amazing would be leaving the team to return to Europe to play for Origen. Three days later, Gleebglarbu also announced that was also leaving the team. On November 28, 2014, Santorin was signed as the new starting jungle.


title: Team SoloMid

text: In March 2015, Team SoloMid won the Intel Extreme Masters in Katowice after beating Team WE in the finals. This was their first IEM title, as well as their first international tournament win. TSM placed first in the Spring split with a record of 13–5, and once again faced off against Cloud9 in the finals of the LCS Spring playoffs, winning 3–1. It was the third consecutive LCS final that featured the two teams. By winning the LCS Spring playoffs, TSM was one of six teams to qualify for the inaugural Mid-Season Invitational, which was held from the May 7 to 10. TSM lost 5 of their 6 games in the group stage and did not qualify for the quarter finals.


title: Team SoloMid

text: In the summer split, TSM finished 5th place in the regular season at 11–7. In the playoffs, they were able to make their way through bracket to the summer finals at Madison Square Garden in New York, but were defeated 3–0 by Counter Logic Gaming. The team qualified as North America's second seed in the 2015 League of Legends World Championship by accumulating the highest total championship points from both the spring and summer split. In the group stages, TSM went 1–5 in their matches and finished last place in their group, and 14th–16th overall.


title: Team SoloMid

text: Shortly afterward their defeat at Worlds, TSM players Dyrus and Lustboy retired from professional "League of Legends", choosing to pursue different career paths within eSports. Lustboy remained with the team as an analyst, and Dyrus remained as a streamer.


title: Team SoloMid

text: Going into Season 6, Bjergsen was left as the sole remaining member from the previous year, as TSM overhauled their roster. CLG's star AD carry player, Yiliang "Doublelift" Peng, joined the team, replacing WildTurtle wholeft for Immortals, a new team to the LCS. The team would later obtain jungler Svenskeren, top laner Hauntzer, and support KaSing to complete the new roster. This team performed in the Intel Extreme Masters Season X - San Jose and finished 4th. After the event, KaSing decided to leave the team, and YellOwStaR (Bora Kim) from Fnatic replaced him.


title: Team SoloMid

text: Team SoloMid finished the Spring Split regular season with a 9–9 record, tying for 5th place with NRG Esports and qualifying them for the playoffs. TSM won their first match of the playoffs against Cloud9 3–1, then took down Immortals 3–0 in semi's. In the finals, TSM again faced off against Counter Logic Gaming, but once again lost, this time 3–2.


title: Team SoloMid

text: Prior to the summer split, YellOwStaR left TSM to return to Fnatic. TSM replaced him with a rookie, Biofrost, to fill the support role. During the summer split, TSM lost only a single game against Phoenix1, ending with a 17–1 record. In the playoffs, they defeated CLG 3–0 in a rematch of the Spring finals, and went on to face C9 in the finals, the 5th time the two teams met in the LCS finals. TSM took the game 3–1 to win the Summer Championship.


title: Team SoloMid

text: TSM qualified for the 2016 League of Legends World Championships as North America's first seed. TSM was drawn into Group D, alongside Samsung Galaxy from Korea, RNG of China, and Europe's Splyce. TSM lost their first game against RNG, but were able to win their first games against Samsung and Splyce putting them in a three-way tie for first with Samsung and RNG. In the second week, Samsung beat TSM in a close match where Doublelift's Lucian died to the opposing mid lane Viktor in a clutch moment, which led to TSM failing to take the baron. TSM then won against Splyce but lost to RNG. They were eliminated in the group stage with a 3–3 record.


title: Team SoloMid

text: During the preseason, TSM's starting ADC, Doublelift, announced that he would be taking the Spring Split off in order to rest and build his streaming career. The team's previous ADC, WildTurtle, who had previously moved to Immortals, returned to play with TSM for the Spring Split. Doublelift would later return to the team for the Summer Split after a brief tenure on Team Liquid.


title: Team SoloMid

text: TSM ended the Spring split with a record of 15–3 and qualified for the six-team playoffs. In the playoffs, they defeated 5th seed FlyQuest 3–0 in the semifinals, and in the title match, TSM faced off against their longtime rivals and second seeded Cloud9 once again. TSM defeated Cloud9 in a close 3–2 series to win their 5th championship.


title: Team SoloMid

text: As a result of winning the spring split, TSM was invited to the 2017 Mid Seasonal Invitational in Brazil. At the 2017 Mid Seasonal Invitational, TSM played against the Vietnamese team Gigabyte Marines (GAM) and won 3–2 qualifying for the main event, but once there they ended the group stage with a 4–6 record, placing fifth and failing to make it to the knockout stage.


title: Team SoloMid

text: After Doublelift's return to the team, TSM ended the Summer Split with a record of 14–4, slightly edging out Immortals for first place. In the playoffs, TSM won against Team Dignitas 3–1, and defeated Immortals 3–1 in the finals, winning their third consecutive NA LCS title, and 6th overall.


title: Team SoloMid

text: As LCS Champions, TSM represented North America as the first seed at the 2017 League of Legends World Championship. TSM was drawn inti Group D along with China's Team WE, Europe's Misfits Gaming, and Flash Wolves from Taiwan, in what was considered a very favorable group for TSM. The team ended their first week with a 2–1 record, only losing a match to Misfits. However, in Week 2, TSM went 1–2, losing to both Flash Wolves and WE. With a 3–3 record, TSM were unable to advance, and were eliminated from the World Championship in the group stage, finishing 9th–12th once again.


title: Team SoloMid

text: After three consecutive years of being unable to advance past the group stage, TSM dismissed Svenskeren, Doublelift, and Biofrost, as well as their coach, Parth Naidu. SSONG took over as head coach, although Parth stayed with the organization. On November 23 and 24, MikeYeung, Zven, and Mithy were signed and replaced the missing slots for the Jungle, AD Carry, and Support positions respectively.


title: Team SoloMid

text: TSM ended the Spring Split regular season with a record of 11–7. After winning tiebreakers against Clutch Gaming and Team Liquid, they qualified for the Spring Split playoffs as the 3rd seed. TSM lost their first match in the quarterfinals against Clutch Gaming with a score of 3–2, ending their Spring Split playoff run early.


title: Team SoloMid

text: In the Summer Split, TSM would play tiebreakers after ending the regular season with a 10–8 record. They lost their initial tiebreaker game against Echo Fox before winning against FlyQuest, which put them in the Summer playoffs as the 5th seed. TSM played Echo Fox again in their quarterfinals match, and won 3–1. In the semifinals, TSM met up with long time rivals Cloud9, the first time the two teams has met in the playoffs outside of the finals. TSM lost the match, 3–2, although they did beat 100 Thieves 3–2 in the third place match.


title: Team SoloMid

text: TSM was placed into the Regional Gauntlet as the 2nd seed, to decide who would be North America's third and final qualifier for the 2018 League of Legends World Championship. TSM defeated Echo Fox 3–0 in the first match of the Gauntlet, then faced off against Cloud9 once again, this time in the Gauntlet finals. C9 3–0'd TSM, ending their run and for the first time ever, TSM failed to qualify for the World Championship.


title: Team SoloMid

text: Following their defeat in the Gauntlet, TSM again made major roster changes for Season 9; Hauntzer left the team after three years as their toplaner, as did new additions MikeYeung and Mithy, the latter separating from his long time bot lane partner Zven, who remained on the team, along with midlaner Bjergsen. Head coach SSONG was also demoted, and replaced by Lustoboy. As replacements, TSM brought in rival Cloud9's support, Smoothie, as well as toplaner BrokenBlade from Turkey, and also Grig as their jungler. During the Spring Split regular season, TSM finished 13–5, in third place. TSM was matched up against Echo Fox in the quarterfinanals, and won 3–1, before meeting Cloud9 in the quarterfinals. After losing the first 2 games, TSM made a comeback and reverse swept C9, advancing to the Spring Finals against Team Liquid. TSM took an early 2–0 in the finals, but then were in turn, reverse swept by Team Liquid, losing 3–2.


title: Team SoloMid

text: During the Summer Split, TSM switched junglers several times between Akaadian, Grig, and rookie Spica, with Spica being the eventual choice for the Summer playoffs. TSM went 10–8 in summer, finishing 5th overall. In the playoffs, TSM lost to Clutch Gaming 3–1 in their first match, exiting the playoffs early, but were still eligible for the Regional Gauntlet, preserving their chance to qualify for the 2019 World Championship, only needing to win one series. Their opponent turned out to be Clutch Gaming, who once again defeated TSM, this time 3–2, causing them to miss out on Worlds once again.


title: Team SoloMid

text: During the 2020 off-season, TSM dropped Zven and Smoothie, picking up Splyce's AD Carry Kobbe, and Biofrost, who rejoined the team. The team also added Dardoch previously from OpTic Gaming, to be their starting jungler. TSM dropped their Head Coach, Zikz, who left to become the head coach of 100 Thieves. TSM's new roster then went to Shanghai to bootcamp in preparation for the 2020 LCS season.


title: Team SoloMid

text: TSM placed 5th in the regular season of 2020 Spring, with a 9–9 record. In the playoffs, due to the new double-elimination format, as well as TSM's 5th-place finish, they were seeded into the losers bracket. They defeated 100 Thieves 3–2 in their first game, but then fell to FlyQuest 3–1 for a fourth-place finish. After Spring Split, TSM dismissed their AD Carry player Kobbe and jungler Dardoch. Doublelift rejoined TSM from Team Liquid as AD Carry, reuniting with Biofrost in TSM's botlane. They also promoted Spica from their Academy team to the starting roster to replace Dardoch. During the Summer Split regular season, TSM tied for 3rd place with FlyQuest with a 12–6 record, and despite an early 3–0 loss to Golden Guardians, they were not eliminated due to double elimination. TSM won their first game in the losers bracket against Dignitas, 3–0, and then managed to narrowly win the rematch with Golden Guardians, reverse sweeping them 3–2. TSM went on to beat Cloud9 3–1, Team Liquid 3–2, and eventually took a 3–2 victory in the finals over FlyQuest to win the Summer Split. This victory also guaranteed TSM a first seed slot at the World Championship, ensuring they wouldn't have to face the other top seeded teams from other major regions in the initial group rounds.


title: Team SoloMid

text: For the main event group stage of the 2020 World Championship, TSM was placed into Group C with Europe's Fnatic, Korea's Gen.G and China's LGD Gaming. In the group stage, TSM failed to win even a single game, and looked non-competitive in most of their matches, finishing with an 0–6 record. It was the first time that the first seed of a major region went winless at the World Championship.


title: Team SoloMid

text: TSM's roster once again went through substantial revision between 2020 and 2021, which resulted in only jungler Spica maintaining his position for the 2021 season. Bjergsen announced his retirement from professional play on October 24, 2020, and instead moved to the head coach position for the 2021 season. Toplaner BrokenBlade left for FC Schalke 04 Esports in the LEC, and support Biofrost was dismissed. Huni was signed as the new toplaner and Tristan "PowerOfEvil" Schrage became the new midlaner after their previous contracts with Evil Geniuses and Flyquest, respectively, expired. Most notably, TSM also signed a "record-breaking" contract with their new support SwordArt (Hu Shuo-Chieh), formerly of 2020 Worlds finalist team Suning Gaming and frequent All-Star event attendee, for 6 million dollars over two years. In November 25, approximately a month after Bjergsen's announcement, Doublelift decided to follow Bjergsen into retirement. TSM Academy bottom laner Lawrence "Lost" Hui was promoted to replace him. While in 2020 such a move would not have been possible due to a two import per team maximum and Lost being a New Zealander, Riot disbanded the Oceanic Pro League (OPL) at the end of 2020, and made all OPL players eligible to participate in the LCS as natives. As such, Lost did not take an import slot.


title: Team SoloMid

text: During the new pre-season "Lock-in" tournament that started the 2021 season, TSM went 2–2 in the group stage, before being eliminated 2–1 in the quarterfinals by Cloud9.


title: Team SoloMid

text: In the spring split, TSM went 12–6 in the regular season, placing them 2nd overall. In the playoffs, they fell to Team Liquid 3–1 in the quarterfinals, dropping them to the losers bracket. They faced off against 100 Thieves, prevailing 3–1 before losing 3–1 in the rematch with TL in the losers bracket finals.


title: Team SoloMid

text: In the summer split, TSM finished the regular season in first place with a 30–15 record, which carried over from spring. In the playoffs, they lost their first game to Team Liquid 3–1, but defeated Immortals in the losers bracket 3–1. In the losers bracket semifinals, they faced Cloud9, with the winner automatically qualifying for the 2020 World Championship, but lost 3–2, and missed Worlds for the third time in four years.


title: Team SoloMid

text: Team SoloMid announced on March 6, 2020, that it had entered the Indian esports scene by partnering with the Indian PUBG Mobile team, Entity Gaming. Entity, which won the 2019 PUBG Mobile Club Open (PMCO) Asia Fall and later placed fifth in the global finals, was renamed TSM Entity (TSMxENT) following the partnership announcement.


title: Team SoloMid

text: TSM officially released this lineup on July 22, 2021, ending their partnership with Entity Gaming in the Indian region.


title: Team SoloMid

text: Team SoloMid signed the former PUBG Mobile Roster of Stalwart Esports on July 30, 2021, as their Battlegrounds Mobile India (Indian version of PUBG Mobile) roster.


title: Team SoloMid

text: Team SoloMid acquired a "Rainbow Six Siege" team on June 16, 2019, the day before the beginning of Pro League Season 10. The original roster consisted of Matthew "Achieved" Solomon, Khalil "b1ologic" Pleas, Jason "Beaulo" Doty, Tommy "Krusher" Samuel, Bryan "Merc" Wrzek, and Owen "Pojoman" Matura as coach. In early July, it was announced would compete in Dreamhack Valencia 2019 where they would defeat Team Reciprocity and Team One Esports while being eliminated by top European team, Looking For Org, in the quarter finals. From the middle of July to August, Pojoman played in place of Krusher citing confidence issues from the latter. With Pojoman playing, TSM qualified for the Six Major Raleigh 2019 through the North American online qualifier and placed 5–8th in the main event, defeating MiBR and PET Nora-Rengo losing only to Team Empire, the eventual champions, and G2 Esports, the world champions.


title: Team SoloMid

text: On August 24, less than a week after the Major, b1ologic stepped down from the team for personal reasons. To replace him and Krusher, Pojoman moved to a player role and his former teammate from SK Gaming and DarkZero Esports, Sam "Jarvis" Jarvis joined. To replace Pojoman as a player, the former coach of Evil Geniuses, Aaron "Gotcha" Chung joined. This new roster would compete in Dreamhack Montreal 2019 on September 6–8. In Dreamack Montreal, TSM defeated both top Brazilian team FaZe Clan and mixed American-European Susquehanna Soniqs during the group stage. In the playoffs, TSM defeated fellow North Americans, Rogue, top French team BDS Esport, and another top Brazilian team of Team Liquid during the grand final. This victory guaranteed a place in the Six Invitational 2020, the "Rainbow Six Siege" world championship. In North American Pro League Season 10, TSM placed 6th, narrowly avoiding relegation after defeating top teams such as Rogue and Spacestation Gaming.


title: Team SoloMid

text: On November 25, Gotcha returned to Evil Geniuses as a player, and Jarvis was replaced by another member of EG, Emilio Leynez "Geometrics" Cuevas. At the 2020 Six Invitational (SI), TSM came 3rd losing 0:2 to Ninjas In Pyjamas in the Lower Bracket Finals.


title: Team SoloMid

text: On June 3, Pojoman stepped down as a player to become the team's new head coach, being replaced by Brady "Chala" Davenport on July 27, who transfered from SpaceStation Gaming. Due to the 2020 Covid-19 pandemic, the Six November 2020 Major was cancelled and was divided into separate regional events. North America was one such region which TSM played and came 1st, beating SpaceStation Gaming 3:1 in the Grand Finals. Following this regional major win, the team achieved another 1st, beating DarkZero 3:1 in the NAL 2020 US Division finals, ahead of 2021 SI. On May 11, the 2021 Six Invitational took place in Paris where TSM took 1st place in the group state, but where knocked out of the tournament by Team Liquid in the Lower Bracket Semi-final, earning them 4th place.


title: Team SoloMid

text: For the rest of 2021, TSM results were lacklustre, coming 2nd, 13th-15th, and 5th in their next three tournaments. This meant in order to compete in the 2022 Six Invitational world championship, they had to win the North American Closed Qualifiers, which they did, beating Parabellum Esports 3:0 in the Grand Final. On February 8 in Stockholm Sweden, the 2022 SI group stage started, with TSM coming 3rd in group C, granting them a place in the playoffs with their first match against Ninjas in Pyjamas, the team that beat them in 2020 SI. This time TSM won 2:0 and they continued to win until the Upper Bracket Final against Team Empire, where they lost 1:2. This meant they had to win the Lower Brack Final against FaZe Clan to rematch Team Empire in the Grand Finals, which they did 2:0. After going through the North American Qualifiers to earn a place in the 2022 Six Invitational, fighting through the group stage and the playoffs, then losing in the upper bracket final, only to regain their place after a win in the lower bracket final, TSM rematch Team Empire in the Grand Finals for the 1st place prize of $1,000,000. After 4 games, 54 rounds, and 3 overtimes, TSM win the 2022 Six Invitational 3:1.


title: Team SoloMid

text: In April 2015, TSM signed "Super Smash Bros. Melee" player Leffen as their first fighting game player. In August 2018, Leffen won Evo 2018, defeating Armada 3–0 in grand finals to claim the trophy.


title: Team SoloMid

text: Team SoloMid acquired a "Valorant" team on May 22, 2020. The roster consists of Matthew "WARDELL" Yu, Yassin "Subroza" Taoufik, James "hazed" Cobb, Taylor "drone" Johnson, and Stephen “reltuC” Cutler. All of these players retired from CS:GO to compete in TSM's Valorant roster. TSM also added Braxton "brax" Pierce to their Valorant roster at the end of March 2021 and released him before July as returned to T1. The organization benched Cutler for Sean "bang" Bezerra on June 29, 2021.


title: Team SoloMid

text: The TSM roster had an explosive start in the Valorant competitive scene, gaining the top 3 places in many of the Invitational Series and Cups hosted by other teams. TSM also claimed second place in First Strike North America with a defeat against 100 Thieves. As the new year progressed, the team started in a decline from their 2020 explosive start, not making the regional finals of Masters 1 and then not making it to Masters 2 that could've got them a place in Valorant's first International LAN event. After some roster changes for the beginning of Stage 3 Challengers 1, TSM look progressively better, but was beaten by Noble, a disbanded team which they will acquire future teammate Aleko "LeviathanAG" Gabuniya. In Challengers 2, TSM rode through with close games to win the tournament and qualify for Challenger Playoffs. However, they did not make it to the second LAN event in Berlin and ended placing in the bottom 2 of 8 teams. It is now awaiting a spot to Last Chance Qualifiers to qualify for Champions if a fellow NA team wins Valorant's Berlin LAN event, as it is sitting 11th in the North American circuit point standings.


title: Team SoloMid

text: Recently, the organization announced a new all-female Valorant roster that would be added to their professional teams.


title: Team SoloMid

text: TSM acquired a Danish squad in January 2015. On December 3 TSM announced the roster had been released, citing internal problems. The ex-TSM team first played under the name "Team Question Mark" until founding their own organization, Astralis. Astralis would go on to win four , ELEAGUE Major Atlanta 2017 , IEM Katowice 2019 Major, and . TSM announced a new North American roster on January 19, 2016. On March 8, 2016, TSM revealed the departure of Daniel "vice" Kim. On January 14, 2017, TSM announced the departure of their entire CS:GO roster.


title: Team SoloMid

text: Team SoloMid acquired a team to compete at 2016 CoD: World League in February 2016. The team, which took less than 2 weeks to assemble, consisted of Cole "ColeChan" Chancey, Jonathan "Pacman" Tucker, Jordan "ProoFy" Cannon, and Jamal "Whea7s" Lee. On July 7, 2016, TSM announced their withdrawal from CoD, and that the team would be going separate ways. This is due to the team's performance in the World League Stage 2. The team finished near the bottom of their rankings.


title: Team SoloMid

text: Team SoloMid acquired a team on July 22, 2016. The original team consisted of Jake "torkTJO" Lepoff, Nicolas "NicolasTJO" Aubin, Joey "jkw" Wavering, Joe "Joemeister" Gramano, Jackson "Shake" Kaplan, and Anthony "harbleu" Ballo. On August 8, 2016, the whole TSM squad transfers to compLexity Gaming.


title: Team SoloMid

text: Team SoloMid has lost on Overwatch Open Tournament and BTS Overwatch Cup in 2016, and dropped their roster and "Overwatch" altogether on May 5, 2017.


title: Team SoloMid

text: Team SoloMid acquired Team Alliance's Vainglory roster on March 10, 2016. The team, upon acquisition, composed of Michael "FlashX" Valore, Nick "CullTheMeek" Verolla and Mico "MICSHE" Dedicatoria. During their run as Team Alliance, they had won the Vainglory International Premier League, with substitute ShinKaigan filling in for iLoveJoseph, an original Team Alliance member, due to school conflicts.


title: Team SoloMid

text: Team SoloMid has won two of the past three championships since being acquired. During the 2016 Vainglory Summer Live Championships, Team SoloMid went 9–0 throughout the event, beating runner-up Hammers Velocity with a 3–0 score.


title: Islamic dietary laws

text: Islamic dietary laws are dietary laws that Muslims follow. Islamic jurisprudence specifies which foods are "" (, "lawful") and which are "" (, "unlawful"). The dietary laws are found in the Quran, the holy book of Islam, as well as in collections of traditions attributed to Islamic prophet Muhammad.


title: Islamic dietary laws

text: Herbivores or cud-chewing animals like cattle, deer, sheep, goats, and antelope are some examples of animals that are halal only if they are treated like sentient beings and slaughtered painlessly while reciting the Bismillah and Takbir. If the animal is treated poorly, or tortured while being slaughtered, the meat is haram. Forbidden food substances include alcohol, pork, carrion, the meat of carnivores and animals that died due to illness, injury, stunning, poisoning, or slaughtering not in the name of God.


title: Islamic dietary laws

text: Livestock or cattle, i.e. grazing beasts, are lawful except those that are explicitly prohibited. However, hunting is prohibited during "the pilgrimage" (Quran 5:1).


title: Islamic dietary laws

text: This means that most herbivores or cud-chewing animals like cattle, deer, sheep, goats, and antelope are considered halal to consume.


title: Islamic dietary laws

text: In Islamic law, "" () is the prescribed method of slaughter for halal animals. It consists of a swift, deep incision to the throat with a very sharp knife, cutting the wind pipe, jugular veins and carotid arteries on both sides but leaving the spinal cord intact.


title: Islamic dietary laws

text: Slaughtered animals must be acknowledged as sentient beings and slaughtered painlessly while reciting the Bismillah and Takbir. The butcher is required to call upon the name of Allah" ("Bismillah") individually for each animal. If the animal is treated poorly, or tortured while being slaughtered, the meat is haram.


title: Islamic dietary laws

text: Conversely, animals slaughtered for food may not be killed by being boiled or electrocuted. Animals strangled or beaten to death, or which died by falling or due to a wild animal are also expressly forbidden in the Qur'an 5:3.


title: Islamic dietary laws

text: Game of water, i.e. fish and other sea creatures, is generally permitted in most of the schools of Islam based on their interpretation of the Quran 5:96. However, the Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence forbids consumption of seafood other than "fish" and considers other sea food such as Crustacean "makruh". Fishing is permitted during pilgrimage.


title: Islamic dietary laws

text: A variety of substances are also considered as unlawful (haram) for humans to consume and, therefore, forbidden.


title: Islamic dietary laws

text: Certain animals are considered haram, including land animals without blood, including all insects except locusts. Surah al-A’raf, V: 157; Sunan Abu Dawud, no: 3806. Most reptiles are also considered haram, as well as most pests ("hasharat al-Ardh") such as mice and rats. Surah al-A’raf, V: 157.


title: Islamic dietary laws

text: Differences of opinion exist as to whether the consumption of horses, mules, and donkeys is permitted. In the Quran, one finds this verse: "And (He has created) horses, mules, and donkeys, for you to ride and use for show; and He has created (other) things of which you have no knowledge." Surah al-Nahl, V: 8. Which some scholars have interpreted as limiting these animals for riding and show and not permitting their consumption. Musnad Ahmad, 4/89, Sunan Abu Dawud, no: 3790, Sunan Nasa’i and Sunan Ibn Majah; Sahih al-Bukhari, no: 5202, 5205, and 5208. Predatory animals, such as lions and tigers, and birds of prey, such as falcons and hawks are forbidden to consume. Sahih Muslim, no: 1934.


title: Islamic dietary laws

text: However, a person would not be guilty of sin in a situation where the lack of any alternative creates an undesired necessity to consume that which is otherwise unlawful.


title: Islamic dietary laws

text: Alcoholic drinks are generally prohibited in Islamic thought, with the Quran including several verses that admonish the consumption of "khamr", an Arabic term meaning intoxicants that is interpreted to include most forms of alcohol and psychoactive drugs:


title: Islamic dietary laws

text: There is some debate about whether the prohibition extends to dishes in which the alcohol would be cooked off or if it would be practically impossible to consume enough of the food to become intoxicated.


title: Islamic dietary laws

text: Substances which contain intoxicants but are not consumed are not prohibited as such. For example, alcohol can be used as a disinfectant or for cleaning.


title: Islamic dietary laws

text: The Alevi Muslims of Turkey permit alcohol, unlike many other denominations. The Zaidi and Mutazili sects believe that the use of alcohol has always been forbidden and refer to the Qur'an Ayah (4:43) as feeling of sleepiness and not to be awake.


title: Islamic dietary laws

text: Blood and its by-products are forbidden in Islam, in the Quran, surah 5, al-Maʼidah, verse 3: also and its by-products are forbidden in Islam, in the Quran, surah 5, al-Maʼidah, verse 3:


title: Islamic dietary laws

text: Consumption of pork and products made from pork is strictly forbidden in Islam. The origin of this prohibition is in Surat al-Baqarah:


title: Islamic dietary laws

text: In both Sunni and Shia hadith the meat of mules is prohibited but horse meat is allowed in Sunni sources.


title: Islamic dietary laws

text: Horse meat is especially popular among the Muslims of Central Asia, due in part to their nomadic heritage.


title: Islamic dietary laws

text: Eating monkeys is prohibited in Islam. According to Shia hadith metamorphosed animals to which a disobedient, irreverent, or arrogant pre-Islamic nation was converted as a punishment, such as (apes and monkeys) are prohibited.


title: Islamic dietary laws

text: Ramadan, the ninth month on the Muslim calendar, is considered the holy month of fasting. Ramadan begins and ends with the appearance of the new moon. During the month of Ramadan, God delivered the Quran to the prophet Muhammad as guidance for the people. During Ramadan, Muslims take time for introspection, prayer, and reading of the Quran. For those who observe Ramadan with fasting, prayer, and faithful intention; God forgives their past sins. During this period, Muslims focus on self restraint or "sawm" (Arabic: to refrain) which is one of the five pillars of Islam. Ramadan emphasizes "sawm", when worshippers have to abstain from food, drink, sexual activity, and immoral behavior between dawn and dusk. After dusk, Muslims break their fast during a meal called "iftar" with family and friends. "Sawm" can be negated by breaking fast, however, the lost can be made up with one extra day of fasting. The end of the Ramadan fast is the celebration of Eid-al-Fitr (Feast of Fast-Breaking), one of the two major religious holidays on the Muslim calendar.


title: Islamic dietary laws

text: Since the turn of the 21st century, there have been efforts to create organizations that certify food products as halal for Muslim consumers in the USA.


title: Islamic dietary laws

text: Since 1991, some mainstream manufacturers of soups, grains, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, prepared foods, and other products, as well as hotels, restaurants, airlines, hospitals, and other service providers have pursued the halal market. These companies purchase halal-certified products. This can allow companies to export products to most Middle Eastern countries and Southeast Asian countries. The oldest and most well-known halal certifier in the United States is called the Islamic Services of America.


title: Islamic dietary laws

text: In Europe, several organizations have been created over the past twenty years in order to certify the halal products. A survey recently published by a French association of Muslim Consumers (ASIDCOM) shows that the market of halal products has been developed in a chaotic way in Europe. The European certification organizations do not have a common definition of "halal" nor agreed upon control procedures and traceability. The controls implemented by individual agencies are all very different: they can go from an annual audit of the slaughterhouse, to checking each production with permanent controls in place and on-going independent monitoring.


title: Islamic dietary laws

text: In South Africa, most chicken products have a halal stamp. The South African National Halal Authority (SANHA) issues certificates and products bearing this logo range from water, snacks, and even meat-free products (which may contain non-halal ingredients). The South African National Halal Authority also licenses the usage of the Halal logo in restaurants where the food is halal, in addition to no alcohol or pork products being served.


title: Islamic dietary laws

text: In Singapore, halal certification is managed by Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura (MUIS), also known as the Islamic Religious Council of Singapore. They are the sole custodian of Halal Certification in Singapore.


title: Islamic dietary laws

text: In Malaysia, the Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (JAKIM) is the agency responsible for halal certification in Malaysia.


title: Islamic dietary laws

text: Many apparently meat-free dishes, and even some desserts, contain pork, such as most kinds of gelatin, or other non-conforming substances. There is some disagreement about food additives such as monosodium glutamate (MSG) that may use enzymes derived from pig fat in the production process. It is difficult to avoid such additives when eating out since they are usually not listed on restaurant menus. Some Muslim organizations compile tables of such additives.


title: Islamic dietary laws

text: The halal market is now estimated to be 26% of world food trade and is growing. Companies from Europe and North America that would like to access the growing Halal market must get their consumable products Halal certified. The Global Halal Institute has a list of Halal certifiers that are approved by most Muslim countries with dietary import restrictions.


title: Islamic dietary laws

text: The first USDA approved Halal Food Company in the USA is Midamar Corporation. The company began producing halal beef, chicken, lamb and turkey products for domestic and international consumption in 1974 and is based in Cedar Rapids, Iowa which is home to one of the oldest Muslim communities in America and the longest standing mosque in America. In Dearborn, Michigan, the home of one of the largest Muslim and Arab populations in the United States, some fast-food restaurant chains such as the McDonald's Corporation have introduced halal chicken nuggets and chicken sandwiches.


title: Islamic dietary laws

text: In the United Kingdom, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, or Singapore, halal fried chicken restaurants having thousands of outlets, some but not all of which, serve halal foods such as the Kentucky Fried Chicken, Nando's, Brown's Chicken, and Crown Fried Chicken companies. In Arab, North African and Middle Eastern countries meat and food is mostly halal, even from foreign fast food chains.


title: Islamic dietary laws

text: The halal way of slaughter has been considered to be healthier and more hygienic. Research claims the method of quickly severing windpipe, jugular vein and carotid artery in one quick move without giving the animal time to panic does have an effect on quality of meat. When animals face trauma or stress the glycogen in their body is converted to lactic acid. This affects the pH level of the meat, lower pH resulting in lighter coloured meat and higher pH resulting in darker meat. This makes the meat tougher and also hard to chew. The halal way of slaughtering ensures the method is virtually less traumatic for the animal. According to the Humane Society Institute for Science and Policy, in a 1980 study on the effects of stress on livestock and meat quality, it was found that stunning creates more anxiety due to the stress experienced between the stunning and the bleed out of the animal. The halal slaughter method does not encounter this, as the swipe of the knife directly correlates to the loss of blood supply.


title: Islamic dietary laws

text: “By cutting the windpipe and the carotid artery, the flow of blood to the nerve in the brain that causes the sensation of pain, is stopped,” says Mufti Obaidullah Qasmi, former teacher at Darul Uloom, Deoband, India. “This leads to reduced pain.” The animal may appear to struggle and kick but that is due to the contraction and relaxation of muscles deficient in blood rather than pain.


title: Islamic dietary laws

text: In addition, draining out all the blood post slaughter produces softer meat. Blood left in could clot and cause the meat to spoil faster and harbour growth of microorganisms.


title: Order of Merit

text: The Order of Merit () is an order of merit for the Commonwealth realms, recognising distinguished service in the armed forces, science, art, literature, or for the promotion of culture. Established in 1902 by King Edward VII, admission into the order remains the personal gift of its Sovereign—currently Edward VII's great-great-grandson, Charles III—and is restricted to a maximum of 24 living recipients from the Commonwealth realms, plus a limited number of honorary members. While all members are awarded the right to use the post-nominal letters "OM" and wear the badge of the order, the Order of Merit's precedence among other honours differs between countries.


title: Order of Merit

text: In around 1773, King George III considered establishing an order of knighthood to be called the "Order of Minerva" with membership restricted to 24 distinguished artists and authors. Knights would be entitled to the post-nominal letters "KM", and would wear a silver nine-pointed breast star with the image of Minerva at its centre, along with a "straw-coloured" sash worn across the chest from the right shoulder. The motto of the Order would be ""Omnia posthabita scientiae"" (in Latin, 'Everything comes after science'). Once the King's proposal was made public, however, arguments within intellectual circles over who would be most deserving of the new order grew so heated that George ultimately dropped the idea, though he briefly reconsidered it in 1789; on 6 February of that year, he revised the design of the order, with the breast star to have sixteen points, the motto to be the Latin for "Learning improves character" and with membership to include distinguished scientists. Following the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, First Lord of the Admiralty Lord Barham and William Pitt exchanged correspondence concerning the possible creation of an order of merit, though nothing came of the idea.


title: Order of Merit

text: Later, Queen Victoria, her courtiers, and politicians alike, thought that a new order, based on the Prussian order "Pour le Mérite", would make up for the insufficient recognition offered by the established honours system to achievement outside of public service, in fields such as art, music, literature, industry, and science. Victoria's husband, Albert, Prince Consort, took an interest in the matter; it was recorded in his diary that he met Sir Robert Peel on 16 January 1844 to discuss the "idea of institution of a civil Order of Merit" and, three days later, he conferred with the Queen on the subject. The concept did not wither and, on 5 January 1888, British prime minister Lord Salisbury submitted to the Queen a draft constitution for an Order of Merit in Science and Art, consisting of one grade split into two branches of knighthood: the Order of Scientific Merit for Knights of Merit in Science, with the post-nominal letters "KMS", and the Order of Artistic Merit for Knights of Merit in Art, with the post-nominal letters "KMA". However, Sir Frederic Leighton, President of the Royal Academy, advised against the new order, primarily because of its selection process.


title: Order of Merit

text: Victoria's son, King Edward VII, eventually founded the Order of Merit on 26 June 1902 (the date for which his coronation had been originally planned) as a means to acknowledge "exceptionally meritorious service in Our Navy and Our Army, or who may have rendered exceptionally meritorious service towards the advancement of Art, Literature and Science". All modern aspects of the order were established under his direction, including the division for military figures.


title: Order of Merit

text: From the outset, prime ministers attempted to propose candidates or lobbied to influence the monarch's decision on appointments, but the Royal Household adamantly guarded information about potential names. After 1931, when the Statute of Westminster came into being and the Dominions of the British Empire became independent countries, equal in status to the UK, the Order of Merit continued as an honour open to all these realms and, in many, became a part of their national honours systems. The order's statutes were amended in 1935 to include members of the Royal Air Force and, in 1969, the definition of honorary recipients was expanded to include members of the Commonwealth of Nations that are not realms.


title: Order of Merit

text: From its inception, the order has been open to women, Florence Nightingale being the first woman to receive the honour, in 1907. Several individuals have refused admission into the Order of Merit, including Rudyard Kipling, A. E. Housman, and George Bernard Shaw. To date, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, remains the youngest person ever inducted into the Order of Merit, having been admitted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1968, when he was 47 years of age.


title: Order of Merit

text: All citizens of the Commonwealth realms are eligible for appointment to the Order of Merit. There may be, however, only 24 living individuals in the order at any given time, not including honorary appointees, and new members are personally selected by the reigning monarch of the realms, currently King Charles III, with the assistance of his private secretaries; the order has thus been described as "quite possibly, the most prestigious honour one can receive on planet Earth." Within the limited membership is a designated military division, with its own unique insignia; though it has not been abolished, it is currently unpopulated, Lord Mountbatten of Burma having been the last person so honoured.


title: Order of Merit

text: Honorary members form another group, to which there is no numerical limit, though such appointments are rare; individuals from countries in the Commonwealth of Nations that are not headed by King Charles are therefore considered foreigners, and thus are granted only honorary admissions, such as Nelson Mandela (South Africa) and Mother Teresa (India).


title: Order of Merit

text: Upon admission into the Order of Merit, members are entitled to use the post-nominal letters "OM" and are entrusted with the badge of the order.


title: Order of Merit

text: The insignia consists of a badge, which consists of a golden crown from which is suspended a red enamelled cross pattée, itself centred by a disk of blue enamel, surrounded by a laurel wreath. The obverse of the badge's central disk bears the words "FOR MERIT" in gold lettering, while the reverse bears the royal cypher of the reigning monarch in gold. The insignia for the military grouping is distinguished by a pair of crossed swords behind the central disk.


title: Order of Merit

text: The ribbon of the Order of Merit is divided into two stripes of red and blue. Men wear their badges on a neck ribbon (as a necklet), while women wear theirs on a ribbon bow pinned to the left shoulder, and aides-de-camp may wear the insignia on their aiguillettes.


title: Order of Merit

text: There have been no honorary members of the Order of Merit since the death of the last such member, Nelson Mandela, in December 2013.


title: Order of Merit

text: As the Order of Merit is open to the citizens of 15 countries, each with their own system of orders, decorations, and medals, the order's place of precedence varies from country to country. While, in the United Kingdom, the order's postnominal letters follow those of Knights and Dames Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, membership in the Order of Merit itself gives members no place in any of the orders of precedence in the United Kingdom. However, Stanley Martin says in his book "The Order of Merit 1902–2002: One Hundred Years of Matchless Honour", that the Order of Merit is the pinnacle of the British honours system. Similarly, though it was not listed in the Canadian order of precedence for honours, decorations, and medals until December 2010, Christopher McCreery, an expert on Canadian honours and secretary to the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia, stated that the Order of Merit was the highest civilian award for merit a Canadian could receive.


title: Psyche (mythology)

text: Psyche (; ) is the Greek goddess of the soul and often represented with butterfly wings. Psyche was commonly referred to as such in Roman mythology as well, though direct translation is "Anima" (Latin word for "soul"). She was born a mortal woman, with beauty that rivaled Aphrodite. Psyche is known from the novel called "The Golden Ass", written by the Roman philosopher and orator Apuleius in the 2nd century.


title: Psyche (mythology)

text: Psyche was the youngest daughter of a Greek king and queen, with two beautiful elder sisters. Her beauty surpassed that of her sisters and people, including priests, compared her to Aphrodite (referred to as Venus in "The Golden Ass"), the Greek goddess of love and beauty. Many went to the extent of saying that she was even fairer than the goddess. In other iterations, she is not compared to Aphrodite but mistaken for her.


title: Psyche (mythology)

text: When Aphrodite's temples were deserted because people started worshiping Psyche, the goddess was outraged a mortal was being worshiped over her. As a punishment, she sent her son, Eros, to make Psyche fall in love with a vile and hideous person. However, Eros fell in love when he saw Psyche and decided to spare her from his mother's wrath.


title: Psyche (mythology)

text: Both of her elder sisters were jealous of her beauty. Her sisters eventually married kings and left to be with their husbands. Nobody asked for Psyche's hand for marriage; men would rather admire her beauty. She was left alone because of how beautiful she was. Desperate, her father decided to consult the Oracle of Delphi at the Temple of Apollo for answers.


title: Psyche (mythology)

text: The king consulted the Oracle of Delphi, seeking a solution. Apollo, speaking through the Oracle, said "Despair, king. Your daughter will marry a beast even the gods fear. Dress her in funeral clothes and take her to the tallest rock spire in the kingdom. There, she shall meet her doom." The king returned heartbroken, but obeyed the god's orders.


title: Psyche (mythology)

text: Psyche was taken to the rock spire and abandoned to her fate. She waited for the beast, but it did not come. In some retellings, Eros is there, only invisible. Zephyrus, the Greek lord of west wind, carried her away from the rock and took her to Eros' palace that was filled with riches.


title: Psyche (mythology)

text: When Eros returned, he said to Psyche in utter darkness that she must not try to see him and he can't tell her his name or it would ruin everything. Psyche's first weeks within the palace are filled with pleasures, but Eros, her husband, informs her that her sisters are coming to the mountain as they believed that she was dead. Since she had been gone, her family had assumed her death and had been in mourning. She obeyed his command to not go out and see them, but began thinking of the palace as a prison because of her newfound loneliness.


title: Psyche (mythology)

text: She wept for days because she was not allowed to see her sisters, which troubled Eros. In order to appease her, he allowed her to see her sisters but warned her of things they might say to her to try to break them apart. Psyche promised she could not be swayed and was thankful for the chance to see and talk to them. Her two sisters convinced her to see her husband's true form, in case he was tricking her. In other versions, her sisters are jealous of the good fortune Psyche has had of not only being more beautiful than they are but getting to live such a lavish life. In anger and jealousy, they convince her that her husband is a monster and that she must see for herself whom exactly she is married to.


title: Psyche (mythology)

text: Psyche eventually listened to what they told her and decided to look at Eros while he was sleeping. She sneaked into his room with an oil lamp and a knife. Psyche shone the light on her husband's face, and a small drop of hot oil fell onto his shoulder, awakening and burning him. Betrayed by his wife's actions, Eros ran off to his mother, Aphrodite. After learning what she had done, Psyche was miserable.


title: Psyche (mythology)

text: Aphrodite found Psyche and made her face four trials. The first trial was to sort a huge mount of seeds. With the help of an empathetic ant colony, Psyche completed this task. Her next task was to gather wool from a notoriously dangerous sheep. Psyche was saddened but was helped by a river god, who taught her to collect pieces of wool from bushes. Her next task was to collect water from the underworld. Psyche was now assisted by the eagle of Zeus, who collected the water for her. Psyche's last task was the most difficult; she had to bring back some of Persephone's beauty for Aphrodite. Persephone willingly gave Psyche some of her beauty. When she was near Olympus, Psyche opened the box of Persephone's beauty, but the only thing inside was the essence of death. Psyche died, but her husband, Eros, who had forgiven her, saved Psyche's life and took her to Olympus. Psyche was made the goddess of the soul. Psyche and Eros had a daughter, Hedone, goddess of physical joy.


title: Thorium-based nuclear power

text: Thorium-based nuclear power generation is fueled primarily by the nuclear fission of the isotope uranium-233 produced from the fertile element thorium. A thorium fuel cycle can offer several potential advantages over a uranium fuel cycle—including the much greater abundance of thorium found on Earth, superior physical and nuclear fuel properties, and reduced nuclear waste production. One advantage of thorium fuel is its low weaponization potential; it is difficult to weaponize the uranium-233/232 and plutonium-238 isotopes that are largely consumed in thorium reactors.


title: Thorium-based nuclear power

text: After studying the feasibility of using thorium, nuclear scientists Ralph W. Moir and Edward Teller suggested that thorium nuclear research should be restarted after a three-decade shutdown and that a small prototype plant should be built.


title: Thorium-based nuclear power

text: Between 1999 and , the number of operational thorium reactors in the world has risen from zero to a handful of research reactors, to commercial plans for producing full-scale thorium-based reactors for use as power plants on a national scale.


title: Thorium-based nuclear power

text: Advocates believe thorium is key to developing a new generation of cleaner, safer nuclear power. In 2011, a group of scientists at the Georgia Institute of Technology assessed thorium-based power as "a 1000+ year solution or a quality low-carbon bridge to truly sustainable energy sources solving a huge portion of mankind's negative environmental impact." However, development of thorium power has significant start-up costs. Development of breeder reactors in general (including thorium reactors, which are breeders by nature) will increase proliferation concerns.


title: Thorium-based nuclear power

text: After World War II, uranium-based nuclear reactors were built to produce electricity. These were similar to the reactor designs that produced material for nuclear weapons. During that period, the government of the United States also built an experimental prototype molten salt reactor using U-233 fuel, the fissile material created by bombarding thorium with neutrons. The MSRE reactor, built at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, operated critical for roughly 15,000 hours from 1965 to 1969. In 1968, Nobel laureate and discoverer of plutonium, Glenn Seaborg, publicly announced to the Atomic Energy Commission, of which he was chairman, that the thorium-based reactor had been successfully developed and tested.


title: Thorium-based nuclear power

text: In 1973, however, the US government settled on uranium technology and largely discontinued thorium-related nuclear research. The reasons were that uranium-fueled reactors were more efficient, the research was proven, and thorium's breeding ratio was thought insufficient to produce enough fuel to support development of a commercial nuclear industry. As Moir and Teller later wrote, "The competition came down to a liquid metal fast breeder reactor (LMFBR) on the uranium-plutonium cycle and a thermal reactor on the thorium-U cycle, the molten salt breeder reactor. The LMFBR had a larger breeding rate ... and won the competition." In their opinion, the decision to stop development of thorium reactors, at least as a backup option, "was an excusable mistake".